text:
Anita Hill

Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American lawyer, educator and author. She is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of the university's Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her supervisor at the United States Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.

Early life and education
Anita Hill was born to a family of farmers in Lone Tree, Oklahoma, the youngest of Albert and Erma Hill's 13 children. Her family came from Arkansas, where her maternal grandfather Henry Eliot and all of her great-grandparents had been born into slavery. Hill was raised in the Baptist faith.

Hill graduated from Morris High School, Oklahoma in 1973, where she was class valedictorian. Hill received her bachelor's degree in psychology in 1977 from Oklahoma State University. In 1980, she earned her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut.

Early career
Hill was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D.C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross. In 1981, she became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas, who was then the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. When Thomas became chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1982, Hill served as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983.

Hill then became an assistant professor at the Evangelical Christian O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University where she taught from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, she joined the faculty at the University of Oklahoma College of Law where she taught commercial law and contracts.

In 1989, she became the first tenured African American professor at OU. She left the university in 1996 due to ongoing calls for her resignation that began after her 1991 testimony. In 1998, she became a visiting scholar at Brandeis University and, in 2015, a university professor at the school.

Allegations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas
In 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas, a federal circuit judge, to succeed retiring Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Senate hearings on his confirmation were initially completed with Thomas's good character being presented as a primary qualification for the high court because he had only been a judge for slightly more than one year. There had been little organized opposition to Thomas's nomination, and his confirmation seemed assured until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI was leaked to the press. The hearings were then reopened, and Hill was called to publicly testify.

Hill said on October 11, 1991, in televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the second job after he had already allegedly harassed her, she said working in a reputable position within the civil rights field had been her ambition. The position was appealing enough to inhibit her from going back into private practice with her previous firm. She said that she only realized later in her life that the choice had represented poor judgment on her part, but that "at that time, it appeared that the sexual overtures... had ended."

According to Hill, Thomas asked her out socially many times during her two years of employment as his assistant, and after she declined his requests, he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects and push advances. "He spoke about... such matters as women having sex with animals and films showing group sex or rape scenes," she said, adding that on several occasions Thomas graphically described "his own sexual prowess" and the details of his anatomy. Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, "Who has put pubic hair on my Coke?" During the hearing, Republican Senator Orrin Hatch implied that "Hill was working in tandem with 'slick lawyers' and interest groups bent on destroying Thomas's chances to join the court." Thomas said he had considered Hill a friend whom he had helped at every turn, so when accusations of harassment came from her they were particularly hurtful and he said, "I lost the belief that if I did my best, all would work out."

Four female witnesses waited in the wings to support Hill's credibility, but they were not called, due to what the Los Angeles Times described as a private, compromise deal between Republicans and the Senate Judiciary Committee chair, Democrat Joe Biden.

Hill agreed to take a polygraph test. While senators and other authorities observed that polygraph results cannot be relied upon and are inadmissible in courts, Hill's results did support her statements. Thomas did not take a polygraph test. He made a vehement and complete denial, saying that he was being subjected to a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks" by white liberals who were seeking to block a black conservative from taking a seat on the Supreme Court. After extensive debate, the United States Senate confirmed Thomas to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52–48, the narrowest margin since the 19th century.

Members questioned Hill's credibility after the timeline of her events came into question. They mentioned the time delay of ten years between the alleged behavior by Thomas and Hill's accusations, and observed that Hill had followed Thomas to a second job and later had personal contacts with Thomas, including giving him a ride to an airport—behavior which they said would be inexplicable if Hill's allegations were true. Hill countered that she had come forward because she felt an obligation to share information on the character and actions of a person who was being considered for the Supreme Court. She testified that after leaving the EEOC, she had had two "inconsequential" phone conversations with Thomas, and had seen him personally on two occasions, once to get a job reference and the second time when he made a public appearance in Oklahoma where she was teaching.

Doubts about the veracity of Hill's 1991 testimony persisted among conservatives long after Thomas took his seat on the Court. They were furthered by right-wing magazine American Spectator writer David Brock in his 1993 book The Real Anita Hill, though he later recanted the claims he had made which he described in his book as "character assassination," and apologized to Hill. After interviewing a number of women who alleged that Thomas had frequently subjected them to sexually explicit remarks, The Wall Street Journal reporters Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson wrote, Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas, a book that concluded that Thomas had lied during his confirmation process. Richard Lacayo in his 1994 review of the book for Time magazine remarked, however, that "Their book doesn't quite nail that conclusion." In 2007, Kevin Merida [sic], a co-author of another book on Thomas, remarked that what happened between Thomas and Hill was "ultimately unknowable" by others, but that it was clear that "one of them lied, period." Writing in 2007, Neil Lewis of The New York Times remarked that, "To this day, each side in the epic he-said, she-said dispute has its unmovable believers."

In 2007, Thomas published his autobiography, My Grandfather's Son, in which he revisited the controversy, calling Hill his "most traitorous adversary", and writing that pro-choice liberals, who feared he would vote to overturn Roe v. Wade if he were seated on the Supreme Court, used the scandal against him. He described Hill as touchy and apt to overreact, and her work at the EEOC as mediocre. He acknowledged that three other former EEOC employees had backed Hill's story, but said they had all left the agency on bad terms. He also wrote that Hill "was a left-winger who'd never expressed any religious sentiments whatsoever ... and the only reason why she'd held a job in the Reagan administration was because I'd given it to her." Hill denied the accusations in an op-ed in The New York Times saying she would not "stand by silently and allow [Justice Thomas], in his anger, to reinvent me."

In October 2010, Thomas's wife Virginia, a conservative activist, left a voicemail at Hill's office asking that Hill apologize for her 1991 testimony. Hill initially believed the call was a hoax and referred the matter to the Brandeis University campus police who alerted the FBI. After being informed that the call was indeed from Virginia Thomas, Hill told the media that she did not believe the message was meant to be conciliatory and said, "I testified truthfully about my experience and I stand by that testimony." Virginia Thomas responded that the call had been intended as an "olive branch".

Effects
Shortly after the Thomas confirmation hearings, President George H. W. Bush dropped his opposition to a bill that gave harassment victims the right to seek federal damage awards, back pay, and reinstatement, and the law was passed by Congress. One year later, harassment complaints filed with the EEOC were up 50 percent and public opinion had shifted in Hill's favor. Private companies also started training programs to deter sexual harassment. When journalist Cinny Kennard asked Hill in 1991 if she would testify against Thomas all over again, Hill answered, "I'm not sure if I could have lived with myself if I had answered those questions any differently."

