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Dan Bricklin

Daniel Singer Bricklin (born July 16, 1951) is an American businessman and engineer who is the co-creator, with Bob Frankston, of VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program. He also founded Software Garden, Inc., of which he is currently president, and Trellix, which he left in 2004. He currently serves as the chief technology officer of Alpha Software.

His book, Bricklin on Technology, was published by Wiley in May 2009. For his work with VisiCalc, Bricklin is often referred to as “the father of the Spreadsheet.” He was one of 6 people spotlighted when the Computer was denoted "Machine of the Year" by Time magazine in 1982.

Early life and education
Bricklin was born in a Jewish family in Philadelphia, where he attended Akiba Hebrew Academy. He began his college as a mathematics major, but soon switched to computer science. He earned a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1973, where he was a resident of Bexley Hall.

Upon graduating from MIT, Bricklin worked for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) where he was part of the team that worked on WPS-8 until 1976, when he began working for FasFax, a cash register manufacturer. In 1977, he returned to education, and was awarded a Master of Business Administration from Harvard University in 1979.

While a student at Harvard Business School, Bricklin co-developed VisiCalc in 1979, making it the first electronic spreadsheet readily available for home and office use. It ran on an Apple II computer, and was considered a fourth generation software program. VisiCalc is widely credited for fueling the rapid growth of the personal computer industry. Instead of doing financial projections with manually calculated spreadsheets, and having to recalculate with every single cell in the sheet, VisiCalc allowed the user to change any cell, and have the entire sheet automatically recalculated. This could turn 20 hours of work into 15 minutes and allowed for more creativity.

Software Arts
In 1979, Bricklin and Frankston founded Software Arts, Inc., and began selling VisiCalc, via a separate company named VisiCorp. Along with Frankston, Bricklin started writing versions of the program for the Tandy TRS-80, Commodore PET and the Atari 800. Soon after its launch, VisiCalc became a fast seller at $100.

Software Arts also published TK/Solver and Spotlight, a desktop organizer for the IBM Personal Computer."

Bricklin was awarded the Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1981 for VisiCalc. Bricklin could not patent VisiCalc, since software inventions were not eligible for patent protection at the time.

Bricklin was chairman of Software Arts until 1985, the year that Software Arts was acquired by Lotus. He left and founded Software Garden.

Software Garden
Dan Bricklin founded Software Garden, a small consulting firm and developer of software applications, in 1985. The company's focus was to produce and market “Dan Bricklin's Demo Program”. The program allowed users to create demonstrations of their programs before they were even written, and was also used to create tutorials for Windows-based programs. Other versions released soon after included demo-it! He remained the president of the company until he co-founded Slate Corporation in 1990. In 1992, he became the vice president of Phoenix-based Slate corporation, and developed At Hand, a pen-based spreadsheet. When Slate closed in 1994, Bricklin returned to Software Garden.

His "Dan Bricklin's Overall Viewer" (described by The New York Times as "a visual way to display information in Windows-based software") was released in November 1994.

Corporation
In 1995 Bricklin founded Trellix Corporation, named for Trellix Site Builder.

Trellix was bought by Interland (now Web.com) in 2003, and Bricklin became Interland's chief technology officer until early 2004.

Current work
Bricklin continues to serve as president of Software Garden, a small company that develops and markets software tools he creates, as well as providing speaking and consulting services.

He has released Note Taker HD, an application that integrates handwritten notes on the Apple iPad tablet.

He is also developing wikiCalc, a collaborative, basic spreadsheet running on the Web.

He is currently the chief technology officer of Alpha Software in Burlington, Massachusetts, a company that creates tools to easily develop cross-platform mobile business applications.

Affiliations
In 1994, Bricklin was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is a founding trustee of the Massachusetts Technology Leadership Council and has served on the boards of the Software Publishers Association and the Boston Computer Society.

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 for the invention and creation of the electronic spreadsheet.

Awards
In 1981, Bricklin was given a Grace Murray Hopper Award for VisiCalc.

In 1996, Bricklin was awarded by the IEEE Computer Society with the Computer Entrepreneur Award for pioneering the development and commercialization of the spreadsheet and the profound changes it fostered in business and industry.

In 2003, Bricklin was given the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award for being a technology change leader. He was recognized for having used information technology in an industry-transforming way. He has received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Newbury College. He also became a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

In 2004, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for advancing the utility of personal computers by developing the VisiCalc electronic spreadsheet."

Bricklin:
 * appeared in the 1996 documentary Triumph of the Nerds, as well as the 2005 documentary Aardvark'd: 12 Weeks with Geeks, in both cases discussing the development of VisiCalc.
 * introduced the term "friend-to-friend networking" on August 11, 2000.
 * also introduced the term cornucopia of the commons about the same time.

title: Dan Bricklin


text:
Talk:Deism

Add Socinianism
Here is a cite: Williams, George H. “Socinianism and Deism: From Eschatological Elitism To Universal Immortality?” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, vol. 2, no. 2, 1976, pp. 265–290. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41298669. Accessed 18 Apr. 2021. Hyperbolick (talk) 02:13, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Nazism section removed
Nothing in it was about Deism. Corresponding article Gottgläubig makes one mention of Deism, only that it was one of many views members of the group could have (along with nondenominational Christianity, general Theism, Pantheism). Hyperbolick (talk) 18:56, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Good job removing. Completely irrelevant to the topic. Dimadick (talk) 19:50, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Gottgläubig was the recognized form of Deism in Nazi Germany, therefore it is pertinent to this article. No reason to delete that section. GenoV84 (talk) 04:08, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Not according to our own Gottgläubig page: "People who identified as Gottgläubig could hold a wide range of religious beliefs, including non-clerical Christianity,[1] Germanic Neopaganism,[1] a generic non-Christian theism,[21] deism,[2] and pantheism.[2] Strictly speaking, Gottgläubigen were not even required to terminate their church membership, but strongly encouraged to.[1]"
 * Can you show me a source doctrinally restricting Gottgläubig to a reason-derived non-revalatory belief system? Cause if there isn't then it isn't Deism. Hyperbolick (talk) 05:49, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Adolf Hitler: A Biography by Ileen Bear explicitly calls it deist:
 * "According to Evans, by 1939, 95% of Germans still called themselves Protestant or Catholic, with 3.5% ‘Deist’ (gottgläubig) and 1.5% atheist—most in these latter categories being “convinced Nazis who had left their Church at the behest of the Party, which had been trying since the mid- 1930s to reduce the influence of Christianity in society”. Gottgläubig” (lit. “believers in God”), had a non-denominational, nazified outlook on divine beliefs, often described as predominantly based on creationist and deistic views." Brat Forelli🦊  11:26, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939 by Richard J. Evans indeed does refer to it as deist, too:
 * "The Interior Ministry ruled that people leaving their Church could declare themselves to be 'Deists' (gottglaubig), and the Party decreed that office-holders could not simultaneously hold any office in the Catholic or Protestant Church." Brat Forelli🦊  11:35, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Lastly, The Polish Catholic Church under German Occupation: The Reichsgau Wartheland, 1939–1945 by Jonathan Huener also notes that gottgläubig can be understood as simply deism (p.156). Brat Forelli🦊  11:36, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Didn't ask whether the word "deism" was used, but whether sources identified, specifically, reason-based non-revelation religions. Deism in itself is sometimes ambiguously used. See Moralistic therapeutic deism, Ceremonial deism. Hyperbolick (talk) 20:16, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We might be misunderstanding the point of Wikipedia articles a bit here. If there is a political party that has an article, then the ideology and character of this party is not determined by a bunch of Wikipedians discussing what the party represents and what it does not. This is not really up to us. It is up to sources - how the party is described in books, journal and articles, by commentators, journalists, historians or political scientists. And we cite these sources.
 * I do not think we have any right to limit this article to subjects that only meet a specific criteria of what we think Deism is. It is not needed to prove whether Gottgläubigkeit is "a reason-derived non-revalatory belief system" or not. What the sources I have shown do prove is that Gottgläubigkeit is considered a form of Deism. That is more than enough to justify a section for it in this article. It is not possible to confuse it with 'ceremonial deism' or 'moralistic therapeutic deism', because Gottgläubigkeit was never considered either of these things by anyone, and it would be impossible to even find a book that mentions either of those together with Gottgläubigkeit.
 * The relevance is completely sufficient. It does not need to meet the criteria that you established here. In fact, let me cite Deism Historically Defined by S. G. Hefelbower:
 * "There is no accepted definition of Deism. If you try to find out what it is from the books and articles that discuss it you will be left in confusion."
 * And yet Gottgläubigkeit does meet the criteria for Deism in the eyes of Evans, Huener and Bear. It might not meet yours. But that is okay. For its relevancy to Deism is shown. Brat Forelli🦊  13:18, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not an automatic two-way street. Religion in Nazi Germany notes that 54% of the population was Protestant, but Protestantism has no section or even mention of the relationship to Nazism. Not even a line. Hyperbolick (talk) 19:38, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I mean, Protestantism is not considered a form of Nazism. Would be a bit interesting if it was. It does have a strong connection to it, definitely.
 * This would be more of an omission, accidental or not, since Catholicism does mention Nazism or Nazi Germany several times. Brat Forelli🦊  23:11, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Heck, I'd argue the result of Protestantism omitting strong links to Nazism is the result of an anglocentric bias that English Wikipedia has. Given anti-Catholicism that the anglosphere was traditionally engaged in, it sadly does make sense why the article for Catholicism would have so many references to Nazism while Protestantism none.
 * Making glitch a feature is not something we want though. The Gottgläubigkeit is relevant to Deism, though by no means does it reflect badly on it. It is a very odd child created for the NSDAP's propagandist and anti-clerical purposes that was merely an opportunistic cooptation of Deist tenets rather than a consequence of it. Brat Forelli🦊  00:04, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Most of the talk about Nazism on the Catholic Church page seems to be about building a narrative of the church being against the Nazis, or oppressed by the Nazis, without mention the church being the Nazis. More critical point is that there is zero influence of Nazism on the development of Deism as a metaphilosophy. it is no more appropriate here than it would be in Theism or Pantheism, or Pandeism, or Christianity for that matter. Here, it’s a WP:COATRACK. Hyperbolick (talk) 07:10, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The amount of academic, reliable references which demonstrate that Gottgläubig was the officially recognized form of belief in a creator God/personal God/Deism by the Nazi regime, with demographic data on the religious landscape of Nazi Germany and prominent adherents among the SS too, is more than enough to prove that the Nazism section should stay here and there was no justification to remove it from this encyclopedia. GenoV84 (talk) 08:22, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I couldn't agree more. Brat Forelli🦊  08:26, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * No anglocentric forces at play then. Excuse my ignorance then, it is actually a relief to hear that there is no attempt there to link Catholicim to Nazism politically or ideologically. Your point is still interesting though - as in, that there is no mention of it in the Protestantism article. Actually feels like something that should be there.
 * As for what you also said, this is actually a very interesting argument. Theism is a general article on theism itself that lists types of theism, including deism. While Gottgläubigkeit would also be theist (after all, gottgläubig means nothing more than "believing in God"), it would be inappropiate to give a section for it there beyond a simple mention, given how it is not consider a type of theism in itself on par with deism or pantheism. Yes.
 * Pantheism definitely has nothing to do with Gottgläubigkeit whatsoever and it would be a complete mess. It was never consider it. We do agree.
 * Pandeism is also way off, yeah.
 * Christianity, hm. I'd argue it could be mentioned there since it was connected to Christianity in that it was an attempt to undermine Christianity as a social and cultural force in Germany, in addition that it did try to pose as some kind as a vague form of "nondemoninational Christianity" that in reality just meant submerging onself in the Nazi Weltanschauung.
 * As for Deism, the argument for inclusion of Gottgläubigkeit is based on the fact that it is considered a form of Deism. It is not something contested. Like, it just is. We have sources for that. This is not WP:COATRACK since it is not a fringe theory or anything. It surely had no influence on development of Deism, but it is included in the Deist world. It should be included. Brat Forelli🦊  08:26, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Ok, presuming this ought to be mentioned at all, still vastly overwritten relative to relevance to Deism. Could be cut dow to a sentence. Hyperbolick (talk) 05:20, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the historical and political contexts are necessary for readers to understand how Deism was perceived and practiced under the religious policies of the Nazi regime. By following the same argument, the sections about 17th-18th century Deism in continental Europe and the United States should be almost completely deleted and left with only two paragraphs. I would advise against such a proposal; it doesn't sound beneficial to the article. GenoV84 (talk) 11:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the thing to do is go through the section line by line and ask as to each: how does this impact the philosophical development of Deism as a theological position? Just as we might do for a section of equal proportion on Nazism and Christianity in the Wikipedia page on Christianity. Hyperbolick (talk) 18:30, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem like the development of Deism in Nazi Germany has had any impact on the theological or philosophical basis of this belief, which has been basically the same since antiquity: belief in a Creator that doesn't interact with the universe after the act of creation, and therefore it's not even involved in human affairs.
 * Rather, what is most noticeable here is that Gottgläubigkeit (Deism) was a recognized irreligious group in the demographics on religion of the Nazi regime, unlike atheism which was outlawed (this is also explained in the same section).
 * Considering that, historically, the only two other countries where Deism has been officially recognized by their respective governments as a legitimate belief are revolutionary France and the Republic of Turkey, and the fact that this article about Deism also includes several sections about the history of Deism, I think that this section should stay just like the other ones. GenoV84 (talk) 10:45, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I concur with this opinion and I would find it quite inappropiate if this article was to limit itself to elements that affected "the philosophical development of Deism as a theological position". It would put into a question most of this article in fact, including the entire Turkish section.
 * Not to mention that we already lack many important groups that did impact the development of Deism, such as Socinianism which "was a forerunner of Deism and the Enlightenment". But that is something for me to work on, I suppose. Brat Forelli🦊  10:51, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Still haven't seen an explanation of why a comparable proportiin of content shouldn't exist at Protestantism or Christianity. Add the section there and see what happens, and we'll follow the same outcome here. In the meantime there are two complete paragraphs in this section about "Positive Christianity" and Nazis "leaving their church" that have no relation to Deism. Not a single one proclaimed Deism. Hyperbolick (talk) 17:23, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Considering that Gottgläubigkeit (Deism) is annoverated among the other religious aspects of Nazism, alongside Occultism, Germanic Neopaganism, Theosophy, etc., I don't see why you keep making comparisons with Protestantism and Christianity or proposing to add the same content of this section to any of those two articles.
 * For that matter, there are already two articles about the Protestant Reich Church and the relations between Nazi Germany and the Roman Catholic Church on Wikipedia, and one about the German Christians as well.
 * Anyway, I see that you have removed the paragraphs about prominent members of the NSDAP leaving their respective Christian churches, which is fine. GenoV84 (talk) 18:41, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Still much to trim. No need for excess duplication of what's already on the other page. This is no more than a footnote in the history of Deism. Hyperbolick (talk) 17:39, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The section looks fine in the current version, with all of its paragraphs mentioning the Gottgläubige; if readers need any further information, they can just click on the main article. There's no point to trim anything further, in the exact same way as there was no point to delete this section out of nowhere without any previous discussion in the first place. I think that we have found an acceptable middleground in order to establish a fair consensus for all parties involved in this discussion. GenoV84 (talk) 18:24, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Not every point needs to be duplicated from the other page to this. Hyperbolick (talk) 07:56, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree about that, but we have already adjusted the section twice . It looks exhaustive enough. Anyway, I'm open to further suggestions from you and Brat Forelli. GenoV84 (talk) 09:25, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Deism


