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Armadillo

Armadillos are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata. They form part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. 21 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armor. All species are native to the Americas, where they inhabit a variety of different environments. Living armadillos are characterized by a leathery armor shell and long, sharp claws for digging. They have short legs, but can move quite quickly. The average length of an armadillo is about 75 cm, including its tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 150 cm and weighs up to 54 kg, while the pink fairy armadillo has a length of only 13 –. When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball; they are the only species of armadillo capable of this.

Recent genetic research has shown that the megafaunal glyptodonts (up to 1.5 m tall with maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes), which became extinct around 12,000 years ago are true armadillos more closely related to all other living armadillos than to Dasypus (the long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos). Armadillos are currently classified into two families, Dasypodidae, with Dasypus as the only living genus, and Chlamyphoridae, which contains all other living armadillos as well as the glyptodonts.

Etymology
The word armadillo means "little armored one" in Spanish; it is derived from "armadura" (armor), with the diminutive suffix "-illo" attached. While the phrase "little armored one" would translate to "armadito" normally, the suffix "-illo" can be used in place of "-ito" when the diminutive is used in an approximative tense. The Aztecs called them āyōtōchtli, Nahuatl for "turtle-rabbit": āyōtl (turtle) and tōchtli  (rabbit). The Portuguese word for "armadillo" is tatu which is derived from the Tupi language ta' "bark, armor" and tu "dense"; and used in Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay and Uruguay; similar names are also found in other, especially European, languages.

Other various vernacular names given are:

 * quirquincho (from kirkinchu ) in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Peru;
 * cuzuco (from Nahuatl) in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua;
 * mulita in Argentina and Uruguay;
 * peludo in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay;
 * piche in Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia and Paraguay;
 * cachicamo in Colombia and Venezuela
 * gurre in Tolima, Caldas and Antioquia, Colombia;
 * jerre-jerre in Caribbean Colombia;
 * jueche in southeast Mexico;
 * toche in the state of Veracruz, Mexico;
 * carachupa in Perú.

Classification
Family Dasypodidae
 * Subfamily Dasypodinae
 * Genus Dasypus TatusorGuineanBeast.jpg
 * Nine-banded armadillo or long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus
 * Seven-banded armadillo, Dasypus septemcinctus
 * Southern long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus hybridus
 * Llanos long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus sabanicola
 * Greater long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus kappleri
 * Hairy long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus pilosus
 * Yepes's mulita, Dasypus yepesi
 * †Beautiful armadillo, Dasypus bellus
 * †Dasypus neogaeus
 * Genus †Stegotherium

Family Chlamyphoridae
 * Subfamily Chlamyphorinae
 * Genus Calyptophractus
 * Greater fairy armadillo, Calyptophractus retusus
 * Genus Chlamyphorus
 * Pink fairy armadillo, Chlamyphorus truncatus
 * Subfamily Euphractinae
 * Genus Chaetophractus Chaetophractus vellerosus3.jpg]]
 * Screaming hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus
 * Big hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus
 * Andean hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus nationi
 * Genus †Macroeuphractus
 * Genus †Paleuphractus
 * Genus †Proeuphractus
 * Genus †Doellotatus
 * Genus †Peltephilus
 * †Horned armadillo, Peltephilus ferox
 * Genus Euphractus
 * Six-banded armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus
 * Genus Zaedyus
 * Pichi, Zaedyus pichiy
 * Subfamily Tolypeutinae
 * Genus †Kuntinaru
 * Genus Cabassous SouthernThreeBandedArmadillo065b.jpg]]
 * Northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis
 * Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous chacoensis
 * Southern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus
 * Greater naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous tatouay
 * Genus Priodontes
 * Giant armadillo, Priodontes maximus
 * Genus Tolypeutes
 * Southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus
 * Brazilian three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes tricinctus

† indicates extinct taxon

Phylogeny
Below is a recent simplified phylogeny of the xenarthran families, which includes armadillos. The dagger symbol, "†", denotes extinct groups.

Evolution
Recent genetic research suggests that an extinct group of giant armored mammals, the glyptodonts, should be included within the lineage of armadillos, having diverged some 35 million years ago, more recently than previously assumed.

Distribution
Like all of the Xenarthra lineages, armadillos originated in South America. Due to the continent's former isolation, they were confined there for most of the Cenozoic. The recent formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed a few members of the family to migrate northward into southern North America by the early Pleistocene, as part of the Great American Interchange. (Some of their much larger cingulate relatives, the pampatheres and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, made the same journey.)

Today, all extant armadillo species are still present in South America. They are particularly diverse in Paraguay (where 11 species exist) and surrounding areas. Many species are endangered. Some, including four species of Dasypus, are widely distributed over the Americas, whereas others, such as Yepes's mulita, are restricted to small ranges. Two species, the northern naked-tailed armadillo and nine-banded armadillo, are found in Central America; the latter has also reached the United States, primarily in the south-central states (notably Texas), but with a range that extends as far east as North Carolina and Florida, and as far north as southern Nebraska and southern Indiana. Their range has consistently expanded in North America over the last century due to a lack of natural predators. Armadillos are increasingly documented in southern Illinois and are tracking northwards due to climate change.

Size
The smallest species of armadillo, the pink fairy armadillo, weighs around 85 g and is 13 - 15 cm in total length. The largest species, the giant armadillo, can weigh up to 54 kg, and can be 150 cm long.

Diet and predation
The diets of different armadillo species vary, but consist mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates. Some species, however, feed almost entirely on ants and termites.

They are prolific diggers. Many species use their sharp claws to dig for food, such as grubs, and to dig dens. The nine-banded armadillo prefers to build burrows in moist soil near the creeks, streams, and arroyos around which it lives and feeds. Armadillos have very poor eyesight, and use their keen sense of smell to hunt for food. They use their claws not only for digging and finding food but also for digging burrows for their dwellings, each of which is a single corridor the width of the animal's body. They have five clawed toes on their hind feet, and three to five toes with heavy digging claws on their fore feet. Armadillos have numerous cheek teeth which are not divided into premolars and molars, but usually have no incisors or canines. The dentition of the nine-banded armadillo is P 7/7, M 1/1 = 32.

Body temperature
In common with other xenarthrans, armadillos, in general, have low body temperatures of 33 - 36 C and low basal metabolic rates (40–60% of that expected in placental mammals of their mass). This is particularly true of types that specialize in using termites as their primary food source (for example, Priodontes and Tolypeutes).

Skin
The armor is formed by plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small overlapping epidermal scales called "scutes" which are composed of keratin. The skin of an armadillo can glow under ultraviolet light. Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with a number of bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armor covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armored and is simply covered with soft skin and fur. This armor-like skin appears to be an important defense for many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armor protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (Tolypeutes) rely heavily on their armor for protection.

Defensive behavior
When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball. Other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates. When surprised, the North American nine-banded armadillo tends to jump straight in the air, which can lead to a fatal collision with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles.

Movement
Armadillos have short legs, but can move quite quickly. The nine-banded armadillo is noted for its movement through water, which is accomplished via two different methods: it can walk underwater for short distances, holding its breath for as long as six minutes; or, to cross larger bodies of water, it can increase its buoyancy by swallowing air to inflate its stomach and intestines.

Reproduction
Gestation lasts from 60 to 120 days, depending on species, although the nine-banded armadillo also exhibits delayed implantation, so the young are not typically born for eight months after mating. Most members of the genus Dasypus give birth to four monozygotic young (that is, identical quadruplets), but other species may have typical litter sizes that range from one to eight. The young are born with soft, leathery skin which hardens within a few weeks. They reach sexual maturity in three to twelve months, depending on the species. Armadillos are solitary animals that do not share their burrows with other adults.

Science and education
Armadillos are often used in the study of leprosy, since they, along with mangabey monkeys, rabbits, and mice (on their footpads), are among the few known species that can contract the disease systemically. They are particularly susceptible due to their unusually low body temperature, which is hospitable to the leprosy bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. (The leprosy bacterium is difficult to culture and armadillos have a body temperature of 34 C, similar to human skin.) Humans can acquire a leprosy infection from armadillos by handling them or consuming armadillo meat. Armadillos are a presumed vector and natural reservoir for the disease in Texas, Louisiana and Florida. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, leprosy was unknown in the New World. Given that armadillos are native to the New World, at some point they must have acquired the disease from old-world humans.

The armadillo is also a natural reservoir for Chagas disease.

