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Jerzy Kosiński

Jerzy Kosiński (born Józef Lewinkopf; June 14, 1933 – May 3, 1991) was a Polish-American writer and two-time president of the American Chapter of P.E.N., who wrote primarily in English. Born in Poland, he survived World War II in Poland as a Jewish man and, as a young man, emigrated to the U.S., where he became a citizen.

He was known for various novels, among them Being There (1971) and the controversial The Painted Bird (1965), which were adapted as films in 1979 and 2019 respectively.

Biography
Kosiński was born Józef Lewinkopf to Jewish parents in Łódź, Poland, in 1933. As a child during World War II, he lived in occupied central Poland under a false identity, Jerzy Kosiński, which his father gave to him. Eugeniusz Okoń, a Catholic priest, issued him a forged baptismal certificate, and the Lewinkopf family survived the Holocaust thanks to local villagers who offered assistance to Polish Jews, often at great risk. Kosiński's father was assisted not only by town leaders and clergymen, but also by individuals such as Marianna Pasiowa, a member of an underground network that helped Jews evade capture. The family lived openly in Dąbrowa Rzeczycka, near Stalowa Wola, and attended church in nearby Wola Rzeczycka, with the support of villagers in Kępa Rzeczycka. For a time, they were sheltered by a Catholic family in Rzeczyca Okrągła. Jerzy even served as an altar boy in the local church.

As Kosiński's father aligned himself with the new communist regime in Poland, his family postwar life was relatively well-off. After the war ended, Kosiński and his parents moved to Jelenia Góra. By age 22, he had earned graduate degrees in history and sociology at the University of Łódź. He then became a teaching assistant at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Kosiński also studied in the Soviet Union, and served as a sharpshooter in the Polish Army. His biographer claimed that Kosinski disliked conformity and therefore, communism that his father swore an allegiance to, developing anti-communist views.

To migrate to the United States in 1957, he created a fake foundation, which supposedly sponsored him. He later claimed he forged the letters from prominent communist authorities guaranteeing his loyal return to Poland, as were then required for anyone leaving the country.

Kosiński first worked at odd jobs to get by, including driving a truck, and he managed to graduate from Columbia University. He became an American citizen in 1965. He also received grants from the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967 and the Ford Foundation in 1968. In 1970, he won the American Academy of Arts and Letters award for literature. The grants allowed him to write a political non-fiction book that opened new doors of opportunity. He became a lecturer at Yale, Princeton, Davenport, and Wesleyan universities.

Kosiński practiced the photographic arts, with one-man exhibitions to his credit in Warsaw's Crooked Circle Gallery (1957) and in the Andre Zarre Gallery in New York (1988).

In 1962, Kosiński married an American steel heiress, Mary Hayward Weir, eighteen years his senior. They divorced four years later. Weir died in 1968 from brain cancer, leaving Kosiński out of her will. He fictionalized his marriage in his novel Blind Date, speaking of Weir under the pseudonym Mary-Jane Kirkland. Kosiński later, in 1968, married Katherina "Kiki" von Fraunhofer (1933–2007), a marketing consultant and a descendant of Bavarian nobility.

Death
Toward the end of his life, Kosiński suffered from multiple illnesses and questions arose regarding plagiarism in his work. By his late 50s, he was suffering from an irregular heartbeat.

He died by suicide on May 3, 1991, by ingesting a lethal amount of alcohol and drugs and wrapping a plastic bag around his head, suffocating himself to death. His suicide note read: "I am going to put myself to sleep now for a bit longer than usual. Call it Eternity." Per Kosiński's wishes, Kosiński was cremated and Oscar de la Renta spread his ashes near his home in the Dominican Republic, off a small cove in Casa de Campo.

Notable novels
Kosiński's novels have appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list, and have been translated into over 30 languages, with total sales estimated at 70 million in 1991.

The Painted Bird
The Painted Bird, Kosiński's controversial 1965 novel, is a fictional account that depicts the personal experiences of a boy of unknown religious and ethnic background who wanders around unidentified areas of Eastern Europe during World War II and takes refuge among a series of people, many of whom are brutally cruel and abusive, either to him or to others.

Soon after the book was published in the US, Kosiński was accused by the then-Communist Polish government of being anti-Polish, especially following the regime's 1968 anti-Zionist campaign. The book was banned in Poland from its initial publication until the fall of the Communist government in 1989. When it was finally printed, thousands of Poles in Warsaw lined up for as long as eight hours to purchase copies of the work autographed by Kosiński. Polish literary critic and University of Warsaw professor Paweł Dudziak remarked that "in spite of the unclear role of its author,The Painted Bird is an achievement in English literature." He stressed that, because the book is a work of fiction and does not document real-world events, accusations of anti-Polish sentiment may result only from taking it too literally.

The book received recommendations from Elie Wiesel who wrote in The New York Times Book Review that it was "one of the best ... Written with deep sincerity and sensitivity." Richard Kluger, reviewing it for Harper's Magazine wrote: "Extraordinary ... literally staggering ... one of the most powerful books I have ever read." Jonathan Yardley, reviewing it for The Miami Herald, wrote: "Of all the remarkable fiction that emerged from World War II, nothing stands higher than Jerzy Kosiński's The Painted Bird. A magnificent work of art, and a celebration of the individual will. No one who reads it will forget it; no one who reads it will be unmoved by it."

Steps
Steps (1968), a novel comprising scores of loosely connected vignettes, won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.

American novelist David Foster Wallace described Steps as a "collection of unbelievably creepy little allegorical tableaux done in a terse elegant voice that's like nothing else anywhere ever". Wallace continued in praise: "Only Kafka's fragments get anywhere close to where Kosiński goes in this book, which is better than everything else he ever did combined." Samuel Coale, in a 1974 discussion of Kosiński's fiction, wrote that "the narrator of Steps for instance, seems to be nothing more than a disembodied voice howling in some surrealistic wilderness."

Being There
One of Kosiński's more significant works is Being There (1971), a satirical view of the absurd reality of America's media culture. It is the story of Chance the gardener, a man with few distinctive qualities who emerges from nowhere and suddenly becomes the heir to the throne of a Wall Street tycoon and a presidential policy adviser. His simple and straightforward responses to popular concerns are praised as visionary despite the fact that no one actually understands what he is really saying. Many questions surround his mysterious origins, and filling in the blanks in his background proves impossible.

The novel was made into a 1979 movie directed by Hal Ashby, and starring Peter Sellers, who was nominated for an Academy Award for the role, and Melvyn Douglas, who won the award for Best Supporting Actor. The screenplay was co-written by award-winning screenwriter Robert C. Jones and Kosiński. The film won the 1981 British Academy of Film and Television Arts (Film) Best Screenplay Award, as well as the 1980 Writers Guild of America Award (Screen) for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium. It was nominated for the 1980 Golden Globe Best Screenplay Award (Motion Picture).

