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Cyprinidae

Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera. Cyprinids range from about 12 mm in size to the 3 m giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes. The family name is derived from the Greek word ( 'carp').

Biology and ecology
Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric, fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves.

Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut.

Cyprinids are native to North America, Africa, and Eurasia. The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which may grow up to 3 m in length and 300 kg in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m are the golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), which can reach up to 1.8 m in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm. The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica, reaching 10.3 mm at the longest.

All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.

Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex.

Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances.

Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase, eat algae and biofilms, while others, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

Food
Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.

Sport
Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

As pest control
Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida.

As a pest species
Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult.

In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin, they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment.

Cyprinus carpio is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80-90 per cent of fish biomass.

In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.

Aquarium fish
Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately, as simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from the 18th century until today.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines and true barbs. Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria. Some of the most popular cyprinids among aquarists, other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb, Harlequin rasbora, pearl danios, rainbow sharks, tiger barbs, and the White Cloud Mountain minnow.

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish (Danio rerio). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.

Threatened families
Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics
The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.

The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "barbs" do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps (Cyprinus) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.

The tench (Tinca tinca), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris, Hemigrammocypris, and Yaoshanicus. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred.

A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and Leuciscinae are monophyletic.

Subfamilies and genera

The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies:

Subfamily Acheilognathinae

 * Acanthorhodeus (Khanka spiny bitterling)
 * Acheilognathus (bitterlings)
 * Rhodeus (bitterlings)
 * Tanakia (bitterlings)

Subfamily Alburninae

 * Alburnoides
 * Alburnus (bleaks)
 * Aspiolucius (pike asp)
 * Metzia

Subfamily Barbinae

 * Acrossocheilus
 * Anchicyclocheilus
 * Aulopyge (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon)
 * Balantiocheilos
 * Barbus (typical barbels and barbs)
 * Carasobarbus
 * Clypeobarbus
 * Dawkinsia
 * Desmopuntius
 * Diptychus
 * Haludaria
 * Hsianwenia
 * Kalimantania
 * Luciobarbus
 * Mesopotamichthys
 * Neobarynotus
 * Oliotius
 * Oreichthys
 * Pethia
 * Puntigrus
 * Puntius (spotted barbs)
 * Sahyadria
 * Schizopyge (snowtrouts)
 * Schizothorax (snowtrouts)
 * Sinocyclocheilus (golden-line fish)
 * Striuntius
 * Systomus

Subfamily Cultrinae

 * Anabarilius
 * Chanodichthys
 * Culter
 * Cultrichthys
 * Hainania
 * Hemiculter (sharpbellies)
 * Ischikauia
 * Megalobrama
 * Parabramis (white Amur bream)
 * Paralaubuca
 * Pseudohemiculter
 * Pseudolaubuca
 * Sinibrama
 * Toxabramis

Subfamily Cyprininae

 * Barboides
 * Barbonymus (tinfoil barbs)
 * Capoeta (khramulyas)
 * Carassioides
 * Carassius (Crucian carps and goldfish)
 * Cyprinus (typical carps)
 * Eechathalakenda
 * Gymnocypris
 * Paracapoeta

Subfamily Danioninae

 * Amblypharyngodon (carplets)
 * Aspidoparia
 * Barilius
 * Betadevario
 * Boraras (rasboras)
 * Cabdio
 * Chelaethiops
 * Chela
 * Danio (danios)
 * Danionella
 * Devario
 * Esomus (flying barbs)
 * Engraulicypris
 * Fangfangia
 * Horadandia
 * Inlecypris
 * Laubuka
 * Leptocypris
 * Luciosoma
 * Malayochela
 * Microdevario
 * Microrasbora
 * Nematabramis
 * Neobola
 * Opsaridium
 * Opsarius
 * Paedocypris
 * Pectenocypris
 * Raiamas
 * Rasbora
 * Rasboroides
 * Rasbosoma (dwarf scissortail rasbora)
 * Rastrineobola (silver cyprinid)
 * Salmostoma (razorbelly minnows)
 * Securicula
 * Sundadanio
 * Trigonopoma
 * Trigonostigma

Subfamily Gobioninae

 * Abbottina (false gudgeons)
 * Belligobio
 * Biwia
 * Coreius
 * Coreoleuciscus
 * Gnathopogon
 * Gobio (typical gudgeons)
 * Gobiobotia
 * Gobiocypris
 * Hemibarbus (steeds)
 * Huigobio
 * Ladislavia
 * Mesogobio
 * Microphysogobio
 * Paracanthobrama
 * Paraleucogobio
 * Parasqualidus
 * Platysmacheilus
 * Pseudogobio
 * Pseudopungtungia
 * Pseudorasbora
 * Pungtungia
 * Rhinogobio
 * Romanogobio
 * Sarcocheilichthys
 * Saurogobio
 * Squalidus
 * Xenophysogobio

