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Django Reinhardt

Jean Reinhardt (23 January 1910 – 16 May 1953), known by his Romani nickname Django ( or ), was a Belgian Manouche or Sinti jazz guitarist and composer. He was one of the first major jazz talents to emerge in Europe and has been hailed as one of its most significant exponents.

With violinist Stéphane Grappelli, Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934. The group was among the first to play jazz that featured the guitar as a lead instrument. Reinhardt recorded in France with many visiting American musicians, including Coleman Hawkins and Benny Carter, and briefly toured the United States with Duke Ellington's orchestra in 1946. He died suddenly of a stroke in 1953 at the age of 43.

Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become standards within gypsy jazz, including "Minor Swing", "Daphne", "Belleville", "Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages". The jazz guitarist Frank Vignola said that nearly every major popular music guitarist in the world has been influenced by Reinhardt. Over the last few decades, annual Django festivals have been held throughout Europe and the U.S., and a biography has been written about his life. In February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of the French biographical film Django, based on Reinhardt's life.

Early life
Reinhardt was born on 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium, into a French family of Manouche Romani descent. His French, Alsatian father, Jean Eugene Weiss, domiciled in Paris with his wife, went by Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt, his wife's surname, to avoid French military conscription. His mother, Laurence Reinhardt, was a dancer. The birth certificate refers to "Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris".

A number of authors have repeated the suggestion that Reinhardt's nickname, Django, is Romani for "I awake"; it may also simply have been a diminutive, or local Walloon version, of "Jean". Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris, where he started playing the violin, banjo and guitar. He became adept at stealing chickens. His father reportedly played music in a family band comprising himself and seven brothers; a surviving photograph shows this band including his father on piano.

Reinhardt was attracted to music at an early age, first playing the violin. At the age of 12, he received a banjo-guitar as a gift. He quickly taught himself to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched, who would have included local virtuoso players of the day such as Jean "Poulette" Castro and Auguste "Gusti" Malha, as well as from his uncle Guiligou, who played violin, banjo and guitar. Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music by the time he was 15, busking in cafés, often with his brother Joseph. At this time, he had not started playing jazz, although he had probably heard and had been intrigued by the version of jazz played by American expatriate bands like Billy Arnold's.

Reinhardt received little formal education and acquired the rudiments of literacy only in adult life.

Marriage and injury
At the age of 17, Reinhardt married Florine "Bella" Mayer, a girl from the same Romani settlement, according to Romani custom (although not an official marriage under French law). The following year he recorded for the first time. On these recordings, made in 1928, Reinhardt plays the "banjo" (actually the banjo-guitar) accompanying the accordionists Maurice Alexander, Jean Vaissade and Victor Marceau, and the singer Maurice Chaumel. His name was now drawing international attention, such as from British bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France just to hear him play. Hylton offered him a job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted.

Before he had a chance to start with the band, Reinhardt nearly died. On the night of 2 November 1928, Reinhardt was going to bed in the wagon that he and his wife shared in the caravan. He knocked over a candle, which ignited the extremely flammable celluloid that his wife used to make artificial flowers. The wagon was quickly engulfed in flames. The couple escaped, but Reinhardt suffered extensive burns over half his body. During his 18-month hospitalization, doctors recommended amputation of his badly damaged right leg. Reinhardt refused the surgery and was eventually able to walk with the aid of a cane.

More crucial to his music, the fourth and fifth fingers (ring and little fingers) of Reinhardt's left hand were badly burned. Doctors believed that he would never play guitar again. During many months of recuperation, Reinhardt retaught himself to play using primarily the index and middle fingers of his left hand, using the two injured fingers only for chord work. He made use of a new six-string steel-strung acoustic guitar that was bought for him by his brother, Joseph Reinhardt, who was also an accomplished guitarist.

Within a year of the fire, in 1929, Bella Mayer gave birth to their son, Henri "Lousson" Reinhardt. Soon thereafter, the couple split up. The son eventually took the surname of his mother's new husband. As Lousson Baumgartner, the son himself became an accomplished musician who went on to record with his biological father.

Discovery of jazz
After parting from his wife and son, Reinhardt traveled throughout France, getting occasional jobs playing music at small clubs. He had no specific goals, living a hand-to-mouth existence, spending his earnings as quickly as he made them. Accompanying him on his travels was his new girlfriend, Sophie Ziegler. Nicknamed "Naguine," she was a distant cousin.

In the years after the fire, Reinhardt was rehabilitating and experimenting on the guitar that his brother had given him. After having played a broad spectrum of music, he was introduced to American jazz by an acquaintance, Émile Savitry, whose record collection included such musical luminaries as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, and Lonnie Johnson. (The swinging sound of Venuti's jazz violin and Eddie Lang's virtuoso guitar-playing anticipated the more famous sound of Reinhardt and Grappelli's later ensemble.) Hearing their music triggered in Reinhardt a vision and goal of becoming a jazz professional.

While developing his interest in jazz, Reinhardt met Stéphane Grappelli, a young violinist with similar musical interests. In 1928, Grappelli had been a member of the orchestra at the Ambassador Hotel while bandleader Paul Whiteman and Joe Venuti were performing there. In early 1934 both Reinhardt and Grappelli were members of Louis Vola's band.

Formation of the quintet
From 1934 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Reinhardt and Grappelli worked together as the principal soloists of their newly formed quintet, the Quintette du Hot Club de France, in Paris. It became the most accomplished and innovative European jazz group of the period.

Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput also played on guitar, and Louis Vola was on bass. The Quintette was one of the few well-known jazz ensembles composed only of stringed instruments.

In Paris on 14 March 1933, Reinhardt recorded two takes each of "Parce que je vous aime" and "Si, j'aime Suzy", vocal numbers with lots of guitar fills and guitar support. He used three guitarists along with an accordion lead, violin, and bass. In August 1934, he made other recordings with more than one guitar (Joseph Reinhardt, Roger Chaput, and Reinhardt), including the first recording by the Quintette. In both years the great majority of their recordings featured a wide variety of horns, often in multiples, piano, and other instruments, but the all-string instrumentation is the one most often adopted by emulators of the Hot Club sound.

Decca Records in the United States released three records of Quintette tunes with Reinhardt on guitar, and one other, credited to "Stephane Grappelli & His Hot 4 with Django Reinhardt", in 1935.

Reinhardt also played and recorded with many American jazz musicians, such as Adelaide Hall, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, and Rex Stewart (who later stayed in Paris). He participated in a jam session and radio performance with Louis Armstrong. Later in his career, Reinhardt played with Dizzy Gillespie in France. Also in the neighborhood was the artistic salon R-26, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they developed their unique musical style.

In 1938, Reinhardt's quintet played to thousands at an all-star show held in London's Kilburn State auditorium. While playing, he noticed American film actor Eddie Cantor in the front row. When their set ended, Cantor rose to his feet, then went up on stage and kissed Reinhardt's hand, paying no concern to the audience. A few weeks later the quintet played at the London Palladium.

Second World War
When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to Paris at once, leaving his wife in the UK. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for the duration of the war. Reinhardt re-formed the quintet, with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet replacing Grappelli.

While he tried to continue with his music, war with the Nazis presented Reinhardt with a potentially catastrophic obstacle, as he was a Romani jazz musician. Beginning in 1933, all German Romani were barred from living in cities, herded into settlement camps, and routinely sterilized. Romani men were required to wear a brown Gypsy ID triangle sewn at chest level on their clothing, similar to the pink triangle that homosexuals wore, and much like the yellow Star of David that Jews had to subsequently wear. During the war, Romani were systematically killed in concentration camps. In France, they were used as slave labour on farms and in factories. During the Holocaust an estimated 600,000 to 1.5 million Romani throughout Europe were killed.

Hitler and Joseph Goebbels viewed jazz as un-German counterculture. Nonetheless, Goebbels stopped short of a complete ban on jazz, which now had many fans in Germany and elsewhere. Official policy towards jazz was much less strict in occupied France, according to author Andy Fry, with jazz music frequently played on both Radio France, the official station of Vichy France, and Radio Paris, which was controlled by the Germans. A new generation of French jazz enthusiasts, the Zazous, had arisen and swollen the ranks of the Hot Club. In addition to the increased interest, many American musicians based in Paris during the thirties had returned to the US at the beginning of the war, leaving more work for French musicians. Reinhardt was the most famous jazz musician in Europe at the time, working steadily during the early war years and earning a great deal of money, yet always under threat.

Reinhardt expanded his musical horizons during this period. Using an early amplification system, he was able to work in more of a big-band format, in large ensembles with horn sections. He also experimented with classical composition, writing a Mass for the Gypsies and a symphony. Since he did not read music, Reinhardt worked with an assistant to notate what he was improvising. His modernist piece "Rythme Futur" was also intended to be acceptable to the Nazis.

In 1943, Reinhardt married his long-term partner Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris. They had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who became a respected guitarist.

At that time the tide of war turned against the Germans, with a considerable darkening of the situation in Paris. Severe rationing was in place, and members of Reinhardt's circle were being captured by the Nazis or joining the resistance.

Reinhardt's first attempt at escape from Occupied France led to capture. Fortunately for him, a jazz-loving German, Luftwaffe officer Dietrich Schulz-Köhn, allowed him to return to Paris. Reinhardt made a second attempt a few days later, but was stopped in the middle of the night by Swiss border guards, who forced him to return to Paris again.

One of his tunes, 1940's "Nuages", became an unofficial anthem in Paris to signify hope for liberation. During a concert at the Salle Pleyel, the popularity of the tune was such that the crowd made him replay it three times in a row. The single sold over 100,000 copies.

Unlike the estimated 600,000 Romani people who were interned and killed in the Porajmos, the Romani Holocaust, Reinhardt survived the war.

