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Handball

Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.

Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by, with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by a 6 metre zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective bands, pads and mouth guards.

The modern set of rules was published in 1917 by Karl Schelenz, Max Heiser, and Erich Konigh, on 29 October in Berlin, which is seen as the date of birth of the sport. The rules have had several revisions since. The first official handball match was played in 1917 in Germany. Karl Schelenz modified the rules in 1919. The first international games were played (under these rules) with men in 1925 (between Germany and Belgium) and with women in 1930 (between Germany and Austria).

Men's handball was first played at the Olympics in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin outdoors, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich indoors; handball has been an Olympic sport since then. Women's handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

The International Handball Federation was formed in 1946 and,, has 197 member federations. The sport is most popular in Europe, and European countries have won all medals but one in the men's world championships since 1938. In the women's world championships, only two non-European countries have won the title: South Korea and Brazil. The game also enjoys popularity in East Asia, North Africa and parts of South America.

Origins and development
Games similar to handball were played in Ancient Greece and are represented on amphorae and stone carvings. Although detailed textual reference is rare, there are numerous descriptions of ball games being played where players throw the ball to one another; sometimes this is done in order to avoid interception by a player on the opposing team. Such games were played widely and served as both a form of exercise and a social event.

There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball called expulsim ludere. There are records of handball-like games in medieval France, and among the Inuit in Greenland, in the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech Republic, handbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.

The team handball game of today was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe: primarily in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. The first written set of team handball rules was published in 1906 by the Danish gym teacher, lieutenant and Olympic medalist Holger Nielsen from Ordrup grammar school, north of Copenhagen. The modern set of rules was published by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich Konigh in 1917 on 29 October in Berlin, Germany; this day is therefore seen as the "date of birth" of the sport. The first official handball match was played on 2 December 1917 in Berlin. In 1919 the rules were modified by Karl Schelenz. The first international games were played under these rules, between Germany and Austria by men in 1925 and between Germany and Austria by women in 1930.

In 1926, the Congress of World Athletics (then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation) nominated a committee to draw up international rules for field handball. The International Amateur Handball Federation was formed in 1928 and later the International Handball Federation was formed in 1946.

Men's field handball was played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. During the next several decades, indoor handball flourished and evolved in the Scandinavian countries. The sport re-emerged onto the world stage as men's team handball for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Women's team handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Due to its popularity in the region, the Eastern European countries that refined the event became the dominant force in the sport when it was reintroduced.

The International Handball Federation organised the men's world championship in 1938 and every four (sometimes three) years from World War II to 1995. Since the 1995 world championship in Iceland, the competition has been held every two years. The women's world championship has been held since 1957. The IHF also organizes women's and men's junior world championships. By July 2009, the IHF listed 166 member federations – approximately 795,000 teams and 19 million players.

Rules
The rules are laid out in the IHF's set of rules, most recently published in 2015.

Summary
Two teams of seven players (six court players plus one goalkeeper) take the court and attempt to score points by putting the game ball into the opposing team's goal. In handling the ball, players are subject to the following restrictions:

 * After receiving the ball, players can pass, keep possession, or shoot the ball.
 * Players are not allowed to touch the ball with their feet. The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use their feet, but only within the goal area.
 * If possessing the ball, players must dribble (similar to a basketball dribble), or can take up to three steps for up to three seconds at a time without dribbling.
 * No attacking or defending players other than the defending goalkeeper are allowed to touch the floor of the goal area (within six metres of the goal). A shot or pass in the goal area is valid if completed before touching the floor. Goalkeepers are allowed outside the goal area, but are not allowed to cross the goal area boundary with the ball in their hands.
 * The ball may not be passed back to the goalkeeper when they are positioned in the goal area.

Notable scoring opportunities can occur when attacking players jump into the goal area. For example, an attacking player may catch a pass while launching toward the inside the goal area, and then shoot or pass before touching the floor. Doubling occurs when a diving attacking player passes to another diving teammate.

Playing court
Handball is played on a court 40 x, with a goal in the centre of each end. The goals are surrounded by a near-semicircular area, called the zone or the crease, defined by a line six metres from the goal. A dashed near-semicircular line nine metres from the goal marks the free-throw line. Each line on the court is part of the area it encompasses; the centre line belongs to both halves at the same time.

Goals
The goals are two metres high and three metres wide. They must be securely bolted either to the floor or the wall behind.

The goal posts and the crossbar must be made out of the same material (e.g., wood or aluminium) and feature a quadratic cross section with sides of 8 cm. The three sides of the beams visible from the playing court must be painted alternatingly in two contrasting colors which both have to contrast against the background. The colors on both goals must be the same.

Each goal must feature a net. This must be fastened in such a way that a ball thrown into the goal does not leave or pass the goal under normal circumstances. If necessary, a second net may be clasped to the back of the net on the inside.

Crease
The goals are surrounded by the crease, also called the zone. This area is delineated by two quarter circles with a radius of six metres around the far corners of each goal post and a connecting line parallel to the goal line. Only the defending goalkeeper is allowed inside this zone. However, court players may catch and touch the ball in the air within it as long as the player starts their jump outside the zone and releases the ball before they land (landing inside the perimeter is allowed in this case as long as the ball has been released).

If a player without the ball contacts the ground inside the goal perimeter, or the line surrounding the perimeter, they must take the most direct path out of it. However, should a player cross the zone in an attempt to gain an advantage (e.g., better position) their team cedes the ball. Similarly, violation of the zone by a defending player is penalized only if they do so in order to gain an advantage in defending.

Substitution area
Outside of one long edge of the court to both sides of the middle line are the substitution areas for each team. Team officials, substitutes, and suspended players must wait within this area. A team's area is the same side as the goal the team is defending; during halftime, substitution areas are swapped. Any player entering or leaving the play must cross the substitution line which is part of the side line and extends 4.5 m from the middle line to the team's side.

Duration
A standard match has two 30-minute halves with a 10- or 15-minute (major Championships/Olympics) halftime intermission. At half-time, teams switch sides of the court as well as benches. For youths, the length of the halves is reduced—25 minutes at ages 12 to 15, and 20 minutes at ages 8 to 11; though national federations of some countries may differ in their implementation from the official guidelines.

If a decision must be reached in a particular match (e.g., in a tournament) and it ends in a draw after regular time, there are at maximum two overtimes, each consisting of two straight 5-minute periods with a one-minute break in between. If these does not decide the game either, then the winning team is determined in a penalty shootout (best-of-five rounds; if still tied, extra rounds are added until one team wins).

The referees may call timeout according to their sole discretion; typical reasons are injuries, suspensions, or court cleaning. Penalty throws should trigger a timeout only for lengthy delays, such as a change of the goalkeeper.

Since 2012, teams can call 3 team timeouts per game (up to two per half), which last one minute each. This right may only be invoked by the team in possession of the ball. Team representatives must show a green card marked with a black T on the timekeeper's desk. The timekeeper then immediately interrupts the game by sounding the buzzer to stop the clock. Before 2012, teams were allowed only one timeout per half. For the purpose of calling timeouts, overtime and shootouts are extensions of the second half.

Referees
A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a decision is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of punishments, the more severe of the two comes into effect. The referees are obliged to make their decisions "on the basis of their observations of facts". Their judgements are final and can be appealed against only if not in compliance with the rules. Officials can look to TV replays, as needed.

The referees position themselves in such a way that the team players are confined between them. They stand diagonally aligned so that each can observe one side line. Depending on their positions, one is called court referee and the other goal referee. These positions automatically switch on ball turnover. They physically exchange their positions approximately every 10 minutes (long exchange), and change sides every five minutes (short exchange).

The IHF defines 18 hand signals for quick visual communication with players and officials. The signal for warning is accompanied by a yellow card. A disqualification for the game is indicated by a red card, followed by a blue card if the disqualification will be accompanied by a report. The referees also use whistle blows to indicate infractions or to restart the play.

The referees are supported by a scorekeeper and a timekeeper who attend to formal things such as keeping track of goals and suspensions, or starting and stopping the clock, respectively. They also keep an eye on the benches and notify the referees on substitution errors. Their desk is located between the two substitution areas.

Team players, substitutes, and officials
Each team consists of seven players on court and seven substitute players on the bench. One player on the court must be the designated goalkeeper, differing in his clothing from the rest of the court players. Substitution of players can be done in any number and at any time during game play. An exchange takes place over the substitution line. A prior notification of the referees is not necessary.

