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Talk:Baháʼí Faith

Inclusion of Orthodox Bahai Faith in the 'See Also' Section
The Orthodox Bahai Faith is a Baha'i sect which believes in continuation of Guardianship and accepts Charles Mason Remey as the second Guardian. While it shares similarities with the mainstream Bahai Faith, its belief in Guardianship is something that distinguish it from the larger Bahai community.

Given the Orthodox Bahai Faith's historical and theological connection to the Bahai Faith, it is appropriate to include a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Bahai Faith Wikipedia page. The inclusion of a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith would provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the religious landscape of the Bahai community and allow them to explore this distinct religious movement further.--Asad29591 (talk) 18:48, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not a significant, even measurable, fragment of a group that has itself broken into factions of mere handfuls of people. It is unwarranted to mention it. 20:53, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

 * WP:UNDUE: Generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all. Orthodox Baha'is are an extreme minority (generously, 100 out of 5 million, or 0.002%) and may be almost defunct. Independent sources generally don't even mention them when covering the Baha'i Faith. Asad29591, you've spent the last two years trying to promote your beliefs here. WP:PROMOTION: You might wish to start a blog or visit a forum if you want to convince people of the merits of your opinions. Cuñado ☼ - Talk  21:49, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Cuñado,
 * Thank you for your response to my message about including a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page.
 * I understand that the Orthodox Bahai Faith is a small community within the broader Baha'i community, and its beliefs may not be shared by the majority. However, as a follower of the Orthodox Bahai Faith, I believe that it is important to recognize the diversity within the Baha'i community and acknowledge the existence of different religious movements that have historical and theological connections to the Baha'i Faith.
 * The inclusion of a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith would not only provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the religious landscape of the Baha'i community but also allow them to explore this distinct religious movement further. Furthermore, it would adhere to the Wikipedia policy of being neutral and providing a balanced representation of the subject matter.
 * I understand that you may have concerns about the significance of the Orthodox Bahai Faith and its representation on Wikipedia. However, I assure you that my intention is not to promote my beliefs or convince others of their merits. Rather, it is to ensure that readers have access to accurate and relevant information about the Baha'i Faith and its related movements.
 * If you are not willing to reconsider your decision to remove the link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith, I would like to request arbitration to resolve this matter. It is important that we maintain a respectful and constructive dialogue in order to reach a consensus on this issue.
 * Thank you for your time and consideration. Asad29591 (talk) 10:20, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I think one problem with the "History" section of the article is that it jumps from 1957 to 1963. Sources I've seen spend time on the crisis of succession (if we may call it that) in that period so I think it would make sense to mention the custodians and Mason Remey's challenge before the election of the UHJ. It's possible the Orthodox Baha'i Faith could be mentioned briefly there as having arisen from Remey's challenge, though I'm on the fence about that since it's not such a central detail.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  03:58, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Also,, you're welcome to seek outside input to resolve your dispute with Cuñado, but asking the arbitration committee to intervene is the highest level of input and you should seek input at lower levels first. Based on Dispute resolution, I think starting with a WP:RfC would be more appropriate. Also, perhaps improving the history section in the way I suggested above would solve the problem – let me know your thoughts on that.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  04:05, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Gazelle55,
 * Thank you for your message and suggestion to improve the history section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. I agree that it would be beneficial to provide more context on the crisis of succession in the Baha'i Faith and include information on the custodians and Charles Mason Remey's challenge before the election of the Universal House of Justice. I will be happy to work on making these improvements in the future.
 * However, as of now, I would like to respectfully request the inclusion of a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. As a sect of the Baha'i Faith, the Orthodox Bahai Faith has historical and theological connections to the larger Baha'i community, and I believe that it is important to recognize the diversity within the Baha'i community and provide readers with access to accurate and relevant information about related movements.
 * I would also like to assume good faith with Cuñado and not take the internal faith matter out in public. Hence, I would like to put the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section for now and end this discussion.
 * Thank you for your understanding and support in this matter.
 * Best regards,
 * Asad Asad29591 (talk) 18:11, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

 * What is most distinguishing is that they broke with the community and practically died out. Why is this important? The community's diversity is hugely represented by the hundreds of countries it is organized in, the diversity of people across a century has reached the point of notability enough to have articles about them in Wikipedia. I see no relevance of this particular mention. Smkolins (talk) 18:20, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm fine with just including a "see also" link for now. That said, I replaced it with Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith since that is a more general topic, from which the reader can then find individual sects. I think that also addresses ' concern since that focuses on the historical attempts rather than sects that currently have many adherents (there is no such sect aside from the main group).  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  18:24, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * , thanks for removing links that were already in the body. In response to your point above, I don't think WP:DUE is relevant, since it's about the distribution of opinion in reliable sources, not how common a viewpoint is in the world. Your other point was that reliable sources typically don't even mention the Orthodox Baha'i Faith because it's so miniscule (and maybe defunct). I'll have to look into that to make up my mind on whether it deserves to be in the "See also" section. I'm leaning towards including it. In the meantime,, if you have some general source on the Baha'i Faith and it discusses the Orthodox Baha'i Faith, feel free to share it.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  14:32, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * , you're good at compromise and consensus, and you're editing in good faith. I don't have the same feelings for Asad29591 due to experience over the last two years. Even his current proposal is framed as a chance for more people to see the link and learn about his beliefs, not an objective improvement to the article. An overview of related articles, I think, wouldn't pluck out the Orthodox Baha'i Faith for further exploration. Why not Baháʼí Esperanto League, FUNDAEC, World Religion Day, Baháʼí Faith in South Carolina, Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith, Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith, or Baha'i Faith in [any country]? South Carolina alone has 100 times the members of the Orthodox sect. FUNDAEC is a high functioning non-profit that has operated for half a century. World Religion Day is an international holiday initiated by Baha'is. Orthodox Baha'i Faith is a sad example of disunity and egotism. Maybe it's interesting for that reason, but it doesn't seem like the thing that would normally be included in See Also here. Cuñado ☼ - Talk  15:52, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I think I'm convinced by what you've written. It's not just a question of whether it could be included but whether it's more important than other things that could be included. I added several more that aren't in the body., if you still think it should be included, please explain why this link, out of many possible links, deserves to be on the list. I tried to assume good faith with you for a long time but your edit history gives a clear sense of WP:PROMOTION. If I'm wrong and you actually want to improve the article, feel free to work on the history section (where mentioning Mason Remey would make sense). By the way, there is a much longer list of relevant articles at Outline of the Baháʼí Faith and I've added Orthodox Baháʼí Faith there – I think that's sufficient.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  20:12, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Gazelle55,
 * Thank you for taking the time to consider my request and including other relevant links in the "See Also" section. I understand your concerns about my previous edits, and I apologize if I gave the impression of promoting a specific belief system rather than seeking to improve the article. I appreciate your suggestion to work on the history section and will consider it going forward. Regarding the inclusion of the Orthodox Bahai Faith link, while I understand your perspective that it may not be the most important link, I believe it deserves inclusion as it represents a distinct branch of the Bahai Faith and has historical and theological connections to the larger Bahai community. I really appreciate that you have included the Orthodox Baha'i Faith in the Outline of the Bahai Faith, however the Orthodox Baha'i Faith still deserves a place in the see only section. Asad29591 (talk) 17:05, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Cuñado,
 * Thank you for sharing your personal perspective on my request to include a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. I understand your concerns and appreciate your suggestions for other related articles.
 * I agree that an overview of related articles could include many different topics, such as the Baháʼí Esperanto League, FUNDAEC, World Religion Day, and the Baha'i Faith in different countries. These are all valuable and informative topics for readers to explore.
 * Regarding the Orthodox Bahai Faith, I understand that it is a smaller sect but that doesn't mean it deserves no space in the see only section. It cannot be denied that it has historical and theological connections to the mainstream Baha'i community, and its inclusion in the "See Also" section would provide readers with access to accurate and relevant information about related movements.
 * I apologize if my proposal was not framed objectively as an improvement to the article, but rather as an opportunity for more people to learn about my beliefs. My intention was to provide readers with a resource for learning more about the diversity within the Baha'i community, and I believe that including the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section would serve that purpose.
 * Thank you for your thoughtful consideration and input on this matter. Asad29591 (talk) 16:59, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Gazelle55,
 * Thank you for your response to my request to include a "See Also" link for the Orthodox Bahai Faith on the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. I appreciate your willingness to consider including the link and understand your decision to replace it with Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith.
 * I agree that Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith is a more general topic and can provide readers with information on the historical attempts to break away from the main community. However, I still believe that including a specific link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith would provide readers with more direct and accurate information on this related movement.
 * Hence would request you to reconsider putting "Orthodox Baha'i Faith" also in the see only section. Asad29591 (talk) 16:49, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Smkolins,
 * Thank you for taking the time to respond to my request to include the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. I appreciate your feedback and respect your assumption on the matter.
 * However, I respectfully disagree with your assessment that the Orthodox Bahai Faith has no relevance or importance to the larger Baha'i community. The Orthodox Bahai Faith is a sect of the Baha'i Faith that has historical and theological connections to the larger community, and its members continue to practice and follow their own distinct beliefs and practices.
 * I believe that it is important to recognize and acknowledge the diversity within the Baha'i community and provide readers with access to accurate and relevant information about related movements. Including a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section would provide readers with a fuller understanding of the history and diversity of the Baha'i Faith.
 * I understand that you may have concerns about including a sect that has broken away from the main community, but I would like to emphasize that this is not an uncommon occurrence within religious communities. Furthermore, including the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section does not necessarily endorse or promote their beliefs or practices, but rather acknowledges their existence as a related movement within the larger Baha'i community.
 * I hope that you will reconsider your position on this matter and agree to include a link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "See Also" section of the Baha'i Faith Wikipedia page. Thank you for your time and consideration. Asad29591 (talk) 16:47, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, yes I do agree that the OBF has historical and theological links to the mainstream Baha'i Faith, and so I agree with your broader point that it is related to the article. I'm not convinced it should be added, though, since there are other more prominent topics that are also related and deserve that space instead. You said to Cuñado that the other related articles could be added along with the OBF article, but we need to keep the size of the "see also" section to a reasonable length as per MOS:SEEALSO. There are already 16 links, and I would ask you to suggest which of those is less important than the OBF. No, 16 is not a hard limit, but even if we were to increase that number somewhat, I don't think the OBF would be first in line to be added. There are so many improvements that could be made to articles on the Baha'i Faith and yet it seems you're really fixating on this one minor change, which (like almost all your edits) just happens to help promote your personal views.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  18:36, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Gazelle55,
 * Thank you for your reply and your explanation of your reasoning. I respect your opinion, but I still disagree with your assessment of the importance and relevance of the Orthodox Bahai Faith link. I think that this topic is not a minor or trivial one, but rather a significant and interesting one for the readers who want to learn more about the diversity and history of the Bahai Faith. I also think that this topic is not a personal or biased one, but rather a factual and neutral one that is supported by reliable sources.
 * I understand your concern about the size of the "see also" section, but I don't think that adding one more link would make it too long or cluttered. I also don't think that adding this link would imply removing any other link, as they are all relevant and informative in their own ways. However, if you insist on keeping the number of links to 16, I would suggest removing the link to Baháʼí Faith and science, as I think that this topic is less directly related to the main article than the Orthodox Bahai Faith. This is just my suggestion, and I'm open to hearing other opinions.
 * I hope you can reconsider your decision and restore the link to the Orthodox Bahai Faith in the "see also" section of the Bahai Faith Wikipedia page. I think that this would be a fair and constructive way to improve the quality and comprehensiveness of the article. I also hope you can understand that I'm not fixating on this one change or trying to promote my personal views, but rather trying to contribute to Wikipedia's mission of providing free and accurate information to everyone.
 * As we seem to have reached an impasse on this issue, I would like to propose requesting comments from other editors who are knowledgeable or interested in the topic, either on the talk page or on a relevant noticeboard or WikiProject. This is a way to seek input from a broader community of editors on an issue that affects one or more articles. If you agree to this proposal, we can request comments on Requests for comment. Thank you for your attention and cooperation. Asad29591 (talk) 13:31, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi, we don't have hard criteria for what constitutes a more important "see also" link, but I don't think the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith page is more important. Honestly, I might normally just add the link to settle the issue, but there has been an ongoing pattern of you picking some very minor issue relating to the OBF and starting a protracted dispute about it, so I'm holding out against this change. I've said many times that I do think there are POV issues on Wikipedia's Baháʼí Faith pages, but I don't think this is one of them. Anyway, you've heard my thoughts – this seems to be really important to you, so feel free to start an RfC if you wish.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  15:40, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Gazelle55, thank you for your response. I appreciate your honesty and your acknowledgment of the POV issues on Wikipedia’s Baháʼí Faith pages where mainstream Baha'is come and dominate and try to portray other sects as covenant breakers. I agree that we don’t have hard criteria for what constitutes a more important “see also” link, but I still think that the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith page is relevant and notable enough to be included. I don’t think that this is a very minor issue, but rather a matter of providing comprehensive and accurate information to the readers. I also don’t think that I’m picking protracted disputes about the OBF, but rather trying to address the gaps and biases that I see on Wikipedia’s Baháʼí Faith pages.
 * As we seem to have reached an impasse on this issue, I would like to follow your suggestion and start an RfC to seek input from a broader community of editors on this issue. I hope that this will help us resolve this dispute in a constructive and civil way. Thank you for your attention and cooperation. Asad29591 (talk) 01:02, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

