text:
Talk:History of Spain

Spain joins NATO
Spain joined NATO under the last UCD's Government, with Calvo Sotelo in office; the government rushed to because polls suggested that the PSOE, a party that opposed it, would eventually win the next general elections. The Referendum that came later asked the voters to leave (or not) the Organisation while modifying the status of the relationship. The result was not to leave it. I have fixed this mistake. --Uncertain 11:29, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

18th c. Spain - Enlightenment & Backwardness
I am relatively new to this process. Nonetheless, I am concerned about the characterization of Spain in the eighteenth century. Spain emphatically DID absorb the ideals of the Enlightenment (e.g. - The Jesuits before their expulsion or the military reforms following the Seven Years' War). Nor did Spain fall impossibly behind England and France. As late as 1796, Spain had the largest navy in Western Europe, as well as 4 of 7 and 5 of the 9 largest warships in the world. It retained control of the largest European empire in the world (the English and the French both lost the bulk of theirs during the 1700s). And all this was accomplished without the enormous national debt incurred by either England or France. Moreover, if we want to push things even further forward, more than half of all the ships fighting at Trafalgar -- on both sides -- were built by the Spanish in Spain and Havana. How might we correct these misperceptions?

Can you source? my book says the second largest navy after the British in 1786--EuroHistoryTeacher (talk) 23:28, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Maps
Historical maps of Spain: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/spain_910_1492.jpg jengod 21:37, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Ferdinand and Isabel
I'm not sure why there is no mention of Ferdinand and Isabel, the union of Castile and Aragon, etc. Given that that this was a pivotal set of events in the creation of what became Spain, shouldn't there be substantial discussion about this? See, e.g., Treaty of Alcaçovas for starters. NorCalHistory 19:45, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Lead section not compliant with WP:LEAD
The lead section is not compliant with WP:LEAD. The lead section is supposed to summarize the entire article, and entice the reader to read more. NorCalHistory 20:02, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * While I am continuing to add to the lead section, I am aware that my additions are also not (yet) compliant with WP:LEAD, because the additions occasionally refer to matters which are not (yet) included in the main text (such as the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand). The hope is that additions may be made to the main text, so as to fill-in missing information. NorCalHistory 21:59, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

The heavy editing of the lead section is essentially done, and I have upgraded some of the early sections (taking better material from Spain). The rest of the main text needs filling, such as the Ferdinand and Isabella story.NorCalHistory 21:58, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

The lead section is still not in compliance. It's supposed to be a concise summary of the article. Right now it's huge. In fact I was reading through the lead just now and I was surprised to see a table of contents at the bottom, 'cause I thought that was the actual article. It's wayyyyyy too long. Most of that info does not need to be there. 68.8.108.62 00:42, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Judging by the above comments, the reason the lead section is so long is that the article is too short.--Shtove 11:56, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

WIKIPEDIA
This web sit is reall get any info from it

Proposal to merge Prehistoric Spain with Prehistoric Portugal & move to Prehistoric Iberia
Currently, the text of Prehistoric Spain seems really to be about prehistoric Iberia. Similarly, the text of Prehistoric Portugal seems really to be about the same thing. This would be perfectly understandable seeing as there was no Spain and no Portugal in prehistoric times. I have argued therefore that it would be best to have these articles merged under a title which indicates the geographical region rather than the modern states. I have proposed the articles be merged and moved to Prehistoric Iberia. Please come and discuss the proposal. Jimp 09:32, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello Jim. If the merge goes through, what shall we do with Pre-Roman Portugal? You see, Prehistoric Spain encompasses a period that the "Portuguese" articles differentiated into Prehistoric Portugal and Pre-Roman Portugal. Should we merge them all? The Ogre 13:48, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * May I request that this conversation (also) take place at WP:SPAIN? As a courtesy to the WP:SPAIN members, I will place a link there to this conversation.   Espana  Viva  20:44, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Spain since 1978 section
The "Spain since 1978" section should be restructured to be written in complete sentences, instead of sentence fragments. If "The Unión del Centro Democrático governments. 1981 The 23-F coup d'état attempt." is meant to be a section subhead, it should be turned into that: as it is, it looks like someone's class notes. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 01:46, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Peer review requested for Madrid article
A Peer review has been requested for Madrid, the article about the capital city of Spain. Please feel free to edit the Madrid article to improve it and/or leave a comment at Peer_review. Espana Viva  19:00, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Spain in the American Revolutionary War
Help expand this article, please. Spain doesn't get her due credit for her contribution to victory in the war. You can help correct that. SamEV 03:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

This article states the following:

The eighteenth century saw a new dynasty, the Bourbons, which directed considerable effort towards the institutional renewal of the state, with some success, peaking in a successful involvement in the American War of Independence.

The Bourbon reform also reaped rewards in the success the Spanish had against the British in the War of Jenkins Ear(1739) and the military success they had in 1744 in their re-assertion of power in Italy at the expense of the Austrians.--Charles A 04:15, 27 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Scipio-62 (talk • contribs)

spain
what were the needs and wants that made spain come to america

Clearly there are many needs and wants that Spain had. But what is important is to look at the type of empire that Spain was. By understanding how a state ruled, it usually gives way to why their actions occur. In general, one can sum up reasons as "God, glory and gold." That tends to be the motivation for countries in the Age of Discovery. Spain put a lot of emphasis on the saving of souls. When they went to new areas, they brought with them missionaries that were there to convert the indigenous population. The more people they could save, the more freedom actual Spanish people had in the realm of Europe because they were more likely to have papal support as well as more support from the common class.Spartemis (talk) 05:17, 4 April 2011 (UTC)Spartemis

Introduction
I may cut down the introduction a bit, since it is getting somewhat long for an intro. Also, some of the illustrations in the introduction are rather large, and I'll likely move them to their respective sections in the article. AlexiusHoratius 07:19, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I cut down the introduction to three paragraphs, plus the introductory sentence. The major events are still mentioned, and the size is now more in line with WP:LEAD. AlexiusHoratius 01:21, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Poorly written
4 Muslim Occupation and the Reconquest (8th–15th centuries)

I got confused reading this part. I think it's very poorly written. There are a lot of things not mentioned, example what is Al-Andalus and what is reconquest, just to name two unexplained terms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.111.27.144 (talk) 18:46, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I´d like to add, that reading this secting I was curious about what where the northern kingdoms that have never been conquered by the moors. I don´t nkow the answer so maybe someone oculd add this? I just know that Asturias, the cradle of Reconquista had been conquered and the Reconquista started as uprisals in Asturias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.158.102.165 (talk) 23:55, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Terrible!
Has anyone actually read this garbage? "The history of Spain spans the period from pre-historic times, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's modern-day renaissance in the post-Franco era" I would not accept this as a paper from a college sophomore. This is: trite, biased, silly nonsense! It lacks any academic substance at all. Please fix. You can start by throwing this article in the trash and starting over. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacoblite (talk • contribs) 20:43, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion
Is that big coat of arms at the top really needed? I think it is superfluous because the coat of arms is not discussed in the introduction. I suggest replacing it with the History of Spain series template that appears below. --Anna Lincoln (talk) 14:30, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Question - Mesta
Can anyone who watches this page direct me to a relatively brief, in English, but authoritative account of when, how and why the Mesta collapsed? Thanks, Slrubenstein  |  Talk 00:51, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello Slrubenstein! What's the Mesta? The Ogre (talk) 10:18, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

An association of sheepherders/woolproducers formed by the Crown of Castile in 1274 I think. Wool produces by the Mesta was one of Spain's biggst explorts in the 17th century. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 21:44, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * AH! Ok, the Mesta. Let me search. The Ogre (talk) 12:47, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

---

The first Global Empire was Portugal.

