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List of economists

This is an incomplete alphabetical list by surname of notable economists, experts in the social science of economics, past and present. For a history of economics, see the article History of economic thought. Only economists with biographical articles in Wikipedia are listed here.

A
• Edith Abbott (1876–1957), American economist and social worker

• Daron Acemoglu (born 1967), Turkish/American economist

• Nicola Acocella (born 1939), Italian economist

• Zoltan Acs (born 1947), American economics professor

• Henry Carter Adams (1851–1921), American economist

• Walter Adams (1922–1998), American economist and congressional expert

• Philippe Aghion (born 1956), French economist

• Montek Singh Ahluwalia (born 1943), Indian economist

• Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad (born 1943), Bangladeshi economist and environmentalist

• George Akerlof (born 1940), American economist and shared winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics

• Armen Alchian (1914–2013), American economist

• Alberto Alesina (1957–2020), Italian political economist

• Sadie Alexander (1898–1989), American lawyer and first African American to receive a PhD in economics

• Sidney S. Alexander (1916–2005), American economist

• Maurice Allais (1911–2010), French economist and 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

• Franklin Allen (born 1956), American economist

• R. G. D. Allen (1906–1983), English economist and statistician

• Gar Alperovitz (born 1936), American political economist and historian

• Lee J. Alston (born 1951), American economist

• Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner (1874–1930), German economist, first woman university lecturer in Germany

• Fernando Alvarez, Argentine economist

• B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), Indian economist and jurist

• Takeshi Amemiya (born 1935), Japanese economist specializing in econometrics and the economy of ancient Greece

• Georges Anderla (1921–2005), Czechoslovak-born French economist

• Donald Andrews (born 1955), Canadian economist

• George-Marios Angeletos (born 1975), Greek/American economist

• Norman Angell (1872–1967), English economist and politician

• Joshua Angrist (born 1960), Israeli/American economist

• Kofi Annan (1938–2018), Ghanaian economist and Secretary-General of the United Nations

• Masahiko Aoki (青木昌彦, 1938–2015), Japanese economist

• Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Italian priest and writer on economics

• Luis Arce (born 1963), Bolivian economist and president

• Pérsio Arida (born 1952), Brazilian economist

• Dan Ariely (born 1967), Israeli/American behavioral economist

• Heinz Arndt (1915–2002), German-born Australian economist

• Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017), American economist, joint 1972 winner of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947), Philippine academic and politician

• Enrique R. Arzac (born 1943), Argentine/American economist

• Orley Ashenfelter (born 1942), American economist

• William Ashley (1860–1927), English economic historian

• Cliff Asness (born 1966), American economist and hedge-fund manager

• Jeremy Atack (born 1949), Anglo-American economic historian

• Susan Athey (born 1970), American economist

• Anthony Barnes Atkinson (1944–2017), Welsh/English economist

• Orazio Attanasio (born 1959), Italian economist

• Thomas Attwood (1783–1856), English economist

• David B. Audretsch (born 1954), American economist

• Leonardo Auernheimer (1936–2010), Argentine economist and international monetary consultant

• Robert Aumann (born 1930), Israeli/American mathematician and 2005 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

• David Autor (born 1967), American economist, known for work on labor economics

• George Ayittey (1945–2022), Ghanaian economist

• Clarence Ayres (1891–1972), American economist

B
• Ali Babacan (born 1967), Turkish economic minister

• Roger Babson (1875–1967), American business theorist

• Lawrence Bacow (born 1951), American economist and university administrator

• Louis Bachelier (1870–1946), French mathematician

• Roger Backhouse (born 1951), English economist

• Walter Bagehot (1826–1877), English journalist, businessman, and essayist; wrote extensively on government, economics and literature

• Nikolai Baibakov (1911–2008), Soviet statesman, economist and Hero of Socialist Labor

• Joe S. Bain (1912–1991), American economist, founder of Industrial organization economics

• Dean Baker (born 1958), American macroeconomist and co-founder of the Center for Economic and Policy Research

• E. Wight Bakke (1903–1971), American industrial relations specialist and professor at Yale University

• Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876), Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist, and founder of collectivist anarchism

• Leszek Balcerowicz (born 1947), Polish economist, the former chairman of the National Bank of Poland

• Emily Greene Balch (1867–1961), American economist and peace activist (1946 Nobel Peace Prize)

• Richard Baldwin (living), American economist

• Sir James Ball (1933–2018), English econometrician, Emeritus Professor of Economics at the London Business School and a leading figure in econometric modeling

• Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899), German economist, politician and writer

• Abhijit Banerjee (born 1961), Indian economist, Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

• Pratima Bansal (living), Canadian economist

• Paul A. Baran (1909–1964), Russian/American, the only tenured Marxist economist in the United States until his death in 1964

• Pranab Bardhan (born 1939), Indian economist, Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley

• William A. Barnett (born 1941), American economist, works in chaos, bifurcation, and nonlinearity

• Enrico Barone (1859–1924), Italian soldier, military historian, and economist

• Nicholas Barr (living), English/American economist, professor of public economics at the London School of Economics

• Raymond Barre (1924–2007), French economist and politician

• Robert Barro (born 1944), American macroeconomist, presently the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University

• Yoram Barzel (1931–2022), Israeli economist, works in property rights, applied price theory, and political economy

• Frédéric Bastiat (1801–1850), French classical liberal theorist, political economist

• Kaushik Basu (born 1952), Indian economist and academic, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank

• Ratan Lal Basu (born 1948), Indian economist

• Ravi Batra (born 1943), American economist, author and professor at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas

• Peter Thomas Bauer (1915–2002), Hungarian developmental economist

• William Baumol (1922–2017), American, New York University economics professor

• Mahamudu Bawumia (born 1963), Ghanaian economist; worked at the Research Department of International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., United States

• Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851–1914), Austrian, founder of the Austrian School of economics

• Robert Dudley Baxter (1827–1875), English economist and statistician

• Michael Baye (born 1958), American business economist

• Charlie Bean (born 1953), English economist and professor at London School of Economics

• Gary Becker (1930–2014), American economist and winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

• Yoram Ben-Porat (died 1992), Israeli economist and president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

• Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer

• Dwayne Benjamin (born 1961), Canadian economist, managing editor of the Canadian Journal of Economics

• Barbara Bergmann (1927–2015), American, forerunner in feminist economics with a passion for social policy and equality

• C. Fred Bergsten (born 1941), American founder of the Peterson Institute for International Economics

• Rex Bergstrom (1925–2005), New Zealand econometrician recognized for his work in continuous time econometrics

• Adolf Berle (1895–1971), American lawyer, educator, author, and US diplomat

• Ben Bernanke (born 1953), American economist, former Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve and winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

• Jared Bernstein (1925–2005), American economist

• Marianne Bertrand (b. c. 1970), Belgian economist

• Tim Besley (born 1960), English academic economist

• William Beveridge (1879–1963), English economist and politician

• Truman Bewley (born 1941), American mathematician and economist

• Jagdish Bhagwati (born 1934), Indian economist and professor of economics and law at Columbia University

• Debapriya Bhattacharya (living), Bangladeshi economist and policy analyst

• Mark Bils (born 1958), macroeconomist at the University of Rochester

• Nancy Birdsall (born 1946), American founding president of the Center for Global Development

• Kenneth Binmore (born 1940), English economist and game theorist, professor emeritus of economics at University College, London

• Mette Koefoed Bjørnsen (1920–2008), Danish economist at the Niels Brock Copenhagen Business College

• William K. Black (born 1951), American professor of economics at UMKC

• Fischer Black (1938–1995), American economist, best known as one author of the famous Black–Scholes equation

• William Blake (1774–1852), English classical economist

• Olivier Blanchard (born 1948), French, chief economist at the International Monetary Fund

• Rebecca Blank (born 1955), American economist and politician

• Francine D. Blau (born 1946), American economist and academic

• Knut Blind (born 1965), German innovation economist

• Alan Blinder (born 1945), American economist, serves at Princeton University

• Walter Block (born 1941), American free market economist and anarcho-capitalist

• Barry Bluestone (born 1944), American economist and academic

• John Blundell (1952–2014), English economist

• Richard Blundell (born 1952), English economist and econometrician

• Jean Bodin (1530–1596), French, early proponent of the Quantity Theory of Money

• Tito Boeri (born 1958), Italian economist, professor of economics at Bocconi University, Milan

• Peter J. Boettke (born 1960), American economist of the Austrian School

• Michele Boldrin (born 1956), Italian-American economist, expert in economic growth

• Tim Bollerslev (born 1958), Danish economist

• Matilde Bombardini (living), Italian Canadian economist in Vancouver

• Murray Bookchin (1921–2006), American political philosopher

• Korkut Boratav (born 1935), Turkish, marxist economist

• George Borjas (born 1950), American, Harvard Kennedy School

• Michael Boskin (born 1945), American, T. M. Friedman Professor of Economics and senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution

• Giovanni Botero (c. 1544–1617), Italian thinker, priest, poet, and diplomat

• O. Fred Boucke (1881–1935), American economist

• Kenneth E. Boulding (1910–1993), American economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker

• Heather Boushey (born 1970), senior economist with the Center for US Progress

• Samuel Bowles (born 1939), American Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst

• David Boyle (born 1958), English historian and economist

• William Brainard (b. c. 1935), American economist

• James Brander (born 1953), Canadian economist

• Avishay Braverman (born 1948), Israeli president of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

• Harry Braverman (1920–1976), American socialist, economist and political writer

• John Francis Bray (1809–1897), American radical, Chartist, writer on socialist economics

• Richard A. Brealey (living), English economist and corporate finance expert

• William Breit (1933–2011), American professor of economics at Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas

• George Ignatius Brizan (1942–2012), economics lecturer and later Prime Minister of Grenada

• Martin Browning (born 1946), English economist, professor of economics at the University of Oxford

• Sylvie Brunel (born 1960), French economist

• Markus Brunnermeier (born 1969), German/American economist

• Michael Bruno (1932–1996), Israeli economist, governor of the Bank of Israel, World Bank Chief Economist

• Erik Brynjolfsson (born 1962), American economist known for work on productivity and the economics of AI

• James M. Buchanan (1919–2013), American economist known for work on public choice theory, received the Swedish central bankers' "Nobel" prize in 1986

• Alan Budd (born 1937), English economist and central banker

• Willem Buiter (born 1949), Dutch economist

• Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944), Russian Orthodox theologian, philosopher and economist

• Edmund Burke (1729–1797), Irish statesman, economist, and philosopher, known for writing A Vindication of Natural Society

C
• Ricardo J. Caballero (born 1959), Chilean macroeconomist, holds the Ford International chair of economics at MIT