RfC on adding Orthodox Baha'i Faith link in the see only section of The Baha'i Faith page
This is a request for comment on whether the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith should be included in the see also section of the Baháʼí Faith article. The Orthodox Baháʼí Faith is a Baha'i sect that believes in the continuation of the Guardianship of the Baháʼí Faith after Shoghi Effendi. The mainstream Baháʼís consider them as Covenant-breakers and do not recognize their legitimacy. The dispute is about whether the link to the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith Wikipedia page is relevant and notable enough to be included in the see also section. The discussion on the talk page has reached an impasse, with one editor arguing for inclusion and another editor arguing for removal. Please provide your opinions on this issue and help resolve this dispute. Thank you.--Asad29591 (talk) 01:30, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose inclusion of link. The Orthodox Bahá'í sect is less than a hundred members, while the mainstream Bahá'í Faith is several million members. Including a link to the former would give them undue weight. Bowler the Carmine |  talk  20:09, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose see long conversation above . Copying my previous comment here: "WP:UNDUE: Generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all. Orthodox Baha'is are an extreme minority (generously, 100 out of 5 million, or 0.002%) and may be almost defunct. Independent sources generally don't even mention them when covering the Baha'i Faith. Asad29591, you've spent the last two years trying to promote your beliefs here. WP:PROMOTION: You might wish to start a blog or visit a forum if you want to convince people of the merits of your opinions." I'll add that there are numerous better options to add to See Also. Cuñado ☼ - Talk  22:07, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Readers can find the page; it is not being concealed. Pursuing an interest in the history of the faith and its minor schisms surfaces the link pretty readily. There is essentially no doctrinal difference between the large and small sects. A see also link would be undue. Regulov (talk) 13:44, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Cuñado. — Charles Stewart (talk) 07:32, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, seems WP:UNDUE, minor view. ParadaJulio (talk) 10:12, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support including the link in the see also section. I'm not persuaded including a link is undue; the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith has been in at least one notable conflict with the mainstream Baháʼí Faith over their trademarks. If, however, the consensus is to not include a link in the see also section, I think that the link to Baháʼí–Azali split should also be removed because that article describes the Azali also basically defunct. voorts (talk/contributions) 03:08, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment – Hmm, responding to, I don't think Baháʼí–Azali split and Orthodox Baháʼí Faith are really analogous pages. I'd say the more direct analogies are between Baháʼí–Azali split and Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith, and between Azali and Orthodox Baháʼí Faith. The latter two are about present-day religious communities which are almost defunct, whereas the former two are historical events which had some prominence when they took place. I had added Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith to the "See also" section but it turns out it is already linked in the article body, so according to the MOS we shouldn't list it at the bottom. The point about the legal dispute giving the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith more significance seems fair, though.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  19:34, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Regardless of its size or importance, this schismatic group are part of the broader narrative and it is difficult to see any valid reason to exclude. Issues of WP:DUE, relate mainly to content within an article and I have never before heard them used to exclude a 'see also' - for which the criteria are 'connected-ness'. Other 'schism' articles would also seem to warrant inclusion in addition to/ as an 'umbrella" alternative to this one — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pincrete (talk • contribs)
 * NPOV (of which DUE is a part) applies to everything. The "See Also" section is optional and should be limited to a reasonable number, according to the MOS. There are potentially hundreds of articles that would qualify for the "See Also" section of this page, so... inclusion of links should be common sense and need to be justified if challenged. In this case, the question of sects/schisms is linked in the article to Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith, and there are perhaps 10 articles on the schismatic groups that could be linked for more information. The information is also at Criticism of the Baháʼí Faith, which is in the "See Also" section. Cuñado ☼ - Talk  06:27, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Consider History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses doesn't even mention the Ptolemic theory or others of the like. There's enough to write about that actually covers substance and depth without needing to talk about an infinitesimal fringe. In other words WP:DUE. We have plenty of coverage in articles close to the example. It simply isn't balanced to include it. And we're past "several" million at over 7 million and rising among the fastest growing religions over the last century. It is not a distinguished part of the broad narrative; it's obscure - it was notable at a time and then it wasn't. You don't see lists of court cases people had on articles about groups or individuals. Smkolins (talk) 10:23, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. WP:DUE clearly applies here; the group is defunct and tiny (less than a hundred) whereas the religion has millions of followers. There are so many important articles such as articles about the founders and key figures of the religion that are currently not included in the see also section and they should be. Tarikhejtemai (talk) 13:05, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose – there are already a fair number of links in the "see also" section and even if we add some more, there are other more important and equally connected/related links that could be added (lots of possibilities can be seen at Outline of the Baháʼí Faith). (I respectfully disagree with the previous comment that the religion's founders and key figures should be in the "see also" section, however, since they're already linked in the article body – see MOS:SEEALSO.) I think the tiny Orthodox Baháʼí sect is notable mainly due to the crisis of succession it arose from (covered in Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith, linked in the article body) and how harshly the mainstream Baháʼís treat its members (covered in Criticism of the Baháʼí Faith, linked in the "see also" section). I suppose the U.S. court case between the mainstream and Orthodox Baháʼís has some significance, but if that's what's of interest we could just as well add Baháʼí Faith in the United States, an article for a vastly larger Baháʼí population that briefly covers the court case.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  03:13, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

