text:
Dong

Dong or DONG may refer to:

Places

 * Dong Lake, or East Lake, a lake in China
 * Dong, Arunachal Pradesh, a village in India
 * Dong (administrative division) (동 or 洞), a neighborhood division in Korea

Surnames

 * Dǒng (surname) or 董, a Chinese surname
 * Dōng (surname) or 東, a Chinese surname

Persons

 * Queen Dong (1623–1681), princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing
 * Empress Dong (Ran Min's wife), wife of Ran Min, emperor of Chinese state Ran Wei
 * Empress Dowager Dong (died 189), empress dowager during Han dynasty

Entertainment

 * Dong (film) (东), a documentary film by Jia Zhangke.
 * Dong Open Air, a heavy metal festival in Germany.
 * D!NG (previously Do Online Now Guys, or DONG), a YouTube channel created and hosted by Michael Stevens as a segment of the Vsauce, Vsauce2, Vsauce3 and WeSauce channels
 * General Dong, villain of the 1992 Indian film Tahalka, played by Amrish Puri

Other uses

 * Dong people, an ethnic minority group of China
 * Dong language (China)
 * Dong language (Nigeria)
 * Vietnamese đồng, a unit of currency
 * Ørsted (company), a Danish energy company formerly known as DONG Energy
 * Danish Cup or DONG Cup, a trophy sponsored by the oil company from 2000 to 2004
 * Dong, a slang term for the human penis

title: Dong


text:
Duke Kahanamoku

Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968) was a Hawaiian competition swimmer who popularized the sport of surfing. A Native Hawaiian, he was born to a minor noble family less than three years before the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. He lived to see the territory's admission as a state and became a United States citizen. He was a five-time Olympic medalist in swimming, winning medals in 1912, 1920 and 1924.

Kahanamoku joined fraternal organizations: he was a Scottish Rite Freemason in the Honolulu lodge, and a Shriner. He worked as a law enforcement officer, an actor, a beach volleyball player, and a businessman.

Family background
According to Kahanamoku, he was born in Honolulu at Haleʻākala, the home of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, which was later converted into the Arlington Hotel.

He was born into a family of Native Hawaiians headed by Duke Halapu Kahanamoku and Julia Paʻakonia Lonokahikina Paoa. He had five brothers, and three sisters. His brothers were Sargent, Samuel, David, William and Louis, all of whom participated in competitive aquatic sports. His sisters were Bernice, Kapiolani and Maria.

"Duke" was not a title or a nickname, but a given name. He was named after his father, Duke Halapu Kahanamoku, who was christened by Bernice Pauahi Bishop in honor of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was visiting Hawaii at the time. His father was a policeman. His mother Julia Paakonia Lonokahikina Paoa was a deeply religious woman with a strong sense of family ancestry.

His parents were from prominent Hawaiian ohana (families). The Kahanamoku and the Paoa ohana were considered to be lower-ranking nobles, who were in service to the aliʻi nui, or royalty. His paternal grandfather was Kahanamoku and his grandmother, Kapiolani Kaoeha (sometimes spelled Kahoea), a descendant of Alapainui. They were kahu, retainers and trusted advisors of the Kamehamehas, to whom they were related. His maternal grandparents Paoa, son of Paoa Hoolae and Hiikaalani, and Mele Uliama, were also of aliʻi descent.

In 1893, his family moved to Kālia, Waikiki (near the present site of Hilton Hawaiian Village), to be closer to his mother's parents and family. Kahanamoku grew up with his siblings and 31 Paoa cousins. He attended the Waikiki Grammar School, Kaahumanu School, and the Kamehameha Schools, although he never graduated because he had to quit to help support the family.

Early years
Growing up on the outskirts of Waikiki, Kahanamoku spent much of his youth at the beach, where he developed his surfing and swimming skills. In his youth, Kahanamoku preferred a traditional surf board, which he called his "papa nui", constructed after the fashion of ancient Hawaiian olo boards. Made from the wood of a koa tree, it was 16 ft long and weighed 114 lb. The board was without a skeg, which had yet to be invented. In his later surfing career, he would often use smaller boards but always preferred those made of wood.

Kahanamoku was also a powerful swimmer. On August 11, 1911, Kahanamoku was timed at 55.4 seconds in the 100 yd freestyle, beating the existing world record by 4.6 seconds, in the salt water of Honolulu Harbor. He also broke the record in the 220 yd and equaled it in the 50 yd. But the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), in disbelief, would not recognize these feats until many years later. The AAU initially claimed that the judges must have been using alarm clocks rather than stopwatches and later claimed that ocean currents aided Kahanamoku.

Career

Kahanamoku easily qualified for the U.S. Olympic swimming team in 1912. At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, he won a gold medal in the 100-meter freestyle, and a silver medal with the second-place U.S. team in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay.

During the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Kahanamoku won gold medals in both the 100 meters (bettering fellow Hawaiian Pua Kealoha) and in the relay. He finished the 100 meters with a silver medal during the 1924 Olympics in Paris, with the gold going to Johnny Weissmuller and the bronze to Kahanamoku's brother, Samuel. By then age 34, Kahanamoku won no more Olympic medals. But he served as an alternate for the U.S. water polo team at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Post-Olympic career
Between Olympic competitions, and after retiring from the Olympics, Kahanamoku traveled internationally to give swimming exhibitions. It was during this period that he popularized the sport of surfing, previously known only in Hawaii, by incorporating surfing exhibitions into his touring exhibitions as well. He attracted people to surfing in mainland America first in 1912 while in Southern California. He trained and loaned equipment to new surfers, such as Dorothy Becker.

His surfing exhibition at Sydney, Australia's Freshwater Beach on December 24, 1914, is widely regarded as a seminal event in the development of surfing in Australia. The board that Kahanamoku built from a piece of pine from a local hardware store is retained by the Freshwater Surf Life Saving Club. A statue of Kahanamoku was erected in his honor on the Northern headland of Freshwater Lake, New South Wales.

During his time living in Southern California, Kahanamoku performed in Hollywood as a background actor and a character actor in several films. He made connections in this way with people who could further publicize the sport of surfing. Kahanamoku was involved with the Los Angeles Athletic Club, acting as a lifeguard and competing in both swimming and water polo teams.

While living in Newport Beach, California, on June 14, 1925, Kahanamoku rescued eight men from a fishing vessel that capsized in heavy surf while it was attempting to enter the city's harbor. Using his surfboard, Kahanamoku made repeated trips from shore to the capsized ship, and helped rescue several people. Two other surfers saved four more fishermen, while five succumbed to the seas before they could be rescued. At the time the Newport Beach police chief called Kahanamoku's efforts "The most superhuman surfboard rescue act the world has ever seen." It also led to lifeguards across the US to begin using surfboards as standard equipment for water rescues.

He was the first person to be inducted into both the Swimming Hall of Fame and the Surfing Hall of Fame. The Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championships in Hawaii, the first major professional surfing contest event ever held in the huge surf on the North Shore of Oahu, was named in his honor. He is a member of the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame.

Later Kahanamoku was elected to serve as the Sheriff of Honolulu, Hawaii from 1932 to 1961, completing 13 consecutive terms. During World War II, he also served as a military police officer for the United States; Hawai'i was not yet a state and was administered.

In the postwar period, he also appeared in a number of television programs and films, such as Mister Roberts (1955). He was well-liked throughout the Hollywood community.

Kahanamoku became a friend and surfing companion of heiress Doris Duke. She built a home (now a museum) on Oahu named Shangri-la. Kahanamoku gave private surfing lessons to Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. and John Aspinwall Roosevelt, the children of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Duncan v. Kahanamoku
In 1946, Kahanamoku was the pro forma defendant in the landmark Supreme Court case Duncan v. Kahanamoku. While Kahanamoku was a military police officer during World War II, he arrested Duncan, a civilian shipfitter, for public intoxication.

At the time, Hawaii, not yet a state, was being administered by the United States under the Hawaiian Organic Act. This effectively instituted martial law on the island. After Duncan was tried by a military tribunal, he appealed to the Supreme Court. In a post hoc ruling, the court ruled that trial by military tribunal for the civilian was, in this case, unconstitutional.

Personal life
On August 2, 1940, Kahanamoku married dance instructor Nadine Alexander, who had relocated to Hawaii from Cleveland, Ohio, after she had been hired to teach at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. Duke was 50 years old, Nadine was 35.

He was initiated, passed and raised to the degree of Master Mason in Hawaiian Lodge Masonic Lodge No 21 and was also a Noble (member) of the Shriners fraternal organization. He was a Republican.

Death and legacy
Kahanamoku died of a heart attack on January 22, 1968, at age 77. For his burial at sea, a long motorcade of mourners, accompanied by a 30-man police escort, traveled in procession across town to Waikiki Beach. Reverend Abraham Akaka, the pastor of Kawaiahao Church, performed the service. A group of beach boys sang Hawaiian songs, including "Aloha Oe", and Kahanamoku's ashes were scattered into the ocean.

Statues and monuments
In 1994, a statue of Kahanamoku by Barry Donohoo was inaugurated in Freshwater, NSW, Australia. It is the showpiece of the Australian Surfers Walk of Fame.

On February 28, 2015, a monument featuring a replica of Kahanamoku's surfboard was unveiled at New Brighton beach, Christchurch, New Zealand in honor of the 100th anniversary of Kahanamoku's visit to New Brighton.

A statue of Kahanamoku was installed in Huntington Beach, California. A nearby restaurant is named for him and is close to Huntington Beach pier. The City of Huntington Beach identifies with the legacy of surfing, and a museum dedicated to that sport is located here.

In April 2022, NSW Heritage announced that Kahanamoku would be included in the first batch of Blue Plaques to be issued, to recognize his contribution to recreation and surfing.

A sculpture of Kahanamoku flanked by a male knee paddler and a female prone paddler commemorating the Catalina Classic Paddleboard Race was installed on the Manhattan Beach Pier in 2023.

Additional tributes
Hawaii music promoter Kimo Wilder McVay capitalized on Kahanamoku's popularity by naming his Waikiki showroom "Duke Kahanamoku's" at the International Market Place and giving Kahanamoku a financial interest in the showroom in exchange for the use of his name. It was a major Waikiki showroom in the 1960s and is remembered as the home of Don Ho & The Aliis from 1964 through 1969. The showroom continued to be known as Duke Kahanamoku's until Hawaii showman Jack Cione bought it in the mid-1970s and renamed it Le Boom Boom.

