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Arapaoa Island

Arapaoa Island (formerly spelled Arapawa Island) is the second-largest island in the Marlborough Sounds, at the north-east tip of the South Island of New Zealand. The island has a land area of 75 km². Queen Charlotte Sound defines its western side, while to the south lies Tory Channel, which is on the sea route between Wellington in the North Island to Picton. Cook Strait's narrowest point is between Arapaoa Island's Perano Head and Cape Terawhiti in the North Island.

History
According to Māori oral tradition, the island was where the great navigator Kupe killed the octopus Te Wheke-a-Muturangi.

It was from a hill on Arapaoa Island in 1770 that Captain James Cook first saw the sea passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Tasman Sea, and confirmed that what the indigenous people had told him was correct – Aotearoa is composed of two main islands. Cook is not known for naming places after himself, and it is speculated that Joseph Banks bestowed the name Cook Strait. This discovery banished the fond notion of geographers that there existed a great southern continent, Terra Australis. A monument at Cook's Lookout was erected in 1970.

From the late 1820s until the mid-1960s, Arapaoa Island was a base for whaling in the Sounds. John Guard established a shore station at Te Awaiti in 1827, however initially could only salvage baleen until the station was equipped to process whale oil from 1830 onwards, targeting right whales. Later, the station at Perano Head on the east coast of the island was used to hunt humpback whales from 1911 to 1964 (see Whaling in New Zealand). The houses built by the Perano family are now operated as tourist accommodation. In the 2000s the former whalers from the Perano and Heberley families, who live on Arapawa, joined a Department of Conservation whale spotting programme to assess how the humpback whale population has recovered since the end of whaling.

An Air Albatross Cessna 402 commuter aircraft struck the 11,000-volt power lines linking the island and the mainland over Tory Channel in 1985. The crash was witnessed by many passengers on an inter-island Cook Strait ferry. The ferry immediately stopped to dispatch a rescue lifeboat. Along with the two pilots, one entire family died, and all but a young girl from the other. No bodies were ever found. The sole survivor (Cindy Mosey) was travelling with her family and the other family from Nelson to Wellington to attend a gymnastics competition. The Arapaoa Island crash caused public confidence in Air Albatross to falter, contributing to the company going into liquidation in December of that year.

In August 2014, the spelling of the island's name was officially changed from Arapawa to Arapaoa.

Conservation
Parts of the island have been heavily cleared of native vegetation in the past through burning and logging, A number of pine forests were planted on the island. Wilding pines, an invasive species in some parts of New Zealand, are being poisoned on the island to allow the regenerating native vegetation to grow. About 200 ha at Ruaomoko Point on the south-eastern portion of the island will be killed by drilling holes into the trees and injecting poison.

Arapaoa Island is known for the breeds of domestic animals found only on the island – the Arapawa pig, Arapawa sheep and Arapawa goat. They became established in the 19th century, but the origin of the breeds is uncertain, and a matter of some speculation. Common suggestions are that they are old English breeds introduced by the early whalers, or by Captain Cook or other early explorers. These breeds are now extinct in England, and the goats surviving in a sanctuary on the island are now also bred in other parts of New Zealand and in the northern hemisphere.

The small Brothers Islands, which lie off the northeast coast of Arapaoa Island, are a sanctuary for the rare Brothers Island tuatara.

title: Arapaoa Island


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Administrative law

Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rule making (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law.

Administrative law deals with the decision-making of such administrative units of government that are part of the executive branch in such areas as international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration, and transport.

Administrative law expanded greatly during the 20th century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction.

Civil law countries often have specialized administrative courts that review these decisions.

In the last fifty years, administrative law, in many countries of the civil law tradition, has opened itself to the influence of rules posed by supranational legal orders, in which judicial principles have a strong importance: it has led, for one, to changes in some traditional concepts of the administrative law model, as has happened with the public procurements or with judicial control of administrative activity and, for another, has built a supranational or international public administration, as in the environmental sector or with reference to education, for which, within the United Nations' system, it has been possible to assist to a further increase of administrative structure devoted to coordinate the States' activity in that sector.

In civil law countries
Unlike most common law jurisdictions, most civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases that as a rule apply procedural rules that are specifically designed for such cases and distinct from those applied in private law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

Brazil
In Brazil, administrative cases are typically heard either by the Federal Courts (in matters concerning the Federal Union) or by the Public Treasury divisions of State Courts (in matters concerning the States). In 1998 a constitutional reform led by the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch. Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (Art. 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of administrative acts, morality and efficiency.

Chile
In Chile the President of the Republic exercises the administrative function, in collaboration with several ministries or other authorities with ministerial rank. Each ministry has one or more under-secretaries that act through public service to meet public needs. There is no single specialized court to deal with actions against the administrative entities, but there are several specialized courts and procedures of review.

China
Administrative law in China was virtually non-existent before the economic reform era initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Since the 1980s China has constructed a new legal framework for administrative law, establishing control mechanisms for overseeing the bureaucracy, and disciplinary committees for the Chinese Communist Party.

In 1989, China established its Administrative Litigation Law, which provides and avenue for people to challenge government action. In 2014, it was amended to lower the burdens on those challenging administrative actions.

In 1990, the Administrative Supervision Regulations (行政检查条例) and the Administrative Reconsideration Regulations (行政复议条例) were passed. The 1993 State Civil Servant Provisional Regulations (国家公务员暂行条例) changed the way government officials were selected and promoted, requiring that they pass exams and yearly appraisals, and introducing a rotation system. The three regulations have been amended and upgraded into laws. In 1994, the State Compensation Law (国家赔偿法) was passed, followed by the Administrative Penalties Law (行政处罚法) in 1996. Administrative Compulsory Law was enforced in 2012. The General Administrative Procedure Law is underway.

France

In France, there is a dual jurisdictional system with the judiciary branch responsible for civil law and criminal law, and the administrative branch having jurisdiction when a government institution is involved. Most claims against the national or local governments as well as claims against private bodies providing public services are handled by administrative courts, which use the Conseil d'État (Council of State) as a court of last resort for both ordinary and special courts. The main administrative courts are the tribunaux administratifs and appeal courts are the cours administratives d'appel. Special administrative courts include the National Court of Asylum Right as well as military, medical and judicial disciplinary bodies. The French body of administrative law is called "droit administratif".

Over the course of their history, France's administrative courts have developed an extensive and coherent case law (jurisprudence constante) and legal doctrine (principes généraux du droit and principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République), often before similar concepts were enshrined in constitutional and legal texts. These principes include:

 * Right to fair trial (droit à la défense), including for internal disciplinary bodies
 * Right to challenge any administrative decision before an administrative court (droit au recours)
 * Equal treatment of public service users (égalité devant le service public)
 * Equal access to government employment (égalité d'accès à la fonction publique) without regard for political opinions
 * Freedom of association (liberté d'association)
 * Right to entrepreneurship (Liberté du Commerce et de l'industrie, lit. freedom of commerce and industry)
 * Right to legal certainty (Droit à la sécurité juridique)

French administrative law, the basis of continental administrative law, has had a strong influence on administrative laws in several other countries such as Belgium, Greece, Turkey and Tunisia.

Germany
In Germany, administrative law (Verwaltungsrecht) includes all law that specifically governs the legal relationships between public authorities and private persons, and that is not more precisely described as constitutional law. It sets out the tasks, aims and powers, as well as the organization and procedure, for all public authorities (Behörden). As a field of legal study, administrative law has been differentiated from other branches of public law since the late 19th century in Germany; the precise delimitations of "administration" as a concept, however, are in contention. Administrative law defines all aspects of public administration in the modern German state, whose legal culture emphasizes private persons' subjective rights (also, pursuant to art. 19$IV$ of the current German Constitution of 1949, such rights must be fully justiciable). Final say on the interpretation of the law lies with the courts of administrative jurisdiction (Verwaltungsgerichte), and the law usually permits close judicial scrutiny of public authorities' exercise of discretion.

Constitutional context
Central legal principles of the Rechtsstaat (rule of law) that pervade administration ‒ mostly developed before the adoption of the modern 1949 Constitution, but strenghtened and expanded after its advent by their the new conceptual foundation ‒ include: The vast majority of public administration in Germany is performed by its component federal entities ((Bundes-)Länder), which are responsible for the execution both of federal laws and their own laws (execution of the laws directly by authorities of the Federal Republic being the exceptional case, as established by artt. 83 et seqq. of the Constitution).
 * The principle of the lawfulness of the executive (Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verwaltung): administrative authorities are bound to act where a law (of parliament, or of delegated legislation) prescribes it, and to not violate any laws (artt. 1$III$ and 20$III$ of the Constitution). Where its actions may burden or comparatively disadvantage a person, they must rest on a grant of authority by the legislature: this concept is called the (grundrechtliche) Vorbehalt des Gesetzes or Eingriffsvorbehalt, meaning that limiting interference with (fundamental) rights is a sphere of action that is reserved to statute.
 * The principle of legal security, which includes a principle of legal certainty and the principle of non-retroactivity.
 * The principle of proportionality, which means that an act of an authority has to be suitable, necessary and appropriate.

Scope of administrative law
German legal scholarship does not have an agreed-upon definition for public administration.

In one sense, administration – more precisely, everything that is subject to administrative law – is conceptualized as being all state activity of a certain type (material definition of public administration). This approach leads to disputes about whether to treat acts of public authority as acts of administration (and therefore executive) even when they are performed by component parts of the state (that is to say, the government) that the law formally classifies as a legislative or a judicial body: For instance, the parliament may impose a fine on one of its members for misbehavior, or a presiding judge may direct a disruptive member of the public to be removed from the viewing gallery.

