text:
Outline of dance

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to dance:

Dance – human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. A great many dances and dance styles are performed to dance music.

What type of thing is dance?
Dance (also called "dancing") can fit the following categories:

 * an activity or behavior
 * one of the arts – a creative endeavor or discipline.
 * one of the performing arts.
 * Hobby – regular activity or interest that is undertaken for pleasure, typically done during one's leisure time.
 * Exercise – bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
 * Sport—bodily activity that displays physical exertion
 * Recreation – leisure time activity
 * Ritual

Some other things can be named "dance" metaphorically; see dance (disambiguation)

Types of dance
Type of dance – a particular dance or dance style. There are many varieties of dance. Dance categories are not mutually exclusive. For example, tango is traditionally a partner dance. While it is mostly social dance, its ballroom form may be competitive dance, as in DanceSport. At the same time it is enjoyed as performance dance, whereby it may well be a solo dance.
 * List of dances
 * List of dance style categories
 * List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin
 * List of folk dances sorted by origin
 * List of national dances
 * List of DanceSport dances

Dance genres

 * Acro dance
 * B-boying
 * Ballet
 * Bollywood dance
 * Ballroom dance
 * Baroque dance
 * Belly dance
 * Glossary of belly dance terms
 * Bharatanatyam
 * Casino (Cuban salsa)
 * Cha-cha-cha
 * Chicago stepping
 * Circle dance
 * Competitive dance
 * Dance squad
 * Contemporary dance
 * Contra dance
 * Country-western dance
 * Disco
 * Hustle
 * Erotic dancing
 * Fandango
 * Flamenco
 * Folk dance
 * Hip-hop dance
 * Indian classical dance
 * Jazz dance
 * Jig
 * Jive
 * Krumping
 * Lambada
 * Lap dance
 * Limbo
 * Line dance
 * Mambo
 * Modern dance
 * Pole dance
 * Polka
 * Quickstep
 * Salsa
 * Sequence dance
 * Street dance
 * Swing
 * Tango
 * Tap dance
 * Twist
 * Two-step
 * Waltz
 * War dance
 * Zamba

Dance styles by number of interacting dancers

 * Solo dance – a dance danced by an individual dancing alone.
 * Partner dance – dance with just 2 dancers, dancing together. In most partner dances, one, typically a man, is the leader; the other, typically a woman, is the follower. As a rule, they maintain connection with each other. In some dances the connection is loose and called dance handhold. In other dances the connection involves body contact.
 * Glossary of partner dance terms
 * Group dance – dance danced by a group of people simultaneously. Group dances are generally, but not always, coordinated or standardized in such a way that all the individuals in the group are dancing the same steps at the same time. Alternatively, various groups within the larger group may be dancing different, but complementary, parts of the larger dance.

Dance styles by main purpose

 * Ceremonial dance –
 * Competitive dance –
 * Erotic dance –
 * Participation dance –
 * Performance dance –
 * Social dance –
 * Concert dance –

Geography of dance (by region)

 * Africa

 * West Africa [[Image:LocationWesternAfrica.png|40px]]

 * Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo

 * North Africa [[Image:LocationNorthernAfrica.png|40px]]

 * Algeria • Egypt (Ancient Egypt) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan •Tunisia • Western Sahara

 * Central Africa [[Image:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png|40px]]

 * Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe

 * East Africa [[Image:LocationEasternAfrica.png|40px]]

 * Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe

 * Southern Africa [[Image:LocationSouthernAfrica.png|40px]]

 * Botswana • Eswatini • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa

 * Dependencies

 * Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland  • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

 * Antarctica
 * None

 * Asia
 * Central Asia
 * Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan •  Tajikistan •  Turkmenistan •  Uzbekistan
 * East Asia
 * China
 * Tibet

 * Hong Kong • Macau
 * Japan • North Korea •  South Korea •  Mongolia •  Taiwan
 * North Asia
 * Russia
 * Southeast Asia
 * Brunei • Burma (Myanmar)  •  Cambodia •  East Timor (Timor-Leste) •  Indonesia •  Laos •  Malaysia •  Philippines •  Singapore •  Thailand •  Vietnam
 * South Asia
 * Afghanistan • Bangladesh •  Bhutan • Iran •  Maldives •  Nepal •  Pakistan •  Sri Lanka

 * India
 * West Asia
 * Armenia • Azerbaijan •  Bahrain •  Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) •  Georgia •  Iraq •  Israel •  Jordan •  Kuwait •  Lebanon •  Oman •  Palestinian territories Qatar •  Saudi Arabia •  Syria •  Turkey •  United Arab Emirates •  Yemen

 * Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

 * North Caucasus
 * Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)

 * South Caucasus
 * Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia •  Azerbaijan (including disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)

 * Europe Europe location.png
 * Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Gibraltar • Greece • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Macedonia • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •
 * Norway
 * Svalbard
 * Spain
 * Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia
 * Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine
 * United Kingdom
 * England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales
 * Vatican City

 * European Union

 * North America
 * Canada LocationCanadaAmerica.png
 * Provinces of Canada: • Alberta  • British Columbia • Manitoba  • New Brunswick  • Newfoundland and Labrador  • Nova Scotia  • Ontario (Toronto) • Prince Edward Island  • Quebec • Saskatchewan
 * Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Nunavut • Yukon

 * Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon

 * United States Location USA in America.PNG

 * Mexico Location mexico in america.jpg

 * Central America
 * Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama

 * Caribbean
 * Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba •  Bahamas •  Barbados •  Bermuda •  British Virgin Islands •  Cayman Islands •  Cuba •  Dominica •  Dominican Republic •  Grenada •  Haiti •  Jamaica •  Montserrat •  Netherlands Antilles •  Puerto Rico •  Saint Barthélemy •  Saint Kitts and Nevis •  Saint Lucia •  Saint Martin •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines •  Trinidad and Tobago •  Turks and Caicos Islands •  United States Virgin Islands

 * Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
 * Australasia
 * Australia Location Australia.svg
 * Dependencies/Territories of Australia
 * Christmas Island • Cocos (Keeling) Islands •   Norfolk Island
 * New Zealand
 * Melanesia
 * Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) •  New Caledonia (France) •  Papua New Guinea •  Rotuma •  Solomon Islands •  Vanuatu
 * Micronesia
 * Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (United States) •  Kiribati •  Marshall Islands •  Nauru •  Northern Mariana Islands (United States) •  Palau •  Wake Island (United States)
 * Polynesia
 * American Samoa (United States) • Chatham Islands (NZ) •  Cook Islands (NZ) •  Easter Island (Chile) •  French Polynesia (France)  •  Hawaii (United States) •  Loyalty Islands (France) • Niue (NZ) •  Pitcairn Islands (UK) •  Adamstown •  Samoa •  Tokelau (NZ) •  Tonga •  Tuvalu •  Wallis and Futuna (France)

 * South America Location of South America.svg
 * Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela

 * South Atlantic

 * Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

History of dance
History of dance
 * Dance in ancient Egypt
 * Dance in mythology and religion
 * Dance styles throughout history
 * Medieval dance
 * Masque
 * English country dance
 * Baroque dance
 * Renaissance dance
 * Regency dance
 * Vintage dance
 * Historical dance
 * Modern dance
 * Contemporary dance

Dance technique

 * Choreography
 * Dance notation
 * Connection
 * Dance moves
 * Glossary of dance moves
 * Dance partnering
 * Dance theory
 * Lead and follow
 * Musicality

Dance culture

 * Dance and health
 * Dance competition
 * Dance costume
 * Dance critique
 * Dance education
 * Dance studio
 * Dance etiquette
 * Dance in film
 * Dance double
 * Dance film
 * Dance marathon
 * Dance music
 * Dance party
 * Ball (dance party)
 * Prom
 * Rave
 * Dance radio
 * Dance troupe
 * Dance on television
 * Nightclub
 * Performance
 * Performance surface (dance floor)
 * Physically integrated dance (disability and dance)
 * Women in dance

Dance science
Dance science
 * Dance history – (see History of dance, above)
 * Dance and health
 * Dance theory
 * Dance technology
 * Ethnochoreology (dance anthropology)

Dance organizations

 * List of dance organizations

Dance-related media

 * Dance film
 * Dance music
 * Musical film

Books about dance

 * List of dance wikibooks

Dancers

 * List of dancers
 * List of dance personalities

title: Outline of dance


text:
DCM

DCM may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Dichloromethane, a common solvent in organic chemistry
 * Deep chlorophyll maximum, subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll
 * Dynamic causal modelling, a method for the interpretation of functional neuroimaging data
 * Docking Cargo Module, A Russian module of the International Space Station
 * Dilated cardiomyopathy, a heart condition

Computing

 * Digital clock manager, in field-programmable gate arrays
 * .dcm, a filename extension for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
 * Desired Configuration Management, in Microsoft's System Center Configuration Manager

Organisations

 * DCM textiles, formerly Delhi Cloth & General Mills
 * DCM Ventures, a venture capital company
 * Digital Cinema Media, an advertising company
 * NTT DoCoMo (NYSE symbol), a mobile phone operator in Japan
 * Doll Capital Management, a US venture capital firm which funded SandForce, BitTorrent and others
 * Dunbee-Combex-Marx, a former British toy manufacturer which purchased Lines Bros and Schuco Modell
 * DoubleClick Campaign Manager, online ad management and ad serving solution.

Other uses

 * IATA code for Castres–Mazamet Airport, an airport in France
 * Demand Chain Management
 * Deputy Chief of Mission
 * Director of Civilian Marksmanship, by U.S. Civilian Marksmanship Program
 * Debt capital markets in finance
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal, British and Commonwealth medal for extreme bravery

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DCM


text:
DKW

DKW (Dampf-Kraft-Wagen, "steam-powered car", also Deutsche Kinder-Wagen "German children's car". Das-Kleine-Wunder, "the little wonder" or Des-Knaben-Wunsch, "the boy's wish", from when the company built toy two-stroke engines) was a German car- and motorcycle-marque. DKW was one of the four companies that formed Auto Union in 1932 and thus became an ancestor of the modern-day Audi company.

In 1916, Danish engineer Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen founded a factory in Zschopau, Saxony, Germany, to produce steam fittings. That year he attempted to produce a steam-driven car, called the DKW. Although unsuccessful, he made a two-stroke toy engine in 1919, called Des Knaben Wunsch – "the boy's wish". He put a slightly modified version of this engine into a motorcycle and called it Das Kleine Wunder – "the little wonder" the initials from this becoming the DKW brand: by the late 1920s, DKW had become the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer.

