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Talk:Fan fiction

Fanon ≠ Fanfiction
Fanon is a portmanteau of the words "fanatic" and "canon", and refers to concepts within fanfiction considered rote even though it was never expressed within the original stories. This is not the same as fanfiction so I don't think it belongs in bold alongside "FF" and "fanfic" at the top of the page, which implies it to be a synonym. However, the concept is related to fan fiction, and there's even a section called "Relationship to canon" on the Fandom page, that would well do with the term and an explanation of the differences between canon and fanon. 2001:44B8:218A:D00:F8DD:B565:E937:FE90 (talk) 11:11, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

"The canon of fandom. Fanon is the collection concepts and ideas that are normally used in most fan fiction, but don't really existence in the real story's canon." That's from the urban dictionary. So, this disproves it >_< sorry. Your faithful Wikipedian, 2605:A601:A42:9E00:F0E7:6B4B:E49F:CC57 (talk) 23:29, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Fictional Cities in fanfiction?
Any fictional cities in fanfiction by fan authors as fanfictional? 124.106.141.70 (talk) 08:08, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Yes. 2605:A601:A42:9E00:F0E7:6B4B:E49F:CC57 (talk) 23:24, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

OTPs: Stydia vs Sterek
Is there a good reason to list Sterek instead of Stydia in the OTP section? It looks like people are changing this, without providing any reason, and it looks approximately political, so I worry both about leaving it and changing it. (See the first change, and a fix to it; then a revert I performed as part of further editing; then a revert of my revert.)

Since none of the section is sourced, should we just find a list of common OTPs, somewhere, and list only those, with a source? Throne3d (talk) 14:35, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Response
Vandalism is causing the wrong listing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:A42:9E00:F0E7:6B4B:E49F:CC57 (talk) 23:26, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Can someone/somepony add this?
For some reason I can't pass the CAPTCHA to publish it, but can someone add the sentence shown below in quotes?

"The most popular sites to host fanfictions are Fanfiction.net and Fimfiction.net." I know, most people aren't fans of MLP, so the second site is optional. And add the links, please.

Your faithful Wikipedian,

2605:A601:A42:9E00:F0E7:6B4B:E49F:CC57 (talk) 23:21, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

What's The Difference Between Fanon And Canon?
Can someone please explain to me what the difference between fanon fanfiction and canon fanfiction is? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.118.92.186 (talk) 18:45, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

Fanfiction should be prioritized over fan fiction
As someone who is a part of fanfiction culture, I can tell you it’s rarely - if ever - spelled with a space. When someone does spell it with a space, that come across as someone unfamiliar to the scene. I’d edit it, but I’m sure the edits would get rolled back by someone. Durinae (talk) 22:39, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

Pre-television fan fiction?
Is 'fan fiction' the appropriate page (and if so, is 'fan fiction' the appropriate term) for works of fiction (including published works) appropriating from other fiction (without authorisation); and produced before the advent of television such as the extensive unauthorised works of Sherlock Holmes?--Darrelljon (talk) 12:44, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I would say yes, since they follow the same principle. Lolak2 (talk) 16:16, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Definitions
I think there should be definitions added, I would be willing to do so. I don’t know exactly how to write nor the preferred format on this site to do so. Most likely though I would suggest a chart explaining Abbreviations, direct meaning and actual meaning. The reason I opt for this is due to the fact I often get confused myself and would like to extend this knowledge publicly. 2600:1700:AF90:5550:49AE:A90B:C326:B0B2 (talk) 02:50, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

 * The subject is clearly defined and its common abbreviations are given. What, precisely, do you think the article lacks?—Anita5192 (talk) 03:03, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Notable Fanfictions
I've recently come upon the article for the fanficton "All the young dudes". I don't think any singular fanfiction is significant enough to warrant their own article. But notable fanfictions could get an honorable mention here. (I would consider notable fanfiction as ones that have broken records, are especially popular or have changed the genre in some way.) Lolak2 (talk) 16:15, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * What other ones would you include? First that comes to my mind is obviously "My Immortal", which (deservedly, I think) already has its own page, and surprisingly isn't mentioned in this one; then "Heat Waves" and "Sexy Times With Wangxian", and maybe a handful of more notorious ones. I'm not sure there are enough to warrant a whole section, given that fics tend to stay in fandom circles. GulfOfPerdition (talk) 03:29, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree with adding a list of "notable" fics; this page is about the concept of fan fiction and imo shouldn't mention any title, unless a fic single-handedly changed the genre, which from my understanding never happened since it was more of a fandom effort, particularly from the Star Trek one.
 * If a specific fan fiction was covered by a significant number of third-parties reliable sources or, even better, was the subject of academic studies to the point of justifying a separate article about it, that could be added to the "See also" section . As for the rest of them, as GulfOfPerdition noted, they tend to stay in fandom circles (and, I'll add, most authors prefer it that way), and their present popularity doesn't guarantee long-term significance.  Chiya ko92 09:01, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I struck my suggestion to add articles about fan fiction to the "See also" section because there's already a category for them with over 30 works, too many to be added under "See also". --  Chiya ko92 09:15, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

Introduction missing citations
Lots of uncited statements in the introduction. Are there any sources for the definition and description of fanfiction? - Marvelousbench (talk) 13:32, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fan fiction


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Talk:Felidae

Likely error in phylogeny cladogram
The cladogram in the "Phylogeny" section likely has an error in the (bottom) "Domestic cat lineage" part. It seems to indicate that "Domestic cat (F. catus)" is NOT directly descended from "African wildcat (F. lybica)". It therefore disagrees with the WP cat, African wildcat, and Wildcat articles. Unless another editor shows me that I misunderstand, I will modify this cladogram to conform with those other articles.
 * While I understand what you're saying, the problem is that this is exactly what the source used says. If we're going to use that particular citation as a source for the cladogram, we have to make sure that they match, otherwise WP:SYNTH applies. If we can find another, equally good (or better) source that gives a different pattern for the whole thing, then we can use that, but until then we're stuck. We could, of course, add some commentary to make it clearer, using the sources elsewhere in the article to back up that specifically. Anaxial (talk) 06:54, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is the problem, one that has bothered me for some time. The cladogram follows the source and a number of reviews since continue to use that arrangement, even though we know it is doesn't accurately represent the domestic cat relationship within the wildcat complex. We could use a different reference for Felis (there are arguments why this wouldn't be synthesis), but the main study on this has two different arrangements in difference analyses (position of bieti) and the position of the domestic cat in nested within lybica. Adding text for clarification is always a good thing, but we have to be careful not to overdo one issue in this broad scoped article.
 * That said, the cladogram doesn't strictly follow the Johnson et al (2006) study. The position of the jaguar and leopard is swapped, following later studies (Davis et al, 2010; Li et al, 2016)) and the second clouded leopard species, which was recognised after the study, is included. However, the Li et al (2016) study includes these changes in their nuclear genome analysis. I've added this reference. I also think we should change the position of the bay cat lineage to that of the biparental nuclear genome analysis in Fig 1 of Li et al (2016). —  Jts1882 | talk 09:15, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Li et al. (2016) was already used in the previous subsection, so I replaced the full ref by the already named one. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 09:35, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Since apart from position of bay cat lineage, there are a few more differences between the 2 models : perhaps we should use the later one in the cladogram and merely present differences to the former one in text ? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 09:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Here are the changes relative to Johnson et al (2006) if we go for the biparental nuclear genome analysis in Fig 1 of Li et al. (2016)
 * Position of leopard and jaguar (as in current cladogram; also matches Davis et al, 2010).
 * Includes Sunda clouded leopard (as in current cladogram).
 * Includes Sunda leopard leopard (missing in current cladogram).
 * Position of Andean mountain cat in ocelot lineage.
 * Includes two tigrina specimens. Do these match the new species divisions?
 * But it still has the domestic cat as sister to the European wildcat.
 * Any I've missed? —  Jts1882 | talk 09:59, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, it is also relevant to mention the difference in sample size. Li et al. (2016) analysed 100 cat samples. How many did Johnson et al. (2006) use? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 10:27, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I've updated the cladogram on one of my user pages (see User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Felidae) —  Jts1882 | talk