The Duke Kahanamoku Aquatic Complex (DKAC) serves as the home for the University of Hawai‘i’s swimming and diving and women’s water polo teams. The facility, located on the University’s lower campus, includes a 50-meter training pool and a separate 25-yard competition and diving pool. The long course pool is four feet at both ends, seven feet in the middle, and an average depth of six feet.

Kahanamoku's name is also used by Duke's Canoe Club & Barefoot Bar, known as Duke's Waikiki, a beachfront bar and restaurant in the Outrigger Waikiki on the Beach Hotel. There is a chain of restaurants named after him in California, Florida and Hawaii called Duke's.

On August 24, 2002, the 112th anniversary of Kahanamoku's birth, the U.S. Postal Service issued a first-class commemorative stamp with Duke's picture on it. The First Day Ceremony was held at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Waikiki and was attended by thousands. At this ceremony, attendees could attach the Duke stamp to an envelope and get it canceled with a First Day of Issue postmark. These first day covers are very collectible.

On August 24, 2015, a Google Doodle honored the 125th anniversary of Duke Kahanamoku's birthday.

In 2021, a 88-minute feature film was made about Kahanamoku's life. It was later broadcast by PBS as part of their American Masters series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duke Kahanamoku


text:
Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)

The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.

Description

 * The coat of arms of the United States in Gold surrounded by a circle of Dark Blue enamel, 1 ½ inches in diameter, bearing the inscription "FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MCMXVIII".
 * On the reverse is a scroll for the name of the recipient (which is to be engraved) upon a trophy of flags and weapons. The medal is suspended by a bar attached to the ribbon.

Ribbon

 * The ribbon is 1+3/8 in wide and consists of the following stripes:
 * 1) 5/16 in Scarlet 67111;
 * 2) 1/16 in Ultramarine Blue 67118;
 * 3) 5/8 in White 67101;
 * 4) 1/16 in Ultramarine Blue;
 * 5) 5/16 in Scarlet.

 * Additional awards of the Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters.

Criteria
The Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the United States Army, has distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility.

The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service which is clearly exceptional. Exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration. For service not related to actual war, the term "duty of a great responsibility" applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of a conspicuously significant achievement. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance. Awards may be made to persons other than members of the Armed Forces of the United States for wartime services only, and only then under exceptional circumstances with the express approval of the president in each case.

Components

 * The following are authorized components of the Distinguished Service Medal and applicable specifications:
 * 1) Decoration (regular size): MIL-D-3943/7.
 * 2) NSN for decoration set: 8455-00-444-0007.
 * 3) NSN for replacement medal is 8455-00-246-3830.
 * 4) Decoration (miniature size): MIL-D-3943/7. NSN 8455-00-996-5008.
 * 5) Ribbon: MIL-R-11589/52. NSN 8455-00-252-9922.
 * 6) Lapel Button (metal replica of ribbon bar): MIL-L-11484/4. NSN 8455-00-253-0809.

History of the Distinguished Service Medal
The Distinguished Service Medal was authorized by Presidential Order dated January 2, 1918, and confirmed by Congress on July 9, 1918. It was announced by War Department General Order No. 6, 1918-01-12, with the following information concerning the medal: "A bronze medal of appropriate design and a ribbon to be worn in lieu thereof, to be awarded by the President to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the Army shall hereafter distinguish himself or herself, or who, since 04-06-1917, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility in time of war or in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United States." The Act of Congress on July 9, 1918, recognized the need for different types and degrees of heroism and meritorious service and included such provisions for award criteria. The current statutory authorization for the Distinguished Service Medal is Title 10, United States Code, Section 3743.

Recipients

 * Among the first awards of the Distinguished Service Medal for service in World War I, were those to the Commanding Officers of the Allied Armies:
 * 1) Marshal Ferdinand Foch
 * 2) Marshal Joseph Joffre
 * 3) General Philippe Petain of France
 * 4) General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey of France
 * 5) General Sir Arthur Currie of Canada
 * 6) General Sir John Monash of Australia
 * 7) Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig of Britain
 * 8) General Armando Diaz of Italy
 * 9) General Cyriaque Gillain of Belgium
 * 10) General John Joseph Pershing of the United States
 * 11) Field Marshal Živojin Mišić of Serbia

More than 2,000 awards were made during World War I, and by the time the United States entered World War II, approximately 2,800 awards had been made. From July 1, 1941, to June 6, 1969, when the Department of the Army stopped publishing awards of the DSM in Department of the Army General Orders, over 2,800 further awards were made.

Prior to World War II the DSM was the only decoration for non-combat service in the U.S. Army. As a result, before World War II the DSM was awarded to a wider range of recipients than during and after World War II. During World War I awards of the DSM to officers below the rank of brigadier general were fairly common but became rare once the Legion of Merit was established in 1942.

Until the first award of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1965, United States Air Force personnel received this award as well, as was the case with several other Department of the Army decorations until the Department of the Air Force fully established its own system of decorations.

Notable recipients
Because the Army Distinguished Service Medal is principally awarded to general officers, a list of notable recipients would include nearly every general, and some admirals, since 1918, many of whom received multiple awards, as well as a few civilians and sergeants major prominent for their contributions to national defense.

General Martin Dempsey, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, holds the record for receiving the greatest number of awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal, at six. He also received three awards of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal as well as one award each of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal, for a total of twelve Distinguished Service Medals.

Generals of the Army Douglas MacArthur and Dwight Eisenhower are tied with five awards each received of the Army Distinguished Service Medal. They also each received one award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, for a total of six DSMs each.

General Lucius D. Clay (Four Star) received three Army DSM awards for his service that included Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces (European Theater) and Military Governor of Germany. During his tenure, Gen. Clay solved his greatest challenge: the Soviet Blockade of Berlin, which was imposed in June 1948. Gen. Clay triggered the Berlin Airlift, which served the city residents during the harsh winter of 1948–1949. He is also a recipient of the Legion of Merit.

General Norman Schwarzkopf received two awards of the Army DSM and one award each of the Defense DSM, Navy DSM, the Air Force DSM and the Coast Guard DSM, for a total of six DSMs.

General Lloyd Austin received four awards of the Army DSM and five awards of the Defense DSM for a total of nine DSMs.

Among notable recipients below flag rank are: X-1 test pilot Chuck Yeager and X-15 test pilot Robert M. White, who both received the DSM as U.S. Air Force majors; Air Force Major Rudolf Anderson, the U-2 pilot shot down during the Cuban Missile Crisis; director Frank Capra, decorated in 1945 as an army colonel; actor James Stewart, decorated in 1945 as an Army Air Forces colonel (later Air Force Brigadier General); Colonel Wendell Fertig, who led Filipino guerrillas behind Japanese lines; Colonel (later Major General) John K. Singlaub, who led partisan forces in the Korean War; and Major Maude C. Davison, who led the "Angels of Bataan and Corregidor" during their imprisonment by the Japanese, and Colonel William S. Taylor, Program Manager Multiple Launch Rocket System. Among notable civilian recipients are Harry L. Hopkins, Robert S. McNamara and Henry L. Stimson.

Notable American and foreign recipients include:

United States Army

 * General of the Armies John J. Pershing – Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces
 * General of the Army George C. Marshall – US Army Chief of Staff (two awards)
 * General of the Army Douglas MacArthur – Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (five awards)
 * General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (five awards)
 * General of the Army Omar N. Bradley – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (four awards)
 * General John Abizaid – Commander US Central Command
 * General Creighton Abrams – US Army Chief of Staff (five awards)
 * General Lloyd Austin – Commander US Central Command (four awards)
 * General Julius W. Becton Jr. – African American combat veteran of the Korean and Vietnam wars.
 * General J. H. Binford Peay III – Commander US Central Command (two awards)
 * General Tasker H. Bliss – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General George W. Casey Jr. – US Army Chief of Staff (two awards)
 * General Richard E. Cavazos - Commander United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) (two awards)
 * General Peter W. Chiarelli – US Army Vice Chief of Staff
 * General Mark W. Clark – Commander of the United Nations Command (four awards)
 * General Lucius D. Clay – Commanding General European Theater and Military Governor of Germany (three awards)
 * General J. Lawton Collins – US Army Chief of Staff (four awards)
 * General Bantz J. Craddock – Commander US European Command
 * General Malin Craig – US Army Chief of Staff (three awards)
 * General Martin E. Dempsey – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (six awards)
 * General Oliver W. Dillard – African American infantry officer and combat veteran of the Korean and Vietnam wars (two awards)
 * General Ann E. Dunwoody – First female US Army four-star general United States Army Materiel Command (two awards)
 * General John W. Foss – Commander Training and Doctrine Command (three awards)
 * General Tommy Franks – Commander US Central Command (two awards)
 * General John Galvin – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe
 * General Alfred Gruenther – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (four awards)
 * General Alexander Haig – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe
 * General Carter Ham – Commander of United States Africa Command
 * General John J. Hennessey – Commander United States Readiness Command
 * General John L. Hines – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General Harold K. Johnson – US Army Chief of Staff (two awards)
 * General George Joulwan – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe
 * General Lyman L. Lemnitzer – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (four awards)
 * General Peyton C. March – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General Edward C. Meyer – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General Mark Milley – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (four awards)
 * General Lauris Norstad – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe
 * General George S. Patton – Commander US 3rd Army (three awards)
 * General David Petraeus – Commander International Security Assistance Force (three awards)
 * General Colin Powell – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (two awards)
 * General Dennis Reimer – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General Matthew B. Ridgeway – US Army Chief of Staff (four awards)
 * General Bernard W. Rogers – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe
 * General Peter Schoomaker – US Army Chief of Staff (three awards)
 * General Norman Schwarzkopf – Commander of Operation Desert Storm (three awards)
 * General John Shalikashvili – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 * General Hugh Shelton – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (three awards)
 * General Eric Shinseki – US Army Chief of Staff (two awards)
 * General Joseph Stilwell – Commander of the China Burma India Theater
 * General Maxwell D. Taylor – US Army Chief of Staff
 * General James Van Fleet – Commander US 8th Army in Korea
 * General Jonathan M. Wainwright – Commander Allied Forces Philippines
 * General Walton Walker – Commander US 8th Army in Korea (two awards)
 * General William Westmoreland – US Army Chief of Staff (four awards)
 * General Earle G. Wheeler – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (two awards)
 * Lieutenant General A.C. Roper – Vice Commander, U.S. Element, North American Aerospace Defense Command and Deputy Commander, U.S. Northern Command
 * Lieutenant General John B. Coulter (three awards)
 * Lieutenant General Harris W. Hollis – Commanding General, 9th and 25th Infantry Divisions in South Vietnam
 * Lieutenant General Henry E. Emerson – Commander XVIII Airborne Corps
 * Lieutenant General Charles Flynn – 25th Infantry Division
 * Lieutenant General Mark P. Hertling – Commanding General of US Army Europe
 * Lieutenant General Kenneth W. Hunzeker
 * Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee – Commanding General Army Service Forces Europe WWII
 * Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett
 * Lieutenant General Edward J. O'Neill – with 1 bronze oak leaf cluster in lieu of subsequent award of medal
 * Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez – Commanding General V Corps (two awards)
 * Lieutenant General Eric Schoomaker – 42nd Surgeon General of the United States Army
 * Lieutenant General William Wilson Quinn – Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor
 * Lieutenant General Nadja West – 44th Surgeon General of the United States Army
 * Major General Gladeon M. Barnes – Chief of Research and Engineering
 * Major General Chester V. Clifton – Military Aide to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson
 * Major General William E. Cole – Commander 351st Field Artillery 1917-18
 * Major General William J. Donovan – founder of the Office of Strategic Services
 * Major General James L. Dozier – deputy chief of staff at NATO's Southern European land forces
 * Major General Lawrence J. Fuller – deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
 * Major General Charles M. Gettys – commanding general, 23rd Infantry Division
 * Major General George W. Goethals – engineer of the Panama Canal
 * Major General William C. Gorgas – Surgeon General of the Army
 * Major General Patrick J. Hurley
 * Major General Edward Mann Lewis
 * Major General Henry Balding Lewis
 * Major General Robert McGowan Littlejohn
 * Major General Viet Xuan Luong – United States Army, Japan
 * Major General Franklin Lane McKean - Commander 96th ARCOM, Fort Douglas
 * Major General Mason M. Patrick
 * Major General Lowell Ward Rooks - Commander of the 90th Infantry Division
 * Major General Maurice Rose – commanding general 3rd Armored Division
 * Major General John K. Singlaub
 * Major General Arthur R. Wilson
 * Major General Cedric T. Wins
 * Brigadier General Sherwood Cheney – chief of the Army Transport Service during World War I
 * Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes – Vice President of the United States
 * Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays – chief of the United States Army Nurse Corps and first female US Army general
 * Brigadier General Frank T. Hines – director of the Veterans Administration
 * Brigadier General Howard Knox Ramey
 * Brigadier General Frank Merrill
 * Brigadier General Greg Parker
 * Brigadier General Russell W. Volckmann
 * Colonel Frank Capra – movie director (received as a colonel, Army of the United States in WW II)
 * Colinel Laurie Buckhout – political candidate and business executive
 * Colonel Harvey Williams Cushing – neurosurgeon
 * Colonel Horatio B. Hackett – Assistant administrator of the Public Works Administration; noted architect and businessman; football official and player
 * Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby – director of the Women's Army Corps during World War II
 * Colonel Herbert H. Lehman – Governor of New York and United States Senator
 * Colonel Floyd James Thompson – The longest-held prisoner of war in American history
 * Major David A. Reed – U.S. Senator for Pennsylvania, 1922, for service as a major in World War I
 * Major Forsyth Wickes – socialite, philanthropist and collector
 * Chaplain Francis P. Duffy – chaplain of the "Fighting 69th"
 * Major Herbert O. Yardley – cryptologist
 * Sergeant Major of the Army Daniel A. Dailey
 * Command Sergeant Major Adam Nash
 * Command Sergeant Major John P. McDwyer
 * Sergeant First Class Kyle F. Salone Jr.

United States Navy

 * Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz – Chief of Naval Operations
 * Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey – Commander of the 3rd Fleet
 * Admiral William S. Benson - Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral William J. Crowe, Jr. – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 * Admiral William Fechteler - Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral Albert Gleaves - Commander of the Asiatic Fleet
 * Admiral Jonathan Greenert - Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid - Commander Sixteenth Fleet
 * Admiral William V. Pratt - Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. - Commander US Pacific Command
 * Admiral Raymond A. Spruance – Commander of the 5th Fleet (later Ambassador to the Philippines)
 * Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark - Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral Carlisle Trost – Chief of Naval Operations
 * Admiral Henry B. Wilson - Commander of the Atlantic Fleet
 * Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley
 * Vice Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt (with oak leaf cluster)
 * Rear Admiral Hilary P. Jones
 * Rear Admiral Charles P. Plunkett

United States Marine Corps

 * General Paul X. Kelley
 * General Vernon E. Megee,
 * General Peter Pace – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 * Major General Graves B. Erskine
 * Major General Smedley Butler
 * Major General John A. Lejeune

United States Air Force
Note – includes Army Air Service, Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces

 * General of the Air Force Hap Arnold – commander of the Army Air Forces
 * General Jimmy Doolittle
 * General Edwin W. Rawlings
 * General Joseph McNarney
 * General Hoyt S. Vandenberg – Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence
 * General George C. Kenney
 * General Curtis Lemay – Air Force Chief of Staff
 * General Carl Spaatz – Air Force Chief of Staff
 * General Michael E. Ryan
 * Lieutenant General Claire Lee Chennault (with oak leaf cluster) – Leader of the Flying Tigers
 * Major General Billy Mitchell, USAAC – Military air power prophet
 * Brigadier General Chuck Yeager – Legendary test pilot
 * Colonel Bernt Balchen, USAF – Legendary Norwegian-American pilot and arctic explorer.
 * Captain John Birch, USAAF – Missionary, guerilla leader and namesake of the John Birch Society
 * Brigadier General Darr H. Alkire

Civilians

 * Grace Banker – chief telephone operator of mobile for the American Expeditionary Forces
 * Bernard Baruch – chairman, War Industries Board, 1918
 * Evangeline Booth – General of the Salvation Army
 * Maude Cleveland (Woodworth) – chief of the home communication and casualty service, Red Cross, at Brest, France
 * Jacqueline Cochran – Aviator and founder of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
 * Henry Pomeroy Davison – director of the American Red Cross
 * Jane Delano – Founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service
 * James Forrestal – Secretary of Defense
 * Hugh Frayne – chairman, labor division of the War Industries Board
 * Harry Augustus Garfield – U.S. Fuel Administrator
 * Harry Hopkins – Presidential aide
 * Edward N. Hurley – chairman, American Shipping Board
 * Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense
 * Edwin B. Parker – member of the War Industries Board and arbiter with Germany, Austria and Hungary following World War I
 * Hannah J. Patterson – resident director of the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense
 * Anna Howard Shaw – head of the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense
 * Edward R. Stettinius – director general of purchases for the War Department
 * John F. Stevens – Engineer of the Panama Canal and the Great Northern Railway
 * Henry L. Stimson – Secretary of War

Foreigners

 * Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, General (later Field Marshal), British Army
 * HM Albert I, King of Belgians
 * Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, field marshal, British Army
 * Pietro Badoglio, general, Italian Army
 * William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, general, British Indian Army (during secondment to Australian Army, later promoted to Field Marshal)
 * Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, General (later Field Marshal), British Army
 * Sir Winston Churchill KG, OM, PC, CH, FRS – British Minister of Munitions (later Prime Minister)
 * Harry Crerar, lieutenant general, Canadian Army
 * Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy
 * Sir Arthur Currie, lieutenant general, British Army, commanding Canadian Corps
 * Georges de Bazelaire, major general, VII Army Corps of the French Army during World War I
 * Sir Francis de Guingand, major general, British Army
 * Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, general, French Army (later a Marshal of France)
 * Sir Miles Dempsey, general, British Army
 * Sir John Dill, field marshal, British Army
 * Ferdinand Foch, Marshal of France, French Army
 * Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, field marshal, British Army
 * Arthur T. Harris, air chief marshal, Royal Air Force (later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force)
 * Chiang Kai-shek, general, Chinese Army
 * Mariano Goybet, general, French Army
 * Charles Mangin, general, French Army
 * Paul Maistre, general, French Army
 * Sir Richard McCreery, general, British Army
 * Lord Alfred Milner, British Secretary of State for War
 * Živojin Mišić, field marshal, Serbian Army
 * Sir John Monash, general, Australian Army
 * Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, field marshal, British Army
 * Sir Frederick E. Morgan, lieutenant general, British Army
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, admiral, Royal Navy (later Admiral of the Fleet)
 * Henri Petain, Marshal of France, French Army
 * Alexander Pokryshkin, Marshal of the Soviet Air Force
 * Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford, Marshal of the Royal Air Force
 * Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet, field marshal, British Army
 * Frederick Sykes, Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)
 * Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder, air chief marshal, Royal Air Force (later Marshal of the Royal Air Force)
 * Sir Henry Worth Thornton, major general, British Army (American-born)
 * Gerald Trotter, brigadier-general, British Army
 * Sir Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame, 10th Baronet of Corsehill, brevet lieutenant colonel, military attache, British Army
 * Maxime Weygand, general, French Army
 * Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham, British

title: Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)


text:
Defense Distinguished Service Medal

The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Department of Defense, which is presented to United States Armed Forces service members for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to the national security or defense of the United States. The medal was created on July 9, 1970, by President Richard Nixon in. President Nixon awarded the first medal, on the day the Executive Order was signed, to General Earle Wheeler, who was retiring from the US Army after serving as Chief of Staff of the United States Army and then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

It is equivalent to the United States Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal.

Criteria
The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is the United States Department of Defense's highest non-combat related military award and it is the highest joint service decoration. The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is awarded only while assigned to a joint activity. Normally, such responsibilities deserving of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal are held by the most senior officers such as the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chiefs and vice chiefs of the military services, and commanders and deputy commanders of the Combatant Commands, the Director of the Joint Staff, and others whose duties bring them frequently into direct contact with the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and other senior government officials. In addition, the medal may also be awarded to other service members whose direct and individual contributions to national security or national defense are recognized as being so exceptional in scope and value as to be equivalent to contributions normally associated with positions encompassing broader responsibilities.