In September 1924, DKW bought Slaby-Beringer, saving them from Germany's hyperinflation economic crisis. Rudolf Slaby became chief-engineer at DKW. In 1932, DKW merged with Audi, Horch and Wanderer to form Auto Union. After World War II, DKW moved to West Germany. The original factory became MZ. Auto Union came under Daimler-Benz ownership in 1957 and was purchased by the Volkswagen Group in 1964. The last German-built DKW car was the F102, which ceased production in 1966. Its successor, the four-stroke F103, was marketed under the Audi brand, another Auto Union marque.

DKW-badged cars continued to be built under license in Brazil and Argentina until 1967 and 1969 respectively. The DKW trademark is currently owned by Auto Union GmbH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Audi AG which also owns the rights to other historical trademarks and intellectual property of the Auto Union combine.

Automobiles made between 1928 and 1942
DKW cars were made from 1928 until 1966, apart from the interruption caused by the Second World War. DKWs always used two-stroke engines, reflecting the company's position by the end of the 1920s as the world's largest producer of motorcycles. The first DKW car, the small and rather crude Typ P, emerged on 7 May 1928 and the model continued to be built at the company's Spandau (Berlin) plant, first as a roadster and later as a stylish if basic sports car, until 1931.

More significant was a series of inexpensive cars built 300 km (185 miles) to the south in Zwickau in the plant acquired by the company's owner Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen in 1928 when he had become the majority owner in Audi Werke AG. Models F1 to F8 (F for Front) were built between 1931 and 1942, with successor models reappearing after the end of the war in 1945. They were the first volume production cars in Europe with front wheel drive, and were powered by transversely mounted two-cylinder two-stroke engines. Displacement was 584 or 692 cc: claimed maximum power was initially 15 PS, and from 1931 a choice between 18 or 20 hp. These models had a generator that doubled as a starter, mounted directly on the crankshaft, known as a Dynastart. DKWs from Zwickau notched up approximately 218,000 units between 1931 and 1942. Most cars were sold on the home market and over 85% of DKWs produced in the 1930s were the little F series cars: DKW reached second place in German sales by 1934 and stayed there, accounting for 189,369 of the cars sold between 1931 and 1938, more than 16% of the market.

Between 1929 and 1940, DKW produced a less well remembered but technically intriguing series of rear-wheel drive cars called (among other names) Schwebeklasse and Sonderklasse with two-stroke V4 engines. Engine displacement was 1,000 cc, later 1,100 cc. The engines had two extra cylinders for forced induction, so they appeared like V6 engines but without spark plugs on the front cylinder pair.

In 1939, DKW made a prototype with the first three-cylinder engine, with a displacement of 900 cc and producing 30 hp. With a streamlined body, the car could run at 115 km/h. It was put into production after World War II, first as an Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau (IFA) F9 (later Wartburg) in Zwickau, East Germany, and shortly afterwards in DKW-form from Düsseldorf as the 3=6 or F91.

DKW engines were used by Saab as a model for the Saab two-stroke in its Saab 92 car manufacturing venture, in 1947.

Automobiles made after 1945

As Auto Union was based in Saxony in what became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it took some time for it to regroup after the war. The company was registered in West Germany as Auto Union GmbH in 1949, first as a spare-part provider, but soon to take up production of the RT 125 motorcycle and a new delivery van, called a Schnellaster F800. Their first line of production took place in Düsseldorf. This van used the same engine as the last F8 made before the war.

Their first car was the F89 using the body from the prototype F9 made before the war and the two-cylinder two-stroke engine from the last F8. Production went on until it was replaced by the successful three-cylinder engine that came with the F91. The F91 was in production 1953–1955, and was replaced by the larger F93 in 1956. The F91 and F93 had 900 cc three-cylinder two-stroke engines, the first ones delivering 34 hp, the last 38 hp. The ignition system comprised three independent sets of points and coils, one for each cylinder, with the points mounted in a cluster around a single lobed cam at the front end of the crankshaft. The cooling system was of the free convection type assisted by a fan driven from a pulley mounted at the front end of the crankshaft. The F93 was produced until 1959, and was replaced by the Auto-Union 1000. These models were produced with a 1,000 cc two-stroke engine, with a choice between 44 hp or 50 hp S versions until 1963. During this transition, production was moved from Düsseldorf to Ingolstadt, where Audi still has its production. From 1957, the cars could be fitted with a saxomat, an automatic clutch, the only small car then offering this feature. The last versions of the Auto-Union 1000S had disc brakes as option, an early development for this technology. A sporting 2+2 seater version was available as the Auto-Union 1000 SP from 1957 to 1964, the first years only as a coupé and from 1962 also as a convertible.

In 1956, the very rare DKW Monza was put into small-scale production on a private initiative, with a sporting two-seater body of glassfiber on a standard F93 frame. It was first called Solitude, but got its final name from the long-distance speed records it made on the Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Italy in December 1956. Running in Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) class G, it set records including 48 hours at an average speed of 140.961 km/h, 10,000 km at 139.453 km/h and 72 hours at 139.459 km/h. The car was first produced by Dannenhauer & Strauss in Stuttgart, then by Massholder in Heidelberg and lastly by Robert Schenk in Stuttgart. The number produced is said to be around 75, 50 survived. Production finished by the end of 1958.

A more successful range of cars was sold from 1959, the Junior/F12 series based on a modern concept from the late 1950s. The range consists of Junior (basic model) made from 1959 to 1961, Junior de Luxe (a little enhanced) from 1961 to 1963, F11 (a little larger) and F12 (larger and bigger engine) from 1963 to 1965, and F12 Roadster from 1964 to 1965. The Junior/F12 series became quite popular, and many cars were produced. An assembly plant was licensed in Ballincollig, County Cork, Ireland between 1952 and c.1964 and roughly 4,000 vehicles were assembled, ranging from saloons, vans and motorbikes to commercial combine harvesters. This was the only DKW factory outside Germany in Europe and for many years after its closure its large DKW sign could be visible on the wall of the factory. The building was demolished in the late 2000s and was redeveloped into a German Aldi store and a McDonald's drive-thru.

All the three-cylinder two-stroke post-war cars had some sporting potential and formed the basis for many rally victories in the 1950s and early 1960s. This made DKW the most winning car brand in the European rally league for several years during the fifties.

In 1960, DKW developed a V6 engine by combining two three-cylinder two-stroke engines, with a capacity of 1,000 cc. The capacity was increased and the final V6 in 1966 had a capacity of 1,300 cc, which developed 83 hp at 5,000 rpm using the standard configuration with two carburettors. A four-carburettor version produced 100 hp, a six-carburettor one 130 hp. It weighed only 84 kg. The V6 was planned to be used in the DKW Munga and the F102. About 100 engines were built for testing purposes and 13 DKW F102 and some Mungas were fitted with the V6 engine in the 1960s. The last DKW was the F102, coming into production in 1964 as a replacement for the old-looking AU1000. However, the F102 sold poorly, largely due to its two-stroke engine technology which was at the limit of its development. Auto Union's parent, Daimler-Benz, decided to offload the company to Volkswagen. The car was re-engineered with a four-stroke engine and relaunched as the Audi F103. This marked the end of the DKW marque for cars, and the rebirth of the Audi name.

From 1956 to 1961, Dutch importer Hart, Nibbrig & Greve assembled cars in an abandoned asphalt factory in Sassenheim, where they employed about 120 workers, two transporter, that collected SKD kits from Duesseldorf and built about 13.500 cars. When the DKW plant moved the import of SKD kits stopped, as it became too expensive.

DKW in South America
From 1956 to 1967, DKW cars were made in Brazil by the local company Vemag (Veículos e Máquinas Agrícolas S.A., "Vehicles and Agricultural Machinery Inc."). Vemag was assembling Scania-Vabis trucks, but Scania Vabis became an independent company in July 1960. The original plans were to build the Candango off-roader (Munga), a utility vehicle and a four-door sedan, called Vemaguet and Belcar respectively. The first model built was the 900 cc F91 Universal but the Belcar and Vemaguet names were applied later.

In 1958, the F94 four-door sedan and station wagon were launched, in the early 1960s renamed Belcar and Vemaguet. The company also produced a luxury coupe (the DKW Fissore) and the off-road Munga (locally called Candango). In 1960 Vemag cars received the larger one-litre, 50 PS engine from the Auto Union 1000.

Vemag had a successful official racing team, with the coupe GT Malzoni, with fiberglass body. This project was the foundation of the long-lasting Brazilian sports car brand Puma. The Brazilian F94 line has been improved with several cosmetic changes and became more and more different from the German and Argentine models. Vemag had no capital to invest in new products and came under governmental pressure to merge. In 1964–1965 Volkswagen gradually took over Auto Union, a minority holder in Vemag, and in 1967 Volkswagen bought the remainder of the stock. VW quickly began phasing out DKW-Vemag production and introduced the Volkswagen 1600 sedan to the old Vemag plant, after a total of 109,343 DKW-Vemag cars had been built.

DKW vehicles were made in Argentina from 1960 to 1969 by IASF S.A. (Industria Automotriz Santa Fe Sociedad Anónima) in Sauce Viejo, Santa Fe. The most beautiful were the Cupé Fissore, which had many famous owners (Julio Sosa, César Luis Menotti, and others). Other models are the Auto Union 1000 S Sedán (21,797 made until 1969) and the Auto Union 1000 Universal S (6,396 made until 1969). and the Auto Union Combi/Pick-up. The last version of the Auto Union Combi/Pick-up (DKW F1000 L), launched in 1969, survived a few months and was bought out by IME, which continued production until 1979.

Vans and utility vehicles
The DKW Munga was built by Auto Union in Ingolstadt. Production began in October 1956 and ended in December 1968, with 46,750 cars built. From 1949 to 1962, DKW produced the Schnellaster with a trailing-arm rear suspension system with springs in the cross bar assembly. Spanish subsidiary IMOSA produced a modern successor introduced in 1963, the DKW F 1000 L. This van started with the three-cylinder 1,000 cc engine, but later received a Mercedes-Benz Diesel engine and was renamed a Mercedes-Benz in 1975.

