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Australian English

Australian English (AusE, AusEng, AuE, AuEng, en-AU) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Australia. It is the country's common language and de facto national language; while Australia has no official language, English is the first language of the majority of the population, and has been entrenched as the de facto national language since British settlement, being the only language spoken in the home for 72% of Australians. It is also the main language used in compulsory education, as well as federal, state and territorial legislatures and courts.

Australian English began to diverge from British and Hiberno-English after the First Fleet established the Colony of New South Wales in 1788. Australian English arose from a dialectal melting pot created by the intermingling of early settlers who were from a variety of dialectal regions of Great Britain and Ireland, though its most significant influences were the dialects of South East England. By the 1820s, the native-born colonists' speech was recognisably distinct from speakers in Britain and Ireland.

Australian English differs from other varieties in its phonology, pronunciation, lexicon, idiom, grammar and spelling. Australian English is relatively consistent across the continent, although it encompasses numerous regional and sociocultural varieties. "General Australian" describes the de facto standard dialect, which is perceived to be free of pronounced regional or sociocultural markers and is often used in the media.

History
The earliest Australian English was spoken by the first generation of native-born colonists in the Colony of New South Wales from the end of the 18th century. These native-born children were exposed to a wide range of dialects from across the British Isles. Similar to early American English, the process of dialect levelling and koineisation which ensued produced a relatively homogeneous new variety of English which was easily understood by all. Peter Miller Cunningham's 1827 book Two Years in New South Wales described the distinctive accent and vocabulary that had developed among the native-born colonists.

The dialects of South East England, including most notably the traditional Cockney dialect of London, were particularly influential on the development of the new variety and constituted "the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing" Australian English. All the other regions of England were represented among the early colonists. A large proportion of early convicts and colonists were from Ireland, and spoke Irish as a sole or first language. They were joined by other non-native speakers of English from Scotland and Wales.

The first of the Australian gold rushes in the 1850s began a large wave of immigration, during which about two percent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrated to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. The Gold Rushes brought immigrants and linguistic influences from many parts of the world. An example was the introduction of vocabulary from American English, including some terms later considered to be typically Australian, such as bushwhacker and squatter. This American influence was continued with the popularity of American films from the early 20th century and the influx of American military personnel during World War II; seen in the enduring persistence of such universally-accepted terms as okay and guys.

The publication of Edward Ellis Morris's Austral English: A Dictionary Of Australasian Words, Phrases And Usages in 1898, which extensively catalogued Australian English vocabulary, started a wave of academic interest and codification during the 20th century which resulted in Australian English becoming established as an endonormative variety with its own internal norms and standards. This culminated in publications such as the 1981 first edition of the Macquarie Dictionary, a major English language dictionary based on Australian usage, and the 1988 first edition of The Australian National Dictionary, a historical dictionary documenting the history of Australian English vocabulary and idiom.

Phonology and pronunciation
The most obvious way in which Australian English is distinctive from other varieties of English is through its unique pronunciation. It shares most similarity with New Zealand English. Like most dialects of English, it is distinguished primarily by the phonetic quality of its vowels.

Vowels

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels.

There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction, which is also present in some regional south-eastern dialects of the UK and eastern seaboard dialects in the US. An example of this feature is the distinction between ferry and fairy.

As with New Zealand English and General American English, the weak-vowel merger is complete in Australian English: unstressed is merged into  (schwa), unless it is followed by a velar consonant. Examples of this feature are the following pairings, which are pronounced identically in Australian English: Rosa's and roses, as well as Lennon and Lenin. Other examples are the following pairs, which rhyme in Australian English: abbott with rabbit, and dig it with bigot.

Most varieties of Australian English exhibit only a partial trap-bath split. The words bath, grass and can't are always pronounced with the "long" of father. Throughout the majority of the country, the "flat" of man is the dominant pronunciation for the a vowel in the following words: dance, advance, plant, example and answer. The exception is the state of South Australia, where a more advanced trap-bath split is found, and where the dominant pronunciation of all the preceding words incorporates the "long" of father.

Consonants
There is little variation in the sets of consonants used in different English dialects but there are variations in how these consonants are used. Australian English is no exception.

Australian English is uniformly non-rhotic; that is, the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. As with many non-rhotic dialects, linking can occur when a word that has a final $⟨r⟩$ in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. An intrusive may similarly be inserted before a vowel in words that do not have $⟨r⟩$ in the spelling in certain environments, namely after the long vowel  and after word final. This can be heard in "law-r-and order", where an intrusive R is voiced between the AW and the A.

As with North American English, intervocalic alveolar flapping is a feature of Australian English: prevocalic and  surface as the alveolar tap  after sonorants other than  as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel in the same breath group. Examples of this feature are that the following pairs are pronounced similarly or identically: latter and ladder, as well as rated and raided.

Yod-dropping generally occurs after, , , but not after ,  and. Accordingly, suit is pronounced as, lute as , Zeus as and enthusiasm as. Other cases of and, as well as  and , have coalesced to , ,  and  respectively for many speakers. is generally retained in other consonant clusters.

In common with most varieties of Scottish English and American English, the phoneme is pronounced by Australians as a "dark" (velarised) l  in almost all positions, unlike other dialects such as Received Pronunciation, Hiberno (Irish) English.

The wine–whine merger is complete in Australian English.

Pronunciation
Differences in stress, weak forms and standard pronunciation of isolated words occur between Australian English and other forms of English, which while noticeable do not impair intelligibility.

The affixes -ary, -ery, -ory, -bury, -berry and -mony (seen in words such as necessary, mulberry and matrimony) can be pronounced either with a full vowel or a schwa. Although some words like necessary are almost universally pronounced with the full vowel, older generations of Australians are relatively likely to pronounce these affixes with a schwa as is typical in British English. Meanwhile, younger generations are relatively likely to use a full vowel.

Words ending in unstressed -ile derived from Latin adjectives ending in -ilis are pronounced with a full vowel, so that fertile sounds like fur tile rather than rhyming with turtle.

In addition, miscellaneous pronunciation differences exist when compared with other varieties of English in relation to various isolated words, with some of those pronunciations being unique to Australian English. For example:
 * As with American English, the vowel in yoghurt and the prefix homo-  (as in homosexual or homophobic) are pronounced with  rather than ;
 * Vitamin, migraine and privacy are all pronounced with in the stressed syllable  rather than ;
 * Dynasty and patronise, by contrast, are usually subject to trisyllabic laxing like in Britain, alongside US-derived ;
 * The prefix paedo- (as in paedophile) is pronounced rather than ;
 * In loanwords, the vowel spelled with $⟨a⟩$ is often nativized as the vowel, as in American English, rather than the  vowel , as in British English. For example, pasta is pronounced , analogous to American English , rather than , as in British English.
 * Urinal is stressed on the first syllable and with the schwa for I: ;
 * Harass and harassment are pronounced with the stress on the second, rather than the first syllable;
 * The suffix -sia (as in Malaysia, Indonesia and Polynesia, but not Tunisia) is pronounced rather than ;
 * The word foyer is pronounced, rather than ;
 * Tomato, vase and data are pronounced with instead of :, with  being uncommon but acceptable;
 * Zebra and leisure are pronounced and  rather than  and, both having disyllabic laxing;
 * Status varies between British-derived with the  vowel and American-derived  with the  vowel;
 * Conversely, precedence, precedent and derivatives are mainly pronounced with the vowel in the stressed syllable, rather than : ;
 * Basil is pronounced, rather than ;
 * Conversely, cache is usually pronounced, rather than the more conventional ;
 * Buoy is pronounced as (as in boy) rather than ;
 * The E in congress and progress is not reduced: ;
 * Conversely, the unstressed O in silicon, phenomenon and python stands for a schwa: ;
 * In Amazon, Lebanon, marathon and pantheon, however, the unstressed O stands for the vowel, somewhat as with American English: ;
 * The colour name maroon is pronounced with the vowel:.

