text:
Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus was identified in 1898 by the Italian biologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi. The organelle was later named after him in the 1910s.

Discovery
Owing to its large size and distinctive structure, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system. After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure as apparato reticolare interno ("internal reticular apparatus"). Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi. With the development of modern microscopes in the twentieth century, the discovery was confirmed. Early references to the Golgi apparatus referred to it by various names including the "Golgi–Holmgren apparatus", "Golgi–Holmgren ducts", and "Golgi–Kopsch apparatus". The term "Golgi apparatus" was used in 1910 and first appeared in the scientific literature in 1913, while "Golgi complex" was introduced in 1956.

Subcellular localization
The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus varies among eukaryotes. In mammals, a single Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus, close to the centrosome. Tubular connections are responsible for linking the stacks together. Localization and tubular connections of the Golgi apparatus are dependent on microtubules. In experiments it is seen that as microtubules are depolymerized the Golgi apparatuses lose mutual connections and become individual stacks throughout the cytoplasm. In yeast, multiple Golgi apparatuses are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In plants, Golgi stacks are not concentrated at the centrosomal region and do not form Golgi ribbons. Organization of the plant Golgi depends on actin cables and not microtubules. The common feature among Golgi is that they are adjacent to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites.

Structure

In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called "dictyosomes"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks of cisternae. Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed. This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments, making up two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is the first cisternal structure, and the TGN is the final, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stack, but can also be separate from it. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants.

There are structural and organizational differences in the Golgi apparatus among eukaryotes. In some yeasts, Golgi stacking is not observed. Pichia pastoris does have stacked Golgi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not. In plants, the individual stacks of the Golgi apparatus seem to operate independently.

The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amounts of substances; for example, the antibody-secreting plasma B cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes.

In all eukaryotes, each cisternal stack has a cis entry face and a trans exit face. These faces are characterized by unique morphology and biochemistry. Within individual stacks are assortments of enzymes responsible for selectively modifying protein cargo. These modifications influence the fate of the protein. The compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus is advantageous for separating enzymes, thereby maintaining consecutive and selective processing steps: enzymes catalyzing early modifications are gathered in the cis face cisternae, and enzymes catalyzing later modifications are found in trans face cisternae of the Golgi stacks.

Function

The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell. In this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the extracellular space. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in lipid transport and lysosome formation.

The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus are intimately linked. Individual stacks have different assortments of enzymes, allowing for progressive processing of cargo proteins as they travel from the cisternae to the trans Golgi face. Enzymatic reactions within the Golgi stacks occur exclusively near its membrane surfaces, where enzymes are anchored. This feature is in contrast to the ER, which has soluble proteins and enzymes in its lumen. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. For example, phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occurs in the early CGN. Cis cisterna are associated with the removal of mannose residues. Removal of mannose residues and addition of N-acetylglucosamine occur in medial cisternae. Addition of galactose and sialic acid occurs in the trans cisternae. Sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates occurs within the TGN. Other general post-translational modifications of proteins include the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation) and phosphates (phosphorylation). Protein modifications may form a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. Another important function of the Golgi apparatus is in the formation of proteoglycans. Enzymes in the Golgi append proteins to glycosaminoglycans, thus creating proteoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharide molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals.

Vesicular transport

The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations.

Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than either the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus are moved through the Golgi cisternae towards the trans face, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN). This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the signal sequence they carry.

Model 1: Anterograde vesicular transport between stable compartments

 * In this model, the Golgi is viewed as a set of stable compartments that work together. Each compartment has a unique collection of enzymes that work to modify protein cargo. Proteins are delivered from the ER to the cis face using COPII-coated vesicles. Cargo then progress toward the trans face in COPI-coated vesicles. This model proposes that COPI vesicles move in two directions: anterograde vesicles carry secretory proteins, while retrograde vesicles recycle Golgi-specific trafficking proteins.
 * Strengths: The model explains observations of compartments, polarized distribution of enzymes, and waves of moving vesicles. It also attempts to explain how Golgi-specific enzymes are recycled.
 * Weaknesses: Since the amount of COPI vesicles varies drastically among types of cells, this model cannot easily explain high trafficking activity within the Golgi for both small and large cargoes. Additionally, there is no convincing evidence that COPI vesicles move in both the anterograde and retrograde directions.
 * This model was widely accepted from the early 1980s until the late 1990s.

Model 2: Cisternal progression/maturation

 * In this model, the fusion of COPII vesicles from the ER begins the formation of the first cis-cisterna of the Golgi stack, which progresses later to become mature TGN cisternae. Once matured, the TGN cisternae dissolve to become secretory vesicles. While this progression occurs, COPI vesicles continually recycle Golgi-specific proteins by delivery from older to younger cisternae. Different recycling patterns may account for the differing biochemistry throughout the Golgi stack. Thus, the compartments within the Golgi are seen as discrete kinetic stages of the maturing Golgi apparatus.
 * Strengths: The model addresses the existence of Golgi compartments, as well as differing biochemistry within the cisternae, transport of large proteins, transient formation and disintegration of the cisternae, and retrograde mobility of native Golgi proteins, and it can account for the variability seen in the structures of the Golgi.
 * Weaknesses: This model cannot easily explain the observation of fused Golgi networks, tubular connections among cisternae, and differing kinetics of secretory cargo exit.

Model 3: Cisternal progression/maturation with heterotypic tubular transport

 * This model is an extension of the cisternal progression/maturation model. It incorporates the existence of tubular connections among the cisternae that form the Golgi ribbon, in which cisternae within a stack are linked. This model posits that the tubules are important for bidirectional traffic in the ER-Golgi system: they allow for fast anterograde traffic of small cargo and/or the retrograde traffic of native Golgi proteins.
 * Strengths: This model encompasses the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model that also explains rapid trafficking of cargo, and how native Golgi proteins can recycle independently of COPI vesicles.
 * Weaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. Additionally, tubular connections are not prevalent in plant cells. The roles that these connections have can be attributed to a cell-specific specialization rather than a universal trait. If the membranes are continuous, that suggests the existence of mechanisms that preserve the unique biochemical gradients observed throughout the Golgi apparatus.