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Talk:Deutschlandlied

Detail on Petkovic and her reaction
Additional information on Petkovic's motivation and ethnic self identification is imho way too much detail for this article on the anthem (nor did her reaction and attitude differ all that much from the rest of German team).

That aside simply adding her (foreign) place of birth provides not explanatory value on its own. To draw any reasonable conclusions on self identification you need to know where (and how) a person was raised, i.e. the socialization during its childhood and adolescence. That however would require even more details and all that stuff is too much off topic here and at best belongs in Petkovic's own WP article.--Kmhkmh (talk) 16:37, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

Nazi symbol? How to describe the status of the Deutschlandlied

 * "After the Second World War ended in 1945, singing "Das Lied der Deutschen" was banned along with symbols of Nazi Germany by the Allies."

I am undoing the (unsourced) addition of "other" in this text and adding a citation-needed tag to the whole statement. There are several issues: I am inclined to remove the whole sentence, though it could perhaps be saved by adding more detail and very reliable sources. I would suggest moving the sub-section Modern use of the first stanza to this section (from the Criticism section) since it does not deal mainly with criticism of the topic itself and would probably be the best place to discuss the current status of the first verse (with appropriate reliable sources). --Boson (talk) 11:13, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "Other" would seem to add an overly broad implication that the song is a Nazi symbol. A more circumspect description could possibly be argued.
 * Since the whole song was actually the anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany from about 1952 to 1991 (though only the third verse was normally sung), it does not seem appropriate to state or imply, without further qualification, that it is a Nazi symbol.
 * If there was a ban after WW2, it was very temporary, so the whole statement is misleading (though it could be reworded).
 * The alleged ban presumably refers to Law 154 for the American zone, which makes "banned ... by the Allies" slightly misleading.
 * It is not clear if Law 154 actually applied to this song.

 * Insofar as the words German and Nazi were used interchangeably in English during the wartime period and after, the anthem was perceived as a Nazi symbol. Obviously, this was a mistaken assumption; but we have the luxuries of hindsight and of recent history.

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 01:50, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

 * That, I think, raises the most important point here: "a symbol, in whose opinion?" This anthem is now definitely not intended as a Nazi symbol, but there are still people in the world who will run from the room if they hear the first four notes, regardless of who is singing and regardless of any changes to the words. People's memory for music, and what it reminds them of, can be vivid, long-lasting, and irrational. Added to that problem is the fact that most people outside the German-speaking countries had never heard any German anthem until the late 1930s, so they falsely assumed that this song was a new composition specially commissioned by the National Socialists rather than a song that already had a long history. TooManyFingers (talk) 00:29, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Memel river or town?
Is there an explanation (preferably with a source) for the recent change from the River Memel to the town of the same name? The use of the definite article ("die Memel") in German and the context of the other three waterways would suggest that the river is intended. --Boson (talk) 00:14, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Do we have a source for the pronunciation? Just looking at the first verse, I'm wondering about the pronunciations given as
 * alɛs
 * dər
 * ʃtɛts
 * ʃuːts
 * dɛn
 * --Boson (talk) 19:47, 1 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The words might be pronounced slightly differently when sung, but I would normally expect:
 * aləs
 * deːɐ̯
 * ʃteːʦ
 * ʃʊʦ
 * deːn
 * --Boson (talk) 06:08, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:22, 13 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Deutschlandlied.ogg

"Modern use of first stanza" section
The way the "Modern use of the first stanza" section is currently worded is flawed as it seems to imply the first stanza is controversial in contemporary Germany, but it doesn't actually elucidate as to why exactly this is. This can be confusing to somebody with no prior knowledge on the matter reading the article. Thus, somebody should add more context as to why it is controversial rather than assuming everybody already knows. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 11:09, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

The Song of the Germans?
Whatever its title when translated into English, the title of the song in English, and as used in British culture, is Deutschland Über Alles. The article ought to reflect that Nuttyskin (talk) 01:56, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Source? -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:49, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Source?!? Why, common experience as a native English speaker in an English-speaking country. As universally-known as the fact that rain is wet. You only have to look around the Internet, to see that everyone uses Deutschland Über Alles as if it were the songtitle.

 * https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rmheo9bePH8
 * Title: Deutschland über alles - German Anthem

 * Or try this one from Der Spiegel:-
 * https://m.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-divided-about-approach-to-russia-a-1206338.html
 * "Imagine ending an op ed with an elderly pianist playing 'Deutschland über Alles' "

 * Or this one:-

 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhQwLeMcbRY
 * "The song is as well-known by the opening words and refrain of the first stanza, 'Deutschland über alles' (Germany above all), but this has never been its title."

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 03:25, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Besides, Song of the Germans does not give an accurate translation of Deutschlandlied, which would really be Germany Song.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 12:15, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I think this article was originally titled "Das Lied der Deutschen", and I wouldn't object to move it back there. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 13:25, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Regarding the Order of Dates in the Right Sidebar
Apologies, because I am new to editing Wikipedia articles, but is there a reason that, in the main side bar on the right, the Readopted date (1952) is listed before (above) the Relinquished date (1945)? I believe it would make more sense to list them in chronological order (Relinquished → Adopted), rather than the way it is now. As of now, upon an initial reading of the side bar thing (whose name I don't know, but I do know that it is the first thing one tends to read), it appears that Deutschlandlied is no longer the national anthem of Germany, because the last event listed is that of it being "Relinquished." I would suggest that the two entries ("Readopted" and "Relinquished") be switched, so that it is clear from the side bar that this song is the current national anthem of Germany.

Ggmcmahon (talk) 05:03, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The problem lies with the template code. I raised the matter at Template talk:Infobox anthem. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 13:02, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

1974 FIFA
The article claimed: "In the 1974 FIFA World Cup in their home country, West German football players remained silent and did not sing their anthem."