United States tour
After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK. In the autumn of 1946, he made his first tour in the United States, debuting at Cleveland Music Hall as a special guest soloist with Duke Ellington and His Orchestra. He played with many musicians and composers, such as Maury Deutsch. At the end of the tour, Reinhardt played two nights at Carnegie Hall in New York City; he received a great ovation and took six curtain calls on the first night.

Despite his pride in touring with Ellington (one of two letters to Grappelli relates his excitement), he was not fully integrated into the band. He played a few tunes at the end of the show, backed by Ellington, with no special arrangements written for him. After the tour, Reinhardt secured an engagement at Café Society Uptown, where he played four solos a day, backed by the resident band. These performances drew large audiences. Having failed to bring his usual Selmer Modèle Jazz, he played on a borrowed electric guitar, which he felt hampered the delicacy of his style. He had been promised jobs in California, but they failed to develop. Tired of waiting, Reinhardt returned to France in February 1947.

After the quintet
After his return, Reinhardt appeared to find it difficult to adjust. He sometimes showed up for scheduled concerts without a guitar or amplifier, or wandered off to the park or beach. On a few occasions he refused to get out of bed. Reinhardt developed a reputation among his band, fans, and managers as extremely unreliable. He skipped sold-out concerts to "walk to the beach" or "smell the dew." During this period he continued to attend the R-26 artistic salon in Montmartre, improvising with his devoted collaborator, Stéphane Grappelli.

In Rome in 1949, Reinhardt recruited three Italian jazz players (on bass, piano, and snare drum) and recorded over 60 tunes in an Italian studio. He united with Grappelli, and used his acoustic Selmer-Maccaferri. The recording was issued for the first time in the late 1950s.

Back in Paris, in June 1950, Reinhardt was invited to join an entourage to welcome the return of Benny Goodman. He also attended a reception for Goodman, who, after the war ended, had asked Reinhardt to join him in the US. Goodman repeated his invitation and, out of politeness, Reinhardt accepted. Reinhardt later had second thoughts about what role he could play alongside Goodman, who was the "King of Swing", and remained in France.

Final years

In 1951, Reinhardt retired to Samois-sur-Seine, near Fontainebleau, where he lived until his death. He continued to play in Paris jazz clubs and began playing electric guitar. (He often used a Selmer fitted with an electric pickup, despite his initial hesitation about the instrument.) In his final recordings, made with his Nouvelle Quintette in the last few months of his life, he had begun moving in a new musical direction, in which he assimilated the vocabulary of bebop and fused it with his own melodic style.

On 16 May 1953, while walking home from Fontainebleau–Avon station after playing in a Paris club, he collapsed outside his house from a brain hemorrhage. It was a Saturday, and it took a full day for a doctor to arrive. Reinhardt was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau, at the age of 43.

Technique and musical approach
Reinhardt developed his initial musical approach via tutoring by relatives and exposure to other gypsy guitar players of the day, then playing the banjo-guitar alongside accordionists in the world of the Paris bal musette. He played mainly with a plectrum for maximum volume and attack (particularly in the 1920s-early 30s when amplification in venues was minimal or non-existent), although he could also play fingerstyle on occasion, as evidenced by some recorded introductions and solos. Following his accident in 1928 in which his left hand was severely burned, he was left with the use of only his first two fingers. As a result, he developed a completely new left hand technique and started performing on guitar accompanying popular singers of the day, before discovering jazz and presenting his new hybrid style of gypsy approach plus jazz to the outside world via the Quintette du Hot Club de France.

Despite his left hand handicap, Reinhardt was able to recapture (in modified form) and then surpass his previous level of proficiency on the guitar (by now his main instrument), not only as a lead instrumental voice but also as a driving and harmonically interesting rhythm player; his virtuosity, incorporating many gypsy-derived influences, was also matched with a superb sense of melodic invention as well as general musicality in terms of choice of notes, timing, dynamics, and utilizing the maximum tonal range from an instrument previously thought of by many critics as potentially limited in expression. Playing completely by ear (he could neither read nor write music), he roamed freely across the full range of the fretboard giving full flight to his musical imagination and could play with ease in any key. Guitarists, particularly in Britain and the United States, could scarcely believe what they heard on the records that the Quintette was making; guitarist, gypsy jazz enthusiast and educator Ian Cruickshank writes: "It wasn't until 1938, and the Quintet's first tour of England, that guitarists [in the U.K.] were able to witness Django's amazing abilities. His hugely innovative technique included, on a grand scale, such unheard of devices as melodies played in octaves, tremolo chords with shifting notes that sounded like whole horn sections, a complete array of natural and artificial harmonics, highly charged dissonances, super-fast chromatic runs from the open bass strings to the highest notes on the 1st string, an unbelievably flexible and driving right-hand, two and three octave arpeggios, advanced and unconventional chords and a use of the flattened fifth that predated be-bop by a decade. Add to all this Django's staggering harmonic and melodic concept, huge sound, pulsating swing, sense of humour and sheer speed of execution, and it is little wonder that guitar players were knocked sideways upon their first encounter with this full-blown genius."

Because of his damaged left hand (his ring and pinky fingers helped little in his playing) Reinhardt had to modify both his chordal and melodic approach extensively. For chords he developed a novel system based largely around 3-note chords, each of which could serve as the equivalent of several conventional chords in different inversions; for the treble notes he could employ his ring and little fingers to fret the relevant high strings even though he could not articulate these fingers independently, while in some chords he also employed his left hand thumb on the lowest string. Within his rapid melodic runs he frequently incorporated arpeggios, which could be played using two notes per string (played with his two "good" fingers, being his index and middle fingers) while shifting up or down the fingerboard, as opposed to the more conventional "box" approach of moving across strings within a single fretboard position (location). He also produced some of his characteristic "effects" by moving a fixed shape (such as a diminished chord) rapidly up and down the fretboard, resulting in what one writer has called "intervallic cycling of melodic motifs and chords". For an unsurpassed insight into these techniques in use, interested persons should not miss viewing the only known synchronised (sound and vision) footage of Reinhardt in performance, playing on an instrumental version of the song "J'Attendrai" for the short jazz film Le Jazz Hot in 1938–39 (copies available on YouTube and elsewhere).

Hugues Panassié, in his 1942 book The Real Jazz, wrote: "First of all, his instrumental technique is vastly superior to that of all other jazz guitarists. This technique permits him to play with an inconceivable velocity and makes his instrument completely versatile. Though his virtuosity is stupefying, it is no less so than his creative invention. In his solos [...] his melodic ideas are sparkling and ravishing, and their abundance scarcely gives the listener time to catch his breath. Django's ability to bend his guitar to the most fantastic audacities, combined with his expressive inflections and vibrato, is no less wonderful; one feels an extraordinary flame burning through every note."

Writing in 1945, Billy Neil and E. Gates stated that "Reinhardt set new standards by an almost incredible and hitherto unthought-of technique ... His ideas have a freshness and spontaneity that are at once fascinating and alluring ... [Nevertheless] The characteristics of Reinhardt's music are primarily emotional. His relative association of experience, reinforced by a profound rational knowledge of his instrument; the guitar's possibilities and limitations; his love for music and the expression of it—all are a necessary adjunct to the means of expressing these emotions."

Django-style enthusiast John Jorgenson has been quoted as saying: "Django's guitar playing always has so much personality in it, and seems to contain such joy and feeling that it is infectious. He also pushes himself to the edge nearly all the time, and rides a wave of inspiration that sometimes gets dangerous. Even the few times he does not quite make his ideas flow out flawlessly it is still so exciting that mistakes don't matter! Django's seemingly never-ending bag of licks, tricks and colors always keep the song interesting, and his intensity level is rarely met by any guitarist. Django's technique was not only phenomenal, but it was personal and unique to him due to his handicap. It is very difficult to achieve the same tone, articulation and clarity using all 5 left hand fingers. It is possible to get closer with only 2 fingers, but again is quite challenging. Probably the thing about this music that makes it always challenging and exciting to play is that Django raised the bar so high, that it is like chasing genius to get close to his level of playing."

In his later style (c. 1946 onwards) Reinhardt began to incorporate more bebop influences in his compositions and improvisations, also fitting a Stimer electric pickup to his acoustic guitar. With the addition of amplification, his playing became more linear and "horn like", with the greater facility of the amplified instrument for longer sustain and to be heard in quiet passages, and in general less reliance on his gypsy "bag of tricks" as developed for his acoustic guitar style (also, in some of his late recordings, with a very different supporting group context from his "classic", pre-war Quintette sound). These "electric period" Reinhardt recordings have in general received less popular re-release and critical analysis than his pre-war releases (the latter also extending to the period from 1940 to 1945 when Grappelli was absent, which included some of his most famous compositions such as "Nuages"), but are also a fascinating area of Reinhardt's work to study, and have begun to be revived by players such as the Rosenberg Trio (with their 2010 release "Djangologists") and Biréli Lagrène. Wayne Jefferies, in his article "Django's Forgotten Era", writes: "Early in 1951, armed with his amplified Maccaferri – which he used to the very end – he put together a new band of the best young modern musicians in Paris; including Hubert Fol, an altoist in the Charlie Parker mould. Although Django was twenty years older than the rest of the band, he was completely in command of the modern style. Whilst his solos became less chordal and his lines more Christian-like, he retained his originality. I believe he should be rated much more highly as a be-bop guitarist. His infallible technique, his daring, 'on the edge' improvisations coupled with his vastly advanced harmonic sense, took him to musical heights that Christian and many other Bop musicians never came near. The live cuts from Club St. Germain in February 1951 are a revelation. Django is on top form; full of new ideas that are executed with amazing fluidity, cutting angular lines that always retain that ferocious swing."

Family
Reinhardt's first son, Lousson (a.k.a. Henri Baumgartner), played jazz in a mostly bebop style in the 1950s and 1960s. He followed the Romani lifestyle and was relatively little recorded. Reinhardt's second son, Babik, became a guitarist in a more contemporary jazz style, and recorded a number of albums before his death in 2001. After Reinhardt died, his younger brother Joseph at first swore to abandon music, but he was persuaded to perform and record again. Joseph's son Markus Reinhardt is a violinist in the Romani style.