• Vince Cable (born 1943), English economist

• Federico Caffè (1914–1987), Italian, economist and Professor of Economic and Financial Policy at "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome

• Phillip D. Cagan (1927–2012), American scholar and author, Professor of Economics Emeritus at Columbia University

• John Elliot Cairnes (1823–1875), Ireland, "last of the classical economists"

• Guillermo Calvo (born 1941), Argentine economist

• John Y. Campbell (born 1958), British/American economist, chairman of the Harvard economics department

• Colin Camerer (born 1959), American economist

• Lisa Cameron (born 1967), Australian, Professional Research Fellow at the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research

• Stephen Cameron (b. c. 1960), American financial analyst, economist and Adjunct Associate Professor of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University

• Richard Cantillon (c. 1680–1734), Irish-French, economist and author of Essay on the Nature of Trade in General

• Edwin Cannan (1861–1935), English economist and historian of economic thought

• Bryan Caplan (born 1971), American professor of economics at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia

• David Card (born 1956), Canadian labor economist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley

• Matias D. Cattaneo (born 1978), Argentine economist and professor at Princeton University

• Henry Charles Carey (1793–1879), American economist of the American School of Capitalism

• Mark Carney (born 1965), Canadian economist, governor of the Bank of England

• Kevin Carson (born 1963), American social and political theorist and scholar of political economy writing in the mutualist and individualist anarchist traditions

• Richard Carson (born 1955), American environmental economist

• Agustín Carstens (born 1958), Mexican economist, governor of the Bank of Mexico

• Anne P. Carter (born 1925), American economist, professor at Brandeis University

• David Cass (1937–2008), American professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania

• Gustav Cassel (1866–1945), Swedish economist and professor of economics at Stockholm University

• Attilio Celant (born 1942), Italian economist, Dean of the Faculty of Economics (2002–2011) and Professor of Economic Geography at "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome

• Seweryn Chajtman (1919–2012), Polish scientist, engineer, teacher of the Industrial Management, creator of the Alternative Theory of Organization and Management

• Thomas Chalmers (1780–1847), Scottish mathematician, political economist and a leader of the Free Church of Scotland

• Frank J. Chaloupka (b. c. 1962), American professor of economics at the University of Illinois at Chicago and affiliate of the National Bureau of Economic Research

• Edward Hastings Chamberlin (1899–1967), American economist

• Neil W. Chamberlain (1915–2006), American economist at Yale University and Columbia University most known for work in industrial relations

• Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1918–2007), American professor of business history at Harvard Business School and Johns Hopkins University

• Ha-Joon Chang (born 1963), Korean, one of the leading heterodox economists and institutional economists specialising in development economics

• V. V. Chari (born 1952), Indian/American economist

• Raj Chetty (born 1979), Indian/American economist

• Steven N. S. Cheung (born 1935), Chinese economist specializing in transaction costs and property rights

• Ajay Chhibber (living), Indian economist and politician

• Graciela Chichilnisky (born 1946), Argentine/American mathematical economist

• Victoria Chick (born 1936)

• Josiah Child (1630–1699), English mercantilist, politician and governor of the East India Company

• Menzie Chinn (born 1961)

• Lawrence J. Christiano (born 1952), American economist

• Richard Clarida (born 1957)

• Colin Clark (1905–1989), British/Australian economist, pioneered the use of the gross national product (GNP)

• Gregory Clark (born 1957), American economic historian at the University of California, Davis

• John Bates Clark (1847–1938), American neoclassical marginalist

• John Maurice Clark (1884–1963), American marginalist

• William D. Clark (1916–1985), English economist and public servant

• Michael Clemens (born 1972), American economist

• Ronald Coase (1910–2013), winner of the Swedish central bankers' "Nobel" prize in 1991, for contributions including transaction costs and Coase theorem

• Warren Coats (born 1942), American economist specializing in monetary policy

• John H. Cochrane (born 1957), American financial economist and macroeconomist

• Paul Cockshott (born 1952), Scottish economist and computer scientist

• Luc Coene (1947–2017), Belgian economist, governor of the National Bank of Belgium

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683), French King Louis XIV's Minister of Finances, known for protectionism and dirigisme

• Paul Collier

• John R. Commons (1862–1945), American institutional economist and labor historian

• Auguste Comte (1798–1857), French philosopher, founder of sociology and positivism

• Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794), French enlightenment philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist known for the Condorcet method of voting

• Tim Congdon (born 1951), English economist and euro-sceptic politician

• Alfred Haskell Conrad (1924–1970), American Harvard professor of economics

• Hugh E. Conway (born 1942), American economist and professor at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces

• Thomas F. Cooley (1943–2021), American economist

• Richard N. Cooper (1934–2020), American economist and policy adviser

• Russell W. Cooper (born 1955), American macroeconomist

• Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877), French philosopher and mathematician, influenced the use of mathematics in economics, known for oligopoly theory, Cournot competition is named for him

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), Polish mathematician and economist

• Carol Corrado (living), American economist

• Dora L. Costa (born 1964), American economist and academic

• Christopher Coyne (born 1977), F. A. Harper professor of Economics at the Mercatus Center, George Mason University

• Tyler Cowen (born 1962), American economist and writer, one of the authors of the Marginal Revolution blog

• Vincent Crawford (born 1950), American economist and game theorist

• August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753–1833), German economist and statistician, known particularly for his Producten-Karte von Europa (1782), one of the first uses of cartograms

• James Crotty (born 1940), American macroeconomist

• Raymond Crotty (1925–1994), Irish economist and campaigner against Irish membership of the European Union; his 1987 successful legal challenge in the Irish Supreme Court is the basis for EU treaty changes having to be submitted to referendum in Ireland

• Jakša Cvitanić (born 1962), Croatian/American economist, professor at Caltech

D
• Uri Dadush (living), French scholar in Washington DC

• Hugh Dalton (1887–1962), Welsh/English economist and politician

• Herman Daly (born 1938), American "father" of ecological economics

• George Dantzig (1914–2005), American mathematical scientist

• William A. "Sandy" Darity Jr. (born 1953), American economist and researcher

• Partha Dasgupta (born 1942), Bangladeshi/British development economist

• Charles Davenant (1656–1714), English mercantilist and politician

• Paul Davidson (born 1930), American macroeconomist

• Antony Davies (born 1965), American economist and author

• D. J. Davies (1893–1956), Welsh economist and author

• Lance E. Davis (1928–2014), American social science professor

• Angus Deaton (born 1945), Scottish-American economist and academic

• Gérard Debreu (1921–2004), French-American economist and mathematician

• Rajeev Dehejia (born 1973), American professor of public policy

• J. Bradford DeLong (born 1960), American economic historian

• Harold Demsetz (1930–2019), American professor of economics

• Isaac de Pinto (1717–1787), Dutch banker and scholar

• Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai (born 1940), Indian/British economist and Labour Party politician

• Hernando de Soto Polar (born 1941), Peruvian economist of the informal economy

• Pat Devine (living), English industrial economist

• Mathias Dewatripont (born 1959), Belgian economist and professor

• Armando Di Filippo (living), Argentine economist and academic

• Douglas Diamond (born 1953), American finance expert

• Peter Diamond (born 1940), American social security expert

• Gladys Dickason (1903–1971), American labor economist

• Peter Dicken (born 1938), English economic geographer

• Benjamin Diokno (born 1948), Philippine central banker

• Avinash Dixit (born 1944), Indian/American economist

• Huw Dixon (born 1958), Welsh economist and academic

• Peter Dixon (born 1946), Australian economist and academic

• Simeon Djankov (born 1970), Bulgarian economist and politician

• Maurice Dobb (1900–1976), English Marxist economist

• David Dodd (1895–1988), American financial analyst

• Randall Dodd (living), American policy regulator

• Jennifer Doleac (living), American economist

• Evsey Domar (1914–1997), Soviet/American economist

• Paul Donovan (born 1972), British economist

• Stephen J. Dubner (born 1963), American economics author and broadcaster

• Henda Ducados (born 1964), French/Angolan economist

• Esther Duflo (born 1972), French/American economist

• Steven N. Durlauf (born 1958), American economist and social scientist

• Philip H. Dybvig (born 1955), American economist and professor at Olin Business School

E
• Shlomo Eckstein (1929–2020), Israeli economist and academic

• Nicholas Economides, Greek economist

• Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845–1926), Anglo-Irish philosopher and political economist

• Sebastian Edwards (born 1953), Chilean economist and academic

• Martin Eichenbaum (born 1954), American professor of economics

• Barry Eichengreen (born 1952), American economist and political scientist

• Alfred Eichner (1937–1988), American economist

• Ali M. El-Agraa (born 1941), Sudanese/British economist

• Daniel Ellsberg (1931–2023), American economist and politician

• Richard T. Ely (1853–1943), American economist and social interventionist

• Kenneth G. Elzinga (living), American economist and writer

• Ernst Engel (1821–1896), German economist and statistician

• Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), German/British Marxist economist

• Stanley Engerman (born 1936), American economist and economic historian

• Robert F. Engle (born 1942), American statistician and economist

• Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977), German economist and politician

• Vanessa Erogbogbo (living), Ugandan/British development specialist

• José Luís Espert (born 1961), Argentinian economist and politician

F
• Marc Faber (born 1946), Swiss investor based in Thailand

• Armin Falk (born 1968), German economist and academic

• Günter Faltin (born 1944), German economist and entrepreneur

• Eugene Fama born 1939), American economist known for efficient-market hypothesis

• Emmanuel Farhi (1978–2020), French economist and academic

• M. J. Farrell (1926–1975), British economist

• Jeff Faux (living), American economist and writer

• Henry Fawcett (1833–1884), British economist and statesman

• Nikolay Fedorenko (1917–2006), Soviet/Russian economist and chemist

• Ernst Fehr (born 1956), Austrian/Swiss behavioral economist

• Martin Feldstein (1939–2019), American economist and academic

• Edgar Fiedler (1929–2003), American economist

• Randall K. Filer (born 1952), American economist and researcher

• Amy Finkelstein (born 1973), American economist and researcher

• Stanley Fischer (born 1943), American/Israeli economist and bank governor

• Price V. Fishback (b. c. 1955), American economic historian

• Irving Fisher (1867–1947), American economist and social campaigner

• Jon Fisher (born 1972), American entrepreneur and philanthropist

• Jean-Paul Fitoussi (1942–2022), French economist and academic

• William Fleetwood (1656–1723), English statistician and bishop

• Marcus Fleming (1911–1976), British economist and stabilization expert

• Amelia Fletcher (born 1966), British economist and singer

• John E. Floyd (born 1937), Canadian economist and academic

• Karnit Flug (born 1955), Polish/Israeli economist and bank governor

• Robert Fogel (1926–2013), American economic historian

• Charles Fourier (1772–1837), French philosopher and socialist thinker

• Joseph Francois (born 1961), Swiss economist and academic

• Robert H. Frank (born 1939), American economist and academic

• Jeffrey Frankel (born 1952), American macroeconomist

• Bernie Fraser (born 1941), Australian economist and bank governor

• Christopher Freeman (1921–2010), British economist and academic

• Richard B. Freeman (born 1943), American economist and academic

• Bruno Frey (born 1941), Swiss economist and academic

• Benjamin M. Friedman (born 1944), American political economist

• David D. Friedman (born 1945), American microeconomist and theorist

• Milton Friedman (1912–2006), American economist and Nobel Prize winner

• Rose Friedman (1910–2009), American free-market economist

• Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (1895–1973), Norwegian economist and Nobel Prize co-winner

