text:
June 12

Pre-1600

 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
 * 1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founds the Delhi Sultanate.
 * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.
 * 1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London.
 * 1418 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.
 * 1429 – Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.
 * 1550 – The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.

1601–1900

 * 1643 – The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England.
 * 1653 – First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.
 * 1665 – Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
 * 1758 – French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.
 * 1772 – French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men are killed by Māori in New Zealand.
 * 1775 – American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
 * 1776 – The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.
 * 1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
 * 1817 – The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais.
 * 1821 – Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.
 * 1830 – Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.
 * 1864 – American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their position at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
 * 1898 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
 * 1899 – New Richmond tornado: The ninth deadliest tornado in U.S. history kills 117 people and injures around 200.
 * 1900 – The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a 20-year period. Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.

1901–present

 * 1914 – Massacre of Phocaea: Turkish irregulars slaughter 50 to 100 Greeks and expel thousands of others in an ethnic cleansing operation in the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1921 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky orders the use of chemical weapons against the Tambov Rebellion, bringing an end to the peasant uprising.
 * 1935 – A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War.
 * 1939 – Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
 * 1939  – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.
 * 1940 – World War II: Thirteen thousand British and French troops surrender to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
 * 1942 – Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
 * 1943 – The Holocaust: Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in Brzeżany, Poland (now Berezhany, Ukraine). Around 1,180 Jews are led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot.
 * 1944 – World War II: Operation Overlord: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France.
 * 1950 – An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 46 people.
 * 1954 – Pope Pius XII canonises Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old at the time of his death, as a saint, making him at the time the youngest unmartyred saint in the Roman Catholic Church. In 2017, Francisco and Jacinta Marto, aged ten and nine at the time of their deaths, are declared as saints.
 * 1963 – NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers is murdered in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith during the civil rights movement.
 * 1963  – The film Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, is released in US theaters. It was the most expensive film made at the time.
 * 1964 – Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
 * 1967 – The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all U.S. state laws which prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
 * 1975 – India, Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha of the city of Allahabad ruled that India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had used corrupt practices to win her seat in the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office. Mrs. Gandhi sent word that she refused to resign.
 * 1979 – Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
 * 1981 – The first of the Indiana Jones film franchise, Raiders of the Lost Ark, is released in theaters.
 * 1982 – A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City.
 * 1987 – The Central African Republic's former emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
 * 1987  – Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate, U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
 * 1988 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 046, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General José de San Martín Airport, killing all 22 people on board.
 * 1990 – Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
 * 1991 – In modern Russia's first democratic election, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the President of Russia.
 * 1991  – Kokkadichcholai massacre: The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village of Kokkadichcholai near the Eastern Province town of Batticaloa.
 * 1993 – An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida.
 * 1999 – Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) enters the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
 * 2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests.
 * 2014 – Between 1,095 and 1,700 Shia Iraqi people are killed in an attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq. It is the second deadliest act of terrorism in history, only behind 9/11.
 * 2016 – Forty-nine civilians are killed and 58 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States; the gunman, Omar Mateen, is killed in a gunfight with police.
 * 2018 – United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea held the first meeting between leaders of their two countries in Singapore.
 * 2019 – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is inaugurated as the second president of Kazakhstan.
 * 2024 – A fire in a residential building in Mangaf, Kuwait City kills at least 50 people.

Pre-1600

 * 950 – Reizei, Japanese emperor (d. 1011)
 * 1107 – Gao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1187)
 * 1161 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1201)
 * 1519 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
 * 1561 – Anna of Württemberg, German princess (d. 1616)
 * 1564 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d. 1633)
 * 1573 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, soldier (d. 1629)
 * 1577 – Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (d. 1643)
 * 1580 – Adriaen van Stalbemt, Flemish painter (d. 1662)