Variation
Relative to many other national dialect groupings, Australian English is relatively homogeneous across the country. Some relatively minor regional differences in pronunciation exist. A limited range of word choices is strongly regional in nature. Consequently, the geographical background of individuals may be inferred if they use words that are peculiar to particular Australian states or territories and, in some cases, even smaller regions. In addition, some Australians speak creole languages derived from Australian English, such as Australian Kriol, Torres Strait Creole and Norfuk.

Academic research has also identified notable sociocultural variation within Australian English, which is mostly evident in phonology.

Regional variation
Although Australian English is relatively homogeneous, there are some regional variations. The dialects of English spoken in the various states and territories of Australia differ slightly in vocabulary and phonology.

Most regional differences are in word usage. Swimming clothes are known as cossies or swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. What Queensland calls a stroller is usually called a pram in Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania.

Preference for some synonymous words also differ between states. Garbage (i.e., garbage bin, garbage truck) dominates over rubbish in New South Wales and Queensland, while rubbish is more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia.

Additionally, the word footy generally refers to the most popular football code in an area; that is, rugby league or rugby union depending on the local area, in most of New South Wales and Queensland, and Australian rules football elsewhere. In some pockets of Melbourne & Western Sydney 'football' and more rarely 'footy' will refer to Association football. Beer glasses are also named differently in different states. Distinctive grammatical patterns exist such as the use of the interrogative eh (also spelled ay or aye), which is particularly associated with Queensland. Secret Santa and Kris Kringle are used in all states, with the former being more common in Queensland.

The most pronounced variation in phonology is between South Australia and the other states and territories. The trap–bath split is more complete in South Australia, in contrast to the other states. Accordingly, words such as dance, advance, plant, example and answer are pronounced with (as in father) far more frequently in South Australia while the older  (as in mad) is dominant elsewhere in Australia. L-vocalisation is also more common in South Australia than other states.
 * South Australia

In Western Australian and Queensland English, the vowels in near and square are typically realised as centring diphthongs, whereas in the other states they may also be realised as monophthongs:.
 * Centring diphthongs

A feature common in Victorian English is salary–celery merger, whereby a Victorian pronunciation of Ellen may sound like Alan and Victoria's capital city Melbourne may sound like Malbourne to speakers from other states. There is also regional variation in before  (as in school and pool).
 * Salary–celery merger

In some parts of Australia, notably Victoria, a fully backed allophone of, transcribed , is common before. As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers. The usual allophone for is further forward in Queensland and New South Wales than Victoria.
 * Full-fool allophones

Sociocultural variation
The General Australian accent serves as the standard variety of English across the country. According to linguists, it emerged during the 19th century. General Australian is the dominant variety across the continent, and is particularly so in urban areas. The increasing dominance of General Australian reflects its prominence on radio and television since the latter half of the 20th century.

Recent generations have seen a comparatively smaller proportion of the population speaking with the Broad sociocultural variant, which differs from General Australian in its phonology. The Broad variant is found across the continent and is relatively more prominent in rural and outer-suburban areas.

A largely historical Cultivated sociocultural variant, which adopted features of British Received Pronunciation and which was commonplace in official media during the early 20th century, had become largely extinct by the onset of the 21st century.

Australian Aboriginal English is made up of a range of forms which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and are said to vary along a continuum, from forms close to Standard Australian English to more non-standard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use.

Academics have noted the emergence of numerous ethnocultural dialects of Australian English that are spoken by people from some minority non-English speaking backgrounds. These ethnocultural varieties contain features of General Australian English as adopted by the children of immigrants blended with some non-English language features, such as Afro-Asiatic languages and languages of Asia. Samoan English is also influencing Australian English. Other ethnolects include those of Lebanese and Vietnamese Australians.

A high rising terminal in Australian English was noted and studied earlier than in other varieties of English. The feature is sometimes called Australian questioning intonation. Research published in 1986, regarding vernacular speech in Sydney, suggested that high rising terminal was initially spread by young people in the 1960s. It found that the high rising terminal was used more than twice as often by young people than older people, and is more common among women than men. In the United Kingdom, it has occasionally been considered one of the variety's stereotypical features, and its spread there is attributed to the popularity of Australian soap operas.

Intrinsic traits
Australian English has many words and idioms which are unique to the dialect.

Commonly known
Internationally well-known examples of Australian terminology include outback, meaning a remote, sparsely populated area, the bush, meaning either a native forest or a country area in general, and g'day, a greeting. Dinkum, or fair dinkum means "true" or "is that true?", among other things, depending on context and inflection. The derivative dinky-di means "true" or devoted: a "dinky-di Aussie" is a "true Australian".

Historical references
Australian poetry, such as "The Man from Snowy River", as well as folk songs such as "Waltzing Matilda", contain many historical Australian words and phrases that are understood by Australians even though some are not in common usage today.

British English similarities and differences
Australian English, in common with British English, uses the word mate to mean friend, as well as the word bloody as a mild expletive or intensifier.

Several words used by Australians were at one time used in the UK but have since fallen out of usage or changed in meaning there. For example, creek in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the UK it is typically a watercourse in a marshy area; paddock in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; bush or scrub in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs).

Aboriginal-derived words
Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo) and local culture. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as kangaroo, boomerang, budgerigar, wallaby and so on have become international. Other examples are cooee and hard yakka. The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced ) which travels long distances. Cooee is also a notional distance: "if he's within cooee, we'll spot him". Hard yakka means "hard work" and is derived from yakka, from the Jagera/Yagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region.

The word bung, meaning "dead" was originally a Yagara which was used in the pidgin widely spoken across Australia.

Places
Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also been influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The best-known example is the capital, Canberra, named after a local Ngunnawal language word thought to mean "women's breasts" or "meeting place".

Figures of speech and abbreviations
Litotes, such as "not bad", "not much" and "you're not wrong", are also used.

Diminutives and hypocorisms are common and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some common examples are arvo (afternoon), barbie (barbecue), smoko (cigarette break), Aussie (Australian) and Straya (Australia). This may also be done with people's names to create nicknames (other English speaking countries create similar diminutives). For example, "Gazza" from Gary, or "Smitty" from John Smith. The use of the suffix -o originates in ó, which is both a postclitic and a suffix with much the same meaning as in Australian English.

In informal speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as "sweet as" (as in "That car is sweet as."). "Full", "fully" or "heaps" may precede a word to act as an intensifier (as in "The waves at the beach were heaps good."). This was more common in regional Australia and South Australia but has been in common usage in urban Australia for decades. The suffix "-ly" is sometimes omitted in broader Australian English. For instance, "really good" can become "real good".

Measures
Australia's switch to the metric system in the 1970s changed most of the country's vocabulary of measurement from imperial to metric measures. Since the switch to metric, heights of individuals are listed in centimetres on official documents and distances by road on signs are listed in terms of kilometres and metres.

Comparison with other varieties
Where British and American English vocabulary differs, sometimes Australian English shares a usage with one of those varieties, as with petrol (AmE: gasoline) and mobile phone (AmE: cellular phone) which are shared with British English, or truck (BrE: lorry) and eggplant (BrE: aubergine) which are shared with American English.