Subfamily Labeoninae

 * Bangana
 * Brevibora
 * Cirrhinus (mud carps)
 * Cophecheilus
 * Crossocheilus
 * Discocheilus
 * Discogobio
 * Discolabeo
 * Garra
 * Henicorhynchus
 * Horalabiosa
 * Hongshuia
 * Labeo (labeos)
 * Labeobarbus (yellowfish)
 * Labiobarbus
 * Longanalus
 * Osteochilichthys
 * Osteochilus
 * Paraqianlabeo
 * Parasinilabeo
 * Placocheilus
 * Protolabeo
 * Pseudocrossocheilus
 * Pseudogyrinocheilus
 * Ptychidio
 * Qianlabeo
 * Rectoris
 * Semilabeo
 * Sinigarra
 * Sinilabeo
 * Sinocrossocheilus
 * Stenorynchoacrum
 * Tariqilabeo
 * Vinagarra
 * Vinalabeo

Subfamily Leptobarbinae

 * Leptobarbus

Subfamily Leuciscinae

 * Abramis (common bream)
 * Acanthobrama (bleaks)
 * Achondrostoma
 * Anaecypris
 * Acrocheilus (chiselmouth)
 * Agosia (longfin dace)
 * Algansea (Mexican chubs)
 * Aztecula (Aztec chub)
 * Ballerus (breams)
 * Blicca (silver bream)
 * Campostoma (stonerollers)
 * Chondrostoma (typical nases)
 * Chrosomus (typical daces)
 * Clinostomus (redside daces)
 * Codoma (ornate shiner)
 * Coreoleuciscus (Korean splendid dace)
 * Couesius (lake chub)
 * Cyprinella (satinfin shiners)
 * Delminichthys
 * Dionda (desert minnows)
 * Eremichthys (desert dace)
 * Ericymba (longjaw minnows)
 * Erimystax (slender chubs)
 * Evarra (Mexican daces)
 * Exoglossum (cutlips minnows)
 * Gila (western chubs)
 * Hemitremia (flame chub)
 * Hesperoleucus (California roach)
 * Hybognathus (silvery minnows)
 * Hybopsis (bigeye chubs)
 * Iberochondrostoma
 * Iberocypris
 * Iotichthys (least chub)
 * Kottelatia
 * Ladigesocypris
 * Lavinia (hitch)
 * Lepidomeda (spinedaces)
 * Leucalburnus
 * Leucaspius (moderlieschen)
 * Leuciscus (Eurasian daces)
 * Leucos
 * Luxilus (highscale shiners)
 * Lythrurus (finescale shiners)
 * Macrhybopsis (blacktail chubs)
 * Margariscus (pearl daces)
 * Meda (pikedace)

 * Moapa (moapa dace)
 * Mylocheilus (peamouth)
 * Mylopharodon (hardhead)
 * Nocomis (hornyhead chubs)
 * Notemigonus (golden shiner)
 * Notropis (eastern shiners)
 * Opsopoeodus (pugnose minnow)
 * Oregonichthys (Oregon chubs)
 * Orthodon (Sacramento blackfish)
 * Pachychilon
 * Parachondrostoma
 * Pararhinichthys (cheat minnow)
 * Pelasgus
 * Pelecus (sabre carp)
 * Petroleuciscus (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
 * Phenacobius (suckermouth minnows)
 * Phoxinellus
 * Phoxinus (Eurasian minnows and daces)
 * Pimephales (bluntnose minnows)
 * Plagopterus (woundfin)
 * Platygobio (flathead chub)
 * Pogonichthys (splittails)
 * Protochondrostoma (South European nase)
 * Pseudochondrostoma
 * Pseudophoxinus
 * Pteronotropis (flagfin shiners)
 * Ptychocheilus (pikeminnows)
 * Relictus (relict dace)
 * Rhinichthys (riffle daces, loach minnows) (including Tiaroga)
 * Rhynchocypris (Eurasian minnows)
 * Richardsonius (redside shiners)
 * Rutilus (roaches)
 * Sarmarutilus
 * Scardinius (rudds)
 * Semotilus (creek chubs)
 * Siphateles
 * Snyderichthys (spinedaces)
 * Squalius (European chubs)
 * Stypodon (stumptooth minnow)
 * Tampichthys
 * Telestes
 * Tribolodon
 * Tropidophoxinellus
 * Vimba (Vimbas)
 * Yuriria