The nine-banded armadillo also serves science through its unusual reproductive system, in which four genetically identical offspring are born, the result of one original egg. Because they are always genetically identical, the group of four young provides a good subject for scientific, behavioral, or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects. This is the only reliable manifestation of polyembryony in the class Mammalia, and exists only within the genus Dasypus and not in all armadillos, as is commonly believed. Other species that display this trait include parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms, and various aquatic invertebrates.

Even though they have a leathery, tough shell, Armadillos, (mainly Dasypus) are common roadkill due to their habit of jumping 3–4 ft vertically when startled, which puts them into collision with the underside of vehicles. Wildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which can be a burrowing nuisance to property owners and managers.

Culture
Armadillo shells have traditionally been used to make the back of the charango, an Andean lute instrument.

In certain parts of Central and South America, armadillo meat is eaten; it is a popular ingredient in Oaxaca, Mexico. During the Great Depression, Americans were known to eat armadillo, known begrudgingly as "Hoover hogs", a nod to the belief that President Herbert Hoover was responsible for the economic despair facing the nation at that time.

A whimsical account of The Beginning of the Armadillos is one of the chapters of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories 1902 children's book. The vocal and piano duo Flanders and Swann recorded a humorous song called "The Armadillo".

Shel Silverstein wrote a two-line poem called "Instructions" on how to bathe an armadillo in his collection A Light in the Attic. The reference was "use one bar of soap, a whole lot of hope, and 72 pads of Brillo."

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title: Armadillo


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Antisemitism in the Arab world

Antisemitism (prejudice against and hatred of Jews) has increased greatly in the Arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda and relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world;   resentment over Jewish nationalism; the rise of Arab nationalism; and the widespread proliferation of anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist conspiracy theories.

Traditionally, Jews in the Muslim world were considered to be People of the Book and were subjected to dhimmi status. They were afforded relative security against persecution, provided they did not contest the varying inferior social and legal status imposed on them under Islamic rule.

While there were antisemitic incidents before the 20th century, during this time antisemitism in the Arab world increased greatly. During the 1930s and the 1940s several Jewish communities in the Arab world suffered from pogroms. The status of Jews in Arab countries deteriorated further at the onset of the Arab–Israeli conflict. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the State of Israel and Israeli victories during the wars of 1956 and 1967 were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents—primarily Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. However, by the mid-1970s the vast majority of Jews had left Arab and Muslim countries, moving primarily to Israel, France, and the United States. The reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed.

By the 1980s, according to historian Bernard Lewis, the volume of antisemitic literature published in the Arab world, and the authority of its sponsors, seemed to suggest that classical antisemitism had become an essential part of Arab intellectual life, considerably more than in late 19th- and early 20th-century France and to a degree that has been compared to Nazi Germany. The rise of political Islam during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of Islamic antisemitism, giving the hatred of Jews a religious component.

In their 2008 report on contemporary Arab-Muslim antisemitism, the Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center dates the beginning of this phenomenon to the spread of classic European Christian antisemitism into the Arab world starting in the late 19th century. In 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars."

Medieval times
Jews, along with Christians, Sabians, and Zoroastrians living under early and medieval Muslim rule were known as "People of the Book" to Muslims and subjected to the status of dhimmi ("protected" minority) in the lands conquered by Muslim Arabs, a status generally applied to Non-Muslim minorities that was later also extended to other Non-Muslims like Sikhs, Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists. Jews were generally seen as a religious group (not a separate race), thus being a part of the "Arab family".

Dhimmi were subjected to a number of restrictions, the application and severity of which varied with time and place. Restrictions included residency in segregated quarters, obligation to wear distinctive clothing, public subservience to Muslims, prohibitions against proselytizing and against marrying Muslim women, and limited access to the legal system (the testimony of a Jew did not count if contradicted by that of a Muslim). Dhimmi had to pay a special poll tax (the jizya), which exempted them from military service, and also from payment of the zakat alms tax required of Muslims. In return, dhimmi were granted limited rights, including a degree of tolerance, community autonomy in personal matters, and protection from being killed outright. Jewish communities, like Christian ones, were typically constituted as semi-autonomous entities managed by their own laws and leadership, who carried the responsibility for the community towards the Muslim rulers.

The situation of Jews was comparatively better than their European counterparts, though they still suffered persecution. Between the years of death of Idris I of Morocco in 793 and beginning of Almohad rule in 1130, Jews mostly led a peaceful existence in North Africa. The Almohads started forcing Jews and Christians to convert to Islam or be killed after conquering the region. There were also numerous massacres at other times in Morocco, Libya, and Algeria where they were eventually forced to live in ghettos.

The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economic prosperity at times, but were widely persecuted at other times, was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum:

It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.

Views in modernity
Some scholars hold that Arab antisemitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized"), Mark Cohen states. According to Bernard Lewis: "The volume of anti-Semitic books and articles published, the size and number of editions and impressions, the eminence and authority of those who write, publish and sponsor them, their place in school and college curricula, their role in the mass media, would all seem to suggest that classical anti-Semitism is an essential part of Arab intellectual life at the present time-almost as much as happened in Nazi Germany, and considerably more than in late nineteenth and early twentieth century France.'"

19th century
The Damascus affair was an accusation of ritual murder and a blood libel against Jews in Damascus in 1840. On February 5, 1840, Franciscan Capuchin friar Father Thomas and his Greek servant were reported missing, never to be seen again. The Turkish governor and the French consul Ratti-Menton believed accusations of ritual murder and blood libel, as the alleged murder occurred before the Jewish Passover. An investigation was staged, and Solomon Negrin, a Jewish barber, confessed under torture and accused other Jews. Two other Jews died under torture, and one (Moses Abulafia) converted to Islam to escape torture. More arrests and atrocities followed, culminating in 63 Jewish children being held hostage and mob attacks on Jewish communities throughout the Middle East. International outrage led to Ibrahim Pasha in Egypt ordering an investigation. Negotiations in Alexandria eventually secured the unconditional release and recognition of innocence of the nine prisoners still remaining alive (out of thirteen). Later in Constantinople, Moses Montefiore (leader of the British Jewish community) persuaded Sultan Abdülmecid I to issue a firman (edict) intended to halt the spread of blood libel accusations in the Ottoman Empire:

... and for the love we bear to our subjects, we cannot permit the Jewish nation, whose innocence for the crime alleged against them is evident, to be worried and tormented as a consequence of accusations which have not the least foundation in truth....

Nevertheless, the blood libel spread through the Middle East and North Africa: Aleppo (1810, 1850, 1875), Damascus (1840, 1848, 1890), Beirut (1862, 1874), Dayr al-Qamar (1847), Jerusalem (1847), Cairo (1844, 1890, 1901–02), Mansura (1877), Alexandria (1870, 1882, 1901–02), Port Said (1903, 1908), and Damanhur (1871, 1873, 1877, 1892).

The Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century had consequences in the Arab world. Passionate outbursts of antisemitism in France were echoed in areas of French influence, especially Maronite Lebanon. The Muslim Arab press, however, was sympathetic to the falsely accused Captain Dreyfus, and criticized the persecution of Jews in France.

Pre-state antisemitism
While Arab antisemitism has increased in the wake of the Arab–Israeli conflict, there were pogroms against Jews prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, including Nazi-inspired pogroms in Algeria in the 1930s, and attacks on the Jews of Iraq and Libya in the 1940s. In 1941, 180 Jews were murdered and 700 were injured in the anti-Jewish riots known as "the Farhud". Four hundred Jews were injured in violent demonstrations in Egypt in 1945 and Jewish property was vandalized and looted. In Libya, 130 Jews were killed and 266 injured. In December 1947, 13 Jews were killed in Damascus, including 8 children, and 26 were injured. In Aleppo, rioting resulted in dozens of Jewish casualties, damage to 150 Jewish homes, and the torching of 5 schools and 10 synagogues. In Yemen, 97 Jews were murdered and 120 injured.

Speculated causes
Antisemitism in the Arab world increased in the 20th century, as resentment against Jewish immigration and Zionist activities in Palestine Mandate grew. Around this time, the fabricated antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion started to become available in Palestine. A translation of the text in Arabic was done by an Arab Christian in Cairo in 1927 or 1928, this time as a published book. In March 1921, Musa Khazem El Husseini, Mayor of Jerusalem, told Winston Churchill "The Jews have been amongst the most active advocates of destruction in many lands. ... It is well known that the disintegration of Russia was wholly or in great part brought about by the Jews, and a large proportion of the defeat of Germany and Austria must also be put at their door."