 * Sorry for late reply! I already saw your cladogram on your user page. And you know what I would like a lot: to show the cladogram the other way round : namely the early divergers at the bottom and the later ones on top. So that the clouded leopards and Panthera are shown at the bottom and Dom cat on top. Is that difficult to implement ? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 18:42, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not difficult to implement, but I understand there is a weird way the cladograms are displayed when using Safari on Apple devices (different HTML table rendering) that makes the cladograms look worse when done that way. I can't verify that myself as I have no suitable devices. —  Jts1882 | talk 19:57, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Do I understand you correctly that the rendering of above in Safari on Apple is correct, and only the rendering of upside-down cladogram weird? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 20:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * No. My understanding is that all the Safari rendering of HTML tables is weird, different from all other browsers, but I can't verify this. I've been told they look better when the more nested groups are at the bottom. I think this arrangement makes sense for web presentations where you are scrolling down, whereas the other way is better suited to the printed page. —  Jts1882 | talk 09:48, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * A possible solution is perhaps to take a screenshot of the cladogram and embed it as a jpg file ? The hyperlinks are not really needed, as they are already provided in the text. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 20:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not so keen on this as it becomes difficult for editors to make changes (albeit sometimes this is useful). One thing I want to do in future is use the clade template to output SVG code, which could then be used to generate the images. —  Jts1882 | talk 09:48, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

Returning to the (inconsistent) wildcat and domestic cat lineage: Tx to all for all of the commentary, which shows me that I should defer to you others to resolve this. I only note that at least one of the wildcat-related WP articles cites this 2017 paper https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612713/, which posits a different phyl. sub-tree for wildcats, et al. (That paper's discussion of genome analysis is over my head, for now.) Acwilson9 (talk) 07:43, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The authors of this *2007* article had a) a much different sample size and b) from a much smaller spectrum of species for analysis than above mentioned author teams. And they grouped several as subspecies under F. silvestris that are recognized as distinct species today. But because of their focus, their proposed cladogram is not so relevant for the cladogram of the whole family, imo. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 09:07, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it would be valid to change the wildcat complex arrangement based on a different source, as long as stated clearly. I don't think this qualifies as synthesis because no new conclusions are introduced. Alternatively we could add a footnote explaining the discrepancy. —  Jts1882 | talk 09:48, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems entirely reasonable to me, as long as we make it clear. Anaxial (talk) 17:34, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * As a placeholder until an expert in both kitty phylogeny and Apple-device display can implement this, and to inform readers that the editors are aware of this imperfection, I added " ". (As I noted above on 20 May, I myself am not competent to implement this.) Acwilson9 (talk) 22:53, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The source is the best available for now. It's apparently your device and browser used that cannot render the info correctly. Just read the source. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 08:08, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * That source also has three slightly different trees, the mitochondrial DNA tree, which places bieti basal to the rest of the complex, consistent with its currently recognised species status, and the two SNP trees (with and without hybrids), which places bieti in the lybica/domestic cat clade. The latter is probably the best result as it is nuclear DNA, but would be confusing in the Felidae article because the Chinese desert cat is recognised as a species. The Driscoll paper clearly treats bieti as a subspecies, but I can't think of any taxonomic paper or resource doing the same. It's a shame they haven't revisited the genetics of this complex, although doing so woould probably cause problems for conservation of the Chinese desert cat. —  Jts1882 | talk 08:42, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

cladograms for discussion

 * For reference. —  Jts1882 | talk 09:22, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * In 2017, the IUCN's Cat Classification Task Force retained Driscoll et al.'s 2007 conclusion, that F. lybica be classified as F. catus' direct wild ancestor. 89.206.112.12 (talk) 13:04, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Update cladogram
I've updated the main Felidae cladogram to use the biparental nuclear genome analysis of Li et al (2017). This was prompted by an edit by adding the Sunda leopard cat and southern tiger cat to the old tree based on Johnson et al (2006).

This phylogenetic tree still has the problematic topology for the domestic cat lineage where the domestic cat is closer to the European wild cat than the African wild cat. While I think we could legitimately change the tree to show the Driscoll et al (2007) wildcat arrangement with an appropriate explanation (this is not WP:SYNTHESIS if properly sourced and explained), I think it might be better to leave the tree as is and add a footnote that the domestic cat is derived from the African wild cat. —  Jts1882 | talk 15:36, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

"History of cats" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect History of cats and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Jay (talk) 07:57, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Differences between felidae and feline
I believe you're suggesting that they are one in the same. They are not. 2600:1005:A100:906C:F5B7:843E:823D:63C3 (talk) 12:53, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Feline is used in more than one sense. In the strict sense used scientifically, members of the cat family Felidae are felids and members of the subfamily Felinae are felines, distinct from pantherines. However, in common English usage, feline is used more generally. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:01, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * What Jts1882 said; taxonomically speaking, "felid" refers to any member of Felidae as a whole, and "feline" specifically refers to members of Felinae. Colloquially speaking, "felid" and "feline" are interchangeable.--Mr Fink (talk) 14:00, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * WP is not written in colloquial English, so we should not be refering to Felidae as felines, but as felids.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  15:02, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 25 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: procedural close; requester has been blocked as a sock, and no other editor has supported the proposal. Dekimasu よ! 15:47, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

Felidae → Wild cat – Wikipedia articles use common names. In this case, “wild cat” is the common name. “Wild cat” is also more easily distinguishable from “cat”. Amogus girl  (talk)  02:12, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose - WP:COMMONNAME doesn't mean to use common names vice technical names, but that we count up the occurrences of all possible names and use whichever has the highest count: ie the most common usage. - UtherSRG (talk) 03:24, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Cats and WikiProject Mammals have been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 03:25, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose - There are dozens of different kinds of cats within Felidae, and only some if not a few of them are explicitly referred to as "wild cats."--Mr Fink (talk) 04:27, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The name of this family has always been Felidae but never “wild cat” since the domestic cat is also a member. – BhagyaMani (talk) 04:31, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Felidae


text:
Fundamental analysis

Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; competitors and markets. It also considers the overall state of the economy and factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management. There are two basic approaches that can be used: bottom up analysis and top down analysis. These terms are used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative and technical.

Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives:
 * to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution;
 * to make a projection on its business performance;
 * to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions and/or to calculate its credit risk;
 * to find out the intrinsic value of the share.

The two analytical models
There are two basic methodologies investors rely upon when the objective of the analysis is to determine what stock to buy and at what price:

 * 1) Fundamental analysis. Analysts maintain that markets may incorrectly price a security in the short run but the "correct" price will eventually be reached. Profits can be made by purchasing or selling the wrongly priced security and then waiting for the market to recognize its "mistake" and reprice the security.
 * 2) Technical analysis. Analysts look at trends and price levels and believe that trend changes confirm sentiment changes. Recognizable price chart patterns may be found due to investors' emotional responses to price movements. Technical analysts mainly evaluate historical trends and ranges to predict future price movement.