In 1500-1501 - the first one in 4(or 5) Continents and the first one spread by some more Subcontinents - and with the first Establishments in the Moluccas, Ceram and Banda Islands in 1512-1513 the first in 5(or 6) Continents - in fact already in the Australian continental plate - and proclaiming nominal domain on west Papua (New Guinea) in 1526.

- Let us respect the Truth and History.

Of course Spain and Portugal joined in 1580 to 1640 had formed wider a double truily global empire.

In other way You could write that the Spanish empire with the Portuguese, was one of the first global empires. Became better historical justice.

Charles V was the most powerful monarch of his day
source :, if anybody would be kind to put it as a citation i.e. [1], please do so because i don't know exactly how to do it. Thanks--EuroHistoryTeacher (talk) 18:43, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Almost forgot: Done. This article is on my watchlist, so that's why I saw this. SamEV (talk) 22:32, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok thanks !--EuroHistoryTeacher (talk) 00:58, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Exactly how many references/sources/citations need to be added to satisfy the article banner (which asks for sources)?--EuroHistoryTeacher (talk) 01:00, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * About a couple of hundred, is my guess. SamEV (talk) 23:38, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * what?! wow that's a lot!

 * Well, it's only a guess. And for some reason I thought you were referring to featured article status. SamEV (talk) 06:14, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Slavic peoples in Spain
It´d be interesting if somebody knowledgeable (it´s not my case) could provide information about Slavic peoples in Muslim Spain; I think it´s a fact unknown by most people. --Xareu bs (talk) 10:22, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

1st or 2nd?
There is constant interference here from the Portuguese who insist the Portuguese empire was the first global empire. Well remember, Columbus' expeditions not only crossed the Atlantic before before Da Gama's reached India, but also began the first settlements across the ocean in the America's, while the first Portuguese trading posts in Asia came into being years later. As the historian Garrett Mattingly noted long ago, the (early) Portuguses empire was a bankrupt wholesale business - a point supported by recent scholarship. One can hardly call that 15th century chain of slave trading posts down the west African coast the first global empire. Anyway, one could argue quite reasonably that the first true global empire really came into being with the formation of the Iberian Union. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.221.95.37 (talk • contribs)
 * Maybe. But the question here is not what one could argue, but what credible published academic sources say. And they say contradictory stuff. So, the best solution, either for the Spanish or the Portuguese empires, is to say that they were among the first global empires. Wikipedia is not a competition... The Ogre (talk) 16:23, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Nationalities of Spain, self-government, power devolution/returned home rule
This article does not mention anything about the devolved powers to the Nationalities and regions of Spain. Currently Spain is a pseudo-unitarian country, as it is defined as a unitary state, but it acts as a federacy (decentralisation), pretty different than contemporanean France (which seem to be more of a centralised country) and very similar to the United Kindgom. Is it possible to expand a bit the section of the contemporanean history of Spain?

Catalan, Basque, Galician nationalism is also part of the History of Spain, as far as i know. A slight mention could be added as well. When did ETA begin? Nothing says here, it mentions previous Spanish government acused them of the Al-Qaida attacks to Spain. ETA is also part of the history of Spain, isn't it? Perhaps someone could add here when all this begun. 178.101.134.126 (talk) 22:02, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Spanish Conversion
I think that this article does a decent job at giving an overview on the history of Moorish Spain; However, I think there could be a lot more clarity in describing the overall history of al-Andalus. I feel as though there are a lot of things that have been left out. These omitted facts make it seem as though the author is telling this history with a very Christian bias. This could just be the authors personal choice, and I respect that, but I think that he skips over some key facts in order to give a much too simplified and fairy tail version of the history of Spain. The main thing that I think he skims over is the process of Spain being taken over by the Muslims. This is a very important time in Spain's history and it had a huge impact on Spanish culture, society, architecture and pretty much every other aspect of Spanish life. Another thing that the author skimmed over was the fact that almost 75 percent of Spain's population converted to Islam in this time. This was an extremely important event that happened over the course of several centuries. Overall this article is decent, but there are some parts of the history of Spain that need to be expanded upon to get a clear idea of what shaped it to be the nation it is today. Voitik2 (talk) 03:31, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Map needs fixing
This map, File:Iberian Union Empires.png, used on this page, has some mistakes. I wrote about it on the map's talk page at the Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:Iberian_Union_Empires.png --basically, given the dates 1581-1640 far too much of North America is shown as part of the Spanish Empire. I will try to fix it if I get the time, but wanted to post here to ask whether South America is shown accurately or not, given the dates. Thanks. Pfly (talk) 23:59, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Recent unsourced edits to the article
(talk) is making substantial unsourced changes to the article's text. This user seems to have quite a history (Sockpuppet investigations/Santos30) of being blocked for sockpuppetry and edit-warring, and seems eager to launch one of his campaigns at this article. Carlstak (talk) 15:09, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Tell me what is "substantial unsourced changes" and we can solve the problem if any.--Santos30 (talk) 16:35, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Lead too long
This is mostly cosmetic, but in keeping with how we tend to format lead paragraphs in WP:SS articles such as this one, the current one is far too long. It is almost a short article on the "History of Spain" in its own right. Instead of slapping a Lead too long template on it, let me ask if it's alright if I trim it down a bit? For reference, this is the shape of the current lead section:

The Iberian Peninsula was first entered by anatomically modern humans at about 32,000 years ago. Spanish prehistory extends to the Iron Age, during which there were settlements of Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians on the Mediterranean coast. The indigenous civilization Tartessos covered the southwest, the "Iberians" dominated the eastern side of the peninsula, the Celtiberians and other Celtic groups were in the interior and northwest, the Lusitanians in the west and the Vascones in the north. Under Roman rule, a common culture and legal system was established and Latin, the origin of the modern Romance languages, became the language of Roman Hispania. In the latter stages of Roman rule, Christianity became the dominant religion. The modern name Spain derives from Hispania, the ancient Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, near the end of the fifth century, parts of Hispania came under the control of Germanic tribes, the Vandals, the Suebi, the Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire. The Visigothic Kingdom conquered all of Hispania and ruled it until the eighth century. Near the beginning of the eighth century, a Muslim army, made up largely of Moors and some Arabs, invaded and conquered the Visigothic kingdom. The areas under Muslim rule became known as Al-Andalus, which at first covered nearly the whole peninsula. Over time, various small Christian kingdoms and counties formed in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and began to coalesce into larger states, gaining territory at the expense of Muslim control, a centuries-long process that is known as the Reconquista. After the collapse of Muslim unity in the eleventh century, the balance of power swung toward the Christian kingdoms and by 1250, the Christian kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Navarre, ruled nearly the whole peninsula except for the Muslim kingdom of Granada in the south-east. Although colloquially and literally the expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread, and although the two crowns, Aragonese and Castilian, were held by the same monarch, and although the different kings had the long-term shared intention of uniting the peninsula under a single kingdom to restore the Visigoth unity, they were never proclaimed officially as a single kingdom until the enactment of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Portugal was also ruled by the House of Habsburg with Castile and Aragon but this came to an end with a revolt after sixty years. The year 1492 is the traditional starting point of the modern history of Spain, with the fall of Granada to Christian forces, the successful voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World and the expulsion of the Jews. The Spanish Empire was launched, as was the Spanish Inquisition; Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were expelled from the country. From the early 1500s to the 1650s, Spain was the most powerful state in Europe; it controlled the largest overseas empire in the world for three centuries, including possessions in the Americas stretching from California to Patagonia, as well as colonies in the western Pacific, among them the Philippines. Spanish literature and fine arts, scholarship and philosophy flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries. Spain became embroiled in the political intrigues and wars of Europe, of which the most important were the Italian Wars, the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War Spain's European wars led to economic damage and the latter part of the 17th century saw a marked decline of power under the last Spanish Habsburg ruler. The decline culminated in the War of the Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of Spain to the status of a second-rate power with a reduced influence in European affairs. The 18th century saw a new dynasty, the Bourbons, which directed considerable efforts towards the renewal of state institutions, with some success, and a successful involvement in the American War of Independence in 1775–83. However, as the century ended, instability set in as the French Revolution destabilized Europe. The end of the 18th and the start of the 19th centuries saw turmoil unleashed throughout Europe by the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the military occupation of Spain by the Bonapartist regime. This triggered a successful but devastating war for Spanish independence that shattered the country and created an opening for what would ultimately be the successful independence of Spain's mainland American colonies. Fragmented by the war, Spain was destabilised as different political parties representing "liberal", "reactionary" and "moderate" groups throughout the remainder of the century fought for and won short-lived control without any being sufficiently strong to bring about lasting stability. Nationalist movements emerged in the last significant remnants of the old empire (Cuba and the Philippines) which led to a brief war with the United States (1898) and the loss of the remaining old colonies at the end of the century. Although it had been used in treaties as far back as the seventeenth century, it was not until the constitution of 1812 that the name "Españas" became the official name for the Spanish kingdom and "King of the Spains" became the official title of the head of state. It was not until the constitution of 1876 that the singular form of the name, "España" (Spain), became the official name of the Spanish state. Following a period of growing political instability in the early 20th century, in 1936 Spain was plunged into a bloody civil war. The war ended in a nationalist dictatorship, led by Francisco Franco, which controlled the Spanish government until 1975. Spain was officially neutral during World War II (1939–1945), although many Spanish volunteers fought on both sides. The post-war decades were relatively stable (with the notable exception of an armed independence movement in the Basque Country), and the country experienced rapid economic growth in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of Franco in 1975 resulted in the return of the Bourbon monarchy headed by Prince Juan Carlos. While tensions remain (for example, with Muslim immigrants and in the Basque region), modern Spain has seen the development of a robust, modern democracy as a constitutional monarchy with popular King Juan Carlos, one of the fastest-growing standards of living in Europe, entry into the European Community, and the 1992 Summer Olympics and 1982 World Cup. After 2008, a recession hit Spain hard, with the bursting of the housing bubble, unemployment reaching over 25%, and sharp budget cutbacks needed to stay in the Eurozone.