Model 4: Rapid partitioning in a mixed Golgi

 * This rapid partitioning model is the most drastic alteration of the traditional vesicular trafficking point of view. Proponents of this model hypothesize that the Golgi works as a single unit, containing domains that function separately in the processing and export of protein cargo. Cargo from the ER move between these two domains, and randomly exit from any level of the Golgi to their final location. This model is supported by the observation that cargo exits the Golgi in a pattern best described by exponential kinetics. The existence of domains is supported by fluorescence microscopy data.
 * Strengths: Notably, this model explains the exponential kinetics of cargo exit of both large and small proteins, whereas other models cannot.
 * Weaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. This model falls short on explaining the observation of discrete compartments and polarized biochemistry of the Golgi cisternae. It also does not explain formation and disintegration of the Golgi network, nor the role of COPI vesicles.

Model 5: Stable compartments as cisternal model progenitors

 * This is the most recent model. In this model, the Golgi is seen as a collection of stable compartments defined by Rab (G-protein) GTPases.
 * Strengths: This model is consistent with numerous observations and encompasses some of the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model. Additionally, what is known of the Rab GTPase roles in mammalian endosomes can help predict putative roles within the Golgi. This model is unique in that it can explain the observation of "megavesicle" transport intermediates.
 * Weaknesses: This model does not explain morphological variations in the Golgi apparatus, nor define a role for COPI vesicles. This model does not apply well for plants, algae, and fungi in which individual Golgi stacks are observed (transfer of domains between stacks is not likely). Additionally, megavesicles are not established to be intra-Golgi transporters.

Though there are multiple models that attempt to explain vesicular traffic throughout the Golgi, no individual model can independently explain all observations of the Golgi apparatus. Currently, the cisternal progression/maturation model is the most accepted among scientists, accommodating many observations across eukaryotes. The other models are still important in framing questions and guiding future experimentation. Among the fundamental unanswered questions are the directionality of COPI vesicles and role of Rab GTPases in modulating protein cargo traffic.

Brefeldin A
Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite used experimentally to disrupt the secretion pathway as a method of testing Golgi function. BFA blocks the activation of some ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). ARFs are small GTPases which regulate vesicular trafficking through the binding of COPs to endosomes and the Golgi. BFA inhibits the function of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that mediate GTP-binding of ARFs. Treatment of cells with BFA thus disrupts the secretion pathway, promoting disassembly of the Golgi apparatus and distributing Golgi proteins to the endosomes and ER.

title: Golgi apparatus


text:
Talk:Gary Lineker

(No subject)
I like the original entry:

 * Greatest striker in front of goal, never been booked. Mmm, isn't it! Not 'alf

 * Aye, and had a big nose. Des Lynam's replacement on the BBC's Match of the Day program. Also an unfunny panelist on They Think Its All Over.

--The Cunctator

One less than Moore's record in what? Caps or goals?

Also, I think the claim that he has never been booked needs further investigation. Players tend to say things like that, though it's not unusual for a striker to go uncautioned for a long time, everyone will earn a card eventually :)

The record of never having been booked is well known. AFAIK he was actually booked once but succesfully appealled against it. The record part refers to goals.GordyB 13:31, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Error
He was actually replaced by Alan Smith, not Alan Shearer, in his final appearance for England. Alan Shearer has never played for Arsenal.

Having being a year ahead of Gary Lineker at the City of Leicester Boys School, what evidence is there for the part about him being a medical student? In 1976, at the time he would have been at Kings, he would have been 15, and wouldn't have taken his O or A levels. We'd have heard about that at school! GGA6 (talk) 17:49, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * He got 4 O levels BBC. Hakluyt bean (talk) 23:40, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

The tale about him being a medical student is not borne out by the only biography of him, which I consulted in Leicester Central Reference Library. I will change it later, and cite the source - why does it keep being added back? GGA6 (talk) 17:49, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

There's a MySpace page http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=100823535 that repeats the medical school story, but it doesn't look particularly legit. Incidentally, if he was born in November 1960, he would almost certainly have taken his A-levels in 1979, by which time he was playing for the Leicester first team, so they look a bit iffy too. I'm ditching the King's College reference, and would query the A-levels. AuntFlo (talk) 11:58, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Here's the information from the printed biography Gary Lineker: Strikingly Different by Colin Malam, which is in the Leicester Central Reference Library Local Studies Collection. He got 4 O levels, and his school reports are quoted, saying he needed to work harder. He left school at 16, and to no-one's surprise, there is no mention of Kings College Medical School. Perhaps the other sites copying Wikipedia will take note. GGA6 (talk) 17:49, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

eh?
At the moment he's currentley living with his wife and two sons? Where are the other two? Petsco 12:14, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Tamsin: Question? How is it possible for Lineker to have been born in November 1960 and have been a medical student BEFORE joining Leicester City in 1976? He would have been only 15 at the start of the 1976-7 academic year!!!

Everton Stats
Can somebody check the Everton stats. I'm fairly sure he didn't play 138 games in two seasons and I know for a fact he scored more than 25 goals. 82.42.208.252 18:09, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Nevermind, I found the info! It was 38 goals in 52 appearances. Someone just made the old stat up! 82.42.208.252 18:13, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This may be over 5 years since those edits but to all statisticians Lineker scored 40 goals for Everton, clearly stat's (on this page atleast) do not show the Screen Sport Super Cup competition, which was a substitue for those clubs banned from European competitions. Although nowadays very meaningless, just like the latter Full Members Cup etc, but, nonetheless, part of the campaign that season. Babydoll9799 (talk) 18:49, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Japanese
Unfortunately it has to be corrected that Gary Lineker speaks Japanese. He might be able to speak a few words, but he is definitely not fluent.