Matthias Küntzel has suggested that the decisive transfer of Jewish conspiracy theory took place between 1937 and 1945 under the impact of Nazi propaganda targeted at the Arab world. According to Kuntzel, the Nazi Arabic radio service had a staff of 80 and broadcast every day in Arabic, stressing the similarities between Islam and Nazism and supported by the activities of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini (who broadcast pro-Nazi propaganda from Berlin). Alongside al-Husseini's collaboration with the Nazis, cooperative political and military relationships between the Arab world and the Axis powers (Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy) were founded on shared antisemitic scorn and hostilities toward common enemies: the United Kingdom, France, and Zionism. The Nazi regime also provided funding to the Egyptian Moslem Brotherhood, which began calling for boycotts of Jewish businesses in 1936. Bernard Lewis also describes Nazi influence in the Arab world, including its impact on Michel Aflaq, the principal founder of Ba'athist thought (which later dominated Syria and Iraq)."After the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws, Hitler received telegrams of congratulation from all over the Arab and Muslim world, especially from Morocco and Palestine, where the Nazi propaganda had been most active.... Before long political parties of the Nazi and Fascist type began to appear, complete with paramilitary youth organizations, colored shirts, strict discipline and more or less charismatic leaders."

George Gruen attributes the increased animosity towards Jews in the Arab world to the defeat and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; domination by Western colonial powers under which Jews gained a disproportionately large role in the commercial, professional, and administrative life of the region; the rise of Arab nationalism, whose proponents sought the wealth and positions of local Jews through government channels; resentment over Jewish nationalism and the Zionist movement; and the readiness of unpopular Arab regimes to scapegoat local Jews for political purposes.

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the state of Israel, and the independence of Arab countries from European control, conditions for Jews in the Arab world deteriorated. Over the next few decades, almost all would flee the Arab world, some willingly, and some under threat (see Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries). In 1945 there were between 758,000 and 866,000 Jews (see table below) living in communities throughout the Arab world. Today, there are fewer than 8,000. In some Arab states, such as Libya (which was once around 3% Jewish), the Jewish community no longer exists; in other Arab countries, only a few hundred Jews remain.

Harvard University Professor Ruth R. Wisse claims that "anti-Semitism / Zionism has been the cornerstone of pan-Arab politics since the Second World War" and that it is the "strongest actual and potential source of unity" in the Arab world. This is because Jews and Israel function as substitutes for Western values that challenge the hegemony of religious and political power in the Middle East. Antisemitism is also malleable enough that it can unite right-wing and left-wing groups within the Arab world.

Robert Bernstein, founder of Human Rights Watch, says that antisemitism is "deeply ingrained and institutionalized" in "Arab nations in modern times".

Israeli Arabs
In 2003, Israeli-Arab Raed Salah, the leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel published the following poem in the Islamic Movement's periodical: You Jews are criminal bombers of mosques,

Slaughterers of pregnant women and babies.

Robbers and germs in all times,

The Creator sentenced you to be loser monkeys,

Victory belongs to Muslims, from the Nile to the Euphrates.

During a speech in 2007, Salah accused Jews of using children's blood to bake bread. "We have never allowed ourselves to knead [the dough for] the bread that breaks the fast in the holy month of Ramadan with children's blood," he said. "Whoever wants a more thorough explanation, let him ask what used to happen to some children in Europe, whose blood was mixed in with the dough of the [Jewish] holy bread."

Kamal Khatib, deputy leader of the northern branch of the Islamic movement, referred in one of his speeches to the Jews as "fleas".

Of all groups surveyed, a 2010 Pew Research global poll found that Israeli Arabs have the lowest rate of anti-Jewish attitudes in the Middle East.

Egypt
Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Mahdi Akef has denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's denial of it.

The Egyptian government-run newspaper, Al Akhbar, on April 29, 2002, published an editorial denying the Holocaust as a fraud. The next paragraph decries the failure of the Holocaust to eliminate all of the Jews:

With regard to the fraud of the Holocaust. ... Many French studies have proven that this is no more than a fabrication, a lie, and a fraud!! That is, it is a 'scenario' the plot of which was carefully tailored, using several faked photos completely unconnected to the truth. Yes, it is a film, no more and no less. Hitler himself, whom they accuse of Nazism, is in my eyes no more than a modest 'pupil' in the world of murder and bloodshed. He is completely innocent of the charge of frying them in the hell of his false Holocaust!!

The entire matter, as many French and British scientists and researchers have proven, is nothing more than a huge Israeli plot aimed at extorting the German government in particular and the European countries in general. But I, personally and in light of this imaginary tale, complain to Hitler, even saying to him from the bottom of my heart, 'If only you had done it, brother, if only it had really happened, so that the world could sigh in relief [without] their evil and sin.'

In an article in October 2000 columnist Adel Hammoda alleged in the state-owned Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram that Jews made Matza from the blood of (non-Jewish) children. Mohammed Salmawy, editor of Al-Ahram Hebdo, "defended the use of old European myths like the blood libel" in his newspapers.

In August 2010, Saudi columnist Iman Al-Quwaifli sharply criticized the "phenomenon of sympathy for Adolf Hitler and for Nazism in the Arab world", specifically citing the words of Hussam Fawzi Jabar, an Islamic cleric who justified Hitler's actions against the Jews in an Egyptian talk show one month earlier.

In an October 2012 sermon broadcast on Egyptian Channel 1 (which was attended by Egyptian President Muhammad Morsi) Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the Head of Religious Endowment of the Matrouh Governorate, prayed (as translated by MEMRI):

"O Allah, absolve us of our sins, strengthen us, and grant us victory over the infidels. O Allah, destroy the Jews and their supporters. O Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder. O Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them."

Jordan
Jordan does not allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.

In July 2009, six Breslov Hasidim were deported after attempting entry into Jordan in order to visit the tomb of Aaron / Sheikh Harun on Mount Hor, near Petra, because of an alert from the Ministry of Tourism. The group had taken a ferry from Sinai, Egypt because they understood that Jordanian authorities were making it hard for visible Jews to enter from Israel. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs is aware of the issue.

Saudi Arabia
Hostility toward Jews is common in Saudi Arabian media, religious sermons, school curriculum, and official government policy.

Indoctrination against Jews is a part of school curriculum in Saudi Arabia. Children are advised not to befriend Jews, are given false information about them (such as the claim that Jews worship the Devil), and are encouraged to engage in jihad against Jews.

Conspiracy theories about Jews are widely disseminated in Saudi Arabian state-controlled media.

According to the U.S. State Department, religious freedom "does not exist" in Saudi Arabia, and therefore, Jews may not freely practice their religion.

Syria

On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four Syrian Jewish women were discovered by border police in a cave in the Zabdani Mountains northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girls' bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre. Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.

In 1984 Syrian Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass published a book called The Matzah of Zion, which claimed that Jews had killed Christian children in Damascus to make Matzas (see Damascus affair). His book inspired the Egyptian TV series Horseman Without a Horse (see below) and a spinoff, The Diaspora, which led to Hezbollah's al-Manar being banned in Europe for broadcasting it.

Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke visited Syria in November 2005 and made a speech that was broadcast live on Syrian television.

Tunisia
For a personal account of the discrimination and physical attacks experienced by Jews in Tunisia the Jewish-Arab anti-colonialist writer Albert Memmi wrote:

At each crisis, with every incident of the slightest importance, the mob would go wild, setting fire to Jewish shops. This even happened during the Yom Kippur War. Tunisia's President, Habib Bourguiba, has in all probability never been hostile to the Jews, but there was always that notorious "delay", which meant that the police arrived on the scene only after the shops had been pillaged and burnt. Is it any wonder that the exodus to France and Israel continued and even increased?

On November 30, 2012, prominent Tunisian imam Sheikh Ahmad Al-Suhayli of Radès, told his followers during a live broadcast on Hannibal TV that "God wants to destroy this [Tunisian] sprinkling of Jews and is sterilizing the wombs of Jewish women." This was the fourth time incitement against Jews has been reported in the public sphere since the overthrow of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in 2011, thus prompting Jewish community leaders to demand security protection from the Tunisian government. Al-Suhayli subsequently posted a video on the Internet in which he claimed that his statements had been misinterpreted.

On January 18, 2021, Tunisian president Kais Saied was caught on video telling a crowd that "We know very well who the people are who are controlling the country today. It is the Jews who are doing the stealing, and we need to put an end to it." Saied's office responded that the president's words had been misheard and that he meant to say something else instead of Jews. Two days later, Saied publicly apologized for his statements, holding a phone call with Djerba's chief rabbi, Haim Bitan in which he expressed regret for his statements.

