text:
List of cartographers

Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers.

Before 1400

 * Anaximander, Greek Anatolia (610 BC–546 BC), first to attempt making a map of the known world
 * Hecataeus of Miletus, Greek Anatolia (550 BC–476 BC), geographer, cartographer, and early ethnographer
 * Dicaearchus, Magna Graecia (c. 350 BC–285 BC), philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician, author
 * Ende, Spain (c. 1000 AD), illustrator, cartographer, nun
 * Eratosthenes, Ptolemaic Egypt (276 BC–194 BC), Greek scientist, mathematician, geographer, and cartographer
 * Gyōki, Japan (668–749), Buddhist monk, cartographer, surveyor, and civil engineer,
 * Hipparchus, Greek Anatolia (190 BC–120 BC), astronomer, cartographer, geographer
 * Liu An, China (179 BC–122 BC), geographer, cartographer, author of the Huainanzi
 * Marinus of Tyre, Roman Syria (c. AD 70–130), Greek geographer, cartographer and mathematician, who founded mathematical geography
 * Ptolemy, Ptolemaic Egypt (c. 85–165), Greek astronomer, cartographer, and geographer
 * Pei Xiu (224–271), Chinese geographer and cartographer
 * Isidore of Seville, Hispania (560–636)
 * al-Khwārazmī, Caliphate (9th century), Persian cartographer, geographer, and polymath.
 * Su Song, China (1020–1101), horologist and engineer; as a Song dynasty diplomat, he used his knowledge of cartography and map-making to solve territorial border disputes with the rival Liao dynasty
 * Shen Kuo, China (1031–1095), polymath scientist and statesman, author of the Dream Pool Essays, which included a large atlas of China and foreign regions, and also made a three-dimensional raised-relief map
 * al-Idrisi, Sicily (1100–1166), Arab cartographer, geographer and traveller
 * Maximus Planudes, Byzantine Empire (13th century), a monk credited with restoring the texts and maps of Ptolemy
 * Petrus Vesconte, Genoese cartographer, author of the oldest signed Portolan chart (1311)
 * Angelino Dulcert (14th century), author of the earliest known Majorcan portolan charts of the Mediterranean

15th century

 * Jacobus Angelus, Florence, translated Ptolemy into Latin c. 1406
 * Martin Behaim (Germany, 1436–1507)
 * Benedetto Bordone (Venetian Republic (1460–1551)
 * Sebastian Cabot (1476–1557), Venetian explorer
 * Erhard Etzlaub (1460–1532)
 * Leonardo da Vinci (Italy, 1452–1519)
 * Henricus Martellus Germanus (Germany, fl. 1480–1496)
 * Donnus Nicholas Germanus (Germany, fl. 1460–1475)
 * Fra Mauro (Venice, c. 1459)
 * Piri Reis (Dardanelles, Ottoman Empire, 1465–1554/1555), author of the Kitab-ı Bahriye
 * Johannes Ruysch (Netherlands, c. 1466–1530), explorer, cartographer, astronomer, manuscript illustrator and painter
 * Hartmann Schedel (Germany, 1440–1514)
 * Amerigo Vespucci (Republic of Florence, 1454–1512)
 * Johannes Werner (Germany, 1466–1528), refined and promoted the Werner map projection
 * Martin Waldseemüller (Germany, c. 1470–c. 1521/1522)
 * Olaus Magnus (Olof Månsson) (Sweden, 1490–1557), published Carta Marina in 1539
 * Gabriel de Valseca (15th century), Majorcan, author of several portolan charts of the Mediterranean
 * Grazioso Benincasa (15th century), from Ancona, author of several portolan charts of the Mediterranean

16th century

 * Giovanni Battista Agnese (c. 1500–1564), Genoese, cartographer, author of numerous nautical atlases
 * Hacı Ahmet, Ottoman Tunisian cartographer, translated 16th c. map into Turkish for the Ottoman Empire.
 * Peter Apian (1495–1552), also known as Peter Bienewitz, German geographer and astronomer, author of the Apianus projection
 * Philipp Apian (1531–1589)
 * Joost Janszoon Bilhamer (Netherlands, 1541–1590)
 * Hernando de los Ríos Coronel (1559–1621?), cosmographer and cartographer, mapped Taiwan (Isla Hermosa), Luzon and part of the Chinese coast.
 * Willem Janszoon Blaeu (Netherlands, 1571–1638), father of Joan Blaeu
 * Giovanni Battista Boazio, mapped Sir Francis Drake's voyage to the West Indies and America
 * Anders Bure (Sweden, 1571 – 1646), founder of Swedish cartography
 * Jacob Roelofs van Deventer (Netherlands, c. 1510/15–1575)
 * Fernão Vaz Dourado (India, c. 1520–c. 1580), Portuguese cartographer of the school initiated by Lopo Homem
 * Oronce Finé (France, 1494–1555)
 * Gemma Frisius (or Reiner Gemma) (Netherlands, 1508–1555)
 * Jan Van Hanswijk (Netherlands, fl. 1594)
 * Martin Helwig (Germany, 1516–1574)
 * Augustin Hirschvogel (Germany, 1503–1553)
 * Lopo Homem (Portugal?–1565), co-author, with the Reinel family, of the well-known Miller Atlas
 * Diogo Homem (Portugal 1521–1576), cartographer, son of Lopo Homem
 * Jodocus Hondius (Netherlands, 1563–1612)
 * Johannes Honterus (Transylvania, 1498–1549)
 * Gerard de Jode (Netherlands, 1509–1591)
 * Urbano Monti (Italy, 1544–1613)
 * Jacques le Moyne (France, c. 1533–1588)
 * Guillaume Le Testu (France, c. 1509–1573)
 * Jacobus Pentius de Leucho (Italy)
 * Gerardus Mercator (Netherlands, 1512–1594)
 * Sebastian Münster (Germany, 1488–1552)
 * Abraham Ortelius (France, 1527–1598), generally recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas
 * Petrus Plancius (Netherlands, 1552–1622)
 * Diego Gutiérrez (Spain, ?) published a map entitled Americae Sive Quartae Orbis Partis Nova Et Exactissima Descriptio with printer Hieronymus Cock. First map with toponym "California" and first appearance of a word for "Appalachia," as the term "Apalchen."
 * Timothy Pont (Scotland, 1565–1614)
 * Pedro Reinel (Portugal ?–c. 1542), author of the oldest signed Portuguese nautical chart
 * Jorge Reinel (Portugal c. 1502–c. 1572), Portuguese cartographer, son of Pedro Reinel
 * Diogo Ribeiro (Portugal, ?–Sevilha, 1533), author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527)
 * Sebastião Lopes (Portugal 16th century), Portuguese cartographer and cosmographer
 * Christopher Saxton (England, born c. 1540)
 * John Speed (England, 1542–1629)
 * Fernando Álvares Seco (Portugal?–?), signed the oldest known map of Portugal, reproduced in various editions of Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
 * Bernardus Sylvanus (Italy)
 * Luís Teixeira (Portugal ?–?), author of an important atlas of Brazil
 * Bartolomeu Velho (Portugal ?–1568), cosmographer and cartographer
 * Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer (Netherlands, 1533/34–1605/06), driver, cartographer
 * Edward Wright (mathematician) (England, 1561–1615), mathematician and cartographer
 * Georg Braun (Germany, 1541–1622), cartographer