A third generation of direct descendants has developed as musicians: David Reinhardt, Reinhardt's grandson (by his son Babik), leads his own trio. Dallas Baumgartner, a great-grandson by Lousson, is a guitarist who travels with the Romani and keeps a low public profile. A distant relative, violinist Schnuckenack Reinhardt, became known in Germany as a performer of gypsy music and gypsy jazz up to his death in 2006, and assisted in keeping Reinhardt's legacy alive through the period following Django's death.

Legacy
Reinhardt is regarded as one of the greatest guitar players of all time, and the first important European jazz musician to make a major contribution with jazz guitar. During his career he wrote nearly 100 songs, according to jazz guitarist Frank Vignola.

Using a Selmer guitar in the mid-1930s, his style took on new volume and expressiveness. Because of his physical disability, he played mainly using his index and middle fingers, and invented a distinctive style of jazz guitar.

For about a decade after Reinhardt's death, interest in his musical style was minimal. In the fifties, bebop superseded swing in jazz, rock and roll took off, and electric instruments became dominant in popular music. Since the mid-sixties, there has been a revival of interest in Reinhardt's music, a revival that has extended into the 21st century, with annual festivals and periodic tribute concerts. His devotees included classical guitarist Julian Bream and country guitarist Chet Atkins, who considered him one of the ten greatest guitarists of the twentieth century.

Jazz guitarists in the U.S., such as Charlie Byrd and Wes Montgomery, were influenced by his style. Byrd, who lived from 1925 to 1999, said that Reinhardt was his primary influence. The rock musician Mike Peters noted that "the word 'genius' is bantered about too much. But in jazz, Louis Armstrong was a genius, Duke Ellington was another one, and Reinhardt was also." David Grisman added, "As far as I'm concerned, no one since has come anywhere close to Django Reinhardt as an improviser or technician."

The popularity of gypsy jazz has generated an increasing number of festivals, such as the Festival Django Reinhardt held every last weekend of June since 1983 in Samois-sur-Seine (France), and since 2017 in nearby Fontainebleau; the various DjangoFests held throughout Europe and the US; and "Django in June", an annual camp for Gypsy jazz musicians and aficionados held at Smith College in Massachusetts.

Woody Allen's film Sweet and Lowdown (1999), the story of a Django Reinhardt-like character, mentions Reinhardt and includes actual recordings in the film.

Tributes
In February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of Django, a French film directed by Etienne Comar. The movie covers Django's escape from Nazi-occupied Paris in 1943 and the fact that even under "constant danger, flight and the atrocities committed against his family", he continued composing and performing. Reinhardt's music was re-recorded for the film by the Dutch jazz band Rosenberg Trio with lead guitarist Stochelo Rosenberg.

The documentary film Djangomania! was released in 2005. The hour-long film was directed and written by Jamie Kastner, who traveled throughout the world to show the influence of Django's music in various countries.

In 1984 the Kool Jazz Festival, held in Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall, was dedicated entirely to Reinhardt. Performers included Grappelli, Benny Carter, and Mike Peters with his group of seven musicians. The festival was organized by George Wein. Reinhardt is celebrated annually in the village of Liberchies, his birthplace.

Numerous musicians have written and recorded tributes to Reinhardt. The jazz standard "Django" (1954) was composed by John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet in honour of Reinhardt. The Allman Brothers Band song "Jessica" was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt. American country music artists Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard named their sixth and final collaborative studio album "Django and Jimmie". It was released on 2 June 2015, by Legacy Recordings. The album contains the song "Django and Jimmie" which is a tribute to musicians Django Reinhardt and Jimmie Rodgers.

Ramelton, Co. Donegal, Ireland, each year hosts a festival in tribute to Django called "Django sur Lennon" or "Django on the Lennon" the Lennon being the name of the local river that runs through the village.

In coincidence with the 110th anniversary in 2020 of Django's birth, a graphic novel depicting his youth years was published under the title Django Main de Feu, by writer Salva Rubio and artist Efa through Belgian publisher Dupuis.

On 23 January 2010, Google Doodle celebrated Django Reinhard’s 100th Birthday.

Influence
Many guitar players and other musicians have expressed admiration for Reinhardt or have cited him as a major influence. Jeff Beck described Reinhardt as "by far the most astonishing guitar player ever" and "quite superhuman". Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin said, "Django Reinhardt was fantastic. He must have been playing all the time to be that good." Andrew Latimer of the progressive rock band Camel said that he was influenced by Reinhardt. Denny Laine and Jimmy McCulloch, members of Paul McCartney's band Wings, mentioned him as an inspiration.

Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia and Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, both of whom lost fingers in accidents, were inspired by Reinhardt's example of becoming an accomplished guitar player despite his injuries. Garcia was quoted in June 1985 in Frets Magazine: "His technique is awesome! Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he was playing at. As good as players are, they haven't gotten to where he is. There's a lot of guys that play fast and a lot of guys that play clean, and the guitar has come a long way as far as speed and clarity go, but nobody plays with the whole fullness of expression that Django has. I mean, the combination of incredible speed – all the speed you could possibly want – but also the thing of every note have a specific personality. You don't hear it. I really haven't heard it anywhere but with Django."

Willie Nelson is a lifelong Reinhardt fan, writing in his memoir, "This was a man who changed my musical life by giving me a whole new perspective on the guitar and, on an even more profound level, on my relationship with sound...During my formative years, as I listened to Django's records, especially songs like 'Nuages' that I would play for the rest of my life, I studied his technique. Even more, I studied his gentleness. I love the human sound he gave his acoustic guitar."

Reinhardt in popular culture

 * In 1982's "Tanta til Beate" ("Beate's Aunt"), by the Norwegian singer-songwriter and folk musician Lillebjørn Nilsen, Reinhardt is hailed several times.
 * His legacy is referred to in Woody Allen's 1999 Sweet and Lowdown. This fictional biopic features an imaginary American guitarist, Emmet Ray, who is obsessed with Reinhardt, with a soundtrack featuring Howard Alden.
 * Reinhardt's music appears in the 2002 video game Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. One of the songs featured in the game, "Belleville", would later appear again in its 2010 sequel Mafia II.
 * The 2003 animated film The Triplets of Belleville begins with a flashback showing The Triplets of Belleville, a trio of singers, performing on stage in the 1920s, dancing alongside other celebrities, including Josephine Baker and Django Reinhardt.
 * The 2004 film Head in the Clouds features guitarist John Jorgenson as Django Reinhardt in a cameo role.
 * The Django web framework is named after Reinhardt, as is version 3.1 of the blog software WordPress.
 * Various Reinhardt songs, including his rendition of "La Mer", are included in the 2007 video game BioShock.
 * The Belgian government issued a commemorative coin in 92.5% sterling silver in 2010 coinciding with the 100th anniversary of his birth. It is a silver 10-Euro coin with a color image of Reinhardt on the reverse side.
 * Emil Lager portrayed Reinhardt playing guitar in a French cafe in the 2011 film Hugo.
 * Reinhardt appears as a character in the fiction novel The Magic Strings of Frankie Presto (2015) by American author Mitch Albom.
 * The film Django, by the French filmmaker Étienne Comar, depicting Reinhardt's life during wartime was released in 2017, with the French actor Reda Kateb performing the role of Reinhardt. It opened the 67th Berlin International Film Festival.

Releases in his lifetime
Reinhardt recorded over 900 sides in his recording career, from 1928 to 1953, the majority as sides of the then-prevalent 78-RPM records, with the remainder as acetates, transcription discs, private and off-air recordings (of radio broadcasts), and part of a film soundtrack. Only one session (eight tracks) from March 1953 was ever recorded specifically for album release by Norman Granz in the then-new LP format, but Reinhardt died before the album could be released. In his earliest recordings Reinhardt played banjo (or, more accurately, banjo-guitar) accompanying accordionists and singers on dances and popular tunes of the day, with no jazz content, whereas in the last recordings before his death he played amplified guitar in the bebop idiom with a pool of younger, more modern French musicians.

A full chronological listing of his lifetime recorded output is available from the source cited here, and an index of individual tunes is available from the source cited here. A few fragments of film performance (without original sound) also survive, as does one complete performance with sound, of the tune "J'Attendrai" performed with the Quintet in 1938 for the short film Le Jazz Hot.

Posthumous compilations
Since his death, Reinhardt's music has been released on many compilations. Intégrale Django Reinhardt, volumes 1–20 (40 CDs), released by the French company Frémeaux from 2002 to 2005, tried to include every known track on which he played.

 * The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt (Clef, 1954)
 * Parisian Swing (GNP Crescendo, 1965)
 * Quintet of the Hot Club of France (GNP Crescendo, 1965)
 * Paris 1945 with Glenn Miller All-Stars (French Columbia, 1973)
 * Django Reinhardt: The Versatile Giant (Inner City Records, 1978)
 * At Club St. Germain (Honeysuckle, 1983)
 * Swing Guitar (Jass, 1991)
 * Djano Reinhardt in Brussels (Verve, 1992)
 * Django Reinhardt & Stephane Grappelli (GNP Crescendo, 1990)
 * Peche à La Mouche: The Great Blue Star Sessions 1947–1953 (Verve, 1992)
 * Django's Music (Hep, 1994)
 * Brussels and Paris (DRG, 1996)
 * Quintet of the Hot Club of France (Original Jazz Classics, 1997)
 * Django with His American Friends (DRG, 1998)
 * The Complete Django Reinhardt HMV Sessions (1998)
 * The Classic Early Recordings in Chronological Order (2000)
 * Djangology (Bluebird, 2002)
 * Intégrale Django Reinhardt (Frémeaux, 2002)
 * Jazz in Paris: Nuages (2003)
 * Vol. 2: 1938–1939 (Naxos, 2001)
 * Swing Guitars Vol. 3 1936–1937 (Naxos, 2003)
 * Nuages Vol. 6 1940 (Naxos, 2004)
 * Django on the Radio (2008)
 * Djangology: Solo and Duet Recordings (2019)

Sideman work

 * Coleman Hawkins The Coleman Hawkins Collection 1927-1956 (2014)
 * Charles Trenet Intégrale Charles Trénet: 1933-1947 (2004)

Unrecorded compositions
A small number of waltzes composed by Reinhardt in his youth were never recorded by the composer, but were retained in the repertoire of his associates and several are still played today. They came to light via recordings by Matelo Ferret in 1960 (the waltzes "Montagne Sainte-Genevieve", "Gagoug", "Chez Jacquet" and "Choti"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL7740) and 1961 ("Djalamichto" and "En Verdine"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL7829). The first four are now available on Matelo's CD Tziganskaïa and Other Rare Recordings, released by Hot Club Records (subsequently reissued as Tziganskaïa: The Django Reinhardt Waltzes); "Chez Jacquet" was also recorded by Baro Ferret in 1966.