1601–1900

 * 1653 – Maria Amalia of Courland, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1711)
 * 1686 – Marie-Catherine Homassel Hecquet, French writer (d. 1764)
 * 1711 – Louis Legrand, French priest and theologian (d. 1780)
 * 1760 – Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, French author, playwright, journalist, and politician (d. 1797)
 * 1771 – Patrick Gass, American sergeant (Lewis and Clark Expedition) and author (d. 1870)
 * 1775 – Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (d. 1851)
 * 1777 – Robert Clark, American physician and politician (d. 1837)
 * 1798 – Samuel Cooper, American general (d. 1876)
 * 1800 – Samuel Wright Mardis, American politician (d. 1836)
 * 1802 – Harriet Martineau, English sociologist and author (d. 1876)
 * 1806 – John A. Roebling, German-American engineer, designed the Brooklyn Bridge (d. 1869)
 * 1807 – Ante Kuzmanić, Croatian physician and journalist (d. 1879)
 * 1812 – Edmond Hébert, French geologist and academic (d. 1890)
 * 1819 – Charles Kingsley, English priest, historian, and author (d. 1875)
 * 1827 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author, best known for Heidi (d. 1901)
 * 1831 – Robert Herbert, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)
 * 1841 – Watson Fothergill, English architect, designed the Woodborough Road Baptist Church (d. 1928)
 * 1843 – David Gill, Scottish-English astronomer and author (d. 1914)
 * 1851 – Oliver Lodge, English physicist and academic (d. 1940)
 * 1857 – Maurice Perrault, Canadian architect, engineer, and politician, 15th Mayor of Longueuil (d. 1909)
 * 1858 – Harry Johnston, English botanist and explorer (d. 1927)
 * 1858  – Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (d. 1929)
 * 1861 – William Attewell, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1927)
 * 1864 – Frank Chapman, American ornithologist, photographer, and author (d. 1945)
 * 1877 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (d. 1971)
 * 1883 – Fernand Gonder, French pole vaulter (d. 1969)
 * 1883  – Robert Lowie, Austrian-American anthropologist and academic (d. 1957)
 * 1888 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician and academic (d. 1920)
 * 1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian soldier and painter (d. 1918)
 * 1892 – Djuna Barnes, American novelist, journalist, and playwright (d. 1982)
 * 1895 – Eugénie Brazier, French chef (d. 1977)
 * 1897 – Anthony Eden, English soldier and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
 * 1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, German-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
 * 1899  – Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer and journalist (d. 1968)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Hendrik Elias, Belgian lawyer and politician, Mayor of Ghent (d. 1973)
 * 1905 – Ray Barbuti, American sprinter and football player (d. 1988)
 * 1906 – Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)
 * 1908 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina and educator (d. 2010)
 * 1908  – Otto Skorzeny, German SS officer (d. 1975)
 * 1912 – Bill Cowley, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1993)
 * 1912  – Carl Hovland, American psychologist and academic (d. 1961)
 * 1913 – Jean Victor Allard, Canadian general (d. 1996)
 * 1913  – Desmond Piers, Canadian admiral (d. 2005)
 * 1914 – William Lundigan, American actor (d. 1975)
 * 1914  – Go Seigen, Chinese-Japanese Go player (d. 2014)
 * 1915 – Priscilla Lane, American actress (d. 1995)
 * 1915  – Christopher Mayhew, English soldier and politician (d. 1997)
 * 1915  – David Rockefeller, American banker and businessman (d. 2017)
 * 1916 – Irwin Allen, American director and producer (d. 1991)
 * 1916  – Raúl Héctor Castro, Mexican-American politician and diplomat, 14th Governor of Arizona (d. 2015)
 * 1918 – Georgia Louise Harris Brown, American architect (d. 1999)
 * 1918  – Christie Jayaratnam Eliezer, Sri Lankan-Australian mathematician and academic (d. 2001)
 * 1919 – Uta Hagen, German-American actress and educator (d. 2004)
 * 1920 – Dave Berg, American soldier and cartoonist (d. 2002)
 * 1920  – Peter Jones, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2000)
 * 1921 – Luis García Berlanga, Spanish director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 * 1921  – James Archibald Houston, Canadian author and illustrator (d. 2005)
 * 1922 – Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist and author (d. 2013)
 * 1924 – George H. W. Bush, American lieutenant and politician, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018)
 * 1924  – Grete Dollitz, German-American guitarist and radio host (d. 2013)
 * 1928 – Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2018)
 * 1928  – Petros Molyviatis, Greek politician and diplomat, Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs
 * 1928  – Richard M. Sherman, American composer and director (d. 2024)
 * 1929 – Brigid Brophy, English author and critic (d. 1995)
 * 1929  – Roy Bull, Australian rugby league player (d. 2004)
 * 1929  – Anne Frank, German-Dutch diarist; victim of the Holocaust (d. 1945)
 * 1929  – Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani linguist and academic (d. 2019)
 * 1929  – John McCluskey, Baron McCluskey, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Solicitor General for Scotland (d. 2017)
 * 1930 – Jim Burke, Australian cricketer (d. 1979)
 * 1930  – Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)
 * 1930  – Innes Ireland, Scottish racing driver and engineer (d. 1993)
 * 1930  – Jim Nabors, American actor and singer (d. 2017)
 * 1931 – Trevanian, American author and scholar (d. 2005)
 * 1931  – Rona Jaffe, American novelist (d. 2005)
 * 1932 – Mimi Coertse, South African soprano and producer
 * 1932  – Mamo Wolde, Ethiopian runner (d. 2002)
 * 1933 – Eddie Adams, American photographer and journalist (d. 2004)
 * 1934 – John A. Alonzo, American actor and cinematographer (d. 2001)
 * 1934  – Kevin Billington, English director and producer (d. 2021)
 * 1935 – Ian Craig, Australian cricketer (d. 2014)
 * 1935  – Paul Kennedy, English lawyer and judge
 * 1937 – Vladimir Arnold, Russian-French mathematician and academic (d. 2010)
 * 1937  – Klaus Basikow, German footballer and manager (d. 2015)
 * 1937  – Antal Festetics, Hungarian-Austrian biologist and zoologist
 * 1937  – Chips Moman, American record producer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 2016)
 * 1938 – Jean-Marie Doré, Guinean lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2016)
 * 1938  – Tom Oliver, English-Australian actor
 * 1939 – Ron Lynch, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 2024)
 * 1939  – Frank McCloskey, American sergeant and politician (d. 2003)
 * 1940 – Jacques Brassard, Canadian educator and politician
 * 1941 – Marv Albert, American sportscaster
 * 1941  – Chick Corea, American pianist and composer (d. 2021)
 * 1941  – Roy Harper, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
 * 1941  – Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
 * 1941  – Lucille Roybal-Allard, American politician
 * 1942 – Len Barry, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2020)
 * 1942  – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate
 * 1945 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer and coach
 * 1946 – Michel Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1946  – Bobby Gould, English footballer and manager
 * 1946  – Catherine Bréchignac, French physicist and academic
 * 1948 – Hans Binder, Austrian racing driver
 * 1948  – Herbert Meyer, German footballer
 * 1948  – Len Wein, American comic book writer and editor (d. 2017)
 * 1949 – Jens Böhrnsen, German judge and politician
 * 1949  – Marc Tardif, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1949  – John Wetton, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (d. 2017)
 * 1950 – Oğuz Abadan, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1950  – Michael Fabricant, English politician
 * 1950  – Sonia Manzano, American actress
 * 1951 – Brad Delp, American musician and singer (d. 2007)
 * 1951  – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian engineer and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. 2007)
 * 1952 – Spencer Abraham, American academic and politician, 10th United States Secretary of Energy
 * 1952  – Junior Brown, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1953 – Rocky Burnette, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1956 – Terry Alderman, Australian cricketer and sportscaster
 * 1957 – Timothy Busfield, American actor, director, and producer
 * 1957  – Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer and coach
 * 1958 – Meredith Brooks, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1959 – John Linnell, American singer-songwriter and musician
 * 1959  – Scott Thompson, Canadian actor and comedian
 * 1960 – Joe Kopicki, American basketball player and coach
 * 1962 – Jordan Peterson, Canadian psychologist, professor and cultural critic
 * 1963 – Philippe Bugalski, French racing driver (d. 2012)
 * 1963  – Warwick Capper, Australian footballer, coach, and actor
 * 1964 – Derek Higgins, Irish racing driver
 * 1964  – Takashi Yamazaki, Japanese filmmaker
 * 1965 – Adrian Toole, Australian rugby league player
 * 1965  – Gwen Torrence, American sprinter
 * 1965  – Cathy Tyson, English actress
 * 1966 – Marc Glanville, Australian rugby league player
 * 1966  – Tom Misteli, Swiss cell biologist
 * 1967 – Aivar Kuusmaa, Estonian basketball player and coach
 * 1967  – Frances O'Connor, English-Australian actress
 * 1968 – Scott Aldred, American baseball player and coach
 * 1968  – Bobby Sheehan, American bass player and songwriter (d. 1999)
 * 1969 – Zsolt Daczi, Hungarian guitarist (d. 2007)
 * 1969  – Héctor Garza, Mexican wrestler (d. 2013)
 * 1969  – Mathieu Schneider, American ice hockey player
 * 1969  – Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician
 * 1971 – Mark Henry, American weightlifter and wrestler
 * 1971  – Ryan Klesko, American baseball player
 * 1971  – Jérôme Romain, Caribbean-Dominican triple jumper and coach
 * 1973 – Jason Caffey, American basketball player and coach
 * 1973  – Darryl White, Australian footballer
 * 1974 – Flávio Conceição, Brazilian footballer
 * 1974  – Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player
 * 1975 – Bryan Alvarez, American wrestler and journalist
 * 1975  – Stéphanie Szostak, French-American actress
 * 1976 – Antawn Jamison, American basketball player and sportscaster
 * 1976  – Ray Price, Zimbabwean cricketer
 * 1976  – Thomas Sørensen, Danish footballer
 * 1976  – Paul Stenning, English author
 * 1977 – Wade Redden, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1978 – Lewis Moody, English rugby player
 * 1979 – Dallas Clark, American football player
 * 1979  – Martine Dugrenier, Canadian wrestler
 * 1979  – Diego Milito, Argentine footballer
 * 1979  – Robyn, Swedish singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer
 * 1979  – Earl Watson, American basketball player and coach
 * 1980 – Marco Bortolami, Italian rugby player
 * 1981 – Raitis Grafs, Latvian basketball player
 * 1981  – Adriana Lima, Brazilian model and actress
 * 1982 – Shailaja Pujari, Indian weightlifter
 * 1982  – James Tomlinson, English cricketer
 * 1983 – Bryan Habana, South African rugby player
 * 1983  – Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player
 * 1984 – James Kwalia, Kenyan-Qatari runner
 * 1984  – Bruno Soriano, Spanish footballer
 * 1985 – Dave Franco, American actor
 * 1985  – Blake Ross, American computer programmer, co-created Mozilla Firefox
 * 1985  – Sam Thaiday, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
 * 1985  – Kendra Wilkinson, American model, actress, and author
 * 1986 – Salim Mehajer, Australian politician
 * 1988 – Eren Derdiyok, Swiss footballer
 * 1988  – Mauricio Isla, Chilean footballer
 * 1989 – Emma Eliasson, Swedish ice hockey player
 * 1989  – Ibrahim Jeilan, Ethiopian runner
 * 1990 – Jrue Holiday, American basketball player
 * 1990  – David Worrall, English footballer
 * 1991 – Avisaíl García, Venezuelan baseball player
 * 1992 – Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer
 * 1992  – Allie DiMeco, American actress and musician
 * 1996 – Gustav Forsling, Swedish ice hockey player
 * 1996  – Shonica Wharton, Barbadian netball player
 * 1999 – CarryMinati, Indian YouTuber

