text:
Talk:ANZUS

Article straying from title???
''On 4 February 2008, US Trade Representative Susan Schwab announced that the United States will join negotiations with four Asia–Pacific countries: Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore to be known as the "P-4". These nations already have an FTA called the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership and the United States will be looking to become involved in the "vitally important emerging Asia-Pacific region" A number of US organisations support the negotiations including, but not limited to: the United States Chamber of Commerce, National Association of Manufacturers, National Foreign Trade Council, Emergency Committee for American Trade and Coalition of Service Industries.[18][19]''

I am not sure what this paragraph has to do with ANZUS. Should it be removed? Auchansa (talk) 05:06, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

this is when nz beat the usa and the usa surrendered to nz and nz won and rulled us secretly to this day — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.92.249 (talk) 03:47, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Removing something that doesn't belong
The following was inserted into the article at the end of the "Treaty Structure" section by some clown. I'm sure it violates all kinds of rules.

"At this time, US President Barack Obama was not yet an American citizen, but was working at the event as a janitor and wet nurse via a special-made apparatus for political clients of the homosexual persuasion. Thanks to contacts made through this event, Obama met Vladimir Putin. Today, thanks partly to an open relationship Obama shares with his wife, both leaders are still romantically linked to this very day. [2]"

I removed it. Terr1959 (talk) 16:37, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Good. HiLo48 (talk) 00:06, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

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Requested move 28 August 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved.   Calidum   ¤   04:08, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

ANZUS → ANZUS Treaty – Already the new title is a redirect, but the it must the name of the article instead. Because it is apt name for the article. ANSUS is just an abbreviation for "Australia, New Zealand, United States" that's it. It has nothing about the treaty, which is the article is about. Regards, Krishna Chaitanya Velaga (talk • mail) 02:26, 28 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per the nominator's reasoning. AtHomeIn神戸 (talk) 02:32, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose as ANZUS by itself seems to be the common name. When it is used alongside a descriptor, it is just as often called the ANZUS alliance, or ANZUS security treaty, as it is ANZUS treaty. I also think ANZUS treaty would be preferable to ANZUS Treaty. Mattlore (talk) 06:14, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE; "ANZUS" just means "Australia, New Zealand, United States". WP:CONCISE is always balanced with the other WP:CRITERIA; it doe snot mean "use the shortest possible name no matter what". An argument per WP:CONSISTENCY could even be made to move this to a longer, non-acronym name, Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty, per all the content of Category:Free trade agreements of the United States and other such treaty categories, but I think we're okay with ANZUS Treaty in this case (and it is capital-T treaty here, since the word is a formal part of the full name).  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:33, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * The official name of the treaty is the Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America [ANZUS], so Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America might be preferable to Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty. Out of the other similar treaties, NATO is the only other one I could find that is not spelt out, even SEATO is located at Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Mattlore (talk) 22:53, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * "ANZUS just means Australia, New Zealand, United States": it doesn't mean that at all. Since NZ has been suspended most people would not even consider NZ to be part of ANZUS. -- haminoon  ( talk ) 08:38, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose as ANZUS by itself is the common name; the official name is rarely used in the media. Scholars prefer ANZUS by 800 to 1 ratio: google scholar gives n=12 cites to Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America but over over 10,000 cites to ANZUS in scholarly books & articles such as a) scholarly journals: "The ANZUS Treaty during the Cold War: a reinterpretation of US diplomacy in the Southwest Pacific' Journal of Cold War Studies (2016); "ANZUS:'Our richest prize' or 'that scrap of paper'? New Zealand International Review (2016); "Unbreakable Alliance? ANZUS in the Asian Century" Asian Politics & Policy (2016); b) books: The ANZUS alliance in an ascending Asia (2015); Friendly Fire: Nuclear Politics and the Collapse of ANZUS, 1984–1987 (2013).  Rjensen (talk) 23:49, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose as ANZUS is and has always been the common name in NZ, and no evidence has been presented of it not being the common name outside NZ. -- haminoon  ( talk ) 08:38, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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New Zealand membership
What exactly is New Zealand's status in ANZUS? Partially suspended sounds rather like the proverbial Curate's Egg. Is NZ a member or not, and if a member is NZ suspended? My recollection is that NZ was never suspended or withdraw - the USA unilaterally announced it was withdrawing security commitments under ANZUS.Royalcourtier (talk) 21:56, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

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New Zealand not a member of ANZUS
New Zealand is evidently not a member of ANZUS. -- 87.102.116.36 (talk) 10:22, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Stop deleting sourced content and monkeying with the infobox and start making constructive suggestions on the Talk page for how you believe the information in the article should be presented. If you persist in changing the article without consensus, you will continue to be reverted as a vandal and could face a block from editing Wikipedia. -Kudzu1 (talk) 06:18, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Except no, no Sir, you are NOT reverting a vandal (as you (and probably you only)  clearly see me to be one). No, mate, you are effectively trying to change something on a topic you don't know ANYTHING about!  See, and other sources I cited! ALL the available source on the 'Net point out that New Zealand is NOT a member of ANZUS (except remaining as a ratified signatory in name only) (and you have made NO effort to discuss the substance of the issue I raised either, just here to accuse me of being a vandal!) ... "Monkeying about the Infobox"...grow up! -- 87.102.116.36 (talk) 12:26, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:ANZUS


text:
Australian Army

The Australian Army is the principal land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Army.