The names "Gagoug" and "Choti" were reportedly conferred by Reinhardt's widow Naguine on request from Matelo, who had learned the tunes without names. Reinhardt also worked on composing a Mass for use by the gypsies, which was not completed although an 8-minute extract exists, played by the organist Léo Chauliac for Reinhardt's benefit, via a 1944 radio broadcast; this can be found on the CD release "Gipsy Jazz School" and also on volume 12 of the "Intégrale Django Reinhardt" CD compilation.

title: Django Reinhardt


text:
Talk:Domestic terrorism/Archive 1

Definition
Also, one could label as "Domestic Terrorism" any act committed by anyone towards innocent and respectable citizens of our Country, with the sole purpose of destroying the socio-economic existance of those being attacked, only to benefit the agressor perpetrator in his quest of wealth, professional and social status. A perfect example could be that of an unethical attorney who buys out the legal outcome of a legal battle through even more unethical Judges, when knowingly they both support the guilty wrongdoer. -[User:64.91.212.xxx|64.91.212.xxx]] 02:02, 30 December 2001

 * I think that this is making the definition of "terrorism" way too broad, diluting the term so much that it loses all meaning; by this definition practically _any_ criminal is a terrorist. --Bryan Derksen 09:47, 31 March 2002

"Terrorism" vs. Politically motivated violence
The inclusion of Boston Tea Party as a historical example serves to illustrate the point made later in the article that actions considered in their day to be terrorism may in fact be acts of Politically motivated violence. To exclude this example would bias the article in favor of the viewpoint of the established order of the period under discussion. --AnthonyQBachler 05:58, 20 November 2003

Sarin gas attack
Was the sarin gas attack performed by japanese individuals? if not then it does not qualify as domestic terrorism, I was under the impression (perhaps mistaken) that it was committed by foreigners to that country. --AnthonyQBachler 03:58, 21 November 2003

Blaming foreigners
"Domestic terrorism is generally unexpected: when a terrorist attack occurs often the first reaction is to presume that it was committed by foreigners."

Is this true? It may have been the case in the Oklahoma bombings, but is it generally the case worldwide? I'd say most states with ongoing terrorism problems are being attacked by domestic opposition or independence movements. ETA, the Khmer Rouge, the IRA (who are (mostly) based in Northern Ireland, hence domestic to the United Kingdom), FARC, etc. -194.205.219.2 12:06, 15 June 2004

Socialist attack
"commission of terrorist or socialist attacks"? I do not think the "or socialist" part belongs to the phrase. What is a "socialist attack" anyway? -148.235.87.217 19:47, 18 April 2005

 * Do you think it's fair that socialism be linked to terrorism like that? I'm deleting it. -24.5.130.12 19:53, 18 April 2005

Watts riots
How does the Watts riots count as terrorism? -67.70.51.35 22:41, 18 April 2005

garbling the definition
"All attempts or successes at assassinating government heads or officials are clear examples of domestic terrorism." ... So if Castro or Kruschev killed JFK, that would have been domestic terrorism? --Kwantus 04:25, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

NPOV of 2nd Amendment Link
At 19:14, 30 September 2005, 67.2.4.137 added the following to this article:

 * However, some uses of the phrase are inappropriate since the intent may not be to scare the whole "domestic" or nation but a subset like its government from inappropriate activities as in the Oklahoma City Bombing in accordance with the 2nd Amendment to the US Constitution.

This strikes me as being questionable NPOV, so I moved it to this talk page pending a concensus.--Kralizec! 00:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Terrorism rare?
I think the phrase "domestic terrorism is rare in the United States" should be changed to "domestic terrorism is considered rare in the United States." Certainly with the Unabomber, Timothy McVeigh, Eric Rudolph and numerous abortion clinic bombings, the US is at least on par with other democratic Western countries when it comes to domestic terrorism. -Frasor 15:23, 12 November 2005

Clean-up required
Lambiam 20:52, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) This is not the U.S. Wikipedia, but the English-language Wikipedia. You cannot equate Domestic = U.S.
 * 2) "Domestic terrorism was considered rare in the United States, by those who do not its history well." That is a point of view, but not an encyclopedic statement.
 * 3) Calling riots "terrorism" stretches the meaning of the term beyond the reasonable.
 * 4) What is this nonsense talk about McVeigh being "an Irish-American Catholic from upstate New York". Indeed, there were hardly any Irish-American people from upstate New York that day in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Give me a break. "Many said that...", "it should be pointed out that...": No, it should not be pointed out.
 * 5) "Samuel Gompers tearfully insisted..." How is that relevant here?
 * 6) "John and Jim McNamara, two Irish-American brothers." Presumable Clarence Darrow, who was so quick to realize their guilt, was not Irish-American. I bet he wasn't even a Catholic.

Lambiam:
 * 1) Riots easily amount to terrorism when they are pre-planned, politically inspired and cost hundreds of lives and maining and woundings.
 * 2) I did NOT say that the McNamara brothers were Catholic!!! (even though they obviously were), but they were Irish-Americans, so your point is either indicative of some bias, or else nonsense, just as your comments re Darrow's ethnic/religious background which were completely irrelevant. I din't call Darrow a Protestant or a Wasp, although he was, b/c it is/was irrelevant.
 * 3) Samuel Gompers' part was included in the story about the 1910 bombing in the New York Daily News (October 5, 2005), telling a story that probably relatively very few Americans (much less non-US citizens) were/are aware of (including me!!). I didn't know about the incident before I read the paper, and --- you know what -- I really wish I hadn't learned of it, but I did.. And as many people as possible should know about it, and Wikipedia is a fine source.

As far as Timothy McVeigh I will remove the things you referenced, otherwise, there was nothing unfactual, and to my knowledge, nothing unsourced about the piece. However, I always appreciate positive advice and guidance. I never claimed to be perfect.

Yours,

24.136.99.194 21:50, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I reverted all edits made since Demiurge's version. While I appreciate the work by 24.136.99.194, I believe most of the issues regarding cleanup weren't present before Rms125a@hotmail.com's last reversion, veiled as a minor edit. Because of this, I didn't re-add the tag, though a might not be unwarranted. Deltabeignet 23:10, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Drfat Riots
You left out one important fact in your very brief mention of the Draft Riots, but I added it. That fact cannot be hidden or obscured; it's non-negotiable. Otherwise, it's OK.

'''The Civil War Draft Riots (1863) -- a period of lethal rioting by Irish immigrants in NYC protesting conscription. Casualties were at least four hundred, outstripping more famous riots such as those in Oakland, Watts, and Attica.'''

63.164.145.33 07:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This was reverted dur to seeming OR and a bit POV. -- Scaife    (Talk)  [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|18px|]] Don't forget  Hanlon's Razor  07:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Like I said:

'''You left out one important fact in your very brief mention of the Draft Riots, but I added it. That fact cannot be hidden or obscured; it's non-negotiable. Otherwise, it's OK'''.

I fixed it:

'''Civil War Draft Riots (1863) -- a period of lethal rioting by Irish immigrants in NYC protesting conscription. Casualties were at least four hundred, outstripping more famous riots such as those in Oakland, Watts, and Attica.'''

I do not accept political correctness being used as a tool for propaganda and censorship.

That the rioters were Irish is a non-negotiable faact. Read up on it if you are not familiar with the circumstances. 63.164.145.33 11:57, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

London Bombings 7/7/05
I considered adding the London transport network bombings as and example of domestic terrorism, as it's such a hot topic, I thought it best to check here first. They were orchestrated by a British group, by British citizens, and against the British public. If this example can be added, I think it's a more recent, and more widely know example. JeffUK 22:33, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Focus of Article
This article seems very focused on Muslim terrorists in the United States. Not only does this focus the Article on the United States instead of a worldwide prospective, it also unfairly biases the article against Muslims. There are many other forms of Homegrown Terrorism in addition to those that are violent Muslim extremists. Zell Faze (talk) 06:34, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I have to agree. I've just added a link to Domestic terrorism in the United States, which lists various other non-Muslim terrorist attacks that could be listed here. (Although this article attempts to distinguish them, as far as I can tell 'domestic terrorism' and 'homegrown terrorism' are simply different names for the same thing.) Robofish (talk) 22:53, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for adding the link Robofish. I think that the Participants section is also limited in scope and reference. I think that information from Sageman (2004) Understanding Terror Networks would be more informative than the somewhat frivolous quote and passage currently added from a book that was not as well received. Also, the inclusion of other footnotes on the topic of the homegrown terrorist would help round out this passage.Gray106 (talk) 18:35, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