Panentheism
I have added some info on this with links and references on a number of pages including the Panentheism  page. Cyrus19Baha (talk) 12:13, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You should start by noting the welcome message left for you suggesting getting used to Wikipedia needs for citations and scholarly reliable sources. I'm not saying your effort was entirely off base but your points need to use citations and not the ones common in Baha'i circles of just using what we internally accept as authoritative. In Wikipedia "authoritative" are such published materials as through vetted venues like scholarly journals or publishing houses like universities and such foremost. I think the direction you were going in could be well developed but you desperately need to learn to cite materials in a wikipedia-savvy way first. I suggest learning how to use a sandbox area, study citation syntax, and develop your sources. Smkolins (talk) 12:28, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks like I have done that now. Please take a look. Cyrus19Baha (talk) 12:31, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * If you mean God_in_the_Baháʼí_Faith I don't see your suggestion of improvements. Please be specific where you think you are improving where you wrote. As is this will have to be removed as it makes all kinds of unsupported statements.Smkolins (talk) 12:35, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This whole section is written by me. Cyrus19Baha (talk) 12:55, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm aware - but I don't see any sources. See your talk page. Smkolins (talk) 12:56, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok I’ll work it on that. Cyrus19Baha (talk) 13:00, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Follow-up on reorganization discussion
and, I wanted to briefly follow up on a talk page discussion here last year (see here). Both of you had put forward some tentative proposals for reorganizing the page, and I raised some objections at the time and said I'd follow up but never did. At this point I don't have a clear idea of the exact way the page should be organized and I would probably support whatever someone else implements as long as it's clear and neutral. I don't plan on doing any major rework of the page. I could help out here and there if someone else was reorganizing - though I don't know if either of you plans on this now that the FAR is over.  Gazelle55  Let's talk! 02:23, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Some miscellaneous thoughts on the previous discussion while it's fresh in my mind – in case an editor decides to rework the page at some point. A few books were suggested there that could be used as models for the organization. I think the source by Warburg (2001) looks the most promising since it's about the right length and generally uses simple headings that could be understood by someone with no background on the Baha'i Faith. However, I don't think the current headings are terrible and it might make more sense to make incremental improvements to the organization rather than redoing the whole page in a sandbox. I do like how she has sections for prayer and the nineteen-day fast rather than folding them inconspicuously into "Exhortations". I don't really like "Fundamental beliefs" as a heading (why not just "Beliefs"?) and "Baha'is in the world" strikes me as too vague to be helpful to readers. During the FAR someone commented about how some parts before the "History" section were hard to understand because they referred to various Baha'i leaders who hadn't been introduced yet, so perhaps the history should appear earlier or else some of the descriptions above it should be clarified. I think sections for "Administration" and "Criticism" would also be valuable additions.  Gazelle55  Let's talk!  02:32, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note Gazelle55. I also saw the archiving of that discussion and lamented the lack of action. I have a great interest in doing the re-org on this page and Baha'u'llah but it would take a long time, maybe 20+ hours per page. It's definitely on my radar and when I get around to it I'll be requesting comment. Cuñado ☼ - Talk  19:26, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * While I have been somewhat active in some research and publishing, I too have interest. Just now - last couple weeks - I've been dealing with a fairly severe case of covid. But thanks for reaching out. So many things to be done! :-) Smkolins (talk) 10:59, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Using Wikidata items to facilitate generation of references
I have begun to experiment with Wikidata items as an efficient way to include reliable sources in articles I am editing. I am sharing these items as a resource in my user page space here.

One advantage of the use of the Cite Q template is that the same Qnumber can be cited in any language in Wikipedia.

One disadvantage is that you need to add the </nowiki}}

Once a Wikidata bibliographic item has been created and all the properties have been added: author, date, title, DOI, ISBN, etc have been entered, it will generate the complete reference.

For example:
 * You can use the cite Q template with the You can see the result in the reference section below.
 * Or you can use the  by manually adding  to the References. The example will not work in the talk page, only in the main article. The Abdolmohammadi article is newly published.

Anyone can edit and/or create Wikidata items.

Related to the Báb
B H L M N S
 * A
 * See also Talk:Q24883743 Abbas Amanat
 * See also Talk:Q24883743 Abbas Amanat
 * See also Talk:Q24883743 Abbas Amanat
 * See also Talk:Q24883743 Abbas Amanat

I hope this is helpful. I would like to share this with other Baha'i-related articles and with Baha'i project, Baha'i Faith. Oceanflynn (talk) 03:32, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

5-8 million or 8 million?
, thanks for contributing. I disagree with the change in numbers in the lead. I built most of the page Baháʼí Faith by country and I've been through all the sources. There is a lot of nuance to the numbers, and the 8 million number came from the Baha'i World Centre, based on "information received from Baháʼí communities across the world, and on reputable external sources". As with any religious movement, there is a wide variation in levels of adherence. If you count those that are actively participating in community life, it's probably 3 million (my guess, based off Warburg's 2001 estimate), if you count those that are self-professing Baha'is, it's probably 5 million, and by the loosest standard (used by World Christian Encyclopedia and others), it's probably 8 million.

The lead has to be very concise, so "5-8 million" seems to capture the spirit of it without having to use qualifiers like "active". Cuñado ☼ - Talk  19:16, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. WP:Verifiability not WP:Truth.  If there is a discrepancy in the sources, it can be fleshed out in the main body of the article.  7&6=thirteen (☎</b>) 09:47, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey there! So I changed the numbers due to the Baháʼí Faith by country Wikipage, where it states that in 1965 there were over a million practicers, in 1991 5 million, and in 2020 8 million. I understand this to be a solid increase over time of practicers of the faith. I thought we were combining 1991 numbers and 2020 numbers to give a rough estimate. I would be okay with putting 5-8 million, not a problem, I just thought the more specific the better.
 * Completely Random Guy (talk) 02:35, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith


text:
Benz

Benz, an old Germanic clan name dating to the fifth century (related to "bear", "war banner", "gau", or a "land by a waterway") also used in German as an alternative for names such as Berthold, Bernhard, or Benedict, may refer to:

Surname

 * Amy Benz (born 1962), American golfer
 * Bertha Benz (1849–1944), German marketing entrepreneur who was the first to drive an automobile for a long distance, wife of Carl Benz
 * Carl Benz (1844–1929), German engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur who built the first patented automobile
 * Derek Benz (born 1971), American author of fantasy fiction for children
 * Edward J. Benz, Jr., professor of genetics
 * Joe Benz (1886–1957), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Joseph Benz (born 1944), Swiss former bobsledder, Olympic and world champion
 * Julie Benz (born 1972), American actress
 * Kafi Benz (born 1941), American author, artist, and environmental and historic preservationist
 * Larry Benz (born 1941), American former National Football League player
 * Laura Benz (born 1992), Swiss ice hockey player
 * Maria Benz (1906–1946), birth name of Nusch Éluard, German-born model who married Paul Éluard
 * Mathilde Benz (1901–1977), birth name of Lee Parry, German actress
 * Paul Benz (born 1986), Australian Paralympic athlete
 * Richard Benz (1884–1966), German historian and writer
 * Roland Benz (born 1943), German biophysicist
 * Sara Benz (born 1992), Swiss ice hockey player
 * Walter Benz (1931–2017), German mathematician known for his work on geometric planes
 * Wolfgang Benz (born 1941), German historian

Ring or stage name

 * Nikki Benz (born 1981), stage name of Alla Montchak, Canadian pornographic actress and director
 * Spragga Benz (born 1969), stage name of Carlton Grant, Jamaican deejay and musician

Places

 * Benz (Usedom), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality
 * Benz, Nordwestmecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality
 * Benice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Benz in German), Poland, a village
 * Benz Pass, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica

Mathematics and science

 * Benz (unit), a proposed unit of velocity
 * Benz, an abbreviated form of Benzo, a functional group in chemistry
 * Benz plane, in geometry

Other uses

 * Benz & Cie., a manufacturer of steam engines co-founded by Carl Benz in 1883
 * Benz (group), a British band
 * Benz series, a series of paintings and drawings created by Lyonel Feininger

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Benz


text:
Breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast, most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer. It involves using autologous tissue, prosthetic implants, or a combination of both with the goal of reconstructing a natural-looking breast. This process often also includes the rebuilding of the nipple and areola, known as nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction, as one of the final stages.