The opposite approach – the formalist definition of public administration – begins its examination by considering all those public authorities intended (judging by their lawful charter, organizational context, internal structure, and performed tasks) to do the work of public administration, and equates their functioning with public administration. There is some danger of circular reasoning, since the formal categorization of the organizational unit may in turn derive from some material conception of its function. Some functions that might, in the material view, be seen as not of the executive type, and thus not as belonging to the field of administration (such as the creation of rules with the force of law, which are usually thought of as legislative), would then be held to the standards of administrative law, and not another field of law.

This discussion is of seen as being of particular importance when considering the role of administrative law in maintaining the division of government powers. For this purpose, a traditional approach tries negatively to define administration by subtracting those operations of the state which cannot be called administration, namely law-making and adjudication. Using this negative definition, though, requires law-making and adjudication to be defined first, and leaves some activities that are a poor fit for the term "administration", such as the cabinet government's political leadership decisions, within the bounds of the definition. Positive definitions abound, but none has won out over the others, or been entirely convincing to scholars of German administrative law. Nevertheless, certain features may be seen as being charactersitic of administration: According to Maurer and Waldhoff, administration is social engineering (exerting influence on the non-state, societal domain) (1), oriented towards some conception of the (ever-changing) public interest (2), that consists of taking action in the present, with a view to engineering the future (3), and that comprises concrete measures to regulate individual cases and to realize particular plans (4).

Scholarly treatises of German administrative law are almost always split into two parts: doctrines and rules that can be found across-the-board (allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht); and doctrines and rules that exist only in certain parts of administrative law (besonderes Verwaltungsrecht) – e.g. police law, urban planning law, or local government law.

General administrative law
Germany's principal piece of legislation concerning the legal forms and principles common to most fields of its public administration is the Law on Administrative Procedure (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, abbreviated VwVfG); before the enactment of this law in 1977, these rules had only been general principles developed in the scholarly literature and the courts. The VwVfG is not a full codification of the generally applicable ground rules of German administrative law, since it mostly only determines the procedure to be followed by public authorities in the fulfillment of their tasks, rather than mandating the substance of public administration. The VwVfG is a federal law that only applies to administration carried out by the German federal authorities. All 16 German Länder have, however, enacted a Law on Administrative Procedure of their own that is nearly word-for-word identical with the federal VwVfG.

The standard form of administrative action is the Verwaltungsakt (administrative ordinance). Pursuant to VwVfG § 35, an administrative ordinance exists where: a public authority (1) issues any decree, decision, or other official measure (2), in a matter of public law (3), with immediate legal effects outside the administration (4), to put in place a rule for an individual case (5).

Specialized administrative law
German legal scholarship traditionally organizes the body of German administration-related law into the following fields, each with its particular legal doctrines and written rules:
 * the law governing preventative measures against hazards to common goods (or, if civil process cannot be timely availed to remedy the hazard, against individual goods), especially public safety and order (Polizeirecht or Gefahrenabwehrrecht);
 * environmental protection law (Umweltschutzrecht, including protection against emissions (Immisionsschutz) and wildlife protection (Naturschutz));
 * Urban and land use planning law (Städtebaurecht and Raumordnungsrecht);
 * the law regulating commerce and trades (Gewerberecht).

Judicial application
The law governing the adjudication of questions of administrative law before the courts of general administrative jurisdiction (Verwaltungsgerichte) is the Code on Administrative Courts (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, abbreviated VwGO), which was enacted in 1960. Though the VwGO was not conceived as a full codification of court process for the courts of general administrative jurisdiction, and VwGO § 173 directs these courts to apply Germany's Code of Civil Procedure wherever the VwGO lacks special rules, proceedings before the courts of general administrative jurisdiction are mostly distinct from civil proceedings before the courts of general jurisdiction. The VwGO also does not apply to the courts of special administrative jurisdiction over tax disputes (Finanzgerichte) or over social benefits disputes (Sozialgerichte).

Italy
In Italy administrative law is known as Diritto amministrativo, a branch of public law whose rules govern the organization of the public administration and the activities of the pursuit of the public interest of the public administration and the relationship between this and the citizens. Its genesis is related to the principle of division of powers of the State. The administrative power, originally called "executive", is to organize resources and people whose function is devolved to achieve the public interest objectives as defined by the law.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands administrative law provisions are usually contained in the various laws about public services and regulations. There is however also a single General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht or Awb), which is a rather good sample of procedural laws in Europe. It applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts. Another act about judicial procedures in general is the Algemene termijnenwet (General time provisions act), with general provisions about time schedules in procedures.

On the basis of the Awb, citizens can oppose a decision (besluit) made by an administrative agency (bestuursorgaan) within the administration and apply for judicial review in courts if unsuccessful. Before going to court, citizens must usually first object to the decision with the administrative body who made it. This is called bezwaar. This procedure allows for the administrative body to correct possible mistakes themselves and is used to filter cases before going to court. Sometimes, instead of bezwaar, a different system is used called administratief beroep (administrative appeal). The difference with bezwaar is that administratief beroep is filed with a different administrative body, usually a higher ranking one, than the administrative body that made the primary decision. Administratief beroep is available only if the law on which the primary decision is based specifically provides for it. An example involves objecting to a traffic ticket with the district attorney (officier van justitie), after which the decision can be appealed in court.

Unlike France or Germany, there are no special administrative courts of first instance in the Netherlands, but regular courts have an administrative "chamber" which specializes in administrative appeals. The courts of appeal in administrative cases however are specialized depending on the case, but most administrative appeals end up in the judicial section of the Council of State (Raad van State).

Sweden

In Sweden, there is a system of administrative courts that considers only administrative law cases, and is completely separate from the system of general courts. This system has three tiers, with 12 county administrative courts (förvaltningsrätt) as the first tier, four administrative courts of appeal (kammarrätt) as the second tier, and the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden (Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen) as the third tier.

Migration cases are handled in a two-tier system, effectively within the system general administrative courts. Three of the administrative courts serve as migration courts (migrationsdomstol) with the Administrative Court of Appeal in Stockholm serving as the Migration Court of Appeal (Migrationsöverdomstolen).

Taiwan (ROC)
In Taiwan the recently enacted Constitutional Procedure Act (憲法訴訟法) in 2019 (former Constitutional Interpretation Procedure Act, 1993), the Justices of the Constitutional Court of Judicial Yuan of Taiwan is in charge of judicial interpretation. As of 2019, this council has made 757 interpretations.

Turkey
In Turkey, the lawsuits against the acts and actions of the national or local governments and public bodies are handled by administrative courts which are the main administrative courts. The decisions of the administrative courts are checked by the Regional Administrative Courts and Council of State. Council of State as a court of last resort is exactly similar to Conseil d'État in France.

Ukraine
Administrative law in Ukraine is a homogeneous legal substance isolated in a system of jurisprudence characterized as: (1) a branch of law; (2) a science; (3) a discipline.

In common law countries
Generally speaking, most countries that follow the principles of common law have developed procedures for judicial review that limit the reviewability of decisions made by administrative law bodies. Often these procedures are coupled with legislation or other common law doctrines that establish standards for proper rulemaking. Administrative law may also apply to review of decisions of so-called semi-public bodies, such as non-profit corporations, disciplinary boards, and other decision-making bodies that affect the legal rights of members of a particular group or entity.

While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a court of general jurisdiction under some principle of judicial review based upon due process (United States) or fundamental justice (Canada). Judicial review of administrative decisions is different from an administrative appeal. When sitting in review of a decision, the Court will only look at the method in which the decision was arrived at, whereas in an administrative appeal the correctness of the decision itself will be examined, usually by a higher body in the agency. This difference is vital in appreciating administrative law in common law countries.

The scope of judicial review may be limited to certain questions of fairness, or whether the administrative action is ultra vires. In terms of ultra vires actions in the broad sense, a reviewing court may set aside an administrative decision if it is unreasonable (under Canadian law, following the rejection of the "Patently Unreasonable" standard by the Supreme Court in Dunsmuir v New Brunswick), Wednesbury unreasonable (under British law), or arbitrary and capricious (under U.S. Administrative Procedure Act and New York State law). Administrative law, as laid down by the Supreme Court of India, has also recognized two more grounds of judicial review which were recognized but not applied by English Courts, namely legitimate expectation and proportionality.

The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal prerogative writs of English law, such as the writ of mandamus and the writ of certiorari. In certain common law jurisdictions, such as India or Pakistan, the power to pass such writs is a Constitutionally guaranteed power. This power is seen as fundamental to the power of judicial review and an aspect of the independent judiciary.

United States

In the United States, many government agencies are organized under the executive branch of government, although a few are part of the judicial or legislative branches.

In the federal government, the executive branch, led by the president, controls the federal executive departments, which are led by secretaries who are members of the United States Cabinet. The many independent agencies of the United States government created by statutes enacted by Congress exist outside of the federal executive departments but are still part of the executive branch.

Congress has also created some special judicial bodies known as Article I tribunals to handle some areas of administrative law.

The actions of executive agencies and independent agencies are the main focus of American administrative law. In response to the rapid creation of new independent agencies in the early twentieth century (see discussion below), Congress enacted the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in 1946. Many of the independent agencies operate as miniature versions of the tripartite federal government, with the authority to "legislate" (through rulemaking; see Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations), "adjudicate" (through administrative hearings), and to "execute" administrative goals (through agency enforcement personnel). Because the United States Constitution sets no limits on this tripartite authority of administrative agencies, Congress enacted the APA to establish fair administrative law procedures to comply with the constitutional requirements of due process. Agency procedures are drawn from four sources of authority: the APA, organic statutes, agency rules, and informal agency practice. It is important to note, though, that agencies can only act within their congressionally delegated authority, and must comply with the requirements of the APA.