Pre-1600

 * 796 – Hisham I, Muslim emir (b. 757)
 * 816 – Pope Leo III (b. 750)
 * 918 – Æthelflæd, Mercian daughter of Alfred the Great (b. 870)
 * 1020 – Lyfing, English archbishop (b. 999)
 * 1036 – Tedald, Italian bishop (b. 990)
 * 1144 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian theologian (b. 1075)
 * 1152 – Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (b. 1114)
 * 1266 – Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben (b. 1215)
 * 1294 – John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
 * 1418 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac (b. 1360)
 * 1420 – Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1362)
 * 1435 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English commander (b. 1408)
 * 1478 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (b. 1412)
 * 1524 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
 * 1560 – Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
 * 1560  – Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyō (b. 1519)
 * 1565 – Adrianus Turnebus, French philologist and scholar (b. 1512)
 * 1567 – Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, English politician, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1490)
 * 1574 – Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (b.1510)

1601–1900

 * 1647 – Thomas Farnaby, English scholar and educator (b. 1575)
 * 1668 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician (b. 1599)
 * 1675 – Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1634)
 * 1734 – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French-English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (b. 1670)
 * 1758 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (b. 1722)
 * 1772 – Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, French explorer (b. 1724)
 * 1778 – Philip Livingston, American merchant and politician (b. 1716)
 * 1816 – Pierre Augereau, French general (b. 1757)
 * 1818 – Egwale Seyon, Ethiopian emperor
 * 1841 – Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Greek composer, archaeologist, and philologist (b. 1786)
 * 1900 – Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (b. 1820)

1901–present

 * 1904 – Camille of Renesse-Breidbach (b. 1836)
 * 1912 – Frédéric Passy, French economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1822)
 * 1917 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan-American singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (b. 1853)
 * 1932 – Theo Heemskerk, Dutch lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1852)
 * 1937 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Russian general (b. 1893)
 * 1944 – Erich Marcks, German general (b. 1891)
 * 1946 – Médéric Martin, Canadian politician, mayor of Montreal (b. 1869)
 * 1952 – Harry Lawson, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Victoria (b. 1875)
 * 1957 – Jimmy Dorsey, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (The Dorsey Brothers and The California Ramblers) (b. 1904)
 * 1962 – John Ireland, English composer and educator (b. 1879)
 * 1963 – Medgar Evers, American soldier and activist (b. 1925)
 * 1966 – Hermann Scherchen, German viola player and conductor (b. 1891)
 * 1968 – Herbert Read, English poet and critic (b. 1893)
 * 1969 – Aleksandr Deyneka, Ukrainian-Russian painter and sculptor (b. 1899)
 * 1972 – Edmund Wilson, American critic, essayist, and editor (b. 1895)
 * 1972  – Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar, Indian writer and documentary filmmaker (b. 1909)
 * 1976 – Gopinath Kaviraj, Indian philosopher and scholar (b. 1887)
 * 1978 – Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author, and poet (b. 1892)
 * 1978  – Georg Siimenson, Estonian footballer (b. 1912)
 * 1980 – Billy Butlin, South African-English businessman, founded the Butlins Company (b. 1899)
 * 1980  – Masayoshi Ōhira, Japanese politician, 68th Prime minister of Japan (b. 1910)
 * 1980  – Milburn Stone, American actor (b. 1904)
 * 1982 – Ian McKay, English sergeant, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1953)
 * 1982  – Karl von Frisch, Austrian-German ethologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
 * 1983 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (b. 1902)
 * 1989 – Bruce Hamilton, Australian public servant (b. 1911)
 * 1990 – Terence O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of the Maine, English captain and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (b. 1914)
 * 1994 – Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Russian-American rabbi and author (b. 1902)
 * 1994 – Nicole Brown Simpson, ex-wife of O. J. Simpson (b. 1959) and Ron Goldman, restaurant employee (b. 1968)
 * 1995 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (b. 1920)
 * 1995  – Pierre Russell, American basketball player (b. 1949)
 * 1997 – Bulat Okudzhava, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1924)
 * 1998 – Leo Buscaglia, American author and educator (b. 1924)
 * 1998 – Theresa Merritt, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
 * 1999 – Malekeh Malekzadeh Bayani, Iranian numismatist (b. 1910)
 * 1999 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1917)
 * 2000 – Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Indian actor, director, and producer (b. 1919)
 * 2002 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer, founded Bill Blass Limited (b. 1922)
 * 2002  – Zena Sutherland, American reviewer of children's literature (b. 1915)
 * 2003 – Gregory Peck, American actor and political activist (b. 1916)
 * 2005 – Scott Young, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1918)
 * 2006 – Nicky Barr, Australian rugby player and fighter pilot (b. 1915)
 * 2006  – György Ligeti, Romanian-Hungarian composer and educator (b. 1923)
 * 2006  – Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman and art collector (b. 1923)
 * 2008 – Miroslav Dvořák, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1951)
 * 2008  – Derek Tapscott, Welsh footballer and manager (b. 1932)
 * 2010 – Al Williamson, American illustrator (b. 1931)
 * 2011 – René Audet, Canadian bishop (b. 1920)
 * 2012 – Hector Bianciotti, Argentinian-French journalist and author (b. 1930)
 * 2012  – Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen, Danish-German psychoanalyst and author (b. 1917)
 * 2012  – Medin Zhega, Albanian footballer and manager (b. 1946)
 * 2012  – Elinor Ostrom, American  political scientist and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
 * 2012  – Pahiño, Spanish footballer (b. 1923)
 * 2012  – Frank Walker, Australian judge and politician, 41st Attorney General of New South Wales (b. 1942)
 * 2013 – Teresita Barajuen, Spanish nun (b. 1908)
 * 2013  – Jason Leffler, American racing driver (b. 1975)
 * 2015 – Fernando Brant, Brazilian journalist, poet, and composer (b. 1946)
 * 2018 – Jon Hiseman, English drummer (b. 1944)
 * 2019 – Sylvia Miles, American actress (b. 1924)
 * 2022 – Philip Baker Hall, American actor (b. 1931)
 * 2022  – Phil Bennett, Welsh rugby union player (b. 1948)
 * 2023 – Silvio Berlusconi, Italian businessman and politician, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1936)
 * 2023  – Francesco Nuti, Italian actor and director, (b. 1955)
 * 2023  – John Romita Sr., comic book artist and author (b. 1930)
 * 2023  – Treat Williams, American actor (b. 1951)
 * 2024 – William H. Donaldson, American businessman (b. 1931)
 * 2024 – Neil Goldschmidt, American lawyer and politician, 33rd Governor of Oregon (b. 1940)
 * 2024  – Jerry West, American basketball player and executive (b. 1938)

Holidays and observances

 * Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)
 * Christian feast day:
 * 108 Martyrs of World War II
 * Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius
 * Blessed Hildegard Burjan
 * Enmegahbowh (Episcopal Church)
 * Eskil
 * First Ecumenical Council (Lutheran)
 * Gaspar Bertoni
 * John of Sahagún
 * Onuphrius
 * Pope Leo III
 * Ternan
 * June 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Dia dos Namorados (Brazil)
 * Helsinki Day (Finland)
 * Independence Day, celebrates the independence of the Philippines from Spain in 1898.
 * June 12 Commemoration (Lagos State)
 * Loving Day (United States)
 * Russia Day (Russia)
 * Women Veterans Recognition Day (United States)
 * World Day Against Child Labour, and its related observances:
 * Children's Day (Haiti)

title: June 12


text:
John Horton Conway

John Horton Conway (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020) was an English mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory. He also made contributions to many branches of recreational mathematics, most notably the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life.

Born and raised in Liverpool, Conway spent the first half of his career at the University of Cambridge before moving to the United States, where he held the John von Neumann Professorship at Princeton University for the rest of his career. On 11 April 2020, at age 82, he died of complications from COVID-19.

Early life and education
Conway was born on 26 December 1937 in Liverpool, the son of Cyril Horton Conway and Agnes Boyce. He became interested in mathematics at a very early age. By the time he was 11, his ambition was to become a mathematician. After leaving sixth form, he studied mathematics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. A "terribly introverted adolescent" in school, he took his admission to Cambridge as an opportunity to transform himself into an extrovert, a change which would later earn him the nickname of "the world's most charismatic mathematician".