In other circumstances, Australian English sometimes favours a usage which is different from both British and American English as with: • (the) bush (AmE and BrE: (the) woods)

• bushfire (Ame and BrE: wildfire)

• capsicum (AmE: bell pepper; BrE (green/red) pepper)

• Esky (AmE and BrE: cooler or ice box)

• doona (AmE: comforter; BrE duvet)

• footpath (AmE: sidewalk; BrE: pavement)

• ice block or icy pole (AmE: popsicle BrE: ice lolly)

• lollies (AmE: candy; BrE: sweets)

• overseas (AmE and BrE: abroad)

• peak hour (Ame and BrE: rush hour)

• powerpoint (AmE: electrical outlet; BrE: electrical socket)

• thongs (AmE and BrE: flip-flops)

• ute  (AmE and BrE: pickup truck)

Differences exist between Australian English and other varieties of English, where different terms can be used for the same subject or the same term can be ascribed different meanings. Non-exhaustive examples of terminology associated with food, transport and clothing is used below to demonstrate the variations which exist between Australian English and other varieties:

Food – capsicum (BrE: (red/green) pepper; AmE: bell pepper); (potato) chips (refers both to BrE crisps and AmE French fries); chook (sanga) (BrE and AmE: chicken (sandwich)); coriander (shared with BrE. AmE: cilantro); entree (refers to AmE appetizer whereas AmE entree is referred to in AusE as main course); eggplant (shared with AmE. BrE: aubergine); fairy floss (BrE: candy floss; AmE: cotton candy); ice block or icy pole (BrE: ice lolly; AmE: popsicle); jelly (refers to AmE Jell-o whereas AmE jelly refers to AusE jam); lollies (BrE: sweets; AmE: candy); marinara (sauce) (refers to a tomato-based sauce in AmE and BrE but a seafood sauce in AusE); mince or minced meat (shared with BrE. AmE: ground meat); prawn (which in BrE refers to large crustaceans only, with small crustaceans referred to as shrimp. AmE universally: shrimp); snow pea (shared with AmE. BrE mangetout); pumpkin (AmE: squash, except for the large orange variety – AusE squash refers only to a small number of uncommon species; BrE: marrow); tomato sauce (also used in BrE. AmE: ketchup); zucchini (shared with AmE. BrE: courgette)

Transport – aeroplane (shared with BrE. AmE: airplane); bonnet (shared with BrE. AmE: hood); bumper (shared with BrE. AmE: fender); car park (shared with BrE. AmE: parking lot); convertible (shared with AmE. BrE: cabriolet); footpath (BrE: pavement; AmE: sidewalk); horse float (BrE: horsebox; AmE: horse trailer); indicator (shared with BrE. AmE: turn signal); peak hour (BrE and AmE: rush hour); petrol (shared with BrE. AmE: gasoline); railway (shared with BrE. AmE: railroad); sedan (car) (shared with AmE. BrE: saloon (car)); semitrailer (shared with AmE. BrE: artic or articulated lorry); station wagon (shared with AmE. BrE: estate car); truck (shared with AmE. BrE: lorry); ute (BrE and AmE: pickup truck); windscreen (shared with BrE. AmE: windshield)

Clothing – gumboots (BrE: Wellington boots or Wellies; AmE: rubber boots or galoshes); jumper (shared with BrE. AmE: sweater); nappy (shared with BrE. AmE: diaper); overalls (shared with AmE. BrE: dungarees); raincoat (shared with AmE. BrE: mackintosh or mac); runners or sneakers (footwear) (BrE: trainers. AmE: sneakers); sandshoe (BrE: pump or plimsoll. AmE: tennis shoe); singlet (BrE: vest. AmE: tank top or wifebeater); skivvy (BrE: polo neck; AmE: turtleneck); swimmers or togs or bathers (BrE: swimming costume. AmE: bathing suit or swimsuit); thongs (refers to BrE and AmE flip-flops (footwear). In BrE and AmE refers to g-string (underwear))

Terms with different meanings in Australian English
There also exist words which in Australian English are ascribed different meanings from those ascribed in other varieties of English, for instance:
 * Asian in Australian (and American) English commonly refers to people of East Asian ancestry, while in British English it commonly refers to people of South Asian ancestry
 * Biscuit in Australian (and British) English refers to AmE cookie and cracker, while in American English it refers to a leavened bread product
 * (potato) Chips refers both to British English crisps (which is not commonly used in Australian English) and to American English French fries (which is used alongside hot chips)
 * Football in Australian English most commonly refers to Australian rules football, rugby league or rugby union. In British English, football is most commonly used to refer to association football, while in North American English football is used to refer to gridiron
 * Pants in Australian (and American) English most commonly refers to British English trousers, but in British English refers to Australian English underpants
 * Nursery in Australian English generally refers to a plant nursery, whereas in British English and American English it also often refers to a child care or daycare for pre-school age children
 * Paddock in Australian English refers to an open field or meadow whereas in American and British English it refers to a small agricultural enclosure
 * Premier in Australian English refers specifically to the head of government of an Australian state, whereas in British English it is used interchangeably with Prime Minister
 * Public school in Australian (and American) English refers to a state school. Australian and American English use private school to mean a non-government or independent school, in contrast with British English which uses public school to refer to the same thing
 * Pudding in Australian (and American) English refers to a particular sweet dessert dish, while in British English it often refers to dessert (the food course) in general
 * Thongs in Australian English refer to British and American English flip-flop (footwear), whereas in both American and British English it refers to Australian English G-string (underwear) (in Australian English the singular "thong" can refer to one half of a pair of the footwear or to a G-string, so care must be taken as to context)
 * Vest in Australian (and American) English refers to a padded upper garment or British English waistcoat but in British English refers to Australian English singlet

Idioms taking different forms in Australian English
In addition to the large number of uniquely Australian idioms in common use, there are instances of idioms taking different forms in Australian English than in other varieties, for instance:
 * A drop in the ocean (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE a drop in the bucket
 * A way to go (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE a ways to go
 * Home away from home (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to BrE home from home
 * Take (something) with a grain of salt (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to UK take with a pinch of salt
 * Touch wood (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE knock on wood
 * Wouldn't touch (something) with a ten-foot pole (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to BrE wouldn't touch with a barge pole

British and American English terms not commonly used in Australian English
There are extensive terms used in other varieties of English which are not widely used in Australian English. These terms usually do not result in Australian English speakers failing to comprehend speakers of other varieties of English, as Australian English speakers will often be familiar with such terms through exposure to media or may ascertain the meaning using context.

Non-exhaustive selections of British English and American English terms not commonly used in Australian English together with their definitions or Australian English equivalents are found in the collapsible table below:

British English terms not widely used in Australian English

 * Allotment (gardening): A community garden not connected to a dwelling
 * Artic or articulated lorry (vehicle): Australian English semi-trailer)
 * Aubergine (vegetable): Australian English eggplant
 * Bank holiday: Australian English public holiday
 * Barmy: Crazy, mad or insane.
 * Bedsit: Australian English studio (apartment)
 * Belisha beacon: A flashing light atop a pole used to mark a pedestrian crossing
 * Bin lorry: Australian English: rubbish truck or garbage truck
 * Bobby: A police officer, particularly one of lower rank
 * Cagoule: A lightweight raincoat or windsheeter
 * Candy floss (confectionery): Australian English fairy floss
 * Cash machine: Australian English automatic teller machine
 * Chav: Lower socio-economic person comparable to Australian English bogan
 * Child-minder: Australian English babysitter
 * Chivvy: To hurry (somebody) along. Australian English nag
 * Chrimbo: Abbreviation for Christmas comparable to Australian English Chrissy
 * Chuffed: To be proud (especially of oneself)
 * Cleg (insect): Australian English horsefly
 * Clingfilm: A plastic wrap used in food preparation. Australian English Glad wrap/cling wrap
 * Community payback: Australian English community service
 * Comprehensive school: Australian English state school or public school
 * Cooker: A kitchen appliance. Australian English stove and/or oven
 * Coppice: An area of cleared woodland
 * Council housing: Australian English public housing
 * Counterpane: A bed covering. Australian English bedspread
 * Courgette: A vegetable. Australian English zucchini
 * Creche: Australian English child care centre
 * (potato) Crisps: Australian English (potato) chips
 * Current account: Australian English transaction account
 * Dell: A small secluded hollow or valley
 * Do: Australian English party or social gathering
 * Doddle: An easy task
 * Doss (verb): To spend time idly
 * Drawing pin: Australian English thumb tack
 * Dungarees: Australian English overalls
 * Dustbin: Australian English garbage bin/rubbish bin
 * Dustcart: Australian English garbage truck/rubbish truck
 * Duvet: Australian English doona
 * Elastoplast or plaster: An adhesive used to cover small wounds. Australian English band-aid
 * Electrical lead: Australian English electrical cord
 * Estate car: Australian English station wagon
 * Fairy cake: Australian English cupcake
 * Father Christmas: Australian English Santa Claus
 * Fen: A low and frequently flooded area of land, similar to Australian English swamp
 * Free phone: Australian English toll-free
 * Gammon: Meat from the hind leg of pork. Australian English makes no distinction between gammon and ham
 * Git: A foolish person. Equivalent to idiot or moron
 * Goose pimples: Australian English goose bumps
 * Hacked off: To be irritated or upset, often with a person
 * Hairgrip: Australian English hairpin or bobbypin
 * Half-term: Australian English school holiday
 * Haulier: Australian English hauler
 * Heath: An area of dry grass or shrubs, similar to Australian English shrubland
 * Hoover (verb): Australian English to vacuum
 * Horsebox: Australian English horse float
 * Ice lolly: Australian English ice block or icy pole
 * Juicy bits: Small pieces of fruit residue found in fruit juice. Australian English pulp
 * Kip: To sleep
 * Kitchen roll: Australian English paper towel
 * Landslip: Australian English landslide
 * Lavatory: Australian English toilet (lavatory is used in Australian English for toilets on aeroplanes)
 * Lido: A public swimming pool
 * Lorry: Australian English truck
 * Loudhailer: Australian English megaphone
 * Mackintosh or mac: Australian English raincoat
 * Mangetout: Australian English snow pea
 * Marrow: Australian English squash
 * Minidish: A satellite dish for domestic (especially television) use
 * Moggie: A domestic short-haired cat
 * Moor: A low area prone to flooding, similar to Australian English swampland
 * Nettled: Irritated (especially with somebody)
 * Nosh: A meal or spread of food
 * Off-licence: Australian English bottle shop/Bottle-o
 * Pak choi: Australian English bok choy
 * Pavement: Australian English footpath
 * Pelican crossing: Australian English pedestrian crossing or zebra crossing
 * Peaky: Unwell or sickly
 * (red or green) Pepper (vegetable): Australian English capsicum
 * People carrier (vehicle): Australian English people mover
 * Pikey: An itinerant person. Similar to Australian English tramp
 * Pillar box: Australian English post box
 * Pillock: A mildly offensive term for a foolish or obnoxious person, similar to idiot or moron. Also refers to male genetalia
 * Plimsoll (footwear): Australian English sandshoe
 * Pneumatic drill: Australian English jackhammer
 * Polo neck (garment): Australian English skivvy
 * Poorly: Unwell or sick
 * Press-up (exercise): Australian English push-up
 * Pushchair: A wheeled cart for pushing a baby. Australian English: stroller or pram
 * Pusher: A wheeled cart for pushing a baby. Australian English: stroller or pram
 * Rodgering: A mildly offensive term for sexual intercourse, similar to Australian English rooting
 * Saloon (car): Australian English sedan
 * Scratchings (food): Solid material left after rendering animal (especially pork) fat. Australian English crackling)
 * Sellotape: Australian English sticky tape
 * Shan't: Australian English will not
 * Skive (verb): To play truant, particularly from an educational institution. Australian English to wag
 * Sleeping policeman: Australian English speed hump or speed bump
 * Snog (verb): To kiss passionately, equivalent to Australian English pash
 * Sod: A mildly offensive term for an unpleasant person
 * Spinney: A small area of trees and bushes
 * Strimmer: Australian English whipper snipper or line trimmer
 * Swan (verb): To move from one plact to another ostentatiously
 * Sweets: Australian English lollies
 * Tailback: A long queue of stationary or slow-moving traffic
 * Tangerine: Australian English mandarin
 * Tipp-Ex: Australian English white out or liquid paper
 * Trainers: Athletic footwear. Australian English runners or sneakers.
 * Turning (noun): Where one road branches from another. Australian English turn
 * Utility room: A room containing washing or other home appliances, similar to Australian English laundry
 * Value-added tax (VAT): Australian English goods and services tax (GST)
 * Wellington boots: Australian English gumboots
 * White spirit: Australian English turpentine

American English terms not widely used in Australian English

 * Acclimate: Australian English acclimatise
 * Airplane: Australian English aeroplane
 * Aluminum: Australian English aluminium
 * Baby carriage: Australian English stroller or pram
 * Bangs: A hair style. Australian English fringe
 * Baseboard (architecture): Australian English skirting board
 * Bayou: Australian English swamp/billabong
 * Bell pepper: Australian English capsicum
 * Bellhop: Australian English hotel porter
 * Beltway: Australian English ring road
 * Boondocks: An isolated, rural area. Australian English the sticks or Woop Woop or Beyond the black stump
 * Broil (cooking technique): Australian English grill
 * Bullhorn: Australian English megaphone
 * Burglarize: Australian English burgle
 * Busboy: A subclass of (restaurant) waiter
 * Candy: Australian English lollies
 * Cellular phone: Australian English mobile phone
 * Cilantro: Australian English coriander
 * Comforter: Australian English doona
 * Condominium: Australian English apartment
 * Counter-clockwise: Australian English anticlockwise
 * Coveralls: Australian English overalls
 * Crapshoot: A risky venture
 * Diaper: Australian English nappy
 * Downtown: Australian English central business district
 * Drapes: Australian English curtains
 * Drugstore: Australian English pharmacy or chemist
 * Drywall: Australian English plasterboard
 * Dumpster: Australian English skip bin
 * Fall (season): Australian English autumn
 * Fanny pack: Australian English bum bag
 * Faucet: Australian English tap
 * Flashlight: Australian English torch
 * Freshman: A first year student at a highschool or university
 * Frosting (cookery): Australian English icing
 * Gasoline: Australian English petrol
 * Gas pedal: Australian English accelerator
 * Gas Station: Australian English service station or petrol station
 * Glove compartment: Australian English glovebox
 * Golden raisin: Australian English sultana
 * Grifter: Australian English con artist
 * Ground beef: Australian English minced beef or mince
 * Hood (vehicle): Australian English bonnet
 * Hot tub: Australian English spa or spa bath
 * Jell-o: Australian English jelly
 * Ladybug: Australian English ladybird
 * Mail-man: Australian English postman or postie
 * Mass transit: Australian English public transport
 * Math: Australian English maths
 * Mineral spirits: Australian English turpentine
 * Nightstand: Australian English bedside table
 * Out-of-state: Australian English interstate
 * Pacifier: Australian English dummy
 * Parking lot: Australian English car park
 * Penitentiary: Australian English prison or jail
 * Period (punctuation): Australian English full stop
 * Play hooky (verb): To play truant from an educational institution. Equivalent to Australian English (to) wag
 * Popsicle: Australian English ice block or icy pole
 * Railroad: Australian English railway
 * Railroad ties: Australian English Railway sleepers
 * Rappel: Australian English abseil
 * Realtor: Australian English real estate agent
 * Root (sport): To enthusiastically support a sporting team. Equivalent to Australian English barrack
 * Row house: Australian English terrace house
 * Sales tax: Australian English goods and services tax (GST)
 * Saran wrap: Australian English plastic wrap or cling wrap
 * Scad: Australian English a large quantity
 * Scallion: Australian English spring onion
 * Sharpie (pen): Australian English permanent marker or texta or felt pen
 * Shopping cart: Australian English shopping trolley
 * Sidewalk: Australian English footpath
 * Silverware or flatware: Australian English cutlery
 * Soda pop: Australian English soft drink
 * Streetcar: Australian English tram
 * Sweater:Australian English jumper
 * Sweatpants: Australian English tracksuit pants/trackies
 * Tailpipe: Australian English exhaust pipe
 * Takeout: Australian English takeaway
 * Trash can: Australian English garbage bin or rubbish bin
 * Trunk (vehicle): Australian English boot
 * Turn signal: Australian English indicator
 * Turtleneck: Australian English skivvy
 * Upscale and downscale: Australian English upmarket and downmarket
 * Vacation: Australian English holiday
 * Windshield: Australian English windscreen