Motorcycles

During the late 1920s and until WWII broke out, DKW was both the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer, as well as Europe's pioneer of front-wheel drive automobiles with their successful 1931 and later DKW Front models, before the 1932 Adler Trumpf and the 1934 Citroen Traction Avant. In 1931, Arnold Zoller started building split-singles and this concept made DKW the dominant racing motorcycle in the Lightweight and Junior classes between the wars. This included off-road events like the International Six Days Trial where the marque scored some considerable inter-war year successes alongside Bavarian Motor Works At the same time, the company also had some success with super-charged racing motorcycles which because of their light weight were particularly successful in the ISDT

The motorcycle branch produced famous models such as the RT 125 pre- and post-World War II, and after the war with production at the original factory in GDR becoming MZ it made 175, 250 and 350 (cc) models. As war reparations, the design drawings of the RT125 were given to Harley-Davidson in the US and BSA in the UK. The Harley-Davidson version was known loosely as the Hummer (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers), while BSA used them for the Bantam. IFA and later MZ models continued in production until the 1990s, when economics brought production of the two stroke to an end. Other manufacturers copied the DKW design, officially or otherwise. This can be seen in the similarity of many small two-stroke motorcycles from the 1950s, including from Yamaha, Voskhod, Maserati and Polish WSK.

Pre-war production
Pre-war and war-years production of civilian models totalled almost 250,000 units, of which some 218,000 were front-wheel driven.
 * DKW Typ P (1928–1931) ≈2,000 units
 * DKW Typ 4=8 (1929–1940) ≈24,000 units
 * DKW F1 (1931–1932) ≈4,000 units
 * DKW F2 (1932–1935) ≈17,000 units
 * DKW F4 (1934–1935) ≈7,000 units
 * DKW F5 (1935–1937) ≈60,000 units
 * DKW F7 (1937–1938) ≈80,000 units
 * DKW F8 (1939–1942) ≈50,000 units into the war.
 * DKW F9 prototype (1939)

Post-war

 * DKW Schnellaster van (1949–1962)
 * DKW F10 (1950)
 * DKW F89 (1950–1954)
 * DKW 3=6 (F91/F93/F94) (1953–1959)
 * DKW Monza (1956–1958)
 * DKW Munga off-road (1956–1968)
 * DKW Junior (F11/F12) (1959–1965)
 * DKW F102 (1963–1966)

title: DKW


text:
Doctor Syn

The Reverend Doctor Christopher Syn  is the smuggler hero of a series of novels by Russell Thorndike. The first book, Doctor Syn: A Tale of the Romney Marsh was published in 1915. The story idea came from smuggling in the 18th-century Romney Marsh, where brandy and tobacco were brought in at night by boat from France to avoid the tax. Minor battles were fought, sometimes at night, between gangs of smugglers, such as the Hawkhurst Gang, and the Revenue, supported by the army and local militias in South Kent and Sussex.

Character biography
Christopher Syn, born 1729, is portrayed as a brilliant scholar from Queen's College, Oxford, possessing swashbuckling skills such as riding, fencing, and seamanship. He was content to live the quiet life of a country vicar in Dymchurch-under-the-Wall under the patronage of Sir Charles Cobtree, the father of his best friend Anthony Cobtree, until his beautiful young Spanish wife Imogene was seduced by and eloped with Nicholas Tappitt, who Dr. Syn had considered a close friend.

Christopher Syn set out on a quest for revenge, always managing to reach the eloped pair's destinations ahead of them just in time to terrify them against landing and facing him in a deliberate campaign of terror. While sailing from Spain to America in pursuit, his ship was captured by the pirate ship The Sulphur Pit, commanded by Captain Satan. In a one-on-one fight, Syn defeated and killed Captain Satan to take command of his ship and crew; among them was Mr. Mipps, a former Royal Navy carpenter with whom Syn had become friends in England after rescuing him from the Customs men. Mipps swore loyalty to Syn from that time onward.

With Mipps at his side, Syn turned to piracy and became a great success. Later, when his crew refused to let Syn leave, Syn and Mipps slipped away in one of the ship's boats; unknown to Syn, Mipps had arranged a convenient "accident" in the ship's powder magazine with an exploding barrel of gunpowder, eliminating witnesses of Syn's piratical acts.

Mipps then joined Syn in his quest for revenge, pursuing Tappitt and Imogene throughout the thirteen American colonies (supposedly preaching the gospel to the Indians) and around the world (as part of a whaling voyage) afterwards. Mipps was with him in the Caribbean when Dr. Syn turned again to piracy, assuming the name of Captain Clegg (taking the name "Clegg" from a certain vicious biting fly he had encountered in America). "Clegg" hijacked his enemy Tappitt's own ship and crew and sailed off with them (renaming the ship the Imogene) to become the most infamous pirate of the day.

However, a mulatto who escaped the destruction of Syn's previous ship stowed away in Clegg's ship and accused him before the crew; Clegg quelled the potential mutiny by having the mulatto's tongue cut out, marooning him on a coral reef and violently killing Yellow Pete, the ship's Chinese cook, who represented the crew in their wish to rescue the mulatto. Afterwards, realizing that Clegg had become too notorious, Syn decided to abandon his quest and return to England, and Mipps set up a second "accidental" explosion to destroy the Imogene and her crew.

Syn returned to England on the night of a storm (13 November 1775 ) that wrecked his brig off the English coast in sight of Dymchurch. That night he went to the house of his old friend (and now squire) Anthony Cobtree. When news came that the local vicar had drowned while trying to save victims of the shipwreck, Squire Cobtree offered the post to Christopher Syn. Syn accepted and settled down to a more respectable life as the vicar of Dymchurch and Dean of Peculiars in Romney Marsh, Kent, resuming his original name.

Mipps arrived in Dymchurch with the intent of settling down. Syn made him the village sexton upon condition that Mipps "remember to forget" (that Syn had been Clegg and that they had known each other before), and that Mipps never get involved with the local smugglers.

Syn soon became aware that his parishioners were smuggling goods from France to avoid the excessive customs duties the government charged. Learning from Mipps (who, contrary to Syn's orders, had become a leader of the smugglers) that certain townsfolk had been ambushed and captured during a smuggling run, Syn purchased the great black stallion Gehenna from gypsy horse-traders and raced to their rescue. A suit of clothing borrowed from a scarecrow made an improvised disguise, and Syn and Mipps were able to rescue the townsfolk from the Dragoons.

After this, Syn decided that he could only protect his people by becoming their leader. He created a more elaborate scarecrow costume, with eerie luminous paint. Riding Gehenna at night, the respectable Dr. Syn became "The Scarecrow", the feared head of the smugglers. Together with Mipps, he organized the smugglers into a well-organized band of "Night Riders", also called "The Devil Riders", with macabre disguises and code-names.

Syn's cunning was so great that the smugglers outwitted the government forces for many years. A hidden stable watched over by Mother Handaway, the local "witch" (who believed the Scarecrow to be The Devil in living form), was the hiding place for the horses of the Scarecrow and his lieutenants, Mipps and the local highwayman Jimmie Bone (who, being as good a horseman as Syn and of similar build, was sometimes called upon to impersonate the Scarecrow when Syn either had to be elsewhere or seen in the same place).

Shortly after the first appearances of the Scarecrow, Nicholas Tappitt (using the name "Colonel Delacourt") and the ailing Imogene returned to England, ending up in Dymchurch. Recognizing Syn as Clegg, Tappitt realized that Syn and the Scarecrow were one and the same person, and helped the authorities set a trap for him, hoping to both rid himself of his enemy and claim the reward for his capture. The trap was sprung, but Squire Cobtree's daughter Charlotte, who had fallen in love with Syn and also learned his secret identities as both Clegg and the Scarecrow, was the tragic victim when she dressed in the Scarecrow's disguise and was fatally wounded as a result. Tappitt was then suspected of being the Scarecrow, and a Customs officer and three constables came to arrest him. In the ensuing fight, Tappitt killed the Customs man and the constables subdued and arrested Tappitt for murdering the Customs officer.

After Imogene's death in Syn's arms (during which she revealed to him that he had a son by her who was missing somewhere in America), Syn fought a final duel with Tappitt in his jail cell, defeating him. Syn then struck a bargain with Tappitt: if Tappitt confessed to being the notorious pirate Clegg, then Syn would look after and care for Tappitt and Imogene's new-born infant daughter (also named Imogene). Tappitt agreed, and "Captain Clegg" was hanged and later "buried without benefit of clergy at a cross-roads hard by the Kent Ditch".

Many years later, Captain Collyer, a Royal Navy officer assigned to smash the local smuggling ring, uncovered the deception and Dr. Syn's true identity, thanks in part to the tongueless mulatto (who had been rescued by Collyer years before and who had been serving Collyer as a "ferret" seeking out hidden contraband) who recognized Syn as Clegg. Syn evaded capture while at the same time making sure that Imogene and Squire Cobtree's son Denis (who had fallen in love with Imogene) would have a happy life together (they were eventually married), but was murdered in revenge by the mulatto, who then mysteriously managed to escape, leaving Syn harpooned through the neck. As a last mark of respect, Collyer ordered that Syn be buried at sea, rather than have his body hung in chains.

Mipps escaped in the confusion of Syn's death and disappeared from England, but it is said that a little man very much like him is living out his days in a Buddhist Monastery somewhere in the Malay Peninsula, delighting the monks with recounting the adventures of Doctor Syn and the eerie stories of the Romney Marsh and the mysterious Scarecrow and his Night Riders.

Publication history
The Dr. Syn books detail his adventures and attempts to help the people of Dymchurch and the surrounding area evade the Excise tax. There are seven novels in the series:
 * Doctor Syn: A Tale of the Romney Marsh (1915)
 * Doctor Syn on the High Seas (1935)
 * Doctor Syn Returns (1935)
 * Further Adventures of Doctor Syn (1936)
 * Courageous Exploits of Doctor Syn (1938)
 * Amazing Quest of Doctor Syn (1939)
 * Shadow of Doctor Syn (1944)

Note: the "first" book, Doctor Syn, is actually the final story chronologically; the others proceed in published sequence.

An expanded version of Doctor Syn Returns titled The Scarecrow Rides was published for the U.S. market by The Dial Press in 1935; years later in 2013 it was re-printed in paperback by Black Curtain Press. (ISBN 978-1627554459).

In 1960, American author William Buchanan reworked Thorndike's Further Adventures of Doctor Syn under the title Christopher Syn (New York, Abelard Schuman), giving Thorndike co-authorship credit; this version provides a different conclusion and some conflation, renaming and even removal of the supporting characters. Christopher Syn became the basis for the 1962 Disney production; there was also a novelization of the Disney theatrical version titled Doctor Syn, Alias the Scarecrow written by Vic Crume.