The manner in which the Senate Judiciary Committee challenged and dismissed Hill's accusations of sexual harassment angered female politicians and lawyers. According to D.C. Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, Hill's treatment by the panel was a contributing factor to the large number of women elected to Congress in 1992. "Women clearly went to the polls with the notion in mind that you had to have more women in Congress," she said. In their anthology, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave, editors Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith described black feminists mobilizing "a remarkable national response to the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas controversy. In 1992, a feminist group began a nationwide fundraising campaign and then obtained matching state funds to endow a professorship at the University of Oklahoma College of Law in honor of Hill. Conservative Oklahoma state legislators reacted by demanding Hill's resignation from the university, then introducing a bill to prohibit the university from accepting donations from out-of-state residents, and finally attempting to pass legislation to close down the law school. Elmer Zinn Million, a local activist, compared Hill to Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President Kennedy.  Certain officials at the university attempted to revoke Hill's tenure. After five years of pressure, Hill resigned. The University of Oklahoma Law School defunded the Anita F. Hill professorship in May 1999, without the position having ever been filled.

On April 25, 2019, the presidential campaign team for Joe Biden for the 2020 United States presidential election disclosed that he had called Hill to express "his regret for what she endured" in his role as the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, presiding over the Thomas confirmation hearings. Hill said the call from Biden left her feeling "deeply unsatisfied". On June 13, 2019, Hill clarified that she did not consider Biden's actions disqualifying, and would be open to voting for him. In May 2020, Hill argued that sexual assault allegations made against Donald Trump as well as the sexual assault allegation against Biden should be investigated and their results "made available to the public."

On September 5, 2020, it was reported that Hill had vowed to vote for Biden and to work with him on gender issues.

Continued work and advocacy

Hill continued to teach at the University of Oklahoma, though she spent two years as a visiting professor in California. She resigned her post in October 1996 and finished her final semester of teaching there. In her final semester, she taught a law school seminar on civil rights. An endowed chair was created in her name, but was later defunded without ever having been filled.

Hill accepted a position as a visiting scholar at the Institute for the Study of Social Change at University of California, Berkeley in January 1997, but soon joined the faculty of Brandeis University—first at the Women's Studies Program, later moving to the Heller School for Social Policy and Management. In 2011, she also took a counsel position with the Civil Rights & Employment Practice group of the plaintiffs' law firm Cohen Milstein.

Over the years, Hill has provided commentary on gender and race issues on national television programs, including 60 Minutes, Face the Nation, and Meet the Press. She has been a speaker on the topic of commercial law as well as race and women's rights. She is also the author of articles that have been published in The New York Times and Newsweek and has contributed to many scholarly and legal publications in the areas of international commercial law, bankruptcy, and civil rights.

In 1995, Hill co-edited Race, Gender and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings with Emma Coleman Jordan. In 1997 Hill published her autobiography, Speaking Truth to Power, in which she chronicled her role in the Clarence Thomas confirmation controversy and wrote that creating a better society had been a motivating force in her life. She contributed the piece "The Nature of the Beast: Sexual Harassment" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan. In 2011, Hill published her second book, Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home, which focuses on the sub-prime lending crisis that resulted in the foreclosure of many homes owned by African-Americans. She calls for a new understanding about the importance of a home and its place in the American Dream. On March 26, 2015, the Brandeis Board of Trustees unanimously voted to recognize Hill with a promotion to Private University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies.

On December 16, 2017, the Commission on Sexual Harassment and Advancing Equality in the Workplace was formed, selecting Hill to lead its charge against sexual harassment in the entertainment industry. The new initiative was spearheaded by co-chair of the Nike Foundation Maria Eitel, venture capitalist Freada Kapor Klein, Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and talent attorney Nina Shaw. The report found not only a saddening prevalence of continued bias but also stark differences in how varying demographics perceived discrimination and harassment.

In September 2018, Hill wrote an op-ed in The New York Times regarding sexual assault allegations made by Christine Blasey Ford during the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination. On November 8, 2018, Anita Hill spoke at the USC Dornsife's event, "From Social Movement to Social Impact: Putting an End to Sexual Harassment in the Workplace".

Writings
In 1994, Hill wrote a tribute to Thurgood Marshall, the first African American Supreme Court Justice who preceded Clarence Thomas, titled "A Tribute to Thurgood Marshall: A Man Who Broke with Tradition on Issues of Race and Gender". She outlined Marshall's contributions to the principles of equality as a judge and how his work has affected the lives of African Americans, specifically African American women.

On October 20, 1998, Hill published the book Speaking Truth to Power. Throughout much of the book she gives details on her side of the sexual harassment controversy, and her professional relationship with Clarence Thomas. Aside from that, she also provides a glimpse of what her personal life was like all the way from her childhood days growing up in Oklahoma to her position as a law professor.

Hill became a proponent for women's rights and feminism. This can be seen through the chapter she wrote in the 2007 book Women and leadership: the state of play and strategies for change. She wrote about women judges and why, in her opinion, they play such a large role in balancing the judicial system. She argues that since women and men have different life experiences, ways of thinking, and histories, both are needed for a balanced court system. She writes that in order for the best law system to be created in the United States, all people need the ability to be represented.

In 2011, Hill's second book, Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home was published. She discusses the relationship between the home and the American Dream. She also exposes the inequalities within gender and race and home ownership. She argues that inclusive democracy is more important than debates about legal rights. She uses her own history and history of other African American women such as Nannie Helen Burroughs, in order to strengthen her argument for reimagining equality altogether.

On September 28, 2021, Hill published the book Believing: Our Thirty-Year Journey to End Gender Violence.

Awards and recognition
Hill received the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession's "Women of Achievement" award in 1992. In 2005, Hill was selected as a Fletcher Foundation Fellow. In 2008 she was awarded the Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award by the Ford Hall Forum. She also serves on the board of trustees for Southern Vermont College in Bennington, Vermont. Her opening statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1991 is listed as in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). She was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1993. On January 7, 2017, Hill was inducted as an honorary member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority at their National Executive Board Meeting in Dallas, Texas. The Wing's Washington, D.C. location has a phone booth dedicated to Hill.