Subfamily Squaliobarbinae

 * Ctenopharyngodon (grass carp)
 * Mylopharyngodon (black carp)
 * Squaliobarbus

Subfamily Xenocyprinae

 * Distoechodon
 * Hypophthalmichthys (bighead carps)
 * Plagiognathops
 * Pseudobrama
 * Xenocypris

Incertae sedis

 * Aaptosyax (giant salmon carp)
 * Acanthalburnus (bleaks)
 * Acanthogobio
 * Acapoeta
 * Albulichthys
 * Amblyrhynchichthys
 * Ancherythroculter
 * Aphyocypris
 * Araiocypris
 * Aspiorhynchus
 * Atrilinea
 * Barbichthys
 * Barbopsis (Somalian blind barb)
 * Caecobarbus (Congo blind barb)
 * Caecocypris
 * Candidia
 * Capoetobrama
 * Catlocarpio
 * Chagunius
 * Chuanchia
 * Coptostomabarbus
 * Cosmochilus
 * Cyclocheilichthys
 * Cyprinion
 * Diplocheilichthys
 * Discherodontus
 * Eirmotus
 * Elopichthys
 * Epalzeorhynchos
 * Folifer
 * Gibelion (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla)
 * Gymnodanio
 * Gymnodiptychus
 * Hampala
 * Hemiculterella
 * Hemigrammocypris (close to Aphyocypris?)
 * Herzensteinia
 * Hypselobarbus
 * Hypsibarbus
 * Laocypris
 * Lepidopygopsis
 * Linichthys
 * Lobocheilos
 * Longiculter
 * Luciobrama
 * Luciocyprinus
 * Macrochirichthys (long pectoral-fin minnow)
 * Megarasbora
 * Mekongina
 * Metzia

 * Mystacoleucus
 * Naziritor (Zhobi mahseers)
 * Neolissochilus (mahseers)
 * Nipponocypris
 * Ochetobius
 * Onychostoma
 * Opsariichthys
 * Oreoleuciscus
 * Osteobrama
 * Oxygaster
 * Oxygymnocypris
 * Parachela
 * Paracrossochilus
 * Parapsilorhynchus
 * Parasikukia
 * Paraspinibarbus
 * Parator
 * Parazacco
 * Percocypris
 * Phreatichthys (Somalian cavefish)
 * Placogobio
 * Platypharodon
 * Pogobrama
 * Poropuntius
 * Probarbus
 * Procypris
 * Prolabeo
 * Prolabeops
 * Pseudaspius
 * Ptychobarbus
 * Puntioplites
 * Rasborichthys
 * Rohtee (Vatani rohtee)
 * Rohteichthys
 * Sanagia
 * Sawbwa (Sawbwa barb)
 * Scaphiodonichthys
 * Scaphognathops
 * Scardinius (rudds)
 * Schismatorhynchos
 * Schizocypris (snowtrouts)
 * Schizopygopsis (snowtrouts)
 * Semiplotus
 * Sikukia
 * Spinibarbus
 * Thryssocypris
 * Thynnichthys
 * Tor (mahseers)
 * Troglocyclocheilus
 * Tropidophoxinellus
 * Typhlobarbus
 * Typhlogarra (Iraq blind barb)
 * Xenobarbus
 * Xenocyprioides
 * Zacco

With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:

Phylogeny
Subfamily Probarbinae Subfamily Labeoninae
 * Catlocarpio
 * Probarbus
 * Tribe Parapsilorhynchini
 * Diplocheilichthys
 * Neorohita
 * Parapsilorhynchus
 * Longanalus
 * Protolabeo
 * Sinilabeo
 * Tribe Labeonini
 * Bangana
 * Cirrhinus (mud carps)
 * Decourus
 * Gymnostomus
 * Incisilabeo
 * Labeo (labeos)
 * Speolabeo
 * Schismatorhynchos
 * Tribe Garrini
 * Garra
 * Paracrossocheilus
 * Tariqilabeo
 * Osteochilus clade
 * Barbichthys
 * Crossocheilus
 * Epalzeorhynchos
 * Henicorhynchus
 * Labiobarbus
 * Lobocheilos
 * Osteochilus
 * Thynnichthys
 * Semilabeo clade
 * Ageneiogarra
 * Altigena
 * Cophecheilus
 * Discogobio
 * Hongshuia
 * Linichthys
 * Mekongina
 * Paraqianlabeo
 * Parasinilabeo
 * Placocheilus
 * Prolixicheilus
 * Pseudocrossocheilus
 * Pseudogyrinocheilus
 * Ptychidio
 * Qianlabeo
 * Rectoris
 * Semilabeo
 * Sinigarra
 * Sinocrossocheilus
 * Stenorynchoacrum