Formed in 1901, as the Commonwealth Military Forces, through the amalgamation of the colonial forces of Australia following the Federation of Australia. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout Australia's history, only during the Second World War has Australian territory come under direct attack.

The Australian Army was initially composed almost completely of part-time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the Citizens Military Force (CMF or Militia) (1901–1980) during peacetime, with limits set on the regular Army. Since all reservists were barred from forcibly serving overseas, volunteer expeditionary forces (1st AIF, ANMEF, 2nd AIF) were formed to enable the Army to send large numbers of soldiers to serve overseas during periods of war. This period lasted from federation until post-1947, when a standing peacetime regular army was formed and the Australian Army Reserve (1980–present) began to decline in importance.

During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the Second Boer War, the First and Second World Wars, Korean War, Malayan Emergency, Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, Vietnam War, the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the Iraq War. Since 1947, the Australian Army has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations, usually under the auspices of the United Nations. Today, it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises.

Formation
Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of the six, disbanded and separate, colonial military forces' land components. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Second Boer War. The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied federal units to reinforce their commitment at the request of the British government.

The Defence Act 1903, established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army. In 1911, the Universal Service Scheme was implemented, introducing conscription for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the states and territories of Australia. This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through the process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas.

World War I
After the declaration of war on the Central Powers, the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF), dealt with the issue of the German Pacific holdings. ANMEF recruitment began on 10 August 1914, and operations started 10 days later. On 11 September, the ANMEF landed at Rabaul to secure German New Guinea, with no German outposts in the Pacific left by November 1914. During the AIF's preparations to depart Australia, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers; thereby receiving declarations of war from the Allies of World War I in early November 1914.

After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt where they underwent further preparations, and where the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was formed. Their presence in Egypt was due to the planned Gallipoli campaign, an invasion of the Ottoman Empire via Gallipoli. On 25 April, the AIF landed at ANZAC Cove, which signaled the start of Australia's contribution to the campaign. Following little initial success, fighting quickly devolved into trench warfare, which precipitated a stalemate. On 15 December 1915, after eight months of fighting, the evacuation of Gallipoli commenced; it was completed 5 days later with no casualties recorded. After regrouping in Egypt, the AIF was split into two groups and further expanded with reinforcements. This division would see a majority of the Australian Light Horse fight the Ottomans in Arabia and the Levant, whereas the rest of the AIF would go to the Western Front.

Western Front

The AIF arrived in France with the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions; which comprised, in part, I ANZAC Corps and, in full, II ANZAC Corps. The 3rd Division would not arrive until November 1916, as it underwent training in England after its transfer from Australia. In July 1916, the AIF commenced operations with the Battle of the Somme, and more specifically with the Attack at Fromelles. Soon after, the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions became tied down in actions at the Battle of Pozières and Mouquet Farm. In around six weeks, the operations caused 28,000 Australian casualties. Due to these losses and pressure from the United Kingdom to maintain the AIF's manpower, Prime Minister Billy Hughes introduced the first conscription plebiscite. It was defeated by a narrow margin and created a bitter divide on the issue of conscription throughout the 20th century.

Following the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, which was better defended and eased manpower restraints, the first Australian assault on the Hindenburg Line occurred on 11 April 1917 with the First Battle of Bullecourt. On 20 September, the Australian contingent joined the Third Battle of Ypres with the Battle of Menin Road, and continued on to fight in the Battle of Polygon Wood, which lasted until 3 October; in total, these tow operations cost roughly 11,000 in Australian casualties. Until 15 November 1917, multiple attacks at the Battle of Broodseinde Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele occurred, but, failed to take their objectives following the start of the rain and subsequent muddying of the fields.

On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the Michael Offensive, which was part of the much larger German spring offensive; the AIF suffered 15,000 casualties due to this effort. During this operation, Australian troops conducted a series of local defences and offensives to hold and retake Villers–Brettoneux over the period 4 to 25 April 1918. After the cessation of offensives by the German Army, the Australian Corps began participating in "Peaceful penetration" operations, which were localised raids designed to harass and gain small tracts of territory; these proved so effective that several major operational objectives were captured.

On 4 July 1918, the Battle of Hamel saw the first successful use of tanks alongside Australians, with the battleplan of John Monash completed three minutes over the planned 90 minute operation. Following this success, the Battle of Amiens was launched on 8 August 1918, in conjunction with the Canadian Corps and the British III Corps, and concluded on 12 August 1918; General Erich Ludendorff described it as "the black day of the German Army". On 29 August 1918, following territorial advances and pursuits, the AIF attacked Pèronne and subsequently initiated the Battle of Mont St Quentin. Another operation around Épehy was planned for 18 September 1918, which aimed to retake the British trenches and, potentially, capture their most ambitious objective of the Hindenburg's outpost line – which they achieved.

Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Soon after the penetration of the Hindenburg Line, plans for the breakthrough of the main trench, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the American Expeditionary Forces' 27th and 30th Divisions given as reinforcements. On 29 September, following a three day long bombardment, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line commenced, wherein the corps attacked and captured more of the line. On 5 October 1918, after furious fighting, the Australian Corps was withdrawn from the front, as the entire corps had been operating continuously since 8 August 1918. They would not return to the battlefield, as Germany signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ultimately ended the war on the Western Front.

Middle East

The Australian mounted units, composed of the ANZAC Mounted Division and eventually the Australian Mounted Division, participated in the Sinai and Palestine campaign. They were originally stationed there to protect the Suez Canal from the Turks, and following the threat of its capture passing, they started offensive operations and helped in the re-conquest of the Sinai Desert. This was followed by the Battles of Gaza, wherein on the 31 October 1917 the 4th and 12th Light Horse took Beersheba through the last charge of the Light Horse. They continued on to capture Jerusalem on 10 December 1917 and then eventually Damascus on 1 October 1918 whereby, a few days later on 10 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire surrendered.

Interbellum
Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after the disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force. In 1921, CMF units were renumbered to that of the AIF, to perpetuate the honours and numerical identities of the units involved in WW1. During this period there was a complacency towards matters of defence, due to the devastating effects of the previous war on the Australian psyche. Following the election of Prime Minister James Scullin in 1929, two events occurred that substantially affected the armed forces: conscription was abolished and the economic effects of the Great Depression started to be felt in Australia. The economic ramifications of the depression led to decisions that decreased defence expenditure and manpower for the army. Since conscription was repealed, to reflect the new volunteer nature of the Citizens Forces, the CMF was renamed to the Militia.

World War II
Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom, and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 3 September 1939, the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the 6th Division; later increased to include the 7th and 9th Divisions, alongside the 8th Division which was sent to Singapore. In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training.

The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with Operation Compass, that began with the Battle of Bardia. This was followed by supplying Australian units to defend against the Axis in the Battle of Greece. After the evacuation of Greece, Australian troops took part in the Battle of Crete which, though more successful, still failed and another withdrawal was ordered. During the Greek Campaign, the Allies were pushed back to Egypt and the Siege of Tobruk began. Tobruk's primary defence personnel were Australians of the 9th Division; the so-called 'Rats of Tobruk'. Additionally, the AIF participated in the Syria–Lebanon campaign. The 9th Division fought in the First and Second Battle of El Alamein before also being shipped home to fight the Japanese.

Pacific
In December 1941, following the Bombing of Pearl Harbour, Australia declared war on Japan. Consequently, the AIF was requested to return home, as the subsequent rapid conquest of Southeast Asia extremely concerned Australian policymakers, and the militia was mobilised. After the Fall of Singapore, and the consequent capture of the entire 8th Division as POWs, this concern only grew. These events hastened the relief of the Rats of Tobruk, while the other divisions were immediately recalled to reinforce New Guinea. General conscription was reintroduced, though service was again limited to Australian possessions, which caused tension between the AIF and Militia. This was in addition to the CMF's perceived inferior fighting ability, with these grievances earning the Militia their nicknames of "koalas" and "chocos" or "chocolate soldiers".

The Imperial Japanese Navy's failure in the Battle of the Coral Sea, was the impetus for the Imperial Japanese Army to try to capture Port Moresby via the Owen Stanley Range. On 21 July 1942, the Japanese began the Kokoda Campaign after landing at Gona; attempts to defeat them by Australian battalions were met with eventual success. Resultant offensive operations concluded with the Japanese being driven out of New Guinea entirely. In parallel with these defences, the Battle of Milne Bay was waged, and when the Japanese were repulsed, it was considered their first significant reversal for the war. In November 1942, the campaign ended after the Japanese withdrawal, with Australian advances leading to the Battle of Buna–Gona.

In early 1943, the Salamaua–Lae campaign began, with operations against the entrenched Japanese aimed towards recapturing the eponymous towns. This culminated in the capture of Lae, held by the 7th Division in early September 1943, from a successful combined amphibious landing at Lae and an airborne landing at Nadzab. The seaborne assault was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli. Subsequently, Salamaua was taken days later on 11 September 1943, by a separate joint Australia–US attack. The Battle of Lae was additionally part of the wider Huon Peninsula campaign. Following Lae's capture, the Battle of Finschhafen commenced with a relatively swift control of objectives, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive that began with the Battle of Sattelberg, continued with the Battle of Wareo, and concluded with the Battle of Sio on 15 January 1944, was unleashed. The momentum of this advance was continued by the 8th Brigade, as they pursued the enemy in retreat, which culminated with the Battle of Madang.