Films
Three film adaptations have been made of Dr. Syn's exploits.

Doctor Syn (1937)
The first, Doctor Syn (1937), starred the actor George Arliss in the title role and was his last film.

Captain Clegg (1962)
Captain Clegg (1962), known as Night Creatures in the U. S., was produced by Hammer Film Productions with actor Peter Cushing in the lead role, directed by Peter Graham Scott. In the screenplay by Anthony Hinds, the main character's name was changed from Doctor Syn to Parson Blyss to avoid rights problems with Disney's forthcoming version, and Captain Clegg's screenplay follows the novel Doctor Syn and the screenplay of the 1937 film closely with the exception of a tightening of the plot. In the Arliss film Doctor Syn, Syn escapes to sea with Mipps and the rest of the Dymchurch smugglers, whereas Captain Clegg ends more faithfully to the novel, with Parson Blyss being killed by the mulatto (who is then killed by Mipps) and then being carried to and buried in Captain Clegg's empty grave by Mipps. Captain Clegg was released in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray in 2014; Night Creatures was never released on videotape in the United States, but is included in the 2014 two-disc DVD collection The Hammer Horror Series. In North America, the film was released on 6 September 2005 along with seven other Hammer horror films on the 4-DVD set The Hammer Horror Series (ASIN: B0009X770O), which is part of MCA-Universal's "Franchise Collection". This set was re-released on Blu-ray September 13, 2016. A Blu-ray was released in the UK on 23 June 2014 by Final Cut Entertainment. In 2021, Powerhouse Films re-released the film on Blu-Ray, along with The Shadow of the Cat, The Phantom of the Opera, and Nightmare, as part of Hammer Volume Six: Night Shadows boxset.

The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh (1963)
The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh (1963) was produced for the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color TV series. It was shot on location in Kent, England and was directed by James Neilson. It stars Patrick McGoohan in the title role, with George Cole as Mipps and Sean Scully as John Banks, the younger son of Squire Banks (Michael Hordern). St Clement's Church in Old Romney doubled as Dr Syn's Dymchurch parish church in the production, and Disney funded the repair of the building in order to use it as a filming location.

Part One dealt with the arrival of General Pugh (Geoffrey Keen), who had been ordered by the War Office to smash the smuggling ring and prevent the Scarecrow from rescuing a Dymchurch man captured by a naval press gang as bait to trap the Scarecrow. Part Two depicted The Scarecrow dealing with the traitorous Joe Ransley (Patrick Wymark). Part Three showed how the Scarecrow rescued Harry Banks (David Buck) and American Simon Bates (Tony Britton) from General Pugh's clutches in Dover Castle.

While originally conceived and edited for American television (and announced in an advertisement by NBC in the Tuesday, July 9, 1963 issue of The Hollywood Reporter), The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh was re-edited for a British theatrical release before the American television debut. Retitled Dr Syn, Alias the Scarecrow, the British theatrical version was released on a double bill with The Sword in the Stone and ran during the 1963 Christmas season (advertised in the January 1964 issue of Photoplay). This version was shown in Europe as well as Central and South America through 1966.

In the 1970s, the production was re-edited again for its first American theatrical release, on double bills with both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Treasure Island. The VHS release of the 1980s, sharing the removal of the Scarecrow's laugh from Terry Gilkyson's title song, was expanded to include the story material from all three television episodes, while retaining the feature film structure and credits; it was available for a relatively short amount of time. Shortly after the US theatrical run, it was re-edited once more for a two-part presentation on Disney's television series in the 1970s, simply omitting the middle episode. The original three-part series was first shown as part of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color on February 9, 16 and 23, 1964. Later it was included in a late 1980s Wonderful World of Disney syndication rerun package, and cablecast in 1990s on the Disney Channel. This version generally followed the storyline of The Further Adventures of Dr. Syn and made it clear that Syn did not die or stage his own death: at the film's end, he is having a cup of tea with the Squire, who admits to now owing a debt of gratitude to the Scarecrow.

On November 11, 2008 The Walt Disney Company released a limited pressing of 39,500 copies of The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh on DVD for the first time, in a collector's metal tin case. This was a part of the Disney Treasures collection and was now titled Dr. Syn: The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh. This release sold out in three weeks. The DVD was made available again for the members of the Disney Movie Club on February 17, 2009. This two-disc set includes the American television version and the original British theatrical release version Dr Syn, Alias the Scarecrow in a widescreen format. It also includes the original introductions by Walt Disney (in which he erroneously states that Dr. Syn was an actual historical figure) and a documentary on Disney's interest in filming the property. In October 2019, the Disney Movie Club released it on Blu-ray, this time titled The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh. Its single disc contains the three episodes originally broadcast on television in 1963. It also includes Walt Disney's introductions, but none of the supplemental features that appear on 2009 release.

Other adaptations
Made in 1974, Carry On Dick, of the Carry On series of films, followed the same premise of a country vicar (Sid James) who is secretly an outlaw, in this case the highwayman Dick Turpin.

Theatre
In 2001 a stage adaptation titled Doctor Syn was performed at churches throughout the Romney Marsh, the final night being performed in Dymchurch. The cast featured Daniel Thorndike (the author's son), Michael Fields, Steven Povey and Ben Barton, along with various amateurs from the area.

British composer Adam Pounds has written an opera, Syn, based on the character of Doctor Syn, which was performed at the Mumford Theatre in Cambridge.

Audio adaptations
Rufus Sewell read a 10-part audio adaptation combining and abridging Doctor Syn on the High Seas and Doctor Syn Returns for BBC Radio, broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in December 2006 and repeated in June 2007.
 * Doctor Syn

A 10-part audio adaptation of The Further Adventures of Doctor Syn (combining and abridging The Further Adventures of Doctor Syn and The Shadow of Doctor Syn) read by Rufus Sewell was performed on BBC Radio 7 in December 2007.
 * The Further Adventures of Doctor Syn

BBC Radio 7 broadcast the six-part series, an abridged reading by Rufus Sewell of the original Doctor Syn novel, from January 4-11, 2010.
 * The Last of Doctor Syn

John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin reinterpreted elements of the Doctor Syn story as his "No Quarter" fantasy sequence in Led Zeppelin's concert film The Song Remains the Same.
 * No Quarter

Comic books
A three-issue adaptation of the Disney production was published by Gold Key Comics under the Scarecrow of Romney Marsh title, spanning April 1964 through October 1965.

A much abridged revision of the adventures of Dr. Syn appeared as a short comic serialized in the monthly publication Disney Adventures. The new story features the heroic Doctor and his young sidekick protecting innocent villagers from corrupt government officials and soldiers. Disney Adventures would also produce a crossover story with the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, where Dr. Syn meets Captain Jack Sparrow.

Doctor Syn appears in the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series as a member of the league gathered by Lemuel Gulliver. His alter ego, Captain Clegg, also makes appearances, where he is mentioned to have had a brief romantic liaison with future teammate Fanny Hill. In the 2003 film adaptation of League, Dr. Syn can be spotted in one of the portraits hanging on the wall in M's library.

Cultural legacy
A "Days of Syn" festival is held even-numbered years by Dymchurch residents for fund-raising. The 2006 "Days of Syn" was on 26–28 August (UK August Bank Holiday weekend) and featured a talk on Dr. Syn at the Anglican church at 6:30 p.m. On Sunday at 3 p.m. there was a church service where Dr. Syn and the cast appeared in period costume. On Monday, starting at the Bowery Hall, scenes were reenacted from Doctor Syn, and again during the day along the Dymchurch shoreline and in the Ocean pub.

In 2009, discussions took place to build a 100 ft high statue of "The Scarecrow" on a site in the centre of Romney Marsh. This had not been done by 2016.

Doctor Syn is also the name given to one of the locomotives on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway.

Doctor Syn also inspired novelist George Chittenden, who captured smuggling on the Kent coast in his debut novel The Boy Who Led Them, which follows the rise and fall of a smuggling gang leader further down the coast in the notorious town of Deal.

In 2009, an playfully erotic Afrikaans-language novel, Dagtaak, was published pseudonymously by D R Syn. The author's name and some of the traits of the main character in this novel, allude to the Dr Syn series. Initial advances to produce an arthouse circuit movie from the novel did not come to fuition.

Two rooms in the Mermaid Inn, Rye (Dr. Syn's Bed Chamber and Dr. Syn's Lounge) are named after the character.

title: Doctor Syn


text:
Dhrystone

Dhrystone is a synthetic computing benchmark program developed in 1984 by Reinhold P. Weicker intended to be representative of system (integer) programming. The Dhrystone grew to become representative of general processor (CPU) performance. The name "Dhrystone" is a pun on a different benchmark algorithm called Whetstone, which emphasizes floating point performance.

With Dhrystone, Weicker gathered meta-data from a broad range of software, including programs written in FORTRAN, PL/1, SAL, ALGOL 68, and Pascal. He then characterized these programs in terms of various common constructs: procedure calls, pointer indirections, assignments, etc. From this he wrote the Dhrystone benchmark to correspond to a representative mix. Dhrystone was published in Ada, with the C version for Unix developed by Rick Richardson ("version 1.1") greatly contributing to its popularity.

Dhrystone vs. Whetstone
The Dhrystone benchmark contains no floating point operations, thus the name is a pun on the then-popular Whetstone benchmark for floating point operations. The output from the benchmark is the number of Dhrystones per second (the number of iterations of the main code loop per second).

Both Whetstone and Dhrystone are synthetic benchmarks, meaning that they are simple programs that are carefully designed to statistically mimic the processor usage of some common set of programs. Whetstone, developed in 1972, originally strove to mimic typical Algol 60 programs based on measurements from 1970, but eventually became most popular in its Fortran version, reflecting the highly numerical orientation of computing in the 1960s.

Issues addressed by Dhrystone
Dhrystone's eventual importance as an indicator of general-purpose ("integer") performance of new computers made it a target for commercial compiler writers. Various modern compiler static code analysis techniques (such as elimination of dead code: for example, code which uses the processor but produces internal results which are not used or output) make the use and design of synthetic benchmarks more difficult. Version 2.0 of the benchmark, released by Weicker and Richardson in March 1988, had a number of changes intended to foil a range of compiler techniques. Yet it was carefully crafted so as not to change the underlying benchmark. This effort to foil compilers was only partly successful. Dhrystone 2.1, released in May of the same year, had some minor changes and remains the current definition of Dhrystone.