Some national bodies, such as the Deutsche Handball Bund (DHB, "German Handball Federation"), allow substitution in junior teams only when in ball possession or during timeouts. This restriction is intended to prevent early specialization of players to offence or defence.

Court players
Court players are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their bodies above and including the knee. As in several other team sports, a distinction is made between catching and dribbling. A player who is in possession of the ball may stand stationary for only three seconds, and may take only three steps. They must then either shoot, pass, or dribble the ball. Taking more than three steps at any time is considered travelling, and results in a turnover. A player may dribble as many times as they want (though, since passing is faster, it is the preferred method of attack), as long as during each dribble the hand contacts only the top of the ball. Therefore, carrying is completely prohibited, and results in a turnover. After the dribble is picked up, the player has the right to another three seconds or three steps. The ball must then be passed or shot, as further holding or dribbling will result in a double dribble turnover and a free throw for the other team. Other offensive infractions that result in a turnover include charging and setting an illegal screen. Carrying the ball into the six-metre zone results either in ball possession by the goalkeeper (by attacker) or turnover (by defender).

Goalkeeper
Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball. Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies, including their feet, with a defensive aim (for other actions, they are subject to the same restrictions as the court players). The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates. A regular court player may substitute for the goalkeeper if a team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players. Prior to 2015, this court player became the designated goalkeeper on the court and had to wear some vest or bib the same color as the goalkeeper's shirt to be identified as such. A rule change meant to make the game more offensive now allows any player to substitute for the goalkeeper without becoming a designated goalkeeper. The new rule resembles the one used in ice hockey. This rule was first used in the women's world championship in December 2015 and has since been used by the men's European championship in January 2016 and by both genders in the Olympic tournament in 2016. This rule change has led to a drastic increase of empty net goals.

If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like football. The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone ("goalkeeper throw"). In a penalty shot or directly taken free throw, throwing the ball against the head of a goalkeeper who is not moving will lead to a direct disqualification ("red card"). Hitting a non moving goalkeeper's head out of regular play will lead to a two-minute suspension as long as the player threw without obstruction.

Outside of own D-zone, the goalkeeper is treated as an ordinary court player, and has to follow court players' rules; holding or tackling an opponent player outside the area risks a direct disqualification. The goalkeeper may not return to the area with the ball. Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover.

Team officials
Each team is allowed to have a maximum of four team officials seated on the benches. An official is anybody who is neither player nor substitute. One official must be the designated representative who is usually the team manager. Since 2012, representatives can call up to 3 team timeouts (up to twice per half), and may address the scorekeeper, timekeeper, and referees (before that, it was once per half); overtime and shootouts are considered extensions of the second half. Other officials typically include physicians or managers. No official is allowed to enter the playing court without the permission of the referees.

Ball
The ball is spherical and must be made either of leather or a synthetic material. It is not allowed to have a shiny or slippery surface. As the ball is intended to be operated by a single hand, its official sizes vary depending on age and gender of the participating teams.

Awarded throws
The referees may award a special throw to a team. This usually happens after certain events such as scored goals, off-court balls, turnovers and timeouts. All of these special throws require the thrower to obtain a certain position, and pose restrictions on the positions of all other players. Sometimes the execution must wait for a whistle blow by the referee.

 * Throw-off: A throw-off takes place from the center of the court. The thrower must touch the middle line with one foot, and all the other offensive players must stay in their half until the referee restarts the game. The defending players must keep a distance of at least three metres from the thrower until the ball leaves his hand. A throw-off occurs at the beginning of each period and after the opposing team scores a goal. It must be cleared by the referees.

 * Modern handball introduced the "fast throw-off" concept; i.e., the play will be immediately restarted by the referees as soon as the executing team fulfills its requirements. Many teams leverage this rule to score easy goals before the opposition has time to form a stable defense line.

 * Throw-in: The team which did not touch the ball last is awarded a throw-in when the ball fully crosses the side line or touches the ceiling. If the ball crosses the outer goal line, a throw-in is awarded only if the defending court players touched the ball last. Execution requires the thrower to place one foot on the nearest outer line to the cause. All defending players must keep a distance of 3 m. However, they are allowed to stand immediately outside their own goal area even when the distance is less than three metres.

 * Goalkeeper-throw: If the ball crosses the outer goal line without interference from the defending team or when deflected by the defending team's goalkeeper, or when the attacking team violates the D-zone as described above, a goalkeeper-throw is awarded to the defending team. This is the most common turnover. The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from anywhere within the goal area.

 * Free-throw: A free-throw restarts the play after an interruption by the referees. It takes places from the spot where the interruption was caused, as long as this spot is outside of the free-throw line of the opposing team. In the latter case, the throw is deferred to the nearest spot on the free-throw line. Free-throws are the equivalent to free-kicks in association football; however, conceding them is typically not seen as poor sportsmanship for the defending side, and in itself, they carry no major disadvantages. (In particular, being awarded a free throw while being on warning for passive play will not reset the warning, whereas a shot on goal will.) The thrower may take a direct attempt for a goal which, however, is rarely feasible if the defending team has organised a defense. However, if a free throw is awarded and the half or game ends, a direct throw at the goal is typically attempted, which occasionally goes in.

 * Seven-metre throw: A seven-metre throw is awarded when a clear chance of scoring is illegally prevented anywhere on the court by an opposing team player, official, or spectator. It is awarded also when the referees have interrupted a legitimate scoring chance for any reason. The thrower steps with one foot behind the 7-metre line with only the defending goalkeeper between him and the goal. The goalkeeper must keep a distance of 3 metres away, which is marked by a short tick on the floor. All other players must remain behind the free-throw line until execution and the defending court players must keep a distance of three metres. The thrower must await the whistle blow of the referee. A seven-metre throw is the equivalent to a penalty kick in association football; however, it is far more common and typically occurs several times in a single game. It is thus tactically similar to free throw percentage in basketball and teams will try to have their best seven metre throwers execute those throws.

Penalties
Penalties are given to players, in progressive format, for fouls that require more punishment than just a free-throw. Actions directed mainly at the opponent and not the ball (such as reaching around, holding, pushing, tripping, and jumping into opponent) as well as contact from the side, from behind a player or impeding the opponent's counterattack are all considered illegal and are subject to penalty. Any infraction that prevents a clear scoring opportunity will result in a seven-metre penalty shot.

Typically the referee will give a warning yellow card for an illegal action; but, if the contact was particularly dangerous, like striking the opponent in the head, neck or throat, the referee can forego the warning for an immediate two-minute suspension. Players are warned once before given a yellow card; they risk being red-carded if they receive three two-minute suspensions.

A red card results in an ejection from the game and a two-minute penalty for the team. A player may receive a red card directly for particularly rough penalties. For instance, any contact from behind during a fast break is now being treated with a red card; as does any deliberate intent to injure opponents. A red-carded player has to leave the playing area completely. A player who is disqualified may be substituted with another player after the two-minute penalty is served. A coach or official can also be penalized progressively. Any coach or official who receives a two-minute suspension will have to pull out one of their players for two minutes; however, the player is not the one punished, and can be substituted in again, as the penalty consists of the team playing with one fewer player than the opposing team.

After referees award the ball to the opponents for whatever reason, the player currently in possession of the ball has to lay it down quickly, or risk a two-minute suspension. Also, gesticulating or verbally questioning the referee's order, as well as arguing with the officials' decisions, will normally risk a yellow card. If the suspended player protests further, does not walk straight off the court to the bench, or if the referee deems the tempo deliberately slow, that player risks a double yellow card. Illegal substitution (outside of the dedicated area, or if the replacement player enters too early) is prohibited; if they do, they risk a yellow card.

Formations
Players are typically referred to by the positions they are playing. The positions are always denoted from the view of the respective goalkeeper, so that a defender on the right opposes an attacker on the left. However, not all of the following positions may be occupied depending on the formation or potential suspensions.

Offense

 * Left and right wingman. These typically are fast players who excel at ball control and wide jumps from the outside of the goal perimeter in order to get into a better shooting angle at the goal. Teams usually try to occupy the left position with a right-handed player and vice versa.
 * Left and right backcourt. Goal attempts by these players are typically made by jumping high and shooting over the defenders. Thus, it is usually advantageous to have tall players with a powerful shot for these positions.
 * Centre backcourt. A player with experience is preferred on this position who acts as playmaker and the handball equivalent of a basketball point guard.
 * Pivot (left and right, if applicable), also commonly called "line player". This player tends to intermingle with the defence, setting picks and attempting to disrupt the defence's formation. This position requires the least jumping skills; but ball control and physical strength are advantages.