Generally, the aesthetic appearance is acceptable to the woman, but the reconstructed area is commonly completely numb afterwards, which results in loss of sexual function as well as the ability to perceive pain caused by burns and other injuries.

Timing
Breast reconstruction can be performed either immediately following the mastectomy or as a separate procedure at a later date, known as immediate reconstruction and delayed reconstruction, respectively. The decision of when breast reconstruction will take place is patient-specific and based on many different factors. Breast reconstruction is a large undertaking that usually requires multiple operations. These subsequent surgeries may be spread out over weeks or months.

Immediate reconstruction
Breast reconstruction is termed "immediate" when it takes place during the same procedure as the mastectomy. Within the United States, approximately 35% of women who have undergone a total mastectomy for breast cancer will choose to pursue immediate breast reconstruction. One of the inherent advantages of immediate reconstruction is the potential for a single-stage procedure. This also means that the cost of immediate reconstruction is often far less to the patient. It can also reduce hospital costs by having fewer procedures and requiring a shorter length of the stay as an inpatient. Additionally, immediate reconstruction often has a better cosmetic result because of the preservation of anatomic landmarks and skin. With regards to psychosocial outcomes, opinions on timing have shifted in favor of immediate reconstruction. Originally, delayed reconstruction was believed to provide patients with time to psychologically adjust to the mastectomy and its effects on body image. However, this opinion is no longer widely held. Compared to delayed procedures, immediate reconstruction can have a more positive psychological impact on patients and their self-esteem, most likely due to the post-operative breast more closely resembling the natural breast compared to the defect left by mastectomy alone.

Delayed reconstruction
Delayed breast reconstruction is considered more challenging than immediate reconstruction. Frequently not just breast volume, but also skin surface area needs to be restored. Many patients undergoing delayed breast reconstruction have been previously treated with radiation or have had a reconstruction failure with immediate breast reconstruction. In nearly all cases of delayed breast reconstruction tissue must be borrowed from another part of the body to make the new breast. Patients expected to receive radiation therapy as part of their adjuvant treatment are also commonly considered for delayed autologous reconstruction due to significantly higher complication rates with tissue expander-implant techniques in those patients. While waiting to begin breast reconstruction until several months after radiation therapy may decrease the risk of complications, this risk will always be higher in patients who have received radiation therapy. As with many other surgeries, patients with significant medical comorbidities (e.g., high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes) and smokers are higher-risk candidates. Surgeons may choose to perform delayed reconstruction to decrease this risk.

Techniques
There are several techniques for breast reconstruction. These options are broadly categorized into two different groups:

Implant-based reconstruction
This is the most common technique used worldwide. Implant-based reconstruction is an option for patients who have sufficient skin after mastectomy to cover a prosthetic implant and allow for a natural shape. For women undergoing bilateral mastectomies, implants provide the greatest opportunity for symmetrical shape and lift. Additionally, these procedures are generally much faster than flap-based reconstruction since tissue does not have to be taken from another part of the patient's body.

Implant-based reconstruction may be one- or two-staged. In one-stage reconstruction, a permanent implant is inserted at the time of mastectomy. During two-stage reconstruction, the surgeon will insert a tissue expander underneath the pectoralis major muscle of the chest wall at the time of mastectomy. This temporary silastic implant is used to hold tension on the mastectomy flaps. In doing so, the tissue expander prevents the breast tissue from contracting and allows for use of a larger implant later on compared to what would be safe at the time of the mastectomy. Following this initial procedure, the patient must return to the clinic on multiple occasions for saline to be injected into a tube inside the tissue expander. By doing this slowly over the course of several weeks, the space beneath the pectoralis major muscle is safely expanded to an appropriate size without causing too much stress on the breast tissue. A second procedure is then necessary to remove the tissue expander and replace it with the final, permanent prosthetic implant.

Although in the past, prosthetic implants were placed directly under the skin, this method has fallen out of favor because of the greater risk of complications, including visible rippling of the implant and capsular contracture. The sub-pectoral technique described above is now preferred because it provides an additional muscular layer between the skin and the implant, decreasing the risk of visible deformity. Oftentimes, however, the pectoralis major muscle is not sufficiently large enough to cover the inferior portion of the prosthetic implant. If this is the case, one option is to use an acellular dermal matrix to cover the exposed portion of the prosthetic implant, improving both functional and aesthetic outcomes. This prepectoral space has recently, however, come back into practice, with comparable rates of post-operative complications and implant loss to submuscular placement. Both delayed and direct-to-implant reconstruction in this plane has been shown to be favourable.

Of note, a Cochrane review published in 2016 concluded that implants for use in breast reconstructive surgery have not been adequately studied in good quality clinical trials. "These days - even after a few million women have had breasts reconstructed – surgeons cannot inform women about the risks and complications of different implant-based breast reconstructive options on the basis of results derived from Randomized Controlled Trials."

Flap-based reconstruction
Flap-based reconstruction uses tissue from other parts of the patient's body (i.e., autologous tissue) such as the back, buttocks, thigh or abdomen. In surgery, a "flap" is any type of tissue that is lifted from a donor site and moved to a recipient site using its own blood supply. Usually, the blood supply is a named vessel. Flap-based reconstruction may be performed either by leaving the donor tissue connected to the original site (also known as a pedicle flap) to retain its blood supply (where the vessels are tunneled beneath the skin surface to the new site) or by cutting the donor tissue's vessels and surgically reconnecting them to a new blood supply at the recipient site (also known as a free flap or free tissue transfer). The latissimus dorsi is a prime example of such a flap since it can remain attached to its primary blood source which preserves the skins functioning, and is associated with better outcomes in comparison to other muscle and skin donor sites.

One option for breast reconstruction involves using the latissimus dorsi muscle as the donor tissue. As a back muscle, the latissimus dorsi is large and flat and can be used without significant loss of function. It can be moved into the breast defect while still attached to its blood supply under the arm pit (axilla). A latissimus flap is often used to recruit soft-tissue coverage over an underlying implant; however, if the latissimus flap can provide enough volume, then occasionally it is used to reconstruct small breasts without the need for an implant. The latissimus dorsi flap has a number of advantages, but despite the advances in surgical techniques, it has remained vulnerable to skin dehiscence or necrosis at the donor site (on the back). The Mannu flap is a form of latissimus dorsi flap which avoids this complication by preserving a generous subcutaneous fat layer at the donor site and has been shown to be a safe, simple and effective way of avoiding wound dehiscence at the donor site after extended latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction.

Another possible donor site for breast reconstruction is the abdomen. The TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous) flap or its technically distinct variants of microvascular "perforator flaps" like the DIEP/SIEA flaps are all commonly used. In a TRAM procedure, a portion of the abdominal tissue, which includes skin, subcutaneous fat, minor muscles, and connective tissues, is taken from the patient's abdomen and transplanted to the breast site. Both TRAM and DIEP/SIEA use the abdominal tissue between the umbilicus (or "belly button") and the pubis. The DIEP flap and free-TRAM flap require advanced microsurgical technique and are less common as a result. Both can provide enough tissue to reconstruct large breasts and are a good option for patients who would prefer to maintain their pre-operative breast volume. These procedures are preferred by some breast cancer patients because removal of the donor site tissue results in an abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) and allow the breast to be reconstructed with one's own tissues instead of a prosthetic implant that uses foreign material. That said, TRAM flap procedures can potentially weaken the abdominal wall and torso strength, but they are generally well tolerated by most patients. Perforator techniques such as the DIEP (deep inferior epigastric perforator) flap and SIEA (superficial inferior epigastric artery) flap require precise dissection of small perforating vessels through the rectus muscle and, thus, do not require removal of abdominal muscle. Because of this, these flaps have the advantage of maintaining the majority of abdominal wall strength.

Other donor sites for autologous breast reconstruction include the buttocks, which provides tissue for the SGAP and IGAP (superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator, respectively) flaps. The purpose of perforator flaps (DIEP, SIEA, SGAP, IGAP) is to provide sufficient skin and fat for an aesthetic reconstruction while minimizing post-operative complications from harvesting the underlying muscles. DIEP reconstruction generally produces the best outcome for most women. See free flap breast reconstruction for more information.

Mold-assisted reconstruction is a potential adjunctive process to help in flap-based reconstruction. By using a laser and 3D printer, a patient-specific silicone mold can be used as an aid during surgery, used as a guide for orienting and shaping the flap to improve accuracy and symmetry.