In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of Torokina from the US with this changeover giving Australian command responsibility over the Bougainville campaign. Soon after arriving in November of the same year, the commander of II Corps, Lieutenant-General Stanley Savige, began an offensive to retake the island with the 3rd Division alongside the 11th and 23rd Brigades. The campaign lasted until the Japanese surrender, with controversy surrounding its little apparent significance to the war's conclusion, and the number of casualties incurred; this was one of Australia's most costliest campaigns in the Second World War.

In October 1944, Australian participation in the Aitape–Wewak campaign began with the replacement of US forces at Aitape with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, and had held it passively, though Australian command found this unsuitable. On 2 November 1944, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was tasked with patrolling the area, wherein minor engagements were reported. In early December, the commandos were sent inland to establish access to the Torricelli Range, while the 19th Brigade handled patrolling, consequently, the amount of fierce fighting and territory secured increased. Following this success, thought was given for the capture of Maprik and Wewak, though supply became a major issue in this period. On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure the area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July.

The Borneo campaign was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the Battle of Tarakan on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the Battle of Labuan, and concluded with the Battle of Balikpapan. The purpose of capturing Tarakan was to establish airfields, and the island was taken seven weeks following the initial amphibious landing. On 10 June 1945, the operation at Labuan commenced, and was tasked to secure resources and a naval base, and would continue until Japan's surrender. On 1 July 1945, the Balikpapan engagement commenced, with all its major objectives being acquired by war's end; this operation remains the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War.

Korean War
After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) which included the 34th Brigade. The units that composed the brigade would eventually become the nucleus of the regular army, with the battalions and brigade being renumbered to reflect this change. Following the start of the Korean War, the Australian Army committed troops to fight against the North Korean forces; the units came from the Australian contribution to BCOF. The 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3RAR) arrived in Pusan on 28 September 1950. Australian troop numbers would increase and continue to be deployed up until the armistice, with 3RAR being eventually joined by the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR). For a brief period, between 1951 and 1959, the Menzies Government reinstituted conscription and compulsory military training with the National Service Scheme, which required all males of eighteen years of age to serve for specified period in either the Australian Regular Army (ARA) or CMF.

Malayan Emergency
The Australian military entered the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) in October 1955, committing the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) to fight alongside Commonwealth forces. The 2RAR fought against the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), a communist led guerrilla army whose goal was to turn Malaya into a socialist republic, and whose leaders had previously been trained and funded by Britain to resist the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Australian military operations in Malaya consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by the time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end.

Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
In 1962, the Borneo Confrontation began, due to Indonesia's opposition to the formation of Malaysia. It was an undeclared war that entailed a series of border conflicts between Indonesian-backed forces and British–Malaysian allies. Initial Australian support in the conflict began, and continued throughout, with the training and supply of Malaysian troops; Australian soldiers only saw combat during defensive operations. In January 1965, permission was granted for the deployment of 3RAR, with extensive operations conducted in Sarawak from March until their withdrawal in July 1965. The subsequent deployment of 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR), in April 1966, was less intensive, with the battalion withdrawn in August. This is not to mention the efforts of several other corps and units in the conflict.

Vietnam War
The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription, which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption.

In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the 1st Australian Task Force, a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the Battle of Long Tan, wherein D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against the Tet Offensive, a Viet Cong military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973.

Activities in Africa
Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in the largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of Rhodesia to universal suffrage. A decade later in 1989, Australia deployed 300 army engineer personnel as the Australian contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia. The mission helped transition the country to independence from South African control.

Peacekeeping
Following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990, a coalition of countries sponsored by the United Nations Security Council, of which Australia was a part, gave a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait of the 15 January 1991. Iraq refused to retreat and thus full conflict and the Gulf War began two days later on 17 January 1991. In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.

Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the International Force for East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping in the Sinai (as part of MFO), and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (as part of Operation Paladin since 1956). Humanitarian relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia, Operation Sumatra Assist, ended on 24 March 2005.

Afghanistan and Iraq
Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Australia promised troops to any military operations that the US commenced in response to the attacks. Subsequently, the Australian Army committed combat troops to Afghanistan in Operation Slipper. This combat role continued until the end of 2013 when it was replaced by a training contingent operating under Operation Highroad until 2021.

After the Gulf War the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any Weapon of mass destruction. In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop a coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the Iraq War on 19 March 2003.

Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of Operation Okra. In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand.

In 2020 an investigation of allegations of war crimes committed during Australian military operations in Afghanistan was concluded with the release of the Brereton Report. The report identified 25 ADF personnel that were involved directly or indirectly in the murder of 39 civilians and prisoners, with 19 referred to the Australian Federal Police to be criminally investigated. A 'warrior culture' in the SAS was specifically criticised with investigators 'frustrated by outright deceit by those who knew the truth and, not infrequently, misguided resistance to inquiries and investigations by their superiors'.

1st (Australian) Division
Beginning 1 July 2023, the division was renamed the 1st Australian Division. The 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades were placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments.

 * 1 Brigade – Light Combat Brigade based in Darwin.
 * 3 Brigade – Armoured Combat Brigade based in Townsville.
 * 7 Brigade – Motorised Combat Brigade based in Brisbane.