Sometimes, the offense uses formations with two pivot players.

Defense
There are many variations in defensive formations. Usually, they are described as n:m formations, where n is the number of players defending at the goal line and m the number of players defending more offensive. Exceptions are the 3:2:1 defense and n+m formation (e.g. 5+1), where m players defend some offensive player in man coverage (instead of the usual zone coverage).
 * Far left and far right. The opponents of the wingmen.
 * Half left and half right. The opponents of the left and right backcourts.
 * Back center (left and right). Opponent of the pivot.
 * Front center. Opponent of the center backcourt, may also be set against another specific backcourt player.

Offensive play
Attacks are played with all court players on the side of the defenders. Depending on the speed of the attack, one distinguishes between three attack waves with a decreasing chance of success:

 * First wave: First wave attacks are characterised by the absence of defending players around their goal perimeter. The chance of success is very high, as the throwing player is unhindered in his scoring attempt. Such attacks typically occur after an intercepted pass or a steal, and if the defending team can switch fast to offence. The far left or far right will usually try to run the attack, as they are not as tightly bound in the defence. On a turnover, they immediately sprint forward and receive the ball halfway to the other goal. Thus, these positions are commonly held by quick players.

 * Second wave: If the first wave is not successful and some defending players have gained their positions around the zone, the second wave comes into play: the remaining players advance with quick passes to locally outnumber the retreating defenders. If one player manages to step up to the perimeter or catches the ball at this spot, he becomes unstoppable by legal defensive means. From this position, the chance of success is naturally very high. Second wave attacks became much more important with the "fast throw-off" rule.

 * Third wave: The time during which the second wave may be successful is very short, as then the defenders closed the gaps around the zone. In the third wave, the attackers use standardised attack patterns usually involving crossing and passing between the back court players who either try to pass the ball through a gap to their pivot, take a jumping shot from the backcourt at the goal, or lure the defence away from a wingman.

The third wave evolves into the normal offensive play when all defenders not only reach the zone, but gain their accustomed positions. Some teams then substitute specialised offence players. However, this implies that these players must play in the defence should the opposing team be able to switch quickly to offence. The latter is another benefit for fast playing teams.

If the attacking team does not make sufficient progress (eventually releasing a shot on goal), the referees can call passive play (since 1995, the referee gives an advance warning by holding one hand high, signalling that the attacking team should release a shot soon), turning control over to the other team. A shot on goal or an infringement leading to a yellow card or two-minute penalty will mark the start of a new attack, causing the hand to be taken down; but a shot blocked by the defense or a normal free throw will not. This rule prevents an attacking team from stalling the game indefinitely, as it is difficult to intercept a pass without at the same time conceding dangerous openings towards the goal.

Defensive play
The usual formations of the defense are 6–0, when all the defense players line up between the 6 m and 9 m lines to form a wall; the 5–1, when one of the players cruises outside the 9 m perimeter, usually targeting the center forwards while the other 5 line up on the 6 m line; and the less common 4–2 when there are two such defenders out front. Very fast teams will also try a 3–3 formation which is close to a switching man-to-man style. The formations vary greatly from country to country, and reflect each country's style of play. 6–0 is sometimes known as "flat defense", and all other formations are usually called "offensive defense".

Organization
Handball teams are usually organised as clubs. On a national level, the clubs are associated in federations which organize matches in leagues and tournaments.

International body
The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for international handball. Handball is an Olympic sport played during the Summer Olympics.

The IHF organizes world championships, held in odd-numbered years, with separate competitions for men and women. The IHF World Men's Handball Championship 2023 title holders are Denmark. The IHF World Women's Handball Championship 2021 title holder is Norway.

The IHF is composed of five continental federations: Asian Handball Federation, African Handball Confederation, Pan-American Team Handball Federation, European Handball Federation and Oceania Handball Federation. These federations organize continental championships held every other second year. Handball is played during the Pan American Games, All-Africa Games, and Asian Games. It is also played at the Mediterranean Games. In addition to continental competitions between national teams, the federations arrange international tournaments between club teams.

International competitions

 * Nor.Ca. Handball Championship (men, women)

Europe

 * Austria: Handball Liga Austria
 * Belgium: BENE-League Handball (shared competition with the Netherlands)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina: Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Croatia: Croatian First League of Handball
 * Czech Republic: Czech Handball Extraliga
 * Denmark: Damehåndboldligaen (women), Jack & Jones Ligaen (men)
 * England: England Handball Association
 * Finland: Finnish Handball League
 * France: Liqui Moly Starligue (men), Ligue Butagaz Énergie (women)
 * Germany: Handball-Bundesliga, Handball-Bundesliga (women)
 * Greece: Greek Men's handball championship
 * Hungary: Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men), Nemzeti Bajnokság I (women)
 * Iceland: Olís deildin
 * Israel: Ligat Winner
 * Italy: Serie A Gold
 * Montenegro: First League (men), First League (women), Second League (men), Second League (women)
 * Netherlands: BENE-League Handball (shared competition with Belgium), Eredivisie (women)
 * North Macedonia: Macedonian Handball Super League
 * Norway: Eliteserien (men's handball), Eliteserien (women's handball)
 * Poland: Polish Superliga (men's handball), Ekstraklasa (women's handball)
 * Portugal: Andebol 1 (men), 1ª Divisão Feminino (women)
 * Romania: Liga Națională (men), Liga Naţională (women)
 * Russia: Men's Championship, Women's Championship, Women's Handball Cup, Men's Handball Cup, Women's Handball Super Cup, Men's Handball Super Cup
 * Scotland: Scottish Handball League
 * Serbia: Serbian First League of Handball
 * Slovakia: Slovenská hadzanárska extraliga
 * Slovenia: Slovenian First League of Handball, Handball Cup of Slovenia
 * Spain: Liga ASOBAL, División de Plata de Balonmano
 * Sweden: Handbollsligan (men), Svensk handbollselit (women)
 * Turkey: Handball Super League (men), Women's Handball Super League (women)

Other

 * Angola: Angola Men's Handball League (men), Angola Women's Handball League (women)
 * Argentina: Confederación Argentina de Handball
 * Australia: Australian Handball Club Championship, Handball League Australia, Australian National Handball Championship (States)
 * Egypt: Egyptian Handball League
 * Japan: Japan Handball League
 * Korea: Handball Korea League
 * Tahiti: Tahitian Handball League
 * United States: USA Team Handball Nationals, USA Team Handball College Nationals

Attendance records
The worldwide attendance record for seven-a-side handball was set on 10 January 2024 in Düsseldorf, Germany, during the two opening matches of the 2024 European Men's Handball Championship. The two games (France versus North Macedonia and Germany against Switzerland) were played in front of 53,586 spectators.

Commemorative coins
Handball events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Handball commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. On the coin, the modern athlete directs the ball in his hands towards his target, while in the background the ancient athlete is just about to throw a ball, in a game known as cheirosphaira, in a representation taken from a black-figure pottery vase of the Archaic period.