Criticism
According to Eliot Weinberger, an American writer, essayist, editor and translator, Kosiński was not the author of The Painted Bird. Weinberger alleged in his 2000 book Karmic Traces that Kosiński was not fluent in English at the time of its writing.

In a review of Jerzy Kosiński: A Biography by James Park Sloan, D.G. Myers, associate professor of English at Texas A&M University wrote "For years Kosinski passed off The Painted Bird as the true story of his own experience during the Holocaust. Long before writing it he regaled friends and dinner parties with macabre tales of a childhood spent in hiding among the Polish peasantry. Among those who were fascinated was Dorothy de Santillana, a senior editor at Houghton Mifflin, to whom Kosiński confided that he had a manuscript based on his experiences. Upon accepting the book for publication, Santillana said 'It is my understanding that, fictional as the material may sound, it is straight autobiography'. Although he backed away from this claim, Kosiński never wholly disavowed it."

M.A. Orthofer addressed Weinberger's assertion: "Kosinski was, in many respects, a fake – possibly near as genuine a one as Weinberger could want. (One aspect of the best fakes is the lingering doubt that, possibly, there is some authenticity behind them – as is the case with Kosinski.) Kosinski famously liked to pretend he was someone he wasn't (as do many of the characters in his books), he occasionally published under a pseudonym, and, apparently, he plagiarized and forged left and right."

Kosiński addressed these claims in the introduction to the 1976 reissue of The Painted Bird, saying that "Well-intentioned writers, critics, and readers sought facts to back up their claims that the novel was autobiographical. They wanted to cast me in the role of spokesman for my generation, especially for those who had survived the war; but for me, survival was an individual action that earned the survivor the right to speak only for himself. Facts about my life and my origins, I felt, should not be used to test the book's authenticity, any more than they should be used to encourage readers to read The Painted Bird. Furthermore, I felt then, as I do now, that fiction and autobiography are very different modes."

Plagiarism allegations
In June 1982, a Village Voice report by Geoffrey Stokes and Eliot Fremont-Smith alleged Kosiński wrote The Painted Bird in Polish, and had it secretly translated into English. The report claimed that Kosiński's books had been ghost-written by "assistant editors", finding stylistic differences among Kosiński's novels. Kosiński, according to them, had depended upon his freelance editors for "the sort of composition that we usually call writing." American biographer James Sloan notes that New York poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written The Painted Bird for Kosiński.

The article found a more realistic picture of Kosiński's life during the Holocaust – a view which was supported by biographers Joanna Siedlecka and Sloan. The article asserted that The Painted Bird, assumed to be semi-autobiographical, was largely a work of fiction. The information showed that rather than wandering the Polish countryside, as his fictional character did, Kosiński spent the war years in hiding with Polish Catholics.

Terence Blacker, an English publisher (who helped publish Kosiński's books) and author of children's books and mysteries for adults, wrote an article published in The Independent in 2002:

The significant point about Jerzy Kosiński was that...his books...had a vision and a voice consistent with one another and with the man himself. The problem was perhaps that he was a successful, worldly author who played polo, moved in fashionable circles and even appeared as an actor in Warren Beatty's Reds. He seemed to have had an adventurous and rather kinky sexuality which, to many, made him all the more suspect. All in all, he was a perfect candidate for the snarling pack of literary hangers-on to turn on. There is something about a storyteller becoming rich and having a reasonably full private life that has a powerful potential to irritate so that, when things go wrong, it causes a very special kind of joy.

Journalist John Corry wrote a 6,000-word feature article in The New York Times in November 1982, responding and defending Kosiński, which appeared on the front page of the Arts and Leisure section. Among other things, Corry alleged that reports claiming that "Kosinski was a plagiarist in the pay of the C.I.A. were the product of a Polish Communist disinformation campaign."

In an essay published in New York in 1999, Kosiński's sometime lover, Laurie Stieber, wrote that he incorporated passages from her letters into the revised and expanded 1981 edition of his 1973 novel The Devil Tree, without asking her. "The allegations in the Voice," wrote Stieber, "combined with what I knew to be true about the revised edition of The Devil Tree, left me with a gnawing mistrust in all aspects of our relationship. I hadn’t wavered, however, from my opinion that he was an extraordinary intellectual and philosopher, a brilliant storyteller and, yes, writer. But ego, and the fear of having his credibility strip-searched by erudite Polish or Russian editors, were behind his insistence on writing in English rather than using translators. By borrowing too greedily, Jerzy inadvertently wrote the Village Voice article himself."

In 1988, Kosiński wrote The Hermit of 69th Street, in which he sought to demonstrate the absurdity of investigating prior work by inserting footnotes for practically every term in the book. "Ironically," wrote theatre critic Lucy Komisar, "possibly his only true book ... about a successful author who is shown to be a fraud."

Despite repudiation of the Village Voice allegations of plagiarism in detailed articles in The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and other publications, Kosiński remained tainted. "I think it contributed to his death," said Zbigniew Brzezinski, a friend and fellow Polish emigrant.

Television, radio, film, and newspaper appearances
Kosiński appeared 12 times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson during 1971–1973, and The Dick Cavett Show in 1974, was a guest on the talk radio show of Long John Nebel, posed half-naked for a cover photograph by Annie Leibovitz for The New York Times Magazine in 1982, and presented the Oscar for screenwriting in 1982.

He also played the role of Bolshevik revolutionary and Politburo member Grigory Zinoviev in Warren Beatty's film Reds. The Time magazine critic wrote: "As Reed's Soviet nemesis, novelist Jerzy Kosinski acquits himself nicely–a tundra of ice against Reed's all-American fire." Newsweek complimented Kosiński's "delightfully abrasive" performance.

Friendships
Kosiński was friends with Roman Polanski, with whom he attended the National Film School in Łódź, and said he narrowly missed being at Polanski and Sharon Tate's house on the night Tate was murdered by Charles Manson's followers in 1969, due to lost luggage. His novel Blind Date portrayed the Manson murders. In 1984, Polanski denied Kosiński's story in his autobiography. Journalist John Taylor of New York Magazine believes Polanski was mistaken. "Although it was a single sentence in a 461-page book, reviewers focused on it. But the accusation was untrue: Jerzy and Kiki had been invited to stay with Tate the night of the Manson murders, and they missed being killed as well only because they stopped in New York en route from Paris because their luggage had been misdirected." The reason why Taylor believes this is that "a friend of Kosiński wrote a letter to the Times, which was published in the Book Review, describing the detailed plans he and Jerzy had made to meet that weekend at Polanski's house on Cielo Drive." The letter referenced was written by Clement Biddle Wood.