I felt compelled to preface this with something of a "lead to the lead", to begin by stating that this whole thing is indeed going to be about the history of Spain, thusly,
 * The modern Kingdom of Spain is the successor of Habsburg Spain, which unified a number of disparate predecessor kingdoms in 1500; its modern form of a constitutional monarchy was introduced in 1812, the current democratic constitution dates to 1978.

If you ask me, the lead should consist on one short paragraph or sentence on each of so, maybe five or six sentences in total. --dab (𒁳) 08:14, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) Prehistory and antiquity
 * 2) Middle Ages
 * 3) Early Modern / Habsburg Spain / Empire
 * 4) 1812 to Franco
 * 5) 1978 to present
 * the lede is not "too long" lots of people ONLY read the lede-- they  want a succinct history of Spain not am index to a long article they will not read.  Other people will skip the lede entirely and go straight to one section that they are really interested in.  Rjensen (talk) 10:17, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

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No Mention of Pre-Roman Africans
Golden Age of the Moor, 1992, Van Sertima pg. 1:

"In Al-Makkarys History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, however, we learn of a great drought that afflicted Spain about three thousand years ago, a catastrophe that was followed not long afterwards by an invasion from Africa."

"The drought that devastated Spain, however, is described by a number of Spanish historians. Pedro de Medina in Libro de las Grandezas de Espana, published in Seville in 1549, dates the drought at 1070 B.C. Ibn-I-Khattib Al-Makkary describes it in some detail. It is Al-Makkary also who informs us of how Africans banished from North Africa from an African king against whom they revolted, entered Spain and took control of the country. The leader of the Africans is recorded as Batrikus."

"These Africans first cast anchor at a place on the Western Shore of Spain and settled at Cadiz. Advancing into the interior of the country, they spread themselves about, extending their settlements, built cities and towns and increased their numbers by marriage. They settled in that part of the country between the place of their landing in the west, and the country of the Franks in the east, and appointed kings to rule over them and administer their affairs. They fixed their capital at Talikah (Italica) a city now in ruins, which once belonged to the district of Isbilah, which is in modern day Seville. But, after a period of 157 years, during which eleven kings of the African race reigned over Andalus they were annihilated by the Romans, who invaded and conquered the country."

Why is there no mention of these events and people? Especially when the they managed to build large settlements in Spain long before Romans and Germanic tribes arrived in the area? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:A760:E44:CD7E:560E:AA41:F1E0 (talk) 20:40, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * That looks like afro-centric pseudo-historical trash. I wouldn't touch it even with a ten inch pole, to be honest per WP:PSEUDOSCIENCE and WP:FRINGE.--Asqueladd (talk) 03:00, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Al-Makkary lived in the 16-17th centuries. By virtue of his notability and documented historical authority on the topic (the history of Al-Andalus), | his account of events is relevant.
 * When approaching statements from secondary sources (and especially if statements appear extraordinary), it can be useful to refer to primary sources. In the case of the account quoted above, it can be observed that in the primary source it is stated, "After the defeat and destruction of the Africans, the empire of Andalus devolved to the people of Rome and their king Ishban, son of Titus".  The notes in the translation of the primary source by Pascual de Gayangos identify king Ishban as Vespasian, son of Titus.  Vespasian lived in the 1st century, and therefore suggesting that he lead an invasion in the 10th century B.C. (as the secondary source claims) is nonsensical.
 * It is possible that the events quoted occurred as described by Al-Makkary. If the events did occur, they would have occurred over the 1st century B.C. and 1st century and not in the 10th century B.C. (as the secondary source claims). Charles Bélanger Nzakimuena (talk) 22:57, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

Recent edits made by relatively new user
When O'Callaghan says "Spain was not only a major market for slaves..." he is not saying, "Al-Andalus was a market of Christian slaves". He is saying that Spain at the time was a *buyers'* market for slaves. This is clear because O'Callaghan's following words are "but also a base from which they were shipped elsewhere in the Muslim world", which would be a *selling* transaction.

Reducing O'Callaghan's words to "Al-Andalus was a market of Christian slaves" is so unclear and such a distortion of O'Callaghan's actual statement that it effectively misrepresents what he said. User Rekkwint has shown a clear tendency to misinterpret the texts of sources he cites, and this calls into question his comprehension of English, which by all appearances is lacking.

REKKWINT asks user Asqueladd in bad English: "The source if it says what you have undid; look: pag 152 ;why have you deleted it?" I would have reverted it too. Carlstak (talk) 23:23, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

Spanish Armada
"Over 8,000 English sailors died from diseases such as dysentery and typhus while the Spanish Armada was at sea." What is the reference for this? Should it be "Spanish sailors"?MikeVdP (talk) 01:42, 1 June 2021 (UTC)MikeVdP (talk) 01:43, 1 June 2021 (UTC) Maybe the reference should be something like "while 8,000 English sailors died from diseases...Spanish sailors suffered 20,000 dead..." See the article on the Spanish Armada.MikeVdP (talk) 01:54, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Rif War Casualties
The claim Spain suffered worse casualties than any other European country waging an African colonial war in the twentieth century is, while I’ll admit possible and certainly close no matter what; is still lower in overall casualties, including fatalities, than the United Kingdom suffered in the Second Anglo-Boer War twenty years prior. At the very least the statement may need to be qualified or contextualized. OgamD218 (talk) 06:38, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

Article length
It's way too long. People read these on their phones. This runs 48 printed pages. It should be refactored. I"d suggest keeping it to 5k words. Lfstevens (talk) 02:37, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

It is not too long; the subject is the history of Spain. I don't read it on my phone. Nor do I print 48 pages. Those who only want a summary can stop after the first five paragraphs. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 03:11, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Sorry are you saying you represent the audience? The subject can be covered in any number of words. 500 to 500,000 and has been. We're supposed to be encyclopedic in length, not comprehensive. Hope others will join the conversation. Lfstevens (talk) 05:11, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

 * No, . However, I'm certainly not the only person who doesn't read such articles on a phone. That would be the purpose of a dictionary entry or a tourist guide. I support concision wholeheartedly, but encyclopedic articles are allowed to be comprehensive.