Conway was awarded a BA in 1959 and, supervised by Harold Davenport, began to undertake research in number theory. Having solved the open problem posed by Davenport on writing numbers as the sums of fifth powers, Conway began to become interested in infinite ordinals. It appears that his interest in games began during his years studying the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, where he became an avid backgammon player, spending hours playing the game in the common room.

In 1964, Conway was awarded his doctorate and was appointed as College Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.

After leaving Cambridge in 1986, he took up the appointment to the John von Neumann Chair of Mathematics at Princeton University. There, he won the Princeton University Pi Day pie-eating contest.

Conway and Martin Gardner
Conway's career was intertwined with that of Martin Gardner. When Gardner featured Conway's Game of Life in his Mathematical Games column in October 1970, it became the most widely read of all his columns and made Conway an instant celebrity. Gardner and Conway had first corresponded in the late 1950s, and over the years Gardner had frequently written about recreational aspects of Conway's work. For instance, he discussed Conway's game of Sprouts (July 1967), Hackenbush (January 1972), and his angel and devil problem (February 1974). In the September 1976 column, he reviewed Conway's book On Numbers and Games and even managed to explain Conway's surreal numbers.

Conway was a prominent member of Martin Gardner's Mathematical Grapevine. He regularly visited Gardner and often wrote him long letters summarizing his recreational research. In a 1976 visit, Gardner kept him for a week, pumping him for information on the Penrose tilings which had just been announced. Conway had discovered many (if not most) of the major properties of the tilings. Gardner used these results when he introduced the world to Penrose tiles in his January 1977 column. The cover of that issue of Scientific American features the Penrose tiles and is based on a sketch by Conway.

Personal life and death
Conway was married three times. With his first two wives he had two sons and four daughters. He married Diana in 2001 and had another son with her. He had three grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

On 8 April 2020, Conway developed symptoms of COVID-19. On 11 April, he died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, at the age of 82.

Recreational mathematics
Conway invented the Game of Life, one of the early examples of a cellular automaton. His initial experiments in that field were done with pen and paper, long before personal computers existed. Since Conway's game was popularized by Martin Gardner in Scientific American in 1970, it has spawned hundreds of computer programs, web sites, and articles. It is a staple of recreational mathematics. There is an extensive wiki devoted to curating and cataloging the various aspects of the game. From the earliest days, it has been a favorite in computer labs, both for its theoretical interest and as a practical exercise in programming and data display. Conway came to dislike how discussions of him heavily focused on his Game of Life, feeling that it overshadowed deeper and more important things he had done, although he remained proud of his work on it. The game helped to launch a new branch of mathematics, the field of cellular automata. The Game of Life is known to be Turing complete.

Combinatorial game theory
Conway contributed to combinatorial game theory (CGT), a theory of partisan games. He developed the theory with Elwyn Berlekamp and Richard Guy, and also co-authored the book Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays with them. He also wrote On Numbers and Games (ONAG) which lays out the mathematical foundations of CGT.

He was also one of the inventors of the game sprouts, as well as philosopher's football. He developed detailed analyses of many other games and puzzles, such as the Soma cube, peg solitaire, and Conway's soldiers. He came up with the angel problem, which was solved in 2006.

He invented a new system of numbers, the surreal numbers, which are closely related to certain games and have been the subject of a mathematical novelette by Donald Knuth. He also invented a nomenclature for exceedingly large numbers, the Conway chained arrow notation. Much of this is discussed in the 0th part of ONAG.

Geometry
In the mid-1960s with Michael Guy, Conway established that there are sixty-four convex uniform polychora excluding two infinite sets of prismatic forms. They discovered the grand antiprism in the process, the only non-Wythoffian uniform polychoron. Conway has also suggested a system of notation dedicated to describing polyhedra called Conway polyhedron notation.

In the theory of tessellations, he devised the Conway criterion which is a fast way to identify many prototiles that tile the plane.

He investigated lattices in higher dimensions and was the first to determine the symmetry group of the Leech lattice.

Geometric topology
In knot theory, Conway formulated a new variation of the Alexander polynomial and produced a new invariant now called the Conway polynomial. After lying dormant for more than a decade, this concept became central to work in the 1980s on the novel knot polynomials. Conway further developed tangle theory and invented a system of notation for tabulating knots, now known as Conway notation, while correcting a number of errors in the 19th-century knot tables and extending them to include all but four of the non-alternating primes with 11 crossings. The Conway knot is named after him.

Conway's conjecture that, in any thrackle, the number of edges is at most equal to the number of vertices, is still open.

Group theory
He was the primary author of the ATLAS of Finite Groups giving properties of many finite simple groups. Working with his colleagues Robert Curtis and Simon P. Norton he constructed the first concrete representations of some of the sporadic groups. More specifically, he discovered three sporadic groups based on the symmetry of the Leech lattice, which have been designated the Conway groups. This work made him a key player in the successful classification of the finite simple groups.

Based on a 1978 observation by mathematician John McKay, Conway and Norton formulated the complex of conjectures known as monstrous moonshine. This subject, named by Conway, relates the monster group with elliptic modular functions, thus bridging two previously distinct areas of mathematics—finite groups and complex function theory. Monstrous moonshine theory has now been revealed to also have deep connections to string theory.

Conway introduced the Mathieu groupoid, an extension of the Mathieu group M12 to 13 points.

Number theory
As a graduate student, he proved one case of a conjecture by Edward Waring, that every integer could be written as the sum of 37 numbers each raised to the fifth power, though Chen Jingrun solved the problem independently before Conway's work could be published. In 1972, Conway proved that a natural generalization of the Collatz problem is algorithmically undecidable. Related to that, he developed the esoteric programming language FRACTRAN. While lecturing on the Collatz conjecture, Terence Tao (who was taught by him in graduate school) mentioned Conway's result and said that he was "always very good at making extremely weird connections in mathematics".

Algebra
Conway wrote a textbook on Stephen Kleene's theory of state machines, and published original work on algebraic structures, focusing particularly on quaternions and octonions. Together with Neil Sloane, he invented the icosians.

Analysis
He invented a base 13 function as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem: the function takes on every real value in each interval on the real line, so it has a Darboux property but is not continuous.

Algorithmics
For calculating the day of the week, he invented the Doomsday algorithm. The algorithm is simple enough for anyone with basic arithmetic ability to do the calculations mentally. Conway could usually give the correct answer in under two seconds. To improve his speed, he practised his calendrical calculations on his computer, which was programmed to quiz him with random dates every time he logged on. One of his early books was on finite-state machines.

Theoretical physics
In 2004, Conway and Simon B. Kochen, another Princeton mathematician, proved the free will theorem, a version of the "no hidden variables" principle of quantum mechanics. It states that given certain conditions, if an experimenter can freely decide what quantities to measure in a particular experiment, then elementary particles must be free to choose their spins to make the measurements consistent with physical law. Conway said that "if experimenters have free will, then so do elementary particles."

Awards and honours
Conway received the Berwick Prize (1971), was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1981), became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992, was the first recipient of the Pólya Prize (LMS) (1987), won the Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (1998) and received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (2000) of the American Mathematical Society. In 2001 he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Liverpool, and in 2014 one from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University. His FRS nomination, in 1981, reads: "A versatile mathematician who combines a deep combinatorial insight with algebraic virtuosity, particularly in the construction and manipulation of 'off-beat' algebraic structures which illuminate a wide variety of problems in completely unexpected ways. He has made distinguished contributions to the theory of finite groups, to the theory of knots, to mathematical logic (both set theory and automata theory) and to the theory of games (as also to its practice)."

In 2017 Conway was given honorary membership of the British Mathematical Association.

Conferences called Gathering 4 Gardner are held every two years to celebrate the legacy of Martin Gardner, and Conway himself was often a featured speaker at these events, discussing various aspects of recreational mathematics.