17th century

 * Pieter van der Aa (Netherlands, 1659–1733)
 * João Teixeira Albernaz I (Portugal, died c. 1664), prolific cartographer, son of Luís Teixeira
 * João Teixeira Albernaz II (Portugal, died c. 1699), Portuguese cartographer
 * Pedro Teixeira Albernaz (Portugal, c. 1595–1662), Portuguese cartographer author of an important atlas of the Iberian Peninsula and a map of Portugal (1656)
 * Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan (France, c. 1600–1673), French cartographer who created first descriptive map of Ukraine
 * François Berthelot (France), cartographer of the Mediterranean Sea
 * Johannes Blaeu (Netherlands, 1596–1673)
 * Emanuel Bowen (1693/4–1767), engraver and map maker
 * Greenville Collins (British, 1643-1694)
 * Vincenzo Coronelli (Venetian, 1650–1718)
 * Guillaume Delisle (French, 1675–1726)
 * Petter Gedda (Sweden, 1661–1697)
 * Hessel Gerritsz (Netherlands, 1581–1632), cartographer for the VOC
 * Isaak de Graaff (Netherlands, 1668–1743), cartographer for the VOC
 * Johann Homann (Germany, 1664–1724), geographer
 * Henricus Hondius (Netherlands, 1597–1651)
 * Willem Hondius (Netherlands, 1598–1652/58)
 * Johannes Janssonius (Netherlands, 1588–1664)
 * Johannes van Keulen (Netherlands, 1654–1715)
 * Joannes de Laet (Netherlands, 1581–1649)
 * Michael van Langren (Netherlands, 1600–1675)
 * Alain Manesson Mallet (France, 1630–1706)
 * Matthäus Merian Sr. (Switzerland, 1593–1650) and Jr. (Switzerland, 1621–1687)
 * David de Meyne (Netherlands, c. 1569–1620)
 * Herman Moll (Germany?/England, 1654–1732)
 * Robert Morden (England, 1650–1703)
 * Giovan Battista Nicolosi (Italy, 1610–1670)
 * Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop (Netherlands, 1610–1682), cartographer, mathematician and astronomist
 * Jean-Baptiste Nolin (France, c.1657–1708)
 * John Ogilby (Scotland, 1600–1676)
 * Henry Popple (England, 16xx–1743)
 * Nicolas Sanson (France, 1600–1667)
 * Peter Schenk the Elder (Germany, 1660–1718/19)
 * Johannes Vingboons (Netherlands, 1616/17–1670), cartographer and aquarellist
 * Georg Matthäus Vischer (Austria, 1628–1696), cartographer, topographer and engraver
 * Claes Jansz Visscher (Netherlands, 1587–1652)
 * Nicolaes Visscher I (Netherlands, 1618–1679)
 * Frederik de Wit (Netherlands, 1610/16–1698)
 * Nicolaes Witsen (Netherlands, 1641–1717), diplomat, cartographer, writer and mayor of Amsterdam
 * Giovanni Cassini (a.k.a. Cassini I, Italy & France, 1625–1712)
 * Jacques Cassini (a.k.a. Cassini II, France, 1677–1756)

