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Hoosier hysteria

Hoosier hysteria is the state of excitement surrounding basketball in Indiana or, more specifically, the Indiana high school basketball tournament. The most famous example occurred in 1954, when Milan (enrollment 161) defeated Muncie Central (enrollment over 1,600) to win the state title.

Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans. He later wrote that while it was invented in Massachusetts, "basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, New Yorkers and New Englanders for baseball, Pennsylvanians and Iowans for wrestling, Michiganders and Minnesotans for ice hockey, and Washingtonians and Oregonians for soccer

Homegrown talent
Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier athletes have played professional basketball in the world's top league. Considering the size of the state (population 6.4 million), this makes Indiana high schools by far the most successful at developing NBA players per capita. Today there are 22 Hoosiers in the NBA - more than one for every 150,000 male residents. The state's unparalleled ability to produce NBA talent, both statewide and specifically in smaller towns, is featured in this Deadspin article. In 2017, Indiana natives won the NBA and D-league Dunk Contests, NBA and D-league 3-point contests, and won runner-up in the NBA Skills Challenge.

One-class tradition
Historically, each of the several hundred small towns of Indiana had its own small school system. Before consolidation of many of these rural school districts in the last half of the twentieth century, Indiana high schools had fewer students than those of most other states; basketball was a natural game for these schools since it only required five starters and a few reserves. Even one or two great basketball players could make a high school team a powerhouse, and nearly every Indiana town dreams of such glory.

The Franklin Wonder Five was the first team to win the state championship in three consecutive years, from 1920 to 1922. This accomplishment would not be matched for over six decades. The team was led by Fuzzy Vandivier.

After Milan's Miracle in the 1950s, no school with an enrollment of less than 500 won another boys' State title under the all-comers format. As school consolidation became more common and as more rural residents migrated to cities making large high schools grow even larger, smaller high schools had only a mismatch to look forward to come tournament time, as success concentrated in Indiana's large urban and suburban schools. Starting with the 1997–1998 season, Indiana established a controversial four-class system for its basketball championship, although many other sports remain single-class. The state's move to this new system has, to some extent, diminished the phenomenon and public opinion is widely split on the merits of "class basketball."

Aside from the "Milan Miracle," the story of Crispus Attucks High School ranks as one of the greatest in Indiana high school basketball tradition. In 1955, the year after Attucks had lost in the semistate final (state quarterfinals) to Milan's championship team, Attucks gained fame by winning the Indiana state championship, becoming the first all-black school in the nation to win a state title open to all schools regardless of race. Crispus Attucks repeated as champions in 1956, becoming the first Indiana high school team to complete a season undefeated. The Attucks teams of 1954 through 1956 were led by Oscar Robertson. Both stories, Milan and Crispus Attucks, are memorialized for their accomplishments and tradition at the Indiana State Museum as well as at the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in New Castle.

A highlight of the single-class tournament was the 1990 State Championship game, in which the paid attendance was over 40,000 fans. This phenomenal turnout of fans who witnessed Damon Bailey's Bedford-North Lawrence Stars win the State Championship stands as the largest crowd ever to witness a high school basketball game.

After the 1997 season (when Bloomington North won the final single-class State Championship), the IHSAA controversially did away with the single-class system, ending the run of single-class champions in Indiana. There are many in Indiana who lament this loss, and who know that Hoosier hysteria has been dramatically and significantly lessened thereby. Hoosier hysteria has not completely diminished however. For example, in 2003, DeKalb High School (1200 students) nearly defeated Pike High School (3000 students). Also, the Indiana tournament is still the most attended in the nation, with final four games for the two larger divisions regularly selling out Gainbridge Fieldhouse (formerly Conseco Fieldhouse and Bankers Life Fieldhouse).

High school gymnasiums
Perhaps one of the more telling signs of the passion and commitment to basketball at the high school level is the number and size of large basketball gymnasiums in the state. With considerable cost and effort, Indiana boasts nine of the ten largest high school gyms in the country, and a purported eighteen of the top twenty. Seventeen venues in Indiana today boast a capacity of over 6,000, the largest being the New Castle Fieldhouse, seating 9,325.

College basketball
Hoosier hysteria may have its roots firmly planted in the high school game, but the college tradition brings its own depth to Indiana's passion. In NCAA Division I basketball, Indiana's colleges and universities have a storied past. Big Ten rivals Purdue University and Indiana University and the University of Notre Dame are the most notable, with national and conference championships to boast. Smaller schools such as Indiana State University, Ball State University, Butler University, the University of Evansville, IUPUI, Purdue Fort Wayne, the University of Southern Indiana, and Valparaiso University add to the mix. Vincennes University boasts an outstanding national tradition in the junior college ranks. And in Division II St. Joseph's and the University of Indianapolis have added their own successes to the legend of Indiana basketball. Wabash College won the Men's Division III NCAA Championship in 1982 and their 1905 24-0 team was considered World Champions; DePauw University and Manchester College were Div III National Finalists. It is safe to say that the terms "Final Four" and "March Madness" have grown out of the tradition of Hoosier hysteria.