Svetlana Alliluyeva, who had a friendship with Kosiński, is introduced as a character in his novel Blind Date.

Kosiński wrote his novel Pinball (1982) for his friend George Harrison, having conceived of the idea for the book at least 10 years before writing it.

Filmography

 * Being There (novel and screenplay, cameo in gala scene, 1979)
 * Reds (actor, 1981) – Grigory Zinoviev
 * The Statue of Liberty (1985) – Himself
 * Łódź Ghetto (1989) – Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (voice)
 * Religion, Inc. (actor, 1989) – Beggar (final film role)
 * Nabarvené ptáče (film) (2019, orig. The Painted Bird)

Awards and honors

 * 1966 – Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (essay category) for The Painted Bird
 * 1969 – National Book Award for Steps.
 * 1970 – Award in Literature, National Institute of Arts and Letters and American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 1973–75 – President of the American Chapter of P.E.N. Re-elected 1974, serving the maximum permitted two terms
 * 1974 – B'rith Shalom Humanitarian Freedom Award
 * 1977 – American Civil Liberties Union First Amendment Award
 * 1979 – Writers Guild of America, East Best Screenplay Award for Being There (shared with screenwriter Robert C. Jones)
 * 1980 – Polonia Media Perspectives Achievement Award
 * 1981 – British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Best Screenplay of the Year Award for Being There
 * International House Harry Edmonds Life Achievement Award
 * Received PhD Honoris Causa in Hebrew Letters from Spertus College of Judaica
 * 1988 – Received PhD Honoris Causa in Humane Letters from Albion College, Michigan
 * 1989 – Received PhD Honoris Causa in Humane Letters from State University of New York at Potsdam

Books

 * Eliot Weinberger Genuine Fakes in his collection Karmic Traces; New Directions, 2000, ISBN 0-8112-1456-7; ISBN 978-0-8112-1456-8.
 * Sepp L. Tiefenthaler, Jerzy Kosinski: Eine Einfuhrung in Sein Werk, 1980, ISBN 3-416-01556-8
 * Norman Lavers, Jerzy Kosinski, 1982, ISBN 0-8057-7352-5
 * Byron L. Sherwin, Jerzy Kosinski: Literary Alarm Clock, 1982, ISBN 0-941542-00-9
 * Barbara Ozieblo Rajkowska, Protagonista De Jerzy Kosinski: Personaje unico, 1986, ISBN 84-7496-122-X
 * Paul R. Lilly, Jr., Words in Search of Victims: The Achievement of Jerzy Kosinski, Kent, Ohio, Kent State University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-87338-366-4
 * Welch D. Everman, Jerzy Kosinski: the Literature of Violation, Borgo Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89370-276-5.
 * Tom Teicholz, ed. Conversations with Jerzy Kosinski, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993, ISBN 0-87805-625-4
 * Joanna Siedlecka, Czarny ptasior (The Black Bird), CIS, 1994, ISBN 83-85458-04-2
 * Joanna Siedlecka, The Ugly Black Bird, Leopolis Press, 2018 ISBN 978-1-7335238-0-6
 * James Park Sloan, Jerzy Kosinski: a Biography, Diane Pub. Co., 1996, ISBN 0-7881-5325-0.
 * Agnieszka Salska, Marek Jedlinski, Jerzy Kosinski : Man and Work at the Crossroads of Cultures, 1997, ISBN 83-7171-087-9
 * Barbara Tepa Lupack, ed. Critical Essays on Jerzy Kosinski, New York: G.K. Hall, 1998, ISBN 0-7838-0073-8
 * Barbara Tepa Lupack, Being There in the Age of Trump, Lexington Books, 2020, ISBN 1793607184

Articles

 * Oleg Ivsky, Review of The Painted Bird in Library Journal, Vol. 90, October 1, 1965, p. 4109
 * Irving Howe, Review of The Painted Bird in Harper's Magazine, October 1965
 * Andrew Feld, Review in Book Week, October 17, 1965, p. 2
 * Anne Halley, Review of The Painted Bird in Nation, Vol. 201, November 29, 1965, p. 424
 * D.A.N. Jones, Review of Steps in The New York Review of Books, Volume 12, Number 4, February 27, 1969
 * Irving Howe, Review of Being There in Harper's Magazine, July 1971, p. 89.
 * David H. Richter, The Three Denouements of Jerzy Kosinski's "The Painted Bird", Contemporary Literature, Vol. 15, No. 3, Summer 1974, pp. 370–85
 * Gail Sheehy, "The Psychological Novelist as Portable Man", Psychology Today, December 11, 1977, pp. 126–30
 * Margaret Kupcinskas Keshawarz, "Simas Kidirka: A Literary Symbol of Democratic Individualism in Jerzy Kosinski's Cockpit", Lituanus (Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences), Vol. 25, No.4, Winter 1979
 * Roger Copeland, "An Interview with Jerzy Kosinski", New York Art Journal, Vol. 21, pp. 10–12, 1980
 * Robert E. Ziegler, "Identity and Anonymity in the Novels of Jerzy Kosinski", Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1981, pp. 99–109
 * Barbara Gelb, "Being Jerzy Kosinski", New York Times Magazine, February 21, 1982, pp. 42–46
 * Stephen Schiff, "The Kosinski Conundrum", Vanity Fair, June 1988, pp 114–19
 * Thomas S. Gladsky, "Jerzy Kosinski's East European Self", Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, Winter 1988, pp. 121–32
 * Michael Schumacher, "Jerzy Kosinski", Writer's Yearbook, 1990, Vol. 60, pp. 82–87.
 * John Corry, "The Most Considerate of Men", American Spectator, Vol. 24, No. 7, July 1991, pp. 17–18
 * Phillip Routh, "The Rise and Fall of Jerzy Kosinski", Arts & Opinion, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2007.
 * Timothy Neale, "'... the credentials that would rescue me': Trauma and the Fraudulent Survivor", Holocaust & Genocide Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2010.

Biographical accounts
He is the subject of the off-Broadway play More Lies About Jerzy (2001), written by Davey Holmes and originally starring Jared Harris as Kosinski-inspired character "Jerzy Lesnewski". The most recent production being produced at the New End Theatre in London starring George Layton.

He also appears as one of the 'literary golems' (ghosts) in Thane Rosenbaum's novel The Golems of Gotham.

One of the songs of the Polish band NeLL, entitled "Frisco Lights", was inspired by Kosinski.

title: Jerzy Kosiński


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Jeep

Jeep is an American automobile brand, now owned by multi-national corporation Stellantis. Jeep has been part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with other assets, from their previous owner American Motors Corporation (AMC).

Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles—both crossovers and fully off-road worthy SUVs and models, including one pickup truck. Previously, Jeep's range included other pick-ups, as well as small vans, and a few roadsters. Some of Jeep's vehicles—such as the Grand Cherokee—reach into the luxury SUV segment, a market segment the 1963 Wagoneer is considered to have started. Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016, up from 500,000 in 2008, two-thirds of which in North America, and was Fiat-Chrysler's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017. In the U.S. alone, over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep-branded vehicles, and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company, it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion—slightly more than all of FCA (US). Antonio Filosa is the current CEO of the Jeep brand worldwide.

Prior to 1940 the term "jeep" had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles, but the World War II "jeep" that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4×4, arguably making them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light four-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Armed Forces and the Allies during World War II, as well as the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart noted: "The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination." It is the precursor of subsequent generations of military light utility vehicles such as the Humvee, and inspired the creation of civilian analogs such as the original Series I Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations.

The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, ever since Willys–Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945. Its replacement, the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series, has remained in production since 1986. With its solid axles and open top, the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand's identity as the 911 is to Porsche.

At least two Jeep models (the CJ-5 and the SJ Wagoneer) enjoyed extraordinary three-decade production runs of a single body generation.

In lowercase, the term "jeep" continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain. In Iceland, the word Jeppi (derived from Jeep) has been used since World War II and is still used for any type of SUV.

Development – 1. Bantam Reconnaissance Car
When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theater of World War II, the Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four-wheel drive reconnaissance car. Only two companies responded: the American Bantam Car Company and Willys-Overland. The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype. Willys asked for more time, but was refused. American Bantam had only a small staff with nobody to draft the vehicle plans, so chief engineer Harold Crist hired Karl Probst, a talented freelance designer from Detroit. After turning down Bantam's initial request, Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17, 1940, initially without salary.

Probst drafted the full plans in just two days for the Bantam prototype known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car, working up a cost estimate the next day. Bantam's bid was submitted on July 22, complete with blueprints. Much of the vehicle could be assembled from off-the-shelf automotive parts, and custom four-wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer. The hand-built prototype was completed in Butler, Pennsylvania and driven to Camp Holabird, Maryland on September 23 for Army testing. The vehicle met all the Army's criteria except engine torque.

Development – 2. Willys and Ford
The Army thought that the Bantam company lacked the production capacity to manufacture and deliver the required number of vehicles, so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford, and encouraged them to enhance the design. The resulting Ford "Pygmy" and Willys "Quad" prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype, and Spicer supplied very similar four-wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers.

1,500 of each model (Bantam BRC-40, Ford GP, and Willys MA) were built and extensively field-tested. After the weight specification was revised from 1275 lb to a maximum of 2450 lb including oil and water, Willys-Overland's chief engineer Delmar "Barney" Roos modified the design in order to use Willys's heavy but powerful "Go Devil" engine, and won the initial production contract. The Willys version became the standard jeep design, designated the model MB, and was built at their plant in Toledo, Ohio. The familiar pressed-metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army.

Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time, Willys-Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys' specifications. The Army chose Ford as a second supplier, building Jeeps to the Willys' design. Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications. American Bantam, the creators of the first Jeep, built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC-40 design, but spent the rest of the war building heavy-duty trailers for the Army.

Full production – Willys MB and Ford GPW
Final production version jeeps built by Willys-Overland were the Model MB, while those built by Ford were the Model GPW (G = government vehicle, P = 80" wheelbase, W = Willys engine design). There were subtle differences between the two. The versions produced by Ford had every component (including bolt heads) marked with an "F", and early on Ford also stamped their name in large letters in their trademark script, embossed in the rear panel of their jeeps. Willys followed the Ford pattern by stamping 'Willys' into several body parts, but the U.S. government objected to this practice, and both parties stopped this in 1942. In spite of persistent advertising by both car and component manufacturers of contributions to the production of successful jeeps during the war, no "Jeep"-branded vehicles were built until the 1945 Willys CJ-2A.

The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US$648.74 (Ford's was $782.59 per unit; these figures are equivalent to $ and $ in, respectively). Willys-Overland and Ford, under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen (vice-president of Ford during World War II), produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort, which accounted for approximately 18% of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war.

Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military. An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment. Jeeps were used for many purposes, including cable laying, sawmilling, as firefighting pumpers, field ambulances, tractors, and, with suitable wheels, would run on railway tracks. An amphibious jeep, the model GPA, or "seep" (Sea Jeep) was built for Ford in modest numbers, but it could not be considered a success as it was neither a good off-road vehicle nor a good boat. As part of the war effort, nearly 30% of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army.

Post-war military
The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world, including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota. The Land Rover was inspired by the Jeep. The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike. The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection. Pulitzer Prize-winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep, along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove, "the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed." Jeeps became even more famous following the war, as they became available on the surplus market. Some ads claimed to offer "Jeeps still in the factory crate." This legend persisted for decades, despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates (although Ford did "knock down" Jeeps for easier shipping, which may have perpetuated the myth ).

The Jeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines. The first Jeepneys were military-surplus MBs and GPWs, left behind in the war-ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence. Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear "tub" of the vehicle, allowing them to carry more passengers. Over the years, Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines, even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners. Most Jeepneys today are scratch-built by local manufacturers, using different powertrains.

Aside from Jeepneys, backyard assemblers in the Philippines construct replica Jeeps with stainless steel bodies and surplus parts, and are called "owner-type jeeps" (as jeepneys are also called "passenger-type jeeps").

In the United States military, the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford's M151) of which the latest is the Humvee.

CJ-V35/U
After World War II, Jeep began to experiment with new designs, including a model that could drive underwater. On February 1, 1950, contract N8ss-2660 was approved for 1,000 units "especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications" and "constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations." The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe underwater.

M715
In 1965, Jeep developed the M715 1.25 ST army truck, a militarized version of the civilian J-series Jeep truck, which served extensively in the Vietnam War. It had heavier full-floating axles and a foldable, vertical, flat windshield. Today, it serves other countries and is still being produced by Kia under license.

Etymology
Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify. The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP (for Government Purposes or General Purpose) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV (for High-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) has become known as the Humvee. Joe Frazer, Willys-Overland President from 1939 to 1944, claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P. There are no contemporaneous uses of "GP" before later attempts to create a backronym.

A more detailed view, popularized by R. Lee Ermey on his television series Mail Call, disputes this "slurred GP" origin, saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties, and was never referred to as "General Purpose" and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep-driving GI would have been familiar with this designation. The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use, P to designate its 80 in wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys-Overland designed engine. Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep, a character in the Thimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created by E. C. Segar, as early as mid-March 1936. Eugene the Jeep was Popeye's "jungle pet" and was "small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems".