The most recent commemorative coin featuring handball is the British 50 pence coin, part of the series of coins commemorating the London 2012 Olympic Games.

title: Handball


text:
Talk:Handball

WikiProject Handball?
Since I joined Wikipedia, I have wondered why there is no WikiProject Handball. If anyone would be interested in starting such a project, please comment on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sports. Mentoz86 (talk) 12:40, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Hey Mentos86 I've stared the WikiProject Handball some month ago. You can add yourself in the list of the Project Members.--Malo95 (talk) 10:42, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Locations
There is little information on where the sport is popular, where professional leagues are based etc, as there is for many other sport's articles. Would it be a good idea to include this as many English speaking people will be coming across the sport for the first time during the Olympics? 1 August 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.198.138 (talk) 09:30, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Link to rules of the game
The link to the rules of the game was unsuccessful as it has changed to:

http://ihf.info/TheGame/StatutesandRegulations/tabid/88/Default.aspx

Dave 58.178.13.200 (talk) 11:34, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Popularity in different countries
There must be information on this. (And if I'm not mistaken, there WAS when I read this article a couple of months or years ago.) Here in Germany and many other continental European countries, handball is the second most popular team sport, whereas in most English-speaking countries it's not popular at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.83.238.146 (talk) 00:24, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move. --  tariq abjotu  17:44, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

– I suggest that this article should be renamed to "handball". This sport is the by far most popular sport named "handball", and per Wikipedia policy the most common name should be used. Kebabipita (talk) 19:30, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Team handball → Handball
 * Handball → Handball (disambiguation)

 * Oppose I would say that the foul in soccer is more common and "popular" than any sport called "handball" -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 05:07, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment. Handball is a disambiguation page, and thus evidence needs to be provided to prove that the sport should be the primary topic for the term "Handball". There was no such consensus back in December 2012. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:23, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per detailed statistics given (from the RM 2012) at Talk:Handball. Disclaimer: I was the proposer for that RM. I feel that the "no consensus" outcome of that RM was the result of arguments similar to the one given by 76.65.128.222: "don't know what it is, but I know what is handball in soccer"; ignorance is not a compelling argument. Fresh statistics say that Team Handball has 128000 views in last 90 days, next competitor has 14500, while handball (soccer) has mere 373. Those are just not comparable in encyclopedic value and international importance. No such user (talk) 09:58, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'll repeat my suggestion from the earlier discussion: There's an obvious graph similarity between "Handball" and "Team handball" incoming trafffic, and conversely a different pattern of traffic for American and Gaelic handball. The argument that the term "handball" is too generic to point to any one primary topic has merit, but that doesn't mean we can't experiment a bit - Redirect "Handball" to the presumed primary topic, and then revisit the issue after a month or so by comparing the number of clicks on the hatnote to the overall traffic - IOW analyzing the specific statistic that can void the presumption of primary topic. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 10:42, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Weak support but only because people looking for "Handball" seem to invariably end up at Team handball anyway. There are a lot of variants of handball, and to say that any one has primacy might be going a little too far, but let's see how this goes. – PeeJay 10:52, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I believe the Olympic sport "handball", which we call "team handball" is the primary topic of "handball, and that is supported by the statistics for page-views, so I'd support moving the disambiguation-page to Handball (disambiguation). I don't know if "team handball" is called that for dab-reasons, or if the sport is actually called that in English sources; I'd support both moving "Team handball" to "Handball" or redirecting "Handball" to "Team handball", but I don't know which option is the best. Mentoz86 (talk) 10:59, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Let me explain a little bit. If we move the disambiguation page away and redirect the term to this article, then we'll see the number of people who search for "Handball" at http://stats.grok.se/en/latest/Handball and we'll see the number of people who arrive at team handball but then click on the hatnote at http://stats.grok.se/en/latest/Handball_(disambiguation) If these two numbers end up being similar, that will mean that the redirect has pointed too many people to the wrong place, and we'll revert - there's no primary topic. If the number of people who went to the disambiguation page comes up comparatively small, then we'll be able to say that team handball is indeed the primary topic. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 12:37, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with that. Count my opinion below as supporting this alternative first and for now. 10:52, 9 August 2013 (UTC)Shanes (talk)

 * Comment - I was bumped by Joy, for which thanks, I'd seen this RM but not felt able to comment, as agreed with 76.65.128.222 that the soccer use is at least as meaningful in UK. The park game in America, but I have no idea re how strong the olympic sport is worldwide, it probably is primary outside UK and US. I can't see the harm in Joy's suggestion. In fact it might be good for titling as a whole to try it as an experiment. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:16, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Of all these different types of Handball the Olympic sport, Team Handball, is by far the most popular and well known sport world wide. But it is maybe not so in larger parts of the English speaking world. And this being the English wikipedia one could make the case that the readers here would be much less inclined to read about it than readers of, say, a German, French or Spanish encyclopedia. One could think. But we have reader statistics for this now, as No such user points out. And Team Handball is by far the most read about kind of Handball there is. Right here on the English Wikipedia. When readers type in "Handball" in the search field, almost all of them want to see the article about the Olympic sport. So: give the readers what they want right away and make the move from Team Handball to Handball as proposed. Shanes (talk) 12:48, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per Mentoz86 and WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. --BDD (talk) 17:09, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support as per logic above by Joy. --HighKing (talk) 18:34, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Goalkeeper
The article seems to be self-contradictory regarding rights of the goalkeeper. Section #Summary says that Goalkeepers are allowed outside the goal area, but are not allowed to possess the ball across the goal area boundary (underlining mine). However, section #Goalkeeper says that ''The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates. They may be substituted by a regular field player if their team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players. An anon has recently added something to that effect, : " The goalkeeper can freely move outside when his team is playing offense.''".

As far as I know, the IP is right, and goalkeeper can freely participate in offense. However, that means that #Summary section is wrong (or I misunderstood it, but then it needs clarification). No such user (talk) 08:42, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The summary has what seems to be an old statement, or at least a clear onde. The GK can atack like other player (even if not replaced by a field mate), but there are some restrictions: They cannot cross the goal area boundary line (both ways) with the ball in the hands, and cannot pick a ball that is on the floor outside the goal are, if the GK is inside. Players cannot pass the ball to the GK if he is inside the goal area.Scblaster (talk) 21:22, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Citogenesis
I've just "sourced" the long-unsourced History section from: However, closeness of wording in the book and our article made me uncomfortable, so I researched a bit deeper. The book was published in 2009, while I could swear our wording has been in the article for ages... digging deep through the article history, I discovered that bulk of the material was added in this 2005 revision bu, who is thankfully still around. Citing sources was much looser in those early days, and he just provided an edit summary of "history stuff, gleaned from googling".

So, we seem to have an example of Citogenesis at hand. The book does not contain the required CC-by-SA attribution in its References section on p. 163. Apparently, it can't be considered a RS (being a sort of tertiary encyclopedia), so I'd better revert myself and "glean from googling" a bit deeper. Just sayin'... No such user (talk) 10:41, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

 * It's probably some old IHF or EHF web site where I had found that. We should try to verify the historical factoids in some older sports history book. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 15:39, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Attempt II: here are some useful sources, attributing the "invention" to Danes Holger Nielsen, and maybe Rasmus Nicolaj Ernst, who remains rather obscure:
 * - relatively comprehensive, but does not look terribly reliable
 * - mentions Rasmus Nicolaj Ernst, just added by the anon, as a "co-inventor". However, his name gives about 0 other gbooks hits.
 * - not impeccably reliable, appears to be a student's research. No such user (talk) 15:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * - mentions Rasmus Nicolaj Ernst, just added by the anon, as a "co-inventor". However, his name gives about 0 other gbooks hits.
 * - not impeccably reliable, appears to be a student's research. No such user (talk) 15:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

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Shot types
I think this could expand the article. There is a wide variety of them. There are different classifications.

 * "Non-contextual shots " This represents the vast majority of shots. All they demand is the correct input.
 * Standard Shot : Regular shot taken over the shoulder
 * Hip Shot (left & right): shots taken at the height of the hip
 * Jump Shot: Jumping variant of the standard shot
 * Jumping Hip shots (left & right): Jumping variant of the hip shots
 * "Contextual Shots" These are shots that will activate only if all conditions are met. For example if a ball has good rotation and manages to hit the ground (before GK touches it) it will change direction and circle around the GK.
 * Spin Shots (left & right):The input needs to hip-shot left (or jumping variant) when on the right of the field and vice versa.
 * "skip shot" - similar to waterpolo shot; when ball hits the floor just before the GK - GK goes down and ball goes up in the empty net; very, very rarely used because it's risky, usually as a form of surprise

--- Source: https://sportsregras.com/en/types-of-handball-throws/ --- http://www.danna.it/Risorse/DAN/Public/O_D9046/D9046/Materiali_disponibili/H.handball.html --- http://www.olympichandball.org/wp-content/Basic%20Handball%20Methods.pdf also there is step and throw --- there are also shots like eret, zeppelin... 213.149.62.12 (talk) 00:52, 29 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Throw in Support
 * Throw in Suspension
 * Throwing in Fall
 * Bearing Throw
 * 7-Meter Throwing
 * Balloon Shoot
 * Standing shot
 * Jump shot
 * 1. Shot in Place (Fig. 2)
 * 2. Leaning Back Shot (Fig. 3)
 * 3. Vertical Jump Shot (Fig. 4+5)
 * 4. Stride /Jump Shot (Fig. 6)
 * 5. Shot While Falling
 * Forward Position
 * Backward Position
 * 6. Situational Shots (in particular situations)