Subfamily Torinae

 * Tribe Torini
 * Arabibarbus
 * Carasobarbus
 * Labeobarbus (yellowfish)
 * Mesopotamichthys
 * Pterocapoeta

 * Acapoeta
 * Barbopsis (Somalian blind barb)
 * Hypselobarbus
 * Lepidopygopsis
 * Naziritor (Zhobi mahseers)

 * Neolissochilus (mahseers)
 * Osteochilichthys
 * Pterocapoeta
 * Sanagia
 * Tor (mahseers)

Subfamily Smiliogastrinae

 * Tribe Smiliogastrini
 * Amatolacypris
 * Cheilobarbus
 * Enteromius (African barbs)
 * Namaquacypris
 * Pseudobarbus (redfins)
 * Sedercypris (Cedarberg redfins)

 * Barboides
 * Caecobarbus (Congo blind barb)
 * Chagunius
 * Clypeobarbus
 * Coptostomabarbus
 * Dawkinsia
 * Desmopuntius
 * Eechathalakenda
 * Enteromius
 * Haludaria
 * Hampala
 * Oliotius

 * Oreichthys
 * Osteobrama
 * Pethia
 * Prolabeo
 * Prolabeops
 * Puntigrus
 * Puntius (spotted barbs)
 * Rohtee (Vatani rohtee)
 * Sahyadria
 * Striuntius
 * Systomus
 * Waikhomia
 * Xenobarbus

Subfamily Cyprininae [incl. Barbinae]

 * Tribe Cyprinini
 * Aaptosyax (giant salmon carp)
 * Carassioides
 * Carassius (Crucian carps and goldfish)
 * Cyprinus (typical carps)
 * Luciocyprinus
 * Paraspinibarbus
 * Parator
 * Procypris
 * Pseudosinocyclocheilus
 * Sinibarbus
 * Sinocyclocheilus (golden-line fish)
 * Typhlobarbus
 * Tribe Rohteichthyini
 * Albulichthys
 * Amblyrhynchichthys
 * Anematichthys
 * Balantiocheilos
 * Barbonymus (tinfoil barbs)
 * Cosmochilus
 * Cyclocheilichthys
 * Cyclocheilos
 * Discherodontus
 * Eirmotus
 * Hypsibarbus
 * Kalimantania
 * Laocypris
 * Mystacoleucus
 * Parasikukia
 * Poropuntius
 * Puntioplites
 * Rohteichthys
 * Sawbwa (Sawbwa barb)
 * Scaphognathops
 * Sikukia
 * Troglocyclocheilus

 * Tribe Acrossocheilini
 * Acrossocheilus
 * Folifer
 * Onychostoma
 * Tribe Spinibarbini
 * Spinibarbus
 * Spinibarbichthys
 * Tribe Schizothoracini
 * Aspiorhynchus
 * Percocypris
 * Schizopyge (snowtrouts)
 * Schizothorax (snowtrouts)
 * Tribe Schizopygopsini
 * Chuanchia
 * Diptychus
 * Gymnocypris
 * Gymnodiptychus
 * Oreinus
 * Oxygymnocypris
 * Platypharodon
 * Ptychobarbus
 * Schizopygopsis (snowtrouts)
 * Tribe Barbini
 * Aulopyge (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon)
 * Barbus (typical barbels)
 * Barbodes
 * Hsianwenia
 * Caecocypris
 * Capoeta (khramulyas)
 * Cyprinion
 * Kantaka
 * Luciobarbus
 * Scaphiodonichthys
 * Schizocypris (snowtrouts)
 * Semiplotus

Subfamily Danioninae

 * Tribe Paedocypridini
 * Paedocypris
 * Tribe Sundadanionini
 * Fangfangia
 * Sundadanio
 * Tribe Rasborini
 * Amblypharyngodon (carplets)
 * Boraras (rasboras)
 * Brevibora
 * Horadandia
 * Kottelatia
 * Pectenocypris
 * Rasbora
 * Rasboroides
 * Rasbosoma (dwarf scissortail rasbora)
 * Trigonopoma
 * Trigonostigma
 * Tribe Danionini
 * Betadevario
 * Brachydanio
 * Celestichthys
 * Chela
 * Danio (danios)
 * Danionella
 * Devario
 * Inlecypris
 * Laubuka
 * Microdevario
 * Microrasbora