The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back to Roman times. Before 1948, the Jewish population of Tunisia reached a peak of 110,000. Today it has a Jewish community of less than 2,000 people.

The El Ghriba Synagogue in Djerba has twice been the target of terrorist atrocities: in 2002 an al-Qaeda suicide bomber killed 20 and injured dozens more, while in 2023 a lone gunman killed two worshippers and two police and injured several others.

Palestinian territories
The Hamas, an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, has a foundational statement of principles, or "covenant" that claims that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created by the Zionists. It also claims the Freemasons and Rotary clubs are Zionist fronts and refers to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Claims that Jews and Freemasons were behind the French Revolution originated in Germany in the mid-19th century.

Mahmoud Abbas, leader of the PLO, published a Ph.D. thesis (at Moscow University) in 1982, called The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement. His doctoral thesis later became a book, The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism, which, following his appointment as Palestinian Prime Minister in 2003, was heavily criticized as an example of Holocaust denial. In his book, Abbas wrote: It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand.

Lebanon
Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV channel has often been accused of airing antisemitic broadcasts, blaming the Jews for a Zionist conspiracy against the Arab world, and often airing excerpts from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,

Al-Manar recently aired a drama series, called The Diaspora, which is based on historical antisemitic allegations. BBC reporters who watched the series said that: "Correspondents who have viewed The Diaspora note that it quotes extensively from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a notorious 19th-century publication used by the Nazis among others to fuel race hatred."

In another incident, an Al-Manar commentator recently referred to "Zionist attempts to transmit AIDS to Arab countries". Al-Manar officials deny broadcasting antisemitic incitement and state that their position is anti-Israeli, not antisemitic. However, Hezbollah has directed strong rhetoric both against Israel and Jews, and it has cooperated in publishing and distributing outright antisemitic literature. The government of Lebanon has not criticized continued broadcast of antisemitic material on television.

Due to protests by the CRIF umbrella group of French Jews regarding allegations of antisemitic content, French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin called for a ban on Al-Manar broadcasting in France on December 2, 2004, just two weeks after al-Manar was authorised to continue broadcasting in Europe by France's media watchdog agency. On December 13, 2004, France's highest administrative court banned Hizbullah's Al-Manar TV station on the grounds that it consistently incites racial hatred and antisemitism.

Yemen
The 1940s and the establishment of Israel saw rapid emigration of Jews out of Yemen, in the wake of anti-Jewish riots and massacres. By the late 1990s, only several hundred remained, mainly in a northwestern mountainous region named Sa'ada and town of Raida. Houthi members put up notes on the Jews' doors, accusing them of corrupting Muslim morals. Eventually, the Houthi leaders sent threatening messages to the Jewish community: "We warn you to leave the area immediately.... We give you a period of 10 days, or you will regret it."

On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving four elderly Jews the only Jews still in Yemen.

Horseman Without a Horse
In 2001–2002, Arab Radio and Television produced a 30-part television miniseries entitled Horseman Without a Horse, starring prominent Egyptian actor Mohamed Sobhi, which contains dramatizations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The United States and Israel criticized Egypt for airing the program, which includes racist falsehoods that have a history of being used "as a pretext for persecuting Jews".

Opinion polling
In 2008 a Pew Research Center survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in the three predominantly Arab nations polled, with 97% of Lebanese having unfavorable opinion of Jews, 95% in Egypt and 96% in Jordan.

title: Antisemitism in the Arab world


text:
Talk:Accidental property

I'll be back to work on this latter, a second reading makes me think that the discusson of possible worlds with it's indirect reference to contemporary modal logic does not belong in the middle of talk about the Aristotelian logic, though I do think it belongs on this page. MRC

One problem with the existing text: it says that being single is an essential property of bachelors. This isn't quite right. True, being single is an essential property of bachelors qua bachelors; but being single is an accidental property of bachelors simpliciter, since for any bachelor you care to name there is a possible world in which he's married.--Algernon1980 10:49, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Accidental property


text:
Talk:A priori and a posteriori knowledge

Unfortunately MOST of the following is not about a priori and a posterori knowlege at all, so I'm moving it here, and replacing it with a less controvercial, and more consise stub. Perhaps we'll be able to find a home for all of this, but I don't think this page is it MRC

Then, Mark, please move it to an appropriately-named page; don't just leave nothing on the page. --LMS

Sorry. I accidentally hit enter, and the page was saved before I pasted in a new edited stub text. MRC I'll be adding to that stub some more this afternoon as I have time, but I'll not be including the very controversial claim that sense perception, and memory are ultimate justifiers of belief, and the notion that a priori knowledge doesn't exist. (Though I will mention that most contemporary philosophers have doubts about the existence of a priori knowledge

We've just finished discussing, in a very introductory way, the first part of my definition of "epistemology." So we just finished discussing "what the epistemic features of belief, such as justification and rationality, each are (e.g., what justified belief is)." Next we are going to discuss, much more briefly, "the origin or sources of such [epistemic] features (and thus the sources of knowledge)." So to phrase it as a question, we are next going to ask: What are the ultimate origins or sources of justified belief? Now look, we've just got done discussing justification, and in our discussion of it we found that justified beliefs have justifiers. So we could rephrase the question like this: What are the ultimate justifiers of belief?

Well, that's what we were talking about just a few minutes ago, isn't it? Sense-perception, for example, is one of the ultimate justifiers of belief; memory is another. And now just ask yourself something. Is there any mental process -- remember our list of mental processes -- that does not contribute any justification to any belief? Just for fun let's consult that list of cognitive processes that I gave you when we talked about the philosophy of mind. Here it is again: "perception, introspection, memory, imagination, conception, belief, reasoning, volition, and emotion." Are there any of those which do not, in any way, contribute to your justification, your intellectual right to believe something or not believe?

Perhaps. Maybe belief, volition, and emotion have little to do with knowledge. What could I learn, or be justified in believing, on account of my simply accepting something, or using my will, or merely feeling some way? Perhaps there are some things: use your imagination.

But whether or not volition and emotion can justify beliefs at all, what about the other processes? Some of them can obviously justify our beliefs; such as perception, introspection, memory, imagination, conception, reasoning. Those processes can all definitely contribute to the justification of beliefs. Even introspection? How so? Well, introspection is just awareness of your own mental states. So say you belief you are in great pain. What justifies you in the belief? That you introspect, or consider your own mental states; and when you do that you discover that you've got a pain. You can do that, right -- discover that you're in pain? Well, the process you're engaged in, in making the discovery, is introspection. "Gosh, I've been working all day long at this computer and I've just realized I've got an enormous pain in my neck" -- for example!

The process of reasoning is extremely important for human knowledge. It is by reasoning -- which means, using arguments of various sorts -- that we build up knowledge from basic beliefs. If we couldn't reason, then we couldn't get beyond the level of raw perception, unvarnished memory, and so for; we would be like children. And indeed until children learn the ability to reason, they may hold lots of beliefs about religion and politics and so forth, but they have just learned those beliefs from their parents and elders. Those childhood beliefs are not justified, though, because they are merely accepted on authority, not on any reasoning.

Now I want you to consider another kind of belief, in particular beliefs that have to be true. You can call them beliefs in necessary truths, because they must be true. Such as the following: 2+2=4; yellow is a color; a single point of light cannot be both red and blue at the same time; all bachelors are men; a part of a thing is never greater than the whole. There are many examples. The question now is: Given that we believe those claims, and given that those beliefs are justified, then what are the justifiers for those claims?

Some people think that they are justified totally independently of any sense-perception or other kind of experience; so their justifiers do not include perception or introspection (those are the two kinds of "experience," I guess). In other words, those beliefs are justified a priori -- "prior" to experience, if you will. Here is a definition of that term:

A belief is justified a priori iff its ultimate justifiers do not include sense-perception or introspection.

For example, what justifies you in believing that 2+2=4? I mean, surely you are justified in that belief; the question is what justifies the belief. If you accept that there is priori justification, you'd say: it's not by sense-perception or introspection. So it's not as though you see two things, and then two more things, and then count out four. That's not how you're justified in believing that 2+2=4. So how are we justified in the belief?

The advocates of the a priori are not always perfectly clear. But they often speak of something like "intuition," or "rational insight," or a faculty of "pure reason." Exactly what such "intuition" amounts to is a little mysterious, I guess. But plainly there are supposed to be lots of examples of its use: it is by intuition that we understand, and are justified in believing, that 2+2=4. It's by intuition that we understand and are justified in believing that the whole is greater than its parts. And so forth. But not by experience.