Goal post
Why it has atypical rectangular cross section? 213.149.62.12 (talk) 00:56, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

Why...?
Why do the infobox and the article prefer British/international spellings (such as "Olympic progra me " instead of "Olympic program " or "me tres " instead of "me ters " if, on section 4, the header is labeled with the American spelling "Organi za tion" rather than "Organi sa tion"? Also, why refer to players only in the masculine ("he", "his", "him") if there are also women players? A third queston I have is regarding the term "youths" being used instead of "children"/"kids" or "teens". --Fandelasketchup (talk) 21:59, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late answer.
 * First point: Maybe there were people from the USA and UK how wrote this article. I don't see a huge problem. If you like you can change everything to one spelling.
 * Second point: I think the masculine is used by a german speaking person. Because in german the player is masculine. You can rewrite the sentences in a neutral form.
 * Third point: In handball the therme youth is used for male players under 19 years and female players under 18 years. Juniors are under 21 respectively under 20. (See examples under www.ihf.info, section World Championship). children/kids are in handball ca. under 15 years.
 * I hope I was able to help. --Malo95 (talk) 08:28, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I did change everything to American spellings but one of your fellow editors reverted it. --Fandelasketchup (talk) 11:42, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Adhesive material
There is very little information in the article regarding the adhesive substance used in handball (handball glue/resin?). Can someone with sufficient knowledge on the subject write a section on it's rules/different types/history? StillUnsure (talk) 21:45, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Text error on one image 'Positions of attacking (red) and defending players (blue), in a 6–0 defense formation'
The red offensive team logically can't have a "Right backcourt" on the left side of their position and to be correct the left RB should say LB. DosCrunchyTaco (talk) 02:15, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:09, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1972, MiNr 1757.jpg

followup to move discussion
These days we have clickstream stats, and WikiNav which can render the last couple of months, and https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Handball shows that in October '23 the hatnote was #1 link in the article, but with only 486 identified clickstreams compared to the incoming traffic of 46.1k, which is ~1%. From there, that traffic scatters to a number of destinations, https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Handball_%28disambiguation%29 onto (in order) American handball, Australian handball, Handball (schoolyard game), Gaelic handball, Handball (association football), Chinese handball, but also back to handball and some other smaller destinations. --Joy (talk) 13:02, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

While at it, I found some curious incoming redirects, cf. https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&start=2015-07&end=2023-11&pages=Hand_ball|Hand_Ball|Hand-Ball|HandBall|Hand-ball and moved them back to disambiguation. --Joy (talk) 15:36, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Handball


text:
Talk:Historian

Super Historians
What makes a historian "super." I can think of several who are very important in the field of the crusades alone. Joshua Prawer and Johnathon Riley-Smith seem obvious. Robert Chazen has made great contributions in the field of Jewish history. W.G. Godfrey, Ian Mckay, David Frank and Bumsted, all seem "super" in the field of Canadian History. I would argue this: "The consistent development of new fields and sub-fields has led to the demise of the so called "Super" historians like Gibbon and Ranke, and given rise to a new more specialized group of academics." Or something like that.MedievalScholar 18:45, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That entire "super historian" bit is pretty silly. "There has always been a class of..." Maybe it's just me, but all that section did was make me laugh a whole lot. It should probably be deleted, unless the author of the book that was cited actually had a good point to make - and in that case the section should be rewritten. Aibara 00:55, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Wow, this article is SOOO POV it isn't funny.
 * Whiggish analysis? Sounds like it was written by a liberal. To much discussion on the question of "what is history" then "what is a historian". Benkenobi18 (talk) 19:06, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

How about "super plumbers" or "super bankers"? What it really means is "ones I've heard of" and it betrays ignorance. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 23:41, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Twentieth-century developments
This sections reads like a celebration of the shift from history as a literary pursuit to history as an instrument of cultural-marxist propaganda. True, this is the main twentieth-century development in history, but it bears describing not celebrating.  —joeFriday— { talk }  16:02, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I think I did a pretty decent job cleaning that up and at least restoring some semblance of a professional tone to it. Let me know what you think. --Grahamdubya (talk) 00:47, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

A historian or An Historian?
Both usages are ok. Here's some proof from across the 20th century--titles of books by very famous historians noted for their fine style (not merely a passage in the text): 1) How good an historian shall I be?': R.G. Collingwood, the historical imagination and education by Marnie Hughes-Warrington (Academic Press 2004); 2) An historian in the twentieth century: chapters in intellectual autobiography by Max Beloff, (Yale University Press, 1992); 3) To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian by Stephen E. Ambrose (2003); 4) The recreations of an historian by George Macaulay Trevelyan (1919); 5) Milton as an historian by Charles Harding Firth, (1908). Rjensen (talk) 05:16, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * If both usages are ok, then we should use the version that is most common. This google trends link ( http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=an+historian%2Ca+historian&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3 ) show that the usage of "an historian" fell below the usage of "a historian" in literature sometime in the 1890s. In fact, the trends indicate that the usage of "a historian" vs. "an historian" is roughly three times as much in current literature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.11.29.16 (talk) 00:35, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia relies on the RS, and the RS are clear enough. What uninformed people do on their private websites is NOT considered by Wikipedia to be acceptable for RS. Furthermore, when two usages are acceptable editors defer to the first editor. It's rude indeed for an newbie anonymous person with no editing experience whatever to barge in and impose his personal preferences. Rjensen (talk) 00:55, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Very well then. This article was created in October 2001. The first usage of the word 'historian' in conjunction with an article occurred on August 31, 2004 ( http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historian&oldid=5559705 ). In this version, the article used is "a", as in "a historian." Furthermore, the google trends link uses data collected from published literature (unless you think that 'uninformed people' had published websites in the 1800s?). I believe that qualifies under RS for this matter. As you can see, no personal preference was imposed by anyone during the editing of this page. As Wikipedia is a wiki that can be anonymously edited by anyone, I do not feel the need for an account to show off my 'seniority.' I believe that the edits made to an article must be made using hard factual evidence, as in this case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.11.29.16 (talk) 01:34, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

I've changed the article back. "A historian" is the most common usage -- indeed it's even used by Rjensen! -Ben (talk) 13:59, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Manchester University: Original research into the undergraduate programme
I think a mention should be made of T.F. Tout and C.H. Firth, the Manchester university system and resistance at Oxbridge to accept that undergraduates should do research with primary sources: As T.F. Tout's Wikipedia entry says: "Tout also introduced original research into the undergraduate programme, culminating in the production of a Final Year thesis based on primary sources. This horrified Oxbridge, where college tutors had little research capacity of their own and saw the undergraduate as an embryonic future gentleman, liberal connoisseur, widely-read, and mainstay of country and empire in politics, commerce, army, land or church, not an apprentice to dusty, centuries-old archives, wherein no more than 1 in 100 could find even an innocuous career. As to which, they had a fair case, given the various likelihoods and opportunities for their charges. Tout's ally Firth fought a bitter war to persuade Oxford to follow Manchester and introduce scientific study of sources into the History programme, but failed. So, too, at Cambridge. Other universities, however, followed Tout, and Oxbridge - very slowly - had to face up to the fact, with fundamental changes to the selection of college fellows across all disciplines."