 * Tribe Chedrini
 * Barilius
 * Bengala
 * Cabdio [Aspidoparia]
 * Chelaethiops
 * Engraulicypris
 * Esomus (flying barbs)
 * Leptocypris
 * Luciosoma
 * Malayochela
 * Nematabramis
 * Neobola
 * Opsaridium
 * Opsarius
 * Raiamas
 * Rastrineobola (silver cyprinid)
 * Salmostoma (razorbelly minnows)
 * Securicula
 * Thryssocypris

Subfamily Leptobarbinae
 * Leptobarbus

Subfamily Xenocypridinae [incl. Cultrinae & Squaliobarbinae]

 * Tribe Squaliobarbini
 * Squaliobarbus
 * Tribe Opsariichthyini
 * Candidia
 * Nipponocypris
 * Opsariichthys
 * Parazacco
 * Xenocyprioides
 * Tribe Oxygastrini
 * Aphyocypris
 * Araiocypris
 * Gymnodanio
 * Hemigrammocypris
 * Macrochirichthys (long pectoral-fin minnow)
 * Metzia
 * Oxygaster
 * Parachela
 * Paralaubuca
 * Rasborichthys
 * Tribe Hypophthalmichthyini
 * Atrilinea
 * Ctenopharyngodon (grass carp)
 * Elopichthys
 * Hypophthalmichthys (bighead carps)
 * Luciobrama
 * Mylopharyngodon (black carp)
 * Ochetobius

 * Tribe Xenocypridini
 * Subtribe Xenocypridina
 * Distoechodon
 * Plagiognathops
 * Pseudobrama
 * Xenocypris
 * Subtribe Cultrina
 * Anabarilius
 * Chanodichthys
 * Culter
 * Ischikauia
 * Longiculter
 * Megalobrama
 * Parabramis (white Amur bream)
 * Pogobrama
 * Sinibrama
 * Hemiculter clade
 * Hainania
 * Hemiculter (sharpbellies)
 * Pseudohemiculter
 * Pseudolaubuca
 * Toxabramis

Subfamily Tincinae
 * Tinca

Subfamily Acheilognathinae (bitterlings)
 * ?Acanthorhodeus (Khanka spiny bitterling)
 * Acheilognathus
 * Paratanakia
 * Pseudorhodeus
 * Rhodeus
 * Tanakia

Subfamily Gobioninae

 * Hemibarbus-Squalidus clade
 * Belligobio
 * Hemibarbus (steeds)
 * Squalidus
 * Tribe Gobionini
 * Subtribe Gobiobotiina
 * Gobiobotia
 * Xenophysogobio
 * Subtribe Gobionina
 * Gobio (typical gudgeons)
 * Mesogobio
 * Romanogobio
 * Acanthogobio
 * Subtribe Armatogobionina
 * Abbottina (false gudgeons)
 * Biwia
 * ?Huigobio
 * Microphysogobio
 * Platysmacheilus
 * Pseudogobio
 * Saurogobio

 * Tribe Sarcocheilichthyini
 * Coreius
 * Coreoleuciscus (Korean splendid dace)
 * Gnathopogon
 * Gobiocypris
 * Ladislavia
 * Paracanthobrama
 * Paraleucogobio
 * ?Parasqualidus
 * Pseudopungtungia
 * Pseudorasbora
 * Pungtungia
 * Rhinogobio
 * Sarcocheilichthys

Subfamily Tanichthyinae
 * Tanichthys

Subfamily Leuciscinae [incl. Alburninae]

 * Tribe Phoxinini
 * Oreoleuciscus
 * Phoxinus (Eurasian minnows and daces)
 * Pseudaspius
 * Tribe Laviniini
 * Subtribe Chrosomina
 * Chrosomus (typical daces)
 * Subtribe Laviniina
 * Eremichthys (desert dace)
 * Gila (western chubs)
 * Hesperoleucus (California roach)
 * Klamathella
 * Lavinia (hitch)
 * Mylopharodon (hardhead)
 * Orthodon (Sacramento blackfish)
 * Ptychocheilus (pikeminnows)
 * Relictus (relict dace)
 * Siphateles
 * Tribe Leuciscini
 * Pachychilon clade
 * Pachychilon
 * Alburnoides clade
 * Alburnoides
 * Primitive Leuciscine clade
 * Delminichthys
 * Leucalburnus
 * Notemigonus (golden shiner)
 * Pelasgus
 * Subtribe Leuciscina
 * Aspiolucius (pike asp)
 * Leuciscus (Eurasian daces)
 * Pelecus (sabre carp)
 * Subtribe Abramina
 * Abramis (common bream)
 * Acanthobrama (bleaks)
 * Capoetobrama
 * Mirogrex
 * Vimba (Vimbas)
 * Subtribe Chondrostomina
 * Achondrostoma
 * Alburnus (bleaks)
 * Anaecypris
 * Chondrostoma (typical nases)
 * Iberochondrostoma
 * Leucaspius (moderlieschen)
 * Leucos
 * Parachondrostoma
 * Petroleuciscus (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
 * Phoxinellus
 * Protochondrostoma (South European nase)
 * Pseudochondrostoma
 * Pseudophoxinus
 * Rutilus (roaches)
 * Sarmarutilus
 * Scardinius (rudds)
 * Squalius (European chubs)
 * Telestes
 * Tropidophoxinellus