18th century

 * John James Abert (United States, 1788–1863), headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers for 32 years and organized the mapping of the American West
 * Anders Åkerman (Sweden, 1721/23–1778), first globemaker in Sweden
 * John Arrowsmith (England, 1790–1873), member of the Arrowsmith family of geographers
 * Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe (France, 1761–1824), also artist and longtime strategic advisor to Napoleon
 * John Senex (1690–1740), engraver, publisher, surveyor and geographer to Queen Anne
 * John Lodge Cowley, cartographer, mathematician and geographer
 * Agostino Codazzi (Italy, 1793–1858)
 * Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres (1721–1824), created Atlantic Neptune
 * Giambattista (Giovanni Battista) Albrizzi (Venice, 1698–1777), publisher of illustrated books and maps
 * Sieur le Rouge map c. 1740
 * John Gibson (cartographer), map c. 1758
 * Jacques-Nicolas Bellin (1703–1772), chief cartographer to the French navy
 * William Bligh (England, 1754–57 December 1817), Ships Master during the infamous Bounty mutiny and noted free-hand cartographer
 * Rigobert Bonne (France, 1727–1795), Royal Cartographer to France in the office of the Hydrographer at Depot de la Marine
 * Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (France, 1697–1782)
 * Don Tomas Lopez de Vargas Machuca (Spain, 1730–1802)
 * Lourenco Homem da Cunha d’Eca, created Carta militar das principaes estradas de Portugal, 1808
 * Abel Buell (1742–1822), published the first map of the new United States created by an American
 * Catharina Buijs (1714–1781), Dutch cartographer for the Dutch East India Company
 * Dimitrie Cantemir (Moldavia and Russia, 1673–1723)
 * César-François Cassini de Thury (a.k.a. Cassini III, France, 1714–1784)
 * Jean-Dominique Cassini (a.k.a. Cassini IV, France, 1748–1845)
 * Edme Mentelle (France, 1730–1816)
 * Pierre Gilles Chanlair (France, 1758–1817)
 * James Cook (Captain RN) (1728–1779), navigator and naval chart maker
 * Simeon De Witt (1756–1834), successor to Robert Erskine and Surveyor-General of the State of New York
 * Louis Isidore Duperrey (French, 1786–1865)
 * Johann Friedrich Endersch (Germany, fl. 1755)
 * Colonel Robert Erskine (1735–1780), geographer and Surveyor-General of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
 * Joseph de Ferraris (1726–1814), Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands
 * Matthew Flinders (British, 1774–1814), Royal Navy officer; circumnavigated Australia and made exploration of the Australian coastline
 * Joseph Marx Baron von Liechtenstern (Austria, 1765–1828)
 * Louis Feuillée (France, 1660–1732)
 * Björn Gunnlaugsson (Iceland, 1788–1876)
 * Fielding Lucas, Jr. (c. 1781–1854), of the Lucas Brothers, Baltimore, US
 * J. Flyn "New and Correct Plan of London", 1770
 * Samuel Gustaf Hermelin (Sweden, 1744–1820)
 * Thomas Jefferys (England, c. 1710–1771), geographer of King George III of the United Kingdom
 * William Faden (England, 1749–1836), successor to Thomas Jefferys
 * Pierre Jacotin (France, 1765–1829)
 * Murdoch McKenzie (Scotland, died 1797)
 * John Mitchell (1711–1768), colonial British American mapmaker
 * Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (England, 1792–1855)
 * Robert Moresby (England, 1794–1863)
 * Thomas Moule (England, 1784–1851)
 * Carlton Osgood (United States, †1816)
 * Adriaan Reland (Netherlands, 1676–1718), linguist and cartographer
 * Thomas Richardson (Scotland)
 * Dider Robert de Vaugondy (France, 1688–1766)
 * John Rocque (England, 1709–1762)
 * David Watson, surveyed Scotland post 1747 to produce The Duke of Cumberland's Map
 * William Roy (England, 1726–1790)
 * William Mudge (England, 1762–1820)
 * Thomas Frederick Colby (England, 1784–1852)
 * Matthäus Seutter (Germany, 1678–1757)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau (1743–1806)
 * Matthias Seutter (Germany, 1678–1757)
 * Jacob Swart (Netherlands, 1796–1866)
 * Inō Tadataka (Japan, 1745–1818), Surveyor and cartographer who completed the first surveyed map of Japan
 * David Thompson (British–Canadian, 1770–1857)
 * Daniel-Charles Trudaine (France, 1703–1769)
 * Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (1676–1747)
 * Thomas Kitchin (1718–1784), London-based cartographer and engraver of maps of England, greater Europe, and parts of the British Empire.; at one time held the titles "Senior Hydrographer to His Majesty" and "Senior Engraver to His Royal Highness the Duke of York"
 * Friedrich Christoph Müller (Germany, 1751–1808)
 * Philippe Vandermaelen (Belgium, 1795–1869)
 * Alexander Wilbrecht (Russia, 1757–1823), geographer of the Geographic Department of the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty
 * Emma Willard (United States, 1787–1870), women's rights activist and education reformer
 * James Wilson (United States, 1763–1835), first maker of globes in the United States
 * George Washington (United States of America, 1732–1799), first president of the United States; cartographer
 * Henri Michelot (France, born c. 1664), Marseilles, France, hydrographer and pilot of the Royal Galley