Grammar
The general rules of English Grammar which apply to Australian English are described at English grammar. Grammatical differences between varieties of English are minor relative to differences in phonology and vocabulary and do not generally affect intelligibility. Examples of grammatical differences between Australian English and other varieties include:
 * Collective nouns are generally singular in construction, e.g., the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide or the group was leaving as opposed to the group were leaving. This is in common with American English.
 * Australian English has an extreme distaste for the modal verbs shall (in non-legal contexts), shan't and ought (in place of will, won't and should respectively), which are encountered in British English. However, shall is found in the Australian Constitution, Acts of Parliament, and other formal or legal documents such as contracts.
 * Using should with the same meaning as would, e.g. I should like to see you, encountered in British English, is almost never encountered in Australian English.
 * River follows the name of the river in question, e.g., Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., River Thames. This is also the case in North American and New Zealand English. In South Australian English however, the reverse applies when referring to the following three rivers: Murray, Darling and Torrens. The Derwent in Tasmania also follows this convention.
 * While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i.e., She resigned Thursday, they are retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. This is shared with British English.
 * The institutional nouns hospital and university do not take the definite article: She's in hospital, He's at university. This is in contrast to American English where the is required: In the hospital, At the university.
 * On the weekend is used in favour of the British at the weekend which is not encountered in Australian English.
 * Ranges of dates use to, i.e., Monday to Friday, rather than Monday through Friday. This is shared with British English and is in contrast to American English.
 * When speaking or writing out numbers, and is always inserted before the tens, i.e., one hundred and sixty-two rather than one hundred sixty-two. This is in contrast to American English, where the insertion of and is acceptable but nonetheless either casual or informal.
 * The preposition to in write to (e.g. "I'll write to you") is always retained, as opposed to American usage where it may be dropped.
 * Australian English does not share the British usage of read (v) to mean "study" (v). Therefore, it may be said that "He studies medicine" but not that "He reads medicine".
 * When referring to time, Australians will refer to 10:30 as half past ten and do not use the British half ten. Similarly, a quarter to ten is used for 9:45 rather than (a) quarter of ten, which is sometimes found in American English.
 * Australian English does not share the British English meaning of sat to include sitting or seated. Therefore, uses such as I've been sat here for an hour are not encountered in Australian English.
 * To have a shower or have a bath are the most common usages in Australian English, in contrast to American English which uses take a shower and take a bath.
 * The past participle of saw is sawn (e.g. sawn-off shotgun) in Australian English, in contrast to the American English sawed.
 * The verb visit is transitive in Australian English. Where the object is a person or people, American English also uses visit with, which is not found in Australian English.
 * An outdoor event which is cancelled due to inclement weather is rained out in Australian English. This is in contrast to British English where it is said to be rained off.
 * In informal speech, sentence-final but may be used, e.g. "I don't want to go but" in place of "But I don't want to go". This is also found in Scottish English.
 * In informal speech, the discourse markers yeah no (or yeah nah) and no yeah (or nah yeah) may be used to mean "no" and "yes" respectively.

Spelling and style
As in all English-speaking countries, there is no central authority that prescribes official usage with respect to matters of spelling, grammar, punctuation or style.

Spelling
There are several dictionaries of Australian English which adopt a descriptive approach. The Macquarie Dictionary and the Australian Oxford Dictionary are most commonly used by universities, governments and courts as the standard for Australian English spelling.

Australian spelling is significantly closer to British than American spelling, as it did not adopt the systematic reforms promulgated in Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary. Notwithstanding, the Macquarie Dictionary often lists most American spellings as acceptable secondary variants.

The minor systematic differences which occur between Australian and American spelling are summarised below:
 * French-derived words which in American English end with or, such as color, honor, behavior and labor, are spelt with our in Australian English: colour, honour, behaviour and labour. Exceptions are the Australian Labor Party and some (especially South Australian) placenames which use Harbor, notably Victor Harbor.
 * Words which in American English end with ize, such as realize, recognize and apologize are spelt with ise in Australian English: realise, recognise and apologise. The British Oxford spelling, which uses the ize endings, remains a minority variant. The Macquarie Dictionary says that the -ise form as opposed to -ize sits at 3:1. The sole exception to this is capsize, which is used in all varieties.
 * Words which in American English end with yze, such as analyze, paralyze and catalyze are spelt with yse in Australian English: analyse, paralyse and catalyse.
 * French-derived words which in American English end with er, such as fiber, center and meter are spelt with re in Australian English: fibre, centre and metre (the unit of measurement only, not physical devices; so gasometer, voltmeter).
 * Words which end in American English end with log, such as catalog, dialog and monolog are usually spelt with logue in Australian English: catalogue, dialogue and monologue; however, the Macquarie Dictionary lists the log spelling as the preferred variant for analog.
 * A double-consonant l is retained in Australian English when adding suffixes to words ending in l where the consonant is unstressed, contrary to American English. Therefore, Australian English favours cancelled, counsellor, and travelling over American canceled, counselor and traveling.
 * Where American English uses a double-consonant ll in the words skillful, willful, enroll, distill, enthrall, fulfill and installment, Australian English uses a single consonant: skilful, wilful, enrol, distil, enthral, fulfil and instalment. However, the Macquarie Dictionary has noted a growing tendency to use the double consonant.
 * The American English defense and offense are spelt defence and offence in Australian English.
 * In contrast with American English, which uses practice and license for both nouns and verbs, practice and licence are nouns while practise and license are verbs in Australian English.
 * Words with ae and oe are often maintained in words such as oestrogen and paedophilia, in contrast to the American English practice of using e alone (as in estrogen and pedophilia). The Macquarie Dictionary has noted a shift within Australian English towards using e alone, and now lists some words such as encyclopedia, fetus, eon or hematite with the e spelling as the preferred variant and hence Australian English varies by word when it comes to these sets of words.

Minor systematic difference which occur between Australian and British spelling are as follows:
 * Words often ending in eable in British English end in able in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours livable over liveable, sizable over sizeable, movable over moveable, etc., although both variants are acceptable.
 * Words often ending in eing in British English end in ing in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours aging over ageing, or routing over routeing, etc., although both variants are acceptable.
 * Words often ending in mme in British English end in m in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours program over programme (in all contexts) and aerogram over aerogramme, although both variants are acceptable. Similar to Canada, New Zealand and the United States, (kilo)gram is the only spelling.

Other examples of individual words where the preferred spelling is listed by the Macquarie Dictionary as being different from current British spellings include analog as opposed to analogue, guerilla as opposed to guerrilla, verandah as opposed to veranda, burqa as opposed to burka, pastie (noun) as opposed to pasty, neuron as opposed to neurone, hicup as opposed to hicough, annex as opposed to annexe, raccoon as opposed to racoon etc. Unspaced forms such as onto, anytime, alright and anymore are also listed as being equally as acceptable as their spaced counterparts.

There is variation between and within varieties of English in the treatment of -t and -ed endings for past tense verbs. The Macquarie Dictionary does not favour either, but it suggests that leaped, leaned or learned (with -ed endings) are more common but spelt and burnt (with -t endings) are more common.