So another definition of a priori would be:

A belief is justified a priori iff its ultimate justifiers are only from the use of intuition (rational insight, pure reason).

A priori justification is contrasted by a posteriori justification. What is justified a posteriori is justified "after" (think "posterior" to) experience. So we can define a posteriori justification as follows:

A belief is justified a posteriori iff its ultimate justifiers include sense-perception or introspection.

So just any ordinary belief about your surroundings, about things you see, hear, feel, and so forth, is going to be a posteriori. Moreover, any introspective belief about your mental states is also going to be a posteriori. Then beyond that, any belief that is ultimately grounded in such experience, in perception or introspection, is also going to be justified a posteriori. So you might have some complex theory about gamma rays and galaxies and the origin of the universe; even though it's the result of lots of complex scientific reasoning, since that reasoning starts with observations that you make with scientific instruments, it's still a posteriori. Its ultimate justifiers include sense-perception.

The big question that epistemologists ask about this topic is: Are there any a priori justified beliefs? In the history of philosophy, some people have thought so; they tended to be called rationalists. There is more to rationalism than that, but the view that was really basic to rationalism is the belief in the a priori. Contrasted with rationalism was empiricism, the essential part of which is the rejection of the a priori, and the view that the justification of all beliefs ultimately depends on experience -- that there is only a posteriori justified beliefs, not a priori justified beliefs.

I suspect that you won't be surprised if I tell you that most philosophers these days are empiricists, and that they deny the existence of a priori justified beliefs. They think everything must ultimately be justified based on experience; experience is all we have, in the long run.

Temporarily removing this:

 * ...logic and mathematics, which deal primarily with abstract objects, and seem to relate to the external world of objects only in a secondary capacity.

What is the secondary capacity business? Surely this can be explained better. --Ryguasu 05:02 Nov 4, 2002 (UTC)

Should this article link to [knowledge]], or to propositional knowledge? Although philosophers' concerns typically do center around propositional knowledge, the a priori/a posteriori distinction can be applied equally well to how-to knowledge. Eg a priori know-how (eg, know-how of breathing) and a posteriori know-how (eg, know-how of cycling). --anons

Discussion
I have added a discussion about this page on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy. If you are interested please respond there. --Kzollman 23:36, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)


text:
August 11

Pre-1600

 * 3114 BC – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Maya, begins.
 * 2492 BC – Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation.
 * 106 – The south-western part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia.
 * 117 – Hadrian is proclaimed Roman emperor, two days after Trajan's death.
 * 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.
 * 490 – Battle of Adda: The Goths under Theodoric the Great and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer on the Adda River, near Milan.
 * 923 – The Qarmatians of Bahrayn capture and pillage the city of Basra.
 * 1315 – The Great Famine of Europe becomes so dire that even the king of England has difficulties buying bread for himself and his entourage.
 * 1332 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Dupplin Moor: Scots under Domhnall II, Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol.
 * 1473 – The Battle of Otlukbeli: Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire decisively defeats Uzun Hassan of Aq Qoyunlu.
 * 1492 – Rodrigo de Borja is elected as Head of the Catholic Church, taking the name Pope Alexander VI.

1601–1900

 * 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: Forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brücke.
 * 1685 – Morean War: The 49-day Siege of Coron ends with the surrender and massacre of its garrison by the Venetians.
 * 1786 – Captain Francis Light establishes the British colony of Penang in Malaysia.
 * 1804 – Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria.
 * 1812 – Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda.
 * 1813 – In Colombia, Juan del Corral declares the independence of Antioquia.
 * 1858 – The Eiger in the Bernese Alps is ascended for the first time by Charles Barrington accompanied by Christian Almer and Peter Bohren.
 * 1871 – An explosion of guncotton occurs in Stowmarket, England, killing 28.
 * 1898 – Spanish–American War: American troops enter the city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

1901–present

 * 1918 – World War I: The Battle of Amiens ends.
 * 1919 – Germany's Weimar Constitution is signed into law.
 * 1920 – The 1920 Cork hunger strike begins which eventually results in the deaths of three Irish Republicans including the Lord Mayor of Cork Terence MacSwiney.
 * 1920  – The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, which relinquished Russia's authority and pretenses to Latvia, is signed, ending the Latvian War of Independence.
 * 1929 – Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio.
 * 1934 – The first civilian prisoners arrive at the Federal prison on Alcatraz Island.
 * 1942 – Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil receive a patent for a Frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication system that later became the basis for modern technologies in wireless telephones, two-way radio communications, and Wi-Fi.
 * 1945 – Poles in Kraków engage in a pogrom against Jews in the city, killing one and wounding five.
 * 1952 – Hussein bin Talal is proclaimed King of Jordan.
 * 1959 – Sheremetyevo International Airport, the second-largest airport in Russia, opens.
 * 1960 – Chad declares independence from France.
 * 1961 – The former Portuguese territories in India of Dadra and Nagar Haveli are merged to create the Union Territory Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
 * 1962 – Vostok 3 launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev becomes the first person to float in microgravity.
 * 1965 – Race riots (the Watts Riots) begin in the Watts area of Los Angeles, California.
 * 1969 – The Apollo 11 astronauts are released from a three-week quarantine following their liftoff from the Moon.
 * 1972 – Vietnam War: The last United States ground combat unit leaves South Vietnam.
 * 1975 – East Timor: Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a coup by the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin.
 * 1979 – Two Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134s collide over the Ukrainian city of Dniprodzerzhynsk and crash, killing all 178 aboard both airliners.
 * 1982 – A bomb explodes on Pan Am Flight 830, en route from Tokyo, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii, killing one passenger and injuring 15 others.
 * 1984 – "We begin bombing in five minutes": United States President Ronald Reagan, while running for re-election, jokes while preparing to make his weekly Saturday address on National Public Radio.
 * 1988 – A meeting between Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, and leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad in Afghanistan culminates in the formation of Al-Qaeda.
 * 1991 – Nickelodeon's first line of “Nicktoons” (Doug, Rugrats & Ren & Stimpy) premiere on the channel.
 * 1992 – The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota opens. At the time the largest shopping mall in the United States.
 * 2000 – An air rage incident occurs on board Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 when 19-year-old Jonathan Burton attempts to storm the cockpit, but he is subdued by other passengers and dies from his injuries.
 * 2003 – NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
 * 2003  – Jemaah Islamiyah leader Riduan Isamuddin, better known as Hambali, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
 * 2006 – The oil tanker MT Solar 1 sinks off the coast of Guimaras and Negros Islands in the Philippines, causing the country's worst oil spill.
 * 2012 – At least 306 people are killed and 3,000 others injured in a pair of earthquakes near Tabriz, Iran.
 * 2017 – At least 41 people are killed and another 179 injured after two passenger trains collide in Alexandria, Egypt.
 * 2023 – Luna 25 launches from the Vostochny Cosmodrome.

Pre-1600

 * 1086 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1125)
 * 1384 – Yolande of Aragon (d. 1442)
 * 1472 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, Catholic cardinal (d. 1537)
 * 1510 – Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1566)