-Domestic terrorism is typically a phrase used to refer to united states citizens who engage us-based extremist behaviors such a white supremism, black seperatism, extremist anarchism, etc. The focus on muslim terrorists completely defeats the purpose of this article, since domestic terrorists are, by definition, operating without foreign influence-whether tactical or philosophical. Because of this, I believe that Domestic Terrorism and Homegrown Terrorism should be two seperate pages. The domestic terrorism page should focus on acts such as animal enterprise, harassment, intimidation, fraud, etc, which are common methods for domestic terrorist organizations. The homegrown terrorism page can focus on terrorist organizations and acts that operate under any ideology (foreign or domestic), yet are carried out or supported by American citizens. (Waldenowl (talk) 22:28, 7 May 2013 (UTC)) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Waldenowl (talk • contribs) 22:17, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Where is the Oklahoma bombing? This article is simply anti-Muslim propoganda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.120.92.24 (talk) 11:09, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

 * This is just anecdotal evidence, but my experience matches what the previous posters have said. "Domestic terrorism" seems to be used mainly for terrorism with no foreign influence whatsoever.  "Homegrown terrorism" seems to be a post "War or Terror" term for foreign-influenced terrorism carried out by your own citizens.  (Also, "Domestic terrorism" seems to be a mainly US term, or at least not one I hear used much in the UK.  "Homegrown terrorism" is commonly used in the uK, and judging by this article in the US too).  In any case, the current article seems to be blending (or flipping between) two distinct concepts without making it clear which concept or definition it is actually about. Iapetus (talk) 15:15, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

Is there an attempt to draw a distinction between 'Domestic' and 'Separatist' terrorism perhaps? From the perspective of the United Kingdom, then those acts committed by British citizens against other British citizen in the Northern Irish 'Troubles' are both Domestic and Terrorism. Perhaps there's a difference in motivation between the IRA and Timothy McVeigh.Nickpheas (talk) 14:54, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

José Padilla?
I'm curious as to why José Padilla is linked to in this article.. The page for his case only touches on his transportation of marijuana as a truck driver... Hardly anything terroristic about that. He wasn't even US born, so would that count him as domestic even? Curious indeed. 99.189.86.0 (talk) 17:07, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Whoever added the link for Padilla linked to the wrong Jose Padilla (there are a few on wikipedia). It has been corrected. This Padilla, aka Abdullah al-Muhajir or Muhajir Abdullah, was born in NY & planned to detonate a dirty bomb & was found guilty on all counts. User:ACRCali 22:23, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

>> Can somebody add Boston Marathon bombing to the list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.99.23.83 (talk) 13:18, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

-Again, this becomes tricky when discussing homegrown vs. domestic terrorism. If it is determined that the boston bombings were planned with foreign direction, leadership, or influence, then they would no longer be considered domestic terrorist acts because they were not drien by U.S.-based ideals. However, it could still be considered to be homegrown terrorism since the individuals involved lived and studied in America. It is because of these confusions that I wish there were two seperate wikipedia pages, one for Domestic Terrorism and one for Homegrown Terrorism.(Waldenowl (talk) 22:31, 7 May 2013 (UTC))

Overstated focus on Islamic Extremism
I am astounded by the focus on Muslim extremists (for example the article states 'male Muslims' as the first most common trait for domestic terrorists!!!!!!). Not one mention of the Provisional IRA (regardless of beliefs categorised as an illegal terrorist group) and ETA in Spain (examples of sectarian domestic terrorists), the Aum Shinrikyo (non-islamic religious homegrown terrorist group, Tokyo sarin attacks), the Norway attacks by Anders Behring Breivik (political domestic terrorist motivated by racist far right ideology and was anti-islam, only mentioned as a passing example at the end of the article), the Shining Path in Peru (domestic political terrorists motivated by commumism) etc etc etc. While there are 4 (i think) passing examples of non-Islamic related domestic terrorism at the end of the article they are not mentioned once in the remainder of the article. Would people agree with amending the article to give it some more balance? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.61.124.194 (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110719234840/http://www.homelandsecurity.org/hsireports/Reasons_for_Terrorist_Success_Failure.pdf to http://www.homelandsecurity.org/hsireports/Reasons_for_Terrorist_Success_Failure.pdf

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Non-Western Examples
All of these examples seem to be attacks carried out in Western countries. Under the definition given by the article, shouldn't the majority of terrorist activity carried out in Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, etc. be considered acts of domestic terror? 4thvar (talk) 23:06, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100830160132/http://www.justice.gov/usao/pae/News/Pr/2010/apr/paulin_indictment.pdf to http://www.justice.gov/usao/pae/News/Pr/2010/apr/paulin_indictment.pdf

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Editing Talk
I really like what you have edited so far. I think you are going in the right direction when trying to focus on just domestic terrorism in this article. The original article seems to stray away from domestic terrorism at some points and tries to define terrorism on an international scale, but you have done a good job withe your editing of that section. Also you raise a good question on the Juan Padilla section of the article, I have never heard of the guy and for him to be a link to domestic terrorism you would think the original article would explain the reasoning behind putting him in there with a little more detail. Overall this looks like a very thought over Wikipedia article edit to me, so job well done! Copenhagenking (talk) 05:08, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

This article sufferers from systemic bias
From the article: "While there are many potential definitions of domestic terrorism, it is largely defined as terrorism in which the perpetrator targets his/her own country. Enders [2]defines domestic terrorism as “homegrown in which the venue, target, and perpetrators are all from the same country. The term “homegrown terrorism” stems from jihadi terrorism against Westerners. Wilner and Dobouloz described homegrown terrorism as "autonomously organized radicalized Westerners with little direct assistance from transnational networks, usually organized within the home or host country, and targets fellow nationals." [3] However, homegrown terrorism is not just jihad or Islamic."

 * First of all what does terrorism mean? Were the actions of the French Resistance in Vichy France terrorism? Was Nelson Mandela a terrorist (he was labelled a such by the Thatcher government)? For more details on this see Terrorism.

 * "homegrown in which the venue, target, and perpetrators are all from the same country." define country? If a splinter IRA attack is carried out in Northern Ireland then that could be labelled "homegrown", but is it "homegrown" if the attack takes place in Southern Ireland, or in England, or is that something different? What happens if the members of an splinter IRA active unit carries a Souther Irish passport? Is (s)he an international terrorist if (s)he takes part in an attack in Northern Ireland?

It seems to me that this article sufferers from systemic bias, because it is looking at things thorough a governmental lens (particularity but not excursively a USA government lens). I think it is an appropriate article for AfD and if necessary add a paragraph to the terrorism article where it will carry a more balanced POV.

-- PBS (talk) 11:43, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

Antifa
You are invited to participate in Talk:Antifa (United States), a discussion about whether to include that activities by American anti-fascists were labeled as domestic terrorism by the Trump administration. R2 (bleep) 22:21, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Domestic terrorism/Archive 1


text:
Digit

Digit may refer to:

Mathematics and science

 * Numerical digit, as used in mathematics or computer science
 * Hindu–Arabic numerals, the most common modern representation of numerical digits
 * Digit (anatomy), the most distal part of a limb, such as a finger or toe
 * Digit (unit), an ancient measurement unit
 * Hartley (unit) or decimal digit, a unit of information entropy

Personalities

 * Digit, a gorilla studied by Dian Fossey, killed by poachers and buried near Fossey's grave
 * Digit Fund, now the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, founded by Fossey to raise money for anti-poaching patrols

Arts and media

 * Digit (Cyberchase), a character in the TV series Cyberchase
 * Digit (EP), by Echobelly, 2000
 * Digit (magazine), an Indian information technology magazine
 * Liquid and digits, a type of gestural, interpretive, rave and urban street dance

title: Digit


text:
Dana Plato

Dana Michelle Plato (née Strain; November 7, 1964 – May 8, 1999) was an American actress. An influential teen idol of the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was known for playing Kimberly Drummond on the sitcom Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986). Her personal struggles with substance abuse were well documented by the media and led to her premature death at the age of 34. Her life has retrospectively been called a "tragedy".

Plato was born to a teen mother and was adopted as an infant. She was raised in the San Fernando Valley and was an accomplished figure skater before acting. Her acting career began with numerous commercial appearances, and her television debut came at the age of ten with a brief appearance on the television series The Six Million Dollar Man (1975). Plato subsequently appeared in the horror films Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977) and Return to Boggy Creek (1977), and the Oscar–winning film California Suite (1978). In recognition for her tenure on Diff'rent Strokes, she received nominations for a Young Artist Award and two TV Land Awards. Following the show, she worked sporadically in independent films and B movies, and appeared in the video game Night Trap (1992).

Plato was married twice; she had a child in 1984 during her marriage to guitarist Lanny Lambert. She struggled with substance abuse for most of her life. She was arrested in 1991 for robbing a video store, and again the following year for forging a drug prescription. On May 8, 1999, at age 34, Plato was found dead in her motor home from an overdose of prescription drugs. Her death, while initially considered accidental, was ruled a suicide.

Early life
Dana Plato was born Dana Michelle Strain on November 7, 1964, in Maywood, California, to Linda Strain, a teenager who was already caring for an 18-month-old child. In June 1965, the seven-month-old Dana was adopted by Dean Plato, who owned a trucking company, and his wife Florine "Kay" Plato. She was raised in the San Fernando Valley. When she was three, her adoptive parents divorced and she lived with her mother.

At a very young age, Plato began attending auditions with her mother, and by seven years old had appeared in over 100 television commercials. Plato was also an accomplished figure skater. During her years on Diff'rent Strokes, Plato struggled with drug and alcohol problems; she admitted to drinking alcohol, using cannabis and cocaine, and suffering an overdose of diazepam when she was aged 14.

In 1995, during an appearance on The Marilyn Kagen Show alongside co-star Todd Bridges, she spoke of her childhood with her mother, stating: "My mother made sure that I was normal. The only thing that she did, the mistake she made, was that she kept me in a plastic bubble. So, I didn't learn about reality and life skills." Kagen suggested that Plato may have been used for a free meal ticket, which Plato denied, explaining that her mother's ways were so that she would not become a prima donna.