It would be frankly amazing if he had in just two years achieved a level of proficiency in Japanese that could sensibly be called "fluent". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.85.192.125 (talk) 08:52, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Only booked once?
I am sure I remember Lineker recieving a yellow card in one his last club games for a badly timed tackle and the regret in which it was recieved as it was his only booking. I might be wrong - can anyone confirm or deny this?
 * I think that was another player and also, happened relatively recently?.

I can confirm that the above incident happened to Alan Smith of Arsenal. He had never been booked in his whole career and then in the 92/93 cup final against Sheff Wed he picked up a booking.

Brasseye
Anyone think it's worth mentioning his appearance on the Paedogeddon special of Brasseye in 2001?
 * Not really - if that should be mentioned anywhere, it's in the article or section which describes that programme/episode. I don't think it's really necessary to mention every single trivial little tv appearance here (imdb currently lists 53 appearances for Lineker has himself).  Guinness (talk) 14:33, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

International career
The games listed are not Lineker's. They appear to be Bobby Charlton's, though why it counts 48 when he scored 49 is a bit confusing

Paul Derbyshire

 * Either weird vandalism or a copy-and-paste where they forgot to actually edit. I've removed it. --Jameboy 00:10, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Your both wrong. Links scored 48 in 80 games. I have corrected the table, that read 31! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.232.132.42 (talk) 17:31, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Picture
First impression of looking at this article is how stupid the picture looks, could someone find an actual picture of lineker or just not have one at all. Simplyirresistiblepalmer (talk) 19:09, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

What is his DOB?
Is it 1960 or 1970? the opening paragraph says 1960, the infobar at the side says 1970.

It's not 1970, because he wasn't 16 in the 1986 world cup. 81.98.240.135 (talk) 10:32, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

"England's all-time second highest scorer"
How about adding the name of the top scorer? Thanks Kvsh5 (talk) 06:52, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

missing info box
The Sporting Positions infobox is missing (previous England Captains link to Lineker from Bryan Robson for instance.) - 84.92.169.252 (talk) 20:59, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Lineker Sharts His Pants Playing For England
The latest attempt to insert the "poo on the pitch" incident included a RS: a blog at The Guardian. I don't think wording such as "He shit himself" [shouldn't that be "shat"?] is encyclopedic, and I don't think it should be given undue weight, but the sources are there and clearly the topic is coming up - it's getting inserted again and again. So I propose a single sentence be added using the wording "lost control of his bowels because of illness". Putting it here first so consensus can be reached either way. Yngvadottir (talk) 20:13, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Personally I think a single sentence about it isn't a big deal and Lineker has joked about it so it's not like it would violate any BLP issues. But here's what I don't understand--a couple months ago ESPN the magazine wrote an article about a triathlete named Julie Moss who's only claim to fame is that she collapsed near the end of a triathalon she was leading and shit herself a bunch of times.  This was in 1982 and nationally televised in the US.  People were vandalizing the page so I added a sourced statement that she collapsed and defecated herself.  The sourced info was repeatedly removed as "not encyclopedic."  So, if someone like her who's pretty much only known for shitting herself can't have that included in the article, I'd guess the Wikipedia police wouldn't approve of it being in Lineker's article either since he's known for a bunch of other things.  76.99.122.143 (talk) 18:12, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

“Football is a simple game; 22 men chase a ball for 90 minutes and at the end, the Germans always win."

How about adding this quotation made by him ?--91.89.127.108 (talk) 00:16, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Title changed, by definition Lineker's 'incident' was a shart and not a formal poo. --79.66.246.169 (talk) 14:51, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Arguing over whether Lineker's actions constituted a 'formal poo' or not misses the point. An encyclopaedic treatment of him needs to cover the notable event of him defecating in his shorts while representing his country. BillyJones1000 (talk) 19:09, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

"Get to Philosophy" Game
Have randomly discovered that Gary is second in the list of Top Ten chains for the game Get_to_Philosophy IdleEdit (talk) 10:36, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Everton goals
See earlier note on Everton stats, i've corrected that Lineker scored 40 goals for Everton not 38 due to goals scored in the Screen Sport Super Cup (for teams that did not play in Europe following the European ban in 1985). Babydoll9799 (talk) 18:55, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

OBE
Lineker's been honoured with an OBE, but the only mention of it is with the postnominal in the lead. Can someone add at least a sentence about when he got it and what for? — OwenBlacker (Talk) 21:56, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

twit
Edit suggestion. Replace this:

 * In May 2012, Lineker stepped into an argument between Joey Barton and Alan Shearer via Twitter, as reported in the Daily Mirror.[27]

With this:

 * ((nothing))

There was a player who was removed from some game. Later, the player complained on twitter. At some point, Gary Lineker said something about the person complaining, also on twitter. The complainer then went on to threaten to insult Gary, still via twitter. This chat was reported in the fine upstanding Daily Mirror. Now, technically, that counts as WP:NOTEWORTHY, and as an inclusionist, I'm a bit leery of taking it out of wikipedia entirely... but can we not move it over to the article about the complainer, at least? All the piece contains is a single quote from Gary Lineker's twitter-feed:

"Still raging then? Still kicking out? And still, presumably, misunderstood? But only by yourself I suspect."

The rest of the article is quoting the poorly-spelled insults and vague insinuations from the complainer. There is no analysis, or similar. I'd also be happy with just marking this one down as WP:IAR, and yoinking the stuff. If the only thing that happened between Gary Lineker and Joey Barton (as reported in WP:RS that is) was this one exchange, of exactly one twit from Gary Lineker... that hardly seems worth mentioning, methinks. Is that the ONLY thing WP:NOTEWORTHY in 2012, folks?