Select publications

 * 1971 – Regular algebra and finite machines. Chapman and Hall, London, 1971, Series: Chapman and Hall mathematics series, ISBN 0412106205.
 * 1976 – On numbers and games. Academic Press, New York, 1976, Series: L.M.S. monographs, 6, ISBN 0121863506.
 * 1979 – On the Distribution of Values of Angles Determined by Coplanar Points (with Paul Erdős, Michael Guy, and H. T. Croft). Journal of the London Mathematical Society, vol. II, series 19, pp. 137–143.
 * 1979 – Monstrous Moonshine (with Simon P. Norton). Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 308–339.
 * 1982 – Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays (with Richard K. Guy and Elwyn Berlekamp). Academic Press, ISBN 0120911507.
 * 1985 – Atlas of finite groups (with Robert Turner Curtis, Simon Phillips Norton, Richard A. Parker, and Robert Arnott Wilson). Clarendon Press, New York, Oxford University Press, 1985, ISBN 0198531990.
 * 1988 – Sphere Packings, Lattices, and Groups (with Neil Sloane). Springer-Verlag, New York, Series: Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290, ISBN 9780387966175.
 * 1995 – Minimal-Energy Clusters of Hard Spheres (with Neil Sloane, R. H. Hardin, and Tom Duff). Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 237–259.
 * 1996 – The Book of Numbers (with Richard K. Guy). Copernicus, New York, 1996, ISBN 0614971667.
 * 1997 – The Sensual (quadratic) Form (with Francis Yein Chei Fung). Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DC, 1997, Series: Carus mathematical monographs, no. 26, ISBN 1614440255.
 * 2002 – On Quaternions and Octonions (with Derek A. Smith). A. K. Peters, Natick, MA, 2002, ISBN 1568811349.
 * 2008 – The Symmetries of Things (with Heidi Burgiel and Chaim Goodman-Strauss). A. K. Peters, Wellesley, MA, 2008, ISBN 1568812205.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Horton Conway


text:
July 10

Pre-1600

 * 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
 * 420 – Having usurped the throne of Emperor Gong of Jin, Liu Yu proclaims himself Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty.
 * 645 – Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace.
 * 988 – The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.
 * 1086 – King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants.
 * 1212 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.
 * 1290 – Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern-day Cheresig in Romania).
 * 1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.
 * 1499 – The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.
 * 1512 – The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.
 * 1519 – Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
 * 1553 – Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.
 * 1584 – William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard.

1601–1900

 * 1645 – English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place.
 * 1668 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671): Notable Buccaneer Henry Morgan with an English Privateer force lands at Porto Bello in an attempt to capture the fortified and lucrative Spanish city.
 * 1778 – American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
 * 1789 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta.
 * 1806 – The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.
 * 1832 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
 * 1850 – U.S. President Millard Fillmore is sworn in, a day after becoming president upon Zachary Taylor's death.
 * 1877 – The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain.
 * 1882 – War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears.
 * 1883 – War of the Pacific: Chileans led by Alejandro Gorostiaga defeat Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Peruvian army at the Battle of Huamachuco, hastening the end of the war.
 * 1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.

1901–present

 * 1920 – Arthur Meighen becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
 * 1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday occurs with 20 killings, at least 100 wounded and 200 homes destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 * 1924 – Paavo Nurmi wins the 1,500 m and 5,000 m events at the Paris Olympics, with just an hour between the two races.
 * 1925 – Scopes trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.
 * 1927 – Kevin O'Higgins TD, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, is assassinated by the IRA.
 * 1938 – Howard Hughes begins a 91-hour airplane flight around the world that will set a new record.
 * 1940 – World War II: The Vichy government is established in France.
 * 1940  – World War II: Six days before Adolf Hitler issues his Directive 16 to the combined Wehrmacht armed forces for Operation Sea Lion, the Kanalkampf shipping attacks begin against British maritime convoys in the leadup to initiating the Battle of Britain.
 * 1941 – Jedwabne pogrom: Massacre of Polish Jews living in and near the village of Jedwabne.
 * 1942  – World War II: An American pilot spots a downed, intact Mitsubishi A6M Zero on Akutan Island (the "Akutan Zero"), which the US Navy then uses to learn the aircraft's flight characteristics.
 * 1943 – World War II: Operation Husky begins in Sicily.
 * 1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.
 * 1951 – Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.
 * 1962 – Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
 * 1966 – The Chicago Freedom Movement, co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago; as many as 60,000 people attend.
 * 1973 – The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.
 * 1974 – An EgyptAir Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes at Cairo International Airport, killing all six people on board.
 * 1976 – Four mercenaries (one American and three British) are executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial.
 * 1978  – President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania is ousted in a bloodless coup d'état.
 * 1985 – The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira.
 * 1985  – An Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes near Uchkuduk, Uzbekistan (then part of the Soviet Union), killing all 200 people on board in the USSR's worst-ever airline disaster.
 * 1991 – The South African cricket team is readmitted into the International Cricket Council following the end of Apartheid.
 * 1991  – Boris Yeltsin takes office as the first elected President of Russia.
 * 1991  – A Beechcraft Model 99 crashes near Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport) in Birmingham, Alabama, killing 13 of the 15 people on board.
 * 1992 – In Miami, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
 * 1997 – In London, scientists report the findings of the DNA analysis of a Neanderthal skeleton which supports the "out of Africa theory" of human evolution, placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
 * 1997  – Miguel Ángel Blanco, a member of Partido Popular (Spain), is kidnapped (and later murdered) in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.
 * 1998 – Catholic Church sexual abuse cases: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claim they were sexually abused by Rudolph Kos, a former priest.
 * 1999 – In women's association football, the United States defeats China in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl near Los Angeles to win the final match of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Watched by 90,185 spectators, the final sets a new world record for attendance at a women's sporting event.
 * 2000 – EADS, the world's second-largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
 * 2000  – Bashar al-Assad succeeds his father Hafez al-Assad as President of Syria.
 * 2002 – The Massacre of the Innocents, a painting by Peter Paul Rubens, is sold at a Sotheby's auction for £49.5 million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Thomson.
 * 2006 – A Pakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Multan International Airport, killing all 45 people on board.
 * 2007 – Erden Eruç begins the first solo human-powered circumnavigation of the world.
 * 2008 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all war-crimes charges by a United Nations tribunal.
 * 2011 – Russian cruise ship Bulgaria sinks in the Volga River near Syukeyevo, Tatarstan, causing 122 deaths.
 * 2011  – Amid widespread backlash to revelations of phone hacking, the British weekly tabloid newspaper News of the World publishes its final issue and shuts down after nearly 168 years in print.
 * 2012 – The Episcopal Church USA allows same-sex marriage.
 * 2016 – Portugal defeats France in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final to win their first European title.
 * 2017 – Iraqi Civil War: Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant by the government of Iraq.
 * 2018 – Tham Luang cave rescue: A group of Thai school children and their football coach are all rescued from a cave after being stuck there for 18 days; one Thai Navy SEAL diver dies during the rescue mission.
 * 2019 – The final Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the line in Puebla, Mexico; the last of 5,961 "Special Edition" cars will be exhibited in a museum.

