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Talk:Reformed Christianity

Francis Turretin?
Turretin is noted as a Calvinist theologian on his entry, but he is not listed here under 'influential' Calvinist theologians. Should he be added? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3C5:4000:50F0:39EF:A8AD:A6BD:DBCC (talk) 18:25, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Part of the issue is that we only have the categories of Reformers/20th century/contemporary, and Turretin was post-Reformed. If we go broader we can also include John Owen, Jonathan Edwards, and Charles Hodge. StAnselm (talk) 18:35, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Reformed Baptists
@Jarebare555 has decided to exclude references to "Reformed Baptists" from the article with this edit and this edit. Jarebare555, do you have any sources that exclude Reformed Baptists from the Calvinist family? The names you removed were supported with sources as being part of the "New Calvinism". Ltwin (talk) 18:41, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

 * My sources would be all of the non-Lutheran reformers and Reformed confessions, as well as the historical fact that Baptists never referred to themselves as "Reformed" till recently. "Calvinist" is an overly broad and unhelpful term as the article itself states. Baptists have a different tradition and disagree with all the Reformed on key issues of doctrine. "Particular Baptist" is much more accurate to describe what was called "Reformed Baptist" in the article. But again, they are not Reformed as considering one to be Reformed based on their adherence to the 5 Doctrines of Grace is insultingly reductive. Jarebare555 (talk) 18:47, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You've cited no sources. You need a secondary source (and probably more that alone, considering there are already sources cited in the article that support exactly the opposite).  With no source, it's "original research", which we do not do here (see WP:NOR).  You MUST directly support anything added to the article that conflict with your change.  Please make sure you understand WP:RS and how to cite a source.  If not, seek assistance.   Butler Blog   (talk) 18:51, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * https://heidelblog.net/2021/06/in-the-wake-of-the-sbc-baptists-are-neither-reformed-nor-calvinist/
 * https://heidelblog.net/2019/06/resources-on-defining-reformed/
 * The latter link contains about 50 sources, including:
 * Books and Chapters
 * Recovering the Reformed Confession (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2008).
 * “A House of Cards? A Response to Bingham, Cribben, and Caughey,” in Matthew Bingham, Chris Caughey, R. Scott Clark, Crawford Gribben, and D. G. Hart, On Being Reformed: Debates Over a Theological Identity (London: Palgrave-Pivot, 2018), 69–89. Jarebare555 (talk) 19:07, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * On Being Reformed: Debates Over a Theological Identity is literally a discussion about how the "Reformed" identity is contested. The author of Chapter 2 says the term "Reformed Baptists" "does not imply any logical inconsistency". Ltwin (talk) 19:25, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * So far, I don't see much in Jarebare555's list that would acceptable to many editors. While I would accept Clark as reliable, citing his blog is questionable.  And Collin Hansen's book (which Clark notes) is full of just as lettered men that disagree directly with Clark's position.  So one man's opinion isn't enough to state as hard fact (were you to apply it as attribution, that would be another matter).  The latter link contains about 50 sources: Most of those are links to his own blog, others are links to other blogs.  Generally, blogs are not citable as a source.  There's not enough editorial oversight.  But beyond that, just dropping that here doesn't do much.  Are you saying you don't know how to cite a source?  Or is it that you want someone to do it for you?   Butler Blog   (talk) 19:29, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I could cite all kinds of primary sources to make a case, but as the leaders of the Reformed faith were more concerned with actually reforming the church, you won't find Calvin defining "reformed" in the way you're asking. And I've already been told that for me to make a case based on what is distinct about Reformed theology and Baptist theology and where all the reformers stood, would be to engage in "original research." Two of the major distinctions of Reformed theology compared to Baptist theology are the sacraments (especially paedobaptism) and the covenants. The reformers were entirely united on the former and, as far as I know, on the latter as well.
 * So, if you're asking for a source from the 16th century that says "Baptists aren't Reformed," that would be egregiously anachronistic, as the Anabaptists never claimed to be Reformed or Calvinist, and the Particular Baptists of the British Isles were not extant.
 * Also, a simple comparison between the Reformed confessions (e.g., Heidelberg) and the 1689 would easily dissuade a silly notion of them being in line on some of the most essential points. But, again, I guess that would be "original research." Jarebare555 (talk) 22:04, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Jarebare555, please read Reliable sources if you'd like more information on what counts as reliable sources in Wikipedia. Essentially, what we look for is reliable secondary sources. Ltwin (talk) 23:25, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I could cite all kinds of primary sources to make a case We don't want primary sources for exactly the reason you noted: you won't find Calvin defining "reformed" in the way you're asking. To arrive at that conclusion from a primary source would be synthesis of a conclusion, which is what original research is. If I wasn't clear, you need secondary sources; but they need to be sources that meet the standards of reliable sources (which, as noted, blogs as self-published sources, are not).  Additionally, you probably have the added hurdle here that you may need to attribute statements to the specific source, since there exists more than one singular position (i.e. you're going to get a different position from Clark than say, Collin Hansen).   Butler Blog   (talk) 23:25, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, gotcha. You said "You need a secondary source (and probably more that alone...)." I took this to mean at least secondary sources, i.e., secondary and primary sources. It now occurs to me that "that alone" was probably meant to be "than one" instead of "than that alone." I thought you were being self-contradictory, but it was just me misreading a typo. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Jarebare555 (talk) 00:13, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