This is not supported by the linked video. The video shows East-German players, not singing to what I presume is their respective anthem. But why is this mentioned to begin with? Without context, this does not really say much. It looks like this was the match West Germany - East Germany in the group phase. All in all, lacking the necessary context, I removed it for now from the article because I don't see how this is relevant to understanding the topic 'Deutschlandlied' better. effeietsanders 19:23, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You are mistaken. The clip opens with the last few bars of the East German national anthem, and the East German players not singing it. The clip then shows how the whole West German team remains silent during the playing of the "Deutschlandlied". So the text you removed was correct. I don't think it needs any more context, but I agree that its relevance is dubious. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 01:51, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Wieniawski's music?
Wieniawski's music listed in this article says "Austrian anthem" in the title. It seems to me that in order to keep it here we'd need proof that he secretly intended it for Germany; otherwise it should probably be deleted from here and added at the "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" page. TooManyFingers (talk) 00:23, 24 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Wieniawski's piece is already mentioned at Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser and I agree that it should be removed here. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 01:52, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I remember reading that the music of this song was often listed in English-language musicbooks as Austria.

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 05:46, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Translation
“Über“ in this instance probably more properly over, not above “blühen” as blossoming/blooming opposed to flourishing Both translations of the words are correct, but the meaning is altered by choice of English word 2607:FEA8:7CE0:FE00:380F:8241:BD1E:369F (talk) 23:32, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Phonetic transcription
As found in edit history that looks the pronunciation is determined by the IPA in the anthem looks to be correct:

[ˈdɔʏtʃlant ˈdɔʏtʃlant yːbɐ alɛs] [yːbɐ alɛs ɪn dɛɐ vɛlt] [vɛn ɛs ˈʃtɛts tsʊ ʃuːts ʊnt ˈtʁʊtsə] [bʁyːdɐ̯lɪç tsuːzamn̩ˈhɛːlt] [fɔn dɛɐ maːs bɪs an diː ˈmɛməl] [fɔn dɛɐ ɛtʃ bɪs an dɛn ˈbɛlt] [ˈdɔʏtʃlant ˈdɔʏtʃlant yːbɐ alɛs] [yːbɐ alɛs in dɛɐ vɛlt] [ˈdɔʏtʃlant ˈdɔʏtʃlant yːbɐ alɛs] [yːbɐ alɛs in dɛɐ vɛlt]

[ˈdɔʏtʃɛ ˈfʁaʊən ˈdɔʏtʃɛ tʁɔʏə] [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ vaɪn ʊnt ˈdɔʏtʃɐ zaŋ] [ˈzɔln̩ ɪn dɛɐ vɛlt ˈbɛhaltn̩] [iːrən altn̩ ʃøːnən klaŋ] [ˈuns tsʊ ɛdlɐ tat bɛgaɪˈstɛʁn] [ˈunzɐ ganˈtsɛs lɛbən laŋ] [ˈdɔʏtʃɛ ˈfʁaʊən ˈdɔʏtʃɛ tʁɔʏə] [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ vaɪn ʊnt ˈdɔʏtʃɐ zaŋ] [ˈdɔʏtʃɛ ˈfʁaʊən ˈdɔʏtʃɛ tʁɔʏə] [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ vaɪn ʊnt ˈdɔʏtʃɐ zaŋ]

[aɪnɪçˈkaɪt ʊnt ʁɛçt ʊnt ˈfʁaɪhaɪt] [ˈfyːʁ das ˈdɔʏtʃɛ ˈfaːtɐˌlant] [ˈdanax last ʊns alə ˈʃtʁɛbən] [bʁyːdɐ̯lɪç mɪt ˈhɛʁts ʊnt ˈhant] [aɪnɪçˈkaɪt ʊnt ʁɛçt ʊnt ˈfʁaɪhaɪt] [zɪnt dɛs glʏkɛs ʊntɐpfant] [blyː ɪm ˈglantsə diːzes glʏkɛs] [blyːə ˈdɔʏtʃɛs ˈfaːtɐˌlant] [blyː ɪm ˈglantsə diːzes glʏkɛs] [blyːə ˈdɔʏtʃɛs ˈfaːtɐˌlant]

Certainly that it should include in the lyrics section.

ApprenticeWiki work  23:07, 5 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't parse you introduction and closing. As for the substance of your proposed addition: a) several objections to your transcription have been made here before – see, and I agree with them; b) it needs a reliable source; c) it needs consensus that it's needed. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:21, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Wrong Translation?
In my humble German opinion, there is a misinterpretation in the English translation "Germany, Germany above all". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied#Title

It should be correctly translated "Germany, Germany more than everything in the world", because it does not read "über allen" ("above everyone"), which would mean persons, it says not even "über allem", which contained a clear dominance in the sense of a direction from above (heaven, more worth) to below (foot people, lower status) or existential relevance. The top floors in skyscrapers are known to be the most expensive.

For example, it is not possible to say "Er thront über alles" (that would be wrong German), but only "Er thront über allem/allen" ("He is enthroned over everything/everyone"). The word combination "über alles" is a common reinforcement of a preceding verb expressing a very positive (love) or negative (hate) emotion. So you could say, "Ich brauche es über alles" ("I need it above all else") or "Ich fürchte es über alles" ("I fear it above all else"). https://www.dict.cc/?s=%C3%BCber+alles2A02:8109:25C0:6C8:C8:F17F:6360:C6AB (talk) 20:41, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * That's all correct and these same points have been raised in past discussions here, e.g. Talk:Deutschlandlied/Archive 2. What you're missing is the wider meaning of "above all". -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 01:41, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

IPA transcription
I think we should re-look at adding IPA. Other national anthem articles have IPA transcriptions (except for those in English, because common English words don't need IPA transcriptions here). German words do not fall under the category of common English words, so I think this should be added. Any thoughts? TheGreatAustralian (talk) 05:38, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * What's done in other articles (or in simple:) has no bearing on this article. There were several objections to previously proposed IPA transcriptions. As usual on Wikipedia, anything without reliable and reputable sources is likely to be challenged. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 06:03, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

IPA re-added
I have added back the IPA because other national anthems have IPA, it is allowed and recommended under MOS:IPA and because a source is not needed. Even other German-language anthems have IPA (e.g the National anthem of Austria). Thiscouldbeauser (talk) 05:08, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

Symbols of the revolution
Hello, I deleted some statements from the introduction because (a) they are not really necessary there and (b) they are a little bit dubious. First, the Lied der Deutschen was a somewhat popular song in its first decades, but not more than that. The most famous national song of the 1848 period was certainly "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland" by Arndt.

Second, the tradition of the German flag stems from the period after 1830; the 1778 flag of one principality is a coincidence. The colours became official in 1848 (via the Bundestag and later via the National Assembly). In contrast to the flag, there was no official anthem prior to 1922.

Third, there were several reasons for Ebert to choose this song as the national anthem in 1922. The liberal tradition was one of them; another the national aspect and that it had become popular in the First World War. Ebert hoped to include the political right with this song.

Kind regards, Ziko (talk) 09:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

Error in map description
There is an error in the description of the map "Contemporary German conceptions of the "German language" ...": Borders of German Customs Union are given in green, not brown. I don't know how to change this in the box, maybe somebody else can help. Oberschwabe01 (talk) 09:27, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deutschlandlied


text:
Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) is a cordless telephony standard maintained by ETSI. It originated in Europe, where it is the common standard, replacing earlier standards, such as CT1 and CT2. Since the DECT-2020 standard onwards, it also includes IoT communication.

Beyond Europe, it has been adopted by Australia and most countries in Asia and South America. North American adoption was delayed by United States radio-frequency regulations. This forced development of a variation of DECT called DECT 6.0, using a slightly different frequency range, which makes these units incompatible with systems intended for use in other areas, even from the same manufacturer. DECT has almost completely replaced other standards in most countries where it is used, with the exception of North America.

DECT was originally intended for fast roaming between networked base stations, and the first DECT product was Net3 wireless LAN. However, its most popular application is single-cell cordless phones connected to traditional analog telephone, primarily in home and small-office systems, though gateways with multi-cell DECT and/or DECT repeaters are also available in many private branch exchange (PBX) systems for medium and large businesses, produced by Panasonic, Mitel, Gigaset, Ascom, Cisco, Grandstream, Snom, Spectralink, and RTX. DECT can also be used for purposes other than cordless phones, such as baby monitors and industrial sensors. The ULE Alliance's DECT ULE and its "HAN FUN" protocol are variants tailored for home security, automation, and the internet of things (IoT).

The DECT standard includes the generic access profile (GAP), a common interoperability profile for simple telephone capabilities, which most manufacturers implement. GAP-conformance enables DECT handsets and bases from different manufacturers to interoperate at the most basic level of functionality, that of making and receiving calls. Japan uses its own DECT variant, J-DECT, which is supported by the DECT forum.

The New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) standard, marketed as CAT-iq by the DECT Forum, provides a common set of advanced capabilities for handsets and base stations. CAT-iq allows interchangeability across IP-DECT base stations and handsets from different manufacturers, while maintaining backward compatibility with GAP equipment. It also requires mandatory support for wideband audio.

DECT-2020 New Radio, marketed as NR+ (New Radio plus), is a 5G data transmission protocol which meets ITU-R IMT-2020 requirements for ultra-reliable low-latency and massive machine-type communications, and can co-exist with earlier DECT devices.

Standards history
The DECT standard was developed by ETSI in several phases, the first of which took place between 1988 and 1992 when the first round of standards were published. These were the ETS 300-175 series in nine parts defining the air interface, and ETS 300-176 defining how the units should be type approved. A technical report, ETR-178, was also published to explain the standard. Subsequent standards were developed and published by ETSI to cover interoperability profiles and standards for testing.

Named Digital European Cordless Telephone at its launch by CEPT in November 1987; its name was soon changed to Digital European Cordless Telecommunications, following a suggestion by Enrico Tosato of Italy, to reflect its broader range of application including data services. In 1995, due to its more global usage, the name was changed from European to Enhanced. DECT is recognized by the ITU as fulfilling the IMT-2000 requirements and thus qualifies as a 3G system. Within the IMT-2000 group of technologies, DECT is referred to as IMT-2000 Frequency Time (IMT-FT).

DECT was developed by ETSI but has since been adopted by many countries all over the World. The original DECT frequency band (1880–1900 MHz) is used in all countries in Europe. Outside Europe, it is used in most of Asia, Australia and South America. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission in 2005 changed channelization and licensing costs in a nearby band (1920–1930 MHz, or 1.9 GHz), known as Unlicensed Personal Communications Services (UPCS), allowing DECT devices to be sold in the U.S. with only minimal changes. These channels are reserved exclusively for voice communication applications and therefore are less likely to experience interference from other wireless devices such as baby monitors and wireless networks.