See also WP:WELLKNOWN and WP:BLPGOSSIP, which suggest that unless there are multiple sources covering a long-running dispute, this sentence can go. Thanks for reading, and thanks for improving the 'pedia. 74.192.84.101 (talk) 05:20, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Emphasis in lede
has twice rewritten the lede, today more extensively than the first time, to emphasise Lineker's broadcasting career over his football career. It seems to me that he is better known for his achievements as a player, and in any event the article is more about his playing career and presents his broadcasting career as a later stage in his life. But I'd like input from others with more familiarity with his current reputation before reverting again. Yngvadottir (talk) 06:05, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * here. Gary Lineker has been the presenter for the most famous British football show (Match of the Day), watched by millions in the UK and around the world every week, for 15 years now. He is very well known for this in addition to his illustrious playing career. I don't see how that doesn't at least merit mentioning the fact that he is a current sportsbroadcaster in the opening sentence - i.e., Lineker is a former footballer and current sports broadcaster. Just because his "current reputation" rests more on something that happened years ago does not mean that he should forever be known only for what he did in the past. Raudys (talk) 16:31, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Our article continues to emphasise his playing career at greater length - rightly, I think. To me it seems both recentism and a bit of a cheapening of his playing career to depict him as a broadcaster who was once a footballer. But the point about Match of the Day is a valid one. So I moved that up into the first para of the lede, which now says more than that he has worked for a bunch of broadcasters. And I updated the list with the NBC arm. But I still believe we have to list playing first. He's not in any broadcasting halls of fame, has not barely missed breaking records as a broadcaster, and some of his authority as a presenter comes from his very distinguished career. So how does it look now? And I'd still like to hear others' take on the issue. Yngvadottir (talk) 03:44, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Responding here to the edit summary suggesting I have removed his broadcasting career from the lede ... umm, no, I just don't think it should be presented as his main achievement. "former footballer and current broadcaster" strikes me as clunky, but it works. Yngvadottir (talk) 04:29, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

John Lineker
It should be mentioned that top-ranked UFC (MMA) fighter John Lineker was named after Gary Lineker. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.46.34.183 (talk) 22:07, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

This is mentioned on John Lineker's page, John Lineker is named after English football striker Gary Lineker. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.246.169 (talk) 20:22, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

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Tax avoidance?
Right, test-case here for the new Daily Mail ruling. They've got an article (which, from my liberal filter bubble, I have heard about but not actually read) in which Gary Lineker has been accused of dodging his taxes. Clearly unless this is corroborated elsewhere we can't put that Gary Lineker is a tax avoider - but could we maybe put in something like "The Daily Mail has accused him of avoiding paying tax" and reference this with a third-party source? eg https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/feb/09/gary-lineker-hits-back-at-daily-mail-over-tax-accusation — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.175.41 (talk) 07:33, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

about the Walkers advertising section that was removed.
That's quite iconic in a way as TV advertising goes, surely there should be a mention in prose, maybe find a better source? Govvy (talk) 18:36, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I've added something back with different sources. Nzd   (talk)  12:24, 29 June 2018 (UTC)
 * thanks for that, cheers, Govvy (talk) 16:06, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 May 2019
"He holds England's record for goals in FIFA World Cup finals, with 10 scored": replace FIFA World Cup finals with the FIFA World Cup. "Cup" already shows it is a competition, making "finals" redundant as it is referring to the whole tournament, and confusing because he has not scored in the final round of a FIFA World Cup tournament (refer to Gary_Lineker). TheBetrayedOne (talk) 07:02, 10 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done NiciVampireHeart 07:19, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Whilst I understand, in some cases the FIFA World Cup also refers to the qualifying. The term finals does not only mean the final.

International goals
Can we put the information back in the article, this content fork seems completely unnecessary. Govvy (talk) 19:16, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 March 2021
Total league goals for Tottenham Hotspur needs to be amended to 67 (i/o 57) in the career stats section. 2A02:C7F:7016:1000:807E:49AB:665B:8356 (talk) 19:18, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 04:25, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi protected edit request
Third paragraph - Introduction

Gary Lineker is now the fourth highest England goalscorer, as Harry Kane has now scored more goals. Source — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheAlfman (talk • contribs) 11:04, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

 * The "source" and 11v11.com websites agree with each other so I have updated that part of the introduction in line with what the websites say. Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 21:27, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

Career stats are wrong
His goals at Everton have not been counted in the total. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A04:4A43:4B3F:C6CF:0:0:CA5:5418 (talk) 19:22, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Looks fine to me regarding your query. Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 21:20, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

Still MOTD host?
Currently in the opening it says "where he presented the flagship football programme Match of the Day from the late 1990s until March 2023," As far as I am aware Lineker is still the host rather is stepping back from an indeterminate amount of time. Is it worth changing that back to say he is still the host. C. 22468 Talk to me  21:58, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. He's not been dismissed or left as far as we know. Rodericksilly (talk) 01:33, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 March 2023
Request to add his appearance in the BAFTA winning drama Marvellous under "Media career" section. I realise it's not the biggest thing happening media-wise right now, but other cameo appearances get a mention & I'd like to see this added too. 95.145.86.26 (talk) 17:44, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 17:53, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello, in the "Media career" section - text to be added:
 * "In 2015, Lineker had a cameo appearance as himself in the BBC television film Marvellous"
 * Source https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04jmx7l
 * as used at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvellous#cite_note-BBCTwo-18
 * Thank you 95.145.86.26 (talk) 18:05, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I've ✅ it, but taken the opportunity to compile his 'cameo appearences' into one line.  It's a bit of a WP:Proseline mess and hopefully this is a start at cleaning it up. Jeff UK  11:42, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks Jeff. You're right about that section being a bit of a mess - I think it's a good start that you've put the 'cameo appearences' together. 95.145.86.26 (talk) 21:39, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