The word "jeep", however, was used as early as World War I, as U.S. Army slang for new uninitiated recruits, or by mechanics to refer to new, unproven vehicles. In 1937, tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps. A precursor of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep.

Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition:

"Jeep: A four-wheel drive vehicle of one-half- to one-and-one-half-ton [1/2 to 1+1/2 ST] capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam-cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the $1/2$-ton [1/2 ST] command vehicle. Also referred to as 'any small plane, helicopter, or gadget.'"

This definition is supported by the use of the term "jeep carrier" to refer to the Navy's small escort carriers.

Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving "Red" Hausmann, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a "jeep". When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Hausmann answered, "It's a jeep."

Katharine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 19, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:

"LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE – With Senator Meade, of New York, at the wheel, and Representative Thomas, of New Jersey, sitting beside him, one of the Army's new scout cars, known as 'jeeps' or 'quads', climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday. Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed."

Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4×4 with the name.

Brand, trademarks and image
The "Jeep" brand has gone through many owners, starting with Willys-Overland, which filed the original trademark application for the "Jeep" brand-name in February 1943. To help establish the term as a Willys brand, the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war. Willys' application initially met with years of opposition, primarily from Bantam, but also from Minneapolis-Moline. The Federal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943, largely ignoring Minneapolis-Moline's claim, and continued to scold Willys-Overland after the war for its advertising. The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint, to cease and desist any claims that it "created or designed" the Jeep – Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the Jeep's development. Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep (CJ) branded vehicles in 1945. Being the only company that continually produced "Jeep" vehicles after the war, Willys-Overland was eventually granted the name "Jeep" as a registered trademark in June 1950. Aside from Willys, King Features Syndicate has held a trademark on the name "Jeep" for their comics since August 1936.

Willys had also seriously considered the brand name A GRI J EEP , and was granted the trademark for it in December 1944, but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the "Universal Jeep", which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming.

FCA US LLC, the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand, now holds trademark status on the name "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys (an arrangement of flat bars), was incorporated into the "standardized jeep" design.

The history of the HMMWV (Humvee) has ties with Jeep. In 1971, Jeep's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General, a wholly-owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee. AM General also continued manufacturing the two-wheel-drive DJ, which Jeep created in 1953. The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles. Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford's nine-slot design for the Jeep.

Off-road abilities
Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand's vehicles' off-road capabilities. Today, the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four-wheel-drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles. These axles are known for their durability, strength, and articulation. New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential. The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials, Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears, a 4:1 transfer case, electronic sway bar disconnect, and heavy-duty suspension.

Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to "lift" with aftermarket suspension systems. This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle. By increasing this distance, larger tires can be installed, which will increase the ground clearance, allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles. In addition to higher ground clearance, many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or "flex" to give their Jeeps greatly improved off-road capabilities. Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction.

Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases, narrow frames, ample approach, breakover, and departure angles, thus enabling them to traverse through places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty.

The Jeep's design does have some drawbacks however. The short wheelbase and lighter weight make climbing steeper inclines more difficult, as the weight cannot be as evenly distributed on an angle compared to longer wheelbase off-roaders. The usage of solid axles affects ground clearance, as their design makes them the lowest point to the ground regardless of the height of the body. Earlier Jeeps lacked basic safety equipment such as doors, seatbelts or roll cages, making them extremely dangerous if rolled over.

Company history and ownership
After the war, Willys did not resume production of its passenger-car models, choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep-branded vehicles, launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946, the Jeep Truck in 1947, and the Jeepster in 1948. An attempt to re-enter the passenger-car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful, and ended with the company's acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953, for $60 million. Kaiser initially called the merged company "Willys Motors", but renamed itself Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. By the end of 1955, Kaiser-Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero, as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively.

American Motors Corporation (AMC) in turn purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. This time $70 million changed hands. The utility vehicles complemented AMC's passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep's international and government markets. In 1971, AMC spun off Jeep's commercial, postal, and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary, AM General – the company that later developed the M998 Humvee. In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ-7, replacing the CJ-6 in North America, as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time.

The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. Renault began selling Jeeps through their European dealerships soon thereafter, beginning in Belgium and France, gradually supplanting a number of independent importers. During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee, its first unibody SUV; and global sales topped 200,000 for the first time in 1985. However, the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era. By 1987, the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles, stemming from their heavy investment into AMC while simultaneously laying workers off in France; this led to the assassination of then-Renault CEO Georges Besse in 1986 by the French extremist group Action Directe. Renault's upper management quickly moved to sell off AMC.

Chrysler Corporation bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ-7 had been replaced with the AMC-designed Wrangler YJ; the acquisition was primarily for Jeep. After more than 40 years, the four-wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers fell into the hands of one of the Big Three; Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition, partnered with the new Eagle marque (created for legal reasons involving Renault's sale of the AMC assets to Chrysler) as the Jeep-Eagle division. Chrysler subsequently merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 (by which point Eagle was discontinued) and folded into DaimlerChrysler. During this time, the Chrysler and Jeep sales channels were combined, primarily to complement Chrysler's luxury automobiles with Jeep's popular SUVs. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of its interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC, until December 15, 2014, when Chrysler folded into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, with the stateside subsidiary operating under 'FCA US LLC'.

Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world, including Mahindra in India, EBRO in Spain, and several in South America. Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998; Most were based on the CJ-3B model of the original Willys-Kaiser design.

Toledo, Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway. The Jeep Wrangler is built in the city currently, not far from the site of the original Willys-Overland plant.

American Motors set up the first automobile-manufacturing joint venture in the People's Republic of China on January 15, 1984. The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, to produce the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) in Beijing. Manufacture continued after Chrysler's buyout of AMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the "Jeep 2500" toward the end of its production that ended after 2005.

In October 2022, the joint venture between Stellantis and Chinese company Guangzhou Automobile Group filed for bankruptcy, although Stellantis said it intends to continue servicing Jeep brand customers in China.

While Jeeps have been built in India under license by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s, Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016, starting with the release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country.