Different spellings have existed throughout Australia's history. What are today regarded as American spellings were popular in Australia throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the Victorian Department of Education endorsing them into the 1970s and The Age newspaper until the 1990s. This influence can be seen in the spelling of the Australian Labor Party and also in some place names such as Victor Harbor. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary has been credited with re-establishing the dominance of the British spellings in the 1920s and 1930s. For a short time during the late 20th century, Harry Lindgren's 1969 spelling reform proposal (Spelling Reform 1 or SR1) gained some support in Australia and was adopted by the Australian Teachers' Federation and minister Doug Everingham in personal correspondence.

Punctuation and style
Prominent general style guides for Australian English include the Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage, the Australian Government Style Manual (formerly the Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers), the Australian Handbook for Writers and Editors and the Complete Guide to English Usage for Australian Students.

Both single and double quotation marks are in use, with single quotation marks preferred for use in the first instance, with double quotation marks reserved for quotes of speech within speech. Logical (as opposed to typesetter's) punctuation is preferred for punctuation marks at the end of quotations. For instance, Sam said he 'wasn't happy when Jane told David to "go away. is used in preference to Sam said he "wasn't happy when Jane told David to 'go away.

The DD/MM/YYYY date format is followed and the 12-hour clock is generally used in everyday life (as opposed to service, police, and airline applications).

With the exception of screen sizes, metric units are used in everyday life, having supplanted imperial units upon the country's switch to the metric system in the 1970s, although imperial units persist in casual references to a person's height. Tyre and bolt sizes (for example) are defined in imperial units where appropriate for technical reasons.

In betting, decimal odds are used in preference to fractional odds, as used in the United Kingdom, or moneyline odds in the United States.

Keyboard layout
There are two major English language keyboard layouts, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Australian market universally uses the US keyboard layout, which lacks the pound (£), euro and negation symbols and uses a different layout for punctuation symbols from the UK keyboard layout.

title: Australian English


text:
Talk:ANZAC

Misc
Readers are going to be going to their local supermarket asking the sales clerks which aisle the "inter alia" is in. Couldn't we say it in English?

storing this here for now: "Within Australia (I am unsure about New Zealand) the ANZACs came to stood not just for the troops in World War I, but for Australian soliders in time of war more generally."

The above, minus the parenthetical comment, is already on the main page. Better a crime of omission than comission, IMHO. --KQ

I moved the following from Anzac and redirected that to Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. I don't think the biscuits are important enough to warrant turning Anzac into a disambiguation page, but someone might want to merge the content here if they think it's useful. Angela. 16:09, Apr 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * also:

 * Anzac - a type of biscuit (cookie) made to an original Scottish recipe from, inter alia, rolled oats, sugar, plain flour, coconut, butter, golden syrup or treacle but no eggs providing, when appropriately packed, good keeping qualities which enabled them to be sent as comforts to Australian and New Zealand troops in overseas theatres of war.

Why only Australian Army
on the top right. Surely there should be a NZ flag etc as well! Hamedog 00:34, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a template box pulled in by Australian Army with two curly brackets on each end. There's also a New Zealand Army lower down.  They should be together, one after the other.  When I tried to do that, however, they ended up side-by-side which looks crap.  Can someone make them vertically under each other? Shermozle 09:48, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * External Links
 * [History of Anzac biscuits]

There's already an well-established Anzac biscuits article, anyway. Can this article be moved back to Anzac where it started from? It doesn't have a great deal to do with the corps and so is out of place amongst the rest of the 1st AIF series. It seems it was cut and pasted first from "Anzac" to "ANZAC" and then to "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps" so somehow the edit histories need to be merged, at least between "Anzac" and this article. Geoff/Gsl 12:05, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (army corps)
Why is there a separate article at Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (army corps)? Should the two be merged?--A Y  Arktos 10:15, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree. There is a lot of redundant material duplicated between the two articles and the Army Corps (army corps) article has a confusingly redundant title. Either that, or the "Army Corps (army corps)" article should be renamed (see discussion on the Army Corps (army corps) talk page). Hu 02:12, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Can't there be more about New Zealand because they were in this organisation two, note the NZ in ANZAC.

--

It seems reasonable that these two articles should be merged. The existance of two similarly named articles is confusing. I am not familiar enought with the content to do the merge, but I am adding a "see also" to both pages, so that users can find both. Chimpex 16:19, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

ANZAC redirect
ANZAC is currently a disambiguation page listing Anzac biscuits and so forth. Every single thing on the page is named after the Australian and NZ Army Corps, so it seems a bit ridiculous for ANZAC to be a disambiguation page rather than a redirect to here. I propose making ANZAC (disambiguation) the disambiguation page, and ANZAC a redirect to here. --Helenalex (talk) 03:50, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

ANZAC / Anzac
The original term 'ANZAC' began as a telegraphic address. We refer to it now as an 'acronym', but that terminology was never used in contemporary writing on the topic, probably because the use of acronyms - and I mean the actual definition of an acronym, not an abbreviation - was nowhere near as common in 1915 as it is today. The soldiers were known as 'Anzacs', the holiday as 'Anzac Day' and the location as 'Anzac Cove' and the 'Anzac sector'. All contemporary sources refer to these as proper nuns, not as fully-capitalised acronyms. For references see the Wikipedia discussion on the 'Anzac Day' page. Similarly, I Anzac Corps and II Anzac Corps were not named 'I ANZAC Corps' and 'II ANZAC Corps' (besides which the the final 'C' in 'ANZAC' stands for 'Corps' anyway), and the Anzac Mounted Division was not named 'ANZAC Mounted Division'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hayaman (talk • contribs) 04:12, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was consensus against mass move. No prejudice to discussing individual cases where move is warranted on the relevant talk page. —  æk Talk 05:10, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

ANZAC → Anzac — While "ANZAC" was originally an acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, the word (much like sonar) has entered common usage, as a word representing Australia–New Zealand co-operation as these articles show. Per WP:ALLCAPS, writing in all capitals is discouraged in Wikipedia, so it would make sense to change the usage of "ANZAC" to "Anzac". Some articles are already at the usage I am proposing, such as Anzac Day, which was moved after a discussion last year. Sorry about there being so many pages involved in the move, but I believe the policy is consistant for all of them. Note for the television show, currently at ANZACS (TV series), the disambiguator "(TV series)" is not required, as Anzacs already redirects there. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 16:09, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * ANZAC biscuit → Anzac biscuit
 * ANZAC spirit → Anzac spirit
 * ANZAC Bridge → Anzac Bridge
 * ANZAC Cove → Anzac Cove
 * ANZAC Parade, Canberra → Anzac Parade, Canberra
 * ANZAC Square, Brisbane → Anzac Square, Brisbane
 * ANZAC Test → Anzac Test
 * ANZAC War Memorial → Anzac War Memorial
 * ANZACS (TV series) → Anzacs Anzacs (TV series)
 * ANZAC (disambiguation) → Anzac (disambiguation)