At state level the first version of the Model State Administrative Procedure Act was promulgated and published in 1946 by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC), in which year the Federal Administrative Procedure Act was drafted. It is incorporated basic principles with only enough elaboration of detail to support essential features, therefore it is a "model", and not a "uniform", act. A model act is needed because state administrative law in the states is not uniform, and there are a variety of approaches used in the various states. Later it was modified in 1961 and 1981. The present version is the 2010 Model State Administrative Procedure Act (MSAPA) which maintains the continuity with earlier ones. The reason of the revision is that, in the past two decades state legislatures, dissatisfied with agency rule-making and adjudication, have enacted statutes that modify administrative adjudication and rule-making procedure.

The American Bar Association's official journal concerning administrative law is the Administrative Law Review, a quarterly publication that is managed and edited by students at the Washington College of Law.

Historical development
Stephen Breyer, a U.S. Supreme Court Justice from 1994 to 2022, divides the history of administrative law in the United States into six discrete periods, in his book, Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy (3d Ed., 1992):

 * English antecedents & the American experience to 1875
 * 1875 – 1930: the rise of regulation & the traditional model of administrative law
 * 1930 – 1945: the New Deal
 * 1945 – 1965: the Administrative Procedure Act & the maturation of the traditional model of administrative law
 * 1965 – 1985: critique and transformation of the administrative process
 * 1985 – ?: retreat or consolidation

Agriculture
The agricultural sector is one of the most heavily regulated sectors in the U.S. economy, as it is regulated in various ways at the international, federal, state, and local levels. Consequently, administrative law is a significant component of the discipline of agricultural law. The United States Department of Agriculture and its myriad agencies such as the Agricultural Marketing Service are the primary sources of regulatory activity, although other administrative bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency play a significant regulatory role as well.

Literature

 * Please note that the year of publication given is inferred from the metadata; the report does not give its publication date.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Administrative law


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Arthur Phillip

Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.

Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 until December 1753. He then became an apprentice on the whaling ship Fortune. With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War against France, Phillip enlisted in the Royal Navy as captain's servant to Michael Everitt aboard HMS Buckingham (1751). With Everitt, Phillip also served on HMS Union (1756) and HMS Stirling Castle (1742). Phillip was promoted to lieutenant on 7 June 1761, before being put on half-pay at the end of hostilities on 25 April 1763. Seconded to the Portuguese Navy in 1774, he served in the war against Spain. Returning to Royal Navy service in 1778, in 1782 Phillip, in command of HMS Europa (1765), was to capture Spanish colonies in South America, but an armistice was concluded before he reached his destination. In 1784, Phillip was employed by Home Office Under Secretary Evan Nepean, to survey French defences in Europe.

In 1786, Phillip was appointed by Lord Sydney as the commander of the First Fleet, a fleet of 11 ships whose crew were to establish a penal colony and a settlement at Botany Bay, New South Wales. On arriving at Botany Bay, Phillip found the site unsuitable and searched for a more habitable site for a settlement, which he found in Port Jackson – the site of Sydney, Australia, today. Phillip was a far-sighted governor who soon realised that New South Wales would need a civil administration and a system for emancipating convicts. However, his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the First Fleet's voyage had been rejected. Consequently, he faced immense problems with labour, discipline, and supply. Phillip wanted harmonious relations with the local indigenous peoples, in the belief that everyone in the colony was a British citizen and was protected by the law as such, therefore the indigenous peoples had the same rights as everyone under Phillip's command. Eventually, cultural differences between the two groups of people led to conflict. The arrival of more convicts with the Second and Third Fleets placed new pressures on scarce local resources. By the time Phillip sailed home in December 1792, the colony was taking shape, with official land grants, systematic farming, and a water supply in place.

On 11 December 1792, Phillip left the colony to return to Britain to receive medical treatment for kidney stones. He had planned to return to Australia, but medical advisors recommended he resign from the governorship. His health recovered and he returned to active duty in the Navy in 1796, holding a number of commands in home waters before being put in command of the Hampshire Sea Fencibles. He eventually retired from active naval service in 1805. He spent his final years of retirement in Bath, Somerset, before his death on 31 August 1814. As the first Governor of New South Wales, a number of places in Australia are named after him, including Port Phillip, Phillip Island, Phillip Street in the Sydney central business district, the suburb of Phillip in Canberra and the Governor Phillip Tower building in Sydney, as well as many streets, parks, and schools.

Early life
Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, in the Parish of All Hallows, in Bread Street, London. He was the son of Jacob Phillip, an immigrant from Frankfurt, who by various accounts was a language teacher, a merchant vessel owner, a merchant captain, or a common seaman. His mother, Elizabeth Breach, was the widow of a common seaman by the name of John Herbert, who had died of disease in Jamaica aboard HMS Tartar (1702) on 13 August 1732. At the time of Arthur Phillip's birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London.

There are no surviving records of Phillip's early childhood. His father, Jacob, died in 1739, after which the Phillip family would have a low income. Arthur went to sea on a British naval vessel aged nine. On 22 June 1751, he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers. In accordance with the school's curriculum, his education focused on literacy, arithmetic, and navigational skills, including cartography. His headmaster, Reverend Francis Swinden, observed that in personality, Phillip was "unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes".

Phillip remained at the Greenwich Hospital School for two and a half years, longer than the average student stay of one year. At the end of 1753, he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune, a 210-ton whaling vessel commanded by merchant mariner William Readhead. Phillip left the Greenwich Hospital School on 1 December, and spent the next few months aboard the Fortune, awaiting the start of the 1754 whaling season.

Contemporary portraits depict Phillip as shorter than average, with an olive complexion and dark eyes. A long nose and a pronounced lower lip dominated his "smooth pear of a skull" as quoted by Robert Hughes.

Whaling and merchant expeditions
In April 1754 Fortune headed out to hunt whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea. As an apprentice Phillip's responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels. Food was scarce, and Fortune's 30 crew members supplemented their diet with bird's eggs, scurvy grass, and, where possible, reindeer. The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754. The whaling crew were paid and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook an outward trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains and citrus. The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that year's whale hunt. Phillip was still a member of the crew but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July.

Royal Navy and the Seven Years' War

On 16 October 1755, Phillip enlisted in the Royal Navy as captain's servant aboard the 68-gun HMS Buckingham (1751), commanded by his mother's cousin, Captain Michael Everitt. As a member of Buckingham's crew, Phillip served in home waters until April 1756 and then joined Admiral John Byng's Mediterranean fleet. The Buckingham was Rear-Admiral Temple West's flagship at the Battle of Minorca on 20 May 1756.

Phillip moved on 1 August 1757, with Everitt, to the 90-gun HMS Union (1756), which took part in the Raid on St Malo on 5–12 June 1758. Phillip, again with Captain Everitt, transferred on 28 December 1758 to the 64-gun HMS Stirling Castle (1742), which went to the West Indies to serve at the Siege of Havana. On 7 June 1761, Phillip was commissioned as a lieutenant in recognition for his active service. With the coming of peace on 25 April 1763, he was retired on half-pay.

Retirement and the Portuguese Navy
In July 1763, Phillip married Margaret Charlotte Denison (Tibbott), known as Charlott, a widow 16 years his senior, and moved to Glasshayes in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, establishing a farm there. The marriage was unhappy, and the couple separated in 1769 when Phillip returned to the Navy. The following year, he was posted as second lieutenant aboard HMS Egmont (1768), a newly built 74-gun ship of the line.

In 1774, Phillip was seconded to the Portuguese Navy as a captain, serving in the war against Spain. While with the Portuguese Navy, Phillip commanded a 26-gun frigate, Nossa Senhora do Pilar. On that ship, he took a detachment of troops from Rio de Janeiro to Colonia do Sacramento on the Río de la Plata (opposite Buenos Aires) to relieve the garrison there. The voyage also conveyed a consignment of convicts assigned to carry out work at Colonia. During a storm encountered in the course of the voyage, the convicts assisted in working the ship, and on arriving at Colonia, Phillip recommended that they be rewarded for saving the ship by remission of their sentences. A garbled version of this recommendation eventually found its way into the English press in 1786, when Phillip was appointed to lead the expedition to Sydney. Phillip played a leading role in the capture of the Spanish ship San Agustín, on 19 April 1777, off Santa Catarina. The Portuguese Navy commissioned her as the Santo Agostinho, under Phillip's command. The action was reported in the English press: Madrid, 28 Aug. Letters from Lisbon bring the following Account from Rio Janeiro: That the St. Augustine, of 70 Guns, having been separated from the Squadron of M. Casa Tilly, was attacked by two Portugueze Ships, against which they defended themselves for a Day and a Night, but being next Day surrounded by the Portugueze Fleet, was obliged to surrender.

Recommissioned into Royal Navy
In 1778, with Britain again at war, Phillip was recalled to Royal Navy service and on 9 October was appointed first lieutenant of the 74-gun HMS Alexander (1778) as part of the Channel fleet. Promoted to commander on 2 September 1779 and given command of the 8-gun fireship HMS Basilisk. With Spain's entry into the conflict, Phillip had a series of private meetings with the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Earl of Sandwich, sharing his charts and knowledge about the South American coastlines.

Phillip was promoted to post-captain on 30 November 1781 and given command of the 20-gun HMS Ariadne (1776). Ariadne was sent to the Elbe to escort a transport ship carrying a detachment of Hanoverian troops, arriving at the port of Cuxhaven on 28 December, the estuary froze over trapping Ariadne in the harbour. In March 1782, Phillip arrived in England with the Hanoverian troops. In the following months Ariadne got a new lieutenant, Philip Gidley King, whom Phillip took under his wing. Ariadne was used to patrol the Channel where on 30 June, she captured the French frigate Le Robecq.