Nevertheless, it's worth reviewing the Wikipedia guide on article size. This article is just over 200,000 bytes, beyond the point at which "division should be considered". That is a guide, not a rule, because some subjects simply require long articles for adequate coverage. The article about the United States is slightly under 300,000 bytes and those for France and the United Kingdom are more than 350,000 bytes. Even the articles for several American states are longer than that for Spain. It doesn't mean the Spain article couldn't be shorter; as you say, it could be made any length. What, then, would you remove? Humphrey Tribble (talk) 07:39, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I would remove lots. I might keep only a little past the intro. WP is about providing quick, accurate answers, not about answering every question in a single article. Each article should provide basic info on its subject, with the secondary goal of eticing readers to dig deeper. It's about readers, not writers. Lfstevens (talk) 07:18, 19 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a level-4 vital article "for which Wikipedia should have a corresponding high-quality article". A short article with not much more than the lede to summarize such a vast subject would not even come close to meeting that criterion. Carlstak (talk) 11:54, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

History of Spain
500 paragraphs 165.16.185.218 (talk) 13:06, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Spain


text:
Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, hand tremor, and weight loss. Symptoms are typically less severe in the elderly and during pregnancy. An uncommon but life-threatening complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature; this often results in death. The opposite is hypothyroidism, when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

Graves' disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma. The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests. Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and raised T3 or T4. Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid, thyroid scan, and measurement of antithyroid autoantibodies (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies are positive in Graves disease) may help determine the cause.

Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease. There are three main treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months. The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms, and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having an effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. Worldwide, hyperthyroidism affects 2.5% of adults. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.

Signs and symptoms
Hyperthyroidism may be asymptomatic or present with significant symptoms. Some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism include nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, heart racing, hand tremors, anxiety, trouble sleeping, thinning of the skin, fine brittle hair, and muscular weakness—especially in the upper arms and thighs. More frequent bowel movements may occur, and diarrhea is common. Weight loss, sometimes significant, may occur despite a good appetite (though 10% of people with a hyperactive thyroid experience weight gain), vomiting may occur, and, for women, menstrual flow may lighten and menstrual periods may occur less often, or with longer cycles than usual.

Thyroid hormone is critical to normal function of cells. In excess, it both overstimulates metabolism and disrupts the normal functioning of sympathetic nervous system, causing "speeding up" of various body systems and symptoms resembling an overdose of epinephrine (adrenaline). These include fast heartbeat and symptoms of palpitations, nervous system tremor such as of the hands and anxiety symptoms, digestive system hypermotility, unintended weight loss, and, in lipid panel blood tests, a lower and sometimes unusually low serum cholesterol.

Major clinical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss (often accompanied by an increased appetite), anxiety, heat intolerance, hair loss (especially of the outer third of the eyebrows), muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity, irritability, high blood sugar, excessive urination, excessive thirst, delirium, tremor, pretibial myxedema (in Graves' disease), emotional lability, and sweating. Panic attacks, inability to concentrate, and memory problems may also occur. Psychosis and paranoia, common during thyroid storm, are rare with milder hyperthyroidism. Many persons will experience complete remission of symptoms 1 to 2 months after a euthyroid state is obtained, with a marked reduction in anxiety, sense of exhaustion, irritability, and depression. Some individuals may have an increased rate of anxiety or persistence of affective and cognitive symptoms for several months to up to 10 years after a euthyroid state is established. In addition, those with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of physical symptoms such as palpitations and abnormal heart rhythms (the notable ones being atrial fibrillation), shortness of breath (dyspnea), loss of libido, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gynecomastia and feminization. Long term untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to osteoporosis. These classical symptoms may not be present often in the elderly.

Bone loss, which is associated with overt but not subclinical hyperthyroidism, may occur in 10 to 20% of patients. This may be due to an increase in bone remodelling and a decrease in bone density, and increases fracture risk. It is more common in postmenopausal women; less so in younger women, and men. Bone disease related to hyperthyroidism was first described by Frederick von Recklinghausen, in 1891; he described the bones of a woman who died of hyperthyroidism as appearing "worm-eaten".

Neurological manifestations can include tremors, chorea, myopathy, and in some susceptible individuals (in particular of Asian descent) periodic paralysis. An association between thyroid disease and myasthenia gravis has been recognized. Thyroid disease, in this condition, is autoimmune in nature and approximately 5% of people with myasthenia gravis also have hyperthyroidism. Myasthenia gravis rarely improves after thyroid treatment and the relationship between the two entities is becoming better understood over the past 15 years.

In Graves' disease, ophthalmopathy may cause the eyes to look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward. Sometimes, one or both eyes may bulge. Some have swelling of the front of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (a goiter).

Minor ocular (eye) signs, which may be present in any type of hyperthyroidism, are eyelid retraction ("stare"), extraocular muscle weakness, and lid-lag. In hyperthyroid stare (Dalrymple sign) the eyelids are retracted upward more than normal (the normal position is at the superior corneoscleral limbus, where the "white" of the eye begins at the upper border of the iris). Extraocular muscle weakness may present with double vision. In lid-lag (von Graefe's sign), when the person tracks an object downward with their eyes, the eyelid fails to follow the downward moving iris, and the same type of upper globe exposure which is seen with lid retraction occurs, temporarily. These signs disappear with treatment of the hyperthyroidism.

Neither of these ocular signs should be confused with exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), which occurs specifically and uniquely in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (note that not all exophthalmos is caused by Graves' disease, but when present with hyperthyroidism is diagnostic of Graves' disease). This forward protrusion of the eyes is due to immune-mediated inflammation in the retro-orbital (eye socket) fat. Exophthalmos, when present, may exacerbate hyperthyroid lid-lag and stare.

Thyroid storm
Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis characterized by rapid and often irregular heart beat, high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and mental agitation. Symptoms may not be typical in the young, old, or pregnant. It usually occurs due to untreated hyperthyroidism and can be provoked by infections. It is a medical emergency and requires hospital care to control the symptoms rapidly. The mortality rate in thyroid storm is 3.6-17%, usually due to multi-organ system failure.

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism due to certain types of thyroiditis can eventually lead to hypothyroidism (a lack of thyroid hormone), as the thyroid gland is damaged. Also, radioiodine treatment of Graves' disease often eventually leads to hypothyroidism. Such hypothyroidism may be diagnosed with thyroid hormone testing and treated by oral thyroid hormone supplementation.

Causes
There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a "hot" nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hyperthyroidism. Functional thyroid tissue producing an excess of thyroid hormone occurs in a number of clinical conditions.