"Reformed Christianity" the better title, "Calvinism" a nuanced alternative
I would like to revisit this topic after catching up on the discussion in March 2022.

It is my judgment that "Reformed Christianity" is the more appropriate name. This article is devoted to the "major branch of Protestantism", as opposed to other branches like Lutheranism or Anglicanism.

My rationale:

 * "Calvinist" is not the term that the churches of this tradition name themselves, they use the term "reformed" (e.g. Reformed Church of France, Reformed Church in Hungary, Reformed Church in America etc.) or they identify by their reformed subgroup (e.g. Presbyterian, Congregationalist). See Category:Reformed denominations by continent.

 * "Calvinism" is too often used in reference to the theology, especially the five points. This is a narrower topic than the branch of the Christian tradition. I would even say "calvinism" usually has the five points in view.
 * One previous opponent to the move notes use in Britannica, Oxford Bibliographies and The Canadian Encyclopedia, but these sources discuss "theology" and "ideas", not the "major branch" in view by this article. That definition better fits the article Theology of John Calvin.

 * "Calvinism" is strictly speaking misleading and anachronistic given the scope of this article. Zwingli, Bucer and others were part of this identifiable movement prior to Calvin's involvement. The Zwinglian tradition arguably stands opposed to the Calvinist tradition, yet under the same reformed umbrella. This is the general usage preferred in historical theology when discussing their competing views of the sacrament.

The bulk of the opposition in prior discussion seems to be focused on the fact that "calvinism" is the more common word in English, but I fail to see how that is relevant. NGram doesn't tell you how the term is being used, just that it is.

Options:

 * Simple: Retitle (move) the article and flip the opening sentence
 * Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and various other Reformation-era theologians.
 * Complex: Refocus this article on calvinist theology (also not striclty synonymous with reformed theology). Begin a new article devoted to the "major branch of protestantism" titled Reformed Christianity.