Forces Command
Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-combat assets of the Australian Army. Its focus is on unifying all training establishments to create a base for scaling and mobilisation:
 * 2 Brigade – Health Brigade based across Australia.
 * 6 Brigade (CS&ISTAR) – Mixed brigade based in Sydney.
 * 8 Brigade – training brigade with units around Australia.
 * 17 Sustainment Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney.

Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training and support establishments:
 * Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka, NSW;
 * Royal Military College, Duntroon in the ACT;
 * Combined Arms Training Centre at Puckapunyal, Victoria;
 * Army Logistic Training Centre at Bonegilla and Bandiana, Victoria;
 * Defence Command Support Training Centre at Macleod, Victoria;
 * Combat Training Centre at Townsville, Queensland.
 * 39th Operational Support Battalion at Sydney, NSW.

2nd (Australian) Division
Administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney.

 * 4 Brigade – based in Victoria and Tasmania.
 * 5 Brigade – based in New South Wales.
 * 9 Brigade – Integrated Combat Brigade based in South Australia.
 * 11 Brigade – based in Queensland.
 * 13 Brigade – based in Western Australia.

Aviation
Army Aviation Command is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises:
 * 16 Aviation Brigade – brigade based in Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera, Brisbane.
 * Army Aviation Training Centre at Oakey, Queensland

Special Forces
Special Operations Command is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's special forces units. Special Operations Command comprises:
 * Special Forces Group - a brigade-level headquarters.

Colours, standards and guidons

Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the King's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours". Armoured units carry Standards and Guidons – flags smaller than Colours and traditionally carried by Cavalry, Lancer, Light Horse and Mounted Infantry units. The 1st Armoured Regiment is the only unit in the Australian Army to carry a Standard, in the tradition of heavy armoured units. Artillery units' guns are considered to be their Colours, and on parade are provided with the same respect. Non-combat units (combat service support corps) do not have Colours, as Colours are battle flags and so are only available to combat units. As a substitute, many have Standards or Banners. Units awarded battle honours have them emblazoned on their Colours, Standards and Guidons. They are a link to the unit's past and a memorial to the fallen. Artillery do not have Battle Honours – their single Honour is "Ubique" which means "Everywhere" – although they can receive Honour Titles.

The Army is the guardian of the National Flag and as such, unlike the Royal Australian Air Force, does not have a flag or Colours. The Army, instead, has a banner, known as the Army Banner. To commemorate the centenary of the Army, the Governor General Sir William Deane, presented the Army with a new Banner at a parade in front of the Australian War Memorial on 10 March 2001. The banner was presented to the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A), Warrant Officer Peter Rosemond.

The Army Banner bears the Australian Coat of Arms on the obverse, with the dates "1901–2001" in gold in the upper hoist. The reverse bears the "rising sun" badge of the Australian Army, flanked by seven campaign honours on small gold-edged scrolls: South Africa, World War I, World War II, Korea, Malaya-Borneo, South Vietnam, and Peacekeeping. The banner is trimmed with gold fringe, has gold and crimson cords and tassels, and is mounted on a pike with the usual British royal crest finial.

Strength
As of June 2022 the Army had 28,387 permanent (regular) members and 20,742 reservists (part-time); all of whom are volunteers. As of June 2022, women made up 15.11% of the Army, with a target set for 18% 2025. Gender based restrictions for frontline combat or training roles were lifted in January 2013. Also as of June 2022, Indigenous Australians made up 3.7% of the Army.

Rank and insignia
The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the British Army, and carry mostly the same actual insignia. For officers the ranks are identical except for the shoulder title "Australia". The Non-Commissioned Officer insignia are the same up until Warrant Officer, where they are stylised for Australia (for example, using the Australian, rather than the British coat of arms). The ranks of the Australian Army are as follows:

Uniforms and Dress
The Australian Army uniforms are detailed in the Australian Army Dress Manual and are grouped into nine general categories, each ranging from ceremonial dress, to general duties dress, to battle dress (in addition there are a number of special categories specific to uniforms that are only worn when posted to specific locations, like ADFA or RMC-D), these are further divided into individual 'Dress Orders' denoted by alphabetical suffixes that detail the specific items of clothing, embellishment and accoutrements, i.e. Dress Order No. 1A - 'Ceremonial Parade Service Dress', Dress Order No. 2G - 'General Duty Office Dress', Dress Order No 4C 'Combat Dress (AMCU)'. The slouch hat or beret are the regular service and general duties hat, while the field hat, or combat helmet is for use in the field while training, on exercise, or on operations. In December 2013 the Chief of Army reversed a previous ban on berets as general duties headwear for all personnel except Special Forces personnel (SASR, CDO Regiments). Australian Multi-cam Camouflage Uniform is the camouflage pattern for Australian Army camouflage uniforms, and was introduced in 2014, replacing the Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform (DPCU), and Disruptive Pattern Desert Uniform (DPDU) for all Australian Army orders of dress.

Bases
The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney. The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin, Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane. The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks.