Adjunctive procedures
To restore the appearance of the pre-operative breast, there are a few options regarding the nipple-areolar complex (NAC):
 * A nipple prosthesis can be used to restore the appearance of the reconstructed breast. Impressions can be made and photographs can be used to accurately replace the nipple lost with some types of mastectomies. This can be instrumental in restoring the psychological well-being of the breast cancer survivor. The same process can be used to replicate the remaining nipple in cases of a single mastectomy. Ideally, a prosthesis is made around the time of the mastectomy and it can be used just weeks after the surgery.
 * Nipple-areolar complex reconstruction can also be performed surgically. Within the first year following breast reconstruction, flaps can undergo contraction and decrease in size by up to 50%.  Although flaps are made larger initially for this reason, it is hard to accurately predict the final breast volume.  Because of this, NAC reconstruction is considered the very last stage of breast reconstruction, delayed until after breast mound reconstruction is completed (including additional procedures such as fat grafting or excess tissue removal) so that the positioning of the NAC can be planned precisely.  There are several methods of reconstructing the nipple-areolar complex:
 * Nipple Grafting (aka, "Nipple Sharing"): If a patient undergoes a single mastectomy with reconstruction and the opposite breast is preserved, then one option is to remove part of the preserved nipple and transfer it to the reconstructed breast. This also requires that the patient has sufficient nipple-areolar tissue to be removed as nipple grafting will decrease the native nipple's projection by about 50%.  One of the benefits of this procedure is that the color and texture of the NAC is identical to that of the opposite breast.
 * Local Tissue Flaps: For patients who have undergone bilateral mastectomies (as well as patients receiving a unilateral mastectomy who do not want to pursue nipple grafting), a nipple can be created by raising a small, local flap in the target area and producing a raised mound of skin very similar in shape to a nipple. To create an areola, a circular incision may be made around the new nipple and sutured back again.  While this option does produce the shape and outline of the NAC, it does not affect the skin color.  To make it appear more natural, the nipple and areolar region may then be tattooed to produce a darker skin color more similar to a natural nipple and areola.
 * Local Tissue Flaps With Use of AlloDerm: As above, a nipple may be created by raising a small flap in the target area and producing a raised mound of skin. AlloDerm (cadaveric dermis) can then be inserted into the core of the new nipple acting like a "strut" which may help maintain the projection of the nipple for a longer period of time. The nipple and areolar region may then be tattooed later. There are, however, some important issues in relation to NAC tattooing that should be considered prior to opting for tattooing, such as the choice of pigments and equipment used for the procedure.

When looking at the entire process of breast reconstruction, patients typically report that NAC reconstruction is the least satisfying step. Compared to a normal nipple, the reconstructed nipple often has less projection (how far the nipple extends beyond the breast mound) and lacks sensation. In women who have undergone a single mastectomy with reconstruction, another challenge is aesthetically matching the reconstructed NAC to the native breast.

Outcomes
The typical outcome of breast reconstruction surgery is a breast mound with a pleasing aesthetic shape, with a texture similar to a natural breast, but which feels completely or mostly numb for the woman herself. This loss of sensation, called somatosensory loss or the inability to perceive touch, heat, cold, and pain, sometimes results in women burning themselves or injuring themselves without noticing, or not noticing that their clothing has shifted to expose their breasts. "I can't even feel it when my kids hug me," said one mother, who had nipple-sparing breast reconstruction after a bilateral mastectomy. The loss of sensation has long-term medical consequences, because it makes the affected women unable to feel itchy rashes, infected sores, cuts, bruises, or situations that risk sunburns or frostbite on the affected areas.

More than half of women treated for breast cancer develop upper quarter dysfunction, including limits on how well they can move, pain in the breast, shoulder or arm, lymphedema, loss of sensation, and impaired strength. The risk of dysfunction is higher among women who have breast reconstruction surgery. One in three have complications, one in five need further surgery and the procedure fails in 5%.

Some methods have specific side effects. The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap method results in weakness and loss of flexibility in the abdominal wall. Reconstruction with implants have a higher risk of long-term pain.

Outcomes-based research on quality of life improvements and psychosocial benefits associated with breast reconstruction served as the stimulus in the United States for the 1998 Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act, which mandated that health care payer cover breast and nipple reconstruction, contralateral procedures to achieve symmetry, and treatment for the sequelae of mastectomy. This was followed in 2001 by additional legislation imposing penalties on noncompliant insurers. Similar provisions for coverage exist in most countries worldwide through national health care programs.

title: Breast reconstruction


text:
User:BF/Purple Graffiti

 This is a talk section with purple text. Sorry if you only like your b/w world.

I did say that I was coming up to the end of my semester. At the moment, I have several papers to finish up, and I don't have enough time to do major article work. --Stephen Gilbert

 No problem. when you got time.

My last day of classes is this week, so I should be able to some work then. Of course, exams come soon after. Just wait till my holiday comes, and I'll be on fire. ;-) --Stephen Gilbert

 Sure Stephen when you can do it, always welcome. I revised some of New Age already. Nobody altered it as of this writing.

You wrote on my page:
 * Ive managed to work on New Age some more without anyone over-writing, removing, or revamping. Your opinions are welcome, as always on my graffiti page. If you think the article is close to a done state, maybe Vicki could do some editing to polish it.~BF

Here is a collection of reactions, since you asked. You asked my opinion, so don't be upset if you don't like it. --Larry Sanger
 * 1) In my opinion, you have way too much personally invested in that article. It isn't your article.  Can you get that through your skull???  It is Wikipedia's article.  This means that other people should feel free to overwrite, remove, and revamp your text, it isn't necessarily a bad thing.  Often, I think, it's a very good thing, because you sometimes (not always) insist on formulations that just aren't very clear, or that are very far from being neutral point of view.
 * 2) The article is now generally informative and considerably better than at least many of the earlier versions, and it has a lot more content, but it still needs a lot of work.
 * 3) The article still tends toward obfuscation and making it an idiosyncratic reflection of your views about the New Age movement, rather than a report about the movement about which everyone can agree.  You say, for example, that the New Age (or the New Age movement--I'm not sure which is your subject) is "that which results from the interaction of pre-existing ideologies with mystical experiential phenomena."  I don't know what that means; I'd be more apt to understand what "New Age" means before I understood this explanation of it.  It sounds, in any case, like a contentious theory about what the New Age is (has been) about, not a definition of "New Age."  Movements are better described and introduced historically, I think: you understand where the New Age stuff came from, and who its main proponents are and what sort of stuff they talk about, and you pretty much understand what the New Age movement is about.  Anyway, back to the point: just because the subject invites fuzzy-headedness and "in" jargon and generally weird manners of expression, there's no requirement that the description of the topic indulge in such literary vices.  Bear in mind, the article is not nearly as bad as it could be, in this regard, but it still needs work!
 * 4) More minor points: replace all "NA" with "New Age."  Why use an abbreviation?  It's very jarring to me.
 * 5) Since Wikipedia's software indicates links with underlines, don't use underlines for emphasis; use italics for emphasis (usually).

 Some edits were done again on New_Age, Larry. The definition looks ok in paragraph 1. "New Age" replaced NA. The special permission copyrighted sections, which I obtained, were completely messed up by others, who apparently couldn't see quotation marks. Nor do these people, who, as you have said, have "every right to edit any article", even the one done by an MD, SE, understand the effort involved in researching an article and obtaining permissions from well-written sources. What these people do do is take a cursory inspection, remove content, and change the developing context to enhance their inward biases on the subject in general! I may not be a good writer by Wikipedia standards, but I certainly have worked enough, trying to show the actual flavor of the fruit from within its sweet sections. You or others call that bias and non-NPOV. I call it experiential. How do you describe the taste of an orange ? The terms are too vague-- one must taste the orange, and many will say "sweet, slightly burning, juicy." Each orange eater's experience is correct and factual. This is why New Age is a difficult topic; I repeatedly stated in all the talk sections that it is an experiential article. Most of the changes were done by people who never bothered to taste the orange. Another example might be people blind from birth who suddenly recover their eyesight! The analogy suggests people who have never seen the truth, and now do. New Age spirituality is the drastic wake-up call alikened to the blind who now see the light.

Wikipedia is not for subjective reports. Leave that to open forums. Wikipedia is for science. The scientific method requires that some rules be followed. You have not followed there rules. So don't be surprised when you are edited mercilessly. Foolishben 23:22, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Been A long long time since I edited anything. Guess I'm not the girl I use be. Maybe a rocketeer!

How Do I post this??

title: User:BF/Purple Graffiti


text:
User:BF/Pink Graffiti

Comments always welcome. Editing is not since Visions of Truth is my own work. Then it probably doesn't belong in Wikipedia... Much like your fonts which wreak havoc in a number of people's browsers.sjc

PS: keep on hopping... sjc

What belongs and what doesn't belong... are people who are too into themselves and enjoy putting others down who are different. IF everyone was like sjc, you'd need to find another axe to grind or another axel to bolt. Keep stabbing, perhaps the knife will slip. If you are so petty that a color bothers you and your wiki 'pals', then you don't need to visit those pages, do you ? Stay away... far far away.