Dirkwillems (talk) 02:03, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support: Denominations in this camp identify as adhering to Reformed theology (such as the Reformed Church in America or the Dutch Reformed Church). Calvinism is the soteriological position of the historic Reformed Churches. I hope this helps. With regards, AnupamTalk 02:39, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Regrettable oppose: Denominationally, Calvinism is more precise than Reformed, as the latter term can also refer to some more lowercase-C catholic Protestants. It's frustrating because Reformed is absolutely the right word, but it's an imprecise one. Calvinism is used colloquially enough to be common and is also more accurate. Open to being convinced otherwise on this! ~ Pbritti (talk) 05:12, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Pbritti Is this article focused on what you understand to be the precise meaning of "Calvinism?" Note that the article already distinguishes between "Calvinist" and "Arminian" subgroups within the reformed tradition in the etymology section. Dirkwillems (talk) 15:08, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: This article covers Reformed Christianity as a whole, which is more than simply Calvinism, and thus the "lesser" precision (for lack of a better description) is more appropriate. Leaving the title as it is requires @Dirkwillems suggestion of refocusing this article on strictly Calvinist theology (which is already covered in Theology of John Calvin).   Butler Blog   (talk) 12:18, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 28 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (non-admin closure)  microbiology Marcus [petri dish·growths] 20:22, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Calvinism → Reformed Christianity – This article is devoted to the "major branch of Protestantism", not the narrower subjects of Calvinist theology like the five points or the personal Theology of John Calvin, the latter more often and appropriately called "Calvinism." "Reformed" is the broader name for the tradition preferred in the academy and among the churches themselves. Please see recent discussion on talk page. NGram is less helpful than usual because these terms have varied uses. Dirkwillems (talk) 19:43, 28 March 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. Calvinism is the theology of John Calvin, for which we already have an article.  The requested change more accurately describes what is covered in the article, which is far more broad than simply Calvinism.    Butler Blog   (talk) 20:08, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Even if Calvinism is used as a synonym for Reformed, the Reformed tradition is broader than Calvinist theology. In addition, many mainline Reformed churches that were theologically Calvinist have developed in different directions in recent times.Ltwin (talk) 23:28, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom: my first choice is Reformed Protestantism, then Reformed tradition, then followed very closely by Reformed Christianity, but any of these are much better than Calvinism. See my arguments here: Talk:Calvinism/Archive 1. I have shifted to Reformed Protestantism just because I think it provides the most WP:PRECISION to the reader, and is pretty widely used in reliable sources. I would also note that in the RM linked above, one of the opposes to Reformed tradition was concerned about using a label that could refer to groups outside Christianity. We should also keep in mind that there are Reformed Catholics (denomination) which have little to do with Reformed Protestantism. It's also the case that in some circles "Reformed Christian" just means protestant. But I would still be happy with any of the three bolded options above. --Jfhutson (talk) 12:51, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't find that "Reformed Protestantism" is a common phrase, even if more precise. "Reformed Christianity" is much more often used for this tradition. Examples: Worldmark Encyclopedia Britannica TGC (Au). The term "Reformed Christianity" could technically even apply to the Catholic Church after the Catholic Reformation, but nobody uses it that way. In fact, the opposite is true of the phrase "Catholic Church". Every creedal Protestant considers themselves part of the Catholic Church, but it's still appropriate to title that article with reference to the particular denomination across the Tiber.
 * I don't think "Reformed tradition" is precise enough. It begs the question, "tradition of what?"
 * Thanks for sharing your thoughts. I also would find any of your suggestions better than Calvinism. Dirkwillems (talk) 16:28, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I want to add, Reformed Catholic is also a term used by Calvinists going back to William Perkins. I don't know if this sense outweighs the non-Protestant denomination. Dirkwillems (talk) 16:36, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I agree about Reformed tradition, though I do see it used a lot in RSes, I've struck it out of my earlier comment. It's almost a tie to me as far as Christianity vs. Protestantism. I think academic sources prefer Protestantism over Christianity a bit (the hits for the former seem more relevant and higher quality as well as being more numerous than the latter). It's also possible popular sources are avoiding Protestantism since popular audiences might not know what it means, but surely anyone familiar with the subject (re WP:CRITERIA) will recognize it. --Jfhutson (talk) 16:51, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I see your point. I think Christianity and Protestantism are both valid and given your observation I have no preference of one over the other. Christianity seemed preferred by the current article lead.
 * Looking at foreign language wikipedias, I notice that they generally use the equivalent terms for "Reformed Protestantism" (Dutch) or "Reformed churches" (German Spanish French). Some other languages try to take you to the equivalent of "continental reformed" or "protestant reformation." I don't think churches should be on the table given the scope of this article.