• Roland Fryer (born 1977), American economist

• Drew Fudenberg (born 1957), American economist and game-theory expert

• Masahisa Fujita (藤田昌久, born 1943), Japanese economist and academic

• Connel Fullenkamp (born 1965), American economist and academic

• Jason Furman (born 1970), American economist and academic

• Celso Furtado (1920–2004), Brazilian economist and development expert

G
• Xavier Gabaix (born 1971), French/American economist

• Yegor Gaidar (1956–2009), Soviet/Russian economist and politician

• James Kenneth Galbraith (born 1952), American economist and academic

• John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006), Canadian/American economist and politician

• David Gale (1921–2008), American mathematician and economist

• William G. Gale (born 1959), American economist and politician

• Jordi Galí (born 1961), Spanish macroeconomist

• A. Ronald Gallant (born 1942), American econometrician

• Mauro Gallegati (born 1958), Italian economist and scholar

• Oded Galor (born 1953), Israeli/American economist and academic

• Francisco Javier Carrillo Gamboa (living), Mexican knowledge-systems researcher

• László Garai (1935–2019), Hungarian psychologist and economist

• Gonzalo Garland (born 1959), Peruvian economist and researcher

• Pierangelo Garegnani (1930–2011), Italian economist and academic

• Norton Garfinkle (born 1931), American economist and economic historian

• Leonid Gatovsky (1903–1997), Russian/Soviet economist

• John Geanakoplos (born 1955), American economist and academic

• Jacques Généreux (born 1956), French economist and politician

• Henry George (1839–1897), American political economist

• Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994), Romanian statistician and economist

• Mark Gertler (born 1951), American economist and academic

• Silvio Gesell (1862–1930), German economist and politician

• Jayati Ghosh (born 1955), Indian development economist

• Eric Ghysels (born 1956), Belgian economist and econometrician

• Francesco Giavazzi (born 1949), Italian economist and academic

• Charles Gide (1847–1932), French economist and economic historian

• George Gilder (born 1939), American economist and investor

• Richard T. Gill (1927–2010), American economist and opera singer

• Victor Ginsburgh (born 1939), Belgian economist

• Herbert Gintis (born 1940), American economist and behavioral scientist

• Edward Glaeser (born 1967), American economist and academic

• Rachel Glennerster (born 1965), British economist

• William Godwin (1756–1836), English economist and writer

• Claudia Goldin (born 1946), American economist and government official

• Ian Goldin (living), South African/British economist and program director

• Jose Antonio Gomariz (1919–2005), Argentine economist and educator

• Charles Goodhart (born 1936), British economist and academic

• George Goodman (aka "Adam Smith", 1930–2014), American economist and broadcaster

• Austan Goolsbee (born 1969), American economist

• Gita Gopinath (born 1971), Indian/American economist

• Myron J. Gordon (1920–2010), American/Canadian economist and academic

• Robert J. Gordon (born 1940), American economist

• Gary Gorton (b. c. 1951), American economist and finance educator

• Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), German economist

• Christian Gouriéroux (born 1959), French econometrician

• Benjamin Graham (1894–1976), British/American economist and investor

• Phil Gramm (born 1942), American economist and politician

• Clive Granger (1934–2009), Welsh/American econometrician

• George Grantham (born 1941), American economist and academic

• William Greene (born 1951), American economist

• Alan Greenspan (born 1926), American economist and finance official

• Thomas Gresham (c. 1519–1579), English merchant and financier

• Stephany Griffith-Jones (born 1947), British/American economist

• Zvi Griliches (1930–1999), Lithuanian/American economist

• Elgin Groseclose (1899–1983), American economist and statesman

• Gene Grossman (born 1955), American economist and academic

• Henryk Grossman (1881–1950), Polish/German economist and revolutionary

• Jonathan Gruber (born 1965), American economist and academic

• Rebeca Grynspan (born 1955), Costa Rican economist

• Gu Zhun (顾准, 1915–1974), Chinese economist and post-Marxist

• Dominique Guellec (living), French economist and official

• Maria-Carmen Guisan (living), Spanish economist

• Faruk Gül (living), Turkish/American economist and academic

H
• Trygve Haavelmo (1911–1999), Norwegian economist and Nobel laureate

• Gottfried Haberler (1900–1995), Austrian/American economist

• Charles Hall (1740–1825), English social critic and physician

• Robert Hall (born 1943), American economist and academic

• Andrew Hughes Hallett (1947–1919), Scottish economist and academic

• John Haltiwanger (born 1955), American economist

• Daniel S. Hamermesh (born 1943), American economist

• James D. Hamilton (born 1954), American economist and academic

• Steve H. Hanke (born 1942), American applied economist

• Alvin Hansen (1887–1975), American economist and academic

• Lars Peter Hansen (born 1952), American economist and academic

• Peter Reinhard Hansen (born 1968), Danish economist and academic

• Eric Hanushek (born 1943), American economist

• Mahbub ul Haq (1934–1998), Indian/Pakistani economist and politician

• Arnold Harberger (born 1924), American economist

• Tim Harford (born 1973), English economist and broadcaster

• Charles Knickerbocker Harley (born 1943), American economic historian

• Stephen Harper (born 1959), Canadian economist and Prime Minister (2006–2015)

• Roy Harrod (1900–1978), English economist and biographer

• John Harsanyi (1920–2000), Hungarian/American economist and Nobel Prize winner

• Oliver Hart (born 1948), British/American economist and Nobel laureate

• Campbell Harvey (born 1958), Canadian/American economist and academic

• Jerry A. Hausman (born 1946), American econometrician

• Bohdan Hawrylyshyn (1926–2016), Ukrainian/Canadian economist and thinker

• Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992), Austrian/American economist and philosopher

• Henry Hazlitt (1894–1993), American economics writer

• James Heckman (born 1944), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Eli Heckscher (1879–1952), Swedish political economist and economic historian

• Robert Heilbroner (1919–2005), American economist and historian of economics

• Carolyn Heinrich (born 1967), American historian and academic

• Christian Hellwig (living), German macroeconomist

• Elhanan Helpman (born 1946), Israeli economist and academic

• Hazel Henderson (1933–2022), English economist, ecologist and broadcaster

• David Forbes Hendry (born 1944), English econometrician and academic

• Peter Blair Henry, Jamaican-born economist

• Noreena Hertz (born 1967), English economist and broadcaster

• William Hewins (1865–1931), English economist and politician

• John Hicks (1904–1989), English economist and joint Nobel laureate

• Michael J. Hicks (born 1962), American economist and academic

• Robert Higgs (born 1944), American economic historian

• Jack Hirshleifer (1925–2005), American economist and academic

• John A. Hobson (1858–1940), English economist and social scientist

• Thomas Hodgskin (1787–1869), English political economist and socialist

• Samuel Hollander (born 1937), English/Canadian/Israeli economist

• Bengt Holmström (born 1949), Finnish/American economist and academic

• Charles A. Holt (born 1948), American behavioral economist

• Harry J. Holzer (born 1957), American economist and educator

• Kevin Hoover (born 1955), American economist and philosopher

• Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born 1949), German/American economist and philosopher

• Charles Horioka (チャールズ・ユウジ・ホリオカ, born 1956), American/Japanese economist and academic

• Branko Horvat (1928–2003), Yugoslav/Croatian economist and politician

• Harold Hotelling (1895–1973), American statistician and theorist

• Peter Howitt (born 1946), Canadian economist

• William Hsiao (蕭慶倫m born 1936), Chinese/American economist and academic

• Yukon Huang (born 1944), Chinese/American economist

• Glenn Hubbard (born 1958), American economist and academic

• Michael Hudson (born 1939), American economist and analyst

• David Hume (1711–1776), Scottish economist and philosopher

• Thomas M. Humphrey (born 1935), American economist

• Jennifer Hunt (1913–2015), American economist and politician

• Leonid Hurwicz (1917–2008), Polish/American economist and mathematician

• Terence Wilmot Hutchison (1912–2007), English economist

I
• Sri Mulyani Indrawati (born 1962), Indonesian economist, banker and politician

• Stefan Ingves (born 1953), Swedish national bank governor and economist

• Jay Inslee (born 1951), American economist and governor of Washington

• Douglas Irwin (living), American economist and academic

• Mugur Isărescu (born 1949), Romanian national bank governor and economist

• Otmar Issing (born 1936), German economist and economic policy-maker

J
• Matthew O. Jackson (born 1962), American economist and academic

• Tim Jackson (born 1957), British ecological economist

• David A. Jaeger (born 1964), American economist and researcher

• Davoud Danesh-Jafari, Iranian politician and economist

• Ravi Jagannathan (born 1949), American economist and academic

• Eliot Janeway (1913–1993), American economist and author

• William H. Janeway (born 1943), American economist and venture capitalist

• Robert A. Jarrow (living), American economist and academic

• Peter Jay (born 1937), English economist and diplomat

• Michael Jensen (born 1939), American financial economist

• William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882), English economist and logician

• Leif Johansen (1930–1982), Norwegian economist and academic

• Søren Johansen (born 1939), Danish statistician and econometrician

• Harry Gordon Johnson (1923–1977), Canadian economist

• Simon Johnson (born 1963), English/American and IMF economist

• Lewis Webster Jones (1899–1975), American economist and academic

• Richard Jones (1790–1855), English economist

• Dan Johnson (b. c. 1969), Canadian/American microeconomist and entrepreneur

• Thomas Jordan (born 1963), Swiss economist and central banker

• Dale W. Jorgenson (born 1933), American economist and academic

• Boyan Jovanovic (born 1952), American economist and academic

K
• Daniel Kahneman (born 1934), Palestinian/Israeli economist and psychologist

• Ehud Kalai (born 1942), Israeli/American game theorist and mathematical economist