Survey

 * Neutral on ANZAC → Anzac. I know the term principally as the acronym in all caps (WWI history) so I am going to differ to Australians and kiwis on this one. Oppose ANZACS (TV series) → Anzacs. I would support ANZACS (TV series) → Anzacs (TV series), I think the qualifier is needed. The term Anzacs appears to be more commonly used describe pluralized ANZAC troops. So I'd like to see Anzacs point to Anzac, not the show. Support the remainder. --Labattblueboy (talk) 18:07, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for commenting. I think with the tv show, you could just use a hatnote to direct people looking for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, but whatever works. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 18:51, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose at this article as it is an acronym when referring to the Corps, but when used as an adjective, I agree that common usage means it would be "Anzac" in other articles - eg Anzac Day, Anzac biscuits and so on. Orderinchaos 21:13, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm of pretty much the same view as Orderinchaos. This article probably belongs at ANZAC, since it is an acronym. In other uses it's largely regarded as an adjectival word, so lower-casing the latter letteres makes sense. I see no rerason why there shouldn't be redirects from the alternative capitalisations in some cases, though - we should have an Anzac (disambiguation) redirecting to ANZAC (disambiguation) or vice versa, and this page's article should have a redirect from Anzac, for instance. Grutness...wha?  22:01, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * FWIW, I have never, ever, seen Anzac Square or Anzac Avenue in Dunedin spelt in all caps. Grutness...wha?  00:13, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * You've never looked at the street sign then. ;-) Hesperian 05:11, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Keeping this article at this title seems fine, as I suppose this article actually discusses the usage of "ANZAC" as an acronym, rather than, say, discussing what the Anzac spirit is for example. I'm more interested in moving the other articles, like Anzac biscuit. I'll strike out the move request for this page. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 23:17, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose Whilst some organisations have a policy of dropping the capitals for acronymns (e.g. The Guardian), this isn't the case for wikipedia. See UNICEF, NATO, ASEAN et al. Digestible (talk) 05:27, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. We should do what reliable sources do. Reliable sources are about 50-50 on this. Therefore there is no reason to change our own usage, yet. Hesperian 06:52, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose for this page as its the acronym. For the place, street names caution should be exercised to ensure the capitalisations are consistant with the official naming. Where its used as an adjective I support the change to Anzac xxxx. For the TV(hmm Tv, tv...) series again the article should be at what ever the official title is(plus dab/qualifier), I do agree with Labattblueboy ANZACS/Anzacs should redirect to this article with a hat note for the dab page. Gnangarra 16:16, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose While I agree with using lowercase when the word is used as an adjective, I'd also argue that we should be very careful about which form we use and, where the capitalisation is questionable, we should defer to ANZAC as the original form. ANZAC Bridge is one such case. I had hoped to find an official document that confirmed the spelling but I haven't been successful. The RTA page is titled "Anzac Bridge" but refers to "ANZAC Bridge" in the opening sentence. The reason for renaming the bridge would imply that "ANZAC" is the correct spelling but various photos of the bridge don't help confirm that either, even though they do show "ANZAC", not "Anzac". Being based on the spirit of the original ANZACS, which used the all uppercase acronym, ANZAC spirit seems appropriately titled, as does ANZAC Cove, which is named after the ANZACS. (They weren't referred to as "Anzacs" at the time). As far as I'm aware, ANZAC Parade and ANZAC War Memorial are the actual names of those places so their articles are titled appropriately. I was interested to find that ANZAC park in Raymond Terrace is listed on the NSW Geographical Names Register as "Anzac Park". I've seen the actual paperwork used to register that name and I've seen the return confirmation using "ANZAC" so even official registers seem to vary the capitalisation. Electronic media isn't always accurate! --AussieLegend (talk) 08:48, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Merge discussion
Proposed merger of ANZAC into Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. All the content of Anzac relates to the WWI Corps. I certainly view the Corps as the primary topics. Opinions? --Labattblueboy (talk) 18:07, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd be inclined to keep them seperate, but you do have a point in that much of the content is duplicated. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 18:57, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Support Merge If not identical topics then at least a very heavy overlap. Digestible (talk) 07:05, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Support merge: seems like a sensible idea. Sceptre (talk) 18:03, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Support merge Both are short, intimately related articles. --AussieLegend (talk) 19:14, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:ANZAC