The New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) standard was first published in 2007; it was developed by ETSI with guidance from the Home Gateway Initiative through the DECT Forum to support IP-DECT functions in home gateway/IP-PBX equipment. The ETSI TS 102 527 series comes in five parts and covers wideband audio and mandatory interoperability features between handsets and base stations. They were preceded by an explanatory technical report, ETSI TR 102 570. The DECT Forum maintains the CAT-iq trademark and certification program; CAT-iq wideband voice profile 1.0 and interoperability profiles 2.0/2.1 are based on the relevant parts of ETSI TS 102 527.

The DECT Ultra Low Energy (DECT ULE) standard was announced in January 2011 and the first commercial products were launched later that year by Dialog Semiconductor. The standard was created to enable home automation, security, healthcare and energy monitoring applications that are battery powered. Like DECT, DECT ULE standard uses the 1.9 GHz band, and so suffers less interference than Zigbee, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi from microwave ovens, which all operate in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band. DECT ULE uses a simple star network topology, so many devices in the home are connected to a single control unit.

A new low-complexity audio codec, LC3plus, has been added as an option to the 2019 revision of the DECT standard. This codec is designed for high-quality voice and music applications, and supports scalable narrowband, wideband, super wideband, and fullband coding, with sample rates of 8, 16, 24, 32 and 48 kHz and audio bandwidth of up to 20 kHz.

DECT-2020 New Radio protocol was published in July 2020; it defines a new physical interface based on cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) capable of up to 1.2Gbit/s transfer rate with QAM-1024 modulation. The updated standard supports multi-antenna MIMO and beamforming, FEC channel coding, and hybrid automatic repeat request. There are 17 radio channel frequencies in the range from 450MHz up to 5,875MHz, and channel bandwidths of 1,728, 3,456, or 6,912kHz. Direct communication between end devices is possible with a mesh network topology. In October 2021, DECT-2020 NR was approved for the IMT-2020 standard, for use in Massive Machine Type Communications (MMTC) industry automation, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), and professional wireless audio applications with point-to-point or multicast communications;  the proposal was fast-tracked by ITU-R following real-world evaluations. The new protocol will be marketed as NR+ (New Radio plus) by the DECT Forum. OFDMA and SC-FDMA modulations were also considered by the ESTI DECT committee.

OpenD is an open-source framework designed to provide a complete software implementation of DECT ULE protocols on reference hardware from Dialog Semiconductor and DSP Group; the project is maintained by the DECT forum.

Application
The DECT standard originally envisaged three major areas of application:
 * Domestic cordless telephony, using a single base station to connect one or more handsets to the public telecommunications network.
 * Enterprise premises cordless PABXs and wireless LANs, using many base stations for coverage. Calls continue as users move between different coverage cells, through a mechanism called handover. Calls can be both within the system and to the public telecommunications network.
 * Public access, using large numbers of base stations to provide high capacity building or urban area coverage as part of a public telecommunications network.

Of these, the domestic application (cordless home telephones) has been extremely successful. The enterprise PABX market, albeit much smaller than the cordless home market, has been very successful as well, and all the major PABX vendors have advanced DECT access options available. The public access application did not succeed, since public cellular networks rapidly out-competed DECT by coupling their ubiquitous coverage with large increases in capacity and continuously falling costs. There has been only one major installation of DECT for public access: in early 1998 Telecom Italia launched a wide-area DECT network known as "Fido" after much regulatory delay, covering major cities in Italy. The service was promoted for only a few months and, having peaked at 142,000 subscribers, was shut down in 2001.

DECT has been used for wireless local loop as a substitute for copper pairs in the "last mile" in countries such as India and South Africa. By using directional antennas and sacrificing some traffic capacity, cell coverage could extend to over 10 km. One example is the corDECT standard.

The first data application for DECT was Net3 wireless LAN system by Olivetti, launched in 1993 and discontinued in 1995. A precursor to Wi-Fi, Net3 was a micro-cellular data-only network with fast roaming between base stations and 520 kbit/s transmission rates.

Data applications such as electronic cash terminals, traffic lights, and remote door openers also exist, but have been eclipsed by Wi-Fi, 3G and 4G which compete with DECT for both voice and data.

Characteristics
The DECT standard specifies a means for a portable phone or "Portable Part" to access a fixed telephone network via radio. Base station or "Fixed Part" is used to terminate the radio link and provide access to a fixed line. A gateway is then used to connect calls to the fixed network, such as public switched telephone network (telephone jack), office PBX, ISDN, or VoIP over Ethernet connection.

Typical abilities of a domestic DECT Generic Access Profile (GAP) system include multiple handsets to one base station and one phone line socket. This allows several cordless telephones to be placed around the house, all operating from the same telephone jack. Additional handsets have a battery charger station that does not plug into the telephone system. Handsets can in many cases be used as intercoms, communicating between each other, and sometimes as walkie-talkies, intercommunicating without telephone line connection.

DECT operates in the 1880–1900 MHz band and defines ten frequency channels from 1881.792 MHz to 1897.344 MHz with a band gap of 1728 kHz.

DECT operates as a multicarrier frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) and time-division multiple access (TDMA) system. This means that the radio spectrum is divided into physical carriers in two dimensions: frequency and time. FDMA access provides up to 10 frequency channels, and TDMA access provides 24 time slots per every frame of 10ms. DECT uses time-division duplex (TDD), which means that down- and uplink use the same frequency but different time slots. Thus a base station provides 12 duplex speech channels in each frame, with each time slot occupying any available channel – thus 10 × 12 = 120 carriers are available, each carrying 32 kbit/s.

DECT also provides frequency-hopping spread spectrum over TDMA/TDD structure for ISM band applications. If frequency-hopping is avoided, each base station can provide up to 120 channels in the DECT spectrum before frequency reuse. Each timeslot can be assigned to a different channel in order to exploit advantages of frequency hopping and to avoid interference from other users in asynchronous fashion.

DECT allows interference-free wireless operation to around 100 m outdoors. Indoor performance is reduced when interior spaces are constrained by walls.

DECT performs with fidelity in common congested domestic radio traffic situations. It is generally immune to interference from other DECT systems, Wi-Fi networks, video senders, Bluetooth technology, baby monitors and other wireless devices.

Technical properties
ETSI standards documentation ETSI EN 300 175 parts 1–8 (DECT), ETSI EN 300 444 (GAP) and ETSI TS 102 527 parts 1–5 (NG-DECT) prescribe the following technical properties:
 * Audio codec:
 * mandatory:
 * 32kbit/s G.726 ADPCM (narrow band),
 * 64kbit/s G.722 sub-band ADPCM (wideband)
 * optional:
 * 64kbit/s G.711 μ-law/A-law PCM (narrow band),
 * 32kbit/s G.729.1 (wideband),
 * 32kbit/s MPEG-4 ER AAC-LD (wideband),
 * 64kbit/s MPEG-4 ER AAC-LD (super-wideband)
 * Frequency: the DECT physical layer specifies RF carriers for the frequency ranges 1880 MHz to 1980 MHz and 2010 MHz to 2025 MHz, as well as 902 MHz to 928 MHz and 2400 MHz to 2483,5 MHz ISM band with frequency-hopping for the U.S. market. The most common spectrum allocation is 1880 MHz to 1900 MHz; outside Europe, 1900 MHz to 1920 MHz and 1910 MHz to 1930 MHz spectrum is available in several countries.
 * 1880–1900 MHz in Europe, as well as South Africa, Asia, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand
 * 1786–1792 MHz in Korea
 * 1880–1895 MHz in Taiwan
 * 1893–1906 MHz (J-DECT) in Japan
 * 1900–1920 MHz in China (until 2003)
 * 1910–1920 MHz in Brazil
 * 1910–1930 MHz in Latin America
 * 1920–1930 MHz (DECT 6.0) in the United States and Canada
 * Carriers (1.728 MHz spacing):
 * 10 channels in Europe and Latin America
 * 8 channels in Taiwan
 * 5 channels in the US, Brazil, Japan
 * 3 channels in Korea
 * Time slots: 2 × 12 (up and down stream)
 * Channel allocation: dynamic
 * Average transmission power: 10 mW (250 mW peak) in Europe & Japan, 4 mW (100 mW peak) in the US

Physical layer
The DECT physical layer uses FDMA/TDMA access with TDD.

Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation is used: the binary one is coded with a frequency increase by 288 kHz, and the binary zero with frequency decrease of 288 kHz. With high quality connections, 2-, 4- or 8-level differential PSK modulation (DBPSK, DQPSK or D8PSK), which is similar to QAM-2, QAM-4 and QAM-8, can be used to transmit 1, 2, or 3 bits per each symbol. QAM-16 and QAM-64 modulations with 4 and 6 bits per symbol can be used for user data (B-field) only, with resulting transmission speeds of up to 5,068Mbit/s.

DECT provides dynamic channel selection and assignment; the choice of transmission frequency and time slot is always made by the mobile terminal. In case of interference in the selected frequency channel, the mobile terminal (possibly from suggestion by the base station) can initiate either intracell handover, selecting another channel/transmitter on the same base, or intercell handover, selecting a different base station altogether. For this purpose, DECT devices scan all idle channels at regular 30s intervals to generate a received signal strength indication (RSSI) list. When a new channel is required, the mobile terminal (PP) or base station (FP) selects a channel with the minimum interference from the RSSI list.

The maximum allowed power for portable equipment as well as base stations is 250 mW. A portable device radiates an average of about 10 mW during a call as it is only using one of 24 time slots to transmit. In Europe, the power limit was expressed as effective radiated power (ERP), rather than the more commonly used equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), permitting the use of high-gain directional antennas to produce much higher EIRP and hence long ranges.

Data link control layer
The DECT media access control layer controls the physical layer and provides connection oriented, connectionless and broadcast services to the higher layers.

The DECT data link layer uses Link Access Protocol Control (LAPC), a specially designed variant of the ISDN data link protocol called LAPD. They are based on HDLC.

GFSK modulation uses a bit rate of 1152 kbit/s, with a frame of 10ms (11520bits) which contains 24 time slots. Each slots contains 480 bits, some of which are reserved for physical packets and the rest is guard space. Slots 0–11 are always used for downlink (FP to PP) and slots 12–23 are used for uplink (PP to FP).