Minor planet 6486 Anitahill, discovered by Eleanor Helin, is named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on November 8, 2019 (M.P.C. 117229).

Honorary doctorates

 * 2001: Simmons University
 * 2001: Dillard University
 * 2003: Smith College
 * 2007: Lasell University
 * 2008: Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
 * 2013: Mount Ida College
 * 2017: Emerson College
 * 2018: Wesleyan University
 * 2019: Lesley University
 * 2022: Mount Holyoke College

In popular culture

 * In 1991, the television sitcom Designing Women built its episode "The Strange Case of Clarence and Anita" around the hearings on the Clarence Thomas nomination. The following season in the episode "The Odyssey", the characters imagined what would happen if new president Bill Clinton nominated Anita Hill to the Supreme Court to sit next to Clarence Thomas.
 * Hill is referenced in the 1992 Sonic Youth song "Youth Against Fascism."
 * Her case also inspired the 1994 Law & Order episode "Virtue", about a young lawyer who feels pressured to sleep with her supervisor at her law firm.
 * In the 1996 television film, Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story, Anita Hill's testimony is being watched at the bar by main character Kerry Ellison. The film is a true story about a landmark sexual harassment case.
 * Anita Hill is mentioned in The X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", which aired November 17, 1996.
 * In the 1996 film Jerry Maguire, after Tom Cruise's character makes a pass at his employee (played by Renee Zellweger), he apologizes with, "I feel like Clarence Thomas."
 * In 1999, Ernest Dickerson directed Strange Justice, a film based on the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas controversy.
 * Anita Hill is interviewed – unrelated to the Clarence Thomas case – about the film The Tin Drum in the documentary Banned in Oklahoma (2004), included in The Criterion Collection DVD of the film (2004).
 * Hill's testimony is briefly shown in the 2005 film North Country about the first class action lawsuit surrounding sexual harassment.
 * Hill was the subject of the 2013 documentary film Anita by director Freida Lee Mock, which chronicles her experience during the Clarence Thomas scandal.
 * The actor Kerry Washington portrayed Hill in the 2016 HBO film Confirmation.
 * In 2018, entertainer John Oliver interviewed Hill on his television program Last Week Tonight during which Hill answered various questions and concerns about workplace sexual harassment in the present day.
 * Hill has been interviewed by Stephen Colbert on The Late Show twice, once in 2018 and again in 2021.

title: Anita Hill


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August 10

Pre-1600

 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
 * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
 * 991 – Battle of Maldon: The English, led by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon, Essex.
 * 1030 – The Battle of Azaz ends with a humiliating retreat of the Byzantine emperor, Romanos III Argyros, against the Mirdasid rulers of Aleppo. The retreat degenerates into a rout, in which Romanos himself barely escapes capture.
 * 1270 – Yekuno Amlak takes the imperial throne of Ethiopia, restoring the Solomonic dynasty to power after a 100-year Zagwe interregnum.
 * 1316 – The Second Battle of Athenry takes place near Athenry during the Bruce campaign in Ireland.
 * 1346 – Jaume Ferrer sets out from Majorca for the "River of Gold", the Senegal River.
 * 1512 – The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu, during the War of the League of Cambrai, sees the simultaneous destruction of the Breton ship La Cordelière and the English ship The Regent.
 * 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan's five ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe. The Basque second-in-command Juan Sebastián Elcano will complete the expedition after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
 * 1557 – Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Italian War of 1551–59.
 * 1585 – The Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth I of England and the Dutch Rebels.

1601–1900

 * 1628 – The Swedish warship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage off Stockholm.
 * 1641 – The Treaty of London between England and Scotland, ending the Bishops' Wars, is signed.
 * 1680 – The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico.
 * 1741 – King Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeats the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Colachel, effectively bringing about the end of the Dutch colonial rule in India.
 * 1755 – Under the direction of Charles Lawrence, the British begin to forcibly deport the Acadians from Nova Scotia to the Thirteen Colonies and France.
 * 1792 – French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace: Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody as his Swiss Guards are massacred by the Parisian mob.
 * 1808 – Finnish War: Swedish forces led by General von Döbeln defeat Russian forces led by General Šepelev in the Battle of Kauhajoki.
 * 1835 – P. T. Barnum begins his career as a showman and circus entrepreneur by exhibiting Joice Heth, an octogenerian African slave whom he claims was George Washington's nursemaid.
 * 1856 – The Last Island hurricane strikes Louisiana, resulting in over 200 deaths.
 * 1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Wilson's Creek: A mixed force of Confederate, Missouri State Guard, and Arkansas State troops defeat outnumbered attacking Union forces in the southwestern part of the state.
 * 1864 – After Uruguay's governing Blanco Party refuses Brazil's demands, José Antônio Saraiva announces that the Brazilian military will begin reprisals, beginning the Uruguayan War.