19th century

 * Robert Aitken of Beith. born c. 1786
 * Carlo de Candia (1803–1862), Italian cartographer, created the large maritime map of Sardinia in 1: 250,000 scale, travel version.
 * John Bartholomew the elder(26 April 1805 – 8 April 1861), Scottish cartographer and engraver.
 * Henry Peter Bosse (Germany/United States, 1844–1903), also photographer and civil engineer
 * Abraham Bradley Jr. (1767–1838), created first postal road maps of the United States
 * George Bradshaw (England, 1801–1853)
 * Eugenia Wheeler Goff (United States, 1844–1922), combined history, resources, and geography
 * Leslie George Bullock (1895–1971)
 * Bernard J. S. Cahill (1867–1944), inventor of octahedral "Butterfly Map" of the world
 * George Comer (1858–1937)
 * John Paul Goode (1862–1932), created the "Evil Mercator" and Goode’s World Atlas
 * Hermann Haack (Germany, 1872–1966)
 * Eduard Imhof (1895–1986), oversaw the Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas, the atlas used in Swiss
 * James Ireland Craig (1868–1952), inventor of the Craig retroazimuthal projection, otherwise known as the Mecca projection
 * J. H. Colton (United States, 1800–1893)
 * Carl Diercke (1842–1913)
 * Max Eckert-Greifendorff (Germany, 1868–1938)
 * Percy Fawcett (1867–1925), British explorer of South America
 * Matthew Fontaine Maury (United States, 1806–1873), U.S. Navy officer; also oceanographer, meteorologist, cartographer, author, geologist, and educator
 * Matsuura Takeshirō (Japan, 1818–1888), explorer, cartographer, writer, painter, priest, and antiquarian.
 * Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler (1842–1922), American producer of pictorial maps
 * Charles F. Hoffmann (Germany/United States, 1838–1913)
 * James Gardner
 * Charles E. Goad (1848 – 1910), English Canadian cartographer and pioneer of insurance maps
 * William Hughes (geographer) FRGS (1818 – 21 May 1876), English geographer, mapmaker, cartographer and author.
 * Gwynneth de Candia Vaughan (England 1879 - ?), British cartographer, mapmaker in the Australian territories.
 * Felix Jones (England, 1813–1878)
 * Florence Kelley (United States, 1859–1932), political reformer, director of the Chicago portion of the Hull House Maps and Papers
 * Peter Kozler (Slovenia, 1824–1879), lawyer, geographer, politician, manufacturer
 * Lilian Lancaster (1852–1939), British creator of anthropomorphic maps
 * Rudolf Leuzinger (Switzerland, 1826–1896), known for mountain landscapes and geologic forms and the first to produce terrain maps in color lithography.
 * Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun (France, 1816–1889)
 * Heinrich Theodor Menke (Germany, 1819–1892)
 * August Heinrich Petermann (18 April 1822 – 25 September 1878), German cartographer
 * George Philip (1800–1882), cartographer, map publisher and founder of the publishing house George Philip & Son Ltd.
 * Erwin Raisz (1893–1968)
 * Daniel Alfred Sanborn (United States, 1827–1883), founder of the prolific insurance map provider Sanborn Map Company
 * William Schmollinger (fl. 1830s)
 * William R. Shepherd (1871–1934)
 * Yuly Shokalsky (Russia, 1856–1940), also oceanographer and geographer
 * Karl Spruner von Merz (Germany, 1803–1892)
 * John Tallis and Company (England, 1838–1851)
 * Nicolas Auguste Tissot (France, 1824–1897), devised Tissot's indicatrix
 * Shanawdithit (Canada, c. 1801–1829), created maps depicting the movement Beothuk people in Newfoundland
 * Edward A. Vincent (England/United States, c. 1825–27 November 1856), cartographer, civil engineer, architect
 * Nain Singh Rawat (India, 1830–1882), Cartographer and explorer
 * Cope, Emmor B: Gettysburg Battlefield cartographer and first Gettysburg National Military Park superintendent
 * Alexandre Vuillemin (France, 1812–1880)
 * Ruth Taylor White (United States 1899 – ?), creator of pictorial maps of the United States
 * John Francon Williams FRGS (1854–4 September 1911), editor, journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor.
 * Fanny Bullock Workman (United States, 1859–1925), geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer
 * James Wyld (England, 1812–1887)
 * Hatsusaburō Yoshida (Japan, 1884–1955)

20th century

 * Regina Araújo de Almeida (Brazil, 1949– ), professor of geography at the University of São Paulo, tactile cartographer
 * Jacques Bertin (France, 1918–2010)
 * Josef Breu (Austria, 1914–1998)
 * Cynthia Brewer (United States, 1957– ), developed ColorBrewer, professor at Penn State University
 * Roger Brunet (1931– )
 * Emanuela Casti (1950– ), formalized a semiotic theory of geographic maps
 * Danny Dorling (1968– ), developed circular cartograms
 * Marion A. Frieswyk (United States, 1922–2021), first female intelligence cartographer in the Central Intelligence Agency
 * Ruth Rhoads Lepper Gardner (United States, 1905–2011), cartographer of the Maine coast
 * Emily Garfield, (1987– ), cartographic artist
 * Günther Hake (1922–2000)
 * Richard Edes Harrison (1901–1994)
 * Tom Harrisson (1911–1976)
 * George F. Jenks (1916–1996)
 * Elrey Borge Jeppesen (1907–1996)
 * Ingrid Kretschmer (1939–2011)
 * Toy Lasker (United States, 1919–2011), creator and editor of Flashmaps guidebooks
 * Edgar Lehmann (1905–1990)
 * Samuel Herbert Maw (1881-1952), architect, delineator and cartographer of Canada
 * Kate McLean (United Kingdom) Best known for creating olfactory maps of cities
 * Jess Miller (United States, 1988– ), artist, photographer, and cartographer of rural Arkansas
 * Mark Monmonier (United States, 1943– ), wrote How to Lie with Maps and created the Monmonier Algorithm. Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Syracuse University
 * Mark Newman (1968– ), developed area contiguous cartograms using a diffusion-based method
 * Rudi Ogrissek (1926–1999)
 * Rafael Palacios (1905–1993), prolific map-drawer for major US publishers
 * Phyllis Pearsall (England, 1906–1996), creator of the Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas
 * Jacques Pervititch (Turkey, 1877–1945), creator of series of insurance maps of Istanbul
 * Barbara Petchenik (1939–1992), first woman to serve as Vice President of the International Cartographic Association
 * Edward Ayearst Reeves (1862–1945), British geographer, astronomer, and cartographer
 * Arthur H. Robinson (1915–2004), wrote the influential textbook Elements of Cartography and developed the Robinson projection
 * Abbas Sahab (1921–2000), Iranian cartographer, produced the first atlas of the Persian Gulf
 * Paula Scher (United States, 1948– ), graphic designer, painter
 * Joni Seagar (United States 1954– ), professor of geography at the University of Vermont
 * Nikolas Schiller (1980– ), Arabesque maps composed of kaleidoscopic aerial photographs
 * John C. Sherman (1916–1996)
 * Jessamine Shumate (1902–1990)
 * Kira B. Shingareva (Russia, 1938–2013), first person to successfully map the dark side of the moon
 * John P. Snyder (1926–1997), developed the space oblique Mercator projection
 * Dr. E. Lee Spence (1947– ), pioneer underwater archaeologist, decorative, historical maps showing shipwreck locations
 * Marie Tharp (1920–2006), oceanographic cartographer, co-created the first scientific map of the ocean floor with Bruce Heezen
 * Norman J. W. Thrower (1919–2002), professor at UCLA and author who was known for work in geography, surveying practices, and history
 * Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018), developed the first law of geography
 * Judith Tyner (United States, born 1939), professor emerita of geography at California State University, Long Beach
 * Ludwig von der Vecht (Deutschland, 1854–1919), cartographer of German colonies
 * Bradford Washburn (1910–2007)
 * Denis Wood (United States, 1945– ), artist, author, and former professor of design at North Carolina State University
 * David Woodward (1942–2004)