Investors can use one or both of these complementary methods for stock picking. For example, many fundamental investors use technical indicators for deciding entry and exit points. Similarly, a large proportion of technical investors use fundamental indicators to limit their pool of possible stocks to "good" companies.

The choice of stock analysis is determined by the investor's belief in the different paradigms for "how the stock market works". For explanations of these paradigms, see the discussions at efficient-market hypothesis, random walk hypothesis, capital asset pricing model, Fed model, market-based valuation, and behavioral finance.

Fundamental analysis includes:
 * 1) Economic analysis
 * 2) Industry analysis
 * 3) Company analysis

The intrinsic value of the shares is determined based upon these three analyses. It is this value that is considered the true value of the share. If the intrinsic value is higher than the market price, buying the share is recommended. If it is equal to market price, it is recommended to hold the share; and if it is less than the market price, then one should sell the shares.

Use by different portfolio styles
Investors may also use fundamental analysis within different portfolio management styles.
 * Buy and hold investors believe that latching on to good businesses allows the investor's asset to grow with the business. Fundamental analysis lets them find "good" companies, so they lower their risk and the probability of wipe-out.
 * Value investors restrict their attention to under-valued companies, believing that "it's hard to fall out of a ditch". The values they follow come from fundamental analysis.
 * Managers may use fundamental analysis to correctly value "good" and "bad" companies.
 * Managers may also consider the economic cycle in determining whether conditions are "right" to buy fundamentally suitable companies.
 * Contrarian investors hold that "in the short run, the market is a voting machine, not a weighing machine". Fundamental analysis allows an investor to make his or her own decision on value, while ignoring the opinions of the market.
 * Managers may use fundamental analysis to determine future growth rates for buying high priced growth stocks.
 * Managers may include fundamental factors along with technical factors in computer models (quantitative analysis).

Top-down and bottom-up approaches
Investors using fundamental analysis can use either a top-down or bottom-up approach.
 * The top-down investor starts their analysis with global economics, including both international and national economic indicators. These may include GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, productivity, and energy prices. They subsequently narrow their search to regional/ industry analysis of total sales, price levels, the effects of competing products, foreign competition, and entry or exit from the industry. Only then do they refine their search to the best business in the area being studied.
 * The bottom-up investor starts with specific businesses, regardless of their industry/region, and proceeds in reverse of the top-down approach.

Procedures
The analysis of a business's health starts with a financial statement analysis that includes financial ratios. It looks at dividends paid, operating cash flow, new equity issues and capital financing. The earnings estimates and growth rate projections published widely by Thomson Reuters and others can be considered either "fundamental" (they are facts) or "technical" (they are investor sentiment) based on perception of their validity.

Determined growth rates (of income and cash) and risk levels (to determine the discount rate) are used in various valuation models. The foremost is the discounted cash flow model, which calculates the present value of the future:
 * dividends received by the investor, along with the eventual sale price; (Gordon model)
 * earnings of the company;
 * or cash flows of the company.

The simple model commonly used is the P/E ratio (price-to-earnings ratio). Implicit in this model of a perpetual annuity (time value of money) is that the inverse, or the E/P rate, is the discount rate appropriate to the risk of the business. Usage of the P/E ratio has the disadvantage that it ignores future earnings growth.

Because the future growth of the free cash flow and earnings of a company drive the fair value of the company, the PEG ratio is more meaningful than the P/E ratio. The PEG ratio incorporates the growth estimates for future earnings, e.g. of the EBIT. Its validity depends on the length of time analysts believe the growth will continue and on the reasonableness of future estimates compared to earnings growth in the past years (oftentimes the last seven years). IGAR models can be used to impute expected changes in growth from current P/E and historical growth rates for the stocks relative to a comparison index.

The amount of debt a company possesses is also a major consideration in determining its financial leverage and its health. This is meaningful because a company can reach higher earnings (and this way a higher return on equity and higher P/E ratio) simply by increasing the amount of net debt. This can be quickly assessed using the debt-to-equity ratio, the current ratio (current assets/current liabilities) and the return on capital employed (ROCE). The ROCE is the ratio of EBIT divided by the "capital employed", i.e. all the current and non-current assets less the operating liabilities, which is the real capital of the company no matter if it is financed by equity or debt.

Criticisms
Economists such as Burton Malkiel suggest that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets.

title: Fundamental analysis


text:
Frasier

Frasier is an American television sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for 11 seasons. It aired from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004. The program was created and produced by David Angell, Peter Casey, and David Lee (as Grub Street Productions), in association with Grammnet (2004) and Paramount Network Television.

The series was created as a spin-off of the sitcom Cheers. It continues the story of psychiatrist Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer), who returns to his hometown, Seattle, as a radio show host. He reconnects with his father, Martin (John Mahoney), a retired police officer, and his younger brother, Niles (David Hyde Pierce), a fellow psychiatrist. Included in the series cast were Peri Gilpin as Frasier's producer Roz Doyle, and Jane Leeves as Daphne Moon, Martin's live-in caregiver. Dan Butler's role as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe, a sports talk show host on Frasier's station, was later upgraded from a recurring to main character.

Frasier received critical acclaim, with the series and the cast winning 37 Primetime Emmy Awards, a record at the time for a scripted series. It also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for five consecutive years. Frasier later received a revival for a twelfth season that premiered on Paramount+ on October 12, 2023.

Overview
Psychiatrist Frasier Crane (Grammer) returns to his hometown of Seattle, Washington, following the end of his marriage and life in Boston (as seen in Cheers). His plans for a new life as a single man are challenged when he is obliged to take in his father, Martin (Mahoney), a retired Seattle Police Department detective who has mobility problems after being shot in the line of duty during a robbery.

After reluctantly taking his father in, Frasier and Martin conduct a series of interviews to hire a physical therapist and caregiver for his father. Martin, much to Frasier's dismay, is particularly keen on hiring a British caregiver as a live-in, and after a short squabble, the two agree to hire Daphne Moon (Leeves) for the position. Much of the series focuses on Frasier adjusting to living with his father, with whom he has little in common, and his constant annoyances with Martin's dog, Eddie. Frasier frequently spends time with his younger brother, Niles (Pierce), a fellow psychiatrist, who becomes attracted to Daphne and eventually marries her.

Frasier hosts The Dr. Frasier Crane Show, a call-in psychiatry show on talk radio station, KACL. Though they share few commonalities, Frasier's producer, Roz Doyle (Gilpin) becomes his friend in the series. She is depicted as both direct and sarcastic. Her somewhat superficial relationships with men are a frequent topic of conversation until she becomes pregnant with her daughter, Alice. Roz and Frasier share a professional respect and a wry sense of humor, and over time, the two become close friends. Frasier, along with the other characters in the series, often visits the local coffee shop, Café Nervosa, making it a frequent setting.

The Crane brothers, who have expensive tastes, intellectual interests, and high opinions of themselves, frequently clash with their father, Martin. The close relationship between the brothers is often tense, and their sibling rivalry intermittently results in chaos. For two psychiatrists who make a living solving other people's problems, however, they are often inept at dealing with each other's hangups. Other recurring themes in the series include Niles's relationship with his unseen first wife, Maris (whom he later divorces); Frasier's relationship with his ex-wife, Lilith, who resides in Boston with their son, Frederick; Frasier's search for love; Martin's new life after retirement; and the various attempts by the two brothers to gain acceptance into Seattle society.