1901–present

 * 1901 – The U.S. Steel recognition strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers begins.
 * 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of the Yellow Sea between the Russian and Japanese battleship fleets takes place.
 * 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: Peace negotiations begin in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
 * 1913 – Second Balkan War: Delegates from Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece sign the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the war.
 * 1920 – World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres that divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies.
 * 1937 – Spanish Civil War: The Regional Defence Council of Aragon is dissolved by the Second Spanish Republic.
 * 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Guam comes to an effective end.
 * 1944  – World War II: The Battle of Narva ends with a defensive German victory.
 * 1945 – The Japanese government announced that a message had been sent to the Allies accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration provided that it "does not comprise any demand that prejudices the prerogatives of the Emperor as sovereign ruler."
 * 1948 – Candid Camera makes its television debut after being on radio for a year as The Candid Microphone.
 * 1949 – An amendment to the National Security Act of 1947 enhances the authority of the United States Secretary of Defense over the Army, Navy and Air Force, and replaces the National Military Establishment with the Department of Defense.
 * 1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdraws its forces from Operation Camargue against the Viet Minh in central Vietnam.
 * 1954 – At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Saint Lawrence Seaway is held.
 * 1961 – Vietnam War: The U.S. Army begins Operation Ranch Hand, spraying an estimated 20 e6USgal of defoliants and herbicides over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of food and vegetation cover.
 * 1966 – The Heron Road Bridge collapses while being built, killing nine workers in the deadliest construction accident in both Ottawa and Ontario.
 * 1969 – A day after murdering Sharon Tate and four others, members of Charles Manson's cult kill Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.
 * 1971 – The Society for American Baseball Research is founded in Cooperstown, New York.
 * 1977 – In Yonkers, New York, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") is arrested for a series of killings in the New York City area over the period of one year.
 * 1978 – Three members of the Ulrich family are killed in an accident. This leads to the Ford Pinto litigation.
 * 1981 – Murder of Adam Walsh: The head of John Walsh's son is found. This inspires the creation of the television series America's Most Wanted and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
 * 1988 – Japanese American internment: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, providing $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who were either interned in or relocated by the United States during World War II.
 * 1990 – The Magellan space probe reaches Venus.
 * 1993 – Two earthquakes affect New Zealand. A 7.0 shock (intensity VI (Strong)) in the South Island was followed nine hours later by a 6.4  event (intensity VII (Very strong)) in the North Island.
 * 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain for his testimony.
 * 1997 – Sixteen people are killed when Formosa Airlines Flight 7601 crashes near Beigan Airport in the Matsu Islands of Taiwan.
 * 1998 – HRH Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is proclaimed the crown prince of Brunei with a Royal Proclamation.
 * 1999 – Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
 * 2001 – The 2001 Angola train attack occurred, causing 252 deaths.
 * 2001  – Space Shuttle program: The Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-105 to the International Space Station, carrying the astronauts of Expedition 3 to replace the crew of Expedition 2.
 * 2003 – The Okinawa Urban Monorail is opened in Naha, Okinawa.
 * 2009 – Twenty people are killed in Handlová, Trenčín Region, in the deadliest mining disaster in Slovakia's history.
 * 2012 – The Marikana massacre begins near Rustenburg, South Africa, resulting in the deaths of 47 people.
 * 2014 – Forty people are killed when Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915 crashes at Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport.
 * 2018 – Horizon Air employee Richard Russell hijacks and performs an unauthorized takeoff on a Horizon Air Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 plane at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington, flying it for more than an hour before crashing the plane and killing himself on Ketron Island in Puget Sound.
 * 2018  – An anti-government rally turns into a riot when members of the Romanian Gendarmerie attack the 100,000 people protesting in front of the Victoria Palace, leading to 452 recorded injuries. The authorities alleged that the crowd was infiltrated by hooligans who began attacking law enforcement agents.
 * 2019 – Thirty-two are killed and one million are evacuated as Typhoon Lekima makes landfall in Zhejiang, China. Earlier it had caused flooding in the Philippines.
 * 2019 – Philip Manshaus shoots his stepsister and attacks a mosque in the Bærum mosque shooting.
 * 2020 – Derecho in Iowa becomes the most costly thunderstorm disaster in U.S. history.

Pre-1600

 * 941 – Lê Hoàn, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1005)
 * 1267 – James II of Aragon (d. 1327)
 * 1296 – John of Bohemia (d. 1346)
 * 1360 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian cardinal (d. 1417)
 * 1397 – Albert II of Germany (d. 1439)
 * 1439 – Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York (d. 1476)
 * 1449 – Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1503)
 * 1466 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
 * 1489 – Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German lawyer and politician (d. 1553)
 * 1520 – Madeleine of Valois (d. 1537)
 * 1528 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)
 * 1547 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1619)
 * 1560 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German organist and composer (d. 1629)