The major causes in humans are: High blood levels of thyroid hormones (most accurately termed hyperthyroxinemia) can occur for a number of other reasons:
 * Graves' disease. An autoimmune disease (usually, the most common cause with 50–80% worldwide, although this varies substantially with location- i.e., 47% in Switzerland (Horst et al., 1987) to 90% in the USA (Hamburger et al. 1981)). Thought to be due to varying levels of iodine in the diet. It is eight times more common in females than males and often occurs in young females, around 20 to 40 years of age.
 * Toxic thyroid adenoma (the most common cause in Switzerland, 53%, thought to be atypical due to a low level of dietary iodine in this country)
 * Toxic multinodular goiter
 * Inflammation of the thyroid is called thyroiditis. There are several different kinds of thyroiditis including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Hypothyroidism immune-mediated), and subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's). These may be initially associated with secretion of excess thyroid hormone but usually progress to gland dysfunction and, thus, to hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism.
 * Oral consumption of excess thyroid hormone tablets is possible (surreptitious use of thyroid hormone), as is the rare event of eating ground beef or pork contaminated with thyroid tissue, and thus thyroid hormones (termed hamburger thyrotoxicosis or alimentary thyrotoxicosis). Pharmacy compounding errors may also be a cause.
 * Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, is structurally similar to thyroxine and may cause either under-or overactivity of the thyroid.
 * Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. PPT typically has several phases, the first of which is hyperthyroidism. This form of hyperthyroidism usually corrects itself within weeks or months without the need for treatment.
 * A struma ovarii is a rare form of monodermal teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which leads to hyperthyroidism.
 * Excess iodine consumption notably from algae such as kelp.

Thyrotoxicosis can also occur after taking too much thyroid hormone in the form of supplements, such as levothyroxine (a phenomenon known as exogenous thyrotoxicosis, alimentary thyrotoxicosis, or occult factitial thyrotoxicosis).

Hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn is almost always caused by a pituitary adenoma, accounts for much less than 1 percent of hyperthyroidism cases.

Diagnosis
Measuring the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), produced by the pituitary gland (which in turn is also regulated by the hypothalamus's TSH Releasing Hormone) in the blood is typically the initial test for suspected hyperthyroidism. A low TSH level typically indicates that the pituitary gland is being inhibited or "instructed" by the brain to cut back on stimulating the thyroid gland, having sensed increased levels of T4 and/or T3 in the blood. In rare circumstances, a low TSH indicates primary failure of the pituitary, or temporary inhibition of the pituitary due to another illness (euthyroid sick syndrome) and so checking the T4 and T3 is still clinically useful.

Measuring specific antibodies, such as anti-TSH-receptor antibodies in Graves' disease, or anti-thyroid peroxidase in Hashimoto's thyroiditis—a common cause of hypothyroidism—may also contribute to the diagnosis. The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism is confirmed by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and elevated T4 and T3 levels. TSH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland in the brain that tells the thyroid gland how much hormone to make. When there is too much thyroid hormone, the TSH will be low. A radioactive iodine uptake test and thyroid scan together characterizes or enables radiologists and doctors to determine the cause of hyperthyroidism. The uptake test uses radioactive iodine injected or taken orally on an empty stomach to measure the amount of iodine absorbed by the thyroid gland. Persons with hyperthyroidism absorb much more iodine than healthy persons which includes radioactive iodine which is easy to measure. A thyroid scan producing images is typically conducted in connection with the uptake test to allow visual examination of the over-functioning gland.

Thyroid scintigraphy is a useful test to characterize (distinguish between causes of) hyperthyroidism, and this entity from thyroiditis. This test procedure typically involves two tests performed in connection with each other: an iodine uptake test and a scan (imaging) with a gamma camera. The uptake test involves administering a dose of radioactive iodine (radioiodine), traditionally iodine-131 (131I), and more recently iodine-123 (123I). Iodine-123 may be the preferred radionuclide in some clinics due to its more favorable radiation dosimetry (i.e. less radiation dose to the person per unit administered radioactivity) and a gamma photon energy more amenable to imaging with the gamma camera. For the imaging scan, I-123 is considered an almost ideal isotope of iodine for imaging thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer metastasis. Thyroid scintigraphy should not be performed in those who are pregnant, a thyroid ultrasound with color flow doppler may be obtained as an alternative in these circumstances.

Typical administration involves a pill or liquid containing sodium iodide (NaI) taken orally, which contains a small amount of iodine-131, amounting to perhaps less than a grain of salt. A 2-hour fast of no food prior to and for 1 hour after ingesting the pill is required. This low dose of radioiodine is typically tolerated by individuals otherwise allergic to iodine (such as those unable to tolerate contrast mediums containing larger doses of iodine such as used in CT scan, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), and similar imaging diagnostic procedures). Excess radioiodine that does not get absorbed into the thyroid gland is eliminated by the body in urine. Some people with hyperthyroidism may experience a slight allergic reaction to the diagnostic radioiodine and may be given an antihistamine.

The person returns 24 hours later to have the level of radioiodine "uptake" (absorbed by the thyroid gland) measured by a device with a metal bar placed against the neck, which measures the radioactivity emitting from the thyroid. This test takes about 4 minutes while the uptake % (i.e., percentage) is accumulated (calculated) by the machine software. A scan is also performed, wherein images (typically a center, left and right angle) are taken of the contrasted thyroid gland with a gamma camera; a radiologist will read and prepare a report indicating the uptake % and comments after examining the images. People with hyperthyroid will typically "take up" higher than normal levels of radioiodine. Normal ranges for RAI uptake are from 10 to 30%.

In addition to testing the TSH levels, many doctors test for T3, Free T3, T4, and/or Free T4 for more detailed results. Free T4 is unbound to any protein in the blood. Adult limits for these hormones are: TSH (units): 0.45 – 4.50 uIU/mL; T4 Free/Direct (nanograms): 0.82 – 1.77 ng/dl; and T3 (nanograms): 71 – 180 ng/dl. Persons with hyperthyroidism can easily exhibit levels many times these upper limits for T4 and/or T3. See a complete table of normal range limits for thyroid function at the thyroid gland article.

In hyperthyroidism CK-MB (Creatine kinase) is usually elevated.

Subclinical
In overt primary hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are low and T4 and T3 levels are high. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is a milder form of hyperthyroidism characterized by low or undetectable serum TSH level, but with a normal serum free thyroxine level. Although the evidence for doing so is not definitive, treatment of elderly persons having subclinical hyperthyroidism could reduce the number of cases of atrial fibrillation. There is also an increased risk of bone fractures (by 42%) in people with subclinical hyperthyroidism; there is insufficient evidence to say whether treatment with antithyroid medications would reduce that risk.

A 2022 meta-analysis found subclinical hyperthyroidism to be associated with cardiovascular death.

Screening
In those without symptoms who are not pregnant there is little evidence for or against screening.

Antithyroid drugs
Thyrostatics (antithyroid drugs) are drugs that inhibit the production of thyroid hormones, such as carbimazole (used in the UK) and methimazole (used in the US, Germany and Russia), and propylthiouracil. Thyrostatics are believed to work by inhibiting the iodination of thyroglobulin by thyroperoxidase and, thus, the formation of tetraiodothyronine (T4). Propylthiouracil also works outside the thyroid gland, preventing the conversion of (mostly inactive) T4 to the active form T3. Because thyroid tissue usually contains a substantial reserve of thyroid hormone, thyrostatics can take weeks to become effective and the dose often needs to be carefully titrated over a period of months, with regular doctor visits and blood tests to monitor results.

Beta-blockers
Many of the common symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as palpitations, trembling, and anxiety are mediated by increases in beta-adrenergic receptors on cell surfaces. Beta blockers, typically used to treat high blood pressure, are a class of drugs that offset this effect, reducing rapid pulse associated with the sensation of palpitations, and decreasing tremor and anxiety. Thus, a person with hyperthyroidism can often obtain immediate temporary relief until the hyperthyroidism can be characterized with the Radioiodine test noted above and more permanent treatment take place. Note that these drugs do not treat hyperthyroidism or any of its long-term effects if left untreated, but, rather, they treat or reduce only symptoms of the condition.