 * Since this proposition is unanimous so far, I'd like to leave it as is but make "or Reformed Protestantism" first in the lead, then "also called Calvinism." If you feel strongly that this should be reversed, I would support that request. Thanks. Dirkwillems (talk) 18:51, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That's fine, let's see how the RM plays out. -- Jfhutson (talk) 19:04, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * On Reformed Catholicism, I just redirected Reformed catholicism (which surprisingly did not exist) to Catholicity. We'll see if that sticks (further discussion should probably go somewhere else than here). But my point above was that it could be possible that someone would think Reformed Christianity applied to the Counter-Reformation church, or Reformed Catholics (denomination), and therefore it has WP:PRECISION issues. But I think that's my weakest argument. --Jfhutson (talk) 17:35, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Afterword
Only noticed this after the discussion was closed, still my $0.02: for a person not deeply into the intricacies of Reformation, like me, "Calvinism" is a familiar term, while "Reformed Christianity" means absolutely nothing. Google Scholar, in particular, produces over 100K results for "Calvinism" and just 4.5K for "Reformed Christianity". In other words, this does not look like a good choice of terminology (both the broad public and the experts prefer "Calvinism"), and the discussion should have been kept open for longer. --Викидим (talk) 20:42, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * In this request I tried to give as much justification as possible that "Calvinism" is only used grudgingly by experts and is "a name or description of the subject that someone familiar with, although not necessarily an expert in, the subject area will recognize" per WP:CRITERIA. --JFHutson (talk) 21:44, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing to this discussion. My problem is simple: I consider myself to be that man on the Clapham omnibus for whom the encyclopedias are presumably written, and this is not an esoteric topic where one of us (fellow riders) would expect not to know the proper terminology, so the title is fully unexpected. Викидим (talk) 22:41, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Викидим that's what redirects are for, right? Dirkwillems (talk) 23:31, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Who am I to argue? This is not what I've been taught about 50 years ago, so I would not have recognized. What do high school textbooks say nowadays? Викидим (talk) 01:30, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Викидим I'm not arguing, I'm just saying there's not an issue because "Calvinism" redirects here Dirkwillems (talk) 02:30, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I am definitely not arguing and not proposing to reopen the deliberations. My interest is tangential (WP:NPP, I have already market the newly redirected Calvinism as reviewed). I am genuinely trying to understand the reasons for such a drastic change that apparently dismissed 95% of scholarship. Викидим (talk) 06:11, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * King Tut is similar. I think the experience of being redirected from King Tut and Calvinism is itself educational. — JFHutson (talk) 01:16, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * School never taught us about King Tut. There lies the difference. Викидим (talk) 01:34, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don’t see how that’s relevant. I’ve given the relevant WP policies, and I think the result is helpful to the proverbial bus-rider, who might learn that the landscape is more complicated than his HS textbook taught him. This isn’t just an academic dispute either. Many Christians consider themselves Reformed and not Calvinist, with no academic training. If that’s what experts say is correct, why would we keep the inaccurate naming?— JFHutson (talk) 02:01, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I can be persuaded that there are some Christians that are Reformed Christians, but not Calvinists - and would even accept this as an argument for splitting the article (I do not propose it!). But this type of argument is nowhere in the WP:CRITERIA. I have just checked the high school textbooks on European History, and indeed they apparently still teach students about "Calvinism", not "Reformed Christianity". So your argument about WP:CRITERIA "recognizability" fails: most of the world population learns about this stuff in the high school. If they are good students (like I was), they would demonstrate familiarity with the subject and, like me, would be puzzled with a choice of the title. AP preparation materials are also apparently aligned with the old title, not the new one. Once again, I can accept the statement that all these authors are simply unenlightened like me and need to see the light through a redirect - but at least I am in an extremely large group. Викидим (talk) 06:45, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don’t think the standard of being familiar with the subject is equivalent with going to high school, but reading a single reliable source on the subject (none of the ones I have cited are for academics) or being a member of a Reformed church (very few of these are experts). I do think it’s a large group that accepts the inaccurate usage, but the beauty of Wikipedia is we can follow the reliable sources preference for accuracy and use a redirect for convenience. — JFHutson (talk) 13:19, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * To avoid misunderstanding, before starting the thread, I have read the introduction to a popular, but apparently solid, book (listed below by ). There is a very explicit acknowledgement there that "Calvinism is very hard to define" (thus my previous suggestion to "declare the disagreement between sources"). Викидим (talk) 21:33, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I’ve added a definition section and would appreciate your input. There is some there about differences between sources I need to work more on what groups might be called Reformed today. — JFHutson (talk) 21:51, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * (Unrelated) Conkin "defines Reformed Christianity broadly, to encompass Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Congregationalists, Methodists, Calvinist Baptists, and