1601–1900

 * 1602 – Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician and academic (d. 1675)
 * 1645 – Eusebio Kino, Italian priest and missionary (d. 1711)
 * 1734 – Naungdawgyi, Burmese king (d. 1763)
 * 1737 – Anton Losenko, Russian painter and academic (d. 1773)
 * 1740 – Samuel Arnold, English organist and composer (d. 1802)
 * 1744 – Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles, daughter of Madame de Pompadour (d. 1754)
 * 1755 – Narayan Rao, fifth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire (d. 1773)
 * 1782 – Vicente Guerrero, Mexican insurgent leader and President of Mexico (d. 1831)
 * 1805 – Ferenc Toldy, German-Hungarian historian and critic (d. 1875)
 * 1809 – John Kirk Townsend, American ornithologist and explorer (d. 1851)
 * 1810 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Italian soldier and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1861)
 * 1814 – Henri Nestlé, German businessman, founded Nestlé (d. 1890)
 * 1814  – John C. Pemberton, United States soldier and Confederate general (d. 1881)
 * 1821 – Jay Cooke, American financier, founded Jay Cooke & Company (d. 1905)
 * 1823 – Hugh Stowell Brown, English minister and reformer (d. 1886)
 * 1825 – István Türr, Hungarian soldier, architect, and engineer, co-designed the Corinth Canal (d. 1908)
 * 1827 – Lovro Toman, Slovenian lawyer and politician (d. 1870)
 * 1839 – Aleksandr Stoletov, Russian physicist and academic (d. 1896)
 * 1845 – Abai Qunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet, composer, and philosopher (d. 1904)
 * 1848 – William Harnett, Irish-American painter and educator (d. 1892)
 * 1856 – William Willett, English inventor, founded British Summer Time (d. 1915)
 * 1860 – Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian singer and musicologist (d. 1936)
 * 1865 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer, conductor, and educator (d. 1936)
 * 1868 – Hugo Eckener, German pilot and businessman (d. 1954)
 * 1869 – Laurence Binyon, English poet, playwright, and scholar (d. 1943)
 * 1870 – Trần Tế Xương, Vietnamese poet and satirist (d. 1907)
 * 1872 – William Manuel Johnson, American bassist (d. 1972)
 * 1874 – Herbert Hoover, American engineer and politician, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964)
 * 1874 – Antanas Smetona, Lithuanian jurist and politician, President of Lithuania (d. 1944)
 * 1877 – Frank Marshall, American chess player and author (d. 1944)
 * 1878 – Alfred Döblin, Polish-German physician and author (d. 1957)
 * 1880 – Robert L. Thornton, American businessman and politician, Mayor of Dallas (d. 1964)
 * 1884 – Panait Istrati, Romanian journalist and author (d. 1935)
 * 1888 – Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (d. 1940)
 * 1889 – Charles Darrow, American game designer, created Monopoly (d. 1967)
 * 1889  – Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Polish writer and member of the WW II Polish Resistance (d. 1968)
 * 1890 – Angus Lewis Macdonald, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 1954)
 * 1894 – V. V. Giri, Indian lawyer and politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980)
 * 1895 – Hammy Love, Australian cricketer (d. 1969)
 * 1897 – John W. Galbreath, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Darby Dan Farm (d. 1988)
 * 1897  – Jack Haley, American actor and singer (d. 1979)
 * 1900 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, New Zealand physician and politician, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1994)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (d. 1983)
 * 1902  – Curt Siodmak, German-English author and screenwriter (d. 2000)
 * 1902  – Arne Tiselius, Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
 * 1903 – Ward Moore, American author (d. 1978)
 * 1905 – Era Bell Thompson, American journalist and author (d. 1986)
 * 1907 – Su Yu, Chinese general and politician (d. 1984)
 * 1908 – Rica Erickson, Australian botanist, historian, and author (d. 2009)
 * 1908  – Billy Gonsalves, American soccer player (d. 1977)
 * 1909 – Leo Fender, American businessman, founded Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (d. 1991)
 * 1909  – Richard J. Hughes, American politician, 45th Governor of New Jersey, and Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (d. 1992)
 * 1910 – Guy Mairesse, French racing driver (d. 1954)
 * 1911 – Leonidas Andrianopoulos, Greek footballer (d. 2011)
 * 1911  – A. N. Sherwin-White, English historian and author (d. 1993)
 * 1912 – Jorge Amado, Brazilian novelist and poet (d. 2001)
 * 1913 – Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994)
 * 1913  – Kalevi Kotkas, Estonian-Finnish high jumper and discus thrower (d. 1983)
 * 1913  – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
 * 1914 – Jeff Corey, American actor and director (d. 2002)
 * 1914  – Carlos Menditeguy, Argentinian racing driver and polo player (d. 1973)
 * 1914  – Ray Smith, English cricketer (d. 1996)
 * 1918 – Eugene P. Wilkinson, American admiral (d. 2013)
 * 1920 – Red Holzman, American basketball player and coach (d. 1998)
 * 1922 – Al Alberts, American pop singer and composer (d. 2009)
 * 1923 – Bill Doolittle, American football player and coach (d. 2014)
 * 1923  – Rhonda Fleming, American actress (d. 2020)
 * 1923  – Fred Ridgway, English cricketer and footballer (d. 2015)
 * 1923  – SM Sultan, Bangladeshi painter and illustrator (d. 1994)
 * 1924 – Nancy Buckingham, English author (d. 2022)
 * 1924  – Martha Hyer, American actress (d. 2014)
 * 1924  – Jean-François Lyotard,  French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (d. 1998)
 * 1925 – George Cooper, English general (d. 2020)
 * 1926 – Marie-Claire Alain, French organist and educator (d. 2013)
 * 1926  – Carol Ruth Vander Velde, American mathematician (d. 1972)
 * 1927 – Jimmy Martin, American singer and guitarist (d. 2005)
 * 1927  – Vernon Washington, American actor (d. 1988)
 * 1928 – Jimmy Dean, American singer, actor, and businessman, founded the Jimmy Dean Food Company (d. 2010)
 * 1928  – Eddie Fisher, American singer and actor (d. 2010)
 * 1928  – Gerino Gerini, Italian racing driver (d. 2013)
 * 1928  – Gus Mercurio, American-Australian actor (d. 2010)
 * 1930 – Barry Unsworth, English-Italian author and academic (d. 2012)
 * 1931 – Dolores Alexander, American journalist and activist (d. 2008)
 * 1931  – Tom Laughlin, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)
 * 1932 – Alexander Goehr, English composer and academic
 * 1932  – Gaudencio Rosales, Filipino cardinal
 * 1933 – Doyle Brunson, American poker player (d. 2023)
 * 1933  – Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss, English lawyer and judge
 * 1933  – Rocky Colavito,  American baseball player and sportscaster
 * 1933  – Keith Duckworth, English engineer, founded Cosworth (d. 2005)
 * 1934 – Tevfik Kış, Turkish wrestler and trainer (d. 2019)
 * 1935 – Ian Stewart, Baron Stewartby, English politician, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (d. 2018)
 * 1935  – Ad van Luyn, Dutch bishop
 * 1936 – Malene Schwartz, Danish actress
 * 1937 – Anatoly Sobchak, Russian scholar and politician, Mayor of Saint Petersburg (d. 2000)
 * 1938 – Tony Ross, English author and illustrator
 * 1939 – Kate O'Mara, English actress (d. 2014)
 * 1939  – Charlie Rose, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012)
 * 1940 – Bobby Hatfield, American singer-songwriter (d. 2003)
 * 1940  – Sid Waddell, English sportscaster (d. 2012)
 * 1941 – Anita Lonsbrough, English swimmer and journalist
 * 1941  – Susan Dorothea White, Australian painter and sculptor
 * 1942 – Speedy Duncan, American football player (d. 2021)
 * 1942  – Betsey Johnson, American fashion designer
 * 1942  – Michael Pepper, English physicist and engineer
 * 1943 – Louise Forestier, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
 * 1943  – Jimmy Griffin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)