Some minimal effect on thyroid hormone production however also comes with propranolol—which has two roles in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, determined by the different isomers of propranolol. L-propranolol causes beta-blockade, thus treating the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism such as tremor, palpitations, anxiety, and heat intolerance. D-propranolol inhibits thyroxine deiodinase, thereby blocking the conversion of T4 to T3, providing some though minimal therapeutic effect. Other beta-blockers are used to treat only the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism. Propranolol in the UK, and metoprolol in the US, are most frequently used to augment treatment for people with hyperthyroid.

Diet
People with autoimmune hyperthyroidism (such as in Grave's disease) should not eat foods high in iodine, such as edible seaweed and seafood.

From a public health perspective, the general introduction of iodized salt in the United States in 1924 resulted in lower disease, goiters, as well as improving the lives of children whose mothers would not have eaten enough iodine during pregnancy which would have lowered the IQs of their children.

Surgery
Surgery (thyroidectomy to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it) is not extensively used because most common forms of hyperthyroidism are quite effectively treated by the radioactive iodine method, and because there is a risk of also removing the parathyroid glands, and of cutting the recurrent laryngeal nerve, making swallowing difficult, and even simply generalized staphylococcal infection as with any major surgery. Some people with Graves' may opt for surgical intervention. This includes those that cannot tolerate medicines for one reason or another, people that are allergic to iodine, or people that refuse radioiodine.

A 2019 systematic review concluded that the available evidence shows no difference between visually identifying the nerve or utilizing intraoperative neuroimaging during surgery, when trying to prevent injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery.

If people have toxic nodules treatments typically include either removal or injection of the nodule with alcohol.

Radioiodine
In iodine-131 (radioiodine) radioisotope therapy, which was first pioneered by Dr. Saul Hertz, radioactive iodine-131 is given orally (either by pill or liquid) on a one-time basis, to severely restrict, or altogether destroy the function of a hyperactive thyroid gland. This isotope of radioactive iodine used for ablative treatment is more potent than diagnostic radioiodine (usually iodine-123 or a very low amount of iodine-131), which has a biological half-life from 8–13 hours. Iodine-131, which also emits beta particles that are far more damaging to tissues at short range, has a half-life of approximately 8 days. People not responding sufficiently to the first dose are sometimes given an additional radioiodine treatment, at a larger dose. Iodine-131 in this treatment is picked up by the active cells in the thyroid and destroys them, rendering the thyroid gland mostly or completely inactive.

Since iodine is picked up more readily (though not exclusively) by thyroid cells, and (more important) is picked up even more readily by over-active thyroid cells, the destruction is local, and there are no widespread side effects with this therapy. Radioiodine ablation has been used for over 50 years, and the only major reasons for not using it are pregnancy and breastfeeding (breast tissue also picks up and concentrates iodine). Once the thyroid function is reduced, replacement hormone therapy (levothyroxine) taken orally each day replaces the thyroid hormone that is normally produced by the body.

There is extensive experience, over many years, of the use of radioiodine in the treatment of thyroid overactivity and this experience does not indicate any increased risk of thyroid cancer following treatment. However, a study from 2007 has reported an increased number of cancer cases after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism.

The principal advantage of radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism is that it tends to have a much higher success rate than medications. Depending on the dose of radioiodine chosen, and the disease under treatment (Graves' vs. toxic goiter, vs. hot nodule etc.), the success rate in achieving definitive resolution of the hyperthyroidism may vary from 75 to 100%. A major expected side-effect of radioiodine in people with Graves' disease is the development of lifelong hypothyroidism, requiring daily treatment with thyroid hormone. On occasion, some people may require more than one radioactive treatment, depending on the type of disease present, the size of the thyroid, and the initial dose administered.

People with Graves' disease manifesting moderate or severe Graves' ophthalmopathy are cautioned against radioactive iodine-131 treatment, since it has been shown to exacerbate existing thyroid eye disease. People with mild or no ophthalmic symptoms can mitigate their risk with a concurrent six-week course of prednisone. The mechanisms proposed for this side effect involve a TSH receptor common to both thyrocytes and retro-orbital tissue.

As radioactive iodine treatment results in the destruction of thyroid tissue, there is often a transient period of several days to weeks when the symptoms of hyperthyroidism may actually worsen following radioactive iodine therapy. In general, this happens as a result of thyroid hormones being released into the blood following the radioactive iodine-mediated destruction of thyroid cells that contain thyroid hormone. In some people, treatment with medications such as beta blockers (propranolol, atenolol, etc.) may be useful during this period of time. Most people do not experience any difficulty after the radioactive iodine treatment, usually given as a small pill. On occasion, neck tenderness or a sore throat may become apparent after a few days, if moderate inflammation in the thyroid develops and produces discomfort in the neck or throat area. This is usually transient, and not associated with a fever, etc.

It is recommended that breastfeeding be stopped at least six weeks before radioactive iodine treatment and that it not be resumed, although it can be done in future pregnancies. It also shouldn't be done during pregnancy, and pregnancy should be put off until at least 6–12 months after treatment.

A common outcome following radioiodine is a swing from hyperthyroidism to the easily treatable hypothyroidism, which occurs in 78% of those treated for Graves' thyrotoxicosis and in 40% of those with toxic multinodular goiter or solitary toxic adenoma. Use of higher doses of radioiodine reduces the number of cases of treatment failure, with penalty for higher response to treatment consisting mostly of higher rates of eventual hypothyroidism which requires hormone treatment for life.

There is increased sensitivity to radioiodine therapy in thyroids appearing on ultrasound scans as more uniform (hypoechogenic), due to densely packed large cells, with 81% later becoming hypothyroid, compared to just 37% in those with more normal scan appearances (normoechogenic).

Thyroid storm
Thyroid storm presents with extreme symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is treated aggressively with resuscitation measures along with a combination of the above modalities including: an intravenous beta blockers such as propranolol, followed by a thioamide such as methimazole, an iodinated radiocontrast agent or an iodine solution if the radiocontrast agent is not available, and an intravenous steroid such as hydrocortisone. Propylthiouracil is the preferred thioamide in thyroid storm as it can prevent the conversion of T4 to the more active T3 in the peripheral tissues in addition to inhibiting thyroid hormone production.

Alternative medicine
In countries such as China, herbs used alone or with antithyroid medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism. Very low quality evidence suggests that traditional Chinese herbal medications may be beneficial when taken along with routine hyperthyroid medications, however, there is no reliable evidence to determine the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medications for treating hyperthyroidism.

Epidemiology
In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. About half of these cases have obvious symptoms while the other half do not. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. The disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.

Subclinical hyperthyroidism modestly increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.

History
Caleb Hillier Parry first made the association between the goiter and protrusion of the eyes in 1786, however, did not publish his findings until 1825. In 1835, Irish doctor Robert James Graves discovered a link between the protrusion of the eyes and goiter, giving his name to the autoimmune disease now known as Graves' Disease.

Pregnancy
Recognizing and evaluating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is a diagnostic challenge. Thyroid hormones are commonly elevated during the first trimester of pregnancy as the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulates thyroid hormone production, in a condition known as gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis generally abates in the second trimester as hCG levels decline and thyroid function normalizes. Hyperthyroidism can increase the risk of complications for mother and child. Such risks include pregnancy-related hypertension, pregnancy loss, low-birth weight, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, still birth and behavioral disorders later in the child's life. Nonetheless, high maternal FT4 levels during pregnancy have been associated with impaired brain developmental outcomes of the offspring and this was independent of hCG levels.

Propylthiouracil is the preferred antithyroid medication in the 1st trimester of pregnancy as it is less teratogenic than methimazole.

Cats
Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine conditions affecting older domesticated housecats. In the United States, up to 10% of cats over ten years old have hyperthyroidism. The disease has become significantly more common since the first reports of feline hyperthyroidism in the 1970s. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats is the presence of benign tumors called adenomas. 98% of cases are caused by the presence of an adenoma, but the reason these cats develop such tumors continues to be studied.