There are several combinations of slots and corresponding types of physical packets with GFSK modulation:
 * Basic packet (P32) – 420 or 424 bits "full slot", used for normal speech transmission. User data (B-field) contains 320 bits.
 * Low-capacity packet (P00) – 96 bits at the beginning of the time slot ("short slot"). This packet only contains 64-bit header (A-field) used as a dummy bearer to broadcast base station identification when idle.
 * Variable capacity packet (P00j) – 100 + j or 104 + j bits, either two half-slots (0 ≤ j ≤ 136) or "long slot" (137 ≤ j ≤ 856). User data (B-field) contains j bits.
 * P64 (j = 640), P67 (j = 672) – "long slot", used by NG-DECT/CAT-iq wideband voice and data.
 * High-capacity packet (P80) – 900 or 904 bits, "double slot". This packet uses two time slots and always begins in an even time slot. The B-field is increased to 800 bits..

The 420/424 bits of a GFSK basic packet (P32) contain the following fields:
 * 32 bits – synchronization code (S-field): constant bit string AAAAE98AH for FP transmission, 55551675H for PP transmission
 * 388 bits – data (D-field), including
 * 64 bits – header (A-field): control traffic in logical channels C, M, N, P, and Q
 * 320 bits – user data (B-field): DECT payload, i.e. voice data
 * 4 bits – error-checking (X-field): CRC of the B-field
 * 4 bits – collision detection/channel quality (Z-field): optional, contains a copy of the X-field

The resulting full data rate is 32 kbit/s, available in both directions.

Network layer
The DECT network layer always contains the following protocol entities:
 * Call Control (CC)
 * Mobility Management (MM)

Optionally it may also contain others:
 * Call Independent Supplementary Services (CISS)
 * Connection Oriented Message Service (COMS)
 * Connectionless Message Service (CLMS)

All these communicate through a Link Control Entity (LCE).

The call control protocol is derived from ISDN DSS1, which is a Q.931-derived protocol. Many DECT-specific changes have been made.

The mobility management protocol includes the management of identities, authentication, location updating, on-air subscription and key allocation. It includes many elements similar to the GSM protocol, but also includes elements unique to DECT.

Unlike the GSM protocol, the DECT network specifications do not define cross-linkages between the operation of the entities (for example, Mobility Management and Call Control). The architecture presumes that such linkages will be designed into the interworking unit that connects the DECT access network to whatever mobility-enabled fixed network is involved. By keeping the entities separate, the handset is capable of responding to any combination of entity traffic, and this creates great flexibility in fixed network design without breaking full interoperability.

DECT GAP is an interoperability profile for DECT. The intent is that two different products from different manufacturers that both conform not only to the DECT standard, but also to the GAP profile defined within the DECT standard, are able to interoperate for basic calling. The DECT standard includes full testing suites for GAP, and GAP products on the market from different manufacturers are in practice interoperable for the basic functions.

Security
The DECT media access control layer includes authentication of handsets to the base station using the DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm (DSAA). When registering the handset on the base, both record a shared 128-bit Unique Authentication Key (UAK). The base can request authentication by sending two random numbers to the handset, which calculates the response using the shared 128-bit key. The handset can also request authentication by sending a 64-bit random number to the base, which chooses a second random number, calculates the response using the shared key, and sends it back with the second random number.

The standard also provides encryption services with the DECT Standard Cipher (DSC). The encryption is fairly weak, using a 35-bit initialization vector and encrypting the voice stream with 64-bit encryption. While most of the DECT standard is publicly available, the part describing the DECT Standard Cipher was only available under a non-disclosure agreement to the phones' manufacturers from ETSI.

The properties of the DECT protocol make it hard to intercept a frame, modify it and send it later again, as DECT frames are based on time-division multiplexing and need to be transmitted at a specific point in time. Unfortunately very few DECT devices on the market implemented authentication and encryption procedures –  and even when encryption was used by the phone, it was possible to implement a man-in-the-middle attack impersonating a DECT base station and revert to unencrypted mode –  which allows calls to be listened to, recorded, and re-routed to a different destination.

After an unverified report of a successful attack in 2002, members of the deDECTed.org project actually did reverse engineer the DECT Standard Cipher in 2008, and as of 2010 there has been a viable attack on it that can recover the key.

In 2012, an improved authentication algorithm, the DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm 2 (DSAA2), and improved version of the encryption algorithm, the DECT Standard Cipher 2 (DSC2), both based on AES 128-bit encryption, were included as optional in the NG-DECT/CAT-iq suite.

DECT Forum also launched the DECT Security certification program which mandates the use of previously optional security features in the GAP profile, such as early encryption and base authentication.

Profiles
Various access profiles have been defined in the DECT standard:
 * Public Access Profile (PAP) (deprecated)
 * Generic Access Profile (GAP) – ETSI EN 300 444
 * Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) Access Profile (CAP) – ETSI EN 300 824
 * Data access profiles
 * DECT Packet Radio System (DPRS) – ETSI EN 301 649
 * DECT Multimedia Access Profile (DMAP)
 * Multimedia in the Local Loop Access Profile (MRAP)
 * Open Data Access Profile (ODAP)
 * Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) Access Profile (RAP) – ETSI ETS 300 765
 * Interworking profiles (IWP)
 * DECT/ISDN Interworking Profile (IIP) – ETSI EN 300 434
 * DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP) – ETSI EN 301 242
 * DECT/UMTS Interworking Profile (UIP) – ETSI TS 101 863

DECT 6.0
DECT 6.0 is a North American marketing term for DECT devices manufactured for the United States and Canada operating at 1.9 GHz. The "6.0" does not equate to a spectrum band; it was decided the term DECT 1.9 might have confused customers who equate larger numbers (such as the 2.4 and 5.8 in existing 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz cordless telephones) with later products. The term was coined by Rick Krupka, marketing director at Siemens and the DECT USA Working Group / Siemens ICM.

In North America, DECT suffers from deficiencies in comparison to DECT elsewhere, since the UPCS band (1920–1930 MHz) is not free from heavy interference. Bandwidth is half as wide as that used in Europe (1880–1900 MHz), the 4 mW average transmission power reduces range compared to the 10 mW permitted in Europe, and the commonplace lack of GAP compatibility among US vendors binds customers to a single vendor.

Before 1.9 GHz band was approved by the FCC in 2005, DECT could only operate in unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz Region 2 ISM bands; some users of Uniden WDECT 2.4 GHz phones reported interoperability issues with Wi-Fi equipment.

North-American DECT 6.0 products may not be used in Europe, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Africa, as they cause and suffer from interference with the local cellular networks. Use of such products is prohibited by European Telecommunications Authorities, PTA, Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka and the Independent Communication Authority of South Africa. European DECT products may not be used in the United States and Canada, as they likewise cause and suffer from interference with American and Canadian cellular networks, and use is prohibited by the Federal Communications Commission and Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.

DECT 8.0 HD is a marketing designation for North American DECT devices certified with CAT-iq 2.0 "Multi Line" profile.

NG-DECT/CAT-iq
Cordless Advanced Technology—internet and quality (CAT-iq) is a certification program maintained by the DECT Forum. It is based on New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) series of standards from ETSI.

NG-DECT/CAT-iq contains features that expand the generic GAP profile with mandatory support for high quality wideband voice, enhanced security, calling party identification, multiple lines, parallel calls, and similar functions to facilitate VoIP calls through SIP and H.323 protocols.

There are several CAT-iq profiles which define supported voice features:
 * CAT-iq 1.0 – "HD Voice" (ETSI TS 102 527-1): wideband audio, calling party line and name identification (CLIP/CNAP)
 * CAT-iq 2.0 – "Multi Line" (ETSI TS 102 527-3): multiple lines, line name, call waiting, call transfer, phonebook, call list, DTMF tones, headset, settings
 * CAT-iq 2.1 – "Green" (ETSI TS 102 527-5): 3-party conference, call intrusion, caller blocking (CLIR), answering machine control, SMS, power-management
 * CAT-iq Data – light data services, software upgrade over the air (SUOTA) (ETSI TS 102 527-4)
 * CAT-iq IOT – Smart Home connectivity (IOT) with DECT Ultra Low Energy (ETSI TS 102 939)

CAT-iq allows any DECT handset to communicate with a DECT base from a different vendor, providing full interoperability. CAT-iq 2.0/2.1 feature set is designed to support IP-DECT base stations found in office IP-PBX and home gateways.

DECT-2020
DECT-2020, also called NR+, is a new radio standard by ETSI for the DECT bands worldwide. The standard was designed to meet a subset of the ITU IMT-2020 5G requirements that are applicable to IOT and Industrial internet of things. DECT-2020 is compliant with the requirements for Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications URLLC and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) of IMT-2020.

DECT-2020 NR has new capabilities compared to DECT and DECT Evolution:

 * Better multipath operation (OFDM Cyclic Prefix)
 * Better radio sensitivity (OFDM and Turbocodes)
 * Better resistance to radio interference (co-channel interference rejection)
 * Better bandwidth utilization
 * Mesh deployment

The DECT-2020 standard has been designed to co-exist in the DECT radio band with existing DECT deployments. It uses the same Time Division slot timing and Frequency Division center frequencies and uses pre-transmit scanning to minimize co-channel interference.

DECT for data networks
Other interoperability profiles exist in the DECT suite of standards, and in particular the DPRS (DECT Packet Radio Services) bring together a number of prior interoperability profiles for the use of DECT as a wireless LAN and wireless internet access service. With good range (up to 200 m indoors and 6 km using directional antennae outdoors), dedicated spectrum, high interference immunity, open interoperability and data speeds of around 500 kbit/s, DECT appeared at one time to be a superior alternative to Wi-Fi. The protocol capabilities built into the DECT networking protocol standards were particularly good at supporting fast roaming in the public space, between hotspots operated by competing but connected providers. The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti's Net3, was a wireless LAN, and German firms Dosch & Amand and Hoeft & Wessel built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT.

However, the timing of the availability of DECT, in the mid-1990s, was too early to find wide application for wireless data outside niche industrial applications. Whilst contemporary providers of Wi-Fi struggled with the same issues, providers of DECT retreated to the more immediately lucrative market for cordless telephones. A key weakness was also the inaccessibility of the U.S. market, due to FCC spectrum restrictions at that time. By the time mass applications for wireless Internet had emerged, and the U.S. had opened up to DECT, well into the new century, the industry had moved far ahead in terms of performance and DECT's time as a technically competitive wireless data transport had passed.

Health and safety
DECT uses UHF radio, similar to mobile phones, baby monitors, Wi-Fi, and other cordless telephone technologies.

In North America, the 4 mW average transmission power reduces range compared to the 10 mW permitted in Europe.

The UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) claims that due to a mobile phone's adaptive power ability, a European DECT cordless phone's radiation could actually exceed the radiation of a mobile phone. A European DECT cordless phone's radiation has an average output power of 10 mW but is in the form of 100 bursts per second of 250 mW, a strength comparable to some mobile phones.