Ownership chronology

 * 1944–1953: Willys-Overland
 * 1953–1964: Kaiser Jeep (calling themselves "Willys Motors")
 * 1964–1970: Kaiser Jeep
 * 1970–1987: AMC (w/ Renault controlling production in 1986)
 * 1987–1998: Chrysler Corporation
 * 1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler AG
 * 2007–2009: Chrysler LLC
 * 2009–2013: Chrysler Group LLC - Fiat Group Automobiles
 * 2014–2021: Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
 * 2021–present: Stellantis

Military model list

 * 1940 Willys Quad — Willys' first prototype, competing for the U.S. Army contract for a 1/4 ST reconnaissance vehicle
 * 1941 Willys MA — Willys' low-volume preproduction model, preceding the standardized World War II jeep
 * 1941–1944 Willys MT "Super Jeep" — 6x6, 3/4 ST prototype — a small number were built in various configurations
 * 1942 Willys MB – slat grille
 * 1942–1945 Willys MB – stamped grille
 * 1943 Willys WAC (for 'Willys Air Cooled') "Jeeplet" — prototype for a super light-weight, full-time 4WD with front and rear independent suspension
 * 1944 Willys MLW-1 (for 'Military Long Wheelbase') — prototype (never finished)
 * 1944 Willys MLW-2 (for 'Military Long Wheelbase') or "Jungle Jeep" — prototype for a half-ton, jungle-suited jeep
 * 1948 Willys Jungle Burden Carrier — a medical litter, personnel and cargo carrier, built in small numbers for testing in jungle warfare and with airborne forces.
 * 1949–1952 Willys MC / M38
 * 1950 CJ V-35(/U) – deep water fording CJ-3A; 1000 units built for the USMC
 * 1952–1971 Willys / Kaiser MD / M38A1
 * 1952–1957 Willys M38A1C – fitted with 105/106mm anti-tank recoilless rifle
 * 1950s/1960s Willys M38A1D – a small number of M38A1s carried the M28 or M29 "Davy Crockett Weapon System", the US' smallest tactical nuclear weapon, fired from a 120mm or 155mm recoilless rifle
 * M170 Ambulance
 * 1953 Willys BC Bobcat aka "Aero Jeep" — prototype for a very small, lightweight (1475 lb) jeep, for easier lifting by helicopters of the day.
 * 1958–1960 Willys XM443 / M443E1 "Super Mule" – prototypes for 3/4 ST, underfloor mid-engined platform-trucks, comparable to, but larger than the M274 "Mechanical Mule"
 * 1959–1982 M151 jeep — Although the M151 was developed and initially produced by Ford, production contracts for the M151A2 were later also awarded to Kaiser Jeep and AM General Corp, a Jeep sister company, once Jeep had become part of AMC.
 * 1970–1982 M151A2
 * M718A1 Ambulance
 * M825 Weapons Platform
 * 1960–1968 Jeep M606
 * 1964 US Navy and USMC variants of the Forward Control FC-170, labeled "Truck, Diesel engine, 7000 lb GVW, 4x4":
 * M676 Truck, Cargo Pickup
 * M677 Truck, Cargo Pickup w/4 Dr. Cab
 * M678 Truck, Carry All
 * M679 Truck, Ambulance
 * 1967–1969 Kaiser Jeep M715 truck — based on the civilian Jeep Gladiator

Jeep CJ
The CJ (for "Civilian Jeep") series were literally the first "Jeep" branded vehicles sold commercially to the civilian public, beginning in 1945 with the CJ-2A, followed by the CJ-3A in 1949 and the CJ-3B in 1953. These early Jeeps are frequently referred to as "flat-fenders" because their front fenders were completely flat and straight, just as on the original WW II model (the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW).

The CJ-4 exists only as a single 1951 prototype and constitutes the "missing link" between the flat-fendered CJ-2A and CJ-3A/B, and the subsequent Jeeps with new bodies, featuring rounded fenders and hoods, beginning with the 1955 CJ-5, first introduced as the military Willys MD (or M38A1). The restyled body was mostly prompted to clear the taller new overhead-valve Hurricane engine.
 * 1944–1945 CJ-2 – pre-production units
 * 1945–1949 CJ-2A
 * 1949–1953 CJ-3A
 * 1953–1968 CJ-3B
 * 1954–1983 CJ-5
 * 1955–1975 CJ-6
 * 1964–1967 CJ-5A/CJ-6A Tuxedo Park
 * 1976–1986 CJ-7
 * 1981–1985 CJ-8 Scrambler
 * 1981–1985 CJ-10

Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck
With over 300,000 wagons and variants built in the U.S., it was one of Willys' most successful post-World War II models. Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs.
 * The 1946–1965 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and the
 * 1947–1965 Willys Jeep Truck shared much in terms of styling and engineering.

Willys / Jeep Jeepster & (Jeepster) Commando
The Jeepster introduced in 1948 was directly based on the rear-wheel-drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis, and shared many of the same parts.
 * 1948–1950 Willys VJ Jeepster
 * 1948–1949 VJ2 Jeepster
 * 1949–1951 VJ3 Jeepster

(Jeepster) Commando
 * 1966–1971 C101—Jeepster Commando
 * Hurst Jeepster (only 100 produced)
 * Hurst Half Cab
 * Revival Jeepster
 * Commando convertible
 * open body roadster
 * 1972–1973 C104—Jeep Commando
 * Commando Half Cab

Jeep Forward Control

 * The 1956–1965 Jeep Forward Control was built in both civilian and military models. The civilian versions were:
 * FC-150
 * FC-160—Spain, India
 * FC-170

Jeep DJ and Fleetvan
From 1955 onwards Willys offered two-wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use, called DJ models (for 'Dispatcher Jeep'), in both open and closed body styles. A well-known version was the right-hand drive model with sliding side-doors, used by the US Postal service.

In 1961 the range was expanded with the 'Fleetvan' delivery van, based on DJ Jeeps.
 * 1955 USAF DJ
 * 1955–1964 DJ-3A
 * 1965–1975 DJ-5
 * 1965–1973 DJ-6
 * 1967–1975 DJ-5A
 * 1970–1972 DJ-5B
 * 1973–1974 DJ-5C
 * 1975–1976 DJ-5D
 * 1976 DJ-5E Electruck
 * 1977–1978 DJ-5F
 * 1979 DJ-5G
 * 1982 DJ-5L

Fleetvan Jeep
 * 1961–1975 Fleetvan
 * FJ-3
 * FJ-3A
 * FJ-6
 * FJ-6A
 * FJ-8
 * FJ-9

SJ Wagoneer, Cherokee and pickups
SUV models (1962–1991)
 * 1962–1983 SJ Wagoneer
 * 1966–1969 SJ Super Wagoneer
 * 1974–1983 SJ Cherokee
 * 1984–1991 SJ Grand Wagoneer

Pickup models (1962–1988)
 * 1962–1971 Jeep Gladiator (SJ)
 * 1971–1988 Jeep pickup truck (J-)

Jeep Cherokee (XJ) and Comanche

 * 1984–2001 XJ Cherokee
 * 1984–1990 XJ Wagoneer
 * 1984–1985 Broughwood
 * 1984–1990 Limited
 * 1986–1992 Jeep Comanche (MJ)