With a change of government on 27 March 1782, Sandwich retired from the Admiralty, Lord Germain was replaced as Secretary of State for Home and American Affairs by Earl of Shelburne, before 10 July 1782, in another change of government Thomas Townshend replaced him, and assumed responsibility for organising an expedition against Spanish America. Like Sandwich and Germain, he turned to Phillip for planning advice. The plan was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video, then to proceed to the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico to maraud, and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British Navy's East India squadron for an attack on Manila. On 27 December 1782, Phillip, took charge of the 64-gun HMS Europa (1765). The expedition, consisting of the 70-gun HMS Grafton (1771), the 74-gun HMS Elizabeth (1769), Europa, and the 32-gun frigate HMS Iphigenia (1780), sailed on 16 January 1783 under the command of Commodore Robert Kingsmill. Shortly after the ships' departure, an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Phillip learnt of this in April when he put in for storm repairs at Rio de Janeiro. Phillip wrote to Townshend from Rio de Janeiro on 25 April 1783, expressing his disappointment that the ending of the American War had robbed him of the opportunity for naval glory in South America.

Survey work in Europe
After his return to England in April 1784, Phillip remained in close contact with Townshend, now Lord Sydney, and Home Office Under Secretary Evan Nepean. From October 1784 to September 1786, Nepean, who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers, France, and Spain, employed him to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports. There was fear that Britain would soon be at war with these powers as a consequence of the Batavian Revolution in the Netherlands.

Colonial service
Lord Sandwich, together with the president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, the scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage, was advocating the establishment of a British colony in Botany Bay, New South Wales. Banks accepted an offer of assistance from the American loyalist James Matra in July 1783. Under Banks' guidance, Matra rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24 August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American loyalists, Chinese, and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts). Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, as Secretary of State for the Home Office and minister in charge, decided to establish the proposed colony in Australia. This decision was taken for two reasons: the ending of the option to transport criminals to North America following the American Revolution, and the need for a base in the Pacific to counter French expansion.

In September 1786, Phillip was appointed commodore of the fleet, which came to be known as the First Fleet. His assignment was to transport convicts and soldiers to establish a colony at Botany Bay. Upon arriving there, Phillip was to assume the powers of captain general and governor in chief of the new colony. A subsidiary colony was to be founded on Norfolk Island, as recommended by Sir John Call and Sir George Young, to take advantage of that island's native flax (harakeke) and timber for naval purposes.

Voyage to Colony of New South Wales
On 25 October 1786, the 20-gun HMS Sirius (1786), lying in the dock at Deptford, was commissioned, with the command given to Phillip. The armed tender HMS Supply (1759), under the command of Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, was also commissioned to join the expedition. On 15 December, Captain John Hunter was assigned as second captain to Sirius to command in the absence of Phillip, who as governor of the colony, would be where the seat of government was to be fixed.

Phillip had a difficult time assembling the fleet, which was to make an eight-month sea voyage and then establish a colony. Everything a new colony might need had to be taken, since Phillip had no real idea of what he might find when he got there. There were few funds available for equipping the expedition. His suggestion that people with experience in farming, building, and crafts be included was rejected by the Home Office. Most of the 772 convicts were petty thieves from the London slums. A contingent of marines and a handful of other officers who were to administer the colony accompanied Phillip.

The fleet of 11 ships and about 1,500 people, under Phillip's command, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787; HMS Hyaena (1778) provided an escort out of British waters. On 3 June 1787, the fleet anchored at Santa Cruz, Tenerife. On 10 June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable trade winds and ocean currents. The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August and stayed for a month to resupply. The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4 September to run before the westerlies to Table Bay in Southern Africa, which it reached on 13 October; this was the last port of call before Botany Bay. On 25 November, Phillip transferred from the Sirius to the faster Supply, and with the faster ships of the fleet hastened ahead to prepare for the arrival of the rest of the fleet. However, this "flying squadron", as Frost called it, reached Botany Bay only hours before the rest of the Fleet, so no preparatory work was possible. Supply reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788; the three fastest transports in the advance group arrived on 19 January; slower ships, including Sirius, arrived on 20 January.

Phillip soon decided that the site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage, and no reliable water source. Cook was an explorer and Banks had a scientific interest, whereas Phillip's differing assessment of the site came from his perspective as, quoted by Tyrrell, "custodian of over a thousand convicts" for whom he was responsible. After some exploration, Phillip decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26 January, the marines and the convicts landed at a cove, which Phillip named for Lord Sydney. This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. Governor Phillip formally proclaimed the colony on 7 February 1788 in Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Phillip famously described as: "being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security."

Establishing a settlement

On 26 January, the Union Jack was raised, and possession of the land was taken formally in the name of King George III. The next day, sailors from Sirius, a party of marines, and a number of male convicts were disembarked to fell timber and clear the ground for the erection of tents. The remaining large company of male convicts disembarked from the transports over the following days. Phillip himself structured the ordering of the camp. His own tent as governor and those of his attendant staff and servants were set on the east side of Tank Stream, with the tents of the male convicts and marines on the west. During this time, priority was given to building permanent storehouses for the settlement's provisions. On 29 January, the governor's portable house was placed, and livestock were landed the next day. The female convicts disembarked on 6 February; the general camp for the women was to the north of the governor's house and separated from the male convicts by the houses of chaplain Richard Johnson and the Judge Advocate, Marine Captain David Collins. On 7 February 1788, Phillip and his government were formally inaugurated.

On 15 February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with a party of 23, including 15 convicts, to establish the colony at Norfolk Island, partly in response to a perceived threat of losing the island to the French, and partly to establish an alternative food source for the mainland colony.

Governor of New South Wales
When Phillip was appointed as governor-designate of the colony and began to plan the expedition, he requested that the convicts that were being sent be trained; only twelve carpenters and a few men who knew anything about agriculture were sent. Seamen with technical and building skills were commandeered immediately. The colony's isolation meant that it took almost two years for Phillip to receive replies to his dispatches from his superiors in London.

Phillip established a civil administration, with courts of law, that applied to everyone living in the settlement. Two convicts, Henry and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of the Alexander, for stealing their possessions during the voyage. Sinclair, believing that as convicts they had no protection from the law, as was the case in Britain, boasted that he could not be sued. Despite this, the court found for the plaintiffs and ordered the captain to make restitution for the theft of the Kables' possessions.

Phillip had drawn up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony. In one paragraph he wrote: "The laws of this country [England] will of course, be introduced in [New] South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves." Nevertheless, Phillip believed in severe discipline; floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Phillip commuted many death sentences. The settlement's supplies were rationed equally to convicts, officers, and marines, and females were given two-thirds of the weekly males' rations. In late February, six convicts were brought before the criminal court for stealing supplies. They were sentenced to death; the ringleader, Thomas Barrett, was hanged that day. Phillip gave the rest a reprieve. They were banished to an island in the harbour and given only bread and water.

The governor also expanded the settlement's knowledge of the landscape. Two officers from Sirius, Captain John Hunter and Lieutenant William Bradley, conducted a thorough survey of the harbour at Sydney Cove. Phillip later joined them on an expedition to survey Broken Bay.

The fleet's ships left over the next months, with Sirius and Supply remaining in the colony under command of the governor. They were used to survey and map the coastlines and waterways. Scurvy broke out, so Sirius left Port Jackson for Cape Town under the command of Hunter in October 1788, having been sent for supplies. The voyage, which completed a circumnavigation, returned to Sydney Cove in April, just in time to save the near-starving colony.

As an experienced farmhand, Phillip's appointed servant Henry Edward Dodd, served as farm superintendent at Farm Cove, where he successfully cultivated the first crops, later moving to Rose Hill, where the soil was better. James Ruse, a convict, was later appointed to the position after Dodd died in 1791. When Ruse succeeded in the farming endeavours, he received the colony's first land grant.

In June 1790, more convicts arrived with the Second Fleet, but HMS Guardian (1784), carrying more supplies, was disabled en route after hitting an iceberg, leaving the colony low on provisions again. Supply, the only ship left under colonial command after Sirius was wrecked 19 March 1790 trying to land men and supplies on Norfolk Island, was sent to Batavia for supplies.

In late 1792, Phillip, whose health was suffering, relinquished the governorship to Major Francis Grose, lieutenant-governor and commander of New South Wales Corps. On 11 December 1792, Phillip left for Britain, on the Atlantic, which had arrived with convicts of the Third Fleet. Phillip was unable to follow his original intention of returning to Port Jackson once his health was restored, as medical advice compelled him to resign formally on 23 July 1793.

Military personnel in colony
The main challenge for order and harmony in the settlement came not from the convicts secured there on terms of good behaviour, but from the attitude of officers from the New South Wales Marine Corps. As Commander in Chief, Phillip was in command of both the naval and marine forces; his naval officers readily obeyed his commands, but a measure of co-operation from the marine officers ran against their tradition. Major Robert Ross and his officers (with the exception of a few such as David Collins, Watkin Tench, and William Dawes) refused to do anything other than guard duty, claiming that they were neither gaolers, supervisors, nor policemen.

Four companies of marines, consisting of 160 privates with 52 officers and NCO's, accompanied the First Fleet to Botany Bay. In addition, there were 34 officers and men serving in the Ship's Complement of Marines aboard Sirius and Supply, bringing the total to 246 who departed England.