The most common presenting symptoms are: rapid weight loss, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), vomiting, diarrhea, increased consumption of fluids (polydipsia), increased appetite (polyphagia), and increased urine production (polyuria). Other symptoms include hyperactivity, possible aggression, an unkempt appearance, and large, thick claws. Heart murmurs and a gallop rhythm can develop due to secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. About 70% of affected cats also have enlarged thyroid glands (goiter). 10% of cats exhibit "apathetic hyperthyroidism", which is characterized by anorexia and lethargy.

The same three treatments used with humans are also options in treating feline hyperthyroidism (surgery, radioiodine treatment, and anti-thyroid drugs). There is also a special low iodine diet available that will control the symptoms providing no other food is fed; Hill's y/d formula, when given exclusively, decreases T4 production by limiting the amount of iodine needed for thyroid hormone production. It is the only available commercial diet that focuses on managing feline hyperthyroidism. Medical and dietary management using methimazole and Hill's y/d cat food will give hyperthyroid cats an average of 2 years before dying due to secondary conditions such as heart and kidney failure. Drugs used to help manage the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are methimazole and carbimazole. Drug therapy is the least expensive option, even though the drug must be administered daily for the remainder of the cat's life. Carbimazole is only available as a once daily tablet. Methimazole is available as an oral solution, a tablet, and compounded as a topical gel that is applied using a finger cot to the hairless skin inside a cat's ear. Many cat owners find this gel a good option for cats that don't like being given pills.

Radioiodine treatment, however, is not available in all areas, as this treatment requires nuclear radiological expertise and facilities that not only board the cat, but are specially equipped to manage the cat's urine, sweat, saliva, and stool, which are radioactive for several days after the treatment, usually for a total of 3 weeks (the cat spends the first week in total isolation and the next two weeks in close confinement). In the United States, the guidelines for radiation levels vary from state to state; some states such as Massachusetts allow hospitalization for as little as two days before the animal is sent home with care instructions.

Dogs
Hyperthyroidism is much less common in dogs compared to cats. Hyperthyroidism may be caused by a thyroid tumor. This may be a thyroid carcinoma. About 90% of carcinomas are very aggressive; they invade the surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other tissues, particularly the lungs. This has a poor prognosis. Surgery to remove the tumor is often very difficult due to metastasis into arteries, the esophagus, or the windpipe. It may be possible to reduce the size of the tumor, thus relieving symptoms and allowing time for other treatments to work. About 10% of thyroid tumors are benign; these often cause few symptoms.

In dogs treated for hypothyroidism (lack of thyroid hormone), iatrogenic hyperthyroidism may occur as a result of an overdose of the thyroid hormone replacement medication, levothyroxine; in this case, treatment involves reducing the dose of levothyroxine. Dogs which display coprophagy, the consumption of feces, and also live in a household with a dog receiving levothyroxine treatment, may develop hyperthyroidism if they frequently eat the feces from the dog receiving levothyroxine treatment.

Hyperthyroidism may occur if a dog eats an excessive amount of thyroid gland tissue. This has occurred in dogs fed commercial dog food.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hyperthyroidism


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Transclusion

In computer science, transclusion is the inclusion of part or all of an electronic document into one or more other documents by reference via hypertext. Transclusion is usually performed when the referencing document is displayed, and is normally automatic and transparent to the end user. The result of transclusion is a single integrated document made of parts assembled dynamically from separate sources, possibly stored on different computers in disparate places.

Transclusion facilitates modular design (using the "single source of truth" model, whether in data, code, or content): a resource is stored once and distributed for reuse in multiple documents. Updates or corrections to a resource are then reflected in any referencing documents.

In systems where transclusion is not available, and in some situations where it is available but not desirable, substitution is often the complementary option, whereby a static copy of the "single source of truth" is integrated into the relevant document. Examples of both are provided by the ways in which they are both used in creating the content of Wikipedia, for example (see Transclusion and Substitution for more information). Substituted static copies introduce a different set of considerations for version control than transclusion does, but they are sometimes necessary.

Ted Nelson coined the term for his 1980 nonlinear book Literary Machines, but the idea of master copy and occurrences was applied 17 years before, in Sketchpad. Currently it is a common technique employed by textbook writers, where a single topic/subject needs to be discussed in multiple chapters. An advantage of this system in textbooks is that it helps data redundancy and keeps the book to a manageable size.

Context neutrality
Transclusion works better when transcluded sections of text are self-contained, so that the meaning and validity of the text is independent of context. For example, formulations like "as explained in the previous section" are problematic, because the transcluded section may appear in a different context, causing confusion. What constitutes "context-neutral" text varies, but often includes things like company information or boilerplate. To help overcome context sensitivity issues such as those aforementioned, systems capable of transclusion are often also capable of suppressing particular elements within the transcluded content. For example, Wikipedia can use tags such as "noinclude", "onlyinclude", and "includeonly" for this purpose. Typical examples of elements that often require such exceptions are document titles, footnotes, and cross-references; in this way, they can be automatically suppressed upon transclusion, without manual reworking for each instance.

Parameterization
Under some circumstances, and in some technical contexts, transcluded sections of text may not require strict adherence to the "context neutrality" principle, because the transcluded sections are capable of parameterization. Parameterization implies the ability to modify certain portions or subsections of a transcluded text depending on exogenous variables that can be changed independently. This is customarily done by supplying a transcluded text with one or more substitution placeholders. These placeholders are then replaced with the corresponding variable values prior to rendering the final transcluded output in context.

Origins
The concept of reusing file content began with computer programming languages: COBOL in 1960, followed by BCPL, PL/I, C, and by 1978, even FORTRAN. An include directive allows common source code to be reused while avoiding the pitfalls of copy-and-paste-programming and hard coding of constants. As with many innovations, a problem developed. Multiple include directives may provide the same content as another include directive, inadvertently causing repetitions of the same source code into the final result, resulting in an error. Include guards help solve this by, after a single inclusion of content, thereafter omitting the duplicate content.

The idea of a single, reusable, source for information lead to concepts like: Don't repeat yourself and the abstraction principle. A further use was found to make programs more portable. Portable source code uses an include directive to specify a standard library, which contains system specific source code that varies with each computer environment.

History and implementation by Project Xanadu
Ted Nelson, who originated the words hypertext and hypermedia, also coined the term transclusion in his 1980 book Literary Machines. Part of his proposal was the idea that micropayments could be automatically exacted from the reader for all the text, no matter how many snippets of content are taken from various places.

However, according to Nelson, the concept of transclusion had already formed part of his 1965 description of hypertext. Nelson defines transclusion as, "...the same content knowably in more than one place," setting it apart from more special cases, such as the inclusion of content from a different location (which he calls transdelivery) or an explicit quotation that remains connected to its origins, (which he calls transquotation).

Some hypertext systems, including Ted Nelson's own Xanadu Project, support transclusion.

Nelson has delivered a demonstration of Web transclusion, the Little Transquoter (programmed to Nelson's specification by Andrew Pam in 2004–2005). It creates a new format built on portion addresses from Web pages; when dereferenced, each portion on the resulting page remains click-connected to its original context.

Implementation on the Web
HTTP, as a transmission protocol, has rudimentary support for transclusion via byte serving: specifying a byte range in an HTTP request message.

Transclusion can occur either before (server-side) or after (client-side) transmission. For example:
 * An HTML document may be pre-composed by the server before delivery to the client using Server-Side Includes or another server-side application.
 * XML Entities or HTML Objects may be parsed by the client, which then requests the corresponding resources separately from the main document.
 * A web browser may cache elements using its own algorithms, which can operate without explicit directives in the document's markup.
 * AngularJS employs transclusion for nested directive operation.