• Nicholas Kaldor (1908–1986), Hungarian/British economist and government advisor

• Michał Kalecki (1899–1970), Polish economist

• Thomas Kane (born 1961), American educational economist

• Leonid Kantorovich (1912–1986), Soviet mathematician and economist

• Ethan Kaplan (living), American economist and academic

• Steven Kaplan (born 1959), American business economist

• Dean Karlan (living), American development economist

• Michael Kaser (1926–2021), English economist

• Lawrence F. Katz (born 1959), American economist and academic

• Steve Keen (born 1953), Australian economist and educator

• Timothy J. Kehoe (born 1953), American economist and academic

• Stephanie Kelton (born 1969), American economist and academic

• A. R. Kemal (1946–2008), Pakistani economist and policy-maker

• Peter Kenen (1932–2012), American international economist

• Charles Kennedy (1923–1997), American theoretical economist

• Li Keqiang (李克强, born 1955), Chinese economist and politician

• Srgjan Kerim (born 1948), Yugoslav/Macedonian economist and diplomat

• John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), English political economist

• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), Arab social scientist

• Mushtaq Khan (born 1961), British/Bangladeshi economist and academic

• Homi Kharas (living), American economist and UN executive

• Fahmida Khatun (living), Bangladeshi economist and policy analyst

• Mwai Kibaki (1931–2022), Kenyan economist and politician

• Mervyn King, English economist and Bank of England governor

• Robert G. King (born 1951), American macroeconomist

• Bruce Kingma (born 1961), American economist and entrepreneur

• Israel Kirzner (born 1930), English/American economist

• Nobuhiro Kiyotaki (清滝信宏, born 1955), Japanese/American macroeconomist

• Lawrence Klein (1920–2013), American econometrician and Nobel Prize winner

• Morton Klein (born 1947), German/American economist and statistician

• Morris Kleiner (b.1948), American labor economist

• Paul Klemperer (born 1956), English economist and academic

• Arnold Kling (born 1954), American economist and writer

• Teun Kloek (born 1934), Dutch econometrician

• Jan Kmenta (1928–2016), Czech/American economist and statistician

• Frank Knight (1885–1972), American economist and academic

• Lilian Knowles (1870–1926), English economic historian

• Klaas Knot (born 1967), Dutch economist and central banker

• Narayana Kocherlakota (born 1963), American economist and academic

• Leopold Kohr (1909–1994), Austrian/British economist and political scientist

• John Komlos (born 1944), Hungarian/American economic historian

• Nikolai Kondratiev (1892–1938), Russian/Soviet economist and economic policy-maker

• Tjalling Koopmans (1910–1985), Dutch/American economist and mathematician

• Roger C. Kormendi (1949–2009), American economist and finance expert

• János Kornai (1928–2021), Hungarian economist and theorist

• Andrey Korotayev (born 1961), Soviet/Russian economic historian and sociologist

• Naum Krasner (1924–1999), Soviet/Russian economist and mathematician

• Lawrence B. Krause (born 1929), American economist and economic advisor

• Jan Kregel (born 1944), American economist and UN executive

• Michael Kremer (born 1964), American development economist and academic

• David M. Kreps (born 1950), American game theorist and economist

• Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921), American economist and political scientist

• Anne Osborn Krueger (born 1934), American economist and IMF executive

• Paul Krugman (born 1953), American economist, academic and Nobel Prize winner

• Per Krusell (born 1959), Swedish macroeconomist

• Lawrence Kudlow (born 1947), American finance analyst

• Adriana Kugler (born 1969), American economist and public-policy academic

• Maurice Kugler (born 1967), American economist and public-policy academic

• Rajiv Kumar (born 1951), Indian economist and politician

• Robert Kuttner (born 1943), American economic and economic-policy writer

• Simon Kuznets (1901–1985), Russian/American economist and statistician

• Vladimir Kvint (living), Soviet/Russian economist and strategist

• Finn E. Kydland (born 1943), Norwegian/American economist and academic

L
• Ludwig Lachmann (1906–1990), German economist

• Arthur Laffer (born 1940), American economist

• Jean-Jacques Laffont (1947–2004), French economist

• Ricardo Lagos (born 1938), Chilean economist and lawyer

• David Laibson (born 1966), American economist

• David Laidler (born 1938), English monetary economist

• Domingo Laino (born 1935), Paraguayan economist and politician

• John A. Laitner (born 1947), American economist and environmentalist

• Naomi Lamoreaux (born 1950), American economic historian

• Steven Landsburg (born 1954), American economist

• Philip R. Lane (born 1954), American economist

• Lang Xianping (郎咸平, born 1956), Hong Kong-based economist

• Oskar Lange (1904–1965), Polish economist and diplomat

• Serge Latouche (born 1940), French economist

• John Law (1671–1629), Scottish economist

• Richard Layard (born 1934), English labour economist

• Edward Lazear (1948–2020), American economist

• Edward E. Leamer (born 1944), American economist

• Stanley Lebergott (1918–2009), American economist

• Lewis Lehrman (born 1938), American economist and banker

• Frederic Sterling Lee (1949–2014), American economist

• Peter Leeson (born 1979), American economist

• Axel Leijonhufvud (1933–2022), Swedish economist

• Manuela Ferreira Leite (born 1940), Portuguese economist and politician

• Leonard Liggio (1933–2014), American writer and academic

• Wassily Leontief (1905–1999), American economist

• Abba P. Lerner (1903–1982), Russian/British economist

• Leonardus Lessius (1554–1623), Flemish moral theologian

• Richard Levin (born 1947), American economist

• David K. Levine (b. c. 1955), American economist

• Lars Lefgren (born 1972), American economist

• Steven D. Levitt (born 1967), American economist

• Arthur Lewbel (c. 1956), American economist

• Arthur Lewis (1915–1991), Saint Lucia economist

• Tracy R. Lewis (living), American economist

• Kevin Leyton-Brown (born 1975), Canadian economist

• Evsei Liberman (1897–1981), Russian/Soviet economist

• Justin Yifu Lin (林毅夫, born 1952), Chinese economist

• Michael Lind (born 1962), American writer and academic

• Erik Lindahl (1891–1960), Swedish economist

• Assar Lindbeck (1930–2020), Swedish economist

• Friedrich List (1789–1846), German/American economist

• John A. List (born 1968), American economist

• Andrew Lo (羅聞全, born 1960), Hong Kong/American financial economist

• John Locke (1632–1704), English philosopher

• William Forster Lloyd (1794–1852), English writer on economics

• Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984), Canadian philosopher

• Frédéric Lordon (born 1962), French economist and philosopher

• Max O. Lorenz (1876–1959), American economist

• Pascal Lorot (born 1960), French economist and geo-politician

• Andreas Löschel (living), German economist

• John R. Lott (born 1958), American economist and political commentator

• Robert Lucas, Jr. (1937–2023), American economist

• Stephen J. Luczo (born 1957), American chief executive

• Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919), Polish-born economist and revolutionary socialist

• Gerard Lyons (born 1961), English political economist

M
• Donald MacDougall (1912–2004), Scottish economist

• Mark J. Machina (born 1954), American economist

• Carlos Manuel Urzúa Macías (born 1955), Mexican academician and economist

• Henry Dunning Macleod (1821–1902), Scottish economist

• Adil Abdul-Mahdi (born 1942), Iraqi economist and vice-president

• Edmond Malinvaud (1923–2015), French economist

• Burton Malkiel (born 1932), American economist and writer on finance

• Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), English political economist and demographer

• Gerard de Malynes (fl. 1585–1627), English foreign trader and government advisor

• N. Gregory Mankiw (born 1958), American macroeconomist

• Henry Manne (1928–2015), American economist and academic

• Alan Manning (born 1960), English economist and academic

• Edwin Mansfield (1930–1997), American economist and academic

• Charles Manski (born 1948), American professor of economics

• Mao Yushi (茅于轼;, born 1929), Chinese economist

• Ruy Mauro Marini (1932–1997), Brazilian economist

• Harry Markowitz (1927–2023), American economist

• Karl Marlo (1810–1865), German economist and academic

• Jacob Marschak (1898–1977), American economist

• Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), English neoclassical economist

• Marsh Marshall (born 1953), American economist and hedge-fund manager

• Harriet Martineau (1802–1876), English social theorist

• Karl Marx (1818–1883), German founder of Marxian economics

• Eric Maskin (born 1950), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Jason Gaverick Matheny (living), American expert on artificial intelligence

• Paul Mattick (1904–1981), German social revolutionary

• Richard Maybury (born 1946), American educational economist

• C. M. Mayo (living), American economist and writer

• Preston McAfee (born 1956), American managerial economist

• Bennett McCallum (born 1935), American monetary economist

• Rachel McCleary (living), American economist

• Deirdre McCloskey (born 1942), American economist and academic

• John Ramsey McCulloch (1789–1864), Scottish political economist

• Paul McCulley (born 1957), American economist and business executive

• James McDonald (b. c. 1942), American econometrician

• Daniel McFadden (born 1937), American econometrician

• Richard McKelvey (1944–2002), American political scientist

• Lionel W. McKenzie (1919–2010), American economist

• Warwick McKibbin (born 1957), Australian economist and academic

• David McWilliams (born 1966), Irish economist and writer

• James Meade (1907–1995), English economist and Nobel laureate

• Gardiner Means (1896–1988), American economist

• J. K. Mehta (1901–1980), Indian economist

• Marc Melitz (born 1968), American economist

• Leslie Melville (1902–2002), Australian economist and public servant

• Carl Menger (1840–1921), Austrian economist

• Karl Menger (1902–1985), Austrian/American mathematician

• Stanislav Menshikov (1927–2014), Soviet/Russian economist

• Robert C. Merton (born 1944), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Albert J. Meyer (1919–1983), American economist

• John R. Meyer (1927–2009), American transport economist

• Valery Ivanovich Mezhlauk (1893–1938), Soviet planning official

• Leo Michelis (living), Greek/Canadian economist

• Javier Milei (born 1970), Argentinian libertarian economist

• David Miles (born 1959), Welsh/English economist

• Murray Milgate (born 1950), Australian/British economist

• Paul Milgrom (born 1948), American economist

• John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), English philosopher and political economist

• Merton Miller (1923–2000), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Jacob Mincer (1922–2006), American labor economist

• Hyman Minsky (1919–1996), American economist and professor at Washington University in St. Louis

• James Mirrlees (1936–2018), Scottish economist and Nobel laureate

• Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973), Austrian economist and sociologist