Ross supported and encouraged his fellow officers in their conflicts with Phillip, engaged in clashes of his own, and complained of the governor's actions to the Home Office. Phillip, more placid and forbearing in temperament, was anxious in the interests of the community as a whole to avoid friction between the civil and military authorities. Though firm in his attitude, he endeavoured to placate Ross, but to little effect. In the end, he solved the problem by ordering Ross to Norfolk Island on 5 March 1790 to replace the commandant there.

Beginning with guards arriving with the Second and Third fleets, but officially with the arrival of HMS Gorgon (1785) on 22 September 1791, the New South Wales Marines were relieved by a newly formed British Army regiment of foot, the New South Wales Corps. On 18 December 1791, Gorgon left Port Jackson, taking home the larger part of the still-serving New South Wales Marines. There remained in New South Wales a company of active marines serving under Captain George Johnston, who had been Phillip's aide-de-camp, that transferred to the New South Wales Corps. Also remaining in the colony were discharged marines, many of whom became settlers. The official departure of the last serving marines from the colony was in December 1792, with Governor Phillip on Atlantic.

Major Francis Grose, commander of the New South Wales Corps, had replaced Ross as the Lieutenant-Governor and took over command of the colony when Phillip returned to Britain.

Relations with indigenous peoples
Phillip's official orders with regard to Aboriginal people were to "conciliate their affections", to "live in amity and kindness with them", and to punish anyone who should "wantonly destroy them, or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations". The first meeting between the colonists and the Eora, Aboriginal people, happened in Botany Bay. When Phillip went ashore, gifts were exchanged, thus Phillip and the officers began their relationship with the Eora through gift-giving, hilarity, and dancing, but also by showing them what their guns could do. Anyone found harming or killing Aboriginal people without provocation would be severely punished.

After the early meetings, dancing, and musket demonstrations, the Eora avoided the settlement in Sydney Cove for the first year, but they warned and then attacked whenever colonists trespassed on their lands away from the settlement. Part of Phillip's early plan for peaceful cohabitation had been to persuade some Eora, preferably a family, to come and live in the town with the British so that the colonists could learn about the Eora's language, beliefs, and customs.

By the end of the first year, as none of the Eora had come to live in the settlement, Phillip decided on a more ruthless strategy, and ordered the capture of some Eora warriors. The man who was captured was Arabanoo, from whom Phillip and his officers started to learn language and customs. Arabanoo died in April 1789 of smallpox, which also ravaged the rest of the Eora population. Phillip again ordered the boats to Manly Cove, where two more warriors were captured, Coleby and Bennelong; Coleby soon escaped, but Bennelong remained. Bennelong and Phillip formed a kind of friendship, before he too escaped.

Four months after Bennelong escaped from Sydney, Phillip was invited to a whale feast at Manly. Bennelong greeted him in a friendly and jovial way. Phillip was suddenly surrounded by warriors and speared in the shoulder by a man called Willemering. He ordered his men not to retaliate. Phillip, perhaps realising that the spearing was in retaliation for the kidnapping, ordered no actions to be taken over it. Friendly relations were reestablished afterwards, with Bennelong even returning to Sydney with his family.

Even though there were now friendly relations with the Indigenous people around Sydney Cove, the same couldn't be said about the ones around Botany Bay, who had killed or wounded 17 colonists. Phillip despatched orders, as quoted by Tench, "to put to death ten... [and] cut off the heads of the slain... to infuse a universal terror, which might operate to prevent further mischief". Even though two expeditions were despatched under command of Watkin Tench, no one was apprehended.

On 11 December 1792, when Phillip returned to Britain, Bennelong and another Aboriginal man named Yemmerrawanne (or Imeerawanyee) travelled with him on the Atlantic.

Later life and death
Phillip's estranged wife, Charlott, died 3 August 1792 and was buried in St Beuno's Churchyard, Llanycil, Bala, Merionethshire. Phillip, a resident in Marylebone, married Isabella Whitehead of Bath in St Marylebone Church of England on 8 May 1794.

His health recovered, he was recommissioned in March 1796 to the 74-gun HMS Alexander (1778) as part of the Channel fleet. In October, his command was switched to the 74-gun HMS Swiftsure (1787). In September 1797, Phillip was transferred again to the 90-gun HMS Blenheim (1761), command of which he held until December of that year. During 1798–99, Phillip commanded the Hampshire Sea Fencibles, then appointed inspector of the Impress Service, in which capacity he and a secretary toured the outposts of Britain to report on the strengths of the various posts.

In the ordinary course of events he was promoted to Rear-Admiral on 1 January 1801. Phillip retired in 1805 from active service in the Navy, was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 13 December 1806, and received a final promotion to Admiral of the Blue on 4 June 1814.

Phillip suffered a stroke in 1808, which left him partially paralysed. He died 31 August 1814 at his residence, 19 Bennett Street, Bath. He was buried nearby at St Nicholas's Church, Bathampton. His Last Will and Testament has been transcribed and is online. Forgotten for many years, the grave was discovered in November 1897 by a young woman cleaning the church, who found the name after lifting matting from the floor; the historian James Bonwick had been searching Bath records for its location. An annual service of remembrance is held at the church around Phillip's birthdate by the Britain–Australia Society.

In 2007, Geoffrey Robertson QC alleged that Phillip's remains were no longer in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, and had been lost: "Captain Arthur Phillip is not where the ledger stone says he is: it may be that he is buried somewhere outside, it may simply be that he is simply lost. But he is not where Australians have been led to believe that he now lies."

Legacy
A number of places in Australia bear Phillip's name, including Port Phillip, Phillip Island (Victoria), Phillip Island (Norfolk Island), Phillip Street in the Sydney central business district, the federal electorate of Phillip (1949–1993), the suburb of Phillip in Canberra, the Governor Phillip Tower building in Sydney, St Phillip's Church, Sydney (now St Philip's), and many streets, parks, and schools, including Arthur Phillip High School in Parramatta.

A monument to Phillip in Bath Abbey Church was unveiled in 1937. Another was unveiled at St Mildred's Church, Bread Street, London, in 1932; that church was destroyed in the London Blitz in 1940, but the principal elements of the monument were re-erected at the west end of Watling Street, near Saint Paul's Cathedral, in 1968. A different bust and memorial is inside the nearby church of St Mary-le-Bow. There is a statue of him in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney. There is a portrait of him by Francis Wheatley in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and in the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

Percival Serle wrote of Phillip in his Dictionary of Australian Biography: "Steadfast in mind, modest, without self seeking, Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what the settlement might become, and the common sense to realize what at the moment was possible and expedient. When almost everyone was complaining he never himself complained, when all feared disaster he could still hopefully go on with his work. He was sent out to found a convict settlement, he laid the foundations of a great dominion."

200th anniversary
As part of a series of events on the bicentenary of his death, a memorial was dedicated in Westminster Abbey on 9 July 2014. In the service, the Dean of Westminster, Very Reverend Dr John Hall, described Phillip as follows: "This modest, yet world-class seaman, linguist, and patriot, whose selfless service laid the secure foundations on which was developed the Commonwealth of Australia, will always be remembered and honoured alongside other pioneers and inventors here in the Nave: David Livingstone, Thomas Cochrane, and Isaac Newton." A similar memorial was unveiled by the outgoing 37th Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir, in St James' Church, Sydney, on 31 August 2014. A bronze bust was installed at the Museum of Sydney, and a full-day symposium discussed his contributions to the founding of modern Australia.

In popular culture
Phillip has been played by a number of actors in movies and television programs, including:
 * Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Botany Bay (1953)
 * Edward Hepple in The Hungry Ones (1963)
 * Wynn Roberts in Prelude to Harvest (1963)
 * Peter Collingwood in The Timeless Land (1980)
 * Sam Neill in The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant (2005)
 * David Wenham in Banished (2015)
 * Barry Lee-Pearce in The Australian Wars (2022)

He is a prominent character in Timberlake Wertenbaker's play Our Country's Good, in which he commissions Lieutenant Ralph Clark to stage a production of The Recruiting Officer. He is shown as compassionate and just, but receives little support from his fellow officers.

His life was dramatised on radio in:
 * The Watch on the Headland (1940)
 * I'll Meet You in Botany Bay (1945)

title: Arthur Phillip


text:
April 10

Pre-1600

 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
 * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
 * 1407 – Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama visits the Ming dynasty capital at Nanjing and is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
 * 1500 – Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
 * 1545 – The settlement of Villa Imperial de Carlos V (now the city of Potosí) in Bolivia is founded after the discovery of huge silver deposits in the area.

1601–1900

 * 1606 – The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
 * 1710 – The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
 * 1717 – Robert Walpole resigns from the British government, commencing the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.
 * 1724 – Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66, his first cantata composed for Easter in Leipzig.
 * 1741 – War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia gains control of Silesia at the Battle of Mollwitz.
 * 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.
 * 1815 – The Mount Tambora volcano begins a three-month-long eruption, lasting until July 15. The eruption ultimately kills 71,000 people and affects Earth's climate for the next two years.
 * 1816 – The Federal government of the United States approves the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.
 * 1821 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.
 * 1821  – Greek War of Independence: the island of Psara joins the Greek struggle for independence.
 * 1826 – The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.
 * 1858 – After the original Big Ben, a 14.5 tonne bell for the Palace of Westminster, had cracked during testing, it is recast into the current 13.76 tonne bell by Whitechapel Bell Foundry.
 * 1864 – Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico.
 * 1865 – American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the last time.
 * 1866 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.
 * 1868 – At Arogee in Abyssinia, British and Indian forces defeat an army of Emperor Tewodros II. While 700 Ethiopians are killed and many more injured, only two British/Indian troops die.
 * 1872 – The first Arbor Day is celebrated in Nebraska.
 * 1875 – India: Arya Samaj is founded in Mumbai by Swami Dayananda Saraswati to propagate his goal of social reform.
 * 1887 – On Easter Sunday, Pope Leo XIII authorizes the establishment of the Catholic University of America.
 * 1896 – 1896 Summer Olympics: The Olympic marathon is run ending with the victory of Greek athlete Spyridon Louis.
 * 1900 – British suffer a sharp defeat by the Boers south of Brandfort. 600 British troops are killed and wounded and 800 taken prisoner.