What does "auto-suspension" mean?
Match of the Day commentators Steve Wilson, Conor McNamara, Robyn Cowen and Steven Wyeth, in a joint statement online, also announced their auto-suspension It's not at all clear to me what this means, and there's no wikilink available for "auto-suspension." Could this be clarified? Pawnkingthree (talk) 21:20, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree isn't very clear and certainly not common English. I assume the author of this phrase means self-imposed suspension (using "auto" as in autobiography for example), but it's a very strange term to use. 95.145.86.26 (talk) 21:35, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I also agree that it wasn't clear. I've trimmed it tonight for concision and to keep things simpler with the following content – Match of the Day commentators Steve Wilson, Conor McNamara, Robyn Cowen and Steven Wyeth also announced, in a joint statement online, that they "do not feel it would be appropriate to take part in the programme". Kind Tennis Fan (talk) 21:48, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @Pawnkingthree @Kind Tennis Fan Sorry, I've seen this discussion just now...
 * I made that edit: as you've probably guessed at this point, English is not my native tongue (I'm Italian), so I did fear about making some silly grammar mistakes. Thank you for reporting it!
 * What I intended to say is that the aforementioned commentators had decided to pull out from the programme, in solidarity with Lineker. However, I agree that "self-imposed suspension" would have been a much better term in this case... Oltrepier (talk) 17:04, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

MOTD suspension
The piece on this is way too long. Wikipedia is suppossed to be an encylopedia not a blog. Coachtripfan (talk) 19:06, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's been the top story in the UK news (not the sports news, the mainstream news) for 3 days now. As such, it could certainly be trimmed, but it needs a reasonably long section. Black Kite (talk) 19:11, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Has also received coverage from outside the UK. If there is enough coverage to warrant a WP:SPINOFF article on the subject, then we can do that and have a brief summary here. But I'm not sure we're (quite) at that stage. 82.23.242.26 (talk) 19:54, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The info on the list of people who pulled out in solidarity with Lineker can be trimmed. I'll have a go at that now. Rodericksilly (talk) 18:22, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Contract with BBC
"Lineker was the highest-paid BBC employee... " Was he an employee, or a freelance working under contract for services? S C Cheese (talk) 16:54, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right, most sources lead with 'Highest paid star' and then refer to him as a 'presenter', I've changed employee to presenter as it's more NPOV. However he is paid more than any 'executive' so he may well be the highest paid person outright.  Jeff UK  08:30, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thankyou S C Cheese (talk) 13:00, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gary Lineker


text:
GFDL (disambiguation)

GFDL, or GNU Free Documentation License, is a license for free documentation.

GFDL may also refer to:
 * Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, a division of NOAA
 * GFDL hurricane model (see: Tropical cyclone forecast model)
 * GFDL Advogados - a Portuguese law firm.

title: GFDL (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Music
Is music really a "main interest" when it is mentioned only twice in the page? 77.201.32.164 (talk) 18:10, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

Secondary literature
Modern biographies in English are Aiton (1985) and Antognazza (2008). An 1845 English biography by John M. Mackie is available on Google Books. A lively short account of Leibniz’s life, one also taking a critical approach to his philosophy, is Mates (1986: 14–35), who cites the German biographies extensively. Also see MacDonald Ross (1984: chpt. 1), the chapter by Ariew in Jolley (1995), and Jolley (2005: chpt. 1). For a biographical glossary of Leibniz's intellectual contemporaries, see Leibniz, Philosophical Essays. Translated and edited by Roger Ariew and Dan Garber. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989, pp. 350-357.

For a first introduction to Leibniz's thought, see the Introduction of any anthology of his writings in English translation, e.g., Wiener (1951), Loemker (1969a), Woolhouse and Francks (1998). Then turn to the monographs MacDonald Ross (1984), and Jolley (2005). For an introduction to Leibniz's metaphysics, see the chapters by Mercer, Rutherford, and Sleigh in Jolley (1995); see Mercer (2001) for an advanced study. For an introduction to those aspects of Leibniz's thought of most value to the philosophy of logic and of language, see Jolley (1995, chpts. 7, 8); Mates (1986) is more advanced. MacRae (Jolley 1995: chpt. 6) discusses Leibniz's theory of knowledge. For glossaries of the philosophical terminology recurring in Leibniz's writings and the secondary literature, see Woolhouse and Francks (1998: 285–93) and Jolley (2005: 223–29).

Introductory:
 * Jolley, Nicholas, 2005. Leibniz. Routledge.
 * MacDonald Ross, George, 1984. Leibniz. Oxford Univ. Press.
 * W. W. Rouse Ball, 1908. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, 4th ed. (see Discussion)

Intermediate:
 * Aiton, Eric J., 1985. Leibniz: A Biography. Hilger (UK).
 * Antognazza, Maria Rosa, 2008. Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Brown, Gregory, 2004, "Leibniz's Endgame and the Ladies of the Courts," Journal of the History of Ideas 65: 75–100.
 * Hall, A. R., 1980. Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Hostler, J., 1975. Leibniz's Moral Philosophy. UK: Duckworth.
 * Jolley, Nicholas, ed., 1995. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * LeClerc, Ivor, ed., 1973. The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World. Vanderbilt Univ. Press.
 * Loemker, Leroy, 1969a, "Introduction" to his Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. Reidel: 1–62.
 * Luchte, James, 2006, 'Mathesis and Analysis: Finitude and the Infinite in the Monadology of Leibniz,' London: Heythrop Journal.
 * Arthur O. Lovejoy, 1957 (1936). "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his The Great Chain of Being. Harvard Uni. Press: 144–82. Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., ed., 1972. Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays. Anchor Books.
 * MacDonald Ross, George, 1999, "Leibniz and Sophie-Charlotte" in Herz, S., Vogtherr, C.M., Windt, F., eds., Sophie Charlotte und ihr Schloß. München: Prestel: 95–105. English translation.
 * Perkins, Franklin, 2004. Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Riley, Patrick, 1996. Leibniz's Universal Jurisprudence: Justice as the Charity of the Wise. Harvard Univ. Press.
 * Strickland, Lloyd, 2006. Leibniz Reinterpreted. Continuum: London and New York