Other than issues related to compiler optimization, various other issues have been cited with the Dhrystone. Most of these, including the small code size and small data set size, were understood at the time of its publication in 1984. More subtle is the slight over-representation of string operations, which is largely language-related: both Ada and Pascal have strings as normal variables in the language, whereas C does not, so what was simple variable assignment in reference benchmarks became buffer copy operations in the C library. Another issue is that the score reported does not include information which is critical when comparing systems such as which compiler was used, and what optimizations.

Dhrystone remains remarkably resilient as a simple benchmark, but its continuing value in establishing true performance is questionable. It is easy to use, well documented, fully self-contained, well understood, and can be made to work on almost any system. In particular, it has remained in broad use in the embedded computing world, though the recently developed EEMBC benchmark suite, the CoreMark standalone benchmark, HINT, Stream, and even Bytemark are widely quoted and used, as well as more specific benchmarks for the memory subsystem (Cachebench), TCP/IP (TTCP), and many others.

Results
Dhrystone may represent a result more meaningfully than MIPS (million instructions per second) because instruction count comparisons between different instruction sets (e.g. RISC vs. CISC) can confound simple comparisons. For example, the same high-level task may require many more instructions on a RISC machine, but might execute faster than a single CISC instruction. Thus, the Dhrystone score counts only the number of program iteration completions per second, allowing individual machines to perform this calculation in a machine-specific way. Another common representation of the Dhrystone benchmark is the DMIPS (Dhrystone MIPS) obtained when the Dhrystone score is divided by 1757 (the number of Dhrystones per second obtained on the VAX 11/780, nominally a 1 MIPS machine).

Another way to represent results is in DMIPS/MHz, where DMIPS result is further divided by CPU frequency, to allow for easier comparison of CPUs running at different clock rates.

Shortcomings
Using Dhrystone as a benchmark has pitfalls:
 * It features unusual code that is not usually representative of modern real-life programs.

 * It is susceptible to compiler optimizations. For example, it does a lot of string copying in an attempt to measure string copying performance. However, the strings in Dhrystone are of known constant length and their starts are aligned on natural boundaries, two characteristics usually absent from real programs. Therefore, an optimizer can replace a string copy with a sequence of word moves without any loops, which will be much faster. This optimization consequently overstates system performance, sometimes by more than 30%.

 * Dhrystone's small code size may fit in the instruction cache of a modern CPU, so that instruction fetch performance is not rigorously tested. Similarly, Dhrystone may also fit completely in the data cache, thus not exercising data cache miss performance. To counter fits-in-the-cache problem, the SPECint benchmark was created in 1988 to include a suite of (initially 8) much larger programs (including a compiler) which could not fit into L1 or L2 caches of that era.

title: Dhrystone


text:
Talk:Distilling

A merge with Distillation perhaps? Or should this be about distilling industry? --Anders Törlind

title: Talk:Distilling


text:
Dave Winer

Dave Winer (born May 2, 1955, in Queens, New York City) is an American software developer, entrepreneur, and writer who resides in New York City. Winer is noted for his contributions to outliners, scripting, content management, and web services, as well as blogging and podcasting. He is the founder of the software companies Living Videotext, Userland Software and Small Picture Inc., a former contributing editor for the Web magazine HotWired, the author of the Scripting News weblog, a former research fellow at Harvard Law School, and current visiting scholar at New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute.

Early life and education
Winer was born on May 2, 1955, in Queens, New York City, the son of Eve Winer, PhD, a school psychologist, and Leon Winer, PhD, a former professor of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business. Winer is also the grandnephew of German novelist Arno Schmidt and a relative of Hedy Lamarr. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1972. Winer received a BA in Mathematics from Tulane University in New Orleans in 1976. In 1978 he received an MS in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Early work in outliners
In 1979 Dave Winer became an employee of Personal Software, where he worked on his own product idea named VisiText, which was his first attempt to build a commercial product around an "expand and collapse" outline display and which ultimately established outliners as a software product. In 1981 he left the company and founded Living Videotext to develop this still-unfinished product. The company was based in Mountain View, CA, and grew to more than 50 employees.

ThinkTank, which was based on VisiText, was released in 1983 for Apple II and was promoted as an "idea processor." It became the "first popular outline processor, the one that made the term generic." A ThinkTank release for the IBM PC followed in 1984, as well as releases for the Macintosh 128K and 512K. Ready, a RAM resident outliner for the IBM PC released in 1985, was commercially successful but soon succumbed to the competing Sidekick product by Borland. MORE, released for Apple's Macintosh in 1986, combined an outliner and a presentation program. It became "uncontested in the marketplace" and won the MacUser's Editor's Choice Award for "Best Product" in 1986.

In 1987, at the height of the company's success, Winer sold Living Videotext to Symantec for an undisclosed but substantial transfer of stock that "made his fortune." Winer continued to work at Symantec's Living Videotext division, but after six months he left the company in pursuit of other challenges.

Years at UserLand
Winer founded UserLand Software in 1988 and served as the company's CEO until 2002.

UserLand's original flagship product, Frontier, was a system-level scripting environment for the Mac. Winer's pioneering weblog, Scripting News, takes its name from this early interest. Frontier was an outliner-based scripting language, echoing Winer's longstanding interest in outliners and anticipating code-folding editors of the late 1990s. Winer became interested in web publishing while helping automate the production process of the strikers' online newspaper during San Francisco's newspaper strike of November 1994, According to Newsweek, through this experience, he "revolutionized Net publishing." Winer subsequently shifted the company's focus to online publishing products, enthusiastically promoting and experimenting with these products while building his websites and developing new features. One of these products was Frontier's NewsPage Suite of 1997, which supported the publication of Winer's Scripting News and was adopted by a handful of users who "began playing around with their own sites in the Scripting News vein." These users included notably Chris Gulker and Jorn Barger, who envisaged blogging as a networked practice among users of the software.

Winer was named a Seybold Fellow in 1997, to assist the executives and editors that comprised the Seybold Institute in ensuring "the highest quality and topicality" in their educational program, the Seybold Seminars; the honor was bestowed for his "pioneering work in web-based publishing systems." Keen to enter the "competitive arena of high-end Web development," Winer then came to collaborate with Microsoft and jointly developed the XML-RPC protocol. This led to the creation of SOAP, which he co-authored with Microsoft's Don Box, Bob Atkinson, and Mohsen Al-Ghosein.

In December 1997, acting on the desire to "offer much more timely information," Winer designed and implemented an XML syndication format for use on his Scripting News weblog, thus making an early contribution to the history of web syndication technology. By December 2000, competing dialects of RSS included several varieties of Netscape's RSS, Winer's RSS 0.92, and an RDF-based RSS 1.0. Winer continued to develop the branch of the RSS fork originating from RSS 0.92, releasing in 2002 a version called RSS 2.0. Winer's advocacy of web syndication in general and RSS 2.0 in particular convinced many news organizations to syndicate their news content in that format. For example, in early 2002 The New York Times entered an agreement with UserLand to syndicate many of their articles in RSS 2.0 format. Winer resisted calls by technologists to have the shortcomings of RSS 2.0 improved. Instead, he froze the format and turned its ownership over to Harvard University.

With products and services based on UserLand's Frontier system, Winer became a leader in blogging tools from 1999 onward, as well as a "leading evangelist of weblogs." In 2000 Winer developed the Outline Processor Markup Language OPML, an XML format for outlines, which originally served as the native file format for Radio UserLand's outliner application and has since been adopted for other uses, the most common being to exchange lists of web feeds between web feed aggregators. UserLand was the first to add an "enclosure" tag in its RSS, modifying its blog software and its aggregator so that bloggers could easily link to an audio file (see podcasting and history of podcasting).

In February 2002 Winer was named one of the "Top Ten Technology Innovators" by InfoWorld.

In June 2002 Winer underwent life-saving bypass surgery to prevent a heart attack and as a consequence stepped down as CEO of UserLand shortly after. He remained the firm's majority shareholder, however, and claimed personal ownership of Weblogs.com.

Writer
As "one of the most prolific content generators in Web history," Winer has enjoyed a long career as a writer and has come to be counted among Silicon Valley's "most influential web voices."

Winer started DaveNet, "a stream-of-consciousness newsletter distributed by e-mail" in November 1994 and maintained Web archives of the "goofy and informative" 800-word essays since January 1995, which earned him a Cool Site of the Day award in March 1995. From the start, the "Internet newsletter" DaveNet was widely read among industry leaders and analysts, who experienced it as a "real community." Dissatisfied with the quality of the coverage that the Mac and, especially, his own Frontier software received in the trade press, Winer saw DaveNet as an opportunity to "bypass" the conventional news channels of the software business. Satisfied with his success, he "reveled in the new direct email line he had established with his colleagues and peers, and in his ability to circumvent the media." In the early years, Winer often used DaveNet to vent his grievances against Apple's management, and as a consequence of his strident criticism came to be seen as "the most notorious of the disgruntled Apple developers." Redacted DaveNet columns were published weekly by the web magazine HotWired between June 1995 and May 1996. DaveNet was discontinued in 2004.

Winer's Scripting News, described as "one of the [web's] oldest blogs," launched in February 1997 and earned him titles such as "protoblogger" and "forefather of blogging." Scripting News started as "a home for links, offhand observations, and ephemera" and allowed Winer to mix "his roles as a widely read pundit and an ambitious entrepreneur." Offering an "as-it-happened portrait of the work of writing software for the Web in the 1990s," the site became an "established must-read for industry insiders." Scripting News continues to be updated regularly.

Visiting scholar positions
Winer spent one year as a resident fellow at the Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet & Society, where he worked on using weblogs in education. While there, he launched Weblogs at Harvard Law School using UserLand software, and held the first BloggerCon conferences. Winer's fellowship ended in June 2004.

In 2010 Winer was appointed visiting scholar at New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute.

Return to outliners
On December 19, 2012, Winer co-founded Small Picture, Inc. with Kyle Shank; Small Picture is a corporation that builds two outlining products, Little Outliner and Fargo. Little Outliner, an entry-level outliner designed to teach new users about outliners, which launched on March 25, 2013. Fargo, the company's "primary product", launched less than a month later, on April 17, 2013. Fargo is a free browser-based outliner which syncs with a user's Dropbox account. Small Picture has stated that in future it may offer paid-for services to Fargo users. Fargo was retired at the end of September 2017.