1601–1900

 * 1673 – Richard Mead, English physician and astrologer (d. 1754)
 * 1718 – Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-English general and politician, 22nd Governor of Quebec (d. 1791)
 * 1722 – Richard Brocklesby, English physician (d. 1797)
 * 1748 – Joseph Schuster, German composer (d. 1812)
 * 1778 – Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Prussian gymnast, educator, and politician (d. 1852)
 * 1794 – James B. Longacre, American engraver (d. 1869)
 * 1807 – David Rice Atchison, American general, lawyer, and politician (d. 1886)
 * 1808 – William W. Chapman, American lawyer and politician (d. 1892)
 * 1816 – Frederick Innes, Scottish-Australian politician, 9th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1882)
 * 1833 – Robert G. Ingersoll, American soldier, lawyer, and politician (d. 1899)
 * 1833  – Kido Takayoshi, Japanese samurai and politician (d. 1877)
 * 1836 – Warren Brown, American historian and politician (d. 1919)
 * 1837 – Marie François Sadi Carnot, French engineer and politician, 4th President of the French Republic (d. 1894)
 * 1855 – John Hodges, Australian cricketer (d. 1933)
 * 1858 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)
 * 1860 – Ottó Bláthy, Hungarian engineer and chess player (d. 1939)
 * 1870 – Tom Richardson, English cricketer (d. 1912)
 * 1874 – Princess Louise Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1953)
 * 1877 – Adolph M. Christianson, American lawyer and judge (d. 1954)
 * 1878 – Oliver W. F. Lodge, English poet and author (d. 1955)
 * 1881 – Aleksander Aberg, Estonian wrestler (d. 1920)
 * 1884 – Hermann Wlach, Austrian-Swiss actor (d. 1962)
 * 1885 – Stephen Butterworth, English physicist and engineer (d. 1958)
 * 1891 – Stancho Belkovski, Bulgarian architect and educator (d. 1962)
 * 1891  – Edgar Zilsel, Austrian historian and philosopher of science, linked to the Vienna Circle (d. 1944)
 * 1892 – Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet and linguist (d. 1978)
 * 1892  – Eiji Yoshikawa, Japanese author (d. 1962)
 * 1897 – Enid Blyton, English author, poet, and educator (d. 1968)
 * 1897  – Louise Bogan, American poet and critic (d. 1970)
 * 1898 – Peter Mohr Dam, Faroese educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1968)
 * 1900 – Charley Paddock, American sprinter (d. 1943)
 * 1900  – Philip Phillips, American archaeologist and scholar (d. 1994)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist (d. 1986)
 * 1902  – Lloyd Nolan, American actor (d. 1985)
 * 1902  – Christian de Castries, French general (d. 1991)
 * 1905 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian-American biochemist and academic (d. 2002)
 * 1905  – Ernst Jaakson, Estonian diplomat (d. 1998)
 * 1907 – Ted a'Beckett, Australian cricketer and lawyer (d. 1989)
 * 1908 – Don Freeman, American author and illustrator (d. 1978)
 * 1908  – Torgny T:son Segerstedt, Swedish sociologist and philosopher (d. 1999)
 * 1909 – Yūji Koseki, Japanese composer (d. 1989)
 * 1909  – Uku Masing, Estonian philosopher and theologian (d. 1985)
 * 1911 – Thanom Kittikachorn, Thai field marshal and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2004)
 * 1912 – Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs, German astronomer and academic (d. 1954)
 * 1912  – Raphael Blau, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1996)
 * 1913 – Paul Dupuis, Canadian actor (d. 1976)
 * 1913  – Bob Scheffing, American baseball player and manager (d. 1985)
 * 1913  – Angus Wilson, English author and academic (d. 1991)
 * 1915 – Morris Weiss, American author and illustrator (d. 2014)
 * 1916 – Johnny Claes, English-Belgian race car driver and trumpet player (d. 1956)
 * 1919 – Luis Olmo, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and manager (d. 2017)
 * 1920 – Mike Douglas, American singer and talk show host (d. 2006)
 * 1920  – Chuck Rayner, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2002)
 * 1921 – Alex Haley, American historian and author (d. 1992)
 * 1922 – John "Mule" Miles, American baseball player (d. 2013)
 * 1923 – Stan Chambers, American journalist and actor (d. 2015)
 * 1925 – Floyd Curry, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (d. 2006)
 * 1925  – Arlene Dahl, American actress, businesswoman and writer (d. 2021)
 * 1926 – Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-English chemist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)
 * 1927 – Raymond Leppard, English harpsichord player and conductor (d. 2019)
 * 1927  – Stuart Rosenberg, American director and producer (d. 2007)
 * 1932 – Fernando Arrabal, Spanish actor, director, and playwright
 * 1932  – Izzy Asper, Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician, founded Canwest (d. 2003)
 * 1932  – Geoffrey Cass, English businessman
 * 1932  – Peter Eisenman, American architect, designed the City of Culture of Galicia
 * 1932  – John Gorrie, English director and screenwriter
 * 1933 – Jerry Falwell, American minister and television host (d. 2007)
 * 1933  – Jerzy Grotowski, Polish director and producer (d. 1999)
 * 1933  – Tamás Vásáry, Hungarian pianist and conductor
 * 1934 – Bob Hepple, South African lawyer and academic (d. 2015)
 * 1936 – Andre Dubus, American short story writer, essayist, and memoirist (d. 1999)
 * 1936  – Bill Monbouquette, American baseball player and coach (d. 2015)
 * 1936  – Jonathan Spence, English-American historian and academic (d. 2021)
 * 1937 – Anna Massey, English actress (d. 2011)
 * 1937  – Patrick Joseph McGovern, American businessman, founded International Data Group (d. 2014)
 * 1939 – James Mancham, first President of Seychelles (d. 2017)
 * 1939  – Ronnie Dawson, American singer and guitarist (d. 2003)
 * 1940 – Glenys Page, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2012)
 * 1941 – John Ellison, American-Canadian musician and songwriter
 * 1942 – Mike Hugg, English drummer and keyboard player
 * 1942  – Otis Taylor, American football player (d. 2023)
 * 1943 – Jim Kale, Canadian bass player
 * 1943  – Pervez Musharraf, Pakistani general and politician, 10th President of Pakistan (d. 2023)
 * 1943  – Denis Payton, English saxophonist (d. 2006)
 * 1944 – Martin Linton, Swedish-English journalist and politician
 * 1944  – Frederick W. Smith, American businessman, founded FedEx
 * 1944  – Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor
 * 1946 – John Conlee, American singer-songwriter
 * 1946  – Marilyn vos Savant, American journalist and author
 * 1947 – Theo de Jong, Dutch footballer, coach, and manager
 * 1947  – Georgios Karatzaferis, Greek journalist and politician
 * 1947  – Wilma van den Berg, Dutch sprinter
 * 1948 – Don Boyd, Scottish director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1949 – Eric Carmen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2024)
 * 1949  – Tim Hutchinson, American lawyer and politician
 * 1949  – Ian Charleson, Scottish-English actor and singer (d. 1990)
 * 1950 – Erik Brann, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003)
 * 1950  – Gennadiy Nikonov, Russian engineer, designed the AN-94 rifle (d. 2003)
 * 1950  – Steve Wozniak, American computer scientist and programmer, co-founded Apple Inc.
 * 1952 – Reid Blackburn, American photographer (d. 1980)
 * 1952  – Bob Mothersbaugh, American singer, guitarist, and producer
 * 1953 – Hulk Hogan, American wrestler
 * 1953  – Wijda Mazereeuw, Dutch swimmer
 * 1954 – Bryan Bassett, American guitarist
 * 1954  – Vance Heafner, American golfer and coach (d. 2012)
 * 1954  – Joe Jackson, English singer-songwriter and musician
 * 1954  – Tarmo Rüütli, Estonian footballer, coach, and manager
 * 1954  – Yashpal Sharma, Indian cricketer and umpire (d. 2021)
 * 1955 – Marc Bureau, Canadian politician, 16th Mayor of Gatineau
 * 1955  – Sylvia Hermon, Northern Irish academic and politician
 * 1956 – Pierre-Louis Lions, French mathematician and academic
 * 1957 – Ian Stuart Donaldson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1993)
 * 1957 – Masayoshi Son, Japanese technology entrepreneur and investor
 * 1958 – Steven Pokere, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1958  – Jah Wobble, English singer-songwriter and bass player
 * 1959 – Gustavo Cerati, Argentinian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2014)
 * 1959  – Yoshiaki Murakami, Japanese businessman
 * 1959  – Taraki Sivaram, Sri Lankan journalist and author (d. 2005)
 * 1959  – Richard Scudamore, English businessman
 * 1959  – László Szlávics, Jr., Hungarian sculptor
 * 1961 – David Brooks, American journalist and author
 * 1961  – Craig Ehlo, American basketball player and coach
 * 1962 – Brian Azzarello, American author
 * 1962  – Charles Cecil, English video game designer and co-founded Revolution Software
 * 1962  – John Micklethwait, English journalist and author
 * 1962  – Rob Minkoff, American director and producer
 * 1963 – Hiromi Makihara, Japanese baseball player
 * 1964 – Jim Lee, South Korean-American author and illustrator
 * 1964  – Grant Waite, New Zealand golfer
 * 1965 – Marc Bergevin, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
 * 1965  – Embeth Davidtz, American actress
 * 1965  – Viola Davis, American actress
 * 1966 – Nigel Martyn, English footballer and coach
 * 1966  – Juan María Solare, Argentinian pianist and composer
 * 1967 – Massimiliano Allegri, Italian footballer and manager
 * 1967  – Enrique Bunbury, Spanish singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1967  – Joe Rogan, American actor, comedian, and television host
 * 1967  – Petter Wettre, Norwegian saxophonist and composer
 * 1968 – Anna Gunn, American actress
 * 1968  – Sophie Okonedo, British actress
 * 1968  – Charlie Sexton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1970 – Dirk Hannemann, German footballer and manager
 * 1970  – Gianluca Pessotto, Italian footballer
 * 1971 – Alejandra Barros, Mexican actress and screenwriter
 * 1971  – Tommy Mooney, English footballer
 * 1973 – Kristin Armstrong, American cyclist
 * 1974 – Marie-France Dubreuil, Canadian figure skater
 * 1974  – Hadiqa Kiani, Pakistani singer, songwriter and philanthropist
 * 1974  – Audrey Mestre, French biologist and diver (d. 2002)
 * 1974  – Carolyn Murphy, American model and actress
 * 1975 – Chris Cummings, Canadian singer-songwriter
 * 1976 – Iván Córdoba, Colombian footballer and manager
 * 1976  – Bubba Crosby, American baseball player
 * 1976  – Will Friedle, American actor and screenwriter
 * 1976  – Ben Gibbard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1976  – Ľubomír Višňovský, Slovak ice hockey player
 * 1977 – Gemma Hayes, Irish singer-songwriter
 * 1977  – Dênio Martins, Brazilian footballer
 * 1978 – Spyros Gogolos, Greek footballer
 * 1978  – Charlotte Leslie, British politician
 * 1978  – Lillian Nakate, Ugandan politician
 * 1978  – Isy Suttie, English comedian, musician, actress, and writer
 * 1979 – Walter Ayoví, Ecuadorian footballer
 * 1980 – Daniel Lloyd, English cyclist and sportscaster
 * 1980  – Lee Suggs, American football player
 * 1981 – Daniel Poohl, Swedish journalist
 * 1982 – Andy Lee, American football player
 * 1983 – Chris Hemsworth, Australian actor
 * 1983  – Luke Lewis, Australian rugby league player
 * 1983  – Pavel 183, Russian painter (d. 2013)
 * 1984 – Mojtaba Abedini, Iranian Olympic fencer
 * 1984  – Melky Cabrera, Dominican baseball player
 * 1984  – Lucas di Grassi, Brazilian race car driver
 * 1985 – Jacqueline Fernandez, Bahraini–Sri Lankan actress
 * 1985  – Asher Roth, American rapper
 * 1986 – Mokhtar Benmoussa, Algerian footballer
 * 1986  – Hélène Defrance, French sailor
 * 1986  – Pablo Sandoval, Venezuelan baseball player
 * 1987 – Dany N'Guessan, French footballer
 * 1987  – Drew Storen, American baseball player
 * 1988 – Rabeh Al-Hussaini, Filipino basketball player
 * 1988  – Patty Mills, Australian basketball player
 * 1988  – Mustafa Pektemek, Turkish footballer
 * 1989 – Junior Heffernan, Irish cyclist and triathlete (d. 2013)
 * 1989  – Sebastian Huke, German footballer
 * 1990 – Lenka Juríková, Slovak tennis player
 * 1991 – Cristian Tello, Spanish footballer
 * 1992 – Tomi Lahren, American conservative political commentator
 * 1993 – Alyson Stoner, American actor, singer, and dancer
 * 1994 – Storm Sanders, Australian tennis player
 * 1994 – Anton Cooper, New Zealand cross-country cyclist
 * 1994 – Joseph Barbato, French footballer
 * 1994 – Song I-han, South Korean singer
 * 1995 – Brad Binder, South African motorcycle racer
 * 1997 – Sarah Clelland, Scottish footballer
 * 1999 – Gregoria Mariska Tunjung, Indonesian badminton player
 * 2001 – Moyuka Uchijima, Japanese tennis player