You can have the baton. -- Zoe

Thanks ! BF

Welcome back. I'm glad you got your password problem sorted out. Yes, I did work on New Age after you left for a while, but then I got distracted. ;-) -- Stephen Gilbert 18:37 Dec 13, 2002 (UTC)

Thanks for the definition of intuition. --Jeff 21:38 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

BF, once an article is deleted, its archive goes with it. But you can ask an administrator to restore it, if you think it needs to be. -- Zoe

If all you want is a log of the deletion go to Deletion log. If you need logs previous to December visit Wikipedia talk:Deletion log. --mav

With the amount of deleted articles, it might be helpful to check titles and possibly redo them right or some related spinoff. Thanks Zoe and mav.

In most cases, deleted articles don't have any archives worth keeping. -- Zoe

Sorry to jump in but I saw your poetry query on Deb's page. If that is Welsh, I am the Mayor of Maastricht! It will simply be an older form of English. English-only speakers and readers cannot understand Welsh _at_all_! (Unless they happen to use a modern loanword from English like carpark (spelt differently!) or an old loanword like eglwys = Fr eglise = Latin ecclesias = Eng church! Have a quick look at http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/ and follow the "Cymraeg" links! hth, Nevilley 00:57 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Nevilley, you got in before me. It sounded like an extract from Chaucer - was it?  BF, You are probably getting confused about what Welsh is by analogy with "Scots" - which is just a dialect of English, whilst Welsh is a language in its own right. Deb 12:41 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

title: User:BF/Pink Graffiti


text:
Bob Diamond

Bobby or Bob Diamond may refer to:

People

 * Bob Diamond (actor) (1943–2019), American actor and lawyer, also known as Bobby Diamond and Robert Diamond
 * Bob Diamond (banker) (born 1951), Anglo-American business executive
 * Bob Diamond (engineer) (1959–2021), American trolley advocate responsible for rediscovery of the Atlantic Avenue Tunnel in Brooklyn in 1980

Fictional characters

 * Bob Diamond (comics), Marvel Comics character since 1974
 * Bob Diamond, played by Rip Torn in 1991 American film Defending Your Life

title: Bob Diamond


text:
Brooklyn Historic Railway Association

The Brooklyn Historic Railway Association (BHRA) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with a shop, trolley barn and offices located in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York, on the historic Beard Street Piers (c. 1870). BHRA had a fleet of 16 trolleys (15 PCC trolleys and a leased 1897 trolley car from the Oslo Trams, in Oslo, Norway).

History of project
The BHRA's origin began with the rediscovery of the Cobble Hill Tunnel by the late Bob Diamond in 1980. BHRA was formed in 1982 to restore the historic tunnel. The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel (constructed in 1844) is the world's oldest subway tunnel. BHRA successfully filed and received designation for the tunnel on the National Register of Historic Places.

The BHRA received funding and permission from the city to construct a light rail route in Red Hook. However, the project was hampered due to the New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) withdrawing its support from the project. The DOT identified several potential improvements which did not include a streetcar, however, that would improve access and mobility for neighborhood residents. Construction was stopped on a 7-block extension to the line due to the removal and scrapping of rails, ties, and other items of railroad equipment by the DOT, which were stored on land that was slated for the Fairway supermarket project.

On June 30, 2003, BHRA was ordered to remove and fill in all trolley tracks on public streets by the DOT. The DOT revoked consent for the project to proceed or exist on city streets. Shortly thereafter, BHRA completely ceased operation. All the PCC trolleys except for No. 3303 were removed from Brooklyn. The BHRA ran organized tours of the Cobble Hill Tunnel from time to time, but all tours are currently suspended.

Bob Diamond died on 21 August 2021, with his death confirmed by articles in the New York Times, New York Daily News and Brooklyn Eagle newspapers.

title: Brooklyn Historic Railway Association


text:
Beta-lactam

A beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam. A lactam is a cyclic amide, and beta-lactams are named so because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon atom relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. β-lactams are significant structural units of medicines as manifested in many β-lactam antibiotics. Up to 1970, most β-lactam research was concerned with the penicillin and cephalosporin groups, but since then, a wide variety of structures have been described.

Clinical significance
The β-lactam ring is part of the core structure of several antibiotic families, the principal ones being the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, which are, therefore, also called β-lactam antibiotics. Nearly all of these antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. This has a lethal effect on bacteria, although any given bacteria population will typically contain a subgroup that is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Bacterial resistance occurs as a result of the expression of one of many genes for the production of β-lactamases, a class of enzymes that break open the β-lactam ring. More than 1,800 different β-lactamase enzymes have been documented in various species of bacteria. These enzymes vary widely in their chemical structure and catalytic efficiencies. When bacterial populations have these resistant subgroups, treatment with β-lactam can result in the resistant strain becoming more prevalent and therefore more virulent. β-lactam derived antibiotics can be considered one of the most important antibiotic classes but prone to clinical resistance. β-lactam exhibits its antibiotic properties by imitating the naturally occurring d-Ala-d-Ala substrate for the group of enzymes known as penicillin binding proteins (PBP), which have as function to cross-link the peptidoglycan part of the cell wall of the bacteria.

The β-lactam ring is also found in some other drugs such as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor drug ezetimibe.

Synthesis
The first synthetic β-lactam was prepared by Hermann Staudinger in 1907 by reaction of the Schiff base of aniline and benzaldehyde with diphenylketene in a [2+2] cycloaddition (Ph indicates a phenyl functional group):
 * [[Image:StaudingerLactam.svg]]

Many methods have been developed for the synthesis of β-lactams.

The Breckpot β-lactam synthesis produces substituted β-lactams by the cyclization of beta amino acid esters by use of a Grignard reagent. Mukaiyama's reagent is also used in modified Breckpot synthesis.
 * Breckpot synthesis.jpg

Reactions
Due to ring strain, β-lactams are more readily hydrolyzed than linear amides or larger lactams. This strain is further increased by fusion to a second ring, as found in most β-lactam antibiotics. This trend is due to the amide character of the β-lactam being reduced by the aplanarity of the system. The nitrogen atom of an ideal amide is sp2-hybridized due to resonance, and sp2-hybridized atoms have trigonal planar bond geometry. As a pyramidal bond geometry is forced upon the nitrogen atom by the ring strain, the resonance of the amide bond is reduced, and the carbonyl becomes more ketone-like. Nobel laureate Robert Burns Woodward described a parameter h as a measure of the height of the trigonal pyramid defined by the nitrogen (as the apex) and its three adjacent atoms. h corresponds to the strength of the β-lactam bond with lower numbers (more planar; more like ideal amides) being stronger and less reactive. Monobactams have h values between 0.05 and 0.10 angstroms (Å). Cephems have h values in of 0.20–0.25 Å. Penams have values in the range 0.40–0.50 Å, while carbapenems and clavams have values of 0.50–0.60 Å, being the most reactive of the β-lactams toward hydrolysis.

title: Beta-lactam


text:
Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg

The Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg (Hochstift Brandenburg) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 12th century until it was secularized during the second half of the 16th century. It should not be confused with the larger Diocese of Brandenburg (Dioecesis Brandenburgensis) established by King Otto I of Germany in 948, in the territory of the Marca Geronis (Saxon Eastern March) east of the Elbe river. The diocese, over which the prince-bishop exercised only spiritual authority, was a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, its seat was Brandenburg an der Havel.

History
The Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire for some time, probably starting about 1161/1165. However, the Brandenburg bishops never managed to gain control over a significant territory, being overshadowed by the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which was originally seated in the same city. Chapter and cathedral, surrounded by further ecclesiastical institutions, were located on the Dominsel (Cathedral Island), which formed a prince-episcopal cathedral immunity district (Domfreiheit), distinct from the city of Brandenburg. Only in 1929 the - meanwhile former - immunity district was incorporated into the city itself.

As rulers of imperial immediacy, regnant in a, however, dispersed territory partitioned into the four bailiwicks (Ämter) of Brandenburg/Havel, Ketzin, Teltow and Ziesar. The prince-bishops from the early 14th century onwards resided in their fortress in Ziesar on the road to Magdeburg. The last actual bishop was Matthias von Jagow (d. 1544), who took the side of the Protestant Reformation, married, and in every way furthered the undertakings of the Hohenzollern elector Joachim II.

There were two more nominal bishops, but on the petition of the latter of these, the electoral prince John George of Brandenburg appointed in 1560, the secularisation of the bishopric was undertaken and finally accomplished in 1571, in spite of legal proceedings to reassert the imperial immediacy of the prince-bishopric within the Empire and so to likewise preserve the diocese, which dragged on into the 17th century.