24 Hours of Democracy
In February 1996, while working as a columnist for HotWired, Winer organized 24 Hours of Democracy, an online protest against the recently passed Communications Decency Act. As part of the protest, over 1,000 people, among them Microsoft chairman Bill Gates, posted essays to the Web on the subject of democracy, civil liberty and freedom of speech.

Edit This Page
In December 1999, Winer became the "proprietor of a growing free blog service" at EditThisPage.com,  hosting "approximately 20,000 sites" in February 2001. The service closed in December 2005.

Podcasting
Winer has been given "credit for the invention of the podcasting model." Having received user requests for audioblogging features since October 2000, especially from Adam Curry, Winer decided to include new functionality in RSS 0.92 by defining a new element called "enclosure,"  which would pass the address of a media file to the RSS aggregator. He demonstrated the RSS enclosure feature on January 11, 2001, by enclosing a Grateful Dead song in his Scripting News weblog.

Winer's weblogging product, Radio Userland, the program favored by Curry, had a built-in aggregator and thus provided both the "send" and "receive" components of what was then called audioblogging. In July 2003 Winer challenged other aggregator developers to provide support for enclosures. In October 2003, Kevin Marks demonstrated a script to download RSS enclosures and pass them to iTunes for transfer to an iPod. Curry then offered an RSS-to-iPod script that moved MP3 files from Radio UserLand to iTunes. The term "podcasting" was suggested by Ben Hammersley in February 2004.

Winer also has an occasional podcast, Morning Coffee Notes, which has featured guests such as Doc Searls, Mike Kowalchik, Jason Calacanis, Steve Gillmor, Peter Rojas, Cecile Andrews, Adam Curry, Betsy Devine and others.

BloggerCon
BloggerCon is a user-focused conference for the blogger community. BloggerCon I (October 2003) and II (April 2004), were organized by Dave Winer and friends at Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for the Internet and Society in Cambridge, Mass. BloggerCon III met at Stanford Law School on November 6, 2004.

Weblogs.com
Weblogs.com provided a free ping-server used by many blogging applications, as well as free hosting to many bloggers. After leaving Userland, Winer claimed personal ownership of the site, and in mid-June 2004 he shut down its free blog-hosting service, citing lack of resources and personal problems. A swift and orderly migration off Winer's server was facilitated by Rogers Cadenhead, whom Winer then hired to port the server to a more stable platform. In October 2005, VeriSign bought the Weblogs.com ping-server from Winer and promised that its free services would remain free. The podcasting-related web site audio.weblogs.com was also included in the $2.3 million deal.

Share your OPML
Winer opened his self-described "commons for sharing outlines, feeds, and taxonomy" in May 2006. The site allowed users to publish and syndicate blogrolls and aggregator subscriptions using OPML. Winer suspended its service in January 2008.

Rebooting the News
Since 2009, Winer has collaborated with New York University's associate professor of journalism Jay Rosen on Rebooting the News, a weekly podcast on technology and innovation in journalism. It was announced on July 1, 2011, that the show would be on break, as NYU itself was, from June to September. However, no new episodes have been released since, making show #94 released on May 23, 2011, the last.

title: Dave Winer


text:
December 10

Pre-1600

 * 1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle.
 * 1508 – The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.
 * 1520 – Martin Luther burns his copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate.
 * 1541 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.

1601–1900

 * 1652 – Defeat at the Battle of Dungeness causes the Commonwealth of England to reform its navy.
 * 1665 – The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter.
 * 1684 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
 * 1768 – The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
 * 1799 – France adopts the metre as its official unit of length.
 * 1817 – Mississippi becomes the 20th U.S. state.
 * 1861 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America accept a rival state government's pronouncement that declares Kentucky to be the 13th state of the Confederacy.
 * 1861  – Forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực, an anti-colonial guerrilla leader in southern Vietnam, sink the French lorcha L'Esperance.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's Union Army troops reach the outer Confederate defenses of Savannah, Georgia.
 * 1877 – Russo-Turkish War: The Russian Army captures Plevna after a 5-month siege. The garrison of 25,000 surviving Turks surrenders. The Russian victory is decisive for the outcome of the war and the Liberation of Bulgaria.
 * 1896 – Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi premieres in Paris. A riot breaks out at the end of the performance.
 * 1898 – Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the conflict. Spain cedes administration of Cuba to the United States, and the United States agrees to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

1901–present

 * 1901 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
 * 1902 – The opening of the reservoir of the Aswan Dam in Egypt.
 * 1906 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the mediation of the Russo-Japanese War, becoming the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any field.
 * 1907 – The worst night of the Brown Dog riots in London, when 1,000 medical students, protesting against the existence of a memorial for animals that have been vivisected, clash with 400 police officers.
 * 1909 – Selma Lagerlöf becomes the first female writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 * 1932 – Thailand becomes a constitutional monarchy.
 * 1936 – Abdication Crisis: Edward VIII signs the Instrument of Abdication.
 * 1941 – World War II: The Royal Navy capital ships HMS Prince of Wales (53) and HMS Repulse (1916) are sunk by Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo bombers near British Malaya.
 * 1941  – World War II: Battle of the Philippines: Imperial Japanese forces under the command of General Masaharu Homma land on Luzon.
 * 1942 – World War II: Government of Poland in exile send Raczyński's Note (the first official report on the Holocaust) to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations.
 * 1948 – The Human Rights Convention is signed by the United Nations.
 * 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The People's Liberation Army begins its siege of Chengdu, the last Kuomintang-held city in mainland China, forcing President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek and his government to retreat to Taiwan.
 * 1953 – British Prime Minister Winston Churchill receives the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 * 1963 – Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom as a constitutional monarchy, under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.
 * 1963  – An assassination attempt on the British High Commissioner in Aden kills two people and wounds dozens more.
 * 1968 – Japan's biggest heist, the still-unsolved "300 million yen robbery", is carried out in Tokyo.
 * 1978 – Arab–Israeli conflict: Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin and President of Egypt Anwar Sadat are jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
 * 1979 – Kaohsiung Incident: Taiwanese pro-democracy demonstrations are suppressed by the KMT dictatorship, and organizers are arrested.
 * 1983 – Democracy is restored in Argentina with the inauguration of President Raúl Alfonsín.
 * 1984 – United Nations General Assembly recognizes the Convention against Torture.
 * 1989 – Mongolian Revolution: At the country's first open pro-democracy public demonstration, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of the Mongolian Democratic Union.
 * 1991 – Nursultan Nazarbayev is sworn in as the 1st President of Kazakhstan.
 * 1991 – The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is renamed into the Republic of Kazakhstan.
 * 1993 – The last shift leaves Wearmouth Colliery in Sunderland. The closure of the 156-year-old pit marks the end of the old County Durham coalfield, which had been in operation since the Middle Ages.
 * 1994 – Rwandan genocide: Maurice Baril, military advisor to the U.N. Secretary-General and head of the Military Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, recommends that UNAMIR stand down.
 * 1995 – The Israeli army withdraws from Nablus pursuant to the terms of Oslo Accord.
 * 1996 – The new Constitution of South Africa is promulgated by Nelson Mandela.
 * 1999 – Helen Clark is sworn in as Prime Minister of New Zealand, the second woman to hold the post and the first following an election.
 * 2005 – Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 crashes at Port Harcourt International Airport in Nigeria, killing 108 people.
 * 2014 – Palestinian minister Ziad Abu Ein is killed after the suppression of a demonstration by Israeli forces in the village (Turmus'ayya) in Ramallah.
 * 2015 – Rojava conflict: The Syrian Democratic Council is established in Dêrik, forming the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces in northeast Syria.
 * 2016 – Two explosions outside a football stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, kill 38 people and injure 166 others.
 * 2017 – ISIL is defeated in Iraq.
 * 2019 – The Ostrava hospital attack in the Czech Republic results in eight deaths, including the perpetrator.
 * 2021 – A widespread, deadly, and violent tornado outbreak slams the Central, Midwestern, and Southern regions of the United States. Eighty-nine people are killed by the tornadoes, with most of the fatalities occurring in Kentucky, where a single tornado kills 57 people, and injures hundreds of others.

Pre-1600

 * 553 – Houzhu, emperor of the Chen dynasty (d. 604)
 * 1376 – Edmund Mortimer, English nobleman and rebel (d. 1409)
 * 1452 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1531)
 * 1472 – Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (d. 1481)
 * 1489 – Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours (d. 1512)
 * 1588 – Isaac Beeckman, Dutch scientist and philosopher (d. 1637)

1601–1900

 * 1610 – Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
 * 1654 – Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, Italian painter (d. 1719)
 * 1658 – Lancelot Blackburne, Archbishop of York (d. 1743)
 * 1713 – Johann Nicolaus Mempel, German cantor and organist (d. 1747)
 * 1751 – George Shaw, English botanist and zoologist (d. 1813)
 * 1776 – Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (d. 1848)
 * 1783 – María Bibiana Benítez, Puerto Rican poet and playwright (d. 1873)
 * 1787 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator, founded the American School for the Deaf (d. 1851)
 * 1804 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician and academic (d. 1851)
 * 1805 – William Lloyd Garrison, American journalist and activist, founded The Liberator (d. 1879)
 * 1805  – Joseph Škoda, Czech physician, dermatologist, and academic (d. 1881)
 * 1811 – Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer, American poet, biographer, and editor (d. 1894)
 * 1815 – Ada Lovelace, English mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1852)
 * 1821 – Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet and critic (d. 1877)
 * 1822 – César Franck, Belgian organist and composer (d. 1890)
 * 1824 – George MacDonald, Scottish minister, author, and poet (d. 1905)
 * 1827 – Eugene O'Keefe, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1913)
 * 1830 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)
 * 1851 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, created the Dewey Decimal System (d. 1931)
 * 1866 – Louis Bolk, Dutch anatomist and biologist (d. 1930)
 * 1870 – Jadunath Sarkar, Indian historian (d. 1958)
 * 1870  – Adolf Loos, Austrian architect and theoretician (d. 1933)
 * 1870  – Pierre Louÿs, Belgian-French author and poet (d. 1925)
 * 1878 – C. Rajagopalachari, Indian lawyer and politician, 45th Governor-General of India (d. 1972)
 * 1878 – Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Indian Muslim activist (d. 1931)
 * 1882 – Otto Neurath, Austrian sociologist and philosopher (d. 1945)
 * 1882  – Shigenori Tōgō, Japanese politician, 37th Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 1950)
 * 1883 – Giovanni Messe, Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968)
 * 1885 – Elizabeth Baker, American economist and academic (d. 1973)
 * 1885  – Marios Varvoglis, Greek composer and conductor (d. 1967)
 * 1886 – Victor McLaglen, English-American actor (d. 1959)
 * 1889 – Ray Collins, American actor (d. 1965)
 * 1890 – László Bárdossy, Hungarian politician and diplomat, 33rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946)
 * 1891 – Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, English field marshal and politician, 17th Governor General of Canada (d. 1969)
 * 1891  – Arlie Mucks, American discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1967)
 * 1891  – Nelly Sachs, German-Swedish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
 * 1896 – Torsten Bergström, Swedish actor and director (d. 1948)