 * Tribe Plagiopterini
 * Couesius (lake chub)
 * Hemitremia (flame chub)
 * Lepidomeda (spinedaces)
 * Margariscus (pearl daces)
 * Meda (pikedace)
 * Plagopterus (woundfin)
 * Rhynchocypris (Eurasian minnows)
 * Semotilus (creek chubs)
 * Stypodon (stumptooth minnow)
 * Tribe Pogonichthyini
 * Subtribe Pogonichthyina
 * Clinostomus (redside daces)
 * Iotichthys (least chub)
 * Mylocheilus (peamouth)
 * Pogonichthys (splittails)
 * Richardsonius (redside shiners)
 * Subtribe Exoglossina
 * Exoglossum (cutlips minnows)
 * Oregonichthys (Oregon chubs)
 * Pararhinichthys (cheat minnow)
 * Rhinichthys (riffle daces, loach minnows)
 * Tiaroga
 * Subtribe Campostomina
 * Campostoma (stonerollers)
 * Nocomis (hornyhead chubs)
 * Subtribe Hybognathina
 * Agosia (longfin dace)
 * Alburnops
 * Algansea (Mexican chubs)
 * ?Aztecula (Aztec chub)
 * Codoma (ornate shiner)
 * Cyprinella (satinfin shiners)
 * Dionda (desert minnows)
 * ?Ericymba (longjaw minnows)
 * Erimonax
 * Erimystax (slender chubs)
 * Evarra (Mexican daces)
 * Graodus
 * Hudsonius
 * Hybognathus (silvery minnows)
 * Hybopsis (bigeye chubs)
 * ?Iberocypris
 * ?Ladigesocypris
 * Luxilus (highscale shiners)
 * Lythrurus (finescale shiners)
 * Macrhybopsis (blacktail chubs)
 * Miniellus
 * ?Moapa (moapa dace)
 * Notropis (eastern shiners)
 * Opsopoeodus (pugnose minnow)
 * Phenacobius (suckermouth minnows)
 * Pimephales (bluntnose minnows)
 * Platygobio (flathead chub)
 * Pteronotropis (flagfin shiners)
 * ?Snyderichthys (spinedaces)
 * Tampichthys
 * ?Tribolodon
 * ?Yuriria

Incertae sedis

 * Acanthalburnus (bleaks)
 * Acrocheilus (chiselmouth)
 * Ancherythroculter
 * Anchicyclocheilus
 * Gibelion (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla)
 * Cultrichthys
 * Discocheilus
 * Discolabeo
 * Hemiculterella
 * Herzensteinia

 * Horalabiosa
 * Megarasbora
 * Neobarynotus
 * Paracrossochilus
 * Phreatichthys (Somalian cavefish)
 * Placogobio
 * Scardinius (rudds)
 * Tropidophoxinellus
 * Typhlogarra (Iraq blind barb)
 * Zacco

title: Cyprinidae


text:
Complementary DNA

In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded forms and in both natural and engineered forms.

In engineered forms, it often is a copy (replicate) of the naturally occurring DNA from any particular organism's natural genome; the organism's own mRNA was naturally transcribed from its DNA, and the cDNA is reverse transcribed from the mRNA, yielding a duplicate of the original DNA. Engineered cDNA is often used to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), or to sequence or quantify mRNA molecules using DNA based methods (qPCR, RNA-seq). cDNA that codes for a specific protein can be transferred to a recipient cell for expression as part of recombinant DNA, often bacterial or yeast expression systems. cDNA is also generated to analyze transcriptomic profiles in bulk tissue, single cells, or single nuclei in assays such as microarrays, qPCR, and RNA-seq.

In natural forms, cDNA is produced by retroviruses (such as HIV-1, HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, etc.) and then integrated into the host's genome, where it creates a provirus.