This decoration takes precedence over the Distinguished Service Medals of the services and is not to be awarded to any individual for a period of service for which an Army, Navy, Air Force or Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal is awarded.

Appearance
The medal is gold in color and on the obverse it features a medium blue enameled pentagon (point up). Superimposed on this is an American bald eagle with wings outspread facing left grasping three crossed arrows in its talons and on its breast is a shield of the United States. The pentagon and eagle are enclosed within a gold pieced circle consisting, in the upper half of 13 five-pointed stars and in the lower half, a wreath of laurel on the left and olive on the right. At the top is a suspender of five graduated gold rays. The reverse of the medal has the inscription "For Distinguished Service" at the top in raised letters, and within the pentagon the inscription "FROM THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE TO", all in raised letters.

Additional awards of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters.

Notable recipients
- John Zirkelbach (two awards)
 * Ramon Colon-Lopez (first enlisted recipient)
 * Jonathan Howe (six awards)
 * Lloyd Austin (five awards)
 * Wesley Clark (five awards)
 * Raymond T. Odierno (five awards)
 * Dennis C. Blair (four awards)
 * James B. Busey IV (four awards)
 * George W. Casey Jr. (four awards)
 * William J. Crowe (four awards)
 * James L. Jones (four awards)
 * Timothy J. Keating (four awards)
 * Michael Mullen (four awards)
 * Richard Myers (four awards)
 * Peter Pace (four awards)
 * David Petraeus (four awards)
 * Colin Powell (four awards)
 * Victor E. Renuart Jr. (four awards)
 * John Shalikashvili (four awards)
 * Hugh Shelton (four awards)
 * John Abizaid (three awards)
 * John R. Allen (three awards)
 * Peter W. Chiarelli (three awards)
 * Vern Clark (three awards)
 * James T. Conway (three awards)
 * Martin Dempsey (three awards)
 * Edmund P. Giambastiani Jr. (three awards)
 * Gregory G. Johnson (three awards)
 * George Joulwan (three awards)
 * William H. McRaven (three awards)
 * David M. Rodriguez (three awards)
 * Curtis Scaparrotti (three awards)
 * Peter Schoomaker (three awards)
 * Kurt W. Tidd (three awards)
 * Thomas D. Waldhauser (three awards)
 * William E. Ward (three awards)
 * James A. Winnefeld Jr. (three awards)
 * Creighton Abrams (two awards)
 * Jeremy M. Boorda (two awards)
 * William A. Brown (two awards)
 * Bantz J. Craddock (two awards)
 * Walter Doran (two awards)
 * James O. Ellis (two awards)
 * William J. Fallon (two awards)
 * Noel Gayler (two awards)
 * Andrew Goodpaster (two awards)
 * William E. Gortney (two awards)
 * Alexander Haig (two awards)
 * Harry B. Harris Jr. (two awards)
 * Thomas B. Hayward (two awards)
 * James L. Holloway III (two awards)
 * Jay L. Johnson (two awards)
 * Frank B. Kelso II (two awards)
 * Joseph D. Kernan (two awards)
 * George E. R. Kinnear II (two awards)
 * Samuel J. Locklear (two awards)
 * Deborah Loewer (two awards)
 * Jim Mattis (two awards)
 * Stanley A. McChrystal (two awards)
 * Mark Milley (two awards)
 * Thomas Hinman Moorer (two awards)
 * Donald L. Pilling (two awards)
 * Joseph Ralston (two awards)
 * Bernard W. Rogers (two awards)
 * Eric Shinseki (two awards)
 * James G. Stavridis (two awards)
 * Patricia Ann Tracey (two awards)
 * Carlisle A.H. Trost (two awards)
 * James D. Watkins (two awards)
 * Maurice F. Weisner (two awards)
 * Anthony Zinni (two awards)
 * J. H. Binford Peay III
 * Philip M. Breedlove
 * Frank Bowman
 * Nancy Elizabeth Brown
 * Ronald Burgess (two awards)
 * Wendi B. Carpenter
 * Bruce W. Clingan
 * Robert H. Conn
 * Michael P. DeLong
 * Leon A. Edney
 * Craig S. Faller
 * Mark E. Ferguson III
 * James R. Fitzgerald
 * Mark P. Fitzgerald
 * William J. Flanagan Jr.
 * Michael Flynn
 * Lisa Franchetti
 * Tommy Franks
 * Douglas M. Fraser
 * John Galvin
 * Harold W. Gehman Jr.
 * Jonathan W. Greenert
 * Cecil D. Haney
 * Huntington Hardisty
 * John C. Harvey Jr.
 * Michelle Howard
 * Grace Hopper
 * Rick Husband
 * Daniel James Jr.
 * David E. Jeremiah
 * John F. Kelly
 * Isaac C. Kidd Jr.
 * Charles R. Larson
 * Thomas J. Lopez
 * Richard C. Macke
 * William C. McCool
 * Wesley L. McDonald
 * Richard W. Mies
 * Michael H. Miller
 * Carl Epting Mundy Jr.
 * Eric T. Olson
 * William A. Owens
 * Joseph Prueher
 * Dennis Reimer
 * Gary Roughead
 * Ricardo Sanchez
 * Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
 * Leighton W. Smith Jr.
 * Vincent R. Stewart
 * Harry D. Train II
 * Stephen J. Townsend
 * Carlisle Trost
 * Earle Wheeler
 * Charles E. Wilhelm
 * Alexander F. Krichevsky
 * Robert F. Willard
 * Ronald J. Zlatoper
 * Bradley A. Heithold
 * Gregg A. Blevins
 * H. Marshal Ward

title: Defense Distinguished Service Medal


text:
Dacoity

Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindi word डाकू (daaku); "dacoit" is a colloquial Indian English word with this meaning and it appears in the Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1903). Banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule. Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.

Etymology
The word "dacoity", the anglicized version of the Hindi word ḍakaitī (historically spelled dakaitee). Hindi डकैती comes from ḍākū (historically spelled dakoo, Hindi: डाकू, meaning "armed robber").

The term dacoit (Hindi: डकैत ḍakait) means "a bandit" according to the OED ("A member of a class of robbers in India and Burma, who plunder in armed bands").

Bandits of Bhind-Morena and Chambal
The dacoity have had a large impact in the Bhind and Morena of Chambal regions in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in north-central India. The exact reasons for the emergence of dacoity in the Chambal valley have been disputed. Most explanations have simply suggested feudal exploitation as the cause that provoked many people of this region to take to arms. The area was also underdeveloped and poor, so that banditry posed great economic incentives. However, the fact that many gangs operating in this valley were composed of higher castes and wealthy people appears to suggest that feudalism may only be a partial explanation of dacoity in Chambal valley (Bhaduri, 1972; Khan, 1981; Jatar, 1980; Katare, 1972). Furthermore, traditional honour codes and blood feuds would drive some into criminality.

In Chambal, India, organized crime controlled much of the countryside from the time of the British Raj up to the early 2000s, with the police offering high rewards for the most notorious bandit chiefs. The criminals regularly targeted local businesses, though they preferred to kidnap wealthy people, and demand ransom from their relatives - cutting off fingers, noses, and ears to pressure them into paying high sums. Many dacoity also posed as social bandits toward the local poor, paying medical bills and funding weddings. One ex-dacoit described his own criminal past by claiming that "I was a rebel. I fought injustice." Following intense anti-banditry campaigns by the Indian Police, highway robbery was almost completely eradicated in the early 2000s. Nevertheless, Chambal is still popularly believed to be unsafe and bandit-infested by many Indians. One police officer noted that the fading of the dacoity was also due to social changes, as few young people were any longer willing to endure the harsh life as a highway robber in the countryside. Instead, they prefer to join crime groups in the city, where life is easier.

Dacoits in Bengal
While thugs and dacoits operating in northern and central India are more popularly known and referenced in books, films and academic journal, a significant number of accounts also come from Bengal. Writing about the dacoits of Bengal, the colonial official CH Keighly mentions the “great difference between gangs of hereditary dacoits or thugs in other parts of India and the dacoits of Bengal”. It is notable that unlike the rest of India, dacoits in Bengal did not come from a particular social class, caste, or creed.

The Gangs of Nadia and Hooghly
Dacoit gangs in Nadia and Hooghly were particularly known for their ritualistic practices before the night of dacoity. Before setting off for their mission, the members would assemble to perform “kalipuja” led by the Sirdar (leader). The dacoits would form a straight line and a pot of liquor, torches, and weapons to be used in the dacoity were laid down in a clear space. The Sirdar would then dip his finger in oil and touch the forehead of all the dacoits, making them promise never to confess. Even during the raid, when dacoits opened chests and discovered a good fortune, they would shout “Kali, Jai Kali”.

Dacoits of Birbhum
Dacoity was highly prevalent in 19th century west Bengal. One of the gangs, led by a charismatic leader named Bhabani Pathak, was known for its loyalty to their leader. After the British captured Bhabani, the inner workings and social factors that led to the construction of this gang were revealed. Leaders such as Bhabani were known as Sirdars and had a symbiotic relationship with their followers. Among other benefits, a Sirdar would lend loans to members and provided them protection. This allowed for the formation of a special bond between the Sirdar and followers which meant that cases of desertion and exiting the gang were virtually unheard of.

Tales of Burdwan
In Burdwan, dacoities were heavily planned and considerable thought went into their seamless execution. Sirdars in Burdwan operated by employing several informants who kept them updated about prospective targets. When a target was finalized, the Sirdar and relevant gang members were constantly made aware about his whereabouts. The informants were always on the lookout for wealthy businessmen and kept a close watch on those that exchanged bank notes of considerable value or received a shipment of merchandise that they would store in their houses.

Other dacoity
The term is also applied, according to the OED, to "pirates who formerly infested the Ganges between Calcutta and Burhampore".

Dacoits existed in Burma as well – Rudyard Kipling's fictional Private Mulvaney hunted Burmese dacoits in "The Taking of Lungtungpen". Sax Rohmer's criminal mastermind Dr. Fu Manchu also employed Burmese dacoits as his henchmen.

Indian police forces use "Known Dacoit" (K.D.) as a label to classify criminals.

Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Act
Introduced in 1836, the suppression acts brought about several legislative measures including the establishment of special courts, authorization for the use of rewards for informants, and the power to arrest suspects. The suppression acts marked the beginning of active British intervention in policing and law enforcement in Indian society. These acts were known to be authoritarian and further deepened the uneven power dynamic between the British and the Indians.

British Portrayal of Crime in India
The British often saw Indians as primitive, violent, and unruly, and this often acted as a justification for colonization and further consolidated their “civilization mission” pretext. The practice of thuggee and dacoity was seen in a similar Eurocentric light, without understanding the local context. An orientalist view of such activities was portrayed in the rest of the world to account for several repressive legislative measures that the British took. Under this punitive approach, several innocent individuals fell prey to false suspicion and were incriminated.

Notable dacoits

Notable dacoits include:
 * Chavviram Singh Yadav
 * Gabbar Singh Gujjar - inspired the famous 1975 film Sholay, based on his life
 * Man Singh was a notorious Dacoit of the Rathore clan of Rajputs. He was also known as the Lion of Chambal.
 * Malkhan Singh Rajpoot, a notorious bandit known as the Bandit King or King of Dacoits. He also had political aspirations in MP.
 * Malangi
 * Kallu Yadav (Kalua), also known as Katri King
 * Mohar Singh Gurjar
 * Nirbhay Singh Gujjar
 * Nizam Lohar, a dacoit born into a Punjabi Muslim family during the Sikh Empire. He is known for his rebellion and freedom struggle against the British colonial government.
 * Paan Singh Tomar, a former soldier in the Indian Army, an athlete that represented India in the Asian Games, who later resorted to becoming a Baaghi due to the injustices he faced. Also inspired the famous Bollywood film Paan Singh Tomar played by Irrfan Khan.
 * Phoolan Devi, known as Bandit Queen (even a movie with the same name was made), a lady bandit who initially rebelled against her rape and injustice her community she was subjected to.
 * Rambabu Gadariya - Regarded as the last notorious dacoit of Chambal
 * Shiv Kumar Patel (Dadua)
 * Ramashish Koeri was active in Rohtas Plateau of Bihar in 1980s. He was the leader of a group of bandits, who were supported by the people from lower strata of society. This dacoit group was known for challenging the hagemony of upper caste landlords in the region, who were exploitative.
 * Jagat Singh Sidhu (Jagga Jatt)
 * Koose Munusamy Veerappan, a notorious dacoit, poacher, and smuggler in South India.He was responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active and for smuggling ivory worth US$2.6 million (₹16 crore) and about 65 tons of sandalwood worth approximately US$22 million (₹143 crore).

Protection measures
In Madhya Pradesh, women belonging to a village defence group have been issued firearm permits to fend off dacoity. The Chief minister of the state, Shivraj Singh Chouhan, recognised the role the women had played in defending their villages without guns. He stated that he wanted to enable these women to better defend both themselves and their villages, and issued the gun permits to advance this goal.

Dacoit films
As the dacoits flourished through the 1940s–1970s, they were the subject of various Hindi films made during this era, leading to the emergence of the dacoit film genre in Hindi Film Industry. The genre began with Mehboob Khan's Aurat (1940), which he remade as Mother India (1957). Mother India received an Academy Award nomination, and defined the dacoit film genre, along with Dilip Kumar's Gunga Jumna (1961). Other popular films in this genre included Raj Kapoor’s Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1961) and Moni Bhattacharjee's Mujhe Jeene Do (1963).

Pakistani actor Akmal Khan had two dacoit films, Malangi (1965) and Imam Din Gohavia (1967). Other films in this genre included Khote Sikkay (1973), Mera Gaon Mera Desh (1971), and Kuchhe Dhaage (1973) both by Raj Khosla.

The most famous dacoit film is Sholay (1975), written by Salim–Javed, and starring Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, and Amjad Khan as the dacoit character Gabbar Singh. It was a masala film that combined the dacoit film conventions of Mother India and Gunga Jumna with that of Spaghetti Westerns, spawning the "Dacoit Western" genre, also known as the "Curry Western" genre. The film also borrowed elements from Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai. Sholay became a classic in the genre, and its success led to a surge of films in this genre, including Ganga Ki Saugandh (1978), once again starring Amitabh Bachchan and Amjad Khan.

An internationally acclaimed example of the genre is Bandit Queen (1994).

The Tamil movie starring Karthi, Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru (2017) deals elaborately with bandits. The film reveals the real dacoity incidents which held in Tamil Nadu between 1995 and 2005. Director Vinoth did a two-year research about bandits to develop the script.

A related genre of crime films are Mumbai underworld films.

Other media
Bengali novel Devi Chowdhurani by author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1867.

Bengali poem Birpurush by Rabindranath Tagore in 1903.

A Hindi novel named Painstth Lakh ki Dacoity (1977) was written by Surender Mohan Pathak; it was translated as The 65 Lakh Heist.

Dacoits armed with pistols and swords appear in Age of Empires III: Asian Dynasties.

They frequently appeared in the French language Bob Morane series of novels by Henri Vernes, principally as the main thugs or assassins of the hero's recurring villain, Mr. Ming and in English as the agents of Sax Rohmer’s Fu Manchu.

title: Dacoity


text:
Davis, California

Davis is the most populous city in Yolo County, California, United States. Located in the Sacramento Valley region of Northern California, the city had a population of 66,850 in 2020, not including the on-campus population of the University of California, Davis, which was over 9,400 (not including students' families) in 2016. there were 40,850 students enrolled at the university.

History
Davis sits on land that originally belonged to the Indigenous Patwin, a southern branch of Wintun people, who were killed or forced from their lands by the 1830s as part of the California Genocide through a combination of mass murders, smallpox and other diseases, and both Mexican and American systems of Indigenous slavery. Patwin burial grounds have been found across Davis, including on the site of the UC Davis Mondavi Center. After the killing and expulsion of the Patwin, territory that eventually became Davis emerged from one of California's most complicated ranchos, Laguna de Santos Callé. The 1852 Land Commission concurred with US Attorneys who argued that the grant was "fraudulent in all its parts," and in his 1860 District Court ruling Justice Ogden Hoffman observed that "It is impossible to contemplate without disgust the series of perjuries which compose the record" of the land grant. Nevertheless, Jerome C. Davis, a prominent farmer and one of the early claimants to land in Laguna de Santos Callé, lobbied all the way to the United States Congress in order to retain the land that eventually became Davis. Davis became a depot on the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1868, when it was named "Davisville" after Jerome C. Davis. However, the post office at Davisville shortened the town name to "Davis" in 1907. The name stuck, and the city of Davis was incorporated on March 28, 1917.

From its inception as a farming community, Davis is known primarily for its contributions to agricultural policy along with veterinary care and animal husbandry. Following the passage of the University Farm Bill in 1905 by the California State Legislature, Governor George Pardee selected Davis out of 50 other sites as the future home to the University of California's University Farm, officially opening to students in 1908. The farm, later renamed the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in 1922, was upgraded to become the seventh UC general campus, the University of California, Davis, in 1959.

Location
Davis is located in Yolo County, California, 18 km west of Sacramento, 113 km northeast of San Francisco, 619 km north of Los Angeles, at the intersection of Interstate 80 and State Route 113. Neighboring towns include Dixon, Winters, Woodland, and West Sacramento.

Davis lies in the Sacramento Valley, the northern portion of the Central Valley, in Northern California, at an elevation of about 52 ft above sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.5 sqmi. 10.4 sqmi of it is land and 0.04 sqmi of it (0.19%) is water.

The topography is flat, which has helped Davis to become known as a haven for bicyclists.

Climate
The Davis climate resembles that of nearby Sacramento and is typical of California's Central Valley Mediterranean climate region: warm and dry in the spring, summer and autumn, and cool and wet in the winter. It is classified as a Köppen Csa climate. Summer days are hot, ranging from 85 to 105 °F, but the nights turn pleasantly cool, almost always dropping below 70 °F. The Delta Breeze, a flow of cool marine air originating from the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, frequently provides relief in the evening. Winter temperatures generally reach between 45 and 65 °F in the afternoon; nights average at about 35 to 40 °F, but occasionally fall below freezing.

Average temperatures range from 46 °F in December and January to 75 °F in July and August. Thick ground fog called tule fog settles into Davis during late fall and winter. This fog can be dense, with visibility nearly zero. As in other areas of northern California, the tule fog is a leading cause of road accidents in the winter season.

Mean rainfall per annum is about 20 inch. The bulk of rain occurs between about mid-November to mid-March, with typically no precipitation falling from mid-June to mid-September.

Record temperatures range from a high of 116 °F on July 17, 1925, to a low of 12 °F on December 11, 1932.

Neighborhoods
Davis is internally divided by two freeways (Interstate 80 and State Route 113), a north–south railroad (California Northern), an east–west mainline (Union Pacific) and several major streets. The city is unofficially divided into six main districts made up of smaller neighborhoods (often originally named as housing subdivisions):

 * Central Davis, north of Fifth Street and Russell Boulevard, south of Covell Blvd., east of SR 113, and west of the railroad tracks running along G Street. Within these boundaries is the officially denoted neighborhood of Old North Davis, which is sometimes also considered part of Downtown.
 * Downtown Davis, roughly the numbered-and-lettered grid north of I-80, south of Fifth Street, east of A Street, and west of the railroad tracks, including the Aggie Village and Olive Drive areas.
 * East Davis, north of I-80, south of Covell Blvd., and east of the railroad tracks. It includes the older, 'inner' East Davis of lettered streets and neighborhoods such as Davis Manor, Chestnut, and Rancho Yolo, as well as more distinctly identified (in some cases walled-in) subdivisions such as Mace Ranch, Lake Alhambra Estates, and Wildhorse.
 * North Davis, north of Covell Blvd. North Davis includes Covell Park, Senda Nueva, Northstar, and North Davis Farms.
 * South Davis, south of I-80, and includes Willowbank. El Macero, California, although outside the city limits, is sometimes considered part of South Davis; El Macero is part of the Davis Joint Unified School District, and El Macero children who attend public schools attend Davis' public schools.
 * West Davis, north of I-80 and west of SR 113. West Davis includes Westwood, Evergreen, Aspen, Stonegate (west of Lake Boulevard and including Stonegate Lake and the Stonegate Country Club) and the eco-friendly Village Homes development, known for its solar-powered houses.