Career
Plato made her television acting debut at the age of 10, making a brief appearance on the ABC television show The Six Million Dollar Man. She then starred in the 1975 made-for-television film Beyond the Bermuda Triangle. Plato made her film debut at the age of 13 in the uncredited role of Sandra Phalor in the horror film Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977). She starred as Evie Joe in the horror film Return to Boggy Creek in the same year. both films were received negatively by critics. Better received was the family-comedy film California Suite (1978), in which Plato played Jenny Warren; the film was also a commercial success, and earned accolades from the Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Awards. When Plato made a brief appearance on The Gong Show, she was spotted by a producer who helped cast her as Kimberly Drummond, the older sister of adopted brothers Arnold and Willis Jackson, on the NBC sitcom Diff'rent Strokes. The series debuted in 1978 and became an immediate hit. Plato appeared regularly on the show throughout its run, notably top-billed for four years. She was nominated for a Young Artist Award for her work on the program, and also was part of two TV Land Award nominations given to its cast. In 1984, following the birth of her son Tyler, Plato was dismissed from her starring role due to both her pregnancy and struggles in her personal life, which producers felt would negatively impact their "wholesome family comedy". She made a one episode appearance on season 8 episode 12 of "The Love Boat". Thereafter, Plato appeared recurringly on Diff'rent Strokes from 1985 to 1986, the show's end; in season 8, the episode which aired on January 17, 1986, was Plato's final appearance on the show, which showed her character suffering from bulimia. CBC News described her performance in the episode as a "series highpoint".

In 1981, Plato appeared in the television special A Step in Time, which earned her a second Young Artist Award nomination. In 1983, she starred in the television film High School U.S.A. as Cara Ames, alongside Diff'rent Strokes co-star Todd Bridges, who played Otto Lipton. In spite of the film being met with a mixed response from critics and viewers alike, it gained popularity at the time of its premiere, particularly for its cast. Plato attempted to establish herself as a serious actress, but found it difficult to achieve success. She had breast implants and modeled for a June 1989 Playboy pictorial. She also started taking roles in such B movies as Bikini Beach Race (1992) and Lethal Cowboy (1995). In 1990 she made a brief attempt at a musical career, sponsored by producer Howie Rice. She recorded six tracks with songwriter/producer Daniel Liston Keller at Paramount Studios in Hollywood, California, but the recordings were shelved and not released.

In 1992, Plato starred in the video game Night Trap, becoming one of the first celebrities to appear in a video game. She was eager to work on the project, and Rob Fulop, one of the designers of Night Trap, said that he and Plato had enjoyed working together. She made little effort to hide the fact that the project was a step-down compared to her previous career ventures. The game was a moderate success, and is considered a pioneering title because it was the first to use live actors. Night Trap received mixed to negative reviews upon release, and in retrospective has continued to polarize critics and audiences. It is best remembered for the controversy it created over the violence and sexuality that, along with that surrounding Mortal Kombat, eventually led to the creation of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).

Toward the end of her career, Plato chose roles that were erotic; she appeared nude in Prime Suspect (1989) and Compelling Evidence (1995), and in the softcore erotic drama Different Strokes: The Story of Jack and Jill...and Jill (1998), the title of which was changed after filming in order to tie it to Plato's past. In the same year, following her appearance in the film, Plato appeared in a cover story of the lesbian lifestyle-magazine Girlfriends.

Plato's last works include Desperation Boulevard (1998), in which she appears as herself and which appears to be based on her life; Silent Scream (1999), in which she appears as Emma Jones; and Pacino Is Missing (2002), which was released after her death, in which she appears as an attorney.

Personal life
In December 1983, Plato moved in with her boyfriend, rock guitarist Lanny Lambert. The couple married on April 24, 1984, and their only child, Tyler Edward Lambert, was born on July 2, 1984. When it was revealed that she was pregnant, she was written out of Diff'rent Strokes. Her co-star Conrad Bain revealed that she was happy about her baby, stating in an interview with People magazine: "She deliberately got pregnant while doing the series, when I spoke to her about it, she was enthusiastic about having done that... [saying that] 'When I get the baby, I will never be alone again.'"

Plato separated from Lambert in January 1988, the same week her mother died of scleroderma. In desperation, she signed over power of attorney to an accountant who disappeared with the majority of her money, leaving her with less than $150,000. She claimed the accountant was never found nor prosecuted despite an exhaustive search, and that he had also stolen more than $11 million from other clients. In her March 1990 divorce, Plato lost custody of her son to Lambert and was given visitation rights. She then became engaged to Fred Potts, a filmmaker, but the romance ended. She was later married to actor and producer Scott Atkins (Scotty Gelt) in Vancouver for one month, but the marriage was annulled. Before her death, Plato was engaged to her manager Robert Menchaca, six years her junior, with whom she lived in a motor home in Navarre, Florida.

On February 28, 1991, Plato entered a Las Vegas video store, produced a pellet gun, and demanded the money in the cash register. After she left with the money, the clerk called 9-1-1 and said, "I've just been robbed by the girl who played Kimberly on Diff'rent Strokes." Approximately fifteen minutes after the robbery, Plato returned to the scene and was immediately arrested. She had stolen $164. Entertainer Wayne Newton posted her $13,000 bail, and Plato was given five years' probation. She subsequently became a subject of the national debate surrounding troubled child stars, particularly given the difficulties of her Diff'rent Strokes co-stars Todd Bridges and Gary Coleman.

In January 1992 Plato was arrested a second time, for forging a prescription for diazepam. She served thirty days in jail for violating the terms of her probation and immediately entered a drug rehabilitation program. Plato later moved to Las Vegas, where she struggled with poverty and unemployment. At one point she worked at a dry-cleaning store, where customers reported being impressed by her lack of airs.

On May 7, 1999, the day before she died, Plato appeared on The Howard Stern Show. She spoke about her life, discussing her financial problems and past run-ins with the law. She admitted to being a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, but claimed she had been sober for more than ten years and was not using any drugs, with the exception of prescribed painkillers due to the recent extraction of her wisdom teeth. Many callers to the show insulted Plato and questioned her sobriety, which angered and provoked her, and she defiantly offered to take a drug test on the air. Some callers, as well as host Howard Stern, came to Plato's defense, though Stern also referred to himself as "an enabler" and sarcastically offered Plato drugs. Although she allowed a hair to be cut for the test, Stern later claimed she asked for it back after the interview.

On May 6, 2010, two days before the eleventh anniversary of Plato's death, her son Tyler committed suicide with a gunshot wound to the head. He was 25 years old.

Death
On May 8, 1999, Plato and Menchaca were returning to California and stopped at Menchaca's mother's home in Moore, Oklahoma, for a Mother's Day visit. Later on in the visit, Plato said that she felt unwell and took a few doses of a hydrocodone / acetaminophen painkiller (Lortab), along with the muscle-relaxant carisoprodol (Soma), and went to lie down with Menchaca, inside her Winnebago motor home, which was parked outside the house. Carisoprodol and hydrocodone are known to have major drug interactions that can lead to serious side effects including profound sedation, respiratory distress, coma, and even death. Upon waking up, Menchaca and the family discovered that Plato had died in her sleep at the age of 34. It was initially assumed to be an accidental overdose but was later ruled a suicide based on Plato's long history of substance abuse and past suicidal gestures. Some of Plato's friends and associates, including her former Diff'rent Strokes co-star Todd Bridges, have publicly disagreed with the medical examiner’s ruling, with Bridges stating that Plato had consumed the fatal cocktail of drugs in an ambiguous amount in order to fall asleep. Plato's body was cremated and her ashes were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.

In 2000, Fox broadcast a television movie based on Plato, titled After Diff'rent Strokes: When the Laughter Stopped. The film was focused on her life and work after the show, including her death. It featured actors who at the time were unknown, as well as Bridges, who made a cameo appearance. In 2006, NBC aired the television film Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Diff'rent Strokes, which was based on the lives of the child stars who had worked on the show. Bridges and Coleman appear at the end of the film standing near Plato's grave.

On November 7, 2019, on what would have been Plato's 55th birthday, Bridges commented on Twitter about their friendship, leaving a tribute to Plato: "You were the one person I could always talk to. You were one of my best friends. I will never forget you and love you forever. HAPPY BIRTHDAY Dana Plato R.I.P you are free my friend."

title: Dana Plato


text:
Talk:Major depressive disorder

FA review needed
These issues have not been addressed. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  15:46, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Management
... section is getting stubby ... lots of short paragraphs and information that needs to be merged or possibly removed. I see student editing here. (Also found info chunked in to the lead that was nowhere in the body, so fixed that.) Sandy Georgia (Talk)  18:50, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes! This is next on the to-do list Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 03:20, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Elderly
This section looks also like it was chunked in as an afterthought. It duplicates some management information, which can be merged to Management or deleted, and the rest of it can go within the other sections as appropriate (prognosis or epidemiology?). Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:08, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * this and the chldren section that had been tacked on at the end have been incorporated and vague or reduplicated bits removed (easier than I thought it would be actually) Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 03:19, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Terminology
This section is not "terminology" and some of it looks undue; relevant content can be merged elsehwere. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:11, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Stigma
Out of whack, and looks like people are just chunking in random factoids here, rather than following WP:WIAFA. "There has been a continuing discussion of whether neurological disorders and mood disorders may be linked to creativity," has WHAT to do with stigma? The section is not very well written. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:13, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sigh....I'll compare current with featured version in the first instance for structure etc. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 23:25, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That section dates right back to the FAC. I can see it there almost unchanged in December 2008. So I think I might be the guilty party on that one. :P - I do think we need to do something about the length of the article and updating etc. Am looking now.Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 01:20, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If you are guilty, so am I;) Sandy Georgia (Talk)  01:37, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Resurrecting this from the archive, as this is now the longest standing medicine-related FA at Featured article review/notices given. Sandy and, how do you feel about the article's current state? If you're pleased with changes, I can remove it from the template. If not, I can try to whip up some volunteers to plug away at any deficiencies. All else fails, we can start the WP:FAR process. Thanks for all your work on this! -- and of course thanks to Casliber for doing the heavy lifting to bring this to FA condition almost 13 years ago. I hope you're both doing well. Ajpolino (talk) 14:47, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think the article needs some cleanup. I've mostly been looking at unclear/inelegant prose today, but I intend look into Sandy's content concerns soon. Haven't gotten through the whole article yet, but the "Pathophysiology" section, for one, seems overly detailed. Cheers, Ovinus (talk) 00:39, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Sigh...on the "to do" list - will have a look later. Daytime here Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 01:02, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks both. Take whatever time you need, of course. And let me know if there's anything I can do to be useful. Ajpolino (talk) 13:46, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * What I'm doing is comparing the current version to this which was soon after it was promoted and near time it was mainpaged. Just to compare the prose and scope mainly. However, the data needs to be updated to latest studies. I've begun adjusting the prose a bit. Work in progress....Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 14:16, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