Pre-1600

 * 1419 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
 * 1451 – James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
 * 1501 – Cho Shik, Korean poet and scholar (d. 1572)
 * 1509 – John Calvin, French pastor and theologian (d. 1564)
 * 1515 – Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru (d. 1582)
 * 1517 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal (d. 1571)
 * 1533 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)
 * 1592 – Pierre d'Hozier, French genealogist and historian (d. 1660)

1601–1900

 * 1614 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, Irish-English politician (d. 1686)
 * 1625 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
 * 1638 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
 * 1666 – John Ernest Grabe, German theologian and academic (d. 1711)
 * 1682 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1716)
 * 1723 – William Blackstone, English lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1780)
 * 1724 – Eva Ekeblad, Swedish noble and agronomist (d. 1786)
 * 1752 – David Humphreys (soldier), American Revolutionary War colonel, politician, foreign minister and entrepreneur.
 * 1752 – St. George Tucker, United States federal judge (d. 1827)
 * 1792 – George M. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 11th Vice President of the United States (d. 1864)
 * 1802 – Robert Chambers, Scottish geologist and publisher, co-founded Chambers Harrap (d. 1871)
 * 1802 – Alfred Ronalds, British fly fishing author, artisan and Australian pioneer (d. 1860)
 * 1804 – Emma Smith, American religious leader (d. 1879)
 * 1809 – Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1889)
 * 1823 – Louis-Napoléon Casault, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1908)
 * 1830 – Camille Pissarro, Danish-French painter (d. 1903)
 * 1832 – Alvan Graham Clark, American astronomer (d. 1897)
 * 1835 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer (d. 1880)
 * 1839 – Adolphus Busch, German brewer, co-founded Anheuser-Busch (d. 1913)
 * 1856 – Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American electrical and mechanical engineer (d. 1943)
 * 1864 – Austin Chapman, Australian businessman and politician, 4th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 1926)
 * 1867 – Prince Maximilian of Baden (d. 1929)
 * 1871 – Marcel Proust, French novelist, critic, and essayist (d. 1922)
 * 1874 – Sergey Konenkov, Russian sculptor (d. 1971)
 * 1875 – Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator and activist (d. 1955)
 * 1875  – Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian politician (d. 1973)
 * 1877 – Ernst Bresslau, German zoologist (d. 1935)
 * 1878 – Otto Freundlich, German painter and sculptor (d. 1943)
 * 1882 – Ima Hogg, American society leader, philanthropist, patron and collector of the arts (d. 1975)
 * 1883 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (d. 1948)
 * 1883  – Hugo Raudsepp, Estonian playwright and politician (d. 1952)
 * 1888 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter and set designer (d. 1978)
 * 1888  – Toyohiko Kagawa, Japanese evangelist, author, and activist (d. 1960)
 * 1891 – Edith Quimby, American medical researcher and physicist (d. 1982)
 * 1894 – Jimmy McHugh, American composer (d. 1969)
 * 1895 – Carl Orff, German composer and educator (d. 1982)
 * 1896 – Thérèse Casgrain, Canadian politician (d. 1981)
 * 1897 – Legs Diamond, American gangster (d. 1931)
 * 1897  – Karl Plagge, German general and engineer (d. 1957)
 * 1898 – Renée Björling, Swedish actress (d. 1975)
 * 1899 – John Gilbert, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1936)
 * 1899  – Heiri Suter, Swiss cyclist (d. 1978)
 * 1900 – Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter (d. 1993)
 * 1900  – Sampson Sievers, Russian monk and mystic (d. 1979)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Kurt Alder, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
 * 1902  – Nicolás Guillén, Cuban poet, journalist, and activist (d. 1989)
 * 1903 – Werner Best, German SS officer and jurist (d. 1989)
 * 1903  – John Wyndham, English author (d. 1969)
 * 1904 – Lili Damita, French-American actress (d. 1994)
 * 1905 – Mildred Benson, American journalist and author (d. 2002)
 * 1905  – Thomas Gomez, American actor (d. 1971)
 * 1905  – Wolfram Sievers, German physician (d. 1948)
 * 1907 – Blind Boy Fuller, American singer and guitarist (d. 1941)
 * 1909 – Donald Sinclair, English lieutenant and businessman (d. 1981)
 * 1911 – Terry-Thomas, English comedian and character actor (d. 1990)
 * 1911  – Cootie Williams, American trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1985)
 * 1913 – Salvador Espriu, Spanish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1985)
 * 1914 – Joe Shuster, Canadian-American illustrator, co-created Superman (d. 1992)
 * 1914  – Rempo Urip, Indonesian film director (d. 2001)
 * 1916 – Judith Jasmin, Canadian journalist (d. 1972)
 * 1917 – Hugh Alexander, American baseball player and scout (d. 2000)
 * 1917  – Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998)
 * 1918 – James Aldridge, Australian-English journalist and author (d. 2015)
 * 1918  – Chuck Stevens, American baseball player (d. 2018)
 * 1918  – Frank L. Lambert, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018)
 * 1918  – Fred Wacker, American race driver and engineer (d. 1998)
 * 1919 – Pierre Gamarra, French author, poet, and critic (d. 2009)
 * 1919  – Ian Wallace, English actor and singer (d. 2009)
 * 1920 – David Brinkley, American journalist (d. 2003)
 * 1920  – Owen Chamberlain, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
 * 1920  – Cyril Grant, English footballer (d. 2002)
 * 1921 – Harvey Ball, American illustrator, created the Smiley (d. 2001)
 * 1921  – Jeff Donnell, American actress (d. 1988)
 * 1921  – John K. Singlaub, U.S. Army Major General (d. 2022)
 * 1921  – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist, co-founded the Special Olympics (d. 2009)
 * 1922 – Jean Kerr, American author and playwright (d. 2003)
 * 1922  – Herb McKenley, Jamaican sprinter (d. 2007)
 * 1922  – Jake LaMotta, American boxer and actor (d. 2017)
 * 1923 – Amalia Mendoza, Mexican singer and actress (d. 2001)
 * 1923  – John Bradley, American soldier (d. 1994)
 * 1923  – Suzanne Cloutier, Canadian actress and producer (d. 2003)
 * 1923  – G. A. Kulkarni, Indian author and academic (d. 1987)
 * 1924 – Johnny Bach, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
 * 1924  – Bobo Brazil, American wrestler (d. 1998)
 * 1925 – Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysian physician and politician, 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia
 * 1925  – Ernest Bertrand Boland, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2023)
 * 1926 – Carleton Carpenter, American actor, magician, songwriter, and novelist (d. 2022)
 * 1926  – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
 * 1927 – Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 2018)
 * 1927  – David Dinkins, American soldier and politician, 106th Mayor of New York City (d. 2020)
 * 1927  – William Smithers, American actor
 * 1928 – Don Bolles, American investigative reporter (d. 1976)
 * 1928  – Bernard Buffet, French painter and illustrator (d. 1999)
 * 1928  – Alejandro de Tomaso, Argentinian-Italian race car driver and businessman, founded De Tomaso (d. 2003)
 * 1928  – Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli rabbi and scholar (d. 2010)
 * 1928  – John Glenn, American baseball player (d. 2023)
 * 1929 – Winnie Ewing, Scottish lawyer and politician (d. 2023)
 * 1929  – George Clayton Johnson, American author and screenwriter (d. 2015)
 * 1929  – Moe Norman, Canadian golfer (d. 2004)
 * 1929  – José Vicente Rangel, Venezuelan politician; 21st Vice President of Venezuela (d. 2020)
 * 1930 – Bruce Boa, Canadian actor (d. 2004)
 * 1930  – Janette Sherman, American physician, author, and pioneer in occupational and environmental health (d. 2019)
 * 1930  – Josephine Veasey, English soprano and actress (d. 2022)
 * 1931 – Nick Adams, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1968)
 * 1931  – Jerry Herman, American composer and songwriter (d. 2019)
 * 1931  – Julian May, American author (d. 2017)
 * 1931  – Alice Munro, Canadian short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2024)
 * 1932 – Carlo Maria Abate, Italian race car driver (d. 2019)
 * 1932  – Neile Adams, Filipino-American actress, singer and dancer
 * 1932  – Manfred Preußger, German athlete
 * 1933 – Jumpin' Gene Simmons, American rockabilly singer-songwriter (d. 2006)