text:
Talk:Anatolia

RfC: Should the map be changed?
I think just including all of Asian Turkey as Anatolia significantly decreases confusion, as there is no defined border of Anatolia. Besides, in Turkey, all of Asian Turkey is just referred to as simply Anatolia. Youprayteas (t • c) 17:41, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose See, which is as represented in the map. DeCausa (talk) 18:14, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay. But, the Anatolian Peninsula, the area referred more commonly in anicent times, and the culturally designated Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu), which is just Asian Turkey as used by Turks are different. The article seems to compose both. What about the usage of two maps? Youprayteas (t • c) 18:21, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's a difference between the generally accepted international geographical definition per the map and the political definition of the Turkish government. I think two maps would be excessive/too clunky. But what would be good is if we could have the two boundaries on the same map. Do you have the skills? (I don't) If not perhaps we could get someone at Graphics Lab/Map workshop to make one. DeCausa (talk) 18:26, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * While I have experience creating maps on paint apps, I don’t have any information on specifically Wikipedia type of maps, so yes, I think getting someone to do that would be the best option. Youprayteas (t • c) 18:34, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So I've put in the request here: Graphics Lab/Map workshop/Archive/Feb 2024. DeCausa (talk) 21:53, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * and, the current map should be changed while Graphics Lab request is ongoing, because the current map is biased and only uses one definition. We can just put an image without borders for now like this . Bogazicili (talk) 18:15, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good option at the time. Let's wait for DeCausa's opinion. Youprayteas (t • c) 18:18, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think that works - it's too ambiguous - it gives the impression that Anatolia covers territory that no one calls Anatolia i.e a big chunk of the northern Levant. The current map isn't "biased", it's a long standing geographical definition per Merriam Webster. It's may be incomplete in that it doesn't show the other definition. But that's different. I would suggest the better short term approach is to add to the caption to refer to the other definition going to the eastern boundaries of Turkey - which are actually shown on the map. Otherwise, have patience and wait to see what comes out of the map lab. DeCausa (talk) 20:09, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipeda is a volunteer-based platform, your request may not be answered in Graphics Lab. And yes, it is definitely a biased map, favoring one definition while completely ignoring the other. Regarding your suggestion here, no it's not just the "Turkish Government definition" that Anatolia means Asian Turkey. And if you don't like that image, this image can be used . I liked the NASA image because it's an actual image from space. And its caption could have read "Anatolia and surrounding areas". Bogazicili (talk) 17:09, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said before (which you haven't answered) it's misleading because it doesn't show which part of it is Anatolia. The same is true of this other map you linked to. You didn't address my actual post (rather than the one I deleted): the current map could temporarily show both definitions since it shows the Turkish eastern boundary. It just requires amending the caption to explain it. DeCausa (talk) 17:29, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I did respond: 'And its caption could have read "Anatolia and surrounding areas"'. The coloring in current map is biased. It'd be non biased if it was an all grey map. Bogazicili (talk) 17:34, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment Two color map for both definitions would make more sense than the current one. Bogazicili (talk) 19:03, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree too, as that is what we agreed on with @DeCausa. Youprayteas (t • c) 19:05, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree to changing the map. Ideally a map that shows both definitions. But a general map such as  until then, with appropriate captions. Bogazicili (talk) 17:16, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * As I explained above, neither are suitable as they don't delineate Anatolia. DeCausa (talk) 17:30, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * See above. Bogazicili (talk) 17:34, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Proposed solution is fine. Map that shows both definitions seems like a good way to present it, presuming the information can be put in an uncluttered manner. I don't think there has been WP:RFCBEFORE done to warrant a full RfC, though; doesn't seem to be too much contention here, unless there is previous political drama hidden from view? Fermiboson (talk) 10:22, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per DeCausa. I don't think that Turkey's opinion, merely one of about 200 sovereign states, should be put on equal footing with the definition used by mainstream geographers in the rest of the world. JM (talk) 02:52, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Incorrect. Besides Merriam-Webster geographic dictionary, no modern source seems to define it as depicted in the current map. Bogazicili (talk) 17:37, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose – per above. To add what I think is vital context, one of the trickiest needles to thread in Wikipedia is appropriately weighing what are essentially nationalist historiographies, in this case the post-Ottoman and post-Russian imperial states over the course of the 20th century. They are nationalist in that they are overtly teleological to various degrees, and also in that they have various levels of state support, often to a surprising degree those from Anglosphere countries where we got most of this over with in the centuries previous. Obviously, the nationalist historiographies may contradict one another, as well as other approaches, and it is difficult if one is not aware of their emergence. I think it's vital that volume and due weight of sources be assessed with these contingencies in mind. Remsense  诉  03:04, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed, we need due weight. Besides Merriam-Webster geographic dictionary, no modern source seems to define it as depicted in the current map. Also the current map is WP:Original Research. This map uses a 1907 map as the source. While Merriam-Webster geographic dictionary talks about an "indeterminate line", we don't exactly know what that line is, from a modern source. Bogazicili (talk) 18:09, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is it wrong that this doesn't stress me out? It's a geographical region, not a political or geological one. Maps like these are supposed to be helpful at a glance.
 * Is it? Maps are reasonable sources for information in the same ways prose is. It's not original research, it's just transferring the information communicated by the 1907 map to a new format. There isn't something deeply epistemological troubling there any more than there is when rewriting a paragraph of prose. Remsense  诉  08:24, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:ORMEDIA explicitly excludes maps that simply re-present sourced information from being considered OR. JM (talk) 08:27, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is OR. The OR part is presenting a historic map as a modern map. The historic map would be ok further down in the article, talking about historic uses. The map in the lead should be the modern definition only. Also, it's not just a geographical region. Why did you think that? Bogazicili (talk) 11:39, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What is the original research? Rather, what are the new claims being made that aren't attested in existing sources? Remsense  诉  11:40, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The "indefinite line from the Gulf of Iskenderun to the Black Sea" can have so many variations. Straight dashes would have been less OR. Bogazicili (talk) 11:57, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also it's shocking you managed to vote Oppose, even though the current map is biased. Bogazicili (talk) 11:57, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The present map directly traces the boundaries of the 1907 map, as far as I can tell.
 * I would be fine with dashes or whatever preferred expression of inexactitude. It doesn't matter that much, as it's largely a geographical term. to me At least, I wouldn't really know another compelling geological or other definition for it, forgive my ignorance.
 * (⇒ This is OR now ⇒) To me, Anatolia means "the peninsula geometrically framed by these two seas", as lived in by Hittites, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, and Turks Seljuk, Ottoman, and republican. I don't know who I'm biased towards, if I'm being honest—sorry that I gave off that impression.
 * Remsense 诉  12:12, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, thank you for admitting you voted even though you were ignorant about the subject. I suggest you review the sources in the article.
 * Saying that you want a map showing ONLY one definition with one source, while ignoring the other definition with at least 5 sources, including McColl, R. W. (2014). Encyclopedia of World Geography, is extremely biased. Bogazicili (talk) 12:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've read the article and its sources. I'm saying I don't really understand the utility of a wholly administrative definition of Anatolia, its utility has been geographical and historical in my life to date. Is there a term for what I meant when I've previously said "Anatolia" when discussing Bronze Age history, or whatever? That's not a rhetorical question, and I'm not trying to annoy you, and I apologize if I'm testing your patience. Remsense  诉  12:32, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * So you are saying that you are aware multiple sources is defining Anatolia as the entire Asian side of the Turkey. But it doesn't make sense to you personally. As such, you voted to keep the biased map. See: WP:V and WP:NPOV. You aren't annoying me, but I'm not interested in WP:Forum discussions. Bogazicili (talk) 12:40, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Forgive me if this sounds stupid now, but I guess I don't see why older sources are seen as wholly unreliable for this particular instance. I don't feel like I understand why we are justified in essentially writing "There used to be other definitions of Anatolia, but they are wrong now, because they now wholly align with the international borders of a modern nation-state. Because that's the tone I feel like we're arriving at. Could you concretely articulate why historical sources aren't reliable in this case, other than by virtue of being old? Are we not interested in historical concepts of geographical terms? Did they not know where the Black Sea and plateau were as well, so we have no reason to find their notion useful? If you disagree, then you disagree and I don't have any other points to make. If everyone else accepts Anatolia is a national term, then that's fine. It's been that for most of its history. Remsense  诉  12:54, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, so you are saying Asia should show this Asia (Roman province), because the latter is the historical definition? I guess definitions never change and we should use the oldest ones? Again, you are engaging in WP:FORUM, I'll probably not respond to you any further. Bogazicili (talk) 12:58, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You're not being very civil. There are sources which show the current map. It's not a map out of ancient times. We are not obligated to take the Turkish perspective. And yes, Anatolia is only a geographical term. It refers to a geographical area. It's not an administrative division, and it's not an organization. JM (talk) 18:59, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The maps were not changed because of Turkish government name changes. The maps were drawn like this for a long time. No one outside of Turkey cared. Maybe they did not change until after NATO was established. Because of NATO the date of the sources does matter for the geographical question. (I explain below why the article is not only a geography article). Cornsimpel (talk) 13:24, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You're not being very civil. There are sources which show the current map. It's not a map out of ancient times. We are not obligated to take the Turkish perspective. And yes, Anatolia is only a geographical term. It refers to a geographical area. It's not an administrative division, and it's not an organization. JM (talk) 18:59, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The maps were not changed because of Turkish government name changes. The maps were drawn like this for a long time. No one outside of Turkey cared. Maybe they did not change until after NATO was established. Because of NATO the date of the sources does matter for the geographical question. (I explain below why the article is not only a geography article). Cornsimpel (talk) 13:24, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment I am undecided. After a bad reaction from community members to my edits about this subject, I do not edit about it anymore, but I think I am allowed to write on the talk page. The cultural heterogeneity reflected by this line is ancient and recognized in many specialized fields like art history, biblical history, archaeology, etc. However, the concern about due weight and original research mean that I can not support or oppose at this time. The act of drawing a dividing line on a map represents a political boundary in our culture and understanding, so I think visitors to the article will interpret it that way. Our geography articles use modern maps. Anyone can see the map drawn this way in many older sources, and you can see that it is not drawn this way anymore in any mainstream sources. I consider Wikipedia to present the mainstream. But it is not only a geography article. We would not need a geography article for the Asian part of an established country which has its own country article. It is a cultural construct of relevance to specialized areas of study in the Western universities, and this may be why mainstream scholars working in the country follow the political view. I would support removing the infobox because it is the best way to convey information in some articles. I will be following the discussion, so I hope my comments are not offensive to anyone. I can be reached on my talk page if this is a concern about my comments. Cornsimpel (talk) 04:14, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Even if we don't have an infobox, we should still have a map to show where in the world it is. My opinion is that geographic articles should always have maps. JM (talk) 04:24, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree to changing the map I had originally said I'd prefer a map showing both definitions. Upon looking at the sources, it's clear that the primary definition is the entire Asian side of the Turkey, and this is used by multiple sources such as McColl, R. W. (2014). Encyclopedia of World Geography. The only modern source for the alternative definition seems to be Merriam Webster Geographic Dictionary. The current map also uses a 1907 map, there is no modern map, just the description from Merriam. As such, I'd now prefer a map without borders such as these, or a map showing entire Asian Turkey. Showing both definitions in the map seems WP:UNDUE, unless more modern sources for the alternative definition is found. The current map seems more suited for the history section.  and , what are your thoughts? I'm asking because you two because you had responded to my earlier comments. Bogazicili (talk) 11:50, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Note This RfC was opened almost 4 months ago. Multiple new sources have been added since then. Bogazicili (talk) 16:14, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

"Erdschias-Gebiet" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erdschias-Gebiet&redirect=no Erdschias-Gebiet] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mia Mahey (talk) 01:46, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

The map issue again
There seems to be only one modern source with limited definition of Anatolia (Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary) as far as I'm aware. Most sources define Anatolia as the entire Asian area of Turkey. As such, the current map is inappropriate. Bogazicili (talk) 11:41, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anatolia