 * 1943  – Michael Mantler, American trumpet player and composer
 * 1943  – Shafqat Rana, Indian-Pakistani cricketer
 * 1943  – Ronnie Spector, American singer-songwriter (d. 2022)
 * 1947 – Ian Anderson, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1947  – Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysian academic and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia
 * 1947  – John Spencer, English rugby player and manager
 * 1947  – Alan Ward, English cricketer
 * 1948 – Nick Stringer, English actor
 * 1950 – Patti Austin, American singer-songwriter
 * 1951 – Juan Manuel Santos, Colombian businessman and politician, 59th President of Colombia
 * 1952 – Daniel Hugh Kelly, American actor
 * 1952  – Diane Venora, American actress
 * 1954 – Peter Endrulat, German footballer
 * 1954  – Rick Overton, American screenwriter, actor and comedian
 * 1955 – Thomas Kidd, American illustrator
 * 1955  – Jim Mees, American set designer (d. 2013)
 * 1955  – Mel Tiangco, Filipino journalist and talk show host
 * 1956 – Dianne Fromholtz, Australian tennis player
 * 1956  – José Luis Montes, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 2013)
 * 1956  – Fred Ottman, American wrestler
 * 1956  – Charlie Peacock, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
 * 1956  – Perween Warsi, Indian-English businesswoman
 * 1957 – Fred Ho, American saxophonist, composer, and playwright (d. 2014)
 * 1957  – Andres Põime, Estonian architect
 * 1957  – Aqeel Abbas Jafari, Pakistani writer, poet, architect and chief editor Urdu Dictionary Board
 * 1958 – Michael Dokes, American boxer (d. 2012)
 * 1958  – Jack Richards, English cricketer, coach, and manager
 * 1958  – Rosie Winterton, English nurse and politician, Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
 * 1959 – Rosanna Arquette, American actress, director, and producer
 * 1959  – Albert Owen, Welsh sailor and politician
 * 1959  – Mark Price, English drummer
 * 1959  – Florent Vollant, Canadian singer-songwriter
 * 1960 – Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor and producer
 * 1960  – Annely Ojastu, Estonian sprinter and long jumper
 * 1960  – Kenny Perry, American golfer
 * 1961 – Jon Farriss, Australian drummer, songwriter, and producer
 * 1962 – Suzanne Collins, American author and screenwriter
 * 1962  – Julia Fordham, English singer-songwriter
 * 1963 – Phoolan Devi, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 2001)
 * 1963  – Anton Janssen, Dutch footballer and coach
 * 1963  – Andrew Sullivan, English-American journalist and author
 * 1963  – Henrik Fisker, Danish automotive designer and businessman
 * 1964 – Aaron Hall, American singer-songwriter
 * 1964  – Kåre Kolve, Norwegian saxophonist and composer
 * 1964  – Hiro Takahashi, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)
 * 1965 – Claudia Christian, American actress, singer, writer, and director
 * 1965  – Pat Pitney, American university leader and sport shooter
 * 1965  – Mike E. Smith, American jockey and sportscaster
 * 1965  – John Starks, American basketball player and coach
 * 1966 – Charlie Dimmock, English gardener and television host
 * 1966  – Hansi Kürsch, German singer-songwriter and bass player
 * 1966  – Hossam Hassan, Egyptian footballer and manager
 * 1967 – Philippe Albert, Belgian footballer and sportscaster
 * 1967  – Riddick Bowe, American boxer
 * 1967  – Todd Nichols, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1967  – Reinout Scholte, Dutch cricketer
 * 1968 – Michael Bivins, American singer and producer
 * 1968  – Greg Hawgood, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1969 – Emily Symons, Australian actress
 * 1969  – Brian Drummond, Canadian voice actor
 * 1970 – Doug Flach, American tennis player
 * 1970  – Bret Hedican, American ice hockey player and sportscaster
 * 1970  – Brendon Julian, New Zealand-Australian cricketer and journalist
 * 1970  – Steve Mautone, Australian footballer and coach
 * 1971 – Sal Fasano, American baseball player and coach
 * 1971  – Stephan Groth, Danish singer-songwriter
 * 1971  – Roy Keane, Irish footballer and manager
 * 1971  – Mario Kindelán, Cuban boxer
 * 1971  – Paul Newlove, English rugby player
 * 1971  – Kevin Randleman, American mixed martial artist and wrestler (d. 2016)
 * 1971  – Justin Theroux, American actor
 * 1972 – Dilana, South African singer-songwriter and actress
 * 1972  – Lawrence Dallaglio, English rugby player and sportscaster
 * 1972  – Angie Harmon, American model and actress
 * 1972  – Christofer Johnsson, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
 * 1973 – Lisa Raymond, American tennis player
 * 1973  – Javier Zanetti, Argentinian footballer
 * 1974 – Haifaa al-Mansour, Saudi Arabian director and producer
 * 1974  – Luis Marín, Costa Rican footballer and manager
 * 1974  – Rachel Simmons, American scholar and author
 * 1974  – David Sommeil, French footballer
 * 1975 – İlhan Mansız, Turkish footballer and figure skater
 * 1976 – Roadkill, American wrestler
 * 1976  – Ian Murray, Scottish businessman and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland
 * 1977 – Danny Griffin, Irish footballer
 * 1977  – Matt Morgan, English comedian, actor, and radio host
 * 1978 – Danny Allsopp, Australian footballer
 * 1978  – Marcus Fizer, American basketball player
 * 1978  – Chris Read, English cricketer
 * 1979 – Dinusha Fernando, Sri Lankan cricketer
 * 1979  – JoAnna Garcia Swisher, American actress
 * 1979  – Ted Geoghegan, American author, screenwriter, and producer
 * 1979  – Brandon Lyon, American baseball player
 * 1979  – Rémy Martin, French rugby player
 * 1979  – Matjaž Perc, Slovene physicist
 * 1979  – Yannick Schroeder, French racing driver
 * 1980 – Wade Barrett, English boxer, wrestler, and actor
 * 1980  – Aaron Staton, American actor
 * 1981 – Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton player
 * 1982 – John Alvbåge, Swedish footballer
 * 1982  – Josh Anderson, American baseball player
 * 1982  – Julia Melim, Brazilian actress
 * 1982  – Shaun Murphy, English snooker player
 * 1983 – Kyle Brown, American soccer player
 * 1983  – C. B. Dollaway, American mixed martial artist
 * 1983  – Héctor Faubel, Spanish motorcycle racer
 * 1983  – Alexander Perezhogin, Russian ice hockey player
 * 1983  – Mathieu Roy, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1984 – Ryan Eggold, American actor and composer
 * 1984  – Mokomichi Hayami, Japanese model and actor
 * 1984  – Jigar Naik, English cricketer
 * 1985 – Enrico Cortese, Italian footballer
 * 1985  – Roy O'Donovan, Irish footballer
 * 1985  – Kakuryū Rikisaburō, Mongolian sumo wrestler
 * 1985  – Julia Skripnik, Estonian tennis player
 * 1986 – Andrea Hlaváčková, Czech tennis player
 * 1987 – Jim Bakkum, Dutch singer and actor
 * 1987  – Ari Boyland, New Zealand actor and singer
 * 1989 – Sam Gagner, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1989  – Ben Sahar, Israeli footballer
 * 1989  – Brenton Thwaites, Australian actor
 * 1990 – Cruze Ah-Nau, Australian rugby player
 * 1990  – Lee Sung-kyung, South Korean model, actress, and singer
 * 1990  – Lucas Till, American actor
 * 1991 – Dagný Brynjarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
 * 1991  – Marcus Foligno, American-Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1991  – Nikos Korovesis, Greek footballer
 * 1991  – Chris Tremain, Australian cricketer
 * 1992 – Archie Bradley, American baseball player
 * 1992  – Oliver Rowland, English racing driver
 * 1993 – Andre Drummond, American basketball player
 * 1994 – Bernardo Silva, Portuguese footballer
 * 1995 – Dalvin Cook, American football player
 * 1996 – Lauren Tait, Scottish netball player
 * 1997 – Kylie Jenner, American television personality and businesswoman
 * 1997  – Luca Marini, Italian motorcycle rider
 * 1999 – Ja Morant, American basketball player
 * 1999  – Ritomo Miyata, Japanese racing driver
 * 2000 – Sophia Smith, American soccer player
 * 2000  – Jüri Vips, Estonian racing driver