Main

 * Kelsey Grammer as Frasier Crane, a radio psychiatrist. He is fussy, uptight, cultured, and sometimes arrogant. Having grown up with an educated mother and an "average Joe" father, Frasier epitomizes an upper-class sophistication, yet is still sympathetic to working-class culture. After returning to Seattle, he begins embracing his more privileged background and develops a more selfish and aloof manner, possibly due to rekindling his relationship with his younger brother, Niles Crane. Despite his haughty demeanor, however, Frasier has a strong sense of ethics.
 * Jane Leeves as Daphne Moon (later Crane), is an English immigrant from Manchester; a physiotherapist and live-in aid hired by Frasier to help his father. Daphne's eccentric, working-class background and self-professed psychic abilities (which often end up being correct) frequently lead to Daphne's comical non-sequiturs about her unusual family, which is a sharp contrast to the Cranes' incredulity. In spite of their different upbringings, Niles falls for her instantly. Niles's obsession with Daphne and her obliviousness to this is developed throughout the earlier seasons of the series.
 * David Hyde Pierce as Niles Crane, Frasier's younger brother. He is a psychiatrist in private practice. Educated, coldhearted, and more arrogant than Frasier, Niles's snobby, anxious qualities provide a foil for Frasier's own issues. Despite his aforementioned qualities, he is brave, caring, and well-meaning, which, to his loved ones, more than makes up for his eccentricities and quirks. Niles is very close to his older brother, though their fiercely competitive natures often provide the audience with much humor throughout the series. Like Frasier, Niles has a deep appreciation and respect for the arts, music, and pursuits that are seen as intellectual and prefers these activities over most sports, though he excels in squash and croquet. Niles is severely mysophobic, often given to wiping his hands after human contact, and is even depicted wiping down chairs in public places before sitting on them.
 * Peri Gilpin as Roz Doyle, the producer of Frasier's radio show. A native of Bloomer, Wisconsin, Roz, one of two single women in the series, is depicted as a sharp contrast to Daphne. Throughout the show, Roz's search for love and liberal approach to dating is the subject of many witty remarks, particularly from Niles. In the middle of series' run, Roz becomes pregnant with her first child, Alice, and the show addresses some of the challenges of being a single mother, including Roz having to borrow money from her boss, and the personal and professional strain that places on their relationship.
 * John Mahoney as Martin Crane, Frasier and Niles's father, is an outspoken and laid-back Seattle police detective who was forced to retire after sustaining a gunshot wound to his hip. Because this injury renders him incapable of living alone, upon Frasier's return to Seattle, Martin is forced to accept Frasier's invitation to live with him. Though he and his sons share few commonalities, the relationship between the three men strengthens throughout the series. Martin's relationship with his Jack Russell terrier, Eddie, and his pea-green tartan- and twill-upholstered recliner are a perpetual source of distress for Frasier. He is also known for his fondness for beer (specifically that for Ballantine).
 * Moose and Enzo as Eddie, Martin's pet dog. Eddie annoys Frasier in many ways, especially by staring at him for long periods. Even so, Frasier occasionally shows kindness to Eddie by petting him, taking him for a walk, or giving him edible treats.
 * Dan Butler as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe (main seasons 4–6; recurring season 1; special appearance seasons 2–3; special guest seasons 7, 9, 10 & 11), the womanizing, misogynistic host of Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe and the Gonzo Sports Show, which follows Frasier's time slot at KACL.

Recurring

 * Harriet Sansom Harris as Bebe Glazer (seasons 1–5, 7, 9–11), Frasier's flirtatious and duplicitous agent. Described by Niles as "Lady Macbeth without the sincerity", she will use any method to get her or her clients the best deal.
 * Patrick Kerr as Noel Shempsky (seasons 6–11; guest seasons 1 & 3–5), KACL technical assistant and avid Star Trek aficionado who speaks fluent Klingon and Spanish (allowing him to keeping his job when the station owner change formats in Season 5) In season one, Roz goes on one date with Noel and he is smitten with her ever since.
 * Edward Hibbert as Gil Chesterton (seasons 2–8 & 10–11; guest season 1), KACL's posh, camp restaurant critic, his arguably "effeminate" nature is the source of many gay innuendos on the show, despite him revealing early in the series that he is married to a woman who is a car mechanic by trade.
 * Marsha Mason as Sherry Dempsey (seasons 4–5), Martin's flamboyant girlfriend, whose tastes and opinions are often a cause of antagonism and arguments with the rest of the family.
 * Tom McGowan as Kenny Daly (seasons 7–11; guest seasons 5–6), KACL's station manager
 * Millicent Martin as Gertrude Moon (seasons 9–10; guest seasons 7, 11), Daphne's mother
 * Brian Klugman as Kirby Gardner (season 9; guest season 8), a part-timer at KACL and the son of Frasier's former classmate
 * Ashley Thomas as Alice Doyle (seasons 10–11; co-star season 9), Roz's daughter
 * Felicity Huffman as Julia Wilcox (seasons 10–11), host of a financial news segment, whose personality leads to frequent clashes with others at KACL
 * Wendie Malick as Ronee Lawrence (season 11), Frasier and Niles's childhood babysitter who, after a chance meeting, becomes Martin's girlfriend

Guest stars
Throughout the series, numerous guest stars appeared such as:

 * René Auberjonois
 * Christine Baranski
 * Kristin Chenoweth
 * Patricia Clarkson
 * Gary Cole
 * Kim Coles
 * Robbie Coltrane
 * Jennifer Coolidge
 * Elvis Costello
 * Brian Cox
 * Alan Cumming
 * Zooey Deschanel
 * Illeana Douglas
 * Griffin Dunne
 * Aaron Eckhart
 * Katie Finneran
 * Victor Garber
 * Ana Gasteyer
 * Tony Goldwyn
 * Richard E. Grant
 * Luis Guzman
 * John Hannah
 * Teri Hatcher
 * Bob Hoskins
 * Derek Jacobi
 * Allison Janney
 * James Earl Jones
 * Jane Kaczmarek
 * Michael Keaton
 * Nathan Lane
 * Anthony LaPaglia
 * Piper Laurie
 * Laura Linney
 * Patti LuPone
 * Virginia Madsen
 * Patrick Macnee
 * John C. McGinley
 * Dr. Phil McGraw
 * S. Epatha Merkerson
 * Laurie Metcalf
 * Brian Stokes Mitchell
 * Donald O'Connor
 * Estelle Parsons
 * Rosie Perez
 * Robert Picardo
 * Teri Polo
 * Mercedes Ruehl
 * Eva Marie Saint
 * Tony Shalhoub
 * Marian Seldes
 * Jean Smart
 * Brent Spiner
 * Patrick Stewart
 * David Ogden Stiers
 * Jennifer Tilly
 * Jeanne Tripplehorn
 * Sela Ward
 * Rita Wilson
 * Bellamy Young

 Cheers co-stars who returned
 * Bebe Neuwirth
 * Shelley Long
 * Ted Danson
 * Woody Harrelson
 * Rhea Perlman
 * John Ratzenberger
 * George Wendt

Reunions
Grammer had been the voice of Sideshow Bob on The Simpsons since 1990. In a 1997 episode (while Frasier was still in production), the character's brother, Cecil Terwilliger, was introduced, played by Pierce, as per the reference in the episode title, "Brother from Another Series". The episode contained numerous Frasier references, including a Frasier-style version of The Simpsons theme for a transition and its iconic title card for the same thing. Pierce returned as Cecil for the second time (the first since Frasier had concluded) alongside Grammer in the 2007 episode "Funeral for a Fiend". The episode introduced the brothers' father, Dr. Robert Terwilliger, who was portrayed by Mahoney.