1901–present

 * 1903 – Una Merkel, American actress (d. 1986)
 * 1904 – Antonín Novotný, Czechoslovak politician, President of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1975)
 * 1906 – Harold Adamson, American lyricist (d. 1980)
 * 1906  – Jules Ladoumègue, French runner (d. 1973)
 * 1907 – Rumer Godden, English author and poet (d. 1998)
 * 1907  – Lucien Laurent, French footballer and coach (d. 2005)
 * 1907  – Amedeo Nazzari, Italian actor (d. 1979)
 * 1908 – Olivier Messiaen, French composer and ornithologist (d. 1992)
 * 1909 – Hermes Pan, American dancer and choreographer (d. 1990)
 * 1910 – Ambrosio Padilla, Filipino basketball player and politician (d. 1996)
 * 1911 – Chet Huntley, American journalist (d. 1974)
 * 1912 – Philip Hart, American lawyer and politician, 49th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (d. 1976)
 * 1912  – Tetsuji Takechi, Japanese theatrical and film director, critic, and author (d. 1988)
 * 1912  – René Toribio, Guadeloupean politician (d. 1990)
 * 1913 – Pannonica de Koenigswarter, English-American jazz patron and writer (d. 1988)
 * 1913  – Morton Gould, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1996)
 * 1913  – Harry Locke, English actor (d. 1987)
 * 1913  – Ray Nance, American trumpeter, violinist, and singer (d. 1976)
 * 1914 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer (d. 1996)
 * 1915 – Nicky Barr, Australian rugby player, soldier, and pilot (d. 2006)
 * 1916 – Walt Arfons, American race car driver (d. 2013)
 * 1918 – Anne Gwynne, American actress (d. 2003)
 * 1918  – Anatoli Tarasov, Russian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1995)
 * 1919 – Alexander Courage, American composer and conductor (d. 2008)
 * 1920 – Clarice Lispector, Ukrainian-Brazilian journalist and author (d. 1977)
 * 1920  – Reginald Rose, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2002)
 * 1921 – Toh Chin Chye, Singaporean academic and politician, 1st Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2012)
 * 1922 – Agnes Nixon, American television writer and director (d. 2016)
 * 1923 – Harold Gould, American actor (d. 2010)
 * 1923  – Clorindo Testa, Italian-Argentinian architect, designed the National Library of the Argentine Republic and Marriott Plaza Hotel (d. 2013)
 * 1924 – Ken Albers, American singer and musician (d. 2007)
 * 1924  – Michael Manley, Jamaican pilot and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 1997)
 * 1925 – Carolyn Kizer, American poet and academic (d. 2014)
 * 1926 – Guitar Slim, American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1959)
 * 1927 – Bob Farrell, American businessman, founded Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour (d. 2015)
 * 1927  – Danny Matt, German-Israeli general (d. 2013)
 * 1928 – Barbara Nichols, American actress (d. 1976)
 * 1930 – Wayne D. Anderson, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013)
 * 1930  – Ray Felix, American basketball player (d. 1991)
 * 1930  – Michael Jopling, Baron Jopling, English farmer and politician, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
 * 1931 – Peter Baker, English-South African footballer and manager (d. 2016)
 * 1933 – Philip R. Craig, American author (d. 2007)
 * 1933  – Mako Iwamatsu, Japanese actor (d. 2006)
 * 1934 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
 * 1935 – Terry Allcock, English footballer and cricketer
 * 1935  – Jaromil Jireš, Czech director and screenwriter (d. 2001)
 * 1936 – Howard Smith, American journalist, director, and producer (d. 2014)
 * 1938 – Bill Dunk, Australian golfer
 * 1938  – Yuri Temirkanov, Russian viola player and conductor (d. 2023)
 * 1939 – Dick Bavetta, American basketball player and referee
 * 1939  – Barry Cunliffe, English archaeologist and academic
 * 1941 – Ken Campbell, English actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2008)
 * 1941  – Fionnula Flanagan, Irish actress and producer
 * 1941  – Tommy Kirk, American actor (d. 2021)
 * 1941  – Tommy Rettig, American child actor (d. 1996)
 * 1941  – Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer and actor (d. 1985)
 * 1942 – Ann Gloag, Scottish nurse and businesswoman
 * 1944 – Andris Bērziņš, Latvian businessman and politician, 8th President of Latvia
 * 1944  – John Birt, Baron Birt, English businessman
 * 1944  – Steve Renko, American baseball player
 * 1945 – Mukhtar Altynbayev, Kazakhstani general and politician, 3rd Defence Minister of Kazakhstan
 * 1946 – Douglas Kenney, American satirist (d. 1980)
 * 1947 – Rasul Guliyev, Azerbaijani engineer and politician, 22nd Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 * 1948 – Dušan Bajević, Bosnian footballer and manager
 * 1948  – Jessica Cleaves, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)
 * 1948  – Jasuben Shilpi, Indian sculptor (d. 2013)
 * 1949 – Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Ugandan-English journalist and author
 * 1949  – David Perdue, American politician
 * 1950 – John Boozman, American football player, lawyer, and politician
 * 1950  – Simon Owen, New Zealand golfer
 * 1951 – Johnny Rodriguez, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1952 – Clive Anderson, English lawyer and television host
 * 1952  – Susan Dey, American actress
 * 1952  – Greg Mortimer, Australian geologist and mountaineer
 * 1952  – Greg Laurie, American author and pastor
 * 1952  – Paul Varul, Estonian lawyer and politician, 6th Estonian Minister of Justice
 * 1953 – Chris Bury, American journalist and academic
 * 1954 – Eudine Barriteau, Barbadian economist and academic
 * 1954  – Price Cobb, American race car driver and manager
 * 1954  – Jack Hues, English singer-songwriter and musician
 * 1956 – Rod Blagojevich, American lawyer and politician, 40th Governor of Illinois
 * 1956  – Roberto Cassinelli, Italian lawyer and politician
 * 1956  – Jan van Dijk, Dutch footballer and manager
 * 1957 – Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (d. 2012)
 * 1957  – Paul Hardcastle, English composer and producer
 * 1957  – Prem Rawat, Indian-American guru and educator
 * 1958 – Cornelia Funke, German-American author
 * 1958  – Kathryn Stott, English pianist and academic
 * 1959 – Mark Aguirre, American basketball player and coach
 * 1959  – Udi Aloni, American-Israeli director and author
 * 1959  – Kevin Ash, English journalist and author (d. 2013)
 * 1959  – Wolf Hoffmann, German guitarist
 * 1960 – Kenneth Branagh, British actor director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1960  – Kōichi Satō, Japanese actor
 * 1961 – Mark McKoy, Canadian hurdler and sprinter
 * 1961  – Nia Peeples, American singer and actress
 * 1962 – Rakhat Aliyev, Kazakh politician and diplomat (d. 2015)
 * 1962  – John de Wolf, Dutch footballer and manager
 * 1963 – Jahangir Khan, Pakistani squash player
 * 1964 – Stephen Billington, English actor
 * 1964  – Stef Blok, Dutch banker and politician, Dutch Minister of the Interior
 * 1964  – Bobby Flay, American chef and author
 * 1964  – Edith González, Mexican actress (d. 2019)
 * 1965 – Greg Giraldo, American lawyer, comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 * 1965  – J Mascis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1965  – Stephanie Morgenstern, Swiss-Canadian actress, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1966 – Rein Ahas, Estonian geographer and academic
 * 1966  – Robin Brooke, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1966  – Mel Rojas, Dominican baseball player
 * 1966  – Penelope Trunk, American writer
 * 1968 – Yōko Oginome, Japanese singer, actress, and voice actress
 * 1969 – Darren Berry, Australian cricketer and coach
 * 1969  – Rob Blake, Canadian ice hockey player and executive
 * 1970 – Kevin Sharp, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)
 * 1970  – Bryant Stith, American basketball player and coach
 * 1972 – Donavon Frankenreiter, American surfer, singer-songwriter, and guitarist
 * 1972  – Brian Molko, British-Belgian singer-songwriter
 * 1973 – Rusty LaRue, American basketball player and coach
 * 1973  – Gabriela Spanic, Venezuelan actress
 * 1974 – Meg White, American drummer
 * 1975 – Steve Bradley, American wrestler (d. 2008)
 * 1975  – Emmanuelle Chriqui, Canadian actress
 * 1975  – Josip Skoko, Australian footballer
 * 1976 – Shane Byrne, English motorcycle racer
 * 1978 – Anna Jesień, Polish hurdler
 * 1978  – Summer Phoenix, American actress
 * 1979 – Matt Bentley, American wrestler
 * 1979  – Iain Brunnschweiler, English cricketer
 * 1979  – Yang Jianping, Chinese recurve archer
 * 1980 – Sarah Chang, American violinist
 * 1981 – Taufik Batisah, Singaporean singer
 * 1981  – Rene Bourque, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1981  – Fábio Rochemback, Brazilian footballer
 * 1982 – Claudia Hoffmann, German sprinter
 * 1982  – Sultan Kösen, Turkish farmer, tallest living person
 * 1983 – Patrick Flueger, American actor
 * 1983  – Xavier Samuel, Australian actor
 * 1984 – JTG, American wrestler
 * 1985 – Charlie Adam, Scottish footballer
 * 1985  – Roman Červenka, Czech ice hockey player
 * 1985  – Matt Forte, American football player
 * 1985  – Trésor Mputu, Congolese footballer
 * 1985  – Raven-Symoné, American actress, singer, and dancer
 * 1985  – Lê Công Vinh, Vietnamese footballer
 * 1986 – Kahlil Bell, American football player
 * 1987 – Gonzalo Higuaín, French-Argentinian footballer
 * 1988 – Wilfried Bony, Ivorian footballer
 * 1988  – Neven Subotić, Serbian footballer
 * 1989 – Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, French politician
 * 1989  – Tom Sexton, Australian-Irish rugby player
 * 1990 – Kazenga LuaLua, Congolese-English footballer
 * 1990  – Sakiko Matsui, Japanese singer and actress
 * 1990  – Wil Myers, American baseball player
 * 1990  – Teyana Taylor, American singer, songwriter, choreographer, and actress
 * 1990  – Shoya Tomizawa, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2010)
 * 1991 – KiKi Layne, American actress
 * 1991  – Eric Reid, American football player
 * 1991  – Dion Waiters, American basketball player
 * 1992 – Carlos Rodón, American baseball player
 * 1992  – Melissa Roxburgh, Canadian-American actress
 * 1994 – Richard Kennar, Samoan rugby league player
 * 1994  – Matti Klinga, Finnish footballer
 * 1995 – Tacko Fall, Senegalese basketball player
 * 1996 – Joe Burrow, American football player
 * 1996  – Kang Daniel, South Korean singer and entrepreneur
 * 1997 – Viktoriia Savtsova, Ukrainian Paralympic swimmer
 * 1998 – Lucia Bronzetti, Italian tennis player