title: List of cartographers


text:
User:Chuck Smith/Pedagogical evidence for Esperanto

I'm putting this here so I can later go through it and put some of the information into the Esperanto wikipedia article. This is also here to answer the following question from talk:Esperanto:

 * Could somebody please give a reference for the study mentioned in the entry that it pays off (or at least is no hinderance) to learn Esperanto as the first language. -- HJH

Chuck -

There's quite a bit of evidence, but it's very difficult to set up scientifically controlled experiments with people as subjects. The case is often overstated.

There is a booklet available in which the various experiments are reviewed - I haven't just got a copy to hand, and I can't just rememember the title :-). Ah - I've just found a reference to it:

-- Intertempe, jam estis klare el euxropaj eksperimentoj ke Esperanto helpas al la lernado de euxropaj lingvoj ( ref: Edward Symoens 'Al nova internacia lingvopolitiko: la propedeuxtika valoro de Esperanto' Esperanto Dokumento No. 28-29E (1992). La tiutempa situacio en Sxtato Viktorio prezentis idealan sxancon por fari similan projekton kun la akronimo EKPAROLI. -

That's in http://www.education.monash.edu.au/projects/esperanto/97ekjb2.htm.

I did a review a few years ago on funding for such research projects. That's in my articles section at http://www.mintex.demon.co.uk/art.

I think that one of the best controlled and documented experiments was the Eccles experiment way back before my time. There's a paper on it - I'm sure it's referred to by Symoens. Many experiments are flawed, sometimes because the option of language is voluntary, and so one cannot ensure a random selection.

He did write the experiment up somewhere, but I don't think it was scientifically controlled. I must have the documentation for it somewhere. The results are entirely in line with the Eccles experiment though.

I've mentioned this one in the course because it's a matter of personal experience, rather than a scientific discourse. I later got to know him personally (he died shortly after helping me to trace the picture of Nikolaj Rytkjkov at his school).

Bear in mind that any language will help in learning another - it gets easier as you learn more languages. So a knowledge of Dutch will speed up learning of German, but no-one in their right mind would teach Dutch specifically to teach German, because learning German is quicker than learning Dutch and then learning German. The point about Esperanto is that you can learn Esperanto in a fraction of the time, and so the total time can (probably) be reduced.

I personally think that much depends on how the second language is taught. If it's related to the Esperanto that the students have already learned, then it's likely that that will be speeded up much more that if you just throw them into an unrelated class. On the other hand, if the language class is of the standard that you see in many British schools, where the grammar is not explained properly, it's likely that the Esperanto speakers will latch on to it much quicker. On the other other hand, they may get bored and frustrated because they are ready to progress at a different level. I've seen these phenomenae with my own children.

Also, there seems to be nothing about how the degree to which one learns Esperanto will affect the learning of another language. I doubt whether an advanced course for people with a conversational knowledge of Esperanto would help them very much in learning a further language. But if the course were designed to gain fluency in the basics, and to understand the principles of how grammar works, then stop, then I suspect that the cost-benefit would be greater than for a normal Esperanto course.

So it's really a highly complex issue, and one is not really free to study children in laboratory conditions.

I hope this helps. Please feel free to use it (perhaps on the Wiki) as you feel fit.

Regards, Ian Fantom.

 * See also : Chuck SMITH

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cirth

The Cirth (, meaning "runes"; sg. certh ) is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. Cirth is written with a capital letter when referring to the writing system; the letters themselves can be called cirth.

In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original Certhas was created by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) for their language, Sindarin. Its extension and elaboration was known as the Angerthas Daeron, as it was attributed to the Sinda Daeron, despite the fact that it was most probably arranged by the Noldor in order to represent the sounds of other languages like Quenya and Telerin.

Although it was later largely replaced by the Tengwar, the Cirth was nonetheless adopted by the Dwarves to write down both their Khuzdul language (Angerthas Moria) and the languages of Men (Angerthas Erebor). The Cirth was also adapted, in its oldest and simplest form, by various races including Men and even Orcs.

Concept and creation

Many letters have shapes also found in the historical runic alphabets, but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke).

The division between the older Cirth of Daeron and their adaptation by Dwarves and Men has been interpreted as a parallel drawn by Tolkien to the development of the Fuþorc to the Younger Fuþark. The original Elvish Cirth "as supposed products of a superior culture" are focused on logical arrangement and a close connection between form and value whereas the adaptations by mortal races introduced irregularities. Similar to the Germanic tribes who had no written literature and used only simple runes before their conversion to Christianity, the Sindarin Elves of Beleriand with their Cirth were introduced to the more elaborate Tengwar of Fëanor when the Noldorin Elves returned to Middle-earth from the lands of the divine Valar.

Certhas
In the Appendix E to The Return of the King, Tolkien writes that the Sindar of Beleriand first developed an alphabet for their language some time between the invention of the Tengwar by Fëanor (YT 1250) and the introduction thereof to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor at the beginning of the First Age.