Other important Army bases include the Army Aviation Centre near Oakey, Queensland, Holsworthy Barracks near Sydney, Lone Pine Barracks in Singleton, New South Wales and Woodside Barracks near Adelaide, South Australia. The SASR is based at Campbell Barracks Swanbourne, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia.

Puckapunyal, north of Melbourne, houses the Australian Army's Combined Arms Training Centre, Land Warfare Development Centre, and three of the five principal Combat Arms schools. Further barracks include Steele Barracks in Sydney, Keswick Barracks in Adelaide, and Irwin Barracks at Karrakatta in Perth. Dozens of Australian Army Reserve depots are located across Australia.

Australian Army Journal
Since June 1948, the Australian Army has published its own journal titled the Australian Army Journal. The journal's first editor was Colonel Eustace Keogh, and initially, it was intended to assume the role that the Army Training Memoranda had filled during the Second World War, although its focus, purpose, and format has shifted over time. Covering a broad range of topics including essays, book reviews and editorials, with submissions from serving members as well as professional authors, the journal's stated goal is to provide "...the primary forum for Army's professional discourse... [and]... debate within the Australian Army... [and improve the]... intellectual rigor of that debate by adhering to a strict and demanding standard of quality". In 1976, the journal was placed on hiatus as the Defence Force Journal began publication; however, publishing of the Australian Army Journal began again in 1999 and since then the journal has been published largely on a quarterly basis, with only minimal interruptions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Australian Army


text:
Talk:Anthropic principle

This article Sucks, So I asked chat.openai.com to write a better one and it is good.
The Anthropic principle is a principle that states that the fact that we observe the universe to be capable of supporting life is strong evidence that the universe is fine-tuned for life. This principle can be used to argue that the universe and its properties are such that life is bound to emerge and exist in some form. The principle has been used in several versions, Weak Anthropic Principle, Strong Anthropic Principle, Final Anthropic Principle.

The Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP) states that the observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on the values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so. The Strong Anthropic Principle (SAP) states that the Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history. The Final Anthropic Principle (FAP) states that intelligent information-processing must come into existence in the Universe, and, once it comes into existence, it will never die out.

The Anthropic principle was first discussed by physicist Brandon Carter in 1974 and later developed by other scientists and philosophers such as John Barrow and Frank Tipler. It has been applied to a variety of areas in physics and cosmology, including the fine-tuning of the fundamental constants of the universe and the likelihood of the existence of life in other universes.

Critics of the Anthropic principle argue that it is not a scientific principle, as it is not testable or falsifiable, and that it relies on the subjective judgment of what constitutes "life" and "observable conditions." Despite this, the Anthropic principle remains an important concept in both science and philosophy, providing a framework for understanding the relationship between the universe and life, and for considering the likelihood of the existence of life in the context of the universe's properties.

References: Carter, B. (1974). Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. In Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, ed. by M. S. Longair, pp. 291-298. Dordrecht: Reidel. Barrow, J. D. & Tipler, F. J. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press. Leslie, J. (1989). The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. Routledge. Carr, B. (2007). Universe or Multiverse? Cambridge University Press. 78.79.242.34 (talk) 11:29, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah that is better. The lead of the article as written now, only makes sense if you already know what the AP is. DolyaIskrina (talk) 17:06, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @78.79.242.34 "This article Sucks..."? Well, it would say that, wouldn't it? 2A00:23C6:9035:BA01:C54E:CA48:77FE:B713 (talk) 07:37, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Adding the definitions of the three variants is good, but the AI botches the rest, talking about "the" principle after introducing three of them, not clarifying which one it is talking about. Also, its definition of the weak one is not very clear.
 * The references seem not to be invented out of whole cloth (which is a risk one takes with AI) but I don't think Barrow and Tipler is very high-quality. --Hob Gadling (talk) 12:12, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

The Lead Needs Work
Right now the lead is clear as mud. ChatGPT did a better job in the previous post. Here is Amanda Gefter's definition. ""Anthropic principle The seemingly tautological statement that features of our universe must be compatible with our biological existence. Why? Perhaps we live in a multiverse in which features vary from one universe to the next, and we find ourselves, unsurprisingly living in the one we can live in. Or perhaps, as John Wheeler suggests, observers play a role in crating the universe that created them."

She is an accomplished science writer and thus counts as SECONDARY. I propose we rewrite the lead to be as succinct and plainly explained as this.DolyaIskrina (talk) 23:25, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Surface area of sphere
I'm feeling afraid to edit it personally because English is not my native language and I'm not an expert on the subject (I actually don't even understand the basics) but I believe that in this edit (line 145) the correct is " " instead of (or rather than) " ". I'm one of the translators of this article at ptwiki. I'm trying to keep the version there in line and up to date with this version. Can anyone confirm that my view about this point is correct? Thanks in advance for the understanding and I'm sorry if any mistake. Nishimoto, Gilberto Kiyoshi (talk) 21:27, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Gould's Quote
On the lower section regarding criticism and reception of the anthropic principle, it is claimed that Gould said "the claim that the universe was made for the benefit of our kind of life is the same as saying the sausage was made so that they could fit into the modern hotdog bun..."