• Frederic Mishkin (born 1951), American economist and academic

• Baidyanath Misra (20th c.), Indian economist and administrator

• Wesley Mitchell (1874–1948), American economist

• Alfred Mitchell-Innes (1864–1950), English economist and diplomat

• Franco Modigliani (1918–2003), Italian/American economist and Nobel laureate

• Robert Moffit (living), American economist and government official

• Herbert Mohring (1928–2012), American transportation economist

• Joel Mokyr (born 1946), Dutch/American economic historian

• Gustave de Molinari (1819–1912), Belgian political economist

• Solita Monsod (born 1940), Philippines economist and writer

• John Hardman Moore (born 1954), English economic theorist

• Jonathan Morduch (born 1963), American economist and public service expert

• Peter Morici (born 1948), American economist

• Michio Morishima (1923–2004), Japanese economist

• Stephen Morris (living), American game theorist

• Dale Mortensen (1939–2014), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Warren Mosler (born 1949), American economist and hedge-fund manager

• Rowland Percy Moss (born 1928), English development economist

• David C. Mowery (living), American economist

• Dambisa Moyo (born 1969), Zambian economist

• Anu Muhammad (born 1956), Bangladeshi economist

• Sendhil Mullainathan (b. c. 1973), Indian/American economist and academic

• Thomas Mun (1571–1641), English writer on economics

• Mohan Munasinghe (living), Sri Lankan economist and physicist

• Robert Mundell (1932–2021), Canadian economist and academic

• Karthik Muralidharan (born 1975), Indian/American economist

• Richard Murnane (born 1945), American economist

• Kevin J. Murphy (born 1957), American finance academic

• Kevin M. Murphy (born 1958), American economist

• Robert P. Murphy (born 1976), American economist

• Richard Musgrave (1910–2007), American economist and public finance theorist

• Michael Mussa (1944–2012), American economist and academic

• John Muth (1930–2005), American economist

• Bingu wa Mutharika (1934–2012), Malawi economist and politician

• Stewart Myers (born 1940), American financial economist

• Roger Myerson (born 1951), American economist and academic

• Alva Myrdal (1902–1986), Swedish sociologist and Nobel laureate

• Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987), Swedish economist and sociologist

N
• John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928–2015), American mathematician and Nobel laureate

• Richard Nelson (born 1930), American evolutionary economist and academic

• Nikolay Nenovsky (born 1963), Bulgarian/French economist

• Marc Nerlove (born 1933), American economist

• John von Neumann (1903–1957), Hungarian/American mathematician and economist

• David Neumark (born 1959), American economist and academic

• David Newbery (born 1943), English applied economist

• Francis William Newman (1805–1897), English moral philosopher

• Stephen Nickell (born 1944), English economist and academic

• Peter Nijkamp (born 1946), Dutch economist

• Yew-Kwang Ng (黄有光, born 1942), Malaysian/Australian welfare economist

• William A. Niskanen (1933–2011), American economist and adviser

• William Nordhaus (born 1941), American economist and climate-change expert

• Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman (1871–1950), English central banker

• Douglass North (1920–2015), American economic historian

• Dudley North (1641–1691), English merchant and economist

• Oscar Nuccio (1931–2004), Italian economic historian

O
• William Oakland (1939–2007), American economist and academic

• Maurice Obstfeld (born 1952), American economist and academic

• William Ogilvie (1736–1819), Scottish academic

• Sharyn O'Halloran (living), American political scientist and economist

• Bertil Ohlin (1899–1979), Swedish economist and politician

• Walter Oi (1929–2013), American economist and professor at University of Rochester

• Nobuo Okishio (置塩信雄, 1927–2003), Japanese Marxian economist

• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (born 1954), Nigerian/American economist and Director-General of the World Trade Organization

• Arthur Melvin Okun (1928–1980), American economist and adviser

• Mancur Olson (1932–1998), American economist and political scientist

• Redvers Opie (1900–1984), English/Mexican economist

• Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman (born 1996), Ghanaian-American activist and CEO of the Sadie Collective

• Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–1382), French philosopher

• Peter R. Orszag (born 1968), American financial adviser

• Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012), American political economist and Nobel laureate

• Andrew Oswald (living), Australian/British economist and behavioural scientist

• Robert Owen (1771–1858), Welsh social reformer

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• Krishna Palepu (born 1954), American economist and business manager

• Giancarlo Pallavicini (born 1931), Italian economist and Soviet adviser

• V. R. Panchamukhi (born 1936), Indian economist and scholar

• Thomas Palfrey (born 1953), American economist and political scientist

• Yadav Prasad Pant (1928–2007), Nepalese economist and politician

• Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857–1924), Italian economist

• Philippe Van Parijs (born 1951), Belgian professor and political economist

• Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian engineer and economist

• Manuel V. Pangilinan (born 1946), Philippines business executive

• Jacques Parizeau (1930–2015), Canadian economist and politician

• Luigi Pasinetti (1930–2023), Italian economist

• Frédéric Passy (1822–1912), French economist and pacifist

• I. G. Patel (1924–2005), Indian economist and central bank governor

• Prabhat Patnaik (born 1945), Indian economist and political commentator

• William Paterson (1658–1719), Scottish trade and banker

• Don Patinkin (1922–1995), American/Israeli monetary economist

• Christina Paxson (born 1960), American economist

• Lasse Heje Pedersen (born 1972), Danish financial economist

• Edith Penrose (1914–1996), American/British economist

• Émile and Isaac Péreire (1800–1875 and 1806–1880), French financiers

• Carlota Perez (born 1939), Venezuelan/British specialist in socio-economic development

• Javier Perez-Capdevila (born 1963), Cuban mathematician

• Torsten Persson (born 1954), Swedish economist

• Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert (1646–1714), French lawmaker and theorist

• M. Hashem Pesaran (born 1946), Iranian/British economist

• Wolfgang Pesendorfer, American economist

• Pierre Pestieau (born 1943), Belgian economist

• Maurice Peston, Baron Peston (1931–2016), English economist and politician

• Robert Peston (born 1960), English writer on economics

• Douglas Peters (1930–2016), Canadian banker and economist

• William Petty (1623–1687), English economist and scientist

• Edmund Phelps (born 1933), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Thomas Philippon (born 1974), French/American economist and finance professor

• Peter C. B. Phillips (born 1948), New Zealand/Singapore econometrician

• William Phillips (1914–1975), New Zealand/English economist

• Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877–1959), English welfare economist

• Thomas Piketty (born 1971), French economist

• Christopher A. Pissarides (born 1948), Cypriot economist

• Arnold Plant (1898–1978), English economist

• Plato (Platon, 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE), Greek philosopher

• Steven Plaut (1951–2017), Israeli economist

• Charles Plott (born 1938), American economist

• Karl Polanyi (1886–1964), Austro-Hungarian/Canadian economic historian and political economist

• Michael Polanyi (1891–1976), Hungarian/British polymath

• Robert Pollin (born 1950), American economist

• Yuri Poluneev (born 1956), Soviet/Ukrainian international economist

• Dina Pomeranz (born 1977), Swiss economist

• Jean-Pierre Ponssard (born 1946), French economist

• Arden Pope (b. c. 1954), American environmental economist

• Michael Porter (born 1947), American business economist

• Richard Portes (living), American/British economist

• Arturo C. Porzecanski (born 1949), Uruguayan/American economist

• Richard Posner (born 1939), American jurist and economist

• James M. Poterba (born 1958), American economist

• Bernard van Praag (born 1939), Dutch welfare economist

• John W. Pratt (born 1931), American business economist

• Edward C. Prescott (born 1940), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Steven Pressman (born 1952), American economist

• Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr. (born 1941), American labor economist

• Raúl Prebisch (1901–1986), Argentinian structural economist

• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky (1886–1937), Soviet/Russian economist, revolutionary, and politician

• Cuno Pümpin (born 1939), Swiss economist and entrepreneur

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• Guy Quaden (born 1945), Belgian economist and central bank governor

• Danny Quah (柯成兴, born 1958), Singapore development economist

• François Quesnay (1694–1774), French economist

• John Quiggin (born 1956), Australian economist and government adviser

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• Matthew Rabin (born 1963), American behavioral economist

• Roy Radner (1927–2022), American micro-economist

• John Rae (1796–1872), Scottish/Canadian economist

• Richard W. Rahn (born 1942), American economist

• Raghuram Rajan (born 1963), Indian economist

• Mihir Rakshit (born 1936), Indian economist

• Rogelio Ramírez de la O (living), Mexican economist

• Frank Plumpton Ramsey (1903–1930), English mathematician and economist

• Ajit Ranade (living), Indian economist and political analyst

• Leonard Rapping (1934–1991), American economist and government adviser

• Martin Ravallion (1952–2022), Australian economist

• Debra Ray (born 1957), Indian/American development economist

• Daniel Raymond (1786–1849), American political economist

• Riccardo Realfonzo (born 1964), Italian economist

• Ralph Recto (born 1964), Philippines economist and politician

• Daniel Rees American economist and professor at Charles III University of Madrid

• Robert Reich (born 1946), American economist and commentator

• Carmen Reinhart (born 1955), Cuban/American economist and academic

• Ricardo Reis (born 1988), Portuguese/British economist

• George Reisman (born 1937), American economist and academic

• Philip J. Reny (living), Canadian/American economist

• David Ricardo (1772–1823), English political economist

• Matthew Richardson, American economist

• Frank-Jürgen Richter (born 1967), German economist and entrepreneur

• Jeremy Rifkin (born 1945), American economist and social theorist

• Alice Rivlin (1931–2019), American economist and budget official

• Lionel Robbins (1898–1984), English economist

• Donald John Roberts (born 1945), Canadian/American economist

• Paul Craig Roberts (born 1939), American economist

• Russ Roberts (born 1954), American economist and broadcaster

• Denis Robertson (1890–1963), English economist and academic

• Abraham Robinson (1918–1974), German/American mathematician

• Austin Robinson (1897–1993), English economist and academic

• Joan Robinson (1903–1983), English economist

• Johann Karl Rodbertus (1805–1875), German economist and political theorist

• Dani Rodrik (born 1957), Turkish/American economist

• John Roemer (born 1945), American economist and political scientist

• Kenneth Rogoff (born 1953), American economist

• Gérard Roland (born 1954), Belgian economist

• Eric Roll (1907–2005), Austro-Hungarian/English economist and public servant

• Richard Roll (born 1939), American economist and finance expert

• Christina Romer (born 1958), American economist and policy adviser

• David Romer (born 1958), American economist and academic

• Paul Romer (born 1955), American economist and business academic

• Alessandro Roncaglia (born 1947), Italian economist

• Ivar Rooth (1888–1972), Swedish lawyer and economist

• Raymond de Roover (1904–1972), Belgian/American economic historian

• Harvey S. Rosen (born 1949), American economist and public-finance adviser

• Henry Rosovsky (1927–2022), German/American economist and academic

• Sherwin Rosen (1938–2001), American labor economist

• Nathan Rosenberg 1927–2015), American economist and technology historian

• Eric S. Rosengren (born 1957), American economist

• Mark Rosenzweig, American economist and academic

• Stephen A. Ross (1944–2017), American financial economist and academic

• J. Barkley Rosser Jr. (1948–2023), American economist and academic

• Esteban Rossi-Hansberg (born 1973), Mexican-American economist

• Walt Whitman Rostow (1916–2003), American economist and political theorist

• Julio Rotemberg (1953–2017), Argentine/American economist

• Alvin E. Roth (born 1951), American economist and academic and Nobel Prize laureate