This alphabet was devised to represent only the sounds of their Sindarin language and its letters were mostly used for inscribing names or brief memorials on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular shapes and straight lines. In Sindarin these letters were named cirth (sing. certh), from the Elvish root *kir- meaning "to cleave, to cut". An abecedarium of cirth, consisting of the runes listed in due order, was commonly known as Certhas (, meaning "rune-rows" in Sindarin and loosely translated as "runic alphabet" ).

The oldest cirth were the following:

The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more featural. The cirth and  were used for $⟨h⟩$ and $⟨s⟩$, but varied as to which was which. Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter. (For example, the variants or  specifically mentioned for h or s, also  or  for t, etc).

Angerthas Daeron
In Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Certhas was rearranged and further developed, partly under the influence of the Tengwar introduced by the Noldor. This reorganisation of the Cirth was commonly attributed to the Elf Daeron, minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Thus, the new system became known as the Angerthas Daeron (where "angerthas" is from Sindarin "an(d)"  + "certhas", meaning "long rune-rows" ).

In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each certh is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for voiceless stops, while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:
 * 1) adding a stroke to a branch adds voice (e.g., Certh 1.svg  → Certh 2.svg );
 * 2) moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a spirant (e.g., Certh 8.svg  → Certh 10.svg );
 * 3) placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds voice and nasality (e.g., Certh 18.svg  → Certh 22.svg ).

The cirth constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a place of articulation:
 * labial consonants, based on Certh 1.svg;
 * dental consonants, based on Certh 8.svg;
 * front consonants, based on Certh 13.svg;
 * velar consonants, based on Certh 18.svg;
 * labialized velar consonants, based on Certh 23.svg.

Other letters introduced in this system include: and Certh 44.svg for $⟨a⟩$ and $⟨w⟩$, respectively; runes for long vowels, evidently originated by doubling and binding the certh of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., Certh 50.svgCerth 50.svg $⟨oo⟩$ → Certh 51.svg $⟨ō⟩$); two front vowels, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding back vowel with the $⟨i⟩$-certh (i.e., Certh 39.svgCerth 42.svg → Certh 45a.svg $⟨ü⟩$, and Certh 39.svgCerth 50.svg → Certh 52.svg $⟨ö⟩$); some homorganic nasal + stop clusters (e.g., Certh 38.svg ).

Back to the fictional history, since the new Certh 13.svg-series and Certh 23.svg-series encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in Quenya, they were most probably introduced by the Exiled Noldor who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.

By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as Certar, while a single certh was called certa.

After the Tengwar became the sole script used for writing, the Angerthas Daeron was essentially relegated to carved inscriptions. The Elves of the West, for the most part, abandoned the Cirth altogether, with the exception of the Noldor dwelling in the country of Eregion, who maintained it in use and made it known as Angerthas Eregion.

In this article, the runes of the Angerthas come with the same peculiar transliteration used by Tolkien in the Appendix E, which differs from the (Latin) spelling of both Quenya and Sindarin. The IPA transcription that follows is applicable to both languages, except where indicated otherwise.

Notes: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Angerthas Moria
According to Tolkien's legendarium, the Dwarves first came to know the runes of the Noldor at the beginning of the Second Age. The Dwarves "introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth". They modified the previous system to suit the specific needs of their language, Khuzdul. The Dwarves spread their revised alphabet to Moria, where it came to be known as Angerthas Moria, and developed both carved and pen-written forms of these runes.

Many cirth here represent sounds not occurring in Khuzdul (at least in published words of Khuzdul: of course, our corpus is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds). Here they are marked with a black star (★).

Notes: In Angerthas Moria the cirth  and   were dropped. Thus and  were adopted for  and, although they were used for  and  in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh for, which had the sound  in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh (which was previously used for the sound, useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound. A totally new introduction was the certh, used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of. Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh was given the sound  to relate better with  that, in this script, had the sound.

Angerthas Erebor
At the beginning of the Third Age the Dwarves were driven out of Moria, and some migrated to Erebor. As the Dwarves of Erebor would trade with the Men of the nearby towns of Dale and Lake-town, they needed a script to write in Westron (the lingua franca of Middle-earth, usually rendered in English by Tolkien in his works). The Angerthas Moria was adapted accordingly: some new cirth were added, while some were restored to their Elvish usage, thus creating the Angerthas Erebor.

While the Angerthas Moria was still used to write down Khuzdul, this new script was primarily used for Mannish languages. It is also the script used in the first and third page of the Book of Mazarbul.

Angerthas Erebor also features combining diacritics:
 * a circumflex Certh Circumflex.png used to denote long consonants;
 * a macron below Certh Macron below.png to indicate a long vowel sound;
 * an underdot Certh Underdot.png to mark cirth used as numerals. As a matter of fact, in the Book of Mazarbul some cirth are used as numerals: Certh 39.svg for 1, Certh 50.svg for 2, Certh 52.svg for 3, Gondolin rune b.svg for 4, Certh 22.svg for 5.

The Angerthas Erebor is used twice in The Lord of the Rings to write in English:
 * 1) in the upper inscription of the title page, where it reads "[dh]ə·lord·ov·[dh]ə·riŋs·translatᵊd·from·[dh]ə·red·b[oo]k' ..." (the sentence follows in the bottom inscription, written in Tengwar: "... of Westmarch by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Herein is set forth/ the history of the War of the Ring and the Return of the King as seen by the Hobbits.");
 * 2) in the bottom inscription of Balin's tomb—being the translation of the upper inscription, which is written in Khuzdul using Angerthas Moria.

The Book of Mazarbul shows some additional cirth used in Angerthas Erebor: one for a double $⟨q⟩$ ligature, one for the definite article, and six for the representation of the same number of English diphthongs:

Notes:

Other runic scripts by Tolkien
The Cirth is not the only runic writing system used by Tolkien in his legendarium. In fact, he devised a great number of runic alphabets, of which only a few others have been published. Some of these are included in the "Appendix on Runes" of The Treason of Isengard (The History of Middle-earth, vol. VII), edited by Christopher Tolkien.