Basic Problems of this Article
Hi, I was studying this article that I realized there were many sentences that do not have a reference. Also, the references were not added to the article alike, some one are sfn and others are not. Many parts need to be updated and the article is not comprehensive. I do not know how this article was Featured but must not be Featured now. Pereoptic Talk✉  09:29, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't find a single unsourced paragraph in this entire article, are they any concrete instances you can point out where a source would be needed but is lacking? I ask the same for what you think needs updating and what information is missing.--Megaman en m (talk) 11:21, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Likewise, where is the specific uncited text? Every sentence does not need to be cited; the reference may after a subsequent sentence. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  15:42, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @Megaman en m:For example, the first paragraph of the management section, the second paragraph of Antidepressants.
 * @SandyGeorgia: The main problems I mentioned in the article were not the only one. To the things I mentioned above, add the short introduction of the article and Having a reference in the introduction.
 * Issues not covered in the article:, In the pathophysiology section, it is also possible to discuss the relationship between major depression and chronic diseases
 * Updates:
 * Pereoptic Talk✉  19:28, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph of management clearly references the NICE guidelines, which are cited at the end of that para (including the bullet points). The second paragraph of antidepressants is cited, so I'm unsure if I'm looking somewhere different than you are ?? The size of the lead is fine, and citations in the lead are neither required nor discouraged; I see no problem there.  Could you please provide a PMID or description of what you consider not covered, so others don't have to click on each little bracketed number to see the concern?  It would help, thanks.   I am wearying of being the only person maintaining this article.  Can we get it updated or else move to the next step?  I am swamped, and yet here I am, trying to click on little numbers to figure out what is wanted next. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  20:51, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh joy. Updating medical articles. Ok, will have a look soon. Just got some other chores to attend to (long time since I looked at this) Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 21:45, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Joyous it is not, and I'm really tired of it; we need committed FA-knowledgeable editors to keep this article updated. Are the 2004 NICE guidelines the latest? Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  21:53, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The statistics presented in this reference to ==> Epidemiology (update)
 * Citation: Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  11:40, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Done, but this may be overemphasizing one country (Wikipedia is global); I would not be surprised if someone deletes it. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:45, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * «Structured psychotherapies» section in this reference to ==> Management (for reference update and article expansion)
 * is how you can easily reference a source on talk for others. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  11:28, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Citation format: Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  11:28, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This reference to ==> Cause and Prognosis (for example generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder and poor treatment outcomes)
 * That is a news source, not a secondary review. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  11:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think this reference is considered a secondary review, because at the end of it, the bibliography section is placed. In addition, its source is the American Psychiatric Association. Pereoptic  Talk✉  13:09, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not using a source like that in a Featured article; an alternate approach to adding whatever content you wish to include is to see if any of the sources listed at the end of that article are secondary reviews, and use them. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  15:09, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I will mention the shortcomings of the article's introduction in the future. My written English grammar is a little weak, otherwise I would have added the required content to the article myself. Pereoptic  Talk✉  09:27, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm willing to help do the updates as I have time, but I can get to things faster if you provide MEDRS sources and if I don't have to do all the citation formatting (see above). Do you have the tool for citing PMIDs used in this article?  Or you can use the PMID template followed by a bracket and the number for easier reference. For today, I have to finish work on another Featured article, so perhaps someone else will get to them faster.   have you any interest in helping maintain this FA?  I don't have time to get to it today, and two updates needed are identified above. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  11:45, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry Sandy, but this is pretty far out of my wheelhouse and I'm busy with other things at the moment. Spicy (talk) 17:48, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Only one source remained:
 * to ==> Cause Pereoptic  Talk✉  13:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * That's a very dated primary source; the information should have been mentioned in a WP:MEDDATE compliant WP:MEDRS. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  15:12, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @SandyGeorgia:It seems that I mention the wrong reference. Correct reference: PMID 34634250 Pereoptic  Talk✉  16:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Better :) I can attempt to work on some of this over time, but for the next few days, I am up to my eyeballs at the Joan of Arc Featured article review, and must stay focused on getting that wrapped up.  I'm hoping someone else will jump in here to help ... what is listed so far does not look insurmountable. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  18:54, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I hope you will be successful in improving the above article. There is no rush, we will improve the article as time permits. I will also try to add things to the article over time, although it needs to be checked grammatically by an English speaker. Sincerely Pereoptic  Talk✉  20:28, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Urgent FAR needed
I am one person and cannot maintain this old FA alone, and will no longer endure the demoralization of trying to do so. This is one of the oldest listed at WP:FARGIVEN, and my recommendation is that someone submit it urgently to WP:FAR. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  14:36, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Citation 283 is mis-linked
It should be linked to https://doi.org/10.1080/09638239917427 Fairthomas (talk) 14:19, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Dated text removed for improvement
There is not a single modern citation in this text, which should be updated to modern sources if re-incoporated. Most of this dated text is based on sources at least 20 years old; WP:MEDDATE. Debatesdebates? It's also unclear why it belongs in the Terminology section. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  14:37, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

"The diagnosis is less common in some countries, such as China. It has been argued that the Chinese traditionally deny or somatize emotional depression (although since the early 1980s, the Chinese denial of depression may have modified). Alternatively, it may be that Western cultures reframe and elevate some expressions of human distress to disorder status. Australian professor Gordon Parker and others have argued that the Western concept of depression medicalizes sadness or misery. Similarly, Hungarian-American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz and others argue that depression is a metaphorical illness that is inappropriately regarded as an actual disease. There has also been concern that the DSM, as well as the field of descriptive psychiatry that employs it, tends to reify abstract phenomena such as depression, which may in fact be social constructs. American archetypal psychologist James Hillman writes that depression can be healthy for the soul, insofar as 'it brings refuge, limitation, focus, gravity, weight, and humble powerlessness.' Hillman argues that therapeutic attempts to eliminate depression echo the Christian theme of resurrection, but have the unfortunate effect of demonizing a soulful state of being."

I originally placed it there as elaborates on idea of definition and meta-aspects. However looking at it now, and given the length of the article and the age of the quotes, I feel the article is better without it - much of these are more pertinent to more general discussion of mood disorders, the reification sentence possibly could stay if I can update it and find discussion making it notable but not fussed really. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 03:04, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2023
This article must be flagged as having a geopolitical bias. It needs to be globalized beyond the United States and other English speaking countries or Europe. BennuPedia (talk) 20:34, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Lizthegrey (talk) 22:48, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Sourcing of Biomedical Content
You removed this: Research has found that unhappily married couples are at 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.

in favor of this: Couples that are unhappily married have up to 25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.

That doesn't make sense.

You also removed: Should you have experienced four or more adverse childhood experiences, you're 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression.

claiming it was referenced elsewhere, and more recently. The description of ACEs in the article does not say 3.2 to 4. And I find your issue about the publication date very vague. Lau737 (talk) 15:47, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * We discussed these at length on your talk page; once you've processed everything there, we can continue (I'll be away from computer for several hours). Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:00, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * We assuredly did not bring up ACEs even once. And why you would bring back the "bad" statement after that lengthy discussion about how everything had to be secondary source, with review articles is beyond me. Lau737 (talk) 16:10, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * What we've talked about at your user talk is information included in these links:
 * Template:Editnotices/Page/Major depressive disorder
 * WP:MEDRS
 * WP:MEDORDER
 * WP:MEDDATE
 * Information about adverse childhood experiences is already in the article, cited to a newer and higher quality source. The information about unhappy marriages, as we discussed, needs secondary sourcing (it now has that, and is in the article using the citation style of this article).  I don't know what the "bad" statement is.  Perhaps WP:ONUS and WP:SS will help; this is a broad overview article that has been community vetted, and we don't need to provide excess detail on well-established items like childhood adversity; such detail can probably find a home in a different article.  We don't have to necessarily repeat information across multiple articles, and we don't have to repeat detail in a higher level article that may be covered in a sub-article.  In terms of how much detail to include, we are governed by due weight (in this case, of the highest quality recent secondary sources). Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  19:07, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * A statement like "four ACEs" increase the risk of depression 3.2 to 4.0 times is relevant to many pages like Major depressive disorder, Family disruption, or Happiness. It's not undue weight. Personally, I find the severity of the increase difficult to spot, even on the Adverse childhood experiences page.
 * I do not agree with rephrasing all those findings into "an unhappy marriage increases the risk of depression." That's just common sense. People are going to fill in the blank thinking it's +5%, or something, not +200% or +2400% times. It's just a bad way of conveying information
 * I referred to this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_depressive_disorder&diff=1186959470&oldid=1186959348 in which you changed 3-25 to "up to 25" and pointed the references to Weissman (1987) via Goldfarb after you told me that you thought that the 25 times study was old.
 * You then proceeded to remove "25 times in its entirety," in an a subsequent edit described as " →Environmental: general"
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_depressive_disorder&diff=1186984595&oldid=1186959470 Lau737 (talk) 13:45, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * could you please read WP:TALK and WP:THREAD? Following talk page guidelines will make your posts easier for others to work through.  As per our discussion on your talk, I'm still waiting for a secondary source on the 3 to 25 (we have the 25 at Goldfarb), so I generalized the whole thing pending that. If you can provide a secondary source, I agree that expressing a range up to 25 is more useful.  Similar on the childhood adverse events: if you have more than a 15-year-old primary study for the content, "Should you have experienced four or more adverse childhood experiences, you're 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression", more detail can be added, but depending on due weight in broad overviews of major depression, that content might find a better home at Epigenetics of depression.  This is a broad summary article; see WP:ONUS. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  16:33, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The additional sources were already secondary: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_depressive_disorder&diff=1186959348&oldid=1186957111
 * They were presented on my talk page before inclusion. One is from the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, so peer-reviewed, the other is from Couple and Family Psychology, so peer reviewed.
 * https://arammu.com/assets/research/MC%20Depression%20Outcomes.pdf
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096140/
 * I think restricting the information to Epigenetics of depression ignores the psychological importance of adverse childhood experiences.
 * Lau737 (talk) 16:55, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you please see WP:THREAD (I have again threaded for you).  Both of those papers are primary studies. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  18:26, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * They are assuredly not. One is Fink et al. (2013) pointing to O-Leary et al. (1994), the other is Gray et al. (2019) which points to Whisman (1999). Lau737 (talk) 10:21, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * (Gray) is a randomized controlled trial.
 * (Fink) is a primary study, but the preamble does cite 10 to 25 to O'Leary.
 * So I wouldn't be averse to using the 10 to 25 times, but I still don't know where we're getting the three. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:17, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes they are primary studies in regard to their own conclusions, but they are secondary sources in regard to the conclusions of O'Leary and Whisman. Whisman concluded three times. Lau737 (talk) 11:25, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Major depressive disorder