Jeep Wrangler

 * 1987–1995 Jeep Wrangler YJ
 * 1991–1993 Renegade
 * 1988–1995 Wrangler Long—Venezuela
 * 1995 Wrangler Rio Grande
 * 1997–2006 Wrangler TJ
 * 2002 TJ Se, X, Sport, Sahara models
 * 2003 TJ Rubicon, Rubicon Tomb Raider Edition, Sahara, Sport, X, Se models, Freedom Edition
 * 2004–2006 TJ Long Wheel Base (LJ) Unlimited (15 in longer than a standard TJ) Rubicon, Sport, X, Se models
 * 2004–2005 Willys Edition (2004–1997 made, 2005–2001 made)
 * 2004 Columbia Edition
 * 2005 Rubicon Sahara Unlimited TJ LWB (LJ) (1000 made)
 * 2006 Golden Eagle Edition, 65 Year Anniversary Edition (1,675 Black 65th Anniversary Editions made)
 * 2007–2011 TJL AEV Brute: Compact pickup truck, 2-door version; produced by AEV with the Jeep logo.
 * 2007–2018 Wrangler JK
 * 2007–2009 JK Rubicon, Sahara, X
 * 2010 JK Rubicon, Sahara, Mountain, Islander, and Sport Editions
 * 2011 70th Anniversary, Call of Duty: Black Ops, Mojave, and Oscar Mike Military (200 made) Editions
 * 2011 JK-8 Independence – a MOPAR JK pick-up conversion kit, mirroring the 1980s CJ-8 Scrambler pick-up
 * 2013 Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition
 * 2013–2017 Brute Double Cab: Pickup truck, 4-door version, produced by American Expedition Vehicles
 * 2014 Willys Wheeler Edition
 * 2017 – Jeep Wrangler JL
 * 2019 – Jeep Gladiator JT

Grand Cherokee

 * 1993–1998 Grand Cherokee ZJ
 * 1993–1995 Base SE
 * 1993–1998 Laredo
 * 1993–1998 Limited
 * 1995–1997 Orvis "Limited Edition"
 * 1997–1998 TSi
 * 1998 5.9 Limited
 * 1993 ZJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer
 * 1999–2004 Grand Cherokee WJ Grand Cherokee
 * 2002–2003 Sport
 * 2002–2004 Special edition
 * 2002–2004 Overland
 * 2004 Columbia Edition
 * 2005–2010 Grand Cherokee WK: Five-passenger family-oriented SUV – "WK" is the designator for the 2005–2010 Grand Cherokee, marks the beginning of the -K designation compared to the -J designation
 * 2011–2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee WK2
 * 2021–Present Jeep Grand Cherokee WL

Jeep Liberty / Cherokee

 * 2002–2007 Jeep Liberty KJ or Jeep Cherokee (KJ) outside North America
 * Sport
 * Limited
 * Renegade
 * 2003 Freedom Edition
 * 2004–05 Rocky Mountain Edition
 * 2004 Columbia Edition
 * 2006 65th Anniversary Edition
 * 2007 Latitude Edition (replaced Renegade)
 * 2008–2012 Jeep Liberty KK or Jeep Cherokee (KK) outside North America

Jeep Commander

 * 2006–2010 Jeep Commander (XK)
 * 2006 Base
 * 2007–2010 Sport
 * 2006–2010 Limited
 * 2007–2009 Overland

Jeep Compass and Patriot platform

 * 2007–2017 Jeep Compass MK49
 * 2017–present Jeep Compass MP/552
 * 2006–2017 Jeep Patriot (MK74): Compact sport utility vehicle

Concepts and prototypes

 * 1944 CJ-1 prototype
 * 1949 Alcoa Aluminum-bodied Jeepster Coupe (prototype)
 * 1949–1950 X-98 prototype; with flat fenders, but a rounded hood and grille like the CJ-5, it may have been the first F-head-powered Jeep
 * 1950 CJ-4 prototype
 * 1950 CJ-4M prototype
 * 1950 CJ-4MA prototype
 * 1952 CJ Coiler: experimental design for an all independent suspension, with portal-hub swing-axles and coil-springs
 * 1958 DJ-3A Pickup: Prototype pickup truck version of the DJ-3A
 * 1958 Jeep Creep: prototype utility vehicle; several versions built for tests, including a Postal rig and an aircraft tug
 * 1959 Jeep J-100 Malibu and Berkeley: Later developed into the Wagoneer
 * 1960 Jeep Wide-Trac: Concept for developing a low-cost vehicle for third-world countries
 * 1962 The Brazilian Jeepster (prototype)
 * 1963 Jeep XM-200: J200-based concept for developing a low-cost vehicle for third-world countries
 * 1965 Jeep/Renault Model H: A light 4x4 prototype based on the Renault 16
 * 1966 FWD Concept Jeepvair: Similar to the Model H but with a Chevrolet Corvair powertrain
 * 1970 XJ001
 * 1970 XJ002
 * 1971 Jeep Cowboy: A design study using AMC's "compact" automobile platform
 * 1977 Jeep II
 * 1979 Jeep Jeepster II
 * 1986 Cherokee Targa: A two-door Cherokee convertible (later revised as Jeep Freedom show car)
 * 1987 Comanche Thunderchief: This vehicle was put into production later as the Comanche Eliminator
 * 1989 Jeep Concept 1: Evolved into the ZJ Grand Cherokee
 * 1989 Jeep Rubicon Wrangler: This vehicle was later put in production
 * 1990 Jeep JJ: Essentially what would later be called the Icon
 * 1990 Jeep Freedom: A revised Cherokee Targa
 * 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000: A large design concept
 * 1993 Jeep Ecco
 * 1997 Jeep Cherokee Casablanca: A special edition of Cherokee, never produced
 * 1997 Jeep Wrangler Ultimate Res: A tuned version of a regular TJ Wrangler developed for SEMA show
 * 1997 Fender Jeep Wrangler
 * 1997 Jeep Dakar: A fused version of a XJ Cherokee and TJ Wrangler
 * 1997 Jeep Icon: A design study for the next-generation Wrangler
 * 1999 Jeep Commander: methanol fuel cell drive train with electric motors
 * 1999 Jeep Journey
 * 1999 Jeep Jeepster Concept
 * 2000 Jeep Cherokee Total Exposure
 * 2000 Jeep Varsity: Later put into production as the Compass
 * 2000 Jeep Commander Concept: Later put into production as the XK
 * 2000 Jeep Willys
 * 2001 Jeep Willys2
 * 2002 Jeep Wrangler Tabasco
 * 2002 Jeep Wrangler Patriot: A special decal package for the Wrangler X/Sport
 * 2002 Jeep Wrangler Mountain Biker
 * 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ) Concierge
 * 2004 Jeep Treo
 * 2004 Jeep Res
 * 2004 Jeep Liberator CRD
 * 2005 Jeep Hurricane: The 4-wheel steering system allows the vehicle to have both a zero turning circle, and "crab" sideways. Its engine was later put in the Grand Cherokee (WK) SRT-8
 * 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept
 * 2005 Jeep Aggressor (the Rezo)
 * 2007 Jeep Trailhawk
 * 2008 Jeep Renegade
 * 2010 Jeep J8
 * 2010 Jeep Nukizer: Design study inspired by the Military Kaiser M-715
 * 2011 Jeep Wrangler Pork Chop
 * 2011 Jeep Compass Canyon: uses a 2+1/8 in lift
 * 2011 Jeep Cherokee Overland
 * 2012 Jeep Mighty FC: inspired by the 1956 to 1965 Forward Control vehicles Jeep sold
 * 2012 Jeep J-12 Concept: recalling the 1962–1971 Gladiator pickups
 * 2013 Jeep Wrangler Mopar Recon
 * 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trailhawk EcoDiesel
 * 2013 Jeep Wrangler Stitch
 * 2013 Jeep Wrangler Flattop: featuring a one-piece, windowless hardtop
 * 2014 Jeep Wrangler Level Red
 * 2014 Jeep Cherokee Dakar
 * 2014 Jeep Wrangler MOJO
 * 2015 Jeep Chief
 * 2015 Jeep Wrangler Africa
 * 2015 Jeep Wrangler Red Rock Responder
 * 2015 Jeep Staff Car: a tribute to Jeep's military history starting with WWII