Runes from The Hobbit
According to Tolkien himself, those found in The Hobbit are a form of "English runes" used in lieu of the Dwarvish runes proper. They can be interpreted as an attempt made by Tolkien to adapt the Fuþorc (i.e., the Old English runic alphabet) to the Modern English language.

These runes are basically the same found in Fuþorc, but their sound may change according to their position, just like the letters of the Latin script: the writing mode used by Tolkien is, in this case, mainly orthographic. This means that the system has one rune for each Latin letter, regardless of pronunciation. For example, the rune $⟨kw⟩$ can sound  in $⟨gw⟩$,  in $⟨ngw⟩$,  in $⟨mh⟩$, and even  in the digraph Certh 13.svgCerth 47.svg $⟨mh⟩$.

A few sounds are instead written with the same rune, without considering the English spelling. For example, the sound is always written with the rune  whether in English it is spelt $⟨mh⟩$ as in $⟨m⟩$, $⟨m⟩$ as in $⟨mh⟩$, or $⟨ty⟩$ as in $⟨ty⟩$. The only two letters that are subject to this phonemic spelling are $⟨dy⟩$ and $⟨dy⟩$.

Finally, some runes stand for particular English digraphs and diphthongs.

Here the runes used in The Hobbit are displayed along with their Fuþorc counterpart and corresponding English grapheme:

Notes:

1.

2.

3. Tolkien commonly writes the English digraph $⟨hy⟩$ (pronounced in some varieties of English) as Certh 47.svgCerth 1.svg $⟨hy⟩$.

4. There is no rune to transliterate $⟨ndy⟩$: the digraph $⟨ny⟩$ (representing the sound, like in $⟨dy⟩$) is always written as Certh 13.svgCerth 1.svg $⟨ndy⟩$, reflecting the Anglo-Saxon spelling $⟨ny⟩$.

Gondolinic runes
Not all the runes mentioned in The Hobbit are Dwarf-runes. The swords found in the Trolls' cave bore runes that Gandalf could not read. In fact, the swords Glamdring and Orcrist (which were forged in the ancient kingdom of Gondolin) bore a type of letters known as Gondolinic runes. They seem to have become obsolete and been forgotten by the Third Age, and this is supported by the fact that only Elrond could still read the inscriptions on the swords.

Tolkien devised this runic alphabet in a very early stage of his shaping of Middle-earth. Nevertheless, they are known to us from a slip of paper that Tolkien wrote; his son Christopher sent a photocopy of it to Paul Nolan Hyde in February 1992. Hyde published it, with an extensive analysis, in the 1992 Summer issue of Mythlore, no. 69.

The system provides sounds not found in any of the known Elvish languages of the First Age, but perhaps it was designed for a variety of languages. However, the consonants seem to be, more or less, the same found in Welsh phonology, a theory supported by the fact that Tolkien was heavily influenced by Welsh when creating Elvish languages.

Unicode
Equivalents for some (but not all) cirth can be found in the Runic block of Unicode.

Tolkien's mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes received explicit recognition with the introduction of his three additional runes to the Runic block with the release of Unicode 7.0, in June 2014. The three characters represent the English $⟨ny⟩$, $⟨ty⟩$ and $⟨ny⟩$ graphemes, as follows:

A formal Unicode proposal to encode Cirth as a separate script was made in September 1997 by Michael Everson. No action was taken by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) but Cirth appears in the Roadmap to the SMP.

ConScript Unicode Registry
Unicode Private Use Area layouts for Cirth are defined at the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR) and the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry (UCSUR).

Two different layouts are defined by the CSUR/UCSUR:
 * 1997-11-03 proposal implemented by fonts like GNU Unifont and Code2000.
 * 2000-04-22 discussion paper implemented by fonts like Constructium and Fairfax.

Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols below instead of Cirth.

title: Cirth


text:
Talk:Kelly Johnson (engineer)

Anecdote
The anecdote about the origin of the Skunk Works' name -- did the nameless engineer answer the phone "skonk works" (as the article says) or "skunk works"? Normally I'd figure this for a typo, but knowing Al Capp's passion for dialect in Lil Abner, I wanted to check that the original may not have spelled it with an "O". -- Paul Drye
 * It is Skonk Works. Source: Rich, Ben R. Skunk Works p.111.

It would be nice to get the list of aircraft that Johnson designed into chronological order. -- Rcingham

Design contributions
I'm dubious about the aircraft included on the list. This seems like a laundry list of famous Lockheed aircraft. I know for certain that Mr. Johnson was not involved in the original design of the C-130 Hercules, because he did not approve of the design by Willis Hawkins' team. I suggest paring down the list to only the more famous aircraft or those in which he had a clear leading role. Skunk Works aircraft are in. Every single other Lockheed aircraft built during his career need not be included. Any thoughts? Logawi 04:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Rule 15
Management Rule 15 doesn't show up in the referenced source. Does anyone have a reference for this? Otherwise it should be removed

>> (Unspoken rule) Never, ever, make a contract with the Navy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.162.230 (talk) 06:27, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

>>> The text says: According to the book "Skunk Works" the 15th rule is: (...) So the reference basically is already there (the exact page still should be added) --2A00:EA8:99A:120:C8F9:B2F7:70F6:7208 (talk) 17:33, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Wages
It seems unlikely to me that his actual wages were $83 a month, considering that the average retail worker in 1930 was making $109/month. I know the great depression was in full swing, but it still seems quite low.