Cast reunions also occurred on four episodes of Hot in Cleveland, which featured Leeves in the main cast along with Wendie Malick (who played Martin's girlfriend towards the end of Frasier). In the season-two episode "Unseparated at Birth" and season-three episode "Funeral Crashers", Mahoney guest-starred as a waiter smitten with Betty White's character. Gilpin appeared in the episode "I Love Lucci (Part 1)", and Tom McGowan (who played Kenny Daly) appeared in "Love Thy Neighbor" as a casting director. Hot in Cleveland was created and produced by Suzanne Martin, who wrote multiple episodes of Frasier.

Creation
During the eighth season of Cheers, Grammer made a deal with former Cheers producers David Angell, Peter Casey and David Lee (who were moving on to produce Wings) that they would do a new series together once Cheers ended. Once it became clear during the 10th season that the 11th would be the last, the group began working on their next series together.

Grammer did not originally want to continue playing Frasier Crane, and Angell, Casey and Lee did not want the new show to be compared to Cheers, which they had worked on before Wings. The three proposed that the actor play a wealthy, Malcolm Forbes-like paraplegic publisher who operated his business from his apartment. The main show featured a "street-smart" Hispanic live-in nurse who would clash with the main character. While Grammer liked the concept, Paramount Television disliked it, and suggested that the best route would be to spin off the Frasier Crane character. Grammer ultimately agreed to star in a Cheers spin-off, but the producers set the new show as far from Boston as possible to prevent NBC from demanding that other characters from the old show make guest appearances on the new show during its first season. After first choosing Denver, Angell, Casey, and Lee changed the location to Seattle after Colorado passed a law that prevented municipalities from enacting antidiscrimination laws protecting gay, lesbian, or bisexual people.

The creators did not want Frasier in private practice, which would make the show resemble The Bob Newhart Show. From an unused idea they had for a Cheers episode, they conceived the concept of the psychiatrist working in a radio station surrounded by "wacky, yet loveable" characters. After realizing that such a setting was reminiscent of WKRP in Cincinnati, the creators decided to emphasize Frasier's home life, which Cheers had rarely explored. Lee considered his own experience with "the relationship between an aging father and the grown-up son he never understood" and thought it would be a good theme for Frasier. Although Frasier had mentioned on Cheers (in two episodes) that his father, a research scientist, had died, Angell, Casey and Lee did not realize this was the case, as they were not working on Cheers during the season those two episodes were filmed. The creative team was already well into the development process when Grammer pointed out the discontinuity; they decided to overlook it, initially retconning the character's backstory. In a second-season episode, the discrepancy was resolved, as Frasier revealed he had lied to the Cheers gang about his father.

One element of the original concept that was carried over was the live-in health-care provider for Frasier's father. Grammer points out that very little of the Frasier Crane of Cheers carried over to Frasier, as his family history was changed (though this was later adjusted); the setting, his job and even the character himself changed from the Cheers predecessor, having to be more grounded as the central character of the show so the other supporting characters could be more eccentric.

Casting
Martin Crane was based on creator Casey's father, who spent 34 years with the San Francisco Police Department. The creators suggested to NBC that they would like to cast someone like Mahoney, to which NBC told them if they could get Mahoney, they could hire him without auditions. Both Grammer and the producers contacted Mahoney, with the producers flying to Chicago to show Mahoney the pilot script over dinner. Upon reading it, Mahoney accepted. Grammer, who had lost his father as a child, and the childless Mahoney immediately built a close father-son relationship.

In discussing Martin's nurse, Warren Littlefield of NBC suggested she be English instead of Hispanic, and suggested Leeves for the role. Grammer was initially reluctant, as he thought the casting made the show resemble Nanny and the Professor, but approved Leeves after a meeting and read-through with her. Mahoney and Leeves quickly bonded over their shared English heritage; Mahoney was originally from Manchester, the hometown of Leeves's character.

The character of Niles was not part of the original concept for the show. Frasier had told his bar friends on Cheers that he was an only child; however, Sheila Guthrie, the assistant casting director on Wings, brought the producers a photo of Pierce (whom she knew from his work on The Powers That Be) and noted his resemblance to Grammer when he first appeared on Cheers. She recommended him should they ever want Frasier to have a brother. The creators were "blown away" both by his resemblance to Grammer and by his acting ability. They decided to ignore Frasier's statement on Cheers and created the role for Pierce. Pierce accepted the role before realizing he had not read a script. Once he was given a script, he was initially concerned that his character was essentially a duplicate of Frasier, thinking that it would not work. The first table reading of the pilot script was notable because the producers had never heard either Pierce or Mahoney read lines, as they were cast without auditions.

The only main role that required an audition was Roz Doyle, who was named in memory of a producer of Wings. The producers auditioned around 300 actresses, with no particular direction in mind. Women of all ethnicities were considered. Lisa Kudrow was originally cast in the role, but during rehearsals, the producers decided they needed someone who could appear more assertive in her job and take control over Frasier at KACL, and Kudrow did not fit that role. The creators quickly hired Gilpin, their second choice.

The original focus of the series was intended to be the relationship between Frasier and Martin, and it was the focus of most of the first-season episodes. Once the show began airing, Niles became a breakout character, and more focus was added to the brothers' relationship, and other plots centering on Niles, starting in the second season. The producers initially did not want to make Niles's wife Maris an unseen character because they did not want to draw parallels to Vera, Norm's wife on Cheers. They originally intended that she would appear after several episodes, but were enjoying writing excuses for her absence so much that they eventually decided she would remain unseen, and after the increasingly eccentric characteristics ascribed to her, they concluded that no real actress would be able to portray her anyway.

Sets and settings
Frasier's apartment was designed to be ultra-modern in an eclectic style (as Frasier himself points out in the pilot). One of the show's signature elements that it became well known for was the apartment's design which included elements such as a slightly split-level design, doors with triangular wooden inlay features, numerous pieces of well-known high-end furniture (such as a replica of Coco Chanel's sofa, and both Eames Lounge Chair and Wassily Chair) and a notable view from the terrace which was frequently complimented by visitors. The main set consisted of the open-concept living area with a sitting/TV space and dining area on the lower level and a piano exit to the terrace on the rear upper level. The set also included the kitchen through an open archway. A small section of the building corridor and elevator doors was built, as was a powder room near the front entrance. Two corridors off the living area ostensibly led to the apartment's three bedrooms. Sets for each of these rooms were built as separate sets on an as-needed basis.

No building or apartment in Seattle really has the view from Frasier's residence. It was created so the Space Needle, the most iconic landmark of Seattle, would appear more prominently. According to the season-one DVD bonus features, the photograph used on the set was taken from atop a cliff, possibly the ledge at Kerry Park, a frequent photography location. Despite this, Frasier has been said to have contributed to the emergence of an upscale urban lifestyle in 1990s Seattle, with buyers seeking properties in locations resembling that depicted in the show, in search of "that cosmopolitan feel of Frasier".

Another of the primary sets was the radio studio at KACL from which Frasier broadcasts his show. The studio itself consists of two rooms: the broadcast booth and the control room. A section of the corridor outside of the booth was also built (visible through the windows at the back of the studio) and could be shot from the side to view the corridor itself. The set was designed based on ABC's then-brand-new radio studios in Los Angeles which the production designer visited. Technical elements such as the microphones were regularly updated to conform with the latest technology. Although the studio set lacked a "front" wall (the fourth wall), one was built for occasional use in episodes with certain moments shot from behind the broadcast desk, rather than in front of it as usual.