 * 1933  – C.K. Yang, Taiwanese decathlete and pole vaulter (d. 2007)
 * 1934 – Marshall Brodien, American actor (d. 2019)
 * 1934  – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer and voice actor (d. 2012)
 * 1935 – Margaret McEntee, American Catholic religious sister and educator
 * 1935  – Wilson Tuckey, Australian politician
 * 1935  – Wilson Whineray, New Zealand rugby player and businessman (d. 2012)
 * 1936 – Herbert Boyer, American businessman, co-founded Genentech
 * 1936  – Tunne Kelam, Estonian journalist and politician
 * 1937 – Edwards Barham, American farmer and politician (d. 2014)
 * 1937  – Gun Svensson, Swedish politician
 * 1938 – Paul Andreu, French architect (d. 2018)
 * 1938  – Lee Morgan, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1972)
 * 1939 – Phil Kelly, Irish-English footballer and manager (d. 2012)
 * 1939  – Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish political scientist, journalist and educator (d. 1999)
 * 1939 – Mavis Staples, American singer
 * 1940 – Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai, Indian-English economist and politician
 * 1940  – Helen Donath, American soprano and actress
 * 1940  – Brian Priestley, English pianist and composer
 * 1940  – Keith Stackpole, Australian cricketer
 * 1941 – Jake Eberts, Canadian film producer (d. 2012)
 * 1941  – David G. Hartwell, American anthologist, author, and critic (d. 2016)
 * 1941  – Robert Pine, American actor and director
 * 1941  – Ian Whitcomb, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2020)
 * 1942 – Ronnie James Dio, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010)
 * 1942  – Pyotr Klimuk, Belarusian general, pilot, and astronaut
 * 1942  – Sixto Rodriguez, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2023)
 * 1942  – Lopo do Nascimento, Angolan politician; 1st Prime Minister of Angola
 * 1943 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player and journalist (d. 1993)
 * 1943  – Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika, Zambian politician
 * 1943  – Jerry Miller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1944 – Mick Grant, English motorcycle racer
 * 1944  – Norman Hammond, English archaeologist and academic
 * 1945 – Ron Glass, American actor (d. 2016)
 * 1945  – Hal McRae, American baseball player and manager
 * 1945  – John Motson, English sportscaster (d. 2023)
 * 1945  – Jean-Marie Poiré, French director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1945  – Virginia Wade, English tennis player and sportscaster
 * 1946 – Jean-Pierre Jarier, French race car driver
 * 1946  – Chin Han, Taiwanese actor
 * 1947 – Arlo Guthrie, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
 * 1948 – Ronnie Cutrone, American painter (d. 2013)
 * 1948  – Chico Resch, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
 * 1948  – Natalya Sedykh, Russian figure skater, ballet dancer, actor
 * 1948  – John Whitehead, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2004)
 * 1949 – Anna Czerwińska, Polish mountaineer and author (d. 2023)
 * 1949  – Sunil Gavaskar, Indian cricketer and sportscaster
 * 1949  – Greg Kihn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1950 – Tony Baldry, English colonel, lawyer, and politician, British Minister of State for Agriculture
 * 1950  – Prokopis Pavlopoulos, President of Greece, Greek lawyer and politician, Greek Minister for the Interior
 * 1951 – Cheryl Wheeler, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1951 – Rajnath Singh, Indian Politician and Union Home Minister of India
 * 1952 – Kim Mitchell, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1952  – Peter van Heemst, Dutch politician
 * 1953 – Rik Emmett, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
 * 1953  – Zoogz Rift, American musician and wrestler (d. 2011)
 * 1954 – Tommy Bowden, American football player and coach
 * 1954  – Andre Dawson, American baseball player
 * 1954  – Neil Tennant, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player
 * 1955 – Nic Dakin, English educator and politician
 * 1955  – Geoff Gerard, Australian rugby league player
 * 1956 – Tom McClintock, American lawyer and politician
 * 1956  – K. Rajagopal, Malaysian football manager
 * 1957 – Derry Grehan, Canadian rock guitarist and songwriter
 * 1958 – Béla Fleck, American banjo player and songwriter
 * 1958  – Fiona Shaw, Irish actress and director
 * 1959 – Ellen Kuras, American director and cinematographer
 * 1959  – Sandy West, American singer, drummer and songwriter (d. 2006)
 * 1960 – Ariel Castro, Puerto Rican-American convicted kidnapper and rapist (d. 2013)
 * 1961 – Jacky Cheung, Hong Kong singer and film actor
 * 1961  – Marc Riley, English guitarist and radio DJ
 * 1963 – Ian Lougher, Welsh motorcycle racer
 * 1964 – Martin Laurendeau, Canadian tennis player and coach
 * 1964  – Urban Meyer, American football player and coach
 * 1964  – Wilfried Peeters, Belgian cyclist
 * 1965 – Scott McCarron, American golfer
 * 1965  – Ken Mellons, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1966 – Clive Efford, English politician
 * 1966  – Johnny Grunge, American wrestler (d. 2006)
 * 1966  – Christian Stangl, Austrian skier and mountaineer
 * 1966  – Anna Bråkenhielm, Swedish business executive
 * 1967 – Tom Meents, American professional monster truck driver
 * 1967  – Rebekah Del Rio, American singer-songwriter
 * 1967  – Gillian Tett, English journalist and author
 * 1967  – Ikki Sawamura, Japanese model, actor and television presenter
 * 1967  – John Yoo, South Korean-American lawyer, author, and educator
 * 1969 – Marty Cordova, American baseball player
 * 1969  – Gale Harold, American actor
 * 1970 – Gary LeVox, American singer-songwriter
 * 1970  – Jason Orange, English singer-songwriter and dancer
 * 1970  – John Simm, English actor
 * 1971 – Adam Foote, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1971  – Gregory Goodridge, Barbadian footballer and coach
 * 1972 – Peter Serafinowicz, English actor
 * 1972  – Sofía Vergara, Colombian-American actress and producer
 * 1972  – Tilo Wolff, German-Swiss singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
 * 1974 – Imelda May, Irish singer-songwriter, musician, and producer
 * 1975 – Andrew Firestone, American businessman
 * 1975  – Brendan Gaughan, American race car driver
 * 1975  – Alain Nasreddine, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1975  – Stefán Karl Stefánsson, Icelandic actor (d. 2018)
 * 1975  – Richard Westbrook, English race car driver
 * 1976 – Edmílson, Brazilian footballer
 * 1976  – Elijah Blue Allman, American singer and guitarist
 * 1976  – Ludovic Giuly, French footballer
 * 1976  – Adrian Grenier, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1976  – Brendon Lade, Australian footballer and coach
 * 1976  – Lars Ricken, German footballer
 * 1977 – Chiwetel Ejiofor, English actor
 * 1979 – Mvondo Atangana, Cameroon footballer
 * 1979  – Gong Yoo, Korean actor
 * 1980 – Alejandro Millán, Mexican singer-songwriter and keyboard player
 * 1980  – Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
 * 1980  – Claudia Leitte, Brazilian singer-songwriter
 * 1980  – James Rolfe, American actor, director, and producer
 * 1980  – Jessica Simpson, American singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer
 * 1981 – Aleksandar Tunchev, Bulgarian footballer
 * 1982 – Alex Arrowsmith, American guitarist and producer
 * 1982  – Juliya Chernetsky, Ukrainian-American television host
 * 1982  – Sebastian Mila, Polish footballer
 * 1982  – Jeffrey Walker, Australian actor and director
 * 1983 – Giuseppe De Feudis, Italian footballer
 * 1983  – Matthew Egan, Australian footballer
 * 1983  – Gabi, Spanish footballer
 * 1983  – Kim Hee-chul, Korean entertainer and singer
 * 1983  – Joelson José Inácio, Brazilian footballer
 * 1983  – Doug Kramer, Filipino basketball player
 * 1983  – Anthony Watmough, Australian rugby league player
 * 1983  – Sherif Ekramy, Egyptian footballer
 * 1984 – Nikolaos Mitrou, Greek footballer
 * 1985 – Park Chu-young, South Korean footballer
 * 1985  – B. J. Crombeen, American ice hockey player
 * 1985  – Mario Gómez, German footballer
 * 1988 – Antonio Brown, American football player
 * 1988  – Heather Hemmens, American actress, director, and producer
 * 1988  – Sarah Walker, New Zealand BMX rider
 * 1990 – Adam Reynolds, Australian rugby league player
 * 1990  – Trent Richardson, American footballer
 * 1990  – Chiyonokuni Toshiki, Japanese sumo wrestler
 * 1991 – Daishōmaru Shōgo, Japanese sumo wrestler
 * 1999 – April Ivy, Portuguese composer and singer
 * 2001 – Isabela Merced, American actress
 * 2002 – Reece Walsh, Australian rugby league player