The University of California, Davis is located south of Russell Boulevard and west of A Street and then south of 1st Street. The land occupied by the university is not incorporated within the boundaries of the city of Davis and lies within both Yolo and Solano Counties.

Environment
Local energy planning began in Davis after the energy crisis of 1973. A new building code promoted energy efficiency. Energy use in buildings decreased dramatically and in 1981 Davis citizens won a $100,000 prize from utility PG&E, for cutting electricity use during the summer peak.

On November 14, 1984, the Davis City Council declared the city to be a nuclear-free zone. In 1998, the City passed a "Dark Skies" ordinance in an effort to reduce light pollution in the night sky.

In 2013, Davis became part of the state Cool Roof Initiative with the "CoolDavis" campaign, requiring all new roofing projects to meet Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) requirements, including the installation of light-colored roofs. The aim is to reflect more sunlight back into space via the albedo effect, and reduce the amount of heat absorbed in hopes of limiting climate change.

Demographics
Davis is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

2020
According to the 2020 Census the population of Davis was 66,850 people.

In 2020 the racial demographics were as follows:

53.6% White

2.3% Black

13.8% Hispanic or Latino

23.3% Asian

1.1% Native American

9.6% 2 or more races

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Davis had a population of 65,622. The population density was 6,615.8 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Davis was 42,571 (64.9%) White, 1,528 (2.3%) African American, 339 (0.5%) Native American, 14,355 (21.9%) Asian, 136 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 3,121 (4.8%) from other races, and 3,572 (5.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,172 persons (12.5%).

Davis' Asian population of 14,355 was apportioned among 1,631 Indian Americans, 6,395 Chinese Americans, 1,560 Korean Americans, 1,185 Vietnamese Americans, 1,033 Filipino Americans, 953 Japanese Americans, and 1,598 other Asian Americans.

Davis' Hispanic and Latino population of 8,172 was apportioned among 5,618 Mexican American, 221 Puerto Rican American, 80 Cuban American, and 2,253 other Hispanic and Latino.

The Census reported that 63,522 people (96.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,823 (2.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 277 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

There were 24,873 households, of which 6,119 (24.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,343 (37.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,880 (7.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 702 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,295 (5.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 210 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,952 households (23.9%) were made up of individuals, and 1,665 (6.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55. There were 11,925 families (47.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.97.

The population age and sex distribution was 10,760 people (16.4%) under the age of 18, 21,757 people (33.2%) aged 18 to 24, 14,823 people (22.6%) aged 25 to 44, 12,685 people (19.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,597 people (8.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

There were 25,869 housing units, with an average density of 2,608.0 /sqmi, of which 10,699 (43.0%) were owner-occupied, and 14,174 (57.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.5%. 27,594 people (42.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35,928 people (54.7%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the United States 2000 Census, there were 60,308 people, 22,948 households, and 11,290 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,769.2 /mi2. There were 23,617 housing units at an average density of 2,259.3 /sqmi. The racial composition of the city was 70.07% White, 2.35% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 17.5% Asian, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 4.26% from other races, and 4.87% from two or more races. 9.61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 22,948 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were composed of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population age distribution was 18.6% under the age of 18, 30.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,454, and the median income for a family was $74,051. Males had a median income of $51,189 versus $36,082 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,937. About 5.4% of families and 24.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

This city of approximately 62,000 people abuts a university campus of 32,000 students. Although the university's land is not incorporated within the city, many students live off-campus in the city.

Top employers
According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Davis Dollars
A community currency scheme was in use in Davis, called Davis Dollars.

Bicycling

Bicycling has been one of the most popular modes of transportation in Davis for decades, particularly among school-age children and UC Davis students. In 2010, Davis became the new home of the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.

Bicycle infrastructure became a political issue in the 1960s, culminating in the election of a pro-bicycle majority to the City Council in 1966. By the early 1970s, Davis became a pioneer in the implementation of cycling facilities. As the city expands, new facilities are usually mandated. As a result, Davis residents today enjoy an extensive network of bike lanes, bike paths, and grade-separated bicycle crossings. The flat terrain and temperate climate are also conducive to bicycling.

In 2005 the Bicycle-Friendly Community program of the League of American Bicyclists recognized Davis as the first Platinum Level city in the US  Bicycling appears to be declining among Davis residents: from 1990 to 2000, the US Census Bureau reported a decline in the fraction of commuters traveling by bicycle, from 22 percent to 15 percent. This resulted in the reestablishment of the city's Bicycle Advisory Commission and creation of advocate groups such as "Davis Bicycles!". In 2016, Fifth Street, a main road in Davis was converted from four lanes to two lanes to allow for bicycle lanes and encourage more bicycling.

In 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2009 the UC Davis "Cal Aggie Cycling" Team won the national road cycling competition. The team also competes off-road and on the track, and has competed in the national competitions of these disciplines. In 2007, UC Davis also organized a record breaking bicycle parade numbering 822 bicycles.

Whole Earth Festival
A continuous stream of bands, speakers and various workshops occurs throughout Mother's Day weekend on each of Whole Earth Festival's (WEF) three stages and other specialty areas. The WEF is organized entirely by UC Davis students, in association with the Associated Students of UC Davis and the university.

Celebrate Davis
Celebrate Davis is the annual free festival held by the Davis Chamber of Commerce. It features booths by Davis businesses, live music, food vendors, live animals, activities like rock climbing and zip-line. It concludes with fireworks after dark. Parking is problematic, so most people ride their bikes and use the free valet parking.

Picnic Day
Picnic Day is an annual event at the University of California, Davis and is always held on the third Saturday in April. It is the largest student-run event in the US. Picnic Day starts off with a parade, which features the UC Davis California Aggie Marching Band-uh!, and runs through campus and around downtown Davis and ends with the Battle of the Bands, which lasts until the last band stops playing (sometimes until 2 am). There are over 150 free events and over 50,000 attend every year. Other highlights include: the Dachshund races, a.k.a. the Doxie Derby, held in the Pavilion; the Davis Rock Challenge, the Chemistry Magic Show, and the sheep dog trials. Many departments have exhibits and demonstrations, such as the Cole Facility, which until recently showed a fistulated cow (a cow that has been fitted with a plastic portal (a "fistula") into its digestive system to observe digestion processes). Its name was "Hole-y Cow".

Davis Transmedia Art Walk
The Davis Transmedia Art Walk is a free—self-guided—public art tour includes 23 public murals, 16 sculptures, and 15 galleries and museums all in downtown Davis and the University of Davis campus. A free Davis Art Walk map serves as a detailed guide to the entire collection. The art pieces are all within walking distance of each other. The walk is a roughly circuitous path that can be completed within an hour or two. Every piece of art on the Art Walk has been embedded with an RFID chip. Using a cellphone that supports this technology, you access multimedia files that relate to each work. You can even leave a comment or "burn your own message" for other visitors to see. Artist hosted tours are held on the weekend by appointment only. To pick up a copy of the Davis Art Walk map, visit the Yolo County Visitors Bureau (132 E St., Suite 200; (530) 297–1900) or the John Natsoulas Center for the Arts (521 1st St.; (530) 756–3938).

Manetti Shrem Museum of Art
The Manetti Shrem Museum of Art, located on the UC Davis campus, opened on November 13, 2016, and carries on the legacy of the university's world-renowned first generation art faculty, which contributed to innovations in conceptual, performance and video art in the 1960s and 70s. The museum has generated nationwide attention with exhibits by artists such as Wayne Thiebaud, Bruce Nauman, John Cage, and Robert Arneson as well as its striking architecture, featuring a 50,000 square-foot “Grand Canopy” of perforated aluminum triangular beams, supported by 40 steel columns. Every year the museum exhibits works by graduating art students. The museum is free and hosts lecture series and events throughout the year, as well as weekend art studio activities for all ages.

Mondavi Center
The Mondavi Center, located on the UC Davis campus, is one of the biggest non-seasonal attractions in Davis. The Mondavi Center is a theater which hosts many world-class touring acts, including star performers such as Yo-Yo Ma, Yitzhak Perlman and Wynton Marsalis, and draws a large audience from Sacramento.

UC Davis Arboretum
The UC Davis Arboretum is an arboretum and botanical garden. Plants from all over the world grow in different sections of the park. There are notable oak and native plant collections and a small redwood grove. A small waterway spans the arboretum along the bed of the old North Fork of Putah Creek. Occasionally herons, kingfishers, and cormorants can be seen around the waterways, as well as the ever-present ducks. Tours of the arboretum led by volunteer naturalists are often held for grade-school children.

The Domes
The Domes (AKA Baggins End Innovative Housing) is an on-campus cooperative housing community designed by project manager Ron Swenson and future student-residents in 1972. Consisting of 14 polyurethane foam-insulated fiberglass domes and located in the Sustainable Research Area at the western end of Orchard Road, it is governed by its 26 UCD student residents. It is one of the few student co-housing cooperative communities in the US, and is an early example of the modern-day growing tiny house movement. The community has successfully resisted several threats to its continuation over the years.

Farmers Market
The Davis Farmers Market is held every Wednesday evening and Saturday morning. Participants sell a range of fruits and vegetables, baked goods, dairy and meat products (often from certified organic farms), crafts, and plants and flowers. From April to October, the market hosts Picnic in the Park, with musical events and food sold from restaurant stands.

Media
Davis has one newspaper, The Davis Enterprise, a thrice-weekly newspaper founded in 1897. UC Davis also has a weekly newspaper called The California Aggie that covers campus, local and national news. Davis Media Access, a community media center, is the umbrella organization of television station DCTV. There are also numerous commercial stations broadcasting from nearby Sacramento. Davis has two community radio stations: KDVS 90.3 FM, on the University of California campus, and KDRT 95.7 FM, a subsidiary of Davis Media Access and one of the first low-power FM radio stations in the United States. Davis has the world's largest English-language local wiki, DavisWiki. In 2006, The People's Vanguard of Davis began news reporting about the city of Davis, the Davis Joint Unified School District, the county of Yolo, and the Sacramento area.

Toad Tunnel

Davis' Toad Tunnel is a wildlife crossing that was constructed in 1995 and has drawn much attention over the years, including a mention on The Daily Show. Because of the building of an overpass, animal lovers worried about toads being killed by cars commuting from South Davis to North Davis, since the toads traveled from one side of a dirt lot (which the overpass replaced) to the reservoir at the other end. After much controversy, a decision was made to build a toad tunnel, which runs beneath the Pole Line Road overpass which crosses Interstate 80. The project cost $14,000,. The tunnel is 21 in wide and 18 in high.