The producers wanted to have a gathering place outside of home and work where the characters could meet. After a trip to Seattle, and seeing the many burgeoning coffee shops, the production designer suggested to producers that they use a coffee shop. Unlike many of the relatively modern coffee shop designs prevalent in Seattle, the production designer opted for a more warm and inviting style that would appear more established and traditional. Stools were specifically omitted to avoid any similarity to the bar on Cheers. Several Los Angeles coffee shops were used for reference. A bookcase was added on the back wall, suggesting patrons could grab a book and read while they enjoyed their coffee. The show used three versions of the interior set depending on how much space other sets for each episode required. If space for the full set was not available, a smaller version that omitted the tables closest to the audience could be used. If space for that set was lacking, a small section of the back of the cafe at the top of the steps could be set up under the audience bleachers. A set was also used on occasion for the exterior patio.

Filming
The cast had an unusual amount of freedom to suggest changes to the script. Grammer used an acting method he called "requisite disrespect" and did not rehearse with the others, instead learning and rehearsing his lines once just before filming each scene in front of a live studio audience. Although effective, the system often caused panic among guest stars.

In 1996, Grammer's recurrent alcoholism led to a car accident. The cast and crew performed an intervention that persuaded him to enter the Betty Ford Center, delaying production for a month.

Only one episode, "The 1000th Show", was filmed in Seattle. As with Cheers, most episodes were filmed on Stage 25, Paramount Studios, or at various locations in and around Los Angeles.

Celebrity voice cameos
The KACL callers' lines were read by anonymous voice-over actors during filming in front of a live audience, and during post-production, the lines were replaced by celebrities, who actually phoned in their parts without having to come into the studio. The end credits of season finales show greyscale headshots of celebrities who had "called in" that season. Celebrities providing voices as callers include Gillian Anderson, Kevin Bacon, Halle Berry, Mel Brooks, Cindy Crawford, Billy Crystal, Phil Donahue, David Duchovny, Hilary Duff, Olympia Dukakis, Carrie Fisher, Jodie Foster, Art Garfunkel, Macaulay Culkin, Elijah Wood, Linda Hamilton, Daryl Hannah, Ron Howard, Eric Idle, Stephen King, Jay Leno, Laura Linney, John Lithgow, Yo-Yo Ma, William H. Macy, Henry Mancini, Reba McEntire, Helen Mirren, Mary Tyler Moore, Estelle Parsons, Rosie Perez, Freddie Prinze Jr., Christopher Reeve, Carly Simon, Gary Sinise, Mary Steenburgen, Ben Stiller, Marlo Thomas, Rob Reiner, Carl Reiner, Lily Tomlin, and Eddie Van Halen.

Some "callers" also guest-starred, such as Parsons, Perez and Linney (who played Frasier's final love interest in the last season).

Credits
The show's theme song, "Tossed Salads and Scrambled Eggs," is sung by Grammer and is played over the closing credits of each episode. Composer Bruce Miller, who had also composed for Wings, was asked to avoid explicitly mentioning any subjects related to the show such as radio or psychiatry. After Miller finished the music, lyricist Darryl Phinnesse suggested the title as they were things that were, like Frasier Crane's patients, "mixed up". The lyrics indirectly refer to Crane's radio show; "I hear the blues a-callin'," for example, refers to troubled listeners who call the show. Grammer recorded several variations of the final spoken line of the theme, which were rotated for each of the episodes. Other than season finales, a short, silent scene, often revisiting a small subplot aside from the central story of the episode, appears with the credits and song, which the actors performed without written dialogue based on the scriptwriter's suggestion.

The title card at the start of each episode shows a white line being drawn in the shape of the Seattle skyline on a black background above the show's title. In most episodes, once the skyline and title appear, the skyline is augmented in some way, such as windows lighting up or a helicopter lifting off. The color of the title text changed for each season (respectively: blue, red, turquoise, purple, gold, brown, yellow, green, orange, metallic silver, and metallic gold). Over the title card, one of about 25 brief musical cues evoking the closing theme is played.

Revival
On February 24, 2021, a revival series was greenlit for exclusive debut on Paramount+. The series premiered on October 12, 2023. Described as a "third act" and another spin-off, Grammer said he "gleefully" anticipated "sharing the next chapter in the continuing journey of Dr. Frasier Crane" as he had "spent over 20 years" of his "creative life on the Paramount lot". In October 2022, Paramount+ officially gave the series a season order of 10 episodes. In January 2023, Jack Cutmore-Scott joined the cast as Freddy Crane. It was also reported that English actor Nicholas Lyndhurst would be joining the cast. Anders Keith and Jess Salgueiro were later cast as Niles and Daphne's son and Freddy's roommate, respectively. In February, Toks Olagundoye was cast as Olivia.

Relationship to Cheers
With the exception of Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley), all the surviving main regular cast members of Cheers made appearances on Frasier. Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth) was the only one to become a recurring character, appearing in a total of twelve episodes.

In the eighth-season Cheers episode "Two Girls for Every Boyd," Frasier tells Sam Malone (played by Ted Danson) that his father, a research scientist, had died. In the Frasier season-two episode "The Show Where Sam Shows Up," when Sam meets Martin, Frasier explains that at the time, he was angry after an argument with his father on the phone; however, in "The Show Where Woody Shows Up," when meeting Martin, Woody says he remembers hearing about him.

In the ninth-season episode of Frasier, 2002's Cheerful Goodbyes", Frasier returns to Boston to give a speech, and Niles, Daphne, and Martin come along to see the city. Frasier runs into Cliff Clavin (played by John Ratzenberger) at the airport and learns that Cliff is retiring and moving to Florida. Frasier and company attend Cliff's retirement party, where Frasier reunites with the rest of the gang from Cheers (minus Sam, Woody, Diane and Rebecca), including bar regular Norm Peterson (played by George Wendt), waitress Carla Tortelli (played by Rhea Perlman), barflies Paul Krapence (played by Paul Willson) and Phil (played by Philip Perlman), and Cliff's old post-office nemesis Walt Twitchell (played by Raye Birk).

In the 11th-season episode of Frasier, "Caught in the Act," Frasier's married ex-wife, children's entertainer Nanny G, comes to town and invites him backstage for a rendezvous. Nanny G appeared on the Cheers episode "One Hugs, The Other Doesn't" (1992) and was portrayed by Emma Thompson. In this episode of Frasier, she is portrayed by Laurie Metcalf. A younger version of the character (this time played by Dina Waters) appears in the second episode of season 9 of Frasier, "Don Juan in Hell: Part 2," along with Neuwirth and Shelley Long reprising their roles of Lilith and Diane Chambers, respectively. In this episode, Rita Wilson also reprises her role as Frasier's mother, Hester, which she briefly debuted in the season 7 premiere, "Momma Mia;" in "Don Juan in Hell: Part 2," Diane also references the season 3 episode of Cheers, "Diane Meets Mom," in which Hester (then portrayed by Nancy Marchand) threatens Diane's life. Diane (again portrayed by Long) plays a central role in "The Show Where Diane Comes Back" (season 3, episode 14) and had a brief cameo in the season 2 episode "Adventures in Paradise: Part 2".

Some cast members of Frasier had appeared previously in minor roles on Cheers. In the episode "Do Not Forsake Me, O' My Postman" (1992), John Mahoney played Sy Flembeck, an over-the-hill jingle writer hired by Rebecca to write a jingle for the bar. In it, Grammer and Mahoney exchanged a few lines. Peri Gilpin appeared in a Cheers episode titled "Woody Gets an Election" playing a reporter who interviews Woody when he runs for office.