Pre-1600

 * 223 – Jia Xu, Chinese politician and strategist (b. 147)
 * 353 – Magnentius, Roman usurper (b. 303)
 * 449 – Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
 * 632 – Rusticula, abbess of Arles
 * 919 – Dhuka al-Rumi, Abbasid governor of Egypt
 * 979 – Gero, Count of Alsleben
 * 991 – Byrhtnoth, English soldier (b. 956)
 * 1044 – Sokkate, king of the Pagan dynasty of Burma (b. 1001)
 * 1204 – Guttorm of Norway (b. 1199)
 * 1253 – Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (b. 1194)
 * 1259 – Möngke Khan, Mongolian emperor (b. 1208)
 * 1268 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, Countess consort of Savoy
 * 1332 – Domhnall II, Earl of Mar
 * 1332  – Robert II Keith, Marischal of Scotland
 * 1332  – Thomas Randolph, 2nd Earl of Moray
 * 1332  – Murdoch III, Earl of Menteith
 * 1332  – Robert Bruce, Lord of Liddesdale
 * 1456 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian general and politician (b. 1387)
 * 1464 – Nicholas of Cusa, German cardinal and mystic (b. 1401)
 * 1465 – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden and Bishop of Linköping (b. 1433)
 * 1486 – William Waynflete, English Lord Chancellor and bishop of Winchester (b. c. 1398)
 * 1494 – Hans Memling, German-Belgian painter (b. 1430)
 * 1519 – Johann Tetzel, German preacher (b. 1465)
 * 1556 – John Bell, English bishop
 * 1563 – Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer and educator (b. 1500)
 * 1578 – Pedro Nunes, Portuguese mathematician and academic (b. 1502)
 * 1596 – Hamnet Shakespeare, son of William Shakespeare (b. 1585)

1601–1900

 * 1614 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (b. 1552)
 * 1656 – Ottavio Piccolomini, Austrian-Italian field marshal (b. 1599)
 * 1725 – Prince Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (b. 1723)
 * 1774 – Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche, French physician and author (b. 1722)
 * 1813 – Henry James Pye, English poet and politician (b. 1745)
 * 1851 – Lorenz Oken, German botanist, biologist, and ornithologist (b. 1779)
 * 1854 – Macedonio Melloni, Italian physicist and academic (b. 1798)
 * 1868 – Halfdan Kjerulf, Norwegian pianist and composer (b. 1815)
 * 1886 – Lydia Koidula, Estonian poet and playwright (b. 1843)
 * 1890 – John Henry Newman, English cardinal and theologian (b. 1801)
 * 1892 – Enrico Betti, Italian mathematician and academic (b. 1813)