text:
Drop kick

A drop kick is a type of kick in various codes of football. It involves a player intentionally dropping the ball and then kicking it either (different sports have different definitions) 'as it rises from the first bounce' (rugby) or 'as, or immediately after, it touches the ground' (gridiron football).

Drop kicks are used as a method of restarting play and scoring points in rugby union and rugby league. Also, association football goalkeepers often return the ball to play with drop kicks. The kick was once in wide use in both Australian rules football and gridiron football, but is rarely used anymore in either sport.

Drop kick technique
The drop kick technique in rugby codes is usually to hold the ball with one end pointing downwards in two hands above the kicking leg. The ball is dropped onto the ground in front of the kicking foot, which makes contact at the moment or fractionally after the ball touches the ground, called the half-volley. The kicking foot usually makes contact with the ball slightly on the instep.

In a rugby union kick-off, or drop out, the kicker usually aims to kick the ball high but not a great distance, and so usually strikes the ball after it has started to bounce off the ground, so the contact is made close to the bottom of the ball.

Rugby league
In rugby league, drop kicks are mandatory to restart play from the goal line (called a goal line drop-out) after the defending team is tackled or knocks on in the in-goal area or the defending team causes the ball to go dead or into touch-in-goal. Drop kicks are also mandatory to restart play from the 20 metre line after an unsuccessful penalty goal attempt goes dead or into touch-in-goal and to score a drop goal (sometimes known as a field goal) in open play, which is worth one point.

Drop kicks are optional for a penalty kick to score a penalty goal (this being done rarely, as place kicks are generally used) and when kicking for touch (the sideline) from a penalty, although the option of a punt kick is usually taken instead.

Rugby union
In rugby union, a drop kick is used for the kick-off and restarts and to score a drop goal (sometimes called a field goal). Originally, it was one of only two ways to score points, along with the place kick.

Drop kicks are mandatory from the centre spot to start a half (a kick-off), from the centre spot to restart the game after points have been scored, to restart play from the 22-metre line (called a drop-out) after the ball is touched down or made dead in the in-goal area by the defending team when the attacking team kicked or took the ball into the in-goal area, and to score a drop goal (sometimes called a field goal) in open play, which is worth three points.

Drop kicks are optional for a conversion kick after a try has been scored. As in rugby league this is done rarely, as place kicks are generally used.

Rugby sevens
The usage of drop kicks in rugby sevens is the same as in rugby union, except that drop kicks are used for all conversion attempts and for penalty kicks, both of which must be taken within 40 seconds of the try being scored or the award of the penalty.

Gridiron football
In both American and Canadian football, one method of scoring a field goal, fair-catch kick (American only), or extra point is by drop-kicking the football through the goal, although the technique is very rarely used in modern play.

It contrasts with the punt, wherein the player kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first, and the place kick, wherein the player kicks a stationary ball off the ground: "from placement". A drop kick is significantly more difficult; as Jim Thorpe explained in 1926 when both kick types were common, "I regard the place kick as almost two to one safer than the drop kick in attempting a goal from the field."

The drop kick was often used in early football as a surprise tactic. The ball was snapped or lateraled to a back, who faked a run or pass, then drop-kicked a field goal attempt. This method of scoring worked well in the 1920s and early 1930s, when the ball was rounder at the ends, similar to a modern rugby ball.

Early football stars Thorpe, Charles Brickley, Frank Hudson, Paddy Driscoll, and Al Bloodgood were skilled drop-kickers; Driscoll in and Bloodgood in  hold a tied NFL record of four drop kicked field goals in a single game. Driscoll's 55-yard drop kick in stood as the unofficial record for field goal range until Bert Rechichar kicked a 56-yard field goal (by placekick) in.

The ball was made more pointed at the ends in ; this change is generally credited to Shorty Ray, a college football official at the time, and later the NFL's head of officiating. This made passing the ball easier, as was its intent, but made the drop kick almost immediately obsolete, as the more pointed ball did not bounce up from the ground reliably. The drop kick was supplanted by the place kick, which cannot be attempted out of a formation generally used as a running or passing set. While it remains in the rules, the drop kick is seldom seen, and as explained below, is rarely effective when attempted.

In Canadian football, there are no formal restrictions on the circumstances under which a drop or a place kick can be attempted.

NFL
Since 1941, the only successful drop kick for points in the NFL was by Doug Flutie, the backup quarterback of the New England Patriots, against the Miami Dolphins on January 1, 2006, for an extra point after a touchdown. Flutie, 43 at the time, was given the opportunity to make a historic kick in what was his last play in the NFL. Flutie estimated he "an 80 percent chance" of making the drop kick.

The last successful drop kick before 2006 in the NFL was executed 64 years earlier in, on an extra point by Ray McLean of the Chicago Bears, against the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game at Chicago's Wrigley Field on December 21. The last drop kick for a field goal was a nine-yarder by player-coach Dutch Clark of the Detroit Lions in against the Chicago Cardinals on September 19. The All-America Football Conference (AAFC) saw its last successful drop kick in 1948, when Joe Vetrano of the San Francisco 49ers drop kicked an extra point after a muffed snap in a 31–28 home loss to the undefeated Cleveland Browns on November 28.

Still rarely but more commonly, kickers have attempted drop kicks from kick-offs or free kicks, especially in the case of onside kicks. Patriots kicker Stephen Gostkowski took an onside drop kick on a free kick against the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 30,. Seattle Seahawks punter Michael Dickson, an Australian punter who considered himself more adept at drop kicking than place kicking, has drop kicked both kick-offs and onside kick-offs when called on to serve as back-up kicker. In 2019, Baltimore Ravens' kicker Justin Tucker drop-kicked a short, high kick-off against the Kansas City Chiefs with 2:01 left in the fourth quarter to force a fair catch and prevent the Chiefs from running out the clock; it was later confirmed that this kick was illegal, as Tucker had kicked the ball not immediately after it bounced, but rather after it had bounced and reached the apex of its rebound.

NCAA
The last successful drop kick extra point in the NCAA was by Jason Millgan of Hartwick College on December 11, 1998, St. Lawrence University. Frosty Peters of Montana State College made 17 drop kicks in one game in 1924.

Arena football
In the former AFL (North American Arena Football League), a drop-kicked extra point was worth two points, rather than one point, while a drop-kicked field goal counted for four points rather than three. The most recent conversion of a drop kick was by Geoff Boyer of the Pittsburgh Power on June 16, 2012; it was the first successful conversion in the AFL since 1997. In 2018, Maine Mammoths kicker Henry Nell converted a drop kick as a PAT against the Massachusetts Pirates in the National Arena League.

Australian rules football
Once the preferred method of conveying the ball over long distances, the drop kick has been superseded by the drop punt as a more accurate means of delivering the ball to a fellow player. Drop kicks were last regularly used in the 1970s, and by that time mostly for kicking in after a behind and very rarely in general play. AFL historian and statistician Col Hutchison believes that Sam Newman was the last player to kick a set-shot goal with a drop kick, in 1980, although goals in general play from a drop kick do occur on rare occasions, including subsequent goals by players such as Alastair Lynch and Darren Bewick. Hutchison says drop kicks were phased out of the game by Norm Smith in defence due to their risky nature; Ron Barassi, a player Smith coached, took this onboard for his own coaching career, banning it for all but Barry Cable, who, according to Hutchison, was a "magnificent disposer of the ball".

title: Drop kick


text:
Diaeresis

Diaeresis (dieresis, diæresis, diëresis) may refer to:

 * Diaeresis (prosody), pronunciation of vowels in a diphthong separately, or the division made in a line of poetry when the end of a foot coincides with the end of a word
 * Diaeresis (linguistics), or hiatus, the separation of adjacent vowels into syllables, not separated by a consonant or pause and not merged into a diphthong
 * Diaeresis (diacritic), a diacritic consisting of two side-by-side dots that marks disyllabicity
 * Diaeresis (computing), the name used by the Unicode Consortium for the "two-dots above" diacritic

title: Diaeresis