Pre-1600

 * 925 – Sancho I, king of Pamplona
 * 949 – Herman I, Duke of Swabia
 * 990 – Folcmar, bishop of Utrecht
 * 1041 – Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine emperor (b. 1010)
 * 1081 – Nikephoros III Botaneiates, deposed Byzantine Emperor (b. c.1002)
 * 1113 – Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
 * 1310 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1271)
 * 1454 – Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 * 1475 – Paolo Uccello, Italian painter (b. 1397)
 * 1508 – René II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1451)
 * 1541 – Thomas Culpeper, English courtier (b. 1514)
 * 1541  – Francis Dereham, English courtier (b. c. 1513)
 * 1561 – Caspar Schwenckfeld, German theologian and writer

1601–1900

 * 1618 – Giulio Caccini, Italian composer and educator (b. 1551)
 * 1626 – Edmund Gunter, English mathematician and academic (b. 1581)
 * 1665 – Tarquinio Merula, Italian organist, violinist, and composer (b. 1594)
 * 1736 – António Manoel de Vilhena, Portuguese soldier and politician (b. 1663)
 * 1791 – Jacob Frank, Polish religious leader (b. 1726)
 * 1831 – Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist and academic (b. 1770)
 * 1850 – Józef Bem, Polish general and physicist (b. 1794)
 * 1850  – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (b. 1787)
 * 1865 – Leopold I of Belgium (b. 1790)
 * 1867 – Sakamoto Ryōma, Japanese samurai and politician (b. 1836)
 * 1896 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer, invented Dynamite and founded the Nobel Prize (b. 1833)

1901–present

 * 1909 – Red Cloud, American tribal chief (of the Oglala nation) (b. 1822)
 * 1911 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist and explorer (b. 1817)
 * 1917 – Mackenzie Bowell, English-Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)
 * 1920 – Horace Elgin Dodge, American businessman, co-founded Dodge (b. 1868)
 * 1922 – Clement Lindley Wragge, English meteorologist and author (b. 1852)
 * 1926 – Nikola Pašić, Serbian politician, 46th Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1845)
 * 1928 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect and painter (b. 1868)
 * 1929 – Harry Crosby, American publisher and poet (b. 1898)
 * 1932 – Joseph Carruthers, Australian politician, 16th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1857)
 * 1936 – Bobby Abel, English cricketer (b. 1857)
 * 1936  – Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist, novelist, and poet Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
 * 1939 – John Grieb, American gymnast and triathlete (b. 1879)
 * 1941 – Colin Kelly, American captain and pilot (b. 1915)
 * 1944 – John Brunt, English captain, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1922)
 * 1945 – Theodor Dannecker, German captain (b. 1913)
 * 1946 – Walter Johnson, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (b. 1887)
 * 1946  – Damon Runyon, American newspaperman and short story writer (b. 1884)
 * 1948 – Na Hye-sok, South Korean journalist, poet, and painter (b. 1896)
 * 1951 – Algernon Blackwood, English author and playwright (b. 1869)
 * 1953 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Indian-English scholar and translator (b. 1872)
 * 1956 – David Shimoni, Russian-Israeli poet and translator (b. 1891)
 * 1957 – Napoleon Zervas, Greek general (b. 1891)
 * 1958 – Adolfo Camarillo, American horse breeder, rancher, and philanthropist (b. 1864)
 * 1963 – K. M. Panikkar, Indian historian and diplomat (b. 1894)
 * 1967 – Otis Redding, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1941)
 * 1968 – Karl Barth, Swiss theologian and author (b. 1886)
 * 1968  – George Forrest, Northern Irish lawyer and politician (b. 1921)
 * 1968  – Thomas Merton, American monk and author (b. 1915)
 * 1972 – Mark Van Doren, American poet, critic, and academic (b. 1894)
 * 1973 – Wolf V. Vishniac, German-American microbiologist and academic (b. 1922)
 * 1974 – Toshinari Shōji, Japanese general (b. 1890)
 * 1977 – Adolph Rupp, American basketball player and coach (b. 1901)
 * 1978 – Ed Wood, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
 * 1979 – Ann Dvorak, American actress (b. 1911)
 * 1982 – Freeman Gosden, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1899)
 * 1987 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian-American violinist and educator (b. 1901)
 * 1988 – Richard S. Castellano, American actor (b. 1933)
 * 1988  – Johnny Lawrence, English cricketer and coach (b. 1911)
 * 1988  – Dorothy de Rothschild, English philanthropist and activist (b. 1895)
 * 1990 – Armand Hammer, American businessman, founded Occidental Petroleum (b. 1898)
 * 1991 – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American painter and academic (b. 1901)
 * 1992 – Dan Maskell, English tennis player and sportscaster (b. 1908)
 * 1993 – Alice Tully, American soprano (b. 1902)
 * 1994 – Keith Joseph, English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Education (b. 1918)
 * 1994  – Alex Wilson, Canadian-American sprinter (b. 1905)
 * 1995 – Darren Robinson, American rapper (b. 1967)
 * 1996 – Faron Young, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1932)
 * 1999 – Rick Danko, Canadian singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (b. 1943)
 * 1999  – Franjo Tuđman, Croatian general and politician, 1st President of Croatia (b. 1922)
 * 1999  – Woodrow Borah, American historian of Spanish America (b. 1912)
 * 2000 – Marie Windsor, American actress (b. 1919)
 * 2001 – Ashok Kumar, Indian actor, singer, and producer (b. 1911)
 * 2002 – Andres Küng, Swedish journalist and politician (b. 1945)
 * 2002  – Ian MacNaughton, Scottish actor, director, and producer (b. 1925)
 * 2003 – Sean McClory, Irish actor and director (b. 1924)
 * 2004 – Gary Webb, American journalist and author (b. 1955)
 * 2005 – Mary Jackson, American actress (b. 1910)
 * 2005  – Eugene McCarthy, American poet, academic, and politician (b. 1916)
 * 2005  – Richard Pryor, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1940)
 * 2006 – Olivia Coolidge, English-American author and educator (b. 1908)
 * 2006  – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean general and dictator, 30th President of Chile (b. 1915)
 * 2007 – Vitali Hakko, Turkish businessman, founded Vakko (b. 1913)
 * 2009 – Vladimir Teplyakov, Russian soldier and physicist (b. 1925)
 * 2010 – John Fenn, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
 * 2010  – J. Michael Hagopian, Armenian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1913)
 * 2010  – MacKenzie Miller, American horse trainer and breeder (b. 1921)
 * 2012 – Iajuddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi academic and politician, 13th President of Bangladesh (b. 1931)
 * 2012  – Antonio Cubillo, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1930)
 * 2012  – Tommy Roberts, English fashion designer (b. 1942)
 * 2013 – Alan Coleman, English-Australian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1936)
 * 2013  – Jim Hall, American guitarist and composer (b. 1930)
 * 2013  – Don Lund, American baseball player and coach (b. 1923)
 * 2013  – Srikanta Wadiyar, Indian politician and the titular Maharaja of Mysore(b. 1946)
 * 2014 – Ralph Giordano, German author and publicist (b. 1923)
 * 2014  – Robert B. Oakley, American diplomat, 19th United States Ambassador to Pakistan (b. 1931)
 * 2014  – Bob Solinger, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925)
 * 2014  – Judy Baar Topinka, American journalist and politician (b. 1944)
 * 2014  – Gerard Vianen, Dutch cyclist (b. 1944)
 * 2015 – Ron Bouchard, American race car driver and businessman (b. 1948)
 * 2015  – Denis Héroux, Canadian director and producer (b. 1940)
 * 2015  – Arnold Peralta, Honduran footballer (b. 1989)
 * 2015  – Dolph Schayes, American basketball player and coach (b. 1928)
 * 2017 – Bruce Brown, American filmmaker (b. 1937)
 * 2017  – Max Clifford, British publicist (b. 1943)
 * 2017  – Charles M. Green Jr., American Internet personality (b. 1950)
 * 2017  – Curtis W. Harris, American minister (b. 1924)
 * 2019 – Philip McKeon, American actor (b. 1964)
 * 2019  – Gershon Kingsley, American composer and musician (b. 1922)
 * 2019  – Emily Mason, American painter (b. 1932)
 * 2020 – Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr., American actor and wrestler (b. 1958)
 * 2020  – Joseph Safra, Lebanese-Brazilian financier (b.1938)
 * 2020  – Carol Sutton, American actress (b. 1944)
 * 2020  – Barbara Windsor, English actress (b. 1937)
 * 2021 – Michael Nesmith, American musician (The Monkees), songwriter, actor, producer, and novelist (b. 1942)
 * 2023 – Julian Carroll, American politician, 54th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1931)

Holidays and observances

 * Alfred Nobel Day or Nobeldagen (Sweden)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs (Syriac Orthodox Church)
 * Eulalia of Mérida
 * Karl Barth (Episcopal Church (USA))
 * Thomas Merton (Episcopal Church (USA))
 * Translation of the Holy House of Loreto
 * December 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Constitution Day (Thailand)
 * Human Rights Day (International)

title: December 10