As I know nothing about it, and the section in is not sourced T.F. Tout, I think it would be interesting to have a section in this article about this change with reliable sources. --PBS (talk) 08:01, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

14.98.219.249 Deletion of Historian
Regarding your restoring what I'd deleted on the Wikipedia page titled "Historian", I don't have any questions (other than the obvious). Let me give you reasons why I'd done what I'd done. 1) The page is on historians, and the first Indian historian proper is Kalhan, who wrote a history of Kashmir in the 12th century AD. He isn't even mentioned in the section that I'd deleted. If he is, chronologically speaking, he should be moved to after the China section, which has written histories by known specific individuals (historians) from the BC era. (In fact, it should come after Livy, Josephus, Suetonius, Procopius, Bede, etc., all of whom, shockingly, find no mention anywhere on the page.) Instead, the section starts with "India has a long record of historiography with chronicles being maintained by dynasties, monks and communities", which is not at all true, there being neither names of any historians, or even individuals who could be labelled historians, nor any texts which can even loosely be called history from India right upto Kalhan's time. If you have any such knowledge, kindly share it with me. 2) Nobody can call the Vedas history of any sort. They do not describe any kind of history at all. Some of the Puranas do have creation stories and lists of rulers, but then, as I'd pointed out, Hesiod's Theogony is also a creation story and even the opening chapters of Genesis are basically a creation myth. Further, the OT books from Judges to Chronicles 2 all have king lists, etc. These have no place in this article, and so neither should the Vedas or Puranas. 3) The Mahabharata and Ramayana are, likewise, epics, which belong to mythography and not historiography or history, just as the Iliad and the Odyssey (and even the Aenied, for that matter). Hence, my comparison with Homer as well. 4) The last line of the section reads "Jain and Buddhist monks also chronicled many events in ancient India in their scriptures.[11]", the footnote citation being "Michael S. Dodson, "Contesting Translations: Orientalism and the Interpretation of the 'Vedas,'" Modern Intellectual History, (Apr 2007) 4#1 pp 43-59". The line itself is not at all substantiated, as it should be, which makes it a stub. The first page of the cited paper, from which the abstract is clearly visible, is on the following webpage: http://universitypublishingonline.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9788175968721&cid=CBO9788175968721A010. Kindly read it and let me know if it qualifies as an appropriate citation to the matter at hand. If it does give any information about those Jain and Buddhist monks, then that should have been mentioned in the text of the section. 5) The Wikipedia page on historiography has no mention of India whatsoever (which, as I've tried to point out to you, is justified), so how can its page on historians have a section on India. These are my reasons for deleting the section on Indian "historians". What is written there doesn't qualify for the page, while many who should have been mentioned (cf. Point 1) aren't. If you still find my reasons non-constructive, kindly do let me know and give me your reasons. Sincerely, 14.98.219.249 (talk) 18:17, 23 August 2012 (UTC) 14.98.219.249 Hillabear10 (talk) 18:42, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Inventing history
Before modern history, historians felt it their privilege to invent missing bits of history. Studying the tendency of historians to do this became a subject in itself (though I forget the name for this subject). It would be useful if a new section of this article discussed this subject. FreeFlow99 (talk) 15:20, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

Human?
"A historian is a human who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it" reads the first line. Should it not be a person as apposed to human? I didn't think any other species studies and writes about the past.  Rob van  vee  14:52, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I've changed it. It's just political correctness gone mad. GrindtXX (talk) 23:42, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

. The British historians wrote history from their perspective. However, there were also those who were objective in their approach. What does that mean?
Hi 2A02:9B0:8001:AE8E:543A:FAB:1FD9:F965 (talk) 18:39, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Protection Request
I’d like for this page to be semi-protected. Looks like it’s been hit with a lot of trollery and WP:VANDALISM. -AuburnFan7 (talk) 16:26, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I already did the deed. For future reference, the place to request page protection is WP:RFPP. Cheers Girth Summit  (blether)  16:57, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Perfect, thanks! -AuburnFan7 (talk) 16:59, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historian


text:
Hilbert's basis theorem

In mathematics Hilbert's basis theorem asserts that every ideal of a polynomial ring over a field has a finite generating set (a finite basis in Hilbert's terminology).

In modern algebra, rings whose ideals have this property are called Noetherian rings. Every field, and the ring of integers are Noetherian rings. So, the theorem can be generalized and restated as: every polynomial ring over a Noetherian ring is also Noetherian.

The theorem was stated and proved by David Hilbert in 1890 in his seminal article on invariant theory, where he solved several problems on invariants. In this article, he proved also two other fundamental theorems on polynomials, the Nullstellensatz (zero-locus theorem) and the syzygy theorem (theorem on relations). These three theorems were the starting point of the interpretation of algebraic geometry in terms of commutative algebra. In particular, the basis theorem implies that every algebraic set is the intersection of a finite number of hypersurfaces.

Another aspect of this article had a great impact on mathematics of the 20th century; this is the systematic use of non-constructive methods. For example, the basis theorem asserts that every ideal has a finite generator set, but the original proof does not provide any way to compute it for a specific ideal. This approach was so astonishing for mathematicians of that time that the first version of the article was rejected by Paul Gordan, the greatest specialist of invariants of that time, with the comment "This is not mathematics. This is theology." Later, he recognized "I have convinced myself that even theology has its merits."

Statement
If $$R$$ is a ring, let $$R[X]$$ denote the ring of polynomials in the indeterminate $$X$$ over $$R$$. Hilbert proved that if $$R$$ is "not too large", in the sense that if $$R$$ is Noetherian, the same must be true for $$R[X]$$. Formally,

"Hilbert's Basis Theorem. If $R$ is a Noetherian ring, then $R[X]$ is a Noetherian ring." "Corollary. If $R$ is a Noetherian ring, then $R[X_1,\dotsc,X_n]$ is a Noetherian ring."

This can be translated into algebraic geometry as follows: every algebraic set over a field can be described as the set of common roots of finitely many polynomial equations. Hilbert proved the theorem (for the special case of polynomial rings over a field) in the course of his proof of finite generation of rings of invariants.

Hilbert produced an innovative proof by contradiction using mathematical induction; his method does not give an algorithm to produce the finitely many basis polynomials for a given ideal: it only shows that they must exist. One can determine basis polynomials using the method of Gröbner bases.

Proof
Theorem. If $$R$$ is a left (resp. right) Noetherian ring, then the polynomial ring $$R[X]$$ is also a left (resp. right) Noetherian ring.

 * Remark. We will give two proofs, in both only the "left" case is considered; the proof for the right case is similar.

First proof
Suppose $$\mathfrak a \subseteq R[X]$$ is a non-finitely generated left ideal. Then by recursion (using the axiom of dependent choice) there is a sequence of polynomials $$\{ f_0, f_1, \ldots \}$$ such that if $$\mathfrak b_n$$ is the left ideal generated by $$f_0, \ldots, f_{n-1}$$ then $$f_n \in \mathfrak a \setminus \mathfrak b_n$$ is of minimal degree. By construction, $$\{\deg(f_0), \deg(f_1), \ldots \}$$ is a non-decreasing sequence of natural numbers. Let $$a_n$$ be the leading coefficient of $$f_n$$ and let $$\mathfrak{b}$$ be the left ideal in $$R$$ generated by $$a_0,a_1,\ldots$$. Since $$R$$ is Noetherian the chain of ideals

 * $$(a_0)\subset(a_0,a_1)\subset(a_0,a_1,a_2) \subset \cdots$$

must terminate. Thus $$\mathfrak b = (a_0,\ldots ,a_{N-1})$$ for some integer $$N$$. So in particular,

 * $$a_N=\sum_{i<N} u_{i}a_{i}, \qquad u_i \in R.$$

Now consider

 * $$g = \sum_{i<N}u_{i}X^{\deg(f_{N})-\deg(f_{i})}f_{i},$$

whose leading term is equal to that of $$f_N$$; moreover, $$g\in\mathfrak b_N$$. However, $$f_N \notin \mathfrak b_N$$, which means that $$f_N - g \in \mathfrak a \setminus \mathfrak b_N$$ has degree less than $$f_N$$, contradicting the minimality.

Second proof
Let $$\mathfrak a \subseteq R[X]$$ be a left ideal. Let $$\mathfrak b$$ be the set of leading coefficients of members of $$\mathfrak a$$. This is obviously a left ideal over $$R$$, and so is finitely generated by the leading coefficients of finitely many members of $$\mathfrak a$$; say $$f_0, \ldots, f_{N-1}$$. Let $$d$$ be the maximum of the set $$\{\deg(f_0),\ldots, \deg(f_{N-1})\}$$, and let $$\mathfrak b_k$$ be the set of leading coefficients of members of $$\mathfrak a$$, whose degree is $$\le k$$. As before, the $$\mathfrak b_k$$ are left ideals over $$R$$, and so are finitely generated by the leading coefficients of finitely many members of $$\mathfrak a$$, say

 * $$f^{(k)}_{0}, \ldots, f^{(k)}_{N^{(k)}-1}$$

with degrees $$\le k$$. Now let $$\mathfrak a^*\subseteq R[X]$$ be the left ideal generated by:

 * $$\left\{f_{i},f^{(k)}_{j} \, : \ i<N,\, j<N^{(k)},\, k<d \right\}\!\!\;.$$

We have $$\mathfrak a^*\subseteq\mathfrak a$$ and claim also $$\mathfrak a\subseteq\mathfrak a^*$$. Suppose for the sake of contradiction this is not so. Then let $$h\in \mathfrak a \setminus \mathfrak a^*$$ be of minimal degree, and denote its leading coefficient by $$a$$.