• Timothy P. Roth (born 1943), American economist and academic

• Murray Rothbard (1926–1995), American economist and political theorist

• Erwin Rothbarth (1913–1944), German economist

• Michael Rothschild (born 1942), American economist and academic

• Nouriel Roubini (born 1958), American economist

• Cecilia Rouse (born 1963), American economist and first African American chair of the Council of Economic Advisers

• Heather Royer (born 1974), American economist and academic

• Scott Rozelle (born 1955), American economist and academic

• Paul Rubin (born 1942), American economist and academic

• Daniel L. Rubinfeld, American economist and academic

• Ariel Rubinstein (born 1951), Israeli economist

• Richard Rumelt (born 1942), American economist and academic

• Isaak Russman (1938–2005), Soviet/Russian economist and mathematician

• John Rust (born 1955), American economist and econometrician

• Justinian Rweyemamu (1942–1982), Tanzanian economist and political strategist

• Tadeusz Rybczynski (1923–1998), Polish/English economist

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• Fabrizio Saccomanni (1942–2019), Italian economist and central banker

• Alexander Sachs (1893–1973), American economist and financier

• Jeffrey Sachs (born 1954), American development economist

• Emmanuel Saez (born 1972), French/American economist, known for work on taxation and inequality

• Claudia Sahm (living), American macroeconomist

• Gilles Saint-Paul (born 1963), French economist

• Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), French political and economic theorist

• Xavier Sala i Martin (born 1962), Spanish-American economist

• António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970), Portuguese dictator and economist, Prime Minister of Portugal 1932–1968

• Lise Salvas-Bronsard (1940–1995), Canadian economist and writer

• Arthur Salz (1881–1963), German economist and sociologist

• Paul Samuelson (1915–2009), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Chris William Sanchirico (living), American tax law expert

• José Santana (born 1962), Dominican economist

• Diego Abad de Santillán (1897–1983), Spanish/Argentinian economist, author and anarcho-syndicalist activist

• Juan Manuel Santos (born 1951), Colombian politician, economist and journalist, President of Colombia 2010–2018

• Theotônio dos Santos (1936–2018), Brazilian economist

• Gopal Krishna Sarangi (living), Indian economist specializing in energy economics and climate change

• Thomas J. Sargent, American macroeconomist, econometrician and Nobel laureate

• Mark Satterthwaite (living), American economist

• Anthony Saunders (living), American financial economist

• Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), French businessman known for Say's law

• Louis Auguste Say (1774–1840), French businessman and economist

• Herbert Scarf (1930–2015), American mathematical economist

• Hjalmar Schacht (1877–1970), German economist and politician

• Morton O. Schapiro (born 1953), American economist and university president

• José Scheinkman (born 1948), Brazilian/American economist

• Thomas Schelling (1921–2016), American game theorist and Nobel laureate

• Peter Schiff (born 1963), American stockbroker and financial commentator

• Alexander Schlichter (1868–1940), Soviet economist

• Christoph M. Schmidt (born 1962), German economist

• Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), German finance expert and politician

• John Schmitt (born 1962), American economist

• Gustav von Schmoller (1838–1917), German economist of the historical school

• Myron Scholes (born 1941), Canadian-American financial economist

• Stephan Schulmeister (born 1947), Austrian jurist and economist

• Theodore Schultz (1902–1998), American economist

• Ernst Schumacher (1911–1977), German/British statistician and economist

• Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Austrian political economist

• Anna Schwartz (1915–2012), American monetarist economist

• Anne A. Scitovsky (1915–2012), German American health economist

• Tibor Scitovsky (1910–2002), Hungarian/American economist

• Molly Scott Cato (born 1963), English green economist and politician

• Jules Sedney (1922–2020), Surinam economist and prime minister

• L. William Seidman (1921–2009), American economist and commentator

• Arthur Seldon (1916–2005), English economist

• Edwin R. A. Seligman (1861–1939), American economist

• Reinhard Selten (1930–2016), German economist and Nobel laureate

• Amartya Sen (born 1933), Indian economist, philosopher and Nobel laureate

• Hans Sennholz (1922–2007), German/American economist and author

• Nassau William Senior (1790–1864), English lawyer and economist

• Andrew Sentance (born 1958), English business economist

• Brad Setser (living), American economist and government official

• Ernest Seyd (1830–1881), German/British banker and economist

• G. L. S. Shackle (1903–1992), English economist

• Anwar Shaikh (born 1945), Pakistani/American economist

• Tharman Shanmugaratnam (born 1957), Singapore economist/politician

• David Shapiro (born 1946), American economist

• Lloyd Shapley (1923–2016), American game theorist and Nobel laureate

• William F. Sharpe (born 1934), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Neil Shephard (born 1964), English econometrician

• Shouyong Shi (born 1965), Canadian macroeconomist

• Robert Shiller (born 1946), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Gary Shilling (living), American financial analyst and commentator

• Robert Shimer (born 1968), American macroeconomist and labor economist

• Hyun-Song Shin (신현송, living), S Korean economic theorist and financial economist

• Yongcheol Shin (born 1960), S Korea/British economist

• Masaaki Shirakawa (白川方明, born 1949), Japanese economist and central banker

• Andrei Shleifer (born 1961), Soviet/American economist and academic

• Artyom Shneyerov (living), Canadian microeconomist

• Martin Shubik (1926–2018), American economist

• Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui (born 1939), Indian/Jeddah economist and writer

• Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900), English utilitarian philosopher and economist

• Miguel Sidrauski (1939–1968), Argentine economist

• Ota Šik (1919–2004), Czechoslovak/Czech economist and politician

• Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939), Portuguese economist and president

• Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), American economist and political scientist

• Julian Lincoln Simon (1932–1998), American business administration academic

• Robert Simons, American economist and professor at Harvard Business School

• Christopher A. Sims (born 1942), American econometrician and macroeconomist

• Hans Singer (1910–2006), German/British development economist

• Kurt Singer (1886–1962), German economist and philosopher

• Manmohan Singh (born 1932), Indian economist and politician

• Hans-Werner Sinn (born 1948), German economist and government adviser

• Mark Skousen (born 1947), American economist and writer

• Margaret Slade (living), Canadian industrial economist

• Andrzej Sławiński (born 1951), Polish economist and academic

• Joel Slemrod (born 1951), American economist and academic

• Eugen Slutsky (1880–1948), Russian/Soviet statistician and economist

• Adam Smith (1723–1790), Scottish economist, philosopher and moral philosopher

• Alasdair Smith (born 1949), Scottish/English economist and academic

• Thomas Smith (1631–1699), English banker

• Vernon L. Smith (born 1927), American economist and lawyer

• Dennis Snower (born 1950), Austrian/American macroeconomist

• Robert Solow (1924–2023), American economist and growth theorist

• Werner Sombart (1863–1941), German economist and sociologist

• Willem Somermeyer (1919–1982), Dutch economist and econometrician

• Hugo F. Sonnenschein (1940–2021), American economist and educationist

• Thomas Sowell (born 1930), American economist and social theorist

• Michael Spence (born 1943), Canadian/American economist and Nobel laureate

• Barbara J. Spencer (living), Australian/Canadian economist

• Gene Sperling (born 1958), American economist and presidential adviser

• Piero Sraffa (1898–1983), Italian/British economist and academic

• T. N. Srinivasan (1933–2018), Indian economist

• Guy Standing (born 1948), English labor economist

• Ross Starr (born 1945), American economist and academic

• Richard H. Steckel (born 1944), American heterodox economist

• Herbert Stein (1916–1999), American economist and presidential adviser

• Jeremy C. Stein (born 1960), American macroeconomist

• Nicholas Stern (born 1946), English economist and academic

• Beth Stetson, American economist

• George Stigler (1911–1991), American economist and Nobel laureate

• Joseph E. Stiglitz (born 1943), American economist and public policy analyst

• James H. Stock (born 1955), American economist and academic

• George W. Stocking, Sr. (1892–1975), American economist of industrial organization

• Nancy Stokey (born 1950), American economist, known for work on economic growth

• Richard Stone (1913–1991), English economist and Nobel laureate

• Benjamin Strong (1872–1928), American banker

• Steve Strongin (born 1958), American investment adviser

• Stanislav Strumilin (1877–1974), Russian/Soviet economist and statistician

• Robert Sugden (born 1949), English cognitive and behavioral economist

• Paul Sultan (1924–2019), Canadian labor economist

• Lawrence Summers (born 1954), American economist and World Bank vice-president

• Robert Summers (1922–2012), American economist and academic

• William Graham Sumner (1840–1910), American social scientist

• Sun Yefang (孙冶方, 1908–1983), Chinese economist

• Jomo Kwame Sundaram (born 1952), Malaysian economist and government adviser

• Arun Sundararajan (living), British/Indian/American economist and academic

• Richard Sutch (1942–2019), American economist and academic

• Kotaro Suzumura (鈴村興太郎, 1944–2020), Japanese economist and academic

• Jan Švejnar (born 1952), Czechoslovak/American economist

• Lars E. O. Svensson (born 1947), Swedish economist and academic

• Subramanian Swamy (born 1939), Indian politician, economist and statistician

• Trevor Swan (1918–1989), Australian economist

• Paul Sweezy (1910–2004), American economist and political activist

• Syahrir (1945–2008), Indonesian political economist

• Richard Sylla (living), American economist and museum trustee

• Edward Szczepanik (1915–2005), Polish economist and politician

• Maria Szécsi (1914–1984), Austrian economist

T
• Alex Tabarrok (born 1966), Canadian/American economist

• Guido Tabellini (born 1956), Italian economist

• Hossein Abdoh Tabrizi (born 1951), Iranian professor and financial practitioner