Most studies have been unable to demonstrate any link to health effects, or have been inconclusive. Electromagnetic fields may have an effect on protein expression in laboratory settings but have not yet been demonstrated to have clinically significant effects in real-world settings. The World Health Organization has issued a statement on medical effects of mobile phones which acknowledges that the longer term effects (over several decades) require further research.

Standards

 * ETSI EN 300 175 V2.9.1 (2022-03). Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) – Common Interface (CI):
 * ETSI TS 103 636 v1.4.1 (2023-03). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * ETSI TS 103 636 v1.4.1 (2023-03). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * ETSI TS 103 636 v1.4.1 (2023-03). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * ETSI TS 103 636 v1.4.1 (2023-03). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * ETSI TS 103 636 v1.4.1 (2023-03). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
 * Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):


text:
Dhyana

Dhyana may refer to:

Meditative practices in Indian religions

 * Dhyana in Buddhism (Pāli: jhāna)
 * Dhyana in Hinduism
 * Jain Dhyāna, see Jain meditation

Other

 * Dhyana, a work by British composer John Tavener (1944-2013)
 * Dhyana (MaYaN album), 2018
 * Hygon Dhyana, a x86 compatible microprocessor
 * Vidya Pradeep, also Dhyana, Indian actress

title: Dhyana


text:
December 30

Pre-1600

 * 534 – The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire.
 * 999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland.
 * 1066 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.
 * 1419 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of La Rochelle.
 * 1460 – Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.

1601–1900

 * 1702 – Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
 * 1813 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
 * 1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed.
 * 1825 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
 * 1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.
 * 1890 – Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight.
 * 1896 – Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila.
 * 1896 – Canadian ice hockey player Ernie McLea scores the first hat-trick in Stanley Cup play, and the Cup-winning goal as the Montreal Victorias defeat the Winnipeg Victorias 6–5.
 * 1897 – The British Colony of Natal annexes Zululand.

1901–present

 * 1902 – The Discovery Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott attained a Farthest South at 82°17′S in Antarctica.
 * 1903 – A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, Illinois kills at least 605.
 * 1905 – Former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg is assassinated at the front gate of his home in Caldwell.
 * 1906 – The All-India Muslim League is founded in Dacca, East Bengal, British India (later Dhaka, Bangladesh).
 * 1916 – Russian mystic and advisor to the Tsar Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin is murdered by a loyalist group led by Prince Felix Yusupov. His frozen, partially-trussed body was discovered in a Petrograd river three days later.
 * 1916 – The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles IV and Queen Zita.
 * 1922 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is formed.
 * 1927 – The Ginza Line, the first subway line in Asia, opens in Tokyo, Japan.
 * 1935 – The Italian Air Force bombs a Swedish Red Cross hospital during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
 * 1936 – The Flint sit-down strike hits General Motors.
 * 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.
 * 1944 – King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
 * 1947 – Cold War: King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate by the Soviet Union-backed Communist government of Romania.
 * 1952 – An RAF Avro Lancaster bomber crashes in Luqa, Malta after an engine failure, killing three crew members and a civilian on the ground.
 * 1954 – The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation is established to consolidate criminal investigation and intelligence into a single agency.
 * 1958 – The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing three and sparking international tension.
 * 1967 – Aeroflot Flight L-51 crashes near Liepāja International Airport in Liepāja, Latvia, killing 43.
 * 1972 – Vietnam War: Operation Linebacker II ends.
 * 1987 – Stella Sigcau, Prime minister of the South African Bantustan of Transkei, is ousted from power in a bloodless military coup led by General Bantu Holomisa.
 * 1993 – Israel establishes diplomatic relations with Vatican City and also upgrades to full diplomatic relations with Ireland.
 * 1996 – Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across Israel.
 * 1997 – In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, the Wilaya of Relizane massacres, 400 people from four villages are killed.
 * 2000 – Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines within a period of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about a hundred.
 * 2004 – A fire in the República Cromagnon nightclub in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 194.
 * 2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta forms in the open Atlantic Ocean, tying the record for the latest tropical cyclone ever to form in the North Atlantic basin.
 * 2006 – Madrid–Barajas Airport is bombed.
 * 2006 – The Indonesian passenger ferry MV Senopati Nusantara sinks in a storm, resulting in at least 400 deaths.
 * 2006 – Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein is executed.
 * 2009 – A segment of the Lanzhou–Zhengzhou–Changsha pipeline ruptures in Shaanxi, China, and approximately 150000 L of diesel oil flows down the Wei River before finally reaching the Yellow River.
 * 2009 – A suicide bomber kills nine people at Forward Operating Base Chapman, a key facility of the Central Intelligence Agency in Afghanistan.
 * 2013 – More than 100 people are killed when anti-government forces attack key buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Pre–1600

 * AD 39 – Titus, Roman emperor (probable; d. 81)
 * 159 – Empress Dowager Bian, second wife of Cao Cao, mother of Cao Wei's first emperor, Cao Pi (d. 230)
 * 1204 – Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd ibn Hakam al Qurashi, ruler of Minorca (d. 1282)
 * 1371 – Vasily I of Moscow (d. 1425)
 * 1490 – Ebussuud Efendi, Ottoman lawyer and jurist (d. 1574)
 * 1548 – David Pareus, German theologian (d. 1622)
 * 1578 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1624)

1601–1900

 * 1642 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
 * 1673 – Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1736)
 * 1678 – William Croft, English organist and composer (d. 1727)
 * 1722 – Charles Yorke, English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
 * 1724 – Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter and educator (d. 1805)
 * 1757 – Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, colonial governor of East Florida, Santo Domingo and Cuba (d. 1826)
 * 1760 – Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829)
 * 1792 – Sylvester Jordan, German lawyer and politician (d. 1861)
 * 1819 – Theodor Fontane, German author and poet (d. 1898)
 * 1819 – John W. Geary, American lawyer and politician, 16th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1873)
 * 1825 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American lawyer and politician (d. 1891)
 * 1842 – Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman administrator, intellectual, art expert and painter (d. 1910)
 * 1849 – John Milne, English seismologist and geologist (d. 1913)
 * 1851 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician, 44th Mayor of Atlanta (d. 1929)
 * 1853 – André Messager, French pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1929)
 * 1857 – Sylvio Lazzari, French-Austrian composer (d. 1944)
 * 1865 – Rudyard Kipling, Indian-English author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
 * 1869 – Stephen Leacock, English-Canadian political scientist and author (d. 1944)
 * 1869 – Ōzutsu Man'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 18th Yokozuna (d. 1918)
 * 1873 – Al Smith, American lawyer and politician, 42nd Governor of New York (d. 1944)
 * 1878 – William Aberhart, Canadian evangelist and politician, seventh Premier of Alberta (d. 1943)
 * 1879 – Ramana Maharshi, Indian guru and philosopher (d. 1950)
 * 1883 – Archer Baldwin, American-English farmer and politician (d. 1966)
 * 1883 – Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)
 * 1884 – Hideki Tōjō, Japanese general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
 * 1886 – Austin Osman Spare, English artist and occultist (d. 1956)
 * 1887 – William Kolehmainen, Finnish-American runner and coach (d. 1967)
 * 1887 – K. M. Munshi, Indian politician, writer and educationist, founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (d. 1971)
 * 1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Mexican soldier and politician, 47th President of Mexico (d. 1973)
 * 1897 – Alfredo Bracchi, Italian songwriter and screenwriter (d. 1976)
 * 1899 – Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer, lawyer, and politician, 2nd Governor of Svalbard (d. 2001)