Publishers of web content may object to the transclusion of material from their own web sites into other web sites, or they may require an agreement to do so. Critics of the practice may refer to various forms of inline linking as bandwidth theft or leeching.

Other publishers may seek specifically to have their materials transcluded into other web sites, as in the form of web advertising, or as widgets like a hit counter or web bug.

Mashups make use of transclusion to assemble resources or data into a new application, as by placing geo-tagged photos on an interactive map, or by displaying business metrics in an interactive dashboard.

Client-side HTML
HTML defines elements for client-side transclusion of images, scripts, stylesheets, other documents, and other types of media. HTML has relied heavily on client-side transclusion from the earliest days of the Web (so web pages could be displayed more quickly before multimedia elements finished loading), rather than embedding the raw data for such objects inline into a web page's markup.

Through techniques such as Ajax, scripts associated with an HTML document can instruct a web browser to modify the document in-place, as opposed to the earlier technique of having to pull an entirely new version of the page from the web server. Such scripts may transclude elements or documents from a server after the web browser has rendered the page, in response to user input or changing conditions, for example.

Future versions of HTML may support deeper transclusion of portions of documents using XML technologies such as entities, XPointer document referencing, and XSLT manipulations.

Proxy servers may employ transclusion to reduce redundant transmissions of commonly requested resources.

A popular Front End Framework known as AngularJS developed and maintained by Google has a directive callend ng-transclude that marks the insertion point for the transcluded DOM of the nearest parent directive that uses transclusion.

Server-side transclusion
Transclusion can be accomplished on the server side, as through Server Side Includes and markup entity references resolved by the server software. It is a feature of substitution templates.

Transclusion of source code
Transclusion of source code into software design or reference materials lets source code be presented within the document, but not interpreted as part of the document, preserving the semantic consistency of the inserted code in relation to its source codebase.

Transclusion in content management
In content management for single-source publishing, top-class content management systems increasingly provide for transclusion and substitution. Component content management systems, especially, aim to take the modular design principle to its optimal degree. MediaWiki provides transclusion and substitution and is a good off-the-shelf option for many smaller organizations (such as smaller nonprofits and SMEs) that may not have the budget for other commercial options; for details, see Component content management system.

Implementation in software development
A common feature in programming languages is the ability of one source code file to transclude, in whole or part, another source code file. The part transcluded is interpreted as if it were part of the transcluding file. Some of the methods are:
 * Include: Some programs will explicitly INCLUDE another file. The included file can consist of executable code, declarations, compiler instructions, and/or branching to later parts of the document, depending on compile-time variables.
 * Macro: Assembly languages, and some high-level programming languages, will typically provide for macros, special named instructions used to make definitions, generate executable code, provide looping and other decisions, and modify the document produced according to parameters supplied to the macro when the file is rendered.
 * Copy: The Cobol programming language has the COPY command, in which a copied file is inserted into the copying document, replacing the COPY command. Code and declarations in the copied file can be modified by a REPLACING argument as part of the copying command.

title: Transclusion


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Source tracking

Source tracking pertains to the ability of some hypertext systems to rigorously track the exact source of every document or partial document included in the system; that is, they remember who entered the information, when it was entered, when it was updated and by whom, and so on. This allows determining the exact history of every document (and even small parts of documents).

Present HTML and HTTP do not have this feature, but certain systems on the World Wide Web (such as WikiWiki and Everything Engine) may have limited versions of the capability.

One application of digital watermarking is source tracking.

title: Source tracking


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Talk:Human anatomy

Missing Human anatomy article
The Anatomy article, formerly mainly on human anatomy, now not unreasonably (but perhaps surprisingly) has a far wider scope. The Human body article seems to have focussed for a while now on giving an overview of all the body's systems, not only its structure, so it too has a far wider scope than Human anatomy. We therefore have a clear gap which ought to be filled by material on, um, the anatomy of the human, and curiously we don't have an article on that rather large and important topic. Perhaps we should replace the current redirect with the former text of the human anatomy article. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:05, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

 * There should definitely be an article just for human anatomy. The topic cannot be dealt with appropriately with just a subsection on the Anatomy page and one on Human body. PriceDL (talk) 05:00, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed this is a clear gap, I last edited this page 7 years ago when there was a separate article! Human body is more of an overview and anatomy barely mentions humans. Human anatomy has been a rich subject of study for millennia. Talk:Human body doesn't have an archive link so I can't even find where the merge was discussed. I spent a year at university studying human anatomy so there certainly enough content. |→ Spaully τ 07:11, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * There does appear to be a recent discussion on Talk:Anatomy about adding a human anatomy page. Looks like the general consensus is to improve the Human body page to convince people a separate page is necessary. For now I've redirected Human anatomy to human body instead of anatomy, which seems more sensible to me. PriceDL (talk) 07:44, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Good idea. I've also spent some time reading past exchanges.  There appears to be resistance to reinstating human anatomy (and human physiology) and I agree the way forward is to demonstrate a need through editing human body, or development in draftspace/userspace though I need to think on that option. |→ Spaully τ  08:15, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Good grief. We have an Outline of human anatomy. Why not redirect this there? And then you can link from there to human body & anatomy. That also hatnotes to Index of anatomy articles (I'd guess the vast majority of which were about components of the human anatomy). This edit-warring over section links to a topic which has both an outline and an index is crazy. wbm1058 (talk) 02:54, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the content that was here was split / merged to the wrong place... less specific, more general articles about the human body and anatomy. Presumably, the rationale for splitting human anatomy from is that the outline was too long so content needed to be split from it to a more detailed sub-article. Well, if the more detailed, sub-article can't stand on its own, then just merge the content back to the "essence of human anatomy" section... wbm1058 (talk) 03:02, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The November 2013 discussion that led to the merge of this to human body is at Talk:Human body/Archive 1. Human physiology was also merged to human body. "Our main thesis was that there is not really any difference between "Human body" and "Human anatomy" - what exactly is human anatomy, if not the study of the human body?" There ya go, anatomy, physiology, it's all just the same thing about the body, which is the WP:COMMON term for it all. Anatomy physiology aren't WP:common terms /sarcasm. Maybe this can be restored and upgraded into a decent standalone article? wbm1058 (talk) 03:57, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

If I follow you correctly you suggest expanding as an alternative to the Human body section or re-opening this article? I hadn't seen Outline of human anatomy, which seems to be a comprehensive list of links to relevant articles, but would not be very easy to use and has few views (~60 per day). That may be a good space to write it and if it becomes significant enough then splits it back off.

The logical structure for these articles to my mind is this:
 * Human body - general outline of the body, anatomy, physiology, modifications, depictions in art etc.
 * Human anatomy - Readable outline of the subject with relevant links, summary of history of study etc.
 * More detailed articles on particular anatomy or histology, e.g.: Skin, Human skeleton etc.
 * Outline or List of human anatomy articles - much as it is, less useful for the general reader but more for finding specific articles and organisation
 * Human physiology - Readable outline of human physiology
 * etc.

To get there would take a lot of work and time which I think would be worth the effort; however, given the objection to splits/reorganisation in the past I am keen to see if there is consensus for this kind of structure as fighting all the way would not be fun. |→ Spaully ~talk~ 08:27, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems. See Outlines for more details. So yes, redirecting Human anatomy to Outline of human anatomy is not an ideal solution. This is more of a stopgap. Since an outline is not in paragraph format, and we should have an overview article in paragraph format for any topic that's broad enough to have an outline of it. I'm not surprised at the low page views given that this outline was a de facto WP:orphan. Pageviews on the outline should go up, now that I've added some more visible links to it. wbm1058 (talk) 14:28, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human anatomy