Catholics

 * 1138–1160: Wiggar
 * 1160–1173: Wilman
 * 1173–1179: Sigfried I
 * 1179–1190: Baldran
 * 1190–1192: Alexius
 * 1192–1205: Norbert
 * 1205–1216: Baldwin
 * 1216–1220: Siegfried II
 * 1221–1222: Ludolf von Schanebeck, claimant, but not enthroned
 * 1221–1222: Wichmann von Arnstein, counter-claimant, also not enthroned
 * 1222–1241: Gernot
 * 1241–1251: Ruotger von Kerkow
 * 1251–1261: Otto von Mehringen
 * 1261–1278: Heinrich I von Osthenen (or Ostheeren)
 * 1278–1287: Gebhard
 * 1287–1290: Heidenreich
 * 1290–1291: Richard, refused the appointment
 * 1291–1296: Dietrich, not enthroned
 * 1296–1302: Vollrad von Krempa
 * 1303–1316: Friedrich von Plötzkau
 * 1316–1324: Johann I von Tuchen
 * 1324–1327: Heinrich II Count of Barby, not enthroned
 * 1327–1347: Ludwig Schenk von Reindorf (or Neuendorf)
 * 1347–1365: Dietrich II Kothe
 * 1366–1393: Dietrich III von der Schulenburg
 * 1393–1406: Heinrich III von Bodendiek (or Bodendieck)
 * 1406–1414: Henning von Bredow
 * 1414: Friedrich von Grafeneck, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg 1413–1414
 * 1415–1420: Johann von Waldow, Bishop of Lebus 1420–1423
 * 1420: Friedrich von Grafeneck, again
 * 1421–1459: Stephan Bodecker
 * 1459–1472: Dietrich IV von Stechow
 * 1472–1485: Arnold von Burgsdorff
 * 1485–1507: Joachim I von Bredow
 * 1507–1520: Hieronymus Schulz (or Scultetus), Bishop of Havelberg 1521–1522
 * 1520–1526: Dietrich V von Hardenberg

Lutherans
Secularized and merged into Brandenburg.
 * 1526–1544: Matthias von Jagow
 * 1544–1546: Sede vacante
 * 1546–1560: Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels
 * 1560–1569/71: John George of Brandenburg, regent (Verweser)
 * 1569/71: Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg

title: Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg


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BASE jumping

BASE jumping is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a parachute to descend safely to the ground. "BASE" is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: buildings, antennas (referring to radio masts), spans (bridges), and earth (cliffs). Participants exit from a fixed object such as a cliff, and after an optional freefall delay, deploy a parachute to slow their descent and land. A popular form of BASE jumping is wingsuit BASE jumping.

In contrast to other forms of parachuting, such as skydiving from airplanes, BASE jumps are performed from fixed objects which are generally at much lower altitudes, and BASE jumpers only carry one parachute. BASE jumping is significantly more hazardous than other forms of parachuting, and is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous extreme sports.

Precursors
Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have been the first person to build and test a parachute, by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice in 1617 when he was over 65 years old. However, these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not the actual systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting.

Birth of B.A.S.E. jumping
There are precursors to the sport dating back hundreds of years. In 1966, Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park. The acronym "B.A.S.E." (now more commonly "BASE") was later coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield. Carl Boenish was an important catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978 he filmed jumps from El Capitan, made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique. While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.

After 1978, the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as an actual publicity exercise or as a movie stunt, but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists. Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after a BASE jump off the Troll Wall. By this time, the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps.

During the early eighties, nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on, specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for the unique needs of BASE jumping.

Nowadays, recognizing the sport's growing appeal and the potential for high-impact marketing, companies like Red Bull have stepped in to sponsor athletes, further elevating the sport's profile.

BASE numbers
BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories (buildings, antennae, spans and earth). When Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield jumped together from a Houston skyscraper on 18 January 1981, they became the first to attain the exclusive BASE numbers (BASE #1 and #2, respectively), having already jumped from an antenna, spans, and earthen objects. Jean and Carl Boenish qualified for BASE numbers 3 and 4 soon after. A separate "award" was soon enacted for Night BASE jumping when Mayfield completed each category at night, becoming Night BASE #1, with Smith qualifying a few weeks later.

Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially. The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. , over 2,000 BASE numbers have been issued.

Equipment
In the early days of BASE jumping, people used modified skydiving gear, such as by removing the deployment bag and slider, stowing the lines in a tail pocket, and fitting a large pilot chute. However, modified skydiving gear is then prone to kinds of malfunction that are rare in normal skydiving (such as "line-overs" and broken lines). Modern purpose-built BASE jumping equipment is considered to be much safer and more reliable.

Parachute
The biggest difference in gear is that skydivers jump with both a main and a reserve parachute, while BASE jumpers carry only one parachute. BASE jumping parachutes are larger than skydiving parachutes and are typically flown with a wing loading of around 0.7 lbs/sqft. Vents are one element that make a parachute suitable for BASE jumping. BASE jumpers often use extra large pilot chutes to compensate for lower airspeed parachute deployments. On jumps from lower altitudes, the slider is removed for faster parachute opening.

Harness and container
BASE jumpers use a single-parachute harness and container system. Since there is only a single parachute, BASE jumping containers are mechanically much simpler than skydiving containers. This simplicity contributes to the safety and reliability of BASE jumping gear by eliminating many malfunctions that can occur with more complicated skydiving equipment. Since there is no reserve parachute, there is little need to cut-away their parachute, and many BASE harnesses do not contain a 3-ring release system. A modern ultralight BASE system including parachute, container, and harness can weigh as little as 3.9 kg.

Clothing
When jumping from high mountains, BASE jumpers will often use special clothing to improve control and flight characteristics in the air. Wingsuit flying has become a popular form of BASE jumping in recent years, that allows jumpers to glide over long horizontal distances. Tracking suits inflate like wingsuits to give additional lift to jumpers, but maintain separation of arms and legs to allow for greater mobility and safety.

Technique
BASE jumps can be broadly classified into low jumps and high jumps. The primary distinguishing characteristic of low BASE jumps versus high BASE jumps is the use of a slider reefing device to control the opening speed of the parachute, and whether the jumper falls long enough to reach terminal velocity.

Low BASE jumps
Low BASE jumps are those where the jumper does not reach terminal velocity. Sometimes referred to as "slider down" jumps because they are typically performed without a slider reefing device on the parachute. The lack of a slider enables the parachute to open more quickly. Other techniques for low BASE jumps include the use of a static line, direct bag, or P.C.A. (pilot chute assist). These devices form an attachment between the parachute and the jump platform, which stretches out the parachute and suspension lines as the jumper falls, before separating and allowing the parachute to inflate. This enables the very lowest jumps—below 60 m to be made. It is common in the UK to jump from around the 150 ft mark, due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Base jumpers have been known to jump from objects as low as 100 ft, which leaves little to no canopy time and requires an immediate flare to land safely.

High BASE jumps

Many BASE jumpers are motivated to make jumps from higher objects involving free fall. High BASE jumps are those which are high enough for the jumper to reach terminal velocity. High BASE jumps are often called "slider up" jumps due to the use of a slider reefing device. High BASE jumps present different hazards than low BASE jumps. With greater height and airspeed, jumpers can fly away from the cliff during freefall, allowing them to deploy their parachute far away from the cliff they jumped from and significantly reduce the chance of object striking. However, high BASE jumps also present new hazards such as complications resulting from the use of a wingsuit.

Tandem BASE jumps
Tandem BASE jumping is when a skilled pilot jumps with a passenger attached to their front. It is similar to skydiving and is offered in the US and many other countries. Tandem BASE is becoming a more accessible and legal form of BASE jumping.

Records

 * Lowest
 * Felix Baumgartner jumped from Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro and claimed the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, jumping from 29 m.

 * Biggest
 * Guinness World Records first listed a BASE jumping record with Carl Boenish's 1984 leap from Trollveggen (Troll Wall) in Norway. It was described as the highest BASE jump. The jump was made two days before Boenish's death at the same site.

 * Highest altitude
 * On August 26, 1992, Australians Nic Feteris and Glenn Singleman made a BASE jump from an altitude of 6286 m jump off Great Trango Towers Pakistan. It was the world's highest BASE jump off the earth at the time.

On May 23, 2006, Australians Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan made a BASE jump from an altitude of 6604 m off Meru Peak in Northern India. They jumped in wingsuits.

On May 5, 2013, Russian Valery Rozov jumped off Changtse (the northern peak of the Mount Everest massif) from a height of 7220 m. Using a specially-developed wingsuit, he glided down to the Rongbuk glacier more than 1,000 meters below, setting a new world record for highest altitude base jump. He had previously jumped off mountains in Asia, Antarctica and South America in 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012.

On October 5, 2016, Rozov broke his own record for highest altitude BASE jump when he leapt from a height of 7700 m from Cho Oyu, the sixth-highest mountain in the world, landing on a glacier approximately two minutes later at an altitude of around 6000 m. He later died while attempting another high-altitude BASE jump in Nepal in 2017.