The term cDNA is also used, typically in a bioinformatics context, to refer to an mRNA transcript's sequence, expressed as DNA bases (deoxy-GCAT) rather than RNA bases (GCAU).

Patentability of cDNA was a subject of a 2013 US Supreme Court decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. As a compromise, the Court declared, that exons-only cDNA is patent-eligible, whereas isolated sequences of naturally occurring DNA comprising introns are not.

Synthesis
RNA serves as a template for cDNA synthesis. In cellular life, cDNA is generated by viruses and retrotransposons for integration of RNA into target genomic DNA. In molecular biology, RNA is purified from source material after genomic DNA, proteins and other cellular components are removed. cDNA is then synthesized through in vitro reverse transcription.

RNA purification
RNA is transcribed from genomic DNA in host cells and is extracted by first lysing cells then purifying RNA utilizing widely-used methods such as phenol-chloroform, silica column, and bead-based RNA extraction methods. Extraction methods vary depending on the source material. For example, extracting RNA from plant tissue requires additional reagents, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to remove phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and other compounds that will otherwise render RNA unusable. To remove DNA and proteins, enzymes such as DNase and Proteinase K are used for degradation. Importantly, RNA integrity is maintained by inactivating RNases with chaotropic agents such as guanidinium isothiocyanate, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), phenol or chloroform. Total RNA is then separated from other cellular components and precipitated with alcohol. Various commercial kits exist for simple and rapid RNA extractions for specific applications. Additional bead-based methods can be used to isolate specific sub-types of RNA (e.g. mRNA and microRNA) based on size or unique RNA regions.

First-strand synthesis
Using a reverse transcriptase enzyme and purified RNA templates, one strand of cDNA is produced (first-strand cDNA synthesis). The M-MLV reverse transcriptase from the Moloney murine leukemia virus is commonly used due to its reduced RNase H activity suited for transcription of longer RNAs. The AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus may also be used for RNA templates with strong secondary structures (i.e. high melting temperature). cDNA is commonly generated from mRNA for gene expression analyses such as RT-qPCR and RNA-seq. mRNA is selectively reverse transcribed using oligo-dT primers that are the reverse complement of the poly-adenylated tail on the 3' end of all mRNA. The oligo-dT primer anneals to the poly-adenylated tail of the mRNA to serve as a binding site for the reverse transcriptase to begin reverse transcription. An optimized mixture of oligo-dT and random hexamer primers increases the chance of obtaining full-length cDNA while reducing 5' or 3' bias. Ribosomal RNA may also be depleted to enrich both mRNA and non-poly-adenylated transcripts such as some non-coding RNA.

Second-strand synthesis
The result of first-strand syntheses, RNA-DNA hybrids, can be processed through multiple second-strand synthesis methods or processed directly in downstream assays. An early method known as hairpin-primed synthesis relied on hairpin formation on the 3' end of the first-strand cDNA to prime second-strand synthesis. However, priming is random and hairpin hydrolysis leads to loss of information. The Gubler and Hoffman Procedure uses E. Coli RNase H to nick mRNA that is replaced with E. Coli DNA Polymerase I and sealed with E. Coli DNA Ligase. An optimization of this procedure relies on low RNase H activity of M-MLV to nick mRNA with remaining RNA later removed by adding RNase H after DNA Polymerase translation of the second-strand cDNA. This prevents lost sequence information at the 5' end of the mRNA.

Applications
Complementary DNA is often used in gene cloning or as gene probes or in the creation of a cDNA library. When scientists transfer a gene from one cell into another cell in order to express the new genetic material as a protein in the recipient cell, the cDNA will be added to the recipient (rather than the entire gene), because the DNA for an entire gene may include DNA that does not code for the protein or that interrupts the coding sequence of the protein (e.g., introns). Partial sequences of cDNAs are often obtained as expressed sequence tags.

With amplification of DNA sequences via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) now commonplace, one will typically conduct reverse transcription as an initial step, followed by PCR to obtain an exact sequence of cDNA for intra-cellular expression. This is achieved by designing sequence-specific DNA primers that hybridize to the 5' and 3' ends of a cDNA region coding for a protein. Once amplified, the sequence can be cut at each end with nucleases and inserted into one of many small circular DNA sequences known as expression vectors. Such vectors allow for self-replication, inside the cells, and potentially integration in the host DNA. They typically also contain a strong promoter to drive transcription of the target cDNA into mRNA, which is then translated into protein.

cDNA is also used to study gene expression via methods such as RNA-seq or RT-qPCR. For sequencing, RNA must be fragmented due to sequencing platform size limitations. Additionally, second-strand synthesized cDNA must be ligated with adapters that allow cDNA fragments to be PCR amplified and bind to sequencing flow cells. Gene-specific analysis methods commonly use microarrays and RT-qPCR to quantify cDNA levels via fluorometric and other methods.