Pre-1600

 * 258 – Lawrence of Rome, Spanish-Italian deacon and saint (b. 225)
 * 794 – Fastrada, Frankish noblewoman (b. 765)
 * 796 – Eanbald, archbishop of York
 * 847 – Al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph (b. 816)
 * 955 – Bulcsú, Hungarian tribal chieftain (horka)
 * 955  – Conrad ('the Red'), duke of Lorraine
 * 1241 – Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (b. 1184)
 * 1250 – Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216)
 * 1284 – Tekuder, Khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate
 * 1316 – Felim mac Aedh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
 * 1322 – John of La Verna, Italian ascetic (b. 1259)
 * 1410 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)
 * 1535 – Ippolito de' Medici, Italian cardinal (b. 1509)
 * 1536 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, Brother of Henry II (b. 1518)

1601–1900

 * 1653 – Maarten Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1598)
 * 1655 – Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572)
 * 1660 – Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond (b. 1649)
 * 1723 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and politician, French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (b. 1656)
 * 1759 – Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713)
 * 1784 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish-English painter (b. 1713)
 * 1796 – Ignaz Anton von Indermauer, Austrian nobleman and government official (b. 1759)
 * 1802 – Franz Aepinus, German-Russian philosopher and academic (b. 1724)
 * 1806 – Michael Haydn, Austrian composer and educator (b. 1737)
 * 1839 – Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, English lawyer and politician (b. 1758)
 * 1862 – Hon'inbō Shūsaku, Japanese Go player (b. 1829)
 * 1875 – Karl Andree, German geographer and journalist (b. 1808)
 * 1889 – Arthur Böttcher, German pathologist and anatomist (b. 1831)
 * 1890 – John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish-born poet, journalist and fiction writer (b. 1844)
 * 1896 – Otto Lilienthal, German pilot and engineer (b. 1848)

1901–present

 * 1904 – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, French lawyer and politician, 68th Prime Minister of France (b. 1846)
 * 1913 – Johannes Linnankoski, Finnish author (b. 1869)
 * 1915 – Henry Moseley, English physicist and engineer (b. 1887)
 * 1916 – John J. Loud, American inventor (b. 1844)
 * 1918 – Erich Löwenhardt, German lieutenant and pilot (b. 1897)
 * 1920 – Ádám Politzer, Hungarian-Austrian physician and academic (b. 1835)
 * 1922 – Reginald Dunne, Irish Republican, executed for the killing of Sir Henry Wilson
 * 1922 – Joseph O'Sullivan, Irish Republican, executed for the killing of Sir Henry Wilson
 * 1929 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician and astronomer (b. 1878)
 * 1929  – Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician (b. 1854)
 * 1932 – Rin Tin Tin, American acting dog (b. 1918)
 * 1933 – Alf Morgans, Welsh-Australian politician, 4th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1850)
 * 1945 – Robert H. Goddard, American physicist and engineer (b. 1882)
 * 1948 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese-American historian, author, and academic (b. 1873)
 * 1948  – Andrew Brown, Scottish footballer and coach (b. 1870)
 * 1948  – Montague Summers, English clergyman and author (b. 1880)
 * 1949 – Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (b. 1892)
 * 1954 – Robert Adair, American-born British actor (b. 1900)
 * 1958 – Frank Demaree, American baseball player and manager (b. 1910)
 * 1960 – Hamide Ayşe Sultan, Ottoman princess (b. 1887)
 * 1961 – Julia Peterkin, American author (b. 1880)
 * 1963 – Estes Kefauver, American lawyer and politician (b. 1903)
 * 1963  – Ernst Wetter, Swiss lawyer and jurist (b. 1877)
 * 1969 – János Kodolányi, Hungarian author (b. 1899)
 * 1976 – Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer (b. 1894)
 * 1979 – Dick Foran, American actor and singer (b. 1910)
 * 1979  – Walter Gerlach, German physicist and academic (b. 1889)
 * 1980 – Yahya Khan, Pakistani general and politician, 3rd President of Pakistan (b. 1917)
 * 1982 – Anderson Bigode Herzer, Brazilian author and poet (b. 1962)
 * 1985 – Nate Barragar, American football player and sergeant (b. 1906)
 * 1987 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Greek lawyer and politician, 163rd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1893)
 * 1991 – Lưu Trọng Lư, Vietnamese poet and playwright (b. 1912)
 * 1993 – Euronymous, Norwegian singer, guitarist, and producer (b. 1968)
 * 1997 – Jean-Claude Lauzon, Canadian director and screenwriter (b. 1953)
 * 1997  – Conlon Nancarrow, American-Mexican pianist and composer (b. 1912)
 * 1999 – Jennifer Paterson, English chef and television presenter (b. 1928)
 * 1999  – Baldev Upadhyaya, Indian historian, scholar, and critic (b. 1899)
 * 2000 – Gilbert Parkhouse, Welsh cricketer and rugby player (b. 1925)
 * 2001 – Lou Boudreau, American baseball player and manager (b. 1917)
 * 2002 – Michael Houser, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1962)
 * 2002  – Kristen Nygaard, Norwegian computer scientist and politician (b. 1926)
 * 2007 – Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1925)
 * 2007  – James E. Faust, American lawyer and religious leader (b. 1920)
 * 2007  – Jean Rédélé, French race car driver and pilot, founded Alpine (b. 1922)
 * 2007  – Tony Wilson, English journalist, producer, and manager, co-founded Factory Records (b. 1950)
 * 2008 – Isaac Hayes, American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor (b. 1942)
 * 2010 – Markus Liebherr, German-Swiss businessman (b. 1948)
 * 2010  – Adam Stansfield, English footballer (b. 1978)
 * 2010  – David L. Wolper, American director and producer (b. 1928)
 * 2011 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1925)
 * 2012 – Philippe Bugalski, French race car driver (b. 1963)
 * 2012  – Ioan Dicezare, Romanian general and pilot (b. 1916)
 * 2012  – Irving Fein, American producer and manager (b. 1911)
 * 2012  – William W. Momyer, American general and pilot (b. 1916)
 * 2012  – Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (b. 1925)
 * 2013 – William P. Clark Jr., American judge and politician, 12th United States National Security Advisor (b. 1931)
 * 2013  – Jonathan Dawson, Australian historian and academic (b. 1941)
 * 2013  – Eydie Gormé, American singer and actress (b. 1928)
 * 2013  – David C. Jones, American general (b. 1921)
 * 2013  – Jody Payne, American singer and guitarist (b. 1936)
 * 2013  – Amy Wallace, American author (b. 1955)
 * 2014 – Jim Command, American baseball player and scout (b. 1928)
 * 2014  – Dotty Lynch, American journalist and academic (b. 1945)
 * 2014  – Kathleen Ollerenshaw, English mathematician, astronomer, and politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (b. 1912)
 * 2014  – Bob Wiesler, American baseball player (b. 1930)
 * 2015 – Buddy Baker, American race car driver and sportscaster (b. 1941)
 * 2015  – Endre Czeizel, Hungarian physician, geneticist, and academic (b. 1935)
 * 2015  – Knut Osnes, Norwegian footballer and coach (b. 1922)
 * 2015  – Eriek Verpale, Belgian author and poet (b. 1952)
 * 2017 – Ruth Pfau, German-Pakistani doctor and nun (b. 1929)
 * 2019 – Jeffrey Epstein, American financier (b. 1953)
 * 2021 – Tony Esposito, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1943)
 * 2022 – Vesa-Matti Loiri, Finnish actor, musician and comedian (b. 1945)