 * Case 1: $$\deg(h)\ge d$$. Regardless of this condition, we have $$a\in \mathfrak b$$, so $$a$$ is a left linear combination

 * $$a=\sum_j u_j a_j$$

 * of the coefficients of the $$f_j$$. Consider

 * $$h_0 =\sum_{j}u_{j}X^{\deg(h)-\deg(f_{j})}f_{j},$$

 * which has the same leading term as $$h$$; moreover $$h_0 \in \mathfrak a^*$$ while $$h\notin\mathfrak a^*$$. Therefore $$h - h_0 \in \mathfrak a\setminus\mathfrak a^*$$ and $$\deg(h - h_0) < \deg(h)$$, which contradicts minimality.

 * Case 2: $$\deg(h) = k < d$$. Then $$a\in\mathfrak b_k$$ so $$a$$ is a left linear combination

 * $$a=\sum_j u_j a^{(k)}_j$$

 * of the leading coefficients of the $$f^{(k)}_j$$. Considering

 * $$h_0=\sum_j u_j X^{\deg(h)-\deg(f^{(k)}_{j})}f^{(k)}_{j},$$

 * we yield a similar contradiction as in Case 1.

Thus our claim holds, and $$\mathfrak a = \mathfrak a^*$$ which is finitely generated.

Note that the only reason we had to split into two cases was to ensure that the powers of $$X$$ multiplying the factors were non-negative in the constructions.

Applications
Let $$R$$ be a Noetherian commutative ring. Hilbert's basis theorem has some immediate corollaries.

 * 1) By induction we see that $$R[X_0,\dotsc,X_{n-1}]$$ will also be Noetherian.
 * 2) Since any affine variety over $$R^n$$ (i.e. a locus-set of a collection of polynomials) may be written as the locus of an ideal $$\mathfrak a\subset R[X_0, \dotsc, X_{n-1}]$$ and further as the locus of its generators, it follows that every affine variety is the locus of finitely many polynomials — i.e. the intersection of finitely many hypersurfaces.
 * 3) If $$A$$ is a finitely-generated $R$-algebra, then we know that $$A \simeq R[X_0, \dotsc, X_{n-1}] / \mathfrak a$$, where $$\mathfrak a$$ is an ideal. The basis theorem implies that $$\mathfrak a$$ must be finitely generated, say $$\mathfrak a = (p_0,\dotsc, p_{N-1})$$, i.e. $$A$$ is finitely presented.

Formal proofs
Formal proofs of Hilbert's basis theorem have been verified through the Mizar project (see HILBASIS file) and Lean (see ring_theory.polynomial).

title: Hilbert's basis theorem


text:
Heterocyclic compound

A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of known compounds are heterocycles. 59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.

Classification
The study of organic heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on organic unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained organic 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of organic heterocycles refers to those fused to benzene rings. For example, the fused benzene derivatives of pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan are quinoline, benzothiophene, indole, and benzofuran, respectively. The fusion of two benzene rings gives rise to a third large family of organic compounds. Analogs of the previously mentioned heterocycles for this third family of compounds are acridine, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and dibenzofuran, respectively.

Heterocyclic organic compounds can be usefully classified based on their electronic structure. The saturated organic heterocycles behave like the acyclic derivatives. Thus, piperidine and tetrahydrofuran are conventional amines and ethers, with modified steric profiles. Therefore, the study of organic heterocyclic chemistry focuses on organic unsaturated rings.

Inorganic rings
Some heterocycles contain no carbon. Examples are borazine (B3N3 ring), hexachlorophosphazenes (P3N3 rings), and tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4. In comparison with organic heterocycles, which have numerous commercial applications, inorganic ring systems are mainly of theoretical interest. IUPAC recommends the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature for naming heterocyclic compounds.

Notes on lists

 * "Heteroatoms" are atoms in the ring other than carbon atoms.
 * Names in italics are retained by IUPAC and do not follow the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature
 * Some of the names refer to classes of compounds rather than individual compounds.
 * Also no attempt is made to list isomers.

3-membered rings
Although subject to ring strain, 3-membered heterocyclic rings are well characterized.

5-membered rings
The 5-membered ring compounds containing two heteroatoms, at least one of which is nitrogen, are collectively called the azoles. Thiazoles and isothiazoles contain a sulfur and a nitrogen atom in the ring. Dithiolanes have two sulfur atoms.

A large group of 5-membered ring compounds with three or more heteroatoms also exists. One example is the class of dithiazoles, which contain two sulfur atoms and one nitrogen atom.

Six-membered rings with six heteroatoms
The hypothetical chemical compound with six nitrogen heteroatoms would be hexazine. Borazine is a six-membered ring with three nitrogen heteroatoms and three boron heteroatoms.

7-membered rings
In a 7-membered ring, the heteroatom must be able to provide an empty π-orbital (e.g. boron) for "normal" aromatic stabilization to be available; otherwise, homoaromaticity may be possible.

Fused/condensed rings
Heterocyclic rings systems that are formally derived by fusion with other rings, either carbocyclic or heterocyclic, have a variety of common and systematic names. For example, with the benzo-fused unsaturated nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrole provides indole or isoindole depending on the orientation. The pyridine analog is quinoline or isoquinoline. For azepine, benzazepine is the preferred name. Likewise, the compounds with two benzene rings fused to the central heterocycle are carbazole, acridine, and dibenzoazepine. Thienothiophene are the fusion of two thiophene rings. Phosphaphenalenes are a tricyclic phosphorus-containing heterocyclic system derived from the carbocycle phenalene.

History of heterocyclic chemistry
The history of heterocyclic chemistry began in the 1800s, in step with the development of organic chemistry. Some noteworthy developments:
 * 1818: Brugnatelli makes alloxan from uric acid
 * 1832: Dobereiner produces furfural (a furan) by treating starch with sulfuric acid
 * 1834: Runge obtains pyrrole ("fiery oil") by dry distillation of bones
 * 1906: Friedlander synthesizes indigo dye, allowing synthetic chemistry to displace a large agricultural industry
 * 1936: Treibs isolates chlorophyll derivatives from crude oil, explaining the biological origin of petroleum.
 * 1951: Chargaff's rules are described, highlighting the role of heterocyclic compounds (purines and pyrimidines) in the genetic code.

Uses
Heterocyclic compounds are pervasive in many areas of life sciences and technology. Many drugs are heterocyclic compounds.

title: Heterocyclic compound


text:
Talk:HyperCard

What? HyperCard inspired the creation of HTTP?
"... inspired the creation of both HTTP itself and JavaScript"

HyperCard inspired the creation of WWW itself, not HTTP, which is the transfer protocol.

Considering what the WWW is today, it should be put in bold letters at the beginning of the article, not in a cryptic allusion hidden in the "Legacy" section.

Given the interest in software patents, there is no mention here of Paul Henckel's claim to have been the "inventor" of the Hypercard idea. See his patent us4,736,308 and his article in Comms of the ACM, Debunking the Software Patent Myths, June 1992, Vol 35, No 6.

The Hypercard was - he suggests - based on a similar but more limited card and stack version of the metaphor in his program "Zoomracks". Apple, he claims, had seen his program earlier under a non-disclosure agreement. Apple licensed the patent. He did not have much success, though, with IBM.