1901–present

 * 1903 – Eugenio María de Hostos, Puerto Rican-American sociologist, philosopher, and lawyer (b. 1839)
 * 1908 – Khudiram Bose, Indian Bengali revolutionary (b. 1889)
 * 1919 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Carnegie Steel Company and Carnegie Hall (b. 1835)
 * 1921 – Mary Sumner, English philanthropist, founded the Mothers' Union (b. 1828)
 * 1936 – Blas Infante, Spanish historian and politician (b. 1885)
 * 1937 – Edith Wharton, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1862)
 * 1939 – Jean Bugatti, German-Italian engineer (b. 1909)
 * 1939  – Siegfried Flesch, Austrian fencer (b. 1872)
 * 1945 – Stefan Jaracz, Polish actor and theater producer (b. 1883)
 * 1953 – Tazio Nuvolari, Italian race car driver and motorcycle racer (b. 1892)
 * 1956 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (b. 1912)
 * 1961 – Antanas Škėma, Lithuanian-American author, playwright, actor, and director (b. 1910)
 * 1963 – Otto Wahle, Austrian-American swimmer and coach (b. 1879)
 * 1965 – Bill Woodfull, Australian cricketer and educator (b. 1897)
 * 1969 – Miriam Licette, English soprano and educator (b. 1885)
 * 1972 – Max Theiler, South African-American virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
 * 1974 – Vicente Emilio Sojo, Venezuelan conductor and composer (b. 1887)
 * 1977 – Frederic Calland Williams, British co-inventor of the Williams-Kilborn tube, used for memory in early computer systems (b. 1911)
 * 1978 – Berta Ruck, Indian-born Welsh romance novelist (b. 1878)
 * 1979 – J. G. Farrell, English author (b. 1935)
 * 1980 – Paul Robert, French lexicographer and publisher (b. 1910)
 * 1982 – Tom Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1918)
 * 1984 – Alfred A. Knopf Sr., American publisher, founded Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (b. 1892)
 * 1984  – Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian–American chemist and chess player (b. 1916)
 * 1986 – János Drapál, Hungarian motorcycle racer (b. 1948)
 * 1988 – Anne Ramsey, American actress (b. 1929)
 * 1989 – John Meillon, Australian actor (b. 1934)
 * 1991 – J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver (b. 1938)
 * 1994 – Peter Cushing, English actor (b. 1913)
 * 1995 – Phil Harris, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1904)
 * 1996 – Rafael Kubelík, Czech conductor and composer (b. 1914)
 * 1996  – Ambrosio Padilla, Filipino basketball player and politician (b. 1910)
 * 2000 – Jean Papineau-Couture, Canadian composer and academic (b. 1916)
 * 2001 – Percy Stallard, English cyclist and coach (b. 1909)
 * 2002 – Galen Rowell, American photographer and mountaineer (b. 1940)
 * 2003 – Armand Borel, Swiss-American mathematician and academic (b. 1923)
 * 2003  – Herb Brooks, American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1937)
 * 2006 – Mike Douglas, American singer and talk show host (b. 1920)
 * 2008 – George Furth, American actor and playwright (b. 1932)
 * 2008  – Dursun Karataş, founding leader of the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front (DHKP-C) in Turkey (b. 1952)
 * 2009 – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist, founded the Special Olympics (b. 1921)
 * 2010 – James Mourilyan Tanner, British paediatric endocrinologist (b. 1920)
 * 2012 – Red Bastien, American wrestler, trainer, and promoter (b. 1931)
 * 2012  – Michael Dokes, American boxer (b. 1958)
 * 2012  – Lucy Gallardo, Argentinian-Mexican actress and screenwriter (b. 1929)
 * 2013 – Raymond Delisle, French cyclist (b. 1943)
 * 2013  – Zafar Futehally, Indian ornithologist and author (b. 1919)
 * 2013  – David Howard, English ballet dancer and educator (b. 1937)
 * 2014 – Vladimir Beara, Croatian footballer and manager (b. 1928)
 * 2014  – Raymond Gravel, Canadian priest and politician (b. 1952)
 * 2014  – Kika Szaszkiewiczowa, Polish author and blogger (b. 1917)
 * 2014  – Robin Williams, American actor and comedian (b. 1951)
 * 2015 – Serge Collot, French viola player and educator (b. 1923)
 * 2015  – Harald Nielsen, Danish footballer and manager (b. 1941)
 * 2015  – Richard Oriani, Salvadoran-American metallurgist and engineer (b. 1920)
 * 2017 – Yisrael Kristal, Polish-Israeli supercentenarian; oldest living Holocaust survivor and one of the ten oldest men ever (b. 1903)
 * 2017  – Segun Bucknor, Nigerian musician and journalist (b. 1946)
 * 2018 – V S Naipaul, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932)
 * 2019 – Sergio Obeso Rivera, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1931)
 * 2020 – Trini Lopez, American singer and guitarist (b. 1937)
 * 2020  – Sumner Redstone, American billionaire businessman (b. 1923)
 * 2022 – Anne Heche, American actress (b. 1969)
 * 2022  – Hanae Mori, Japanese fashion designer (b. 1926)
 * 2023 – Mike Ahern, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of Queensland (b. 1942)

Holidays and observances

 * Christian Feast Day:
 * Athracht
 * Clare of Assisi
 * Gaugericus
 * John Henry Newman (Church of England)
 * Philomena
 * Susanna
 * Taurinus of Évreux
 * Tiburtius and Chromatius
 * August 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Flag Day (Pakistan)
 * Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Chad from France in 1960.
 * Mountain Day (Japan)

title: August 11


text:
Arcology

Arcology, a portmanteau of "architecture" and "ecology", is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated and ecologically low-impact human habitats.

The term was coined in 1969 by architect Paolo Soleri, who believed that a completed arcology would provide space for a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities while minimizing individual human environmental impact. These structures have been largely hypothetical, as no large-scale arcology has yet been built.

The concept has been popularized by various science fiction writers. Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle provided a detailed description of an arcology in their 1981 novel Oath of Fealty. William Gibson mainstreamed the term in his seminal 1984 cyberpunk novel Neuromancer, where each corporation has its own self-contained city known as an arcology. More recently, authors such as Peter Hamilton in Neutronium Alchemist and Paolo Bacigalupi in The Water Knife explicitly used arcologies as part of their scenarios. They are often portrayed as self-contained or economically self-sufficient.

Development
An arcology is distinguished from a merely large building in that it is designed to lessen the impact of human habitation on any given ecosystem. It could be self-sustainable, employing all or most of its own available resources for a comfortable life: power, climate control, food production, air and water conservation and purification, sewage treatment, etc. An arcology is designed to make it possible to supply those items for a large population. An arcology would supply and maintain its own municipal or urban infrastructures in order to operate and connect with other urban environments apart from its own.

Arcologies were proposed in order to reduce human impact on natural resources. Arcology designs might apply conventional building and civil engineering techniques in very large, but practical projects in order to achieve pedestrian economies of scale that have proven, post-automobile, to be difficult to achieve in other ways.

Frank Lloyd Wright proposed an early version called Broadacre City although, in contrast to an arcology, his idea is comparatively two-dimensional and depends on a road network. Wright's plan described transportation, agriculture, and commerce systems that would support an economy. Critics said that Wright's solution failed to account for population growth, and assumed a more rigid democracy than the US actually has.

Buckminster Fuller proposed the Old Man River's City project, a domed city with a capacity of 125,000, as a solution to the housing problems in East St. Louis, Illinois.

Paolo Soleri proposed later solutions, and coined the term "arcology". Soleri describes ways of compacting city structures in three dimensions to combat two-dimensional urban sprawl, to economize on transportation and other energy uses. Like Wright, Soleri proposed changes in transportation, agriculture, and commerce. Soleri explored reductions in resource consumption and duplication, land reclamation; he also proposed to eliminate most private transportation. He advocated for greater "frugality" and favored greater use of shared social resources, including public transit (and public libraries).

Similar real-world projects

Arcosanti is an experimental "arcology prototype", a demonstration project under construction in central Arizona since 1970. Designed by Paolo Soleri, its primary purpose is to demonstrate Soleri's personal designs, his application of principles of arcology to create a pedestrian-friendly urban form.

Many cities in the world have proposed projects adhering to the design principles of the arcology concept, like Tokyo, and Dongtan near Shanghai. The Dongtan project may have collapsed, and it failed to open for the Shanghai World Expo in 2010.

McMurdo Station of the United States Antarctic Program and other scientific research stations on Antarctica resemble the popular conception of an arcology as a technologically advanced, relatively self-sufficient human community. The Antarctic research base provides living and entertainment amenities for roughly 3,000 staff who visit each year. Its remoteness and the measures needed to protect its population from the harsh environment give it an insular character. The station is not self-sufficient – the U.S. military delivers 30,000 cubic metres (8,000,000 US gal) of fuel and 11 e6lb of supplies and equipment yearly through its Operation Deep Freeze resupply effort – but it is isolated from conventional support networks. Under international treaty, it must avoid damage to the surrounding ecosystem. Begich Towers operates like a small-scale arcology encompassing nearly all of the population of Whittier, Alaska. The building contains residential housing as well as a police station, grocery, and municipal offices. Whittier once boasted a second structure known as the Buckner Building. The Buckner Building still stands but was deemed unfit for habitation after the 1969 earthquake.

The Line was planned as a 170 km long and 200 m wide linear smart city in Saudi Arabia in Neom, Tabuk Province, designed to have no cars, streets or carbon emissions. The Line is planned to be the first development in Neom, a $500 billion project. The city's plans anticipated a population of 9 million. Excavation work had started along the entire length of the project by October 2022. However, the project was scaled down in 2024 to 2.4 km long, housing 300,000 people.

In popular culture
Most proposals to build real arcologies have failed due to financial, structural or conceptual shortcomings. Arcologies are therefore found primarily in fictional works.

 * In Robert Silverberg's The World Inside, most of the global population of 75 billion live inside giant skyscrapers, called "urbmons", each of which contains hundreds of thousands of people. The urbmons are arranged in "constellations". Each urbmon is divided into "neighborhoods" of 40 or so floors. All the needs of the inhabitants are provided inside the building – food is grown outside and brought into the building – so the idea of going outside is heretical and can be a sign of madness. The book examines human life when the population density is extremely high.
 * Another significant example is the 1981 novel Oath of Fealty by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, in which a segment of the population of Los Angeles has moved into an arcology. The plot examines the social changes that result, both inside and outside the arcology. Thus the arcology is not just a plot device but a subject of critique.
 * In the city-building video game SimCity 2000, self-contained arcologies can be built, reducing the infrastructure needs of the city.
 * The isometric, cyberpunk themed action roleplay game The Ascent  takes place in a futuristic dystopian version of an arcology on the alien world Veles - and prominently uses the structure and it's levels to flesh out progression in the game, starting you in the bottom levels of the sewers with the ultimate goal of reaching the top of the structure to leave the city.

title: Arcology