all other denominations originating in the work of reformers other than Luther" - do we agree with him? If yes, it would be nice to state this "everyone but Lutherans" principle in the lead. If we disagree, and count, say, Methodists out, or declare the disagreement between sources, it would be also nice to have in the lead - this will simplify the terminological dislocation caused to me and other less educated readers. The article later in the text appears to explicitly declare Arminians as non-Calvinists (the Reformed tradition as a branch of Protestantism is distinguished from Lutheranism and divided into two groups, Arminians and Calvinists). If this is a noncontroversial statement, can at least this statement (in some form) replace the current Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism in the lead. Any of these changes would make understanding and acceptance of the new title so much easier for people like me. --Викидим (talk) 07:05, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don’t think that’s a very common usage. I agree that the lead needs work and will think about it. — JFHutson (talk) 13:27, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The move discussion didn't have much input. I understand that Reformed Christianity is the theological term but Calvinism is the more general term for the non-specialist and we generally name articles that way. I suggest moving it back. Calvinism: A Very Short Introduction, a recent book for the general public, is titled Calvinism although the author uses Calvinism and reformed theology interchangeably. Or separate the theology part out into an article titled Calvinism, since this article is and has been about Reformed Christianity as a whole, not just the theology.
 * If the article stays as it is, remember it is not enough just to have the old title be a redirect. Redirects to sections of Calvinism are now broken. I fixed one, but please fix Calvinist theologian, Calvinist theology, and all the other pages that show up as redirects to sections in this list. Thanks. StarryGrandma (talk) 20:09, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Some examples of books that are not for specialists are Introducing the Reformed Faith and The Reformed Faith, both written for laymen as introductions to the religious tradition (new members of Reformed churches). The WP:CRITERIA standard is "The title is a name or description of the subject that someone familiar with, although not necessarily an expert in, the subject area will recognize." I will admit in historical writing, it's very common to find "Calvinism" in the titles of books, but almost every one I have read has a statement basically saying that they had to call it Calvinism so that people would recognize it more easily and buy the book. (I have not read the Balserak book yet but I ordered it from the library). We don't have that problem on Wikipedia since we have redirects. I will get to fixing the redirects, but I want to focus on getting the definition right for now so I can address the very valid concerns brought up. -- JFHutson (talk) 01:54, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It looks like someone else has fixed the redirects; let me know if that is not the case, and thank you to whoever did it. -- JFHutson (talk) 14:42, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't have that problem on Wikipedia since we have redirects. I'm not sure this is true, per WP:CRITERIA and WP:ASTONISH. Although I am familiar with the terminology, I have lots of sympathy for and I opposed the previous RM for that very reason. Srnec (talk) 20:12, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, I agree that it's not as simple that we can use expert terms because we have redirects, but I think Reformed Christianity meets CRITERIA (readers "familiar with, although not necessarily expert in, the subject area with recognize" Reformed Christianity) and that the availability of redirects on Wikipedia allows us to follow the reliable sources. ASTONISH says "We cannot control all astonishment – the point of an encyclopedia is to learn things, after all." So when the vast majority of reliable sources say "we should avoid using this term," I'm glad to oblige and let redirects do their thing. -- JFHutson (talk) 20:41, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * As another non-specialist in the Reformation, I would expect "Reformed Christianity" to refer to the variety of Christianity that resulted from it – in other words, to all of Protestantism – so this title fails WP:ASTONISH for me. Reformed Protestantism would at least indicate that this is a subset of Protestantism, and judging by this Google Ngram Viewer result is actually in more common use. Ham II (talk) 13:47, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ASTONISH (an essay) does not mean we use what first comes to (your) mind as the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Reformed Christianity has never redirected to Protestantism or the Reformation. It redirected to Calvinism starting in 2012. Before then, it pointed to Reformed churches, which used to be an article about an even narrower topic equivalent to Continental Reformed Protestantism. -- JFHutson (talk) 18:28, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying that Reformed Christianity should have Protestantism as its target; clearly this topic should be the target. Your comment doesn't address the WP:COMMONNAME argument suggested by the Ngram, where "Reformed Protestantism" is more prevalent than "Reformed Christianity". If Continental Reformed Protestantism is a sub-topic, what's wrong with Reformed Protestantism as a title, or would "Continental Reformed Christianity" be a preferable title for the other article? Ham II (talk) 20:14, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I would be fine with such a change on the basis of NGram but I don't think the first objection holds weight. If Reformed Christianity seems to imply any sect that went through reformation then Reformed Protestantism implies a second, later reformation of Protestantism, which would also be false.
 * Worth noting, Christianity has the upper hand on Protestantism if we expand NGram backwards. Dirkwillems (talk) 00:56, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reformed Christianity