• Naim Talu (1919–1998), Turkish economist and prime minister

• Yair Tauman (born 1948), Israeli/American economist and academic

• Frank William Taussig (1859–1940), American trade-theory economist

• R. H. Tawney (1880–1962), English economic historian and socialist

• Fred M. Taylor (1855–1932), American economist and educator

• Henry Charles Taylor (1873–1969), American agricultural economist

• Alan M. Taylor (born 1964), American economist and academic

• John B. Taylor (born 1946), American economist and academic

• Mark P. Taylor (living), American business-school dean

• Paul Schuster Taylor (1895–1984), American agricultural economist and academic

• Lester G. Telser (born 1931), American economist and academic

• Richard Thaler (born 1945), American behavioral economist and academic

• Henri Theil (1924–2000), Dutch econometrician and academic

• Asher Tishler (born 1947), Israeli economist and college president

• William Thompson (1775–1833), Irish philosopher and social reformer

• Christopher Thornberg (born 1967), American economist

• Henry Thornton (1760–1815), English economist, banker and parliamentarian

• Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783–1850), German economist and landowner

• Lester Thurow (1938–2016), American political economist and author

• Richard Timberlake (1922–2020), American economist and academic

• Jan Tinbergen (1903–1994), Dutch economist and Nobel laureate

• Jean Tirole (born 1953), French economist and academic

• Sheridan Titman (born 1954), American finance academic

• James Tobin (1918–2002), American economist and government adviser

• Michael Todaro (born 1942), American development economist

• Richard Tol (born 1969), Dutch/English economist and academic

• Alejandro Toledo (born 1946), Peruvian politician and writer on economics

• Robert Torrens (1780–1864), Irish/English political economist and writer

• Robert M. Townsend (born 1948), American economist and academic

• Kenneth E. Train (born 1951), American economist and academic

• Daniel Trefler (born 1959), Canadian economist and academic

• Rodrigue Tremblay (born 1939), Canadian economist and politician

• Giulio Tremonti (born 1947), Italian economic politician

• Jean-Claude Trichet (born 1942), French economist and European Central Bank president

• Robert Triffin (1911–1993), Belgian/American economist

• Sho-Chieh Tsiang (蔣碩傑, 1918–1993), Chinese/American economist

• Catherine Tucker (born 1977), management academic

• Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky (1865–1919), Russian economist and politician

• Gordon Tullock (1922–2014), American economist and professor of law

• Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727–1781), French economist and politician

• Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell (born 1955), English economist and business executive

• Amos Tversky (1937–1996), Israeli cognitive and mathematical psychologist

• Laura D'Andrea Tyson (born 1947), American economist and presidential adviser

U

 * Kazuhide Uekusa (植草一秀, born 1960), Japanese economist
 * Kuzo Uno (宇野 弘蔵, 1897–1977), Japanese economist
 * Hirofumi Uzawa (宇沢弘文, 1928–2014), Japanese economist

V
• Natacha Valla (born 1976), French economist and management expert

• Alexander Van der Bellen (born 1944), Austrian economist and president

• John Van Reenen (born 1965), English economist and academic

• Eugen Varga (1879–1964), Austro-Hungarian/Soviet Marxian economist

• Hal Varian (born 1947), American microeconomist and Google executive

• Yanis Varoufakis (born 1961), Greek/Australian economist and politician

• Antoaneta Vassileva (born 1960), Bulgarian economist and academic

• Kerrin Vautier, New Zealand economist

• Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), American economist and sociologist

• Richard Vedder (born 1940), American economist and historian

• Carlos A. Vegh (born 1951), Uruguayan academic economist

• Anthony Venables (born 1953), English economist and academic

• Fernando Vianello (1939–2009), Italian economist and academic

• William Vickrey (1914–1996), Canadian/American economist and Nobel laureate

• Thomas Vietorisz (1926–2019), Hungarian-born American economist and urban planner

• Jacob Viner (1892–1970), American economist

• Ignazio Visco (born 1949), Italian economist and central-bank governor

• Robert W. Vishny (b. c. 1959), American economist and finance academic

• Eva Vivalt (living), Canadian economist

• Xavier Vives (born 1955), Spanish microeconomist

• Paul Volcker (1927–2019), American economist and presidential adviser

W
• Romain Wacziarg (born 1970), American economist and academic

• Sushil Wadhwani (born 1959), Indian/British economist and monetary policy expert

• Adolph Wagner (1835–1917), German economist and politician

• Jim Walker (living), American economist and fund manager

• Neil Wallace (born 1939), American economist and academic

• Phyllis Ann Wallace (1921–1993), American economist and political activist

• Henry Wallich (1914–1988), German/American economist and central banker

• W. Allen Wallis (1912–1998), American economist and statistician

• Léon Walras (1834–1910), French mathematical economist

• Carl Walsh (born 1949), American economist and academic

• Alan Walters (1926–2009), English economist and government adviser

• John Glen Wardrop (1922–1989), English mathematician and transport analyst

• Marilyn Waring (born 1952), New Zealand international development consultant

• Mark Watson (born 1952), American econometrician and macroeconomist

• Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist

• Sidney Webb (1859–1947), English socialist, economist and academic

• Alfred Weber (1868–1958), German economist and geographer

• Isabella Weber (born 1987), German economist active in the United States

• Max Weber (1864–1920), German sociologist and political economist

• Dorothy Wedderburn (1925–2012), English academic

• Beatrice Weder di Mauro (born 1965), Swiss economist and policy adviser

• Jens Weidmann (born 1968), German economist and central banker

• Burton Weisbrod (born 1931), American economist and academic

• Mark Weisbrot (living), American economist and writer

• Thomas J. Weiss (born 1942), American economist and academic

• Martin Weitzman (1942–2019), American economist and academic

• Richard Werner (born 1967), German/English banker and economist

• Brian Wesbury (born 1958), American macroeconomist and forecaster

• Richard Whately (1787–1863), English philosopher and economist

• Edward Lawrence Wheelwright (1921–2007), Australian economist and radio host

• Halbert White (1950–2012), American economist and academic

• Knut Wicksell (1851–1926), Swedish economist

• Philip H Wicksteed (1844–1927), English economist and theologian

• Friedrich von Wieser (1851–1926), Austrian economist

• Clair Wilcox (1898–1970), American economist

• John Williamson (1937–2021), English/American economist

• Oliver E. Williamson (1932–2020), American economist and academic

• Walter E. Williams (1936–2020), American economist and academic

• Ulrich Witt (born 1946), German economist and academic

• Charles Wolf, Jr (1924–2016), American economic adviser and researcher

• Martin Wolf (born 1946), English writer on economics

• Arnold Wolfers (1892–1968), Swiss/American economist and lawyer

• Justin Wolfers (born 1972), Australian economist and public policy expert

• Edward Wolff (born 1946), American economist and academic

• Richard D. Wolff (born 1942), American Marxian economist

• Myrna Wooders (born 1950), Canadian economist and game theorist

• Michael Dean Woodford (born 1955), American macroeconomist and monetary theorist

• Jeffrey Wooldridge (born 1960), American econometrician

• Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai (黄循财, born 1972), Singaporean economist and politician

• Holbrook Working (1895–1985), American economist and statistician

• Stephen T. Worland (1923–2017, American economist and economic historian

• L. Randall Wray (born 1953), American economist and academic

• Simon Wren-Lewis (living), English economist and economic policy expert

• Gavin Wright (born 1943), American economic historian

• Philip Green Wright (1861–1934), American economist and econometrician

• Randall Wright (born 1956), Canadian macroeconomist

• Wu Jinglian (吴敬琏, born 1940), Chinese economist

X

 * Xenophon (c. 430–354 BCE), Ancient Greek, author of Oeconomicus

Y
• Menahem Yaari (born 1935), Israeli economist

• Basil Yamey (1919–2020), S African economist

• Xiaokai Yang (杨小凯, 1948–2004), Chinese/Australian economist and analyst

• Janet Yellen (born 1946), American economist and policy-maker

• Allyn Abbott Young (1876–1929), American/British economist and statistician

• Alwyn Young (living), English economist and academic

• Arthur Young (1741–1820), English agriculturalist

• Peyton Young (born 1945), American game theorist and economist

• Yu Guangyuan (于光遠, 1915–2013), Chinese economist and philosopher

• Linda Yueh (born 1977), Taiwanese/American economist and broadcaster

• Muhammad Yunus (born 1940), Indian/Bangladeshi entrepreneur and economist

Z
• Richard Zeckhauser (born 1940), American economist and academic

• Zeine Ould Zeidane (born 1966), Mauritanian economist and politician

• Milan Zeleny (born 1942), Czechoslovak/American politician

• Arnold Zellner (1927–2010), American economist and statistician

• Yves Zenou (living), French/Swedish economist and academic

• Zhang Weiying (张维迎, born 1959), Chinese economist and academic

• Zhou Xiaochuan (周小川, born 1948), Chinese economist and banking official

• Jeffrey Zients (born 1966), American business executive and government official

• Fabrizio Zilibotti (born 1964), Italian/American economist and academic

• Luigi Zingales (born 1963), Italian economist and finance professor

• Xenophon Zolotas (1904–2004), Greek economist and prime minister

title: List of economists


text:
Talk:Encyclopedist

Untitled
I'm sorry that it appears that I'm deleting all your work, but you copied this straight from http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/encylop.htm. This is not allowed because of copyright violations.

-- sodium.

--

Hmm, I may have read that page (I read a lot), and I went to see the link. You were right, two sentences had several verbs and nouns in common, so I've put it down with my own words.

R u happy?

little guru

little guru, it was a direct copy. Your new version is better because you have shuffled the information around a bit, but still there is hardly anything in 'your own words' (eg. polemic arsenal?) The ending about wikipedia is not really appropriate, but I'm just going to leave it.

-- sodium -- ;) thnx!

--little guru

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Encyclopedist


text:
ELIZA

ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program developed from 1964 to 1967 at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum. Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the program, but had no representation that could be considered really understanding what was being said by either party. Whereas the ELIZA program itself was written (originally) in MAD-SLIP, the pattern matching directives that contained most of its language capability were provided in separate "scripts", represented in a lisp-like representation. The most famous script, DOCTOR, simulated a psychotherapist of the Rogerian school (in which the therapist often reflects back the patient's words to the patient),  and used rules, dictated in the script, to respond with non-directional questions to user inputs. As such, ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots ("chatbot" modernly) and one of the first programs capable of attempting the Turing test.