Ball State Cardinals
The Ball State Cardinals have won several conference championships and earned a number of NCAA Tournament berths over the years, including:
 * Seven Mid-American Conference Season Championships
 * Seven Mid-American Conference (MAC) Tournament Championships (and subsequent NCAA Tournament appearances)
 * Bonzi Wells, a Muncie, Indiana native, was a four-year letterwinner at Ball State, finishing his career as the Mid-American Conference's all-time leading scorer, and leading the NCAA in steals.
 * Ball State's highest finish in the NCAA Tournament came in 1990, when they defeated Gary Payton's Oregon State Beavers and Coach Denny Crum's Louisville Cardinals before falling to eventual champion UNLV by 2, 69–67.

Butler Bulldogs

 * Home of the legendary Hinkle Fieldhouse, the largest basketball arena in the world from 1928 to 1950 (including professional arenas). Hinkle hosted the Indiana High School Athletic Association Championships for many years (including Milan's 1954 championship), Butler University also is notable for its men's and women's basketball teams. The Bulldogs advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament in the 2003 and 2007 seasons.
 * In 2006, the Bulldogs won the 2006 Preseason NIT, beating most notably Indiana and Notre Dame to reach the semifinals in New York City. Behind a strong performance from guard A.J. Graves, the Bulldogs defeated Tennessee and Gonzaga at Madison Square Garden.
 * In 2010, Butler reached their first Final Four as a #5 seed, beating #12 seeded UTEP in the first round behind a flurry of 3-pointers, edging out a very good #13 seed Murray State (who upset #4 seed Vanderbilt in the first round), and then in the Sweet 16, Butler upset #1 seed Syracuse, and in a thrilling Elite Eight game Butler upset #2 seed Kansas State. The Bulldogs made it to the Finals of the NCAA Tournament after defeating #5 seed Michigan State from the Midwest division. The Bulldogs played against #1 seeded Duke from the South in the finals but lost in a close game, with a potential game-winning shot by Gordon Hayward from just inside half-court rimming out.
 * In 2011, Butler returned to the NCAA title game for a second straight year. However, Butler lost 53–41 to Connecticut, shooting a historically low 18.8 percent from the field — the worst in any NCAA title game and the worst in any NCAA tourney game since Harvard against Ohio State in 1946.

Evansville Purple Aces

 * The Evansville Purple Aces have won five national championships in the NCAA College Division (now known as Division II): 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 (29–0 record), and 1971. This ranks second all-time.
 * After joining the NCAA's Division I in 1977, Evansville was a charter member of the Midwest Collegiate Conference, now known as the Horizon League. The Aces won or shared the MCC regular season title in 1982, 1987, 1989, 1992, and 1993. They also won the conference tournament title in 1982, 1992, and 1993.
 * The Aces are now a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, and won the 1999 regular season title.
 * Legendary Aces coach Arad McCutchan was the first NCAA College Division coach selected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.

Franklin College Grizzlies

 * Franklin College (total enrollment of around 350 students), known as the "Franklin Wonder Five", declared national college champions in 1922–1923 season, staying undefeated against teams from major universities, including Notre Dame, Illinois, Purdue, and Wisconsin.
 * Had a string of 50 consecutive victories over a 2-season span that ended in February 1924, after the team suffered its first defeat by Butler University.
 * In 1924, turned down an offer to play the Original Celtics, the top professional team in the nation, for a claim to the "undisputed national championship".
 * Two Indiana State Collegiate Championships (1923, 1924).

Indiana Hoosiers
Indiana's collegiate basketball squad, the Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team has several championships to their credit:

 * Five NCAA National Championships (1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987), placing them in a tie for fourth most all-time
 * One NIT Championship (1979) over rival Purdue; and one Runner-up finish (1985) to a UCLA team featuring future member of the Indiana Pacers, Reggie Miller
 * Twenty-two Big Ten Championships (including four in a row from 1973 to 1976), currently two behind rival Purdue for the most all-time
 * Also, Indiana completed the most recent undefeated season in Division I men's college basketball, going 32–0 in the 1975–76 season under Hall of Fame coach Bob Knight.

The Hoosiers' five NCAA Championships are the fourth in history, tied with Duke, and trailing UCLA (11) Kentucky (8) and North Carolina (6). Their eight trips to