There is no source for this, and I have scoured the internet and have found no such source. The closest idea I have to its origin is either (a) misinformation or (b) in Gould's book "Rocks of Ages". I do not own a copy myself and as such cannot look, I may buy a copy in the near future but until then the dilemma remains.

All instances of the quote have followed on from the date of the wikipedia entry and/or directly quoted the wikipedia entry.

I hope this quote is not misinformation as it is rather delightful; if anybody knows the origin of the quote, could they please reply to this thread and add the reference to the article.

Thank you. Wiki4arthur (talk) 17:38, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Neutral Point of View in Question
I will try and update when I have the time, but the neutrality of the article is suspect and the overall writing quality feels low. 136.62.145.176 (talk) 22:20, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Origins
According to Sean Carroll the correct anthropic criterion had been proposed by Eddington as early as in 1931: A universe containing mathematical physicists  will at any assigned date be in the state of maximum disorganization which is not inconsistent with the existence of such creatures. More authoritative sources about this? --Popop (talk) 13:41, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anthropic principle


text:
American Registry for Internet Numbers

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the regional Internet registry for the United States, Canada, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers. ARIN opened for business on December 22, 1997 after incorporating on April 18, 1997. ARIN is a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Chantilly, Virginia, United States.

ARIN is one of five regional Internet registries in the world. Like the other regional Internet registries, ARIN:

 * Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources
 * Facilitates policy development by its members and stakeholders
 * Participates in the international Internet community
 * Is a nonprofit, community-based organization
 * Is governed by an executive board elected by its membership

Services
ARIN provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. The nature of these services is described in ARIN's mission statement:

 * Applying the principles of stewardship, ARIN, a nonprofit corporation, allocates Internet Protocol resources; develops consensus-based policies; and facilitates the advancement of the Internet through information and educational outreach.

These services are grouped in three areas: Registration, Organization, and Policy Development.

Registration services
Registration services pertain to the technical coordination and inventory management of Internet number resources. Services include:

 * IPv4 address allocation and assignment
 * IPv6 address allocation and assignment
 * AS number assignment
 * Directory services including:
 * Registration transaction information (WHOIS)
 * Routing information (Internet routing registry)
 * DNS (Reverse)

For information on requesting Internet number resources from ARIN, see https://www.arin.net/resources/index.html. This section includes the request templates, specific distribution policies, and guidelines for requesting and managing Internet number resources.

Organization services
Organization services pertain to interaction between stakeholders, ARIN members, and ARIN. Services include:

 * Elections
 * Members meetings
 * Information publication and dissemination
 * Education and training

Policy development services
Policy development services facilitate the development of policy for the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources.

All ARIN policies are set by the community. Everyone is encouraged to participate in the policy development process at public policy meetings and on the Public Policy Mailing List. The ARIN Board of Trustees ratifies policies only after:

 * 1) discussion on mailing lists and at meetings;
 * 2) ARIN Advisory Council recommendation;
 * 3) community consensus in favor of the policy; and
 * 4) full legal and fiscal review.

Membership is not required to participate in ARIN's policy development process or to apply for Internet number resources.

Services include:

 * Maintaining discussion e-mail lists
 * Conducting public policy meetings
 * Publishing policy documents

Organizational structure
ARIN consists of the Internet community within its region, its members, a 7-member Board of Trustees, a 15-member Advisory Council, and a professional staff of about 50. The board of trustees and Advisory Council are elected by ARIN members for three-year terms.

Board of trustees
The ARIN membership elects the Board of Trustees (BoT), which has ultimate responsibility for the business affairs and financial health of ARIN, and manages ARIN's operations in a manner consistent with the guidance received from the Advisory Council and the goals set by the registry's members. The BoT is responsible for determining the disposition of all revenues received to ensure all services are provided in an equitable manner. The BoT ratifies proposals generated from the membership and submitted through the Advisory Council. Executive decisions are carried out following approval by the BoT. The BoT consists of 7 members consisting of a President and CEO, a chairman, a Treasurer, and others.

Advisory Council
In addition to the BoT, ARIN has an advisory council that advises ARIN and the BoT on IP address allocation policy and related matters. Adhering to the procedures in the Internet Resource Policy Evaluation Process, the advisory council forwards consensus-based policy proposals to the BoT for ratification. The advisory council consists of 15 elected members consisting of a Chair, Vice Chair, and others.

History
The organization was formed in December 1997 to "provide IP registration services as an independent, nonprofit corporation." Until this time, IP address registration (outside of RIPE and APNIC regions) was done in accordance with policies set by the IETF by Network Solutions corporation as part of the InterNIC project. The National Science Foundation approved the plan for the creation of the not-for-profit organization to "give the users of IP numbers (mostly Internet service providers, corporations and other large institutions) a voice in the policies by which they are managed and allocated within the North American region.". As part of the transition, Network Solutions corporation transitioned these tasks as well as initial staff and computer infrastructure to ARIN.