The set of Frasier was built over the set of Cheers on the same stage after it had finished filming.

Critical reaction
Frasier is one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series of all time and one of the most successful spin-off series in television history. Critics and commentators have broadly held the show in high regard.

Caroline Frost said that the series overall showed a high level of wit but noted that many critics felt that the marriage of Daphne and Niles in season ten had removed much of the show's comic tension. Ken Tucker felt that their marriage made the series seem desperate for storylines, while Robert Bianco felt that it was symptomatic of a show that had begun to dip in quality after so much time on the air. Kelsey Grammer acknowledged the creative lull, saying that over the course of two later seasons, the show "took itself too seriously". Commentators acknowledged that there was an improvement following the return of the writers Christopher Lloyd and Joe Keenan, although not necessarily to its earlier high standards.

Writing about the first season, John O'Connor described Frasier as being a relatively unoriginal concept, but said that it was generally a "splendid act," while Tucker thought that the second season benefited greatly from a mix of "high and low humor". Tucker's comment is referring to what Grammer described as a rule of the series that the show should not play down to its audience. Kevin Cherry believes that Frasier was able to stay fresh by not making any contemporary commentary, therefore allowing the show to be politically and socially neutral. Other commentators, such as Haydn Bush disagree, believing the success of Frasier can be attributed to the comedic timing and the rapport between the characters. Joseph J. Darowski and Kate Darowski praise the overall message of the series, which across eleven seasons sees several lonely, broken individuals develop warm, caring relationships. While individual episodes vary in quality, the series as a whole carries with it a definitive theme and evolution from pilot to finale. The Economist devoted an article to the 25th anniversary of the show's premiere stating, "it is clear that audiences still demand the sort of intelligent and heartfelt comedy that Frasier provided."

In spite of the criticisms of the later seasons, these critics were unanimous in praising at least the early seasons, with varied commentary on the series' demise ranging from believing, like Bianco, that the show had run its course to those like Dana Stevens, who bemoaned the end of Frasier as the "end of situation comedy for adults". Critics compared the farcical elements of the series, especially in later seasons, to the older sitcom Three's Company. NBC News contributor Wendell Wittler described the moments of misunderstanding as "inspired by the classic comedy of manners as were the frequent deflations of Frasier’s pomposity".

In 2017, 13 years after the show ended, Frasier was said to have experienced a "renaissance" on Netflix and "achieved a second life as one of the streaming service's most soothing offerings".

Awards
The series won a total of 37 Primetime Emmy Awards during its 11-year run, breaking the record long held by CBS' The Mary Tyler Moore Show (29). It held the record until 2016 when Game of Thrones won 38. Grammer and Pierce each won four, including one each for the fifth and eleventh seasons. The series is tied with ABC's Modern Family for the most consecutive wins for Outstanding Comedy Series, winning five from 1994 to 1998.

Grammer has been Emmy-nominated for playing Frasier Crane on Cheers and Frasier, as well as a 1992 crossover appearance on Wings, making him the only performer to be nominated for playing the same role on three different shows. The first year Grammer did not receive an Emmy nomination for Frasier was in 2003 for the 10th season. However, Pierce was nominated every year of the show's run, breaking the record for nominations in his category, with his eighth nomination in 2001; he was nominated a further three times after this.

In 1994, the episode "The Matchmaker" was ranked number 43 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2000, the series was named the greatest international programme of all time by a panel of 1,600 industry experts for the British Film Institute as part of BFI TV 100. In 2002, Frasier was ranked number 34 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In a 2006 poll taken by Channel 4 of professionals in the sitcom industry, Frasier was voted the best sitcom of all time. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it #23 on their list of the 101 Best Written TV Series.

Fanbase and cultural impact
Frasier began airing in off-network syndication in March 2006. It is available on Cozi TV, Hallmark Channel, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Paramount+, Showtime, SkyShowtime, Peacock and Crave in select countries. Netflix stopped offering the show in 2020.

The show's popularity has resulted in several fan sites, podcasts, and publications. Podcasts that look primarily at the show include Talk Salad and Scrambled Eggs with Kevin Smith and Matt Mira and Frasierphiles.

A soundtrack to the series was released in 2001.

Books

 * Cafe Nervosa: The Connoisseur's Cookbook, claimed to be authored by Frasier and Niles Crane and published while the show was still in production.
 * Frasier: A Cultural History by Joseph J. Darowski and Kate Darowski, published by Rowman & Littlfield in 2017 as part of their Cultural History of Television series, analyzes the show and offers insights into onscreen stories and behind-the-scenes efforts to shape it.
 * Frasier: The Official Companion to the Award-Winning Paramount Television Comedy by Jefferson Graham offers a behind-the-scenes look at the series and several collections of scripts.
 * My Life as a Dog, published as an autobiography of Moose, the dog who played Eddie in the first several seasons.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment (through CBS DVD starting in 2006) released all 11 seasons of Frasier on DVD in Region 1, 2 and 4. A 44-disc package containing the entire 11 seasons was also released.

On April 7, 2015, CBS DVD released Frasier: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

On November 8, 2022, Paramount Pictures released Frasier: The Complete Series on Blu-ray as a box set, containing 33 Blu-ray Discs with some extras and behind the scenes.

Paramount+ now has all Frasier's eleven seasons in high definition to better conform with the 2022 blu-ray set of the series. This is the only streamer to do it in high definition; other streamers where the series resides, such as Hulu, have the early season episodes still in their standard definition 4:3 aspect ratio as they originally aired.

The first four seasons were also released on VHS along with a series of 'Best Of' tapes. These tapes consisted of four episodes taken from seasons 1–4.

One Frasier CD was released featuring a number of songs taken from the show: Tossed Salads & Scrambled Eggs was released on October 24, 2000.

Books
Several books about Frasier have been released, including:

title: Frasier


text:
Fantasy Games Unlimited

Fantasy Games Unlimited (FGU) is a publishing house for tabletop and role-playing games. The company has no in-house design teams and relies on submitted material from outside talent.

History
Founded in the summer of 1975 in Jericho, New York by Scott Bizar, the company's first publications were the wargames Gladiators and Royal Armies of the Hyborean Age. Upon the appearance and popularity of Dungeons & Dragons from TSR, the company turned its attentions to role-playing games, seeking and producing systems from amateurs and freelancers, paying them 10% of the gross receipts. FGU also copyrighted their games in the name of the designer so that the designer would receive any additional royalties for licensed figurines and other uses. Rather than focusing on one line and supporting it with supplements, FGU produced a stream of new games. Because of the disparate authors, the rules systems were incompatible. FGU Incorporated published dozens of role-playing games.

Fantasy Games Unlimited won the All Time Best Ancient Medieval Rules for 1979 H.G. Wells Award at Origins 1980 for Chivalry & Sorcery.

In 1991, Fantasy Games Unlimited Inc. was dissolved as a New York corporation. Bizar continues to publish in Arizona as a sole proprietorship called Fantasy Games Unlimited.

A new FGU website appeared in July 2006 offering the company's back catalog. It said that new products would be "coming soon". New Aftermath! products appeared in 2008. By 2010, much of the company's back catalog was available. At that time, FGU sought submissions for new adventures for their existing titles, primarily Aftermath!, Space Opera, and Villains and Vigilantes.