University of California
The University of California, Davis, or UC Davis, a campus of the University of California, had a 2019 Fall enrollment of 38,369 students. UC Davis has a dominant influence on the social and cultural life of the town.

D-Q University

Also known as Deganawidah-Quetzalcoatl University, D-Q University was a two-year institution located on Road 31 in Yolo County 6.7 mi west of State Route 113 which closed in 2005. The curriculum was said to include heritage and traditional American Indian ceremonies. The 643 acre and 5 buildings were formerly a military reservation according to the National Park Service publication Five Views. According to some tribal members, use of the spelled-out name of the university can be offensive, and the institution should only be referred to as D-Q University. Tribal members in appropriate circumstances may use the full name.

Other colleges
An off-campus branch of Sacramento City College is located in Davis. The satellite is located in West Village, an area built by UC Davis to house students and others affiliated with the university.

Public schools
Davis' public school system is administrated by the Davis Joint Unified School District.

The city has nine public elementary schools (North Davis, Birch Lane, Pioneer Elementary, Patwin, Cesar Chavez, Robert E. Willett, Marguerite Montgomery, Fred T. Korematsu at Mace Ranch, and Fairfield Elementary (which is outside the city limits but opened in 1866 and is Davis Joint Unified School District's oldest public school)). Davis has one school for independent study (Davis School for Independent Study), four public junior high schools (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Frances Harper, and Leonardo da Vinci Junior High), one main high school (Davis Senior High School), one alternative high school (Martin Luther King High School), and a small project based high school (Leonardo da Vinci High School). Cesar Chavez is a Spanish immersion school, with no English integration until the third grade. The junior high schools contain grades 7 through 9. Due to a decline in the school-age population in Davis, two of the elementary schools in south Davis may have their district boundaries changed, or magnet programs may be moved to equalize enrollment. Valley Oak was closed after the 2007–08 school year, and their campus was granted to Da Vinci High (which had formerly been located in the back of Davis Senior High's campus) and a special-ed preschool. On average, class size is about 25 students for every teacher.

At one time, Chavez and Willett were incorporated together to provide elementary education K–6 to both English-speaking and Spanish immersion students in West Davis. César Chávez served grades K–3 and was called West Davis Elementary, and Robert E. Willett (named for a long-time teacher at the school, now deceased) served grades 4–6 and was known as West Davis Intermediate. Willett now serves K–6 English-speaking students, and Chavez supports the Spanish immersion program for K–6.

Private schools

 * Davis Waldorf School (Pre-K–8)
 * Peregrine School (Pre-K–6)

Notable people
These are some notable Davis residents, other than UC Davis faculty who were not previously from Davis.

 * Karin Argoud, actress
 * David Henry Breaux
 * Samuel G. Armistead, anthropologist and linguist
 * Ruth Asmundson, former mayor of Davis
 * Peter S. Beagle, author, The Last Unicorn
 * Eric Beavers, American football quarterback
 * Robert F. Berkhofer, historian
 * David Breaux, local counselor
 * William G. Burrill, Episcopal bishop
 * Cathy Carr, American Olympic swimmer
 * Robert Todd Carroll (born 1945), publisher of The Skeptic's Dictionary and fellow for Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
 * Alexandra Chalupa, American pro-Ukrainian activist
 * Connie Chan, San Francisco politician
 * Joseph Ballinger Chiles, trail blazer and early pioneer
 * Tony Cline Jr., NFL tight end
 * Antoinette Clinton, aka Butterscotch, musician
 * Kim Conley, 2012 Olympian, track and field
 * Ross Cordy, archaeologist
 * Joe Craven, musician
 * Denise Curry, basketball player
 * Jerome C. Davis, state figure and pioneer, and namesake of Davis
 * Malachi Davis, sprinter, Olympian
 * Josh Davis, aka DJ Shadow, famous for his critically acclaimed sample based instrumental hip-hop
 * Cecilia Dean, fashion model and entrepreneur
 * Theodosius Dobzhansky, Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist
 * Delaine Eastin, former California State Superintendent of Public Instruction
 * Tony Fields, actor, dancer; Davis High School alumnus. Fields is best known in his tenure as a Solid Gold Dancer (1979–1984) and his film roles of Alan DeLuca in the 1985 movie version of A Chorus Line and Sammi Curr in the 1986 cult horror film Trick Or Treat.
 * Jason Fisk, former NFL defensive tackle
 * Karen Joy Fowler, author
 * Rebecca Fransway, author and poet
 * Michael Franti, musician
 * Nick Frentz, politician, member of the Minnesota Senate
 * Todd Gogulski, former professional bicycle road racer and TV commentator for Universal Sports
 * John Lawrence Goheen, American missionary, educator and administrator, agriculturist, social worker, and writer
 * Carol Greider, molecular biologist and Nobel Laureate (at Johns Hopkins), raised in Davis
 * Myril Hoag, MLB outfielder, three-time World Series champion
 * Rita Hosking, musician
 * Winnifred Hudson, painter
 * Nyjah Huston, professional skateboarder
 * Katie Kitamura, author
 * John Lescroart, author
 * John Lieswyn, American racing cyclist
 * Ladule Lako LoSarah is an American-born South Sudanese international footballer currently with FC Inter Leipzig of the German NOFV-Oberliga.
 * Deborah Madison, chef, author
 * Mike May, entrepreneur and athlete, regained sight after decades of complete blindness
 * Jonna Mazet, epidemiologist
 * Barry Melton, musician
 * Gina Miles, 2008 Beijing Olympic silver medalist, equestrian
 * Scott Miller, pop musician
 * Hasan Minhaj, comedian
 * Jennifer Moffitt, politician
 * Paul Moller, engineer and developer of the Moller Skycar
 * Rachel Moore, president and CEO of the Los Angeles Music Center
 * Freddie Muller, Major League Baseball infielder
 * Dave Nachmanoff, musician
 * Gabe Newell, co-founder of Valve
 * Iyabo Obasanjo, Nigerian politician
 * Thretton Palamo, American rugby union player
 * Dickie Peterson, musician
 * Orange Phelps, Oregon businessman and politician
 * Kim Stanley Robinson, science-fiction author; famous works include Mars trilogy.
 * Stephen Robinson, astronaut (received bachelor's degree from UC Davis, 1978)
 * Beth Rodden, professional rock climber
 * Halsey Rodman, artist
 * Ray Rohwer, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Ed Ross, tintype photographer and lawyer
 * Paul Scheuring, screenwriter (Prison Break, A Man Apart)
 * Dave Scott, triathlete, six-time Ironman Triathlon world champion
 * Jonathan Segel, American composer and multi-instrumentalist
 * Meredith Small, anthropologist
 * Peter Siebold, member of the Scaled Composites astronaut team
 * Colby Slater, American rugby union player, Olympic gold-medal winner
 * Sean Stewart, author
 * Charles Tart, parapsychologist
 * Donnette Thayer, vocalist, guitarist and songwriter
 * Helen Thomson, state and county politician
 * Alexandria Villaseñor, climate activist
 * Nick Watney, PGA Tour professional golfer
 * Zach Weiner, web comic author and illustrator
 * Andrew Weir, author of The Martian
 * Paul Whaley, drummer for the band Blue Cheer
 * Craig Wilson, water polo player and Olympian
 * Mike Wise, NFL defensive end
 * Lois Wolk, state politician
 * Paul Wulff, former Washington State football head coach
 * Steve Wynn, musician, leader of the band The Dream Syndicate
 * Mariko Yamada, state politician
 * Martin Yan, cooking show host
 * Sophia Yin, veterinarian, animal trainer and author
 * Gary Lee Yoder, musician, part of several 1960s psychedelic rock bands
 * Malcolm Clemens Young, Episcopal priest, Dean of Grace Cathedral, San Francisco
 * Robert Zirkin, Maryland politician

Sister cities
Davis' sister cities are:

 * 🇨🇳 Huishan (Wuxi), China
 * 🇯🇵 Inuyama, Japan
 * 🇵🇭 Los Baños, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Muñoz, Philippines
 * 🇨🇳 Qufu, China
 * 🇸🇻 Rutilio Grande, El Salvador
 * 🇰🇷 Sangju, South Korea
 * 🇺🇦 Uman, Ukraine

title: Davis, California


text:
Talk:Dialectical materialism

Definition
Reading this article from the top it is not until the third or fourth paragraph that we see anything resembling a definition. The introduction should include a rudimentary definition that is clearer than the current "Dialectic Materialism is the merging of Dialectic and Materialism." Not being an expert on the subject I leave this in another’s more capable hands.--70.29.20.201 (talk) 04:31, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I second this. Please tell me what the hell Dialectical Materialism is, up front. Eunsung (talk) 17:17, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I third this. Few things are too complex to explain in a sentence. Surely, something approaching a clear definition has arisen in the many decades through which these ideas have been discussed, taught, pondered.  (This note was originally unsigned by mistake, later signed as follows: --Dankelley (talk) 11:24, 22 January 2010 (UTC))
 * Fourthed. Who wrote that, anyway? I mean, sure, sometimes I'll gloss over what was said and have to reread a portion of a text, but the introduction here is just devoid of any information a layman would want. Plumbmeter (talk) 19:43, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Likewise. The introduction seems to refer entirely to natural processes, with no reference at all to social processes, politics or history Clivemacd (talk) 13:28, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
 * +1 on that, the opening paragraph uses so many words but has no real meaning. Even if the definition cant be agreed on by scholars, just say that and present a couple of different most commonly held views. It's as if the author was trying to fill a word count rather than actually explain the topic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.98.69.218 (talk) 11:22, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

It is in fact impossible to define this 'theory'; scratch any randomly-chosen Dialectical Marxist and they will each give you a different, but no less vague and confused non-definition. Rosa Lichtenstein (talk) 13:22, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

I have read and re-read the first paragraph and I still have no idea what it is trying to communicate. Can someone with the requisite knowledge of the subject matter and with skill in communicating re-write the opening paragraph in a way that makes sense to the general public, please? --Gerntrash (talk) 01:05, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

--

The very first statement of this article, "Dialectical materialism is a strand of Marxism developed by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels," is false. In fact, in the classic text, "Socialism: Past and Future " by one of the foremost authorities on socialism, Michael Harrington, we find this:

"The justification for all this brutality [in Stalin's Soviet Union] and one-man rule was a scientistic reading of Marxism that had some warrant in some of Engels' more careless formulations but violated the repeated defense of democracy and self-emancipation of both Marx and Engels. Marxism, in Stalin's version, was a system that explained both nature and society by means of "dialectical materialism" (a phrase never used by either Marx or Engels but popularized by the first Russian Marxist, Georgi Plekhanov). Thus, Stalin, as the supreme Marxist automatically was the infallible interpreter of the objective interest of the workers and the peasants, and if those classes perversely refused to recognize what was good for them, he had the right to impose it upon them."