Current models

 * Jeep Renegade: Subcompact Sport Utility Vehicle
 * Jeep Wrangler
 * JK: Standard wheelbase Compact Sport utility vehicle, 2-door version
 * JK Unlimited: Long wheelbase Mid-Size sport utility vehicle, 4-door version
 * J8: Mid-Size military utility vehicle; Produced by AIL, AAV, and AEV.
 * TJL: Compact pickup truck, 2-door version; Produced by AAV.
 * JL: Short (2-door) and long (4-door) wheelbase SUV; in production since November 2017
 * Jeep Gladiator (JT): mid-size pickup truck, went on sale in early 2019 as a 2020 model.
 * Jeep Grand Cherokee: Mid-size sport utility vehicle
 * Jeep Compass: Compact sport utility vehicle
 * Jeep Commander: Mid-size sport utility vehicle, mainly for emerging markets
 * Jeep Wagoneer/Jeep Grand Wagoneer (WS): Full-Size SUVs
 * Jeep Avenger

Upcoming
 * 2024 Jeep Wagoneer S: coupe style EV SUV
 * 2024 Jeep Recon: mid-size EV SUV inspired by the Jeep Wrangler

Jeeps built outside the USA
Jeeps have been built and/or assembled around the world by various companies.
 * Argentina – IKA Jeeps 1956–current; now owned by Chrysler
 * Australia – Willys Motors Australia – 1940s–1980s
 * Brazil – Willys Overland do Brasil, purchased by Ford to become Ford do Brasil – 1957–1985 built the Jeep Rural from 1960 to 1977, and the Troller T4 is a fiberglass bodied Jeep version built in Brazil. Troller was purchased by Ford do Brasil in 2007.
 * Burma/Myanmar – Two Burmese companies produce unlicensed copies of jeeps; Myanmar Jeeps and Chin Dwin Star Jeeps.
 * Canada – Kaiser Jeep – 1959–1969
 * China – Beijing Jeep Corporation – 1983 to 2009 as Beijing-Benz DaimlerChrysler Automotive. Since the 2014 sale of Chrysler and Jeep to FIAT jeeplike and other similar vehicles are now produced by BAIC subsidiary Beijing Automobile Works Co., Ltd. (BAW). Fiat-Chrysler plans to re-open Jeep production in China through a joint venture with Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group (GAIG).
 * Colombia – Willys Colombia – at least until 1999
 * Egypt – Arab Organization for Industrialization subsidiary Arab American Vehicles based in Cairo produces the Jeep Cherokee; the open-top, Wrangler-based Jeep AAV TJL.
 * France – Licence produced jeeps: Hotchkiss M201 and by Cournil (now Auverland) – 1952–1962
 * India – Mahindra & Mahindra Limited – 1960s-current
 * Iran – Pars Khodro, ShahBaaz, Sahra, and Ahoo – ShahBaaz based on DJ series, Sahra based on Jeep Wrangler and CJ series, and Ahoo based on Wagoneer
 * Israel – Automotive Industries which produces the AIL Storm (Sufa) series of Jeep Wrangler-derivatives
 * Italy – 1950s
 * Japan – Mitsubishi Jeeps – 1953–1998
 * Korea – Asia Motors, Ltd, Dong A Motors (SsangYong Motor Company), Keowha, and Kia. (None use Jeep name) – 1980s-current
 * Mexico – VAM Jeeps – 1946–1987
 * Netherlands – Nekaf Jeep, NEKAF and Kemper & Van Twist – 1954–1962
 * Philippines – Jeepneys; MD Juan Willys MB; "E-jeepneys" or minibuses, LSV (low-speed vehicles) which uses electricity. 1979 Jeep-VIASA CJ-6 (6247698156).jpg
 * Portugal – Bravia Sarl – 1960s to 1980s This Lisbon company assembled a number of Kaiser Jeep M-201 models from several Spanish EBRO and VIASA parts built to order for the USAF airfields & the US Army based at the time in Portugal, of the 500 vehicles made, most had American running gear.
 * Russia – Russian company APAL produces the Jeep-like Stalker which utilizes a space frame covered with plastic panels, using Lada Niva chassis and mechanicals.
 * Spain – Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas, S.A (VIASA), absorbed by Ebro trucks, and later sold to Nissan – 1960–1990s For instance built a long-wheelbase version of the CJ-3B from 1955 to 1968.
 * Turkey – Tuzla – 1954–1970s
 * Venezuela – Valencia Carabobo 1962–2011, 1962 Tejerias Edo Aragua Willys de Venezuela, S.A, 1979–2011 Ensambladora Carabobo C.A. Valencia Edo Carabobo

Apparel and sponsorships
Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license. It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China, vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country.

In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth €35 m (US$45.8 m ) with Italian football club Juventus.

In August 2014, Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with the Greek football club AEK Athens F.C.

Jeep has been the title sponsor of France's top men's professional basketball league, LNB Pro A, since 2018. Under the deal, the league markets itself as Jeep Élite.

Sponsorships

 * 🇮🇩 Dewa United
 * 🇮🇹 Juventus
 * 🇴🇲 Al-Nasr
 * Balestier Khalsa

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title: Jeep