1901–present

 * 1912 – RMS Titanic sets sail from Southampton, England on her maiden and only voyage.
 * 1916 – The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) is created in New York City.
 * 1919 – Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead by government forces in Morelos.
 * 1919  – The Third Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole.
 * 1925 – The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is first published in New York City, by Charles Scribner's Sons.
 * 1938 – The 1938 German parliamentary election and referendum seeks approval for a single list of Nazi candidates and the recent annexation of Austria.
 * 1939 – Alcoholics Anonymous, A.A.'s "Big Book", is first published.
 * 1941 – World War II: The Axis powers establish the Independent State of Croatia.
 * 1944 – Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from Birkenau death camp.
 * 1963 – One hundred twenty-nine American sailors die when the submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593) sinks at sea.
 * 1968 – The TEV Wahine, a New Zealand ferry sinks in Wellington harbour due to a fierce storm – the strongest winds ever in Wellington. Out of the 734 people on board, fifty-three died.
 * 1970 – Paul McCartney announces that he is leaving The Beatles for personal and professional reasons.
 * 1971 – Ping-pong diplomacy: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, China hosts the U.S. table tennis team for a week-long visit.
 * 1972 – Tombs containing bamboo slips, among them Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's lost military treatise, are discovered by construction workers in Shandong.
 * 1972  – Vietnam War: For the first time since November 1967, American B-52 bombers reportedly begin bombing North Vietnam.
 * 1973 – Invicta International Airlines Flight 435 crashes in a snowstorm on approach to Basel, Switzerland, killing 108 people.
 * 1979 – Red River Valley tornado outbreak: A tornado lands in Wichita Falls, Texas killing 42 people.
 * 1988 – The Ojhri Camp explosion kills or injures more than 1,000 people in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan.
 * 1991 – Italian ferry MS Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, killing 140.
 * 1991  – A rare tropical storm develops in the South Atlantic Ocean near Angola; the first to be documented by satellites.
 * 1998 – The Good Friday Agreement is signed in Northern Ireland.
 * 2009 – President of Fiji Ratu Josefa Iloilo announces the abrogation of the constitution and assumes all governance in the country, creating a constitutional crisis.
 * 2010 – Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashes near Smolensk, Russia, killing 96 people, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and dozens of other senior officials and dignitaries.
 * 2016 – The Paravur temple accident in which a devastating fire caused by the explosion of firecrackers stored for Vishu, kills more than one hundred people out of the thousands gathered for seventh day of Bhadrakali worship.
 * 2016  – An earthquake of 6.6 magnitude strikes 39 km west-southwest of Ashkasham, impacting India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Srinagar and Pakistan.
 * 2019 – Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project announce the first ever image of a black hole, which was located in the centre of the M87 galaxy.
 * 2023 – A mass shooting occurs at the Old National Bank in Louisville, Kentucky that leaves five victims dead and eight wounded.

Pre-1600

 * 401 – Theodosius II, Roman emperor (d. 450)
 * 1018 – Nizam al-Mulk, Persian scholar and vizier (d. 1092)
 * 1472 – Margaret of York, English princess (d. 1472)
 * 1480 – Philibert II, duke of Savoy (d. 1504)
 * 1487 – William I, count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1559)
 * 1512 – James V, king of Scotland (d. 1542)
 * 1579 – Augustus II, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1666)
 * 1583 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and jurist (d. 1645)

1601–1900

 * 1603 – Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (d. 1647)
 * 1651 – Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, German mathematician, physicist, and physician (d. 1708)
 * 1656 – René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, French-Canadian settler, founded Rimouski (d. 1718)
 * 1704 – Benjamin Heath, English scholar and author (d. 1766)
 * 1707 – Michel Corrette, French organist, composer, and author (d. 1795)
 * 1713 – John Whitehurst, English geologist and clockmaker (d. 1788)
 * 1755 – Samuel Hahnemann, German-French physician and academic (d. 1843)
 * 1762 – Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist and academic (d. 1834)
 * 1769 – Jean Lannes, French marshal (d. 1809)
 * 1778 – William Hazlitt, English essayist and critic (d. 1830)
 * 1794 – Matthew C. Perry, English-Scottish American commander (d. 1858)
 * 1806 – Juliette Drouet, French actress (d. 1883)
 * 1806  – Leonidas Polk, Scottish-American general and bishop (d. 1884)
 * 1827 – Lew Wallace, American general, lawyer, and politician, 11th Governor of New Mexico Territory (d. 1905)
 * 1829 – William Booth, English minister, founded The Salvation Army (d. 1912)
 * 1847 – Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-American journalist, publisher, and politician, founded Pulitzer, Inc. (d. 1911)
 * 1864 – Eugen d'Albert, Scottish-German pianist and composer (d. 1932)
 * 1865 – Jack Miner, American-Canadian farmer, hunter, and environmentalist (d. 1944)
 * 1867 – George William Russell, Irish author, poet, and painter (d. 1935)
 * 1868 – George Arliss, English actor and playwright (d. 1946)
 * 1868  – Asriel Günzig, Moravian rabbi (d. 1931)
 * 1873 – Kyösti Kallio, Finnish farmer, banker, and politician, 4th President of Finland (d. 1940)
 * 1875 – George Clawley, English footballer (d. 1920)
 * 1877 – Alfred Kubin, Austrian author and illustrator (d. 1959)
 * 1879 – Coenraad Hiebendaal, Dutch rower and physician (d. 1921)
 * 1880 – Frances Perkins, American sociologist, academic, and politician, United States Secretary of Labor (d. 1965)
 * 1880  – Montague Summers, English clergyman and author (d. 1948)
 * 1886 – Johnny Hayes, American runner and trainer (d. 1965)
 * 1887 – Bernardo Houssay, Argentinian physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
 * 1889 – Louis Rougier, French philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1982)
 * 1891 – Frank Barson, English footballer and coach (d. 1968)
 * 1893 – Otto Steinböck, Austrian zoologist (d. 1969)
 * 1894 – Ben Nicholson, British painter (d. 1982)
 * 1897 – Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian accountant and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990)
 * 1900 – Arnold Orville Beckman, American chemist, inventor, and philanthropist (d. 2004)