Advanced
 * Adams, Robert M., 1994. Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist. Oxford Uni. Press.
 * Bueno, Gustavo, 1981. Introducción a la Monadología de Leibniz. Oviedo: Pentalfa.
 * Louis Couturat, 1901. La Logique de Leibniz. Paris: Felix Alcan. Donald Rutherford's English translation in progress.
 * Ishiguro, Hide, 1990 (1972). Leibniz's Philosophy of Logic and Language. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Lenzen, Wolfgang, 2004. "Leibniz's Logic," in Gabbay, D., and Woods, J., eds., Handbook of the History of Logic, Vol. 3. North Holland: 1–84.
 * Mates, Benson, 1986. The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language. Oxford Univ. Press.
 * Mercer, Christia, 2001. Leibniz's metaphysics: Its Origins and Development. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Robinet, André, 2000. Architectonique disjonctive, automates systémiques et idéalité transcendantale dans l'oeuvre de G.W. Leibniz: Nombreux textes inédits. Vrin
 * Rutherford, Donald, 1998. Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Wilson, Catherine, 1989. Leibniz's Metaphysics. Princeton Univ. Press.
 * Woolhouse, R. S., ed., 1993. G. W. Leibniz: Critical Assessments, 4 vols. Routledge. A remarkable one-stop collection of many valuable articles.

Online bibliography by Gregory Brown.

[end] [more from 'Collections' subsection] [end]
 * Bennett, Jonathan. Various texts.
 * Cook, Daniel, and Rosemont, Henry Jr., 1994. Leibniz: Writings on China. Open Court.
 * Dascal, Marcelo, 1987. Leibniz: Language, Signs and Thought. John Benjamins.
 * Martin, R.N.D., and Brown, Stuart, 1988. Discourse on Metaphysics and Related Writings. St. Martin's Press.
 * Parkinson, G.H.R., 1966. Leibniz: Logical Papers. Oxford Uni. Press.
 * ———, and Morris, Mary, 1973. 'Leibniz: Philosophical Writings. London: J M Dent & Sons.
 * Riley, Patrick, 1988 (1972). Leibniz: Political Writings. Cambridge Uni. Press.
 * Strickland, Lloyd, 2006. Shorter Leibniz Texts. Continuum Books. Online.
 * Regrettably out of print and lacks index.
 * Woolhouse, R.S., and Francks, R., 1998. Leibniz: Philosophical Texts. Oxford Uni. Press.
 * Regrettably out of print and lacks index.
 * Woolhouse, R.S., and Francks, R., 1998. Leibniz: Philosophical Texts. Oxford Uni. Press.

Wrong spelling on engraving
I think that single engraving where the family name is misspelled is not a justification or proof that it should be spelled like that in French. (Obviously, the given names are the common French variants of these, but that's unrelated to the family name. BTW, the French WP page Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz says "parfois francisé en Godefroid-Guillaume Leibniz"...) — MFH:Talk 15:42, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

A Dream of Socrates
I would like to write some extra information but to enquire opinions from the fixtures of Wikipedia before the admixture.

I have a Finnish chapter called Antiikin Kulttuuri Historia (the Culture History of Antiquity, 1980) where some intriguing claims concerning Leibniz: the text can be translated something like this:

"Instead Leibniz whose recreations reached abroad (inter alia for the linguistics), was orienteted himself onto Antiquity, likewise of Greek.

The exatc sciences were already waived of for the uncritical faith regarding the mathematicians and natural scientists. Therefore Descartes plus Newton hardly utilized the sources of the Antiquity for their opusses.

Leibniz is apparently the last significant (quantum) scientist, who regarded lean himself on directly to the tradition of the Antiquity."

After the Beginning of Infinity by David Deutchs, Wikipedia should introduce these knowledge, after the commentary, critique plus improvements... Kartasto (talk) 04:14, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

History of computer science
Gottifried Wilhelm leirniz 105.112.184.186 (talk) 09:00, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz


text:
Grace Hopper

Grace Brewster Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist, mathematician, and United States Navy rear admiral. She was a pioneer of computer programming. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and used this theory to develop the FLOW-MATIC programming language and COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. She was also one of the first programmers on the Harvard Mark I computer. She is credited with writing the first computer manual, "A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator".

Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in both mathematics and mathematical physics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. She left her position at Vassar to join Navy Reserves during World War II. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 as a member of the Harvard Mark I team, led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers.

She believed that programming should be simplified with an English-based computer programming language. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, helping to create a machine-independent programming language called COBOL language, which based on English words. Hopper promoted the use of the language throughout the 60s.

The U.S. Navy Arleigh Burke-class destroyer guided-missile destroyer USS Hopper was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC, and Nvidia Superchip "Grace Hopper". During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. In 2024, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) dedicated a marker in honor of Grace Hopper at the University of Pennsylvania for her role in inventing the A-0 compiler during her time as a Lecturer in the School of Engineering, citing her inspirational impact on young engineers.

Early life and education
Grace Brewster Murray was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.

Grace was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). Later in life, she was known for keeping a clock that ran backward, she explained, "Humans are allergic to change. They love to say, 'We've always done it this way.' I try to fight that. That's why I have a clock on my wall that runs counterclockwise." For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Grace was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (because her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.

In 1930, Grace Murray married New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976); they divorced in 1945. She did not marry again and retained his surname.