1901–present

 * 1904 – Dmitry Kabalevsky, Russian composer and academic (d. 1987)
 * 1905 – Daniil Kharms, Russian poet, author, and playwright (d. 1942)
 * 1906 – Alziro Bergonzo, Italian architect and painter (d. 1997)
 * 1906  – Carol Reed, English director and producer (d. 1976)
 * 1910 – Paul Bowles, American composer and author (d. 1999)
 * 1911 – Jeanette Nolan, American actress (d. 1998)
 * 1913 – Lucio Agostini, Italian-Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1996)
 * 1913  – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)
 * 1914 – Bert Parks, American actor, singer, television personality, and beauty pageant host (d. 1992)
 * 1917 – Seymour Melman, American engineer and author (d. 2004)
 * 1919 – Dick Spooner, English cricketer (d. 1997)
 * 1919  – David Willcocks, English organist, composer, and conductor (d. 2015)
 * 1921 – Rashid Karami, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1987)
 * 1922 – Jane Langton, American author and illustrator (d. 2018)
 * 1923 – Prakash Vir Shastri, Indian academic and politician (d. 1977)
 * 1924 – Yvonne Brill, Canadian-American propulsion engineer (d. 2013)
 * 1925 – Ian MacNaughton, Scottish actor, producer, and director (d. 2002)
 * 1926 – Stan Tracey, English pianist and composer (d. 2013)
 * 1927 – Jan Kubíček, Czech painter and sculptor (d. 2013)
 * 1928 – Bo Diddley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008)
 * 1929 – Rosalinde Hurley, English physician, microbiologist, and academic (d. 2004)
 * 1930 – Roy Yorke Calne, English surgeon and academic (d. 2024)
 * 1930  – Elmira Minita Gordon, Belizean educator, 1st Governor-General of Belize (d. 2021)
 * 1930  – Red Rhodes, American pedal steel guitarist (d. 1995)
 * 1930  – Tu Youyou, Chinese chemist and pharmacist, Nobel Prize laureate
 * 1931 – Skeeter Davis, American singer-songwriter (d. 2004)
 * 1931  – John T. Houghton, Welsh physicist and author (d. 2020)
 * 1931  – Frank Torre, American baseball player and manager (d. 2014)
 * 1933 – Timité Bassori, Ivorian filmmaker, actor, and writer
 * 1934 – John N. Bahcall, American astrophysicist and astronomer, co-developed the Hubble Space Telescope (d. 2005)
 * 1934  – Joseph Bologna, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2017)
 * 1934  – Barry Briggs, New Zealand motorcycle racer and sportscaster
 * 1934  – Joseph P. Hoar, American general (d. 2022)
 * 1934  – Del Shannon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1990)
 * 1934  – Russ Tamblyn, American actor
 * 1935 – Omar Bongo, Gabonese lieutenant and politician, President of Gabon (d. 2009)
 * 1935  – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player and sportscaster
 * 1935  – Jack Riley, American actor (d. 2016)
 * 1937 – Gordon Banks, English footballer and manager (d. 2019)
 * 1937  – John Hartford, American singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2001)
 * 1937  – Jim Marshall, American football player
 * 1937  – Paul Stookey, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1938 – Ron Wolf, American Football Hall of Fame General Manager
 * 1939 – Glenda Adams, Australian author and academic (d. 2007)
 * 1939  – Felix Pappalardi, American singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (d. 1983)
 * 1940 – James Burrows, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1941 – Mel Renfro, American football player and coach
 * 1942 – Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian author and activist (d. 2019)
 * 1942  – Guy Edwards, English race car driver
 * 1942  – Michael Nesmith, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2021)
 * 1942  – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian, academic, and politician
 * 1942  – Robert Quine, American guitarist (d. 2004)
 * 1942  – Toomas Savi, Estonian physician and politician
 * 1942  – Fred Ward, American actor (d. 2022)
 * 1944 – William J. Fallon, American admiral
 * 1944  – Joseph Hilbe, American mathematician and philosopher (d. 2017)
 * 1945 – Davy Jones, English singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2012)
 * 1945  – Lloyd Kaufman, American director, producer, and screenwriter, co-founded Troma Entertainment
 * 1945  – Paola Pigni, Italian runner (d. 2021)
 * 1945  – Concetta Tomei, American actress
 * 1946 – Clive Bunker, English drummer and songwriter
 * 1946  – Patti Smith, American singer-songwriter and poet
 * 1946  – Berti Vogts, German footballer and coach
 * 1947 – James Kahn, American author, screenwriter, and producer
 * 1947  – Jeff Lynne, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
 * 1947  – Steve Mix, American basketball player and coach
 * 1948 – Jed Johnson, American interior designer and director (d. 1996)
 * 1949 – David Bedford, English runner
 * 1949  – Jerry Coyne, American biologist and author
 * 1949  – Jim Flaherty, Canadian lawyer and politician, 37th Canadian Minister of Finance (d. 2014)
 * 1950 – Timothy Mo, Chinese-English author
 * 1950  – Lewis Shiner, American journalist and author
 * 1950  – Bjarne Stroustrup, Danish computer scientist, created the C++ programming language
 * 1950  – Martti Vainio, Finnish runner
 * 1951 – Doug Allder, English footballer and coach
 * 1951  – Chris Jasper, American musician, singer-songwriter, and producer
 * 1951  – Nick Rose, English runner
 * 1952 – June Anderson, American soprano and actress
 * 1953 – Daniel T. Barry, American engineer and astronaut
 * 1953  – Dana Key, American singer, guitarist, and producer (d. 2010)
 * 1953  – Graham Vick, English director and producer (d. 2021)
 * 1953  – Meredith Vieira, American journalist and game show host
 * 1954 – Barry Greenstein, American poker player and philanthropist
 * 1956 – Ingus Baušķenieks, Latvian singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1956  – Suzy Bogguss, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1956  – Patricia Kalember, American actress
 * 1956  – Sheryl Lee Ralph, American actress and singer
 * 1957 – Matt Lauer, American journalist and television host
 * 1958 – Pedro Costa, Portuguese director, screenwriter, and cinematographer
 * 1958  – Steven Smith, American engineer and astronaut
 * 1959 – Antonio Pappano, English pianist and conductor
 * 1959  – Kåre Thomsen, Norwegian guitarist and graphic designer
 * 1959  – Tracey Ullman, English-American actress, singer, director, and screenwriter
 * 1959  – Josée Verner, Canadian politician, 8th Canadian Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
 * 1960 – Richard M. Durbin, English biologist and academic
 * 1961 – Douglas Coupland, German-Canadian author and playwright
 * 1961  – Bill English, New Zealand farmer and politician, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand
 * 1961  – Sean Hannity, American radio and television host
 * 1961  – Ben Johnson, Jamaican-Canadian sprinter
 * 1961  – Charlie Nicholas, Scottish footballer and sportscaster
 * 1963 – Chandler Burr, American journalist and author
 * 1963  – Mike Pompeo, American diplomat and politician; 70th United States Secretary of State
 * 1963  – Johnny Rogers, American-Spanish basketball player
 * 1963  – Milan Šrejber, Czech tennis player
 * 1964 – Almir Kayumov, Russian footballer and referee (d. 2013)
 * 1964  – Sylvie Moreau, Canadian actress and screenwriter
 * 1964  – George Newbern, American actor
 * 1965 – Heidi Fleiss, American procurer
 * 1966 – Gary Chartier, American philosopher, scholar, and academic
 * 1966  – Bennett Miller, American director and producer
 * 1967 – Carl Ouellet, Canadian wrestler and sportscaster
 * 1968 – Bryan Burk, American screenwriter and producer
 * 1968  – Adam Dale, Australian cricketer
 * 1968  – Sandra Glover, American hurdler
 * 1968  – Albano Mucci, Australian activist
 * 1969 – Emmanuel Clérico, French race car driver
 * 1969  – Dave England, American snowboarder and stuntman
 * 1969  – Jay Kay, English singer and songwriter
 * 1969  – Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia
 * 1969  – Michelle McGann, American golfer
 * 1969  – Meredith Monroe, American actress
 * 1971 – Sister Bliss, English keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
 * 1971  – C. S. Lee, Korean-American actor
 * 1971  – Ricardo, Spanish footballer and manager
 * 1971  – Daniel Sunjata, American actor
 * 1972 – Daniel Amokachi, Nigerian footballer and manager
 * 1972  – Maureen Flannigan, American actress and producer
 * 1972  – Paul Keegan, Irish footballer
 * 1972  – Dita Indah Sari, Indonesian trade union leader and activist
 * 1972  – Steven Wiig, American actor and drummer
 * 1973 – Jason Behr, American actor
 * 1973  – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian runner, sportscaster, and politician
 * 1974 – Alexandro Alves do Nascimento, Brazilian footballer (d. 2012)
 * 1974 – Dr. Jitheshji, Indian Speed Cartoonist and Pictorial Orator
 * 1975 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
 * 1975  – Tiger Woods, American golfer
 * 1976 – Kastro, American rapper
 * 1976  – Patrick Kerney, American football player
 * 1976  – A. J. Pierzynski, American baseball player and sportscaster
 * 1977 – Laila Ali, American boxer and actress
 * 1977  – Glory Alozie, Nigerian-Spanish sprinter and hurdler
 * 1977  – Grant Balfour, Australian baseball player
 * 1977  – Saša Ilić, Serbian footballer
 * 1977  – Kenyon Martin, American basketball player
 * 1977  – Lucy Punch, English actress
 * 1977  – Kazuyuki Toda, Japanese footballer
 * 1978 – Devin Brown, American basketball player
 * 1978  – Tyrese Gibson, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
 * 1978  – Phillips Idowu, English triple jumper
 * 1978  – Zbigniew Robert Promiński, Polish drummer
 * 1978  – Rob Scuderi, American ice hockey player
 * 1979 – Michael Grimm, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1980 – Eliza Dushku, American actress and producer
 * 1980  – D. J. Mbenga, Congolese-Belgian basketball player
 * 1980  – Alison McGovern, British politician
 * 1981 – Ali Al-Habsi, Omani footballer
 * 1981  – Cédric Carrasso, French footballer
 * 1981  – Michael Rodríguez, Costa Rican footballer
 * 1981  – Matt Ulrich, American football player
 * 1982 – Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress
 * 1982  – Tobias Kurbjuweit, German footballer
 * 1982  – Dawan Landry, American football player
 * 1983 – Eddie Edwards, American professional wrestler
 * 1983  – Nick Symmonds, American runner
 * 1983  – Kevin Systrom, American computer programmer and businessman, co-founded Instagram
 * 1984 – Randall Azofeifa, Costa Rican footballer
 * 1984  – Andra Day, American singer and songwriter
 * 1984  – LeBron James, American basketball player, producer and businessman
 * 1985 – Lars Boom, Dutch cyclist
 * 1985  – Bryson Goodwin, Australian rugby league player
 * 1985  – Anna Wood, American actress
 * 1986 – Domenico Criscito, Italian footballer
 * 1986  – Ellie Goulding, English singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1986  – Caity Lotz, American actress
 * 1986  – Jeff Ward, American actor
 * 1986  – Gianni Zuiverloon, Dutch footballer
 * 1987 – Jakub Nakládal, Czech ice hockey player
 * 1989 – Tyler Anderson, American baseball player
 * 1989  – Yoon Bo-ra, South Korean singer, rapper and actress
 * 1989  – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder and entrepreneur
 * 1989  – Kateřina Vaňková, Czech tennis player
 * 1990 – Bruno Henrique, Brazilian footballer
 * 1990  – Joe Root, English cricketer
 * 1990  – C. J. Wilcox, American basketball player
 * 1991 – Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player
 * 1992 – Ryan Tunnicliffe, English footballer
 * 1992  – Carson Wentz, American football player
 * 1995 – Igor Shesterkin, Russian hockey goaltender
 * 1995 – Ollie Watkins, English footballer
 * 1995  – V, South Korean singer

Pre-1600

 * 274 – Pope Felix I
 * 717 – Egwin of Evesham, bishop of Worcester
 * 903 – Tian Jun, Chinese warlord (b. 858)
 * 925 – Wang Shenzhi, founder of Min (b. 862)
 * 1115 – Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine
 * 1331 – Bernard Gui, inquisitor (b. 1261 or 1262)
 * 1435 – Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (b. 1362)
 * 1436 – Louis III, Elector Palatine (b. 1378)
 * 1460 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Irish politician, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (b. 1443)
 * 1460 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (b. 1411)
 * 1525 – Jakob Fugger, German banker and businessman (b. 1459)
 * 1572 – Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect, designed the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (b. 1512)
 * 1573 – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian author and poet (b. 1504)
 * 1591 – Pope Innocent IX (b. 1519)

1601–1900

 * 1606 – Heinrich Bünting, German priest and cartographer (b. 1545)
 * 1621 – Job of Manyava, Ukrainian monk and saint (b. 1550)
 * 1640 – John Francis Regis, French priest and saint (b. 1597)
 * 1643 – Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (b. 1566)
 * 1644 – Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist, physiologist, and physician (b. 1577)
 * 1662 – Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (b. 1628)
 * 1769 – Nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe, Irish-Austrian soldier and courtier (b. 1685)
 * 1777 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1727)
 * 1788 – Francesco Zuccarelli, Italian painter and academic (b. 1702)
 * 1803 – Francis Lewis, Welsh-American merchant and politician (b. 1713)
 * 1879 – Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo, Brazilian poet and painter (b. 1806)
 * 1885 – Martha Darley Mutrie, British painter (b. 1824)
 * 1896 – José Rizal, Filipino ophthalmologist, journalist, and author (b. 1861)