1901–present

 * 1901 – Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil, Indian economist (d. 1971)
 * 1903 – Patroklos Karantinos, Greek architect (d. 1976)
 * 1903  – Clare Turlay Newberry, American author and illustrator (d. 1970)
 * 1906 – Steve Anderson, American hurdler (d. 1988)
 * 1910 – Margaret Clapp, American scholar and academic (d. 1974)
 * 1910  – Helenio Herrera, Argentinian footballer and manager (d. 1997)
 * 1910  – Paul Sweezy, American economist and publisher, founded the Monthly Review (d. 2004)
 * 1911 – Martin Denny, American pianist and composer (d. 2005)
 * 1911  – Maurice Schumann, French journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs for France (d. 1998)
 * 1912 – Boris Kidrič, Austrian-Slovenian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1953)
 * 1913 – Stefan Heym, German-American soldier and author (d. 2001)
 * 1914 – Jack Badcock, Australian cricketer (d. 1982)
 * 1915 – Harry Morgan, American actor and director (d. 2011)
 * 1915  – Leo Vroman, Dutch-American hematologist, poet, and illustrator (d. 2014)
 * 1916 – Lee Jung-seob, Korean painter (d. 1956)
 * 1917 – Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri, Indian politician (d. 2013)
 * 1917  – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
 * 1919 – John Houbolt, American engineer and academic (d. 2014)
 * 1921 – Chuck Connors, American baseball player and actor (d. 1992)
 * 1921  – Jake Warren, Canadian soldier and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United States (d. 2008)
 * 1921  – Sheb Wooley, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2003)
 * 1923 – Roger Gaillard, Haitian historian and author (d. 2000)
 * 1923  – Jane Kean, American actress and singer (d. 2013)
 * 1923  – Floyd Simmons, American decathlete and actor (d. 2008)
 * 1923  – Sid Tickridge, English footballer (d. 1997)
 * 1923  – John Watkins, South African cricketer (d. 2021)
 * 1924 – Kenneth Noland, American soldier and painter (d. 2010)
 * 1925 – Angelo Poffo, American wrestler and promoter (d. 2010)
 * 1926 – Jacques Castérède, French pianist and composer (d. 2014)
 * 1926  – Junior Samples, American comedian (d. 1983)
 * 1927 – Norma Candal, Puerto Rican actress (d. 2006)
 * 1927  – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
 * 1929 – Mike Hawthorn, English race car driver (d. 1959)
 * 1929  – Liz Sheridan, American actress (d. 2022)
 * 1929  – Max von Sydow, Swedish-French actor (d. 2020)
 * 1930 – Claude Bolling, French pianist, composer, and actor (d. 2020)
 * 1930  – Dolores Huerta, American activist, co-founded the United Farm Workers
 * 1930  – Spede Pasanen, Finnish film director and producer, comedian, and inventor (d. 2001)
 * 1931 – Kishori Amonkar, Indian classical vocalist (d. 2017)
 * 1932 – Delphine Seyrig, Swiss/Alsatian French actress (d. 1990)
 * 1932  – Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor and screenwriter (d. 2015)
 * 1933 – Rokusuke Ei, Japanese composer and author (d. 2016)
 * 1933  – Helen McElhone, Scottish politician (d. 2013)
 * 1934 – David Halberstam, American journalist and author (d. 2007)
 * 1935 – Patrick Garland, English actor and director (d. 2013)
 * 1935  – Peter Hollingworth, Australian bishop, 23rd Governor General of Australia
 * 1935  – Christos Yannaras, Greek philosopher, theologian and author
 * 1936 – John A. Bennett, American soldier (d. 1961)
 * 1936  – David A. Hardy, British artist
 * 1936  – John Howell, English long jumper
 * 1936  – John Madden, American football player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2021)
 * 1936  – Bobby Smith, American singer (d. 2013)
 * 1937 – Bella Akhmadulina, Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator (d. 2010)
 * 1938 – Don Meredith, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2010)
 * 1939 – Claudio Magris, Italian scholar, author, and translator
 * 1940 – Gloria Hunniford, British radio and television host
 * 1941 – Chrysostomos II of Cyprus, (d. 2022)
 * 1941  – Harold Long, Canadian politician (d. 2013)
 * 1941  – Paul Theroux, American novelist, short story writer, and travel writer
 * 1942 – Nick Auf der Maur, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1998)
 * 1942  – Ian Callaghan, English footballer
 * 1942  – Stuart Dybek,  American novelist, short story writer, and poet
 * 1943 – Andrzej Badeński, Polish-German sprinter (d. 2008)
 * 1943  – Margaret Pemberton, English author
 * 1945 – Kevin Berry, Australian swimmer (d. 2006)
 * 1946 – David Angell, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2001)
 * 1946  – Bob Watson, American baseball player and manager (d. 2020)
 * 1946  – Adolf Winkelmann, German director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1947 – David A. Adler, American author and educator
 * 1947  – Bunny Wailer, Jamaican singer-songwriter and drummer (d. 2021)
 * 1948 – Mel Blount, American football player
 * 1948  – Jim Burns, Welsh artist
 * 1949 – Daniel Mangeas, French banker and sportscaster
 * 1949  – Eric Troyer, American singer-songwriter, keyboardist and guitarist
 * 1950 – Ken Griffey, Sr., American baseball player and manager
 * 1950  – Eddie Hazel, American guitarist (d. 1992)
 * 1951 – David Helvarg, American journalist and activist
 * 1952 – Narayan Rane, Indian politician, 16th Chief Minister of Maharashtra
 * 1952  – Masashi Sada, Japanese singer, lyricist, composer, novelist, actor, and producer
 * 1952  – Steven Seagal, American actor, producer, and martial artist
 * 1953 – David Moorcroft, English runner and businessman
 * 1953  – Pamela Wallin, Swedish-Canadian journalist, academic, and politician
 * 1954 – Paul Bearer, American wrestler and manager (d. 2013)
 * 1954  – Anne Lamott, American author and educator
 * 1954  – Peter MacNicol, American actor
 * 1954  – Juan Williams, Panamanian-American journalist and author
 * 1955 – Marit Breivik, Norwegian handball player and coach
 * 1955  – Lesley Garrett, English soprano and actress
 * 1956 – Carol V. Robinson, English chemist and academic
 * 1957 – Aliko Dangote, Nigerian businessman, founded Dangote Group
 * 1957  – John M. Ford, American author and poet (d. 2006)
 * 1957  – Steve Gustafson, Spanish-American bass player
 * 1957  – Rosemary Hill, English historian and author
 * 1958 – Bob Bell, Northern Irish engineer
 * 1958  – Yefim Bronfman, Uzbek-American pianist
 * 1958  – Brigitte Holzapfel, German high jumper
 * 1959 – Babyface, American singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1959  – Yvan Loubier, Canadian economist and politician
 * 1959  – Brian Setzer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1960 – Steve Bisciotti, American businessman, co-founded Allegis Group
 * 1960  – Katrina Leskanich, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1960  – Terry Teagle, American basketball player
 * 1961 – Nicky Campbell, Scottish broadcaster and journalist
 * 1961  – Carole Goble, English computer scientist and academic
 * 1961  – Mark Jones, American basketball player
 * 1962 – Steve Tasker, American football player and sportscaster
 * 1963 – Warren DeMartini, American guitarist and songwriter
 * 1963  – Jeff Gray, American baseball player and coach
 * 1963  – Doris Leuthard, Swiss lawyer and politician, 162nd President of the Swiss Confederation
 * 1965 – Tim Alexander, American drummer and songwriter
 * 1965  – Anna-Leena Härkönen, Finnish author
 * 1966 – Brad William Henke, American football player and actor (d. 2022)
 * 1966 – Steve Claridge, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster
 * 1967 – Donald Dufresne, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1967  – David Rovics, American singer-songwriter
 * 1968 – Metin Göktepe, Turkish photographer and journalist (d. 1996)
 * 1968  – Orlando Jones, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1969 – Steve Glasson, Australian lawn bowler
 * 1969  – Ekaterini Koffa, Greek sprinter
 * 1970 – Enrico Ciccone, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1970  – Leonard Doroftei, Romanian-Canadian boxer
 * 1970  – Kenny Lattimore, American singer-songwriter
 * 1970  – Q-Tip, American rapper, producer, and actor
 * 1971  – Indro Olumets, Estonian footballer and coach
 * 1971  – Al Reyes, Dominican-American baseball player
 * 1972 – Ian Harvey, Australian cricketer
 * 1972  – Priit Kasesalu, Estonian computer programmer, co-created Skype
 * 1972  – Gordon Buchanan, Scottish film maker
 * 1973 – Guillaume Canet, French actor and director
 * 1973  – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian footballer and manager
 * 1973  – Aidan Moffat, Scottish singer-songwriter
 * 1973  – Christopher Simmons, Canadian-American graphic designer, author, and academic
 * 1974 – Eric Greitens, American soldier, author and politician
 * 1974  – Petros Passalis, Greek footballer
 * 1975 – Chris Carrabba, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1975  – Terrence Lewis, Indian dancer and choreographer
 * 1975  – David Harbour, American actor
 * 1976 – Clare Buckfield, English actress
 * 1976  – Yoshino Kimura, Japanese actress and singer
 * 1976  – Sara Renner, Canadian skier
 * 1977 – Stephanie Sheh, Taiwanese-American voice actress, director, and producer
 * 1978 – Sir Christus, Finnish guitarist (d. 2017)
 * 1979 – Iván Alonso, Uruguayan footballer
 * 1979  – Kenyon Coleman, American football player
 * 1979  – Rachel Corrie, American author and activist (d. 2003)
 * 1979  – Tsuyoshi Domoto, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor
 * 1979  – Sophie Ellis-Bextor, English singer-songwriter
 * 1979  – Pavlos Fyssas, Greek rapper (d. 2013)
 * 1979  – Peter Kopteff, Finnish footballer
 * 1980 – Sean Avery, Canadian ice hockey player and model
 * 1980  – Charlie Hunnam, English actor
 * 1980  – Shao Jiayi, Chinese footballer
 * 1980  – Kasey Kahne, American race car driver
 * 1980  – Andy Ram, Israeli tennis player
 * 1980  – Bryce Soderberg, American singer-songwriter and bass player
 * 1981 – Laura Bell Bundy, American actress and singer
 * 1981  – Liz McClarnon, English singer and dancer
 * 1981  – Michael Pitt, American actor, model and musician
 * 1981  – Alexei Semenov, Russian ice hockey player
 * 1982 – Andre Ethier, American baseball player
 * 1982  – Chyler Leigh, American actress and singer
 * 1983 – Jamie Chung, American actress
 * 1983  – Andrew Dost, American guitarist and songwriter
 * 1983  – Ryan Merriman, American actor
 * 1983  – Hannes Sigurðsson, Icelandic footballer
 * 1984 – Faustina Agolley, Australian television host
 * 1984  – Jeremy Barrett, American figure skater
 * 1984  – Mandy Moore, American singer-songwriter and actress
 * 1984  – David Obua, Ugandan footballer
 * 1984  – Damien Perquis, French-Polish footballer
 * 1984  – Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez, Argentinian footballer
 * 1985 – Barkhad Abdi, Somali-American actor and director
 * 1985  – Willo Flood, Irish footballer
 * 1985  – Jesús Gámez, Spanish footballer
 * 1985  – Dion Phaneuf, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1986 – Olivia Borlée, Belgian sprinter
 * 1986  – Fernando Gago, Argentine footballer
 * 1986  – Corey Kluber, American baseball pitcher
 * 1986  – Vincent Kompany, Belgian footballer
 * 1986  – Tore Reginiussen, Norwegian footballer
 * 1987 – Ahmed Adel Abdel Moneam, Egyptian footballer
 * 1987  – Shay Mitchell, Canadian actress and model
 * 1987  – Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano
 * 1988 – Chris Heston, American baseball pitcher
 * 1988  – Kareem Jackson, American football player
 * 1988  – Haley Joel Osment, American actor
 * 1989 – Charlie Culberson, American baseball player
 * 1990 – Ben Amos, English footballer
 * 1990  – Andile Jali, South African footballer
 * 1990  – Ricky Leutele, Australian-Samoan rugby league player
 * 1990  – Maren Morris, American singer
 * 1990  – Alex Pettyfer, English actor
 * 1991 – AJ Michalka, American actress and singer
 * 1992 – Jack Buchanan, Australian rugby league player
 * 1992  – Sadio Mané, Senegalese footballer
 * 1992  – Chaz Mostert, Australian racing driver
 * 1992  – Daisy Ridley, English actress
 * 1993 – Sofia Carson, American singer and actress
 * 1994 – Siobhan Hunter, Scottish footballer
 * 1995 – Ian Nelson, American actor
 * 1996 – Thanasi Kokkinakis, Australian tennis player
 * 1996  – Audrey Whitby, American actress
 * 1997 – Claire Wineland, American activist and author (d. 2018)
 * 1998 – Anna Pogorilaya, Russian figure skater
 * 2001 – Ky Baldwin, Australian singer and actor
 * 2001  – Noa Kirel, Israeli singer