The initial Board of Trustees consisted of Scott Bradner, John Curran, Kim Hubbard, Don Telage, Randy Bush, Raymundo Vega Aguilar, and Jon Postel (IANA) as an ex-officio member.

The first president of ARIN was Kim Hubbard, from 1997 until 2000. Kim was succeeded by Raymond "Ray" Plzak until the end of 2008. Trustee John Curran was acting president until July 1 of 2009 when he assumed the CEO role permanently.

Until late 2002 it served Mexico, Central America, South America and all of the Caribbean. LACNIC now handles parts of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Also, Sub-Saharan Africa was part of its region until April 2005, when AfriNIC was officially recognized by ICANN as the fifth regional Internet registry.

On 24 September 2015 ARIN has declared exhaustion of the ARIN IPv4 addresses pool.

In 2022, ARIN changed its membership structure to allow end user customers to be considered service members, and in 2024 ARIN updated its membership structure to that ASN-only customers are treated as service members as well, while allowing any of these customers to participate in ARIN governance by requesting General Membership. As a result, all organizations with Internet number resources under an ARIN agreement can participate in ARIN's governance.

Service region
The countries in the ARIN service region are:

Former service regions
ARIN formerly covered Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe until AfriNIC was formed.

ARIN formerly covered Argentina, Aruba, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Dutch West Indies, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (UK), French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela until LACNIC was formed.

title: American Registry for Internet Numbers


text:
Asimov (disambiguation)

Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) was a writer.

Asimov may also refer to:

People

 * Stanley Asimov, Isaac Asimov's brother.
 * Eric Asimov, Isaac Asimov's nephew.
 * Places
 * Asimov (crater), an impact crater on Mars, named after Isaac Asimov
 * 5020 Asimov, an asteroid named after Isaac Asimov

 * Other
 * Asimov (surname)
 * Asimov's Science Fiction, an American science fiction magazine named after Isaac Asimov
 * Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine, a short-lived American science fiction magazine named after Isaac Asimov
 * Isaac Asimov Awards, four separate awards established in honor of Isaac Asimov

title: Asimov (disambiguation)


text:
Akihabara

Akihabara (秋葉原) is a neighborhood in the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo, Japan, generally considered to be the area surrounding Akihabara Station. Administratively, the area Akihabara is found in the Sotokanda (外神田) and Kanda-Sakumachō districts of Chiyoda.

The name Akihabara is a shortening of Akibagahara (秋葉ヶ原), which comes from Akiba (秋葉), named after a fire-controlling deity of a firefighting shrine built after the area was destroyed by a fire in 1869. Akihabara gained the nickname Akihabara Electric Town (秋葉原電気街) shortly after World War II for being a major shopping center for household electronic goods and the post-war black market.

Akihabara is considered by many to be the centre of Japanese otaku culture, and is a major shopping district for video games, anime, manga, electronics and computer-related goods. Icons from popular anime and manga are displayed prominently on the shops in the area, and numerous maid cafés and some arcades are found throughout the district.

Geography
The main area of Akihabara is located on a street just west of Akihabara Station.

History
Akihabara was once near a city gate of Edo and served as a passage between the city and northwestern Japan. This made the region a home to many craftsmen and tradesmen, as well as some low-class samurai. One of Tokyo's frequent fires destroyed the area in 1869, and the people decided to replace the buildings of the area with a shrine called Chinkasha (now known as Akiba Shrine 秋葉神社 Akiba Jinja, lit. 'fire extinguisher shrine'), in an attempt to prevent the spread of future fires. The locals nicknamed the shrine Akiba after the deity that could control fire, and the area around it became known as Akibagahara, later Akihabara. After Akihabara Station was built in 1888, the shrine was moved to the Taitō ward, where it resides today.

Since its opening in 1890, Akihabara Station became a major freight transit point, which allowed a vegetable and fruit market to spring up. In the 1920s, the station saw a large volume of passengers after opening for public transport. After World War II, the black market thrived in the absence of a strong government. This disconnection of Akihabara from government authority allowed the district to grow as a market city. In the 1930s, this climate turned Akihabara into a market region specializing in household electronics, such as washing machines, refrigerators, televisions, and stereos, earning Akihabara the nickname "Electric Town".

As household electronics began to lose their futuristic appeal in the 1980s, the shops of Akihabara shifted their focus to home computers, at a time when they were only used by specialists and hobbyists. This brought in a new type of consumer, computer nerds or otaku. The market in Akihabara latched onto their new customer base that was focused on anime, manga, and video games. The connection between Akihabara and otaku has grown to the point that the region is a center for otaku culture.

Otaku culture
The streets of Akihabara are covered with anime and manga icons, and cosplayers line the sidewalks handing out advertisements, especially for maid cafés. Release events, special events, and conventions are common in Akihabara. Architects design the stores of Akihabara to be opaque and closed, to reflect the desire of many otaku to live in their anime worlds rather than display their interests.

Akihabara's role as a free market has allowed a large amount of amateur work to find an audience. Doujinshi (amateur or fanmade manga) has been growing in Akihabara since the 1970s.

title: Akihabara