On 13 June 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics that while naturally occurring genes cannot be patented, cDNA is patent-eligible because it does not occur naturally.

Viruses and retrotransposons
Some viruses also use cDNA to turn their viral RNA into mRNA (viral RNA → cDNA → mRNA). The mRNA is used to make viral proteins to take over the host cell.

An example of this first step from viral RNA to cDNA can be seen in the HIV cycle of infection. Here, the host cell membrane becomes attached to the virus' lipid envelope which allows the viral capsid with two copies of viral genome RNA to enter the host. The cDNA copy is then made through reverse transcription of the viral RNA, a process facilitated by the chaperone CypA and a viral capsid associated reverse transcriptase.

cDNA is also generated by retrotransposons in eukaryotic genomes. Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that move themselves within, and sometimes between, genomes via RNA intermediates. This mechanism is shared with viruses with the exclusion of the generation of infectious particles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Complementary DNA


text:
Cellular digital packet data

Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) is an obsolete wide-area mobile data service which used unused bandwidth normally used by Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data. Speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s were possible, though real world speeds seldom reached higher than 9.6 kbit/s. The service was discontinued in conjunction with the retirement of the parent AMPS service; it has been functionally replaced by faster services such as 1xRTT, Evolution-Data Optimized, and UMTS/High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).

Developed in the early 1990s, CDPD was large on the horizon as a future technology. However, it had difficulty competing against existing slower but less expensive Mobitex and DataTAC systems, and never quite gained widespread acceptance before newer, faster standards such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) became dominant.

CDPD had very limited consumer products. AT&T Wireless first sold the technology in the United States under the PocketNet brand. It was one of the first products of wireless web service. Digital Ocean, Inc. an original equipment manufacturer licensee of the Apple Newton, sold the Seahorse product, which integrated the Newton handheld computer, an AMPS/CDPD handset/modem along with a web browser in 1996, winning the CTIA's hardware product of the year award as a smartphone, arguably the world's first. A company named OmniSky provided service for Palm V devices. OmniSky then filed for bankruptcy in 2001 then was picked up by EarthLink Wireless. The technician that developed the tech support for all of the wireless technology was a man by the name of Myron Feasel he was brought from company to company ending up at Palm. Sierra Wireless sold PCMCIA devices and Airlink sold a serial modem. Both of these were used by police and fire departments for dispatch. Wireless later sold CDPD under the Wireless Internet brand (not to be confused with Wireless Internet Express, their brand for GPRS/EDGE data). PocketNet was generally considered a failure with competition from 2G services such as Sprint's Wireless Web. AT&T Wireless sold four PocketNet Phone models to the public: the Samsung Duette and the Mitsubishi MobileAccess-120 were AMPS/CDPD PocketNet phones introduced in October 1997; and two IS-136/CDPD Digital PocketNet phones, the Mitsubishi T-250 and the Ericsson R289LX.

Despite its limited success as a consumer offering, CDPD was adopted in a number of enterprise and government networks. It was particularly popular as a first-generation wireless data solution for telemetry devices (machine to machine communications) and for public safety mobile data terminals.

In 2004, major carriers in the United States announced plans to shut down CDPD service. In July 2005, the AT&T Wireless and Cingular Wireless CDPD networks were shut down.

CDPD Network and system
Primary elements of a CDPD network are: 1. End systems: physical & logical end systems that exchange information 2. Intermediate systems: CDPD infrastructure elements that store, forward & route the information

There are 2 kinds of End systems 1. Mobile end system: subscriber unit to access CDPD network over a wireless interface 2. Fixed end system: common host/server that is connected to the CDPD backbone and providing access to specific application and data

There are 2 kinds of Intermediate systems 1. Generic intermediate system: simple router with no knowledge of mobility issues 2. mobile data intermediate system: specialized intermediate system that routes data based on its knowledge of the current location of Mobile end system. It is a set of hardware and software functions that provide switching, accounting, registration, authentication, encryption, and so on.

The design of CDPD was based on several design objectives that are often repeated in designing overlay networks or new networks. A lot of emphasis was laid on open architectures and reusing as much of the existing RF infrastructure as possible. The design goal of CDPD included location independence and independence fro, service provider, so that coverage could be maximized ; application transparency and multiprotocol support, interoperability between products from multiple vendors.

title: Cellular digital packet data