text:
Chauvinism

Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior. The Encyclopaedia Britannica describes it as a form of "excessive and unreasonable" patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.

In American English, the word has also come to be used in some quarters as shorthand for male chauvinism, a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, which, as of 2018, began its first example of use of the term chauvinism with "an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex".

As nationalism
According to legend, French soldier Nicolas Chauvin was badly wounded in the Napoleonic Wars and received a meager pension for his injuries. After Napoleon abdicated, Chauvin maintained his fanatical Bonapartist belief in the messianic mission of Imperial France, despite the unpopularity of this view under the Bourbon Restoration. His single-minded devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.

Chauvinism has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such partisanship includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition. This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term jingoism, which has retained the meaning of chauvinism strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.

In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus: "Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the 'national mission'. ... [A] nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been left by history without a national mission. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people."

In this sense, chauvinism is irrational, in that no one can claim their nation or ethnic group to be inherently superior to another.

A historical example of chauvinism from the century following Chauvin was the German-Jewish poet Ernst Lissauer, whose extreme nationalism after the outbreak of World War 1 included writing the "Hymn of Hate against England" ("Haßgesang gegen England") in 1915. As David Aberbach remarks, "There is nothing in modern Hebrew literature, however devoted to the cause of Jewish sovereignty, remotely comparable to the super-chauvinistic Hassgesang ('Hate Song for England')..."

Despite chauvinism's irrational roots, at the time, it was explicitly seen as almost obligatory for any German patriot. As Walter Rarthenau commented just prior to the outbreak of the war, "Whoever loves his Fatherland may and should be something of a chauvinist." Lissauer's poem was exceedingly popular, to the extent that it was praised by the Kaiser himself, and Lissauer's slogan "Gott strafe England!" was used as a daily greeting. However, whilst some German Jews did take the opportunity of the war to demonstrate their patriotism, Lissauer was an extremist, and in contrast many other German Jews disagreed with Lissauer and the way that mainstream opinion had shifted.

The Christianity-centric imagery used to document the Kriegserlebnis by authors such as Walter Flex alienated Jewish soldiers. Whereas Lissauer attempted to sign up as a soldier (but was rejected as unfit) as soon as war broke out, then penned the poem, and in the words of Stefan Zweig considered everything published by the German newspapers and army to be "gospel truth" and Edward Grey to be "the worst criminal". The last lines of the poem read: We love as one, we hate as one, We have one foe and one alone — ENGLAND!

Male chauvinism
Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 Clifford Odets play Till the Day I Die.

In the workplace
The balance of the workforce changed during World War II. As men entered or were conscripted into the military to fight in the war, women started replacing them. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large." Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B. Lloyd.

Lloyd and Michael Korda have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.

Causes
Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the TAT psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.

An often cited study done in 1976 by Sherwyn Woods, "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism", attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism. "Male chauvinism was studied in the psychoanalytic therapy of 11 men. It refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women. Challenging chauvinist attitudes often results in anxiety or other symptoms. It is frequently not investigated in psychotherapy because it is ego-syntonic, parallels cultural attitudes, and because therapists often share similar bias or neurotic conflict. Chauvinism was found to represent an attempt to ward off anxiety and shame arising from one or more of four prime sources: unresolved infantile strivings and regressive wishes, hostile envy of women, oedipal anxiety, and power and dependency conflicts related to masculine self-esteem. Mothers were more important than fathers in the development of male chauvinism, and resolution was sometimes associated with decompensation in wives."Adam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is masculinity itself:"For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe misogyny is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity."

Female chauvinism
Female chauvinism is the belief that women are superior to men. Second-wave feminist Betty Friedan observed that "...the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class is [...] female chauvinism." Ariel Levy used the term in her book Female Chauvinist Pigs, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older misogynist stereotypes.

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title: Chauvinism