Thus, "dialectic materialism" is more a Stalinist concept popularized by Plekhanov, but, obviously, as Harrington points out in the quote above, would have been anathema to both Marx and Engels, and is a distorted concept of their ideas. Thus, the first sentence in this article should be reworked so as to avoid the misattribution to Marxist philosophy and should be written correctly so that it is much more closely ascribed to Stalinist principles.

A better way to write this is first sentence would be "'Dialectical materialism' is a Stalinist construction of an incorrect reading of Marx that permitted autocratic rule of the Soviet Union.

This Article Kinda Sucks
Here is Dialectical-Materialism per the Columbia encyclopedia, as an example. Someone should really consider revising the Wikipedia article, or perhaps I might:

Dialectical Materialism- Official philosophy of Communism, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as elaborated by G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin, and Joseph Stalin. In theory dialectical materialism is meant to provide both a general world view and a specific method for the investigation of scientific problems. The basic tenets are that everything is material and that change takes place through “the struggle of opposites.” Because everything contains different elements that are in opposition, “self-movement” automatically occurs; the conflict of opposing forces leads to growth, change, and development, according to definite laws. Communist scientists were expected to fit their investigations into this pattern, and official approval of scientific theories in the USSR was determined to some extent by their conformity to dialectical materialism (see Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich). Use of these principles in history and sociology is sometimes called historical materialism. Under these doctrines the social, political, and intellectual life of society reflect only the economic structure, since human beings create the forms of social life solely in response to economic needs. Men are divided into classes by their relations to the means of production—land and capital. The class that controls the means of production inevitably exploits the other classes in society; it is this class struggle that produces the dynamic of history and is the source of progress toward a final uniformity. Historical materialism is deterministic; that is, it prescribes that history inevitably follows certain laws and that individuals have little or no influence on its development. Central to historical materialism is the belief that change takes place through the meeting of two opposing forces (thesis and antithesis); their opposition is resolved by combination produced by a higher force (synthesis). Historical materialism has had many advocates outside the Communist world. 1 See G. Wetter, Dialectical Materialism (1958, repr. 1973); A. Spirkin, Dialectical Materialism (1983); I. Yurkovets, Philosophy of Dialectical Materialism (1984). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.83.245.74 (talk) 17:30, 26 February 2007 (UTC).

 * But this entry from the Columbia encyclopedia is in its most important aspects essentially wrong. To judge this, one only needs to read what Engels wrote on the subject. Cf for instance

 * "According to the materialist conception of history the determining element in history is ultimately the production and reproduction in real life. More than this neither Marx nor I have ever asserted.

 * "If therefore somebody twists this into the statement that the economic element is the only determining one, he transforms it into a meaningless, abstract and absurd phrase." (Frederick Engels: From a Letter To Joseph Bloch, London, September 21, 1890. )

 * But the Columbia encyclopedia says (as quoted above) "Under these doctrines the social, political, and intellectual life of society reflect only the economic structure, since human beings create the forms of social life solely in response to economic needs."

 * The essential point that Engels was making was that one cannot say "solely" in response to economic needs. This reduces Marxism to crude determinism, which is a serious error.

 * In other words, the Columbia encyclopedia, according to one of the two founders of the theory, Friedrich Engels, is guilty of "a meaningless, abstract and absurd phrase." It is far too crude to represent the idea of a dialectical interplay between living forces.

 * Once the Columbia encyclopedia gets started, furthermore, it continues in this vein, leaving one to wonder what exactly Marx and Engels, Lenin and Trotsky saw in struggling at all against exploitation (the last of whom struggled against the rise of Stalinism, and the great perversion of Marxism that this bureaucratic caste promulgated), since "individuals have little or no influence on [capitalist] development".

 * The last thing one would want to suggest is that the Columbia encyclopedia is misinformed, although one must grant that it represents a point of view which is well favoured by the opponents of Marxism. It would be better to say that the point of view of the Columbia encyclopedia is that of dialectical materialism as taught particularly in the USA at the present time, rather than to suggest that it is related to the historical ideas of Marx and Engels, or Lenin and Trotsky.

 * And of course, the "thesis, antithesis, synthesis" representation is properly criticised both in the wikipedia article (see footnote) and in the discussions here.

 * Andysoh 00:16, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

This article doesn't actually explain what it actually is, in simple terms. --Liface 05:16, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a very difficult thing to explain. I don't know if it could be done more simply. Grant | Talk 07:18, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No, actually, it is pretty easy to explain. The problem is that when you don't use Marxist gobbledygook to explain it, the stupidity of the idea becomes obviously evident to anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of history. None of the things that Marx and Engel predicted would definitely result from their pseudo-scientific model actually happened. So we now have to deal with all the Marxist obscurantism trying to prevent this article from actually stating things clearly. 76.168.4.212 (talk) 08:40, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

I think there is a difference between over-simplifying a complex concept and explaining it in simple terms, to set the audience on a path of discovery about the topic. It is relatively easy for any decent teacher to explain any concept, however abstract and complex, in simple terms. Only an ass would over-simplify. And asses are not good teachers.

In regard to dialectical materialism, the only real reason it does not work (in my own opinion, only, of course) is that it has never existed. People (again, only in my opinion) are inherently self-disciplined and even altruistic in matters of simple survival. It is only institutions that are heartless. For instance, very few actual living breathing people would refuse food to a starving child, even if a person has only one slice of an apple or one bite of a burger to share. A government, however, will casually dump a million tons of oranges into the sea while millions of children starve to death. A government (even a dictator) is a ruler, not a person. And the ruler wants his/her/its ideology to rule.

Therefore, it is in matters of ideology that people turn violent. Ideas are not debatable, in a sense. Ideas are absolute. You can eat half an apple or one grain of rice from a pot, but you cannot, in any real sense, present or accept "half" or "one grain" of an idea. An idea either is or it isn't. When a "ruler" tries to impose his/her/its ideology on people, the people rebel and "kill" the ruler. I think that people like to be allowed to think as they please even if they can't live as they think. Rulers, such as Marx, who try to tell people how they have been thinking or how they should think, are rejected through a "revolutionary" process -- a process that revolves ideas until they hit the exit chamber. The only way for an idea at the exit chamber to "return" is to walk in with other ideas that are, as yet, untested. The new version of the idea then keeps revolving until it hits the exit chamber again, and so on.

 * I get the impression you assume that dialectical materialism and the Soviet Union, or some such so-called socialist regime, is dialectical materialism in practice. This would perhaps explain why you refer to Marx as a "ruler", although I'm sure that was a slip of the keyboard (since he never was). But your connection of dialectical materialism and the Soviet Union, however wrong it may be, is understandable since the Soviet Union's leaders said they followed dialectical materialism, and Stalin wrote a book on it -- but remember that if we took people at their word and ignored their deeds we would be fools.
 * Marxism, guided by dialectical materialism, gives a very useful explanation of why governments prefer to dump food rather than give it away, whatever they may claim, but it is widely known anyway - it keeps the price of food up, and this is what "capitalism" is all about, and that's why people die every second of every day through under nourishment.
 * I think when you say ideas are not debatable, you mean, not that they are not debatable, since ideas are always being debated, but that some people approach them from a Yes / No, right or wrong way, (and shout you down if they don't agree). Fox News gives perfect examples of this way of thinking every day.
 * This is where materialism comes in. If people starve, people want to know why. Then they re-assess the 'capitalism is good, marxism is bad' "right or wrong" approach, read what Marx wrote, find out about other Marxists, and realise that, like most living ideas, within the tradition of 'dialectical materialism' there are opposites: trends which represent a dead end, and trends which still offer a genuine alternative to the "free market" system where the dumping of food is just one example of how, in practice, to use your words: "it has never really existed." Andysoh 20:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

This article is a mess, all Marxist related articles are in a mess...
I will try to fix this, but my knowledge on Marxist thought is scarce (but since ruling party o the second-largest economy in the world actually believes in this stuff, maybe it should be expanded?)... Anyhow, I'll read like hell. --TIAYN (talk) 11:25, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

This article is beyond a mess- it reads like the scribblings of a severly bipolar individual in manic phase. This article is a testament to why the mentally ill should not be allowed near Wikipedia unless they've taken their medications(yes, I know, how "bourgeois" of me to suggest this). What's scarier is that the author has been hovering over this article and its talk page for at least 8 years. These are the people still attracted to Marxism- it's become a fringe cult for damaged individuals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.228.216.148 (talk) 00:16, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The problem remains that the only people who want to engage in this article are people who are Marxists. Given that Marxism is the province of the illiterate, you end up with this article... Unless someone is tasked with trying to fix this actually important article not from a Marxist perspective, that is how it will stay. 76.168.4.212 (talk) 08:45, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

 * "Marxism is the province of the illiterate" - even though it's based on his literature? I spot far-right bigotry. 2.28.151.246 (talk) 02:48, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Image is completely wrong
Any brief engagement with the literature shows that the thesis-antithesis-synthesis model is not how dialectics works. I recommend premier dialectical critic Fredric Jameson's Marxism and Form or Valences of the Dialectic. Meeeeeeerzfu (talk) 19:09, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

 * please point to what do you mean specifically. In the interim I have reverted your edit to the stable version. Best! VV 19:28, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Given that this article already specifically notes Marx's disavowal of the model ("Marx rejected the language of 'thesis, antithesis, synthesis'"), it seems a bit strange to plaster it on the top of the page in image form. Given that dialectical materialism is a Marxist philosophy, we ought to represent it accurately and impartially in regards to Marx's elaboration of it. Best-- Meeeeeeerzfu (talk) 12:39, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dialectical materialism