Pre-1600

 * 879 – Louis the Stammerer, king of West Francia (b. 846)
 * 943 – Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua
 * 948 – Hugh of Arles, king of Italy
 * 1008 – Notker of Liège, French bishop (b. 940)
 * 1216 – Eric X, king of Sweden (b. 1180)
 * 1282 – Ahmad Fanakati, chief minister under Kublai Khan
 * 1309 – Elisabeth von Rapperswil, Swiss countess (b. 1261)
 * 1362 – Maud, English noblewoman (b. 1339)
 * 1500 – Michael Tarchaniota Marullus, Greek scholar and poet
 * 1533 – Frederick I, king of Denmark and Norway (b. 1471)
 * 1545 – Costanzo Festa, Italian composer
 * 1585 – Gregory XIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1502)
 * 1598 – Jacopo Mazzoni, Italian philosopher (b. 1548)
 * 1599 – Gabrielle d'Estrées, French mistress of Henry IV of France (b. 1571)

1601–1900

 * 1601 – Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish soldier and poet (b. 1562)
 * 1619 – Thomas Jones, English-Irish archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (b. 1550)
 * 1640 – Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1578)
 * 1644 – William Brewster, English official and pilgrim leader (b. 1566)
 * 1646 – Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (b. 1576)
 * 1667 – Jan Marek Marci, Czech physician and author (b. 1595)
 * 1704 – Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, German cardinal (b. 1629)
 * 1756 – Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (b. 1661)
 * 1760 – Jean Lebeuf, French historian and author (b. 1687)
 * 1786 – John Byron, English admiral and politician, 24th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1723)
 * 1806 – Horatio Gates, English-American general (b. 1727)
 * 1813 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1736)
 * 1821 – Gregory V of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1746)
 * 1823 – Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher and academic (b. 1757)
 * 1871 – Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (b. 1789)
 * 1889 – William Crichton, Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (b. 1827)

1901–present

 * 1909 – Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic (b. 1837)
 * 1919 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican general (b. 1879)
 * 1920 – Moritz Cantor, German mathematician and historian (b. 1829)
 * 1931 – Kahlil Gibran, Lebanese-American poet, painter, and philosopher (b. 1883)
 * 1935 – Rosa Campbell Praed, Australian novelist (b. 1851)
 * 1938 – King Oliver, American cornet player and bandleader (b. 1885)
 * 1942 – Carl Schenstrøm, Danish actor and director (b. 1881)
 * 1943 – Andreas Faehlmann, Estonian-German sailor and engineer (b. 1898)
 * 1945 – Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, Dutch printer and typographer (b. 1882)
 * 1947 – Charles Nordhoff, English-American lieutenant and author (b. 1887)
 * 1950 – Fevzi Çakmak, Turkish field marshal and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1876)
 * 1954 – Auguste Lumière, French director and producer (b. 1862)
 * 1954  – Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1888)
 * 1955 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French priest, theologian, and philosopher (b. 1881)
 * 1958 – Chuck Willis, American singer-songwriter (b. 1928)
 * 1960 – André Berthomieu, French director and screenwriter (b. 1903)
 * 1962 – Michael Curtiz, Hungarian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1886)
 * 1962  – Stuart Sutcliffe, Scottish artist and musician (b. 1940)
 * 1965 – Lloyd Casner, American race car driver, founded Casner Motor Racing Division (b. 1928)
 * 1965  – Linda Darnell, American actress (b. 1923)
 * 1966 – Evelyn Waugh, English soldier, novelist, journalist and critic (b. 1903)
 * 1968 – Gustavs Celmiņš, Latvian lieutenant and politician (b. 1899)
 * 1969 – Harley Earl, American businessman (b. 1893)
 * 1975 – Walker Evans, American photographer (b. 1903)
 * 1975  – Marjorie Main, American actress (b. 1890)
 * 1978 – Hjalmar Mäe, Estonian politician (b. 1901)
 * 1979 – Nino Rota, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1911)
 * 1980 – Kay Medford, American actress and singer (b. 1919)
 * 1981 – Howard Thurman, American author, philosopher and civil rights activist (b. 1899)
 * 1983 – Issam Sartawi, Palestinian activist (b. 1935)
 * 1985 – Zisis Verros, Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle (b. 1880)
 * 1986 – Linda Creed, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
 * 1988 – Ezekias Papaioannou, Greek Cypriot politician (b. 1908)
 * 1991 – Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
 * 1991  – Martin Hannett, English guitarist and producer (b. 1948)
 * 1991  – Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
 * 1992 – Sam Kinison, American comedian and actor (b. 1953)
 * 1993 – Chris Hani, South African activist and politician (b. 1942)
 * 1994 – Sam B. Hall, Jr., American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1924)
 * 1995 – Morarji Desai, Indian politician, 4th Prime Minister of India (b. 1896)
 * 1997 – Michael Dorris, American author and academic (b. 1945)
 * 1998  – Seraphim of Athens, Greek archbishop (b. 1913)
 * 1999 – Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, German-American biochemist and physician (b. 1910)
 * 1999  – Jean Vander Pyl, American actress and voice artist (b. 1919)
 * 2000 – Peter Jones, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1920)
 * 2000  – Larry Linville, American actor (b. 1939)
 * 2003 – Little Eva, American singer (b. 1943)
 * 2004 – Jacek Kaczmarski, Polish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and poet (b. 1957)
 * 2004  – Sakıp Sabancı, Turkish businessman and philanthropist, founded Sabancı Holding (b. 1933)
 * 2005 – Norbert Brainin, Austrian violinist (b. 1923)
 * 2005  – Scott Gottlieb, American drummer (b. 1970)
 * 2005  – Archbishop Iakovos of America (b. 1911)
 * 2005  – Al Lucas, American football player (b. 1978)
 * 2005  – Wally Tax, Dutch singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
 * 2006 – Kleitos Kyrou, Greek poet and translator (b. 1921)
 * 2007 – Charles Philippe Leblond, French-Canadian biologist and academic (b. 1910)
 * 2007  – Dakota Staton, American singer (b. 1930)
 * 2009 – Deborah Digges, American poet and educator (b. 1950)
 * 2009  – Ioannis Patakis, Greek politician (b. 1940)
 * 2010 – Casualties in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash included:
 * Ryszard Kaczorowski, Polish soldier and politician, 6th President of the Republic of Poland (b. 1919)
 * Maria Kaczyńska, Polish economist, First Lady of Poland (b. 1942)
 * Lech Kaczyński, Polish lawyer and politician, 4th President of Poland (b. 1949)
 * Anna Walentynowicz, Ukrainian-Polish journalist and activist (b. 1929)
 * 2010  – Dixie Carter, American actress and singer (b. 1939)
 * 2012 – Raymond Aubrac, French engineer and activist (b. 1914)
 * 2012  – Barbara Buchholz, German theremin player and composer (b. 1959)
 * 2012  – Lili Chookasian, Armenian-American operatic singer (b. 1921)
 * 2012  – Luis Aponte Martínez, Puerto Rican cardinal (b. 1922)
 * 2012  – Akin Omoboriowo, Nigerian lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
 * 2013 – Lorenzo Antonetti, Italian cardinal (b. 1922)
 * 2013  – Raymond Boudon, French sociologist and academic (b. 1934)
 * 2013  – Binod Bihari Chowdhury, Bangladeshi activist (b. 1911)
 * 2013  – Robert Edwards, English physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
 * 2013  – Olive Lewin, Jamaican anthropologist, musicologist, and author (b. 1927)
 * 2013  – Gordon Thomas, English cyclist (b. 1921)
 * 2013  – Angela Voigt, German long jumper (b. 1951)
 * 2014 – Dominique Baudis, French journalist and politician (b. 1947)
 * 2014  – Jim Flaherty, Canadian lawyer and politician, 37th Canadian Minister of Finance (b. 1949)
 * 2014  – Richard Hoggart, English author and academic (b. 1918)
 * 2014  – Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (b. 1946)
 * 2015 – Richie Benaud, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1930)
 * 2015  – Raúl Héctor Castro, Mexican-American politician and diplomat, 14th Governor of Arizona (b. 1916)
 * 2015  – Judith Malina, German-American actress and director, co-founded The Living Theatre (b. 1926)
 * 2015  – Rose Francine Rogombé, Gabonese lawyer and politician, President of Gabon (b. 1942)
 * 2015  – Peter Walsh, Australian farmer and politician, 6th Australian Minister for Finance (b. 1935)
 * 2016 – Howard Marks, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer, and legalisation campaigner (b. 1945)
 * 2023 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist (b. 1921)
 * 2024 – O. J. Simpson, American football player, actor, and broadcaster (b. 1947)

Holidays and observances

 * Christian feast day:
 * Fulbert of Chartres
 * James, Azadanus and Abdicius
 * Mikael Agricola (Lutheran)
 * Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Episcopal Church)
 * William of Ockham (Anglicanism)
 * William Law (Anglicanism)
 * April 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Day of the Builder (Azerbaijan)
 * Feast of the Third Day of the Writing of the Book of the Law (Thelema)
 * Siblings Day (International observance)

title: April 10