ELIZA's creator, Weizenbaum, intended the program as a method to explore communication between humans and machines. He was surprised and shocked that some people, including Weizenbaum's secretary, attributed human-like feelings to the computer program. Many academics believed that the program would be able to positively influence the lives of many people, particularly those with psychological issues, and that it could aid doctors working on such patients' treatment. While ELIZA was capable of engaging in discourse, it could not converse with true understanding. However, many early users were convinced of ELIZA's intelligence and understanding, despite Weizenbaum's insistence to the contrary. The original ELIZA source-code had been missing since its creation in the 1960s as it was not common to publish articles that included source code at that time. However, more recently the MAD-SLIP source-code has now been discovered in the MIT archives and published on various platforms, such as archive.org. The source-code is of high historical interest as it demonstrates not only the specificity of programming languages and techniques at that time, but also the beginning of software layering and abstraction as a means of achieving sophisticated software programming.

Overview
Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, created a conversational interaction somewhat similar to what might take place in the office of "a [non-directive] psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview" and to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial". While ELIZA is best known for acting in the manner of a psychotherapist, the speech patterns are due to the data and instructions supplied by the DOCTOR script. ELIZA itself examined the text for keywords, applied values to said keywords, and transformed the input into an output; the script that ELIZA ran determined the keywords, set the values of keywords, and set the rules of transformation for the output. Weizenbaum chose to make the DOCTOR script in the context of psychotherapy to "sidestep the problem of giving the program a data base of real-world knowledge", allowing it to reflect back the patient's statements in order to carry the conversation forward. The result was a somewhat intelligent-seeming response that reportedly deceived some early users of the program.

Weizenbaum named his program ELIZA after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion. According to Weizenbaum, ELIZA's ability to be "incrementally improved" by various users made it similar to Eliza Doolittle, since Eliza Doolittle was taught to speak with an upper-class accent in Shaw's play. However, unlike the human character in Shaw's play, ELIZA is incapable of learning new patterns of speech or new words through interaction alone. Edits must be made directly to ELIZA's active script in order to change the manner by which the program operates.

Weizenbaum first implemented ELIZA in his own SLIP list-processing language, where, depending upon the initial entries by the user, the illusion of human intelligence could appear, or be dispelled through several interchanges. Some of ELIZA's responses were so convincing that Weizenbaum and several others have anecdotes of users becoming emotionally attached to the program, occasionally forgetting that they were conversing with a computer. Weizenbaum's own secretary reportedly asked Weizenbaum to leave the room so that she and ELIZA could have a real conversation. Weizenbaum was surprised by this, later writing: "I had not realized ... that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people."

In 1966, interactive computing (via a teletype) was new. It was 11 years before the personal computer became familiar to the general public, and three decades before most people encountered attempts at natural language processing in Internet services like Ask.com or PC help systems such as Microsoft Office Clippit. Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion (however brief) of human–human interaction.

At the ICCC 1972, ELIZA was brought together with another early artificial-intelligence program named PARRY for a computer-only conversation. While ELIZA was built to speak as a doctor, PARRY was intended to simulate a patient with schizophrenia.

Design
Weizenbaum originally wrote ELIZA in MAD-SLIP for CTSS on an IBM 7094 as a program to make natural-language conversation possible with a computer. To accomplish this, Weizenbaum identified five "fundamental technical problems" for ELIZA to overcome: the identification of key words, the discovery of a minimal context, the choice of appropriate transformations, the generation of responses in the absence of key words, and the provision of an editing capability for ELIZA scripts. Weizenbaum solved these problems and made ELIZA such that it had no built-in contextual framework or universe of discourse. However, this required ELIZA to have a script of instructions on how to respond to inputs from users.

ELIZA starts its process of responding to an input by a user by first examining the text input for a "keyword". A "keyword" is a word designated as important by the acting ELIZA script, which assigns to each keyword a precedence number, or a RANK, designed by the programmer. If such words are found, they are put into a "keystack", with the keyword of the highest RANK at the top. The input sentence is then manipulated and transformed as the rule associated with the keyword of the highest RANK directs. For example, when the DOCTOR script encounters words such as "alike" or "same", it would output a message pertaining to similarity, in this case "In what way?", as these words had high precedence number. This also demonstrates how certain words, as dictated by the script, can be manipulated regardless of contextual considerations, such as switching first-person pronouns and second-person pronouns and vice versa, as these too had high precedence numbers. Such words with high precedence numbers are deemed superior to conversational patterns and are treated independently of contextual patterns.

Following the first examination, the next step of the process is to apply an appropriate transformation rule, which includes two parts: the "decomposition rule" and the "reassembly rule". First, the input is reviewed for syntactical patterns in order to establish the minimal context necessary to respond. Using the keywords and other nearby words from the input, different disassembly rules are tested until an appropriate pattern is found. Using the script's rules, the sentence is then "dismantled" and arranged into sections of the component parts as the "decomposition rule for the highest-ranking keyword" dictates. The example that Weizenbaum gives is the input "You are very helpful", which is transformed to "I are very helpful". This is then broken into (1) empty (2) "I" (3) "are" (4) "very helpful". The decomposition rule has broken the phrase into four small segments that contain both the keywords and the information in the sentence.

The decomposition rule then designates a particular reassembly rule, or set of reassembly rules, to follow when reconstructing the sentence. The reassembly rule takes the fragments of the input that the decomposition rule had created, rearranges them, and adds in programmed words to create a response. Using Weizenbaum's example previously stated, such a reassembly rule would take the fragments and apply them to the phrase "What makes you think I am (4)", which would result in "What makes you think I am very helpful?". This example is rather simple, since depending upon the disassembly rule, the output could be significantly more complex and use more of the input from the user. However, from this reassembly, ELIZA then sends the constructed sentence to the user in the form of text on the screen.

These steps represent the bulk of the procedures that ELIZA follows in order to create a response from a typical input, though there are several specialized situations that ELIZA/DOCTOR can respond to. One Weizenbaum specifically wrote about was when there is no keyword. One solution was to have ELIZA respond with a remark that lacked content, such as "I see" or "Please go on". The second method was to use a "MEMORY" structure, which recorded prior recent inputs, and would use these inputs to create a response referencing a part of the earlier conversation when encountered with no keywords. This was possible due to Slip's ability to tag words for other usage, which simultaneously allowed ELIZA to examine, store, and repurpose words for usage in outputs.

While these functions were all framed in ELIZA's programming, the exact manner by which the program dismantled, examined, and reassembled inputs is determined by the operating script. The script is not static and can be edited, or a new one created, as is necessary for the operation in the context needed. This would allow the program to be applied in multiple situations, including the well-known DOCTOR script, which simulates a Rogerian psychotherapist.

A Lisp version of ELIZA, based on Weizenbaum's CACM paper, was written shortly after that paper's publication by Bernie Cosell. A BASIC version appeared in Creative Computing in 1977 (although it was written in 1973 by Jeff Shrager). This version, which was ported to many of the earliest personal computers, appears to have been subsequently translated into many other versions in many other languages. Shrager claims not to have seen either Weizenbaum's or Cosell's versions.

In 2021, Jeff Shrager searched MIT's Weizenbaum archives, along with MIT archivist Myles Crowley, and found files labeled Computer Conversations. These included the complete source code listing of ELIZA in MAD-SLIP, with the DOCTOR script attached. The Weizenbaum estate has given permission to open-source this code under a Creative Commons CC0 public domain license. The code and other information can be found on the ELIZAGEN site.

Another version of Eliza popular among software engineers is the version that comes with the default release of GNU Emacs, and which can be accessed by typing  from most modern Emacs implementations.

Pseudocode
From Figure 15.5, Chapter 15 of Speech and Language Processing (third edition). function ELIZA GENERATOR(user sentence) returns response Let w be the word in sentence that has the highest keyword rank if w exists Let r be the highest ranked rule for w that matches sentence response ← Apply the transform in r to sentence if w = 'my' future ← Apply a transformation from the ‘memory’ rule list to sentence Push future onto the memory queue else (no keyword applies) Either response ← Apply the transform for the NONE keyword to sentence Or               response ← Pop the oldest response from the memory queue Return response

Response and legacy
Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of human beings or any life form for that matter. In the independent documentary film Plug & Pray (2010) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.

The Israeli poet David Avidan, who was fascinated with future technologies and their relation to art, desired to explore the use of computers for writing literature. He conducted several conversations with an APL implementation of ELIZA and published them – in English, and in his own translation to Hebrew – under the title My Electronic Psychiatrist – Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer. In the foreword, he presented it as a form of constrained writing.

There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages. For MS-DOS computers, some Sound Blaster cards came bundled with Dr. Sbaitso, which functions like the DOCTOR script. Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus (both serious and comedic), and another Apple II variant called I Am Buddha. The 1980 game The Prisoner incorporated ELIZA-style interaction within its gameplay. In 1988, the British artist and friend of Weizenbaum Brian Reffin Smith created two art-oriented ELIZA-style programs written in BASIC, one called "Critic" and the other "Artist", running on two separate Amiga 1000 computers and showed them at the exhibition "Salamandre" in the Musée du Berry, Bourges, France. The visitor was supposed to help them converse by typing in to "Artist" what "Critic" said, and vice versa. The secret was that the two programs were identical. GNU Emacs formerly had a  command that simulates a session between ELIZA and Zippy the Pinhead. The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains.

ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on artificial intelligence. It was also featured in a 2012 exhibit at Harvard University titled "Go Ask A.L.I.C.E.", as part of a celebration of mathematician Alan Turing's 100th birthday. The exhibit explores Turing's lifelong fascination with the interaction between humans and computers, pointing to ELIZA as one of the earliest realizations of Turing's ideas.

ELIZA won a 2021 Legacy Peabody Award, and in 2023, it beat OpenAI's GPT-3.5 in a Turing test study.

In popular culture
In 1969, George Lucas and Walter Murch incorporated an Eliza-like dialogue interface in their screenplay for the feature film THX-1138. Inhabitants of the underground future world of THX, when stressed, would retreat to "confession booths" and initiate a one-sided Eliza-formula conversation with a Jesus-faced computer who claimed to be "OMM".

ELIZA influenced a number of early computer games by demonstrating additional kinds of interface designs. Don Daglow claims he wrote an enhanced version of the program called Ecala on a DEC PDP-10 minicomputer at Pomona College in 1973.

The 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution and the 2016 sequel Deus Ex: Mankind Divided features an artificial-intelligence Picus TV Network newsreader named Eliza Cassan.

In Adam Curtis's 2016 documentary, HyperNormalisation, ELIZA was referenced in relationship to post-truth.

The twelfth episode of the American sitcom Young Sheldon, aired in January 2018, included the protagonist "conversing" with ELIZA, hoping to resolve a domestic issue.

On August 12, 2019, independent game developer Zachtronics published a visual novel called Eliza, about an AI-based counseling service inspired by ELIZA.

In A Murder at the End of the World, the anthropomorphic LLM-powered character Ray cites ELIZA as an example of how some may seek refuge in a non-human therapist.

title: ELIZA