Holidays and observances

 * Argentine Air Force Day (Argentina)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Bessus
 * Blane (Roman Catholic Church)
 * Geraint of Dumnonia
 * Lawrence of Rome
 * Nicola Saggio
 * Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso de Parañaque, Patroness of Parañaque, Philippines
 * August 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Declaration of Independence of Quito, proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809. Independence was finally attained on May 24, 1822, at the Battle of Pichincha. (Ecuador)
 * International Biodiesel Day
 * National Veterans Day (Indonesia)
 * World Lion Day

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: August 10


text:
Audio file format

An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. The bit layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audio coding format and can be uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy compression. The data can be a raw bitstream in an audio coding format, but it is usually embedded in a container format or an audio data format with defined storage layer.

Format types
It is important to distinguish between the audio coding format, the container containing the raw audio data, and an audio codec. A codec performs the encoding and decoding of the raw audio data while this encoded data is (usually) stored in a container file. Although most audio file formats support only one type of audio coding data (created with an audio coder), a multimedia container format (as Matroska or AVI) may support multiple types of audio and video data.

There are three major groups of audio file formats:

 * Uncompressed audio formats, such as WAV, AIFF, AU or raw header-less PCM; Note wav can also use compression as well.
 * Formats with lossless compression, such as FLAC, Monkey's Audio (filename extension ), WavPack (filename extension  ), TTA, ATRAC Advanced Lossless, ALAC (filename extension  ), MPEG-4 SLS, MPEG-4 ALS, MPEG-4 DST, Windows Media Audio Lossless (WMA Lossless), and Shorten (SHN).
 * Formats with lossy compression, such as Opus, MP3, Vorbis, Musepack, AAC, ATRAC and Windows Media Audio Lossy (WMA lossy).

Uncompressed audio format
One major uncompressed audio format, LPCM, is the same variety of PCM as used in Compact Disc Digital Audio and is the format most commonly accepted by low level audio APIs and D/A converter hardware. Although LPCM can be stored on a computer as a raw audio format, it is usually stored in a  file on Windows or in a   file on macOS. The Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) format is based on the Interchange File Format (IFF), and the WAV format is based on the similar Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF). WAV and AIFF are designed to store a wide variety of audio formats, lossless and lossy; they just add a small, metadata-containing header before the audio data to declare the format of the audio data, such as LPCM with a particular sample rate, bit depth, endianness and number of channels. Since WAV and AIFF are widely supported and can store LPCM, they are suitable file formats for storing and archiving an original recording.

BWF (Broadcast Wave Format) is a standard audio format created by the European Broadcasting Union as a successor to WAV. Among other enhancements, BWF allows more robust metadata to be stored in the file. See European Broadcasting Union: Specification of the Broadcast Wave Format (EBU Technical document 3285, July 1997). This is the primary recording format used in many professional audio workstations in the television and film industry. BWF files include a standardized timestamp reference which allows for easy synchronization with a separate picture element. Stand-alone, file based, multi-track recorders from AETA, Sound Devices, Zaxcom, HHB Communications Ltd, Fostex, Nagra, Aaton, and TASCAM all use BWF as their preferred format.

Lossless compressed audio format
A lossless compressed audio format stores data in less space without losing any information. The original, uncompressed data can be recreated from the compressed version.

Uncompressed audio formats encode both sound and silence with the same number of bits per unit of time. Encoding an uncompressed minute of absolute silence produces a file of the same size as encoding an uncompressed minute of music. In a lossless compressed format, however, the music would occupy a smaller file than an uncompressed format and the silence would take up almost no space at all.

Lossless compression formats include FLAC, WavPack, Monkey's Audio, ALAC (Apple Lossless). They provide a compression ratio of about 2:1 (i.e. their files take up half the space of PCM). Development in lossless compression formats aims to reduce processing time while maintaining a good compression ratio.

Lossy compressed audio format
Lossy audio format enables even greater reductions in file size by removing some of the audio information and simplifying the data. This, of course, results in a reduction in audio quality, but a variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting psychoacoustics, to remove the parts of the sound that have the least effect on perceived quality, and to minimize the amount of audible noise added during the process. The popular MP3 format is probably the best-known example, but the AAC format found on the iTunes Music Store is also common. Most formats offer a range of degrees of compression, generally measured in bit rate. The lower the rate, the smaller the file and the more significant the quality loss.

title: Audio file format


text:
Antipope Victor IV

Two antipopes used the regnal name Victor IV:

 * Antipope Victor IV (1138)
 * Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164) (1095–1164)

title: Antipope Victor IV