 * The $83/month figure comes straight out of his auto-biography, so I doubt it's false. Also, Lockheed was in serious trouble at the time, and at one point had to fire all personnel, except for the engineers (Kelly included) until they could fix a landing gear flaw in the Electra.  However, he does stay he used to make much more money working with the University of Michigan's wind-tunnel, and he states that it was 10 years before he ever made as much money as he made at the university at the time.  So, in my guess, it is probably true. mjuarez 05:23, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Design Contributions - II
Kelly Johnson made design contributions to many of the Lockheed airplanes produced during his career timespan of 1933 through 1980, but he is mainly remembered and associated with the following:

Elywill 21:09, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hudson maritime patrol bomber of WW II (developed from Model 14 Super Electra airliner)
 * P-38 Lightning twin-engine, twin-boom fighter (almost 10,000 delivered in WW II)
 * P-80 (later F-80) Shooting Star, the United States' first operational jet fighter (world speed record of 623.7 mph set in 1947)
 * F-104 Starfighter, Mach 2 capability, (world closed-course speed record of 1,404.2 mph in 1958)
 * U-2 ultrahigh altitude, long-range,subsonic reconnaissance
 * YF-12/SR-71 Blackbird family, Mach 3, stealthy, ultrahigh altitude,long range reconnaissance (current holder of world speed and altitude records of 2,193 mph and 85,069 ft., set in 1976)

KISS
An amusing page, it lacks 1) Kelly's use of the KISS, Keep It Simple Stupid, as a design principles, and 2) Kelly's real distain for other parts of the Lockheed bureaucracy. The latter is almost too kind on this page. 143.232.210.38 (talk) 21:47, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * KISS inserted (thanks!) It's unlikely you'll see this ~7-year-late response, but might anyone be able to expand upon what sorts of issues specifically he had with the "Lockheed bureaucracy"?  Sounds interesting.  AdventurousSquirrel (talk) 09:10, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

Requested move
move to Kelly Johnson (engineer). --rgpk (comment) 21:56, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Clarence Leonard Johnson → Clarence "Kelly" Johnson — The article name should include his most common moniker, "Kelly". Kelly Johnson requires disambiguation with other biographies, and Kelly Johnson (engineer) is not quite right because Kelly was a nickname. Binksternet (talk) 15:29, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter if it was just a nickname; if it was the name by which he was most commonly known, it should be the article's title. Quoted nicknames in titles are awkward and make linking difficult.  Powers T 15:50, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It should include Kelly one way or another. I think "Kelly Johnson (engineer)" is better than "Clarence "Kelly" Johnson", since it avoid the quotes. -fnlayson (talk) 16:49, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I find myself split on this one... I generally dislike pagenames with full names unless that was the name commonly used (Jonathon "Two 'L'" O'Neill, frex ;p). I'm also often opposed to pages using nicknames as pagenames, on the belief the page should be named for the person's actual name, with the nickname prominent in the lead. That leaves me with the suggestion the page be moved to Clarence L. Johnson, which I imagine pleases nobody. :/  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  15:06, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It looks like a couple of !votes for Kelly Johnson (engineer), a surprise to me, though I can see the validity of the argument, that 'Kelly' must be in the article name. Binksternet (talk) 06:35, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see nothing wrong with that title, if that's how he was known (in fairly but not excessively formal contexts) in engineering circles.--Kotniski (talk) 10:53, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Have Blue
Why does the first sentence say Johnson was renowned for directing Have Blue? As far as I can tell, Have Blue was run by Ben Rich, and Johnson had an almost-peripheral role in it. Johnson had already retired as Skunk Works director when Have Blue got started, and was of course already extremely famous for many illustrious achievements that had nothing to do with Have Blue. I'm going to rewrite the sentence if I can figure out what to put there instead; suggestions are welcome. 64.160.39.217 (talk) 05:22, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed it to list a few planes mentioned on the back cover blurb of his autobiography "Kelly". 64.160.39.217 (talk) 05:36, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I took Have Blue out of the infobox and added a couple of significant works. Binksternet (talk) 05:38, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. 64.160.39.217 (talk) 02:24, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Systems engineer
The description in the lede of Johnson as a "systems engineer" rather than aeronautical engineer seems odd to me. I wonder if anyone else has any thoughts. 64.160.39.217 (talk) 02:23, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Kelly with the green neck-tie
I went looking for this song and it seems to be "Has Anybody Here Seen Kelly?", which may include the line "Kelly with the green neck tie" in some recordings. Rob Russell (talk) 02:31, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

Broken links
I'm moving this "comment" to the talk page. Viriditas (talk) 09:04, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

The following links are all broken:

 * Lockheed Martin Corporation, How the Skunk Works got its name.
 * Lockheed Martin Corporation, P-38 Lightning.
 * Lockheed Martin Corporation, Kelly's 14 Rules.
 * Lockheed Martin Corporation, The Skunk Works Today.
 * Lockheed Martin Corporation, Collier Trophy.

 * I found some of these updated and/or combined on Lockheed's website. I put a few of them into the article as inline refs. Binksternet (talk) 16:04, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The Popular Mechanics article is showing up as 404. Viriditas (talk) 19:55, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I fixed it. I added the original published version with the archiveurl. Viriditas (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Significant design: Why the U2?
So for some reason the U2 is listed as the only significant design that Johnson produced. The U2 is most widely known for being shot down, and set no absolute records or many records at all. His other designs broke hundreds of records. The SR-71 is possibly the most popular aircraft in history.

If any aircraft would be considered his most significant design, the U2 would be the last one. Almost every other design set a significant record for its day, while the U2 did nothing that other aircraft werent already doing.

DbivansMCMLXXXVI (talk) 05:32, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

 * All I can say is, "Too many cooks spoil the Wiki." Given it's already listed under Projects, I've removed it. I've also removed the error that Johnson was employed by Lockheed Martin, as he died 5 years before the merger. Sigh. - BilCat (talk) 10:12, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kelly Johnson (engineer)