Publications

 * Aftermath!
 * Archworld (1977)
 * Bireme & Galley (1978)
 * Blue Light Manual
 * Broadsword
 * Bunnies & Burrows
 * Bushido
 * Castle Plans
 * Chivalry & Sorcery (1st & 2nd editions)
 * Citadel
 * Daredevils
 * Diadem
 * Down Styphon!
 * Fire, Hack & Run
 * Flash Gordon & the Warriors of Mongo
 * Flashing Blades
 * Frederick the Great
 * Freedom Fighters
 * Galactic Conquest
 * Gangster!
 * Gladiators
 * Land of the Rising Sun
 * Lands of Adventure
 * Legion
 * Lords & Wizards
 * Madame Guillotine
 * Merc
 * Mercenary
 * Middle Sea
 * Odysseus
 * Oregon Trail
 * Other Suns
 * Pieces of Eight
 * Privateers & Gentlemen
 * Psi World
 * Royal Armies of the Hyborean Age
 * Skull and Crossbones: Roleplay on the Spanish Main
 * Space Marines
 * Space Opera
 * Star Explorer
 * Starship: The Game of Space Contact
 * Starships & Spacemen (now owned by Goblinoid Games)
 * Swordbearer
 * The Blue-Light Manual
 * Towers for Tyrants
 * Tyrannosaurus wrecks
 * Villains and Vigilantes
 * War of the Ring
 * War of the Sky Cities
 * Wargaming magazine
 * Wild West
 * Year of the Phoenix

title: Fantasy Games Unlimited


text:
Functional decomposition

In engineering, functional decomposition is the process of resolving a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be reconstructed (i.e., recomposed) from those parts.

This process of decomposition may be undertaken to gain insight into the identity of the constituent components, which may reflect individual physical processes of interest. Also, functional decomposition may result in a compressed representation of the global function, a task which is feasible only when the constituent processes possess a certain level of modularity (i.e., independence or non-interaction).

between the components are critical to the function of the collection. All interactions may not be, but possibly deduced through repetitive , synthesis, validation and verification of composite behavior.

Motivation for decomposition
Decomposition of a function into non-interacting components generally permits more economical representations of the function. Intuitively, this reduction in representation size is achieved simply because each variable depends only on a subset of the other variables. Thus, variable $$x_1$$ only depends directly on variable $$x_2$$, rather than depending on the entire set of variables. We would say that variable $$x_2$$ screens off variable $$x_1$$ from the rest of the world. Practical examples of this phenomenon surround us. Consider the particular case of "northbound traffic on the West Side Highway." Let us assume this variable ($${x_1}$$) takes on three possible values of {"moving slow", "moving deadly slow", "not moving at all"}. Now, let's say the variable $${x_1}$$ depends on two other variables, "weather" with values of {"sun", "rain", "snow"}, and "GW Bridge traffic" with values {"10mph", "5mph", "1mph"}. The point here is that while there are certainly many secondary variables that affect the weather variable (e.g., low pressure system over Canada, butterfly flapping in Japan, etc.) and the Bridge traffic variable (e.g., an accident on I-95, presidential motorcade, etc.) all these other secondary variables are not directly relevant to the West Side Highway traffic. All we need (hypothetically) in order to predict the West Side Highway traffic is the weather and the GW Bridge traffic, because these two variables screen off West Side Highway traffic from all other potential influences. That is, all other influences act through them.

Applications
Practical applications of functional decomposition are found in Bayesian networks, structural equation modeling, linear systems, and database systems.

Knowledge representation
Processes related to functional decomposition are prevalent throughout the fields of knowledge representation and machine learning. Hierarchical model induction techniques such as Logic circuit minimization, decision trees, grammatical inference, hierarchical clustering, and quadtree decomposition are all examples of function decomposition.

Many statistical inference methods can be thought of as implementing a function decomposition process in the presence of noise; that is, where functional dependencies are only expected to hold approximately. Among such models are mixture models and the recently popular methods referred to as "causal decompositions" or Bayesian networks.

Database theory
See database normalization.

Machine learning
In practical scientific applications, it is almost never possible to achieve perfect functional decomposition because of the incredible complexity of the systems under study. This complexity is manifested in the presence of "noise," which is just a designation for all the unwanted and untraceable influences on our observations.

However, while perfect functional decomposition is usually impossible, the spirit lives on in a large number of statistical methods that are equipped to deal with noisy systems. When a natural or artificial system is intrinsically hierarchical, the joint distribution on system variables should provide evidence of this hierarchical structure. The task of an observer who seeks to understand the system is then to infer the hierarchical structure from observations of these variables. This is the notion behind the hierarchical decomposition of a joint distribution, the attempt to recover something of the intrinsic hierarchical structure which generated that joint distribution.

As an example, Bayesian network methods attempt to decompose a joint distribution along its causal fault lines, thus "cutting nature at its seams". The essential motivation behind these methods is again that within most systems (natural or artificial), relatively few components/events interact with one another directly on equal footing. Rather, one observes pockets of dense connections (direct interactions) among small subsets of components, but only loose connections between these densely connected subsets. There is thus a notion of "causal proximity" in physical systems under which variables naturally precipitate into small clusters. Identifying these clusters and using them to represent the joint provides the basis for great efficiency of storage (relative to the full joint distribution) as well as for potent inference algorithms.

Software architecture
Functional Decomposition is a design method intending to produce a non-implementation, architectural description of a computer program. The software architect first establishes a series of functions and types that accomplishes the main processing problem of the computer program, decomposes each to reveal common functions and types, and finally derives Modules from this activity.

Signal processing
Functional decomposition is used in the analysis of many signal processing systems, such as LTI systems. The input signal to an LTI system can be expressed as a function, $$f(t)$$. Then $$f(t)$$ can be decomposed into a linear combination of other functions, called component signals:
 * $$ f(t) = a_1 \cdot g_1(t) + a_2 \cdot g_2(t) + a_3 \cdot g_3(t) + \dots + a_n \cdot g_n(t) $$

Here, $$ \{g_1(t), g_2(t), g_3(t), \dots, g_n(t)\} $$ are the component signals. Note that $$ \{a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, a_n\} $$ are constants. This decomposition aids in analysis, because now the output of the system can be expressed in terms of the components of the input. If we let $$T\{\}$$ represent the effect of the system, then the output signal is $$T\{f(t)\}$$, which can be expressed as:
 * $$ T\{f(t)\} = T\{ a_1 \cdot g_1(t) + a_2 \cdot g_2(t) + a_3 \cdot g_3(t) + \dots + a_n \cdot g_n(t)\}$$
 * $$ = a_1 \cdot T\{g_1(t)\} + a_2 \cdot T\{g_2(t)\} + a_3 \cdot T\{g_3(t)\} + \dots + a_n \cdot T\{g_n(t)\}$$

In other words, the system can be seen as acting separately on each of the components of the input signal. Commonly used examples of this type of decomposition are the Fourier series and the Fourier transform.

Systems engineering
Functional decomposition in systems engineering refers to the process of defining a system in functional terms, then defining lower-level functions and sequencing relationships from these higher level systems functions. The basic idea is to try to divide a system in such a way that each block of a block diagram can be described without an "and" or "or" in the description.

This exercise forces each part of the system to have a pure function. When a system is designed as pure functions, they can be reused, or replaced. A usual side effect is that the interfaces between blocks become simple and generic. Since the interfaces usually become simple, it is easier to replace a pure function with a related, similar function.

For example, say that one needs to make a stereo system. One might functionally decompose this into speakers, amplifier, a tape deck and a front panel. Later, when a different model needs an audio CD, it can probably fit the same interfaces.

title: Functional decomposition