Pre-1600

 * 138 – Hadrian, Roman emperor (b. 76)
 * 645 – Soga no Iruka, Japanese politician
 * 649 – Tai Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 598)
 * 772 – Amalberga of Temse, Frankish noblewoman
 * 831 – Zubaidah bint Ja`far, Abbasid Princess
 * 983 – Benedict VII, pope of the Catholic Church
 * 994 – Leopold I, margrave of Austria
 * 1086 – Canute IV, king of Denmark (b. 1043)
 * 1103 – Eric I, king of Denmark (b. 1060)
 * 1290 – Ladislaus IV, king of Hungary (b. 1262)
 * 1460 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English commander and politician, Lord High Constable of England (b. 1402)
 * 1460  – John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, English nobleman (b. c. 1413)
 * 1461 – Thomas, king of Bosnia (b. 1411)
 * 1473 – James II, king of Cyprus
 * 1480 – René of Anjou, French nobleman (b. 1400)
 * 1510 – Catherine Cornaro, queen of Cyprus (b. 1454)
 * 1576 – Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo, Italian noble (b. 1553)
 * 1559 – Henry II, king of France (b. 1519)
 * 1584 – William I, Dutch nobleman (b. 1533)
 * 1590 – Charles II, archduke of Austria (b. 1540)
 * 1594 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian organist and composer (b. 1554)

1601–1900

 * 1603 – Joan Terès i Borrull, Spanish archbishop and academic (b. 1538)
 * 1621 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, French commander (b. 1571)
 * 1653 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
 * 1680 – Louis Moréri, French priest and scholar (b. 1643)
 * 1683 – François Eudes de Mézeray, French historian and author (b. 1610)
 * 1686 – John Fell, English bishop and academic (b. 1625)
 * 1776 – Richard Peters, English lawyer and minister (b. 1704)
 * 1794 – Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny, French general (b. 1754)
 * 1806 – George Stubbs, English painter and academic (b. 1724)
 * 1851 – Louis Daguerre, French photographer and physicist, invented the daguerreotype (b. 1787)
 * 1863 – Clement Clarke Moore, American author and educator (b. 1779)
 * 1881 – Georg Hermann Nicolai, German architect and academic (b. 1812)
 * 1884 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)

1901–present

 * 1908 – Phoebe Knapp, American organist and composer (b. 1839)
 * 1915 – Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Dutch painter (b. 1831)
 * 1920 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
 * 1929 – Ève Lavallière, French actress (b. 1866)
 * 1938 – Arthur Barclay, 15th president of Liberia (b. 1854)
 * 1941 – Jelly Roll Morton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1890)
 * 1941  – Huntley Wright, English actor (b. 1868)
 * 1950 – Richard Maury, American-Argentinian engineer (b. 1882)
 * 1952 – Rued Langgaard, Danish organist and composer (b. 1893)
 * 1954 – Calogero Vizzini, Italian mob boss (b. 1877)
 * 1956 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (b. 1898)
 * 1960 – Sæbjørn Buttedahl, Norwegian actor and sculptor (b. 1876)
 * 1962 – Yehuda Leib Maimon, Israeli rabbi and politician (b. 1875)
 * 1963 – Teddy Wakelam, English rugby player and sportscaster (b. 1893)
 * 1970 – Bjarni Benediktsson, Icelandic academic and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1908)
 * 1971 – Laurent Dauthuille, French boxer (b. 1924)
 * 1972 – Lovie Austin, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1887)
 * 1978 – John D. Rockefeller III, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Asia Society (b. 1906)
 * 1979 – Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)
 * 1980 – Joseph Krumgold, American author and screenwriter (b. 1908)
 * 1985 – Fernando Pereira, Dutch photographer (b. 1950)
 * 1986 – Tadeusz Piotrowski, Polish mountaineer and author (b. 1940)
 * 1987 – John Hammond, American record producer, critic, and activist (b. 1910)
 * 1989 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)
 * 1993 – Ruth Krauss, American author and poet (b. 1901)
 * 1993  – Sam Rolfe, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1924)
 * 1995 – Mehmet Ali Aybar, Turkish lawyer and politician (b. 1908)
 * 1996 – Eno Raud, Estonian author (b. 1928)
 * 2000 – Vakkom Majeed, Indian journalist and politician (b. 1909)
 * 2002 – Jean-Pierre Côté, Canadian politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1926)
 * 2002  – Evangelos Florakis, Greek general (b. 1943)
 * 2002  – Laurence Janifer, American author (b. 1933)
 * 2003 – Winston Graham, English author (b. 1908)
 * 2003  – Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, German-English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b. 1902)
 * 2004 – Pati Behrs, Russian-American ballerina and actress (b. 1922)
 * 2005 – A. J. Quinnell, English author (b. 1940)
 * 2006 – Shamil Basayev, Chechen terrorist rebel leader (b. 1965)
 * 2006  – Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (b. 1920)
 * 2007 – Doug Marlette, American cartoonist and author (b. 1949)
 * 2008 – Hiroaki Aoki, Japanese-American wrestler and businessman, founded Benihana (b. 1938)
 * 2008  – Mike Souchak, American golfer (b. 1927)
 * 2009 – Ebba Haslund, Norwegian writer (b. 1917)
 * 2011 – Pierrette Alarie, Canadian soprano and educator (b. 1921)
 * 2011  – Roland Petit, French dancer and choreographer (b. 1924)
 * 2012 – Dolphy, Filipino actor, singer, and producer (b. 1928)
 * 2012  – Peter Kyros, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)
 * 2012  – Berthe Meijer, German-Dutch journalist and author (b. 1938)
 * 2012  – Fritz Langanke, German lieutenant (b. 1919)
 * 2012  – Viktor Suslin, Russian-German composer (b. 1942)
 * 2013 – Philip Caldwell, American businessman (b. 1920)
 * 2013  – Józef Gara, Polish poet and linguist (b. 1929)
 * 2013  – Concha García Campoy, Spanish journalist (b. 1958)
 * 2013  – Caroline Duby Glassman, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1922)
 * 2013  – Ku Ok-hee, South Korean golfer (b. 1956)
 * 2013  – Gokulananda Mahapatra, Indian author and academic (b. 1922)
 * 2014 – Robert C. Broomfield, American lawyer and judge (b. 1933)
 * 2014  – Juozas Kazickas, Lithuanian-American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1918)
 * 2014  – Paul G. Risser, American ecologist and academic (b. 1939)
 * 2014  – Zohra Sehgal, Indian actress, dancer, and choreographer (b. 1912)
 * 2014  – Gloria Schweigerdt, American baseball player (b. 1934)
 * 2015 – Roger Rees, Welsh-American actor and director (b. 1944)
 * 2015  – Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor (b. 1932)
 * 2015  – Jon Vickers, Canadian tenor (b. 1926)
 * 2016 – Katharina Focke, German politician (b. 1922)
 * 2018 – Henry Morgenthau III, American author and television producer (b. 1917)
 * 2020 – Lara van Ruijven, Dutch short track speed skater (b. 1992)
 * 2020 – Jack Charlton, English footballer and manager (b. 1935)
 * 2022 – Maurice Boucher, Canadian outlaw biker (b. 1953)
 * 2024 – Joe Engle, American Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut (b. 1932)
 * 2024 – Alex Janvier, Native American Artist (b. 1935)
 * 2024 – Dave Loggins, American musician (b. 1947)

Holidays and observances

 * Armed Forces Day (Mauritania)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Amalberga of Maubeuge
 * Canute IV of Denmark
 * Rufina and Secunda
 * Seven Brothers
 * Victoria, Anatolia, and Audax
 * July 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Independence Day (Bahamas), celebrates the independence of the Bahamas from the United Kingdom in 1973.
 * Nikola Tesla Day
 * Statehood Day (Wyoming)

title: July 10