1901–present

 * 1906 – Josephine Butler, English feminist and social reformer (b. 1828)
 * 1908 – Thomas-Alfred Bernier, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1844)
 * 1916 – Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (b. 1869)
 * 1928 – Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (b. 1874)
 * 1937 – Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founded the East Asiatic Company (b. 1852)
 * 1940 – Childe Wills, American engineer (b. 1878)
 * 1941 – El Lissitzky, Russian photographer and architect (b. 1890)
 * 1944 – Romain Rolland, French author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
 * 1945 – Song Jin-woo, South Korean journalist and politician (b. 1889)
 * 1947 – Han van Meegeren, Dutch painter (b. 1889)
 * 1947 – Alfred North Whitehead, English-American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1861)
 * 1954 – Archduke Eugen of Austria (b. 1863)
 * 1955 – Rex Ingamells, Australian poet and author (b. 1913)
 * 1967 – Vincent Massey, Canadian lawyer and politician, 18th Governor General of Canada (b. 1887)
 * 1968 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian journalist and politician, first Secretary-General of the United Nations (b. 1896)
 * 1970 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
 * 1971 – Jo Cals, Dutch lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1914)
 * 1971 – Vikram Sarabhai, Indian physicist and academic (b. 1919)
 * 1979 – Richard Rodgers, American playwright and composer (b. 1902)
 * 1982 – Alberto Vargas, Peruvian-American painter and illustrator (b. 1896)
 * 1983 – Violette Cordery, English race car driver (b. 1900)
 * 1986 – Era Bell Thompson, American journalist (b. 1905)
 * 1988 – Yuli Daniel, Russian author and poet (b. 1925)
 * 1988 – Isamu Noguchi, American sculptor and landscaper (b. 1904)
 * 1990 – Raghuvir Sahay, Indian author, poet, and critic (b. 1929)
 * 1992 – Romeo Muller, American actor, screenwriter, for screenplays like the 1964, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special) (b. 1928)
 * 1993 – İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil, Turkish lawyer and politician, 20th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1908)
 * 1993 – Irving "Swifty" Lazar, American talent agent (b. 1907)
 * 1993 – Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian-French physicist and academic (b. 1907)
 * 1994 – Dmitri Ivanenko, Ukrainian-Russian physicist and academic (b. 1904)
 * 1995 – Ralph Flanagan, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1914)
 * 1995 – Doris Grau, American voice actor and script supervisor (b. 1924)
 * 1996 – Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
 * 1997 – Shinichi Hoshi, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1926)
 * 1998 – Sam Muchnick, American wrestling promoter, co-founded the National Wrestling Alliance (b. 1905)
 * 1999 – Joff Ellen, Australian comedian and actor (b. 1915)
 * 1999 – Fritz Leonhardt, German engineer, co-designed the Cologne Rodenkirchen Bridge and Fernsehturm Stuttgart (b. 1909)
 * 1999 – Des Renford, Australian swimmer (b. 1927)
 * 1999 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian (b. 1880)
 * 2000 – Julius J. Epstein, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1909)
 * 2002 – Mary Brian, American actress (b. 1906)
 * 2002 – Eleanor J. Gibson, American psychologist and academic (b. 1910)
 * 2002 – Mary Wesley, English author (b. 1912)
 * 2003 – John Gregory Dunne, American novelist, screenwriter, and critic (b. 1932)
 * 2004 – Artie Shaw, American clarinet player, composer, and bandleader (b. 1910)
 * 2005 – Eddie Barlow, South African cricketer and coach (b. 1940)
 * 2005 – Rona Jaffe, American novelist (b. 1932)
 * 2006 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi general and politician, fifth President of Iraq (b. 1937)
 * 2006 – Terry Peck, Falkland Islander police officer and spy (b. 1938)
 * 2006 – Michel Plasse, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1948)
 * 2009 – Rowland S. Howard, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1959)
 * 2009 – Abdurrahman Wahid, Indonesian journalist and politician, fourth President of Indonesia (b. 1940)
 * 2010 – Bobby Farrell, Dutch dancer and performer from Aruba (b. 1949)
 * 2011 – Ronald Searle, English-French cartoonist (b. 1920)
 * 2012 – Philip Coppens, Belgian-American journalist and author (b. 1971)
 * 2012 – Beate Sirota Gordon, Austrian-American director and producer (b. 1923)
 * 2012 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1909)
 * 2012 – Carl Woese, American microbiologist and biophysicist (b. 1928)
 * 2012 – Dennis Ferguson, Australian sex offender (b. 1948)
 * 2013 – Kinnaird R. McKee, American admiral (b. 1929)
 * 2013 – José María Maguregui, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1934)
 * 2013 – Eiichi Ohtaki, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1948)
 * 2013 – Johnny Orr, American basketball player and coach (b. 1927)
 * 2013 – Paul Sally, American mathematician and academic (b. 1933)
 * 2014 – Terry Becker, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1921)
 * 2014 – Jim Galloway, Scottish-Canadian clarinet player and saxophonist (b. 1936)
 * 2014 – Luise Rainer, German-born American-British actress (b. 1910)
 * 2015 – Doug Atkins, American football player (b. 1930)
 * 2015 – Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer and trainer (b. 1956)
 * 2015 – Mangesh Padgaonkar, Indian poet, playwright, and translator (b. 1929)
 * 2015 – Howard Pawley, Canadian lawyer and politician, 18th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1934)
 * 2017 – Erica Garner, American civil rights activist (b. 1990)
 * 2020 – Dawn Wells, American actress, (b. 1938)
 * 2022 – Barbara Walters, American journalist, producer, and author (b. 1929)
 * 2023 – Bryan Ansell, British role-playing and wargame designer (b. 1955)
 * 2023  – Tom Wilkinson, English actor (b. 1948)
 * 2023  – Aki Yashiro, Japanese singer (b. 1950)

Holidays and observances

 * Christian feast day:
 * Abraham the Writer
 * Anysia of Salonika
 * Egwin of Evesham
 * Frances Joseph-Gaudet (Episcopal Church)
 * Liberius of Ravenna
 * Pope Felix I
 * Ralph of Vaucelles
 * Roger of Cannae
 * December 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Day of the Declaration of Slovakia as an Independent Ecclesiastic Province (Slovakia)
 * Rizal Day (Philippines)
 * The fifth day of Kwanzaa (United States)
 * The sixth of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)

title: December 30


text:
Donn

In Irish mythology, Donn ("the dark one", from Dhuosnos) is an ancestor of the Gaels and is believed to have been a god of the dead. Donn is said to dwell in Tech Duinn (the "house of Donn" or "house of the dark one"), where the souls of the dead gather. He may have originally been an aspect of the Dagda. Folklore about Donn survived into the modern era in parts of Ireland, in which he is said to be a phantom horseman riding a white horse.

Early literary sources
A 9th-century poem says that Donn's dying wish was that all his descendants would gather at Donn's house or Tech Duinn (modern Irish Teach Duinn) after death: "To me, to my house, you shall all come after your deaths". The 10th-century tale Airne Fíngein ("Fíngen's Vigil") says that Tech Duinn is where the souls of the dead gather. In their translation of Acallam na Senórach, Ann Dooley and Harry Roe commented that "to go to the House of Donn in Irish tradition means to die". This suggests that the pagan Gaels saw Donn as their ancestor and believed they would go to his abode when they died. Tech Duinn may have been thought of as a place where the souls of the dead gathered before travelling to their final destination in the otherworld, or before being reincarnated. According to Julius Caesar, the Gauls also claimed descent from a god whom he likened to Dīs Pater, the Roman god of the underworld.

The Christian writers who recorded the Lebor Gabála Érenn made Donn into Éber Donn one of the mythical Milesian ancestors of the Gaels. The Milesians invade Ireland and take it from the Tuatha Dé Danann. During their invasion, Donn slights Ériu, one of the eponymous goddesses of Ireland, and he drowns in a shipwreck off the southwest coast. Donn is then buried on a rocky island which becomes known as Tech Duinn. In the literature, Tech Duinn is said to lie at or beyond the western edge of Ireland. Tech Duinn is commonly identified with Bull Rock, an islet off the western tip of the Beara Peninsula. Bull Rock resembles a dolmen or portal tomb as it has a natural tunnel through it, allowing the sea to pass under it as if through a portal. In Ireland there was a belief that the souls of the dead departed westwards over the sea with the setting sun.

The Metrical Dindshenchas entry for “Tech Duinn” recounts the tale:"Through the incantations of the druids a storm came upon them, and the ship wherein Donn was foundered. ‘Let his body be carried to yonder high rock’, says Amairgen: ‘his folk shall come to this spot.’ So hence it is called Tech Duinn: and for this cause, according to the heathen, the souls of sinners visit Tech Duinn before they go to hell, and give their blessing, ere they go, to the soul of Donn. But as for the righteous soul of a penitent, it beholds the place from afar, and is not borne astray. Such, at least, is the belief of the heathen. – Translation by E. Gwynn''"

In the tale Togail Bruidne Dá Derga ("The Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostel"), king Conaire Mór meets his death in Bruiden Dá Derga (the "great hall or hostel of the red god"). On his way to the hostel, Conaire meets three red men riding red horses from the otherworld. They foretell his doom and tell him "we ride the horses of Donn ... although we are alive, we are dead". Donn is called "king of the dead" in the tale. It has been suggested that Dá Derga and Dá Derga's Hostel is another name for Donn and his abode. It may be a name for the death god in the context of violent death or sacrifice, hence the name "red god".

In the tale Tochmarc Treblainne ("The Wooing of Treblann"), the otherworld woman Treblann elopes with the mortal man Fráech, who sends her to safety in Tech Duinn while he embarks on a quest. In this tale, Donn is said to be the son or foster-son of the Dagda. Dáithí Ó hÓgáin notes similarities between the two and suggests that Donn was originally an epithet of the Dagda.

Donn is the father of Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, whom he gives to the god of youth, Aengus mac Óg, to raise.

Modern sources
Folklore about Donn survived into the early modern era. In County Limerick, a Donn Fírinne was said to dwell in the sacred hill of Cnoc Fírinne (Knockfeerina or Knockfierna), and folklore told of people being brought into the hill to be with Donn when they died. He was said to appear as a phantom horseman riding a white horse. He was also associated with the weather: thunder and lightning meant that Donn Fírinne was riding his horse through the sky, and if clouds were over the hill it meant that he was gathering them together to make rain. This imagery may have been influenced by the lore of Odin and his horse Sleipnir from the Norse settlers in Limerick. Donn Fírinne was also said to appear and warn anyone who interfered with his hill. On the west coast of County Clare there was a Donn na Duimhche or Donn Dumhach ("Donn of the dunes"), who "was also often encountered as a night-horseman". In later folklore, the name 'Donn' came to mean an 'otherworld lord' in general.

In modern Irish donn is the most common word for the colour brown, and by extension can also mean "sturdy (like) wood". This is one possible etymology of the English colour "dun" (greyish brown).

title: Donn