In 1934, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. She began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.

World War II
Hopper tried to be commissioned in the Navy early in World War II, however she was turned down. At age 34, she was too old to enlist and her weight-to-height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES.

She had to get an exemption to be commissioned; she was 15 lb below the Navy minimum weight of 120 lb. She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken.

Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.

UNIVAC
In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.

When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols", she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."

Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.

In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that", and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic."

In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming. Beginning in 1954, Hopper's work was influenced by the Laning and Zierler system, which was the first compiler to accept algebraic notation as input. Her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.

Hopper said that her compiler A-0, "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are, they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."

COBOL
In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.

From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.

Standards
In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Retirement
In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr.

After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of 60 Minutes, he championed, a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives to promote Hopper to commodore on the retired list; the resolution was referred to, but not reported out of, the Senate Armed Services Committee. Hopper was instead promoted to commodore on December 15, 1983, via the Appointments Clause by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.

Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Rear Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At the time, she was the oldest serving member of the Navy. At a celebration held in Boston on the USS Constitution to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.

At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days).

Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral.

Admiral Hopper was the first ever person to be profiled twice on 60 Minutes, first in March 1983, and the second on August 24, 1986.

Post-retirement
Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time Principal Corporate Consulting Engineer, a tech-track SVP-equivalent. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.

At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy. In 2016 Hopper received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in recognition of her remarkable contributions to the field of computer science.

"The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler", she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."

Anecdotes
Throughout much of her later career, Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. She was well known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early war stories. She also received the nickname "Grandma COBOL".

While Hopper was working on a Mark II Computer at Harvard University in 1947, her associates discovered a moth that was stuck in a relay and impeding the operation of the computer. Upon extraction, the insect was affixed to a log sheet for that day with the notation, "First actual case of bug being found". While neither she nor her crew members mentioned the exact phrase, "debugging", in their log entries, the case is held as a historical instance of "debugging" a computer and Hopper is credited with popularizing the term in computing. For many decades, the term "bug" for a malfunction had been in use in several fields before being applied to computers. The remains of the moth can be found taped into the group's log book at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.

Hopper became known for her nanoseconds visual aid. People (such as generals and admirals) used to ask her why satellite communication took so long. She started handing out pieces of wire that were just under one foot long—11.8 in—the distance that light travels in one nanosecond. She gave these pieces of wire the metonym "nanoseconds". She was careful to tell her audience that the length of her nanoseconds was actually the maximum distance the signals would travel in a vacuum, and that signals would travel more slowly through the actual wires that were her teaching aids. Later she used the same pieces of wire to illustrate why computers had to be small to be fast. At many of her talks and visits, she handed out "nanoseconds" to everyone in the audience, contrasting them with a coil of wire 984 feet long, representing a microsecond. Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper, calling the individual grains of ground pepper picoseconds.

Jay Elliot described Grace Hopper as appearing to be "'all Navy', but when you reach inside, you find a 'Pirate' dying to be released."

Death
On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington County, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.

Other awards

 * 1964: Hopper was awarded the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award, the Society's highest honor, "In recognition of her significant contributions to the burgeoning computer industry as an engineering manager and originator of automatic programming systems." In May 1955, Hopper was one of the founding members of the Society of Women Engineers.
 * 1969: Hopper was awarded the inaugural Data Processing Management Association Man of the Year award (now called the Distinguished Information Sciences Award).
 * 1971: The annual Grace Murray Hopper Award for Outstanding Young Computer Professionals was established in 1971 by the Association for Computing Machinery.
 * 1973: Elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
 * 1973: First American and first woman of any nationality to be made a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society.
 * 1981: Received an Honorary PhD from Clarkson University.
 * 1982: American Association of University Women Achievement Award and an Honorary Doctor of Science from Marquette University.
 * 1983: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
 * 1985: Honorary Doctor of Science from Wright State University
 * 1985: Honorary Doctor of Letters from Western New England College (now Western New England University).
 * 1986: Received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal at her retirement.
 * 1986: Received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Syracuse University.
 * 1987: She became the first Computer History Museum Fellow Award Recipient "for contributions to the development of programming languages, for standardization efforts, and for lifelong naval service."
 * 1988: Received the Golden Gavel Award, Toastmasters International.
 * 1991: National Medal of Technology.
 * 1991: Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 * 1992: The Society of Women Engineers established three annual, renewable, "Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Scholarships"
 * 1994: Inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
 * 1996: USS Hopper (DDG-70) was launched. Nicknamed Amazing Grace, it is on a very short list of U.S. military vessels named after women.
 * 2001: Eavan Boland wrote a poem dedicated to Grace Hopper titled "Code" in her 2001 release Against Love Poetry.
 * 2001: The Gracies, the Government Technology Leadership Award were named in her honor.
 * 2009: The Department of Energy's National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center named its flagship system "Hopper".
 * 2009: Office of Naval Intelligence creates the Grace Hopper Information Services Center.
 * 2013: Google made the Google Doodle for Hopper's 107th birthday an animation of her sitting at a computer, using COBOL to print out her age. At the end of the animation, a moth flies out of the computer.
 * 2016: On November 22, 2016, Hopper was posthumously awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom for her accomplishments in the field of computer science.
 * 2017: Hopper College at Yale University was named in her honor.
 * 2021: The Admiral Grace Hopper Award was established by the chancellor of the College of Information and Cyberspace (CIC) of the National Defense University to recognize leaders in the fields of information and cybersecurity throughout the National Security community.

Legacy

 * Grace Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities worldwide during her lifetime.
 * Nvidia has named their current CPU generation Grace and GPU generation Hopper after Grace Hopper.
 * The Navy's Hopper Information Services Center is named for her.
 * The Navy named a guided-missile destroyer Hopper after her.
 * On 30 June 2021, a satellite named after her (ÑuSat 20 or "Grace", COSPAR 2021-059AU) was launched into space.