 * Other
 * Other records include Captain Daniel G. Schilling setting the Guinness World Record for the most BASE jumps in a twenty-four-hour period. Schilling jumped off the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, a record 201 times on July 8, 2006. In 2018 at Eikesdalen, Norway a world record was set with 69 BASE jumpers jumping from the cliff Katthammaren.

Competitions
BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free-fall aerobatics used as the judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the 452 m high Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy. In 2012 the World Wingsuit League held their first wingsuit BASE jumping competition in China.

Notable jumps

 * February 2, 1912, Frederick R. Law parachuted from the top of the torch of the Statue of Liberty, 305 ft above the ground.
 * February 4, 1912, Franz Reichelt, tailor, jumped from the first deck of the Eiffel Tower testing his invention, the coat parachute, and died when he hit the ground. It was his first-ever attempt with the parachute and both the authorities and the spectators believed he intended to test it using a dummy.
 * In 1913, it is claimed that Štefan Banič successfully jumped from a 15-story building to demonstrate his parachute design.
 * In 1913, Russian student Vladimir Ossovski (Владимир Оссовский), from the Saint-Petersburg Conservatory, jumped from the 53-meter high bridge over the river Seine in Rouen (France), using the parachute RK-1, invented a year before that by Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944). Ossovski planned to jump from the Eiffel Tower too, but the Parisian authorities did not allow it.
 * In 1965, Erich Felbermayr from Wels jumped from the Kleine Zinne / Cima piccola di Lavaredo in the Dolomites.
 * In 1966, Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from El Capitan in the Yosemite Valley.
 * On January 31, 1972, Rick Sylvester skied off Yosemite Valley's El Capitan, making the first ski-BASE jump.
 * On November 9, 1975, the first person to parachute off the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was Bill Eustace, a member of the tower's construction crew. He was fired.
 * On July 22, 1975, Owen J. Quinn parachuted from the North Tower of the World Trade Center to publicize the plight of the poor.
 * In 1976, Rick Sylvester skied off Canada's Mount Asgard for the ski chase sequence of the James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me, giving the wider world its first look at BASE jumping.
 * In 1979, Santee, California skydiver Roger Worthington completed one of the first "Span" jumps when he successfully parachuted off of the newly constructed 450 ft Pine Valley Creek Bridge (A.K.A. Nello Irwin Greer Memorial Bridge) on Interstate 8 in San Diego County. Upon take off he held a red smoke flare in each hand. When interviewed afterward he claimed to know of no other "bridge jumpers" in the country.
 * On February 22, 1982, Wayne Allwood, an Australian skydiving accuracy champion, parachuted from a helicopter over the Sydney CBD and landed on the small top area of Sydney's Centrepoint Tower, approximately 300 m above the ground. Upon landing, Allwood discarded and secured his parachute, then used a full-sized reserve parachute to BASE jump into Hyde Park below.
 * In 1986, Welshman Eric Jones became the first person to BASE jump from the Eiger.
 * On October 22, 1999, Jan Davis died while attempting a BASE jump from El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. Davis' jump was part of an organized act of civil disobedience protesting the NPS air delivery regulations (36 CFR 2.17(a)), which make BASE jumping illegal in national park areas.
 * In 2000, Hannes Arch and Ueli Gegenschatz were the first to BASE jump from the 1800-metre-high north face of the Eiger.
 * In 2005, Karina Hollekim became the first woman to perform a ski-BASE.
 * In 2009, three women—29-year-old Australian Livia Dickie, 28-year-old Venezuelan Ana Isabel Dao, and 32-year-old Norwegian Anniken Binz—BASE jumped from Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world.
 * On September 11, 2013, the first Suspension BASE jump was made (Power tower in Konakovo)
 * In September 2013, three men parachuted off the then-under-construction One World Trade Center in New York City. Footage of their jump was recorded using head cams and can be seen on YouTube. In March 2014, the three jumpers turned themselves in. They were sentenced to community service and a fine.

Comparison with skydiving

BASE jumps are typically performed from much lower altitudes than in skydiving. Skydivers are required to deploy their main parachute above 2000 ft altitude. BASE jumps are frequently made from less than 486 ft. A BASE jump from a 486 ft object is only about 5.6 seconds from the ground if the jumper remains in free fall. Standard skydiving parachute systems are not designed for this situation, so BASE jumpers use specially designed harnesses and parachute systems.

Many BASE jumps, particularly in the UK are made from around 150 ft due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Jumpers will use a static line method to ensure their canopy is extracted as they jump, as at this height, it is too low to freefall.

BASE jumps generally entail slower airspeeds than typical skydives (due to the limited altitude), a BASE jumper does not always reach terminal velocity. Skydivers use the airflow to stabilize their position. BASE jumpers, falling at lower speeds, have less aerodynamic control. The attitude of the body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability. On low BASE jumps, parachute deployment takes place during this early phase of flight. If the parachute is deployed while the jumper is unstable, there is a high risk of entanglement or malfunction. The jumper may also not be facing the right direction. Such an off-heading opening is not as problematic in skydiving, but an off-heading opening that results in object strike has caused many serious injuries and deaths in BASE jumping.

BASE jumps are more hazardous than skydives primarily due to proximity to the object serving as the jump platform. BASE jumping frequently occurs in mountainous terrain, often having much smaller areas in which to land in comparison to a typical skydiving dropzone. BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than similar sports such as skydiving from aircraft.

Legality

BASE jumping is generally not illegal in most places. However, in some cases such as building and antenna jumps, jumping is often done covertly without the permission of owners, which can lead to charges such as trespassing. In some jurisdictions it may be permissible to use land until specifically told not to. The Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, is an example of a man-made structure in the United States where BASE jumping is allowed year-round without a permit.

In U.S. National Parks, BASE jumping is generally prohibited, unless special permission is given. Other U.S. public land, including land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, does not ban air delivery, and there are numerous jumpable objects on BLM land.

The legal position is different at other sites and in other countries. For example, in Norway's Lysefjord (from the mountain Kjerag), BASE jumpers are made welcome. Many sites in the European Alps, near Chamonix and on the Eiger, are also open to jumpers. Some other Norwegian places, like the Troll Wall, are banned because of dangerous rescue missions in the past. In Austria, jumping from mountain cliffs is generally allowed, whereas the use of bridges (such as the Europabruecke near Innsbruck, Tirol) or dams is generally prohibited. Australia has some of the toughest stances on BASE jumping: it specifically bans BASE jumping from certain objects, such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

U.S. National Parks
The National Park Service has banned BASE jumping in U.S. National Parks. The authority comes from 36 CFR 2.17(3), which prohibits, "Delivering or retrieving a person or object by parachute, helicopter, or other airborne means, except in emergencies involving public safety or serious property loss, or pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit." Under that Regulation, BASE is not banned, but is allowable if a permit is issued by the Superintendent. The 2001 National Park Service Management Policies state that BASE "is not an appropriate public use activity within national park areas ..." (2001 Management Policy 8.2.2.7.) However, Policy 8.2.2.7 in the 2006 volume of National Park Service Management Policies, which superseded the 2001 edition, states "Parachuting (or BASE jumping), whether from an aircraft, structure, or natural feature, is generally prohibited by 36 CFR 2.17(a)(3). However, if determined through a park planning process to be an appropriate activity, it may be allowed pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit."

Once a year, on the third Saturday in October ("Bridge Day"), permission to BASE jump has explicitly been granted at the New River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia. The New River Gorge Bridge deck is 876 ft above the river. This annual event attracts about 450 BASE jumpers and nearly 200,000 spectators. 1,100 jumps may occur during the six hours that it is legal, providing conditions are suitable.

During the early days of BASE jumping, the NPS issued permits that authorized jumps from El Capitan. This program ran for three months in 1980 and then collapsed amid allegations of abuse by unauthorized jumpers. The NPS has since vigorously enforced the ban, charging jumpers with "aerial delivery into a National Park". One jumper drowned in the Merced River while evading arresting park rangers, having declared "No way are they gonna get me. Let them chase me—I'll just laugh in their faces and jump in the river". Despite incidents like this one, illegal jumps continue in Yosemite at a rate estimated at a few hundred per year, often at night or dawn. El Capitan, Half Dome, and Glacier Point have been used as jump sites.

Safety
A study of BASE jumping fatalities estimated that the overall annual fatality risk in 2002 was one fatality per 60 participants. A study of 20,850 BASE jumps from the Kjerag Massif in Norway reported nine fatalities over the 11-year period from 1995 to 2005, or one in every 2,317 jumps. However, at that site, one in every 254 jumps over that period resulted in a nonfatal accident. BASE jumping is one of the most dangerous recreational activities in the world, with a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than that of parachuting from a plane.

, the BASE Fatality List records 480 deaths for BASE jumping since April 1981.

title: BASE jumping