PL

 * I used Zoomracks (briefly) on the ST, and it was similar to HC only peripherally IMHO. Zoomracks was essentially a GUI-based dBASE with a "card filing" metaphor, which is the basis of the lawsuits. In any other way the two products are entirely unlike each other. One could safely describe Zoomracks as "a database with a card-rack interface", while, as this article demonstrates, that only describes one tiny part of HC. Personally I always considered the argument meritless, the idea of representing data on cards predates either product, and the idea of making a computer-based database look like a card has "obvious" written all over it.
 * The claim that HC inspired the web is somewhat difficult to pin down exactly without asking -Lee directly. The claim that it inspired JS appears to be a fabrication. Maury 14:41, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually the JavaScript claim can be sourced. Quoting Brendan Eich from the foreward to the 5th. Edition of Danny Goodman's JavaScript Bible: "“Java-lite” syntax. Although the “natural language” syntax of HyperTalk was fresh in my mind after a friend lent me The Complete HyperCard Handbook by some fellow named Goodman, the Next Big Thing weighed heavier,...Events for HTML elements. Buttons should have onClick event handlers. Documents load and unload from windows, so windows should have onLoad and onUnload handlers. Users and scripts submit forms: thus the onSubmit handler. Although not initially as flexible as HyperCard’s messages (whose handlers inspired the onEvent naming convention)..." from the Foreward page vii. Seems like a strong inspiration from HyperTalk. Gwernol 14:51, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I stand (well, sit) corrected -- and surprised! Well done Gwernol, I wouldn't have thought a ref would be available one way or the other, let alone such a direct one. Maury 21:05, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Someone added a "citation needed" to the "contentious lawsuit against Apple" mention on Zoomracks. The reference is there: It simply summarizes the first paragraph of the Zoomracks page here on Wikipedia. If you think that needs more references, I would recommend you add the "citation needed" there as well, to see what the original author has to say. Uliwitness (talk) 10:31, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

Myst was originally created and published in HyperCard
I'm surprised that the Applications section doesn't mention Myst!! The original Myst for Macintosh was indeed written and published in HyperCard (using some colour add-on that I don't remember the name of). I have clear memories of hacking into the game to grab a look at the interpreted code. Cyan also made Cosmic Osmo and other previous games in HyperCard. Sbwoodside 04:59, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Myst definitely was written and published in HyperCard, much to our publishers chagrin, and our delight. And if it weren't for HyperCard, we would have never gotten it done. The only bugs we had to work through were game design problems. It was a sheer delight, and very conducive to creativity. For Riven (the sequel to Myst, the publisher said they needed something they could work with more easily, but saw no reason to switch away from such a flexible platform, so we used HyperCard again, this time as a prototyping engine. Robyn —Preceding comment was added at 19:29, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * If anyone wants to learn more, I spent a few hours last year spelunking inside the original Myst for Mac and looking at how they did things, explaining HyperCard and Mac-specifics along the way: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpOdFduEM0A&list=PLaXsdjqTEdE7pFsVUvysDRFwinKXJ_jNp&index=2 Uliwitness (talk) 10:35, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

 * By the way, the color add-on Myst used was "HyperTint". Uliwitness (talk) 10:47, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

As We Do Think.
I programmed in HyperCard and loved it when it came out 1987. For me personally it was a turning point and got me all interested in multimedia - even without color, animation and video. Now I have the same feelings again when I create, script and moderate networks with Ning. But now it's even more powerful - because you can combine the power of internet with a construction kit like environment like Ning and tweak the whole thing with CSS, Javascript , PHP , AJAX , Yahoo Pipes , conference calling , video mail and chat , polls [], gadgets and widgets. Again - you don't have to be a programmer to do all that. It's like everything comes together after all those years. The tools (web 2.0), the infrastructure (many people on high speed connections) and the devices (PCs, laptops and gadgets like the iPhone ). In that sense I think HyperCard was an important step to what we have now with the World Wide Web. [] So maybe Marc Andreessen will write history again – after Mosaic  now with Ning.

But wasn't this all foreseen already 1930 by Vannevar Bush in his essay "As We May Think" with MEMEX?  Andres1961 (talk) 00:11, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Interesting note
http://www.apple.com/hypercard/ redirects to this page. --Mwongozi (talk) 08:49, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

So HyperCard is a hypermedia system?
I've read the article; it sounds more like a programming language with point and click GUI-creator to me. I think this point and click GUI creation is called Rapid Application Development, right? Than what makes HyperCard a hypermedia system, and Visual Basic a programming language? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.126.42.203 (talk) 14:27, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

TileStack
I don't know much about it yet, but maybe somebody who knows more about TileStack can see an appropriate way to mention it in this article. TileStack will probably merit its own article eventually. --Lance E Sloan (talk) 14:50, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Paul Heckel
Is anybody familiar enough with Paul Heckel's patent claim to add something? See and. MarkMLl (talk) 22:47, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

HintBits
The article refers to a "patented hintBits algorithm". I searched the PTO and could not find this patent. Was the hintBits algorithm patented, and if so, what was the patent number? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.232.238.172 (talk) 22:22, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Is macintouch RS
Looking around for form information I found an archive of macintouch articles regarding Hypercard; does macintouch meet RS requirements?--BruceGrubb (talk) 08:26, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

GAN
Hi, I haven't so much experience in the GA process, but what I've seen now is that this article won't get the GA status! The article lacks many inline citations (not only that are marked with the citation needed tag!), the actual references are not very well formated. For the bibliography could also be found more books. The redlink category isn't really good, the applications section seemed a bit short (for me). Don't misunderstand me: The article has potential, but at the moment it wouldn't pass the GA-process. My advise is to remove the GAN and make a WP:peer review before renominate the article! folding@home has the same problems a few days ago. mabdul 10:44, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I removed it from GAN, but I forgot to put in an edit summary for it. Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 15:13, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I also can't seem to get the date parameter on the FailedGA template to work. Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 15:26, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, fixed the date. Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 18:55, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Maybe you want to add an information about ENQUIRE - it was a similar system - said TimBL. mabdul 16:25, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see how I should write out a new part of the article about the similarity between HyperCard and ENQUIRE, however, I could add ENQUIRE to the Legacy section of the article where they list programs similar to HyperCard. (Don't be alarmed that I changed my signature.) Usb10 Connected? 22:46, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * maybe create a comparison (maybe as a seperate article, i would help) between the different hypertext systems. mabdul 23:43, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

GUI—small suggestion
GUI should be defined as Graphical User Interface the first time the term appears in the text. I'd fix it myself, but I'm not allowed. Greetings from a friendly gnome!KC 14:16, 19 February 2016 (UTC) KC 14:16, 19 February 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Boydstra (talk • contribs)
 * ✅ Thanks for the suggestion. (Also, you don't seem to be blocked and the page isn't protected so I don't see a reason not to be bold in the future :)). Opencooper (talk) 14:42, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

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Web sites from HyperCard?
Is there any way of making websites directly from old HyperCard stacks? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.217.59.229 (talk) 05:01, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, there was an software package called LiveCard, by Royal Software, that enabled HyperCard stacks to be available in partial form online. Source: https://tidbits.com/article/931 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrewferguson (talk • contribs) 22:58, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

HyperCard - what is it?
After reading this article, I still do not know what HyperCard is/was. And I programmed computers in 1986 (!). Pictures are needed here. Zezen (talk) 23:13, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

Update: I have read this in 2 minutes, and I grok Hypercard now. I suggest replacing/updating this article with the external one, especially the screenshots and musings. Zezen (talk) 23:39, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Hypercard is proprietary software, thus we cannot include screenshots of it due to licensing issues. At the top of §External links is a Computer Chronicles episode hosted by Internet Archive covering Hypercard (few others found can also be found on IA here). A talk called "Wasn't HyperCard Cool?" presented by Drew Ivan at Notacon 5 (2008) covers Hypercard and usage (video also hosted on IA; talk #29) -- dsprc   [talk]  23:42, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

 * @ dsprc :
 * 1. It seems to me to be abandonware, if anything. Also, see Fair use "... whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes". Here, this WP art is for nonprofit and educational uses par excellence.

 * 2. In practice, nobody will watch these external vids just to learn what Hypercard was. As a non-specialist reader (that is one who never seen or used it), I expect to learn what it was, and why it was so special, after a 2 minutes' skim through this WP article. As I wrote above, I could not. Zezen (talk) 00:34, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Still restricted under the Berne Convention; in U.S. it's 120 years (!!). See: WP:COPYRIGHT and WP:NONFREE.
 * The loper-os link is listed at bottom of EL; evidently some venture down there. Just because it's not something you'd partake in doesn't mean others won't. If article is lacking: improve it yourself. -- dsprc   [talk]  01:11, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

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Is Hypercard still going somewhere/somehow?
I know this is a forum for the article, and I apologise ab initio. I wrote a huge interactive hypercard program for medical students in the late 1980's. It is a pity to lose all of this, as is was quite powerful: quizzes, animations, interactive hyperlinks, drug database, etc. Does anyone know if this material could be ported form hypercard into a current program/application so that I could revive it?? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:3597:3400:8CF2:A5AA:1962:5C2A (talk) 01:31, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

 * There's the HyperCard Online project which has so far got ~3,500 stacks running (emulated) in the web browser. If you upload the stack there, it should be processed and uploaded so it can be run by anyone, online. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrewferguson (talk • contribs) 09:14, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:HyperCard