Places

 * Grace Hopper Avenue in Monterey, California, is the location of the Navy's Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center as well as the National Weather Service's San Francisco Bay Area forecast office.
 * Grace M. Hopper Navy Regional Data Automation Center at Naval Air Station, North Island, California.
 * Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington County, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia.
 * Brewster Academy, a school located in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, United States, dedicated their computer lab to her in 1985, calling it the Grace Murray Hopper Center for Computer Learning. The academy bestows a Grace Murray Hopper Prize to a graduate who excelled in the field of computer systems. Hopper had spent her childhood summers at a family home in Wolfeboro.
 * Grace Hopper College, one of the residential colleges of Yale University.
 * An administration building on Naval Support Activity Annapolis (previously known as Naval Station Annapolis) in Annapolis, Maryland is named the Grace Hopper Building in her honor.
 * Hopper Hall is Naval Academy's newest academic building that houses its cyber science department, among others. It is the first building at any service academy named after a woman.
 * The US Naval Academy also owns a Cray XC-30 supercomputer named "Grace", hosted at the University of Maryland-College Park.
 * Building 1482 aboard Naval Air Station North Island, housing the Naval Computer and Telecommunication Station San Diego, is named the Grace Hopper Building, and also contains the History of Naval Communications Museum.
 * Building 6007, C2/CNT West in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, is named after her.
 * The street outside of the Nathan Deal Georgia Cyber Innovation and Training Center in Augusta, Georgia, is named Grace Hopper Lane.
 * Grace Hopper Academy is a for-profit immersive programming school in New York City named in Grace Hopper's honor. It opened in January 2016 with the goal of increasing the proportion of women in software engineering careers.
 * A bridge over Goose Creek, to join the north and south sides of the Naval Support Activity Charleston side of Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina, is named the Grace Hopper Memorial Bridge in her honor.
 * Minor planet 5773 Hopper discovered by Eleanor Helin is named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 November 2019 (M.P.C. 117229).
 * Grace Hopper Hall, a community meeting hall in Orlando, Florida (located on the site of the former Orlando Naval Training Center) is named for her.
 * The United States Naval Academy dedicated Hopper Hall, their cyber, computer science, and computer engineering building, to RDML Hopper in 2020, and it opened to midshipmen in the spring of 2021.

Programs

 * Women at Microsoft Corporation formed an employee group called Hoppers and established a scholarship in her honor.
 * Beginning in 2015, one of the nine competition fields at the FIRST Robotics Competition world championship is named for Hopper.
 * A named professorship in the Department of Computer Sciences was established at Yale University in her honor. Joan Feigenbaum was named to this chair in 2008.
 * In 2020, Google named its new undersea network cable 'Grace Hopper'. The cable connects the US, UK and Spain and it was estimated to be completed by 2022. Nonetheless, The Grace Hopper cable was completed in 2021, and it stretches 3,900 miles.

In popular culture

 * In his comic book series, Secret Coders by Gene Luen Yang, the main character is named Hopper Gracie-Hu.
 * Since 2013, Hopper's official portrait has been included in the matplotlib python library as sample data to replace the controversial Lenna image.

Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.

Obituary notices

 * Betts, Mitch (Computerworld 26: 14, 1992)
 * Bromberg, Howard (IEEE Software 9: 103–104, 1992)
 * Danca, Richard A. (Federal Computer Week 6: 26–27, 1992)
 * Hancock, Bill (Digital Review 9: 40, 1992)
 * Power, Kevin (Government Computer News 11: 70, 1992)
 * Sammet, J. E. (Communications of the ACM 35 (4): 128–131, 1992)
 * Weiss, Eric A. (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14: 56–58, 1992)

title: Grace Hopper


text:
GNU Manifesto

The GNU Manifesto is a call-to-action by Richard Stallman encouraging participation and support of the GNU Project's goal in developing the GNU free computer operating system. The GNU Manifesto was published in March 1985 in Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools. It is held in high regard within the free software movement as a fundamental philosophical source.

The full text is included with GNU software such as Emacs, and is publicly available.

Background
Some parts of the GNU Manifesto began as an announcement of the GNU Project posted by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983, in form of an email on Usenet newsgroups. The project's aim was to give computer users freedom and control over their computers by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on Stallman's idea of software freedom (although the written definition had not existed until February 1986). The manifesto was written as a way to familiarize more people with these concepts, and to find more support in form of work, money, programs and hardware.

The GNU Manifesto possessed its name and full written form in 1985 but was updated in minor ways in 1987.

Summary
The GNU Manifesto opens with an explanation of what the GNU Project is, and what is the current, at the time, progress in creation of the GNU operating system. The system, although based on, and compatible with Unix, is meant by the author to have many improvements over it, which are listed in detail in the manifesto.

One of the major driving points behind the GNU project, according to Stallman, was the rapid (at the time) trend toward Unix and its various components becoming proprietary (i.e. closed-source and non-libre) software.

The manifesto lays a philosophical basis for launching the project, and importance of bringing it to fruition — proprietary software is a way to divide users, who are no longer able to help each other. Stallman refuses to write proprietary software as a sign of solidarity with them.

The author provides many reasons for why the project and software freedom is beneficial to users, although he agrees that its wide adoption will make the work of programmers less profitable.

A large part of the GNU Manifesto is focused on rebutting possible objections to GNU Project's goals. They include the programmer's need to make a living, the issue of advertising and distributing free software, and the perceived need of a profit incentive.

Inspired by GNU Manifesto
Throughout history, the GNU Manifesto has inspired various other UNIX-related manifestos. Based on it, 10 years later, a popular magazine Linux Focus released its manifesto. 20 years later, a popular illustrations publisher has published their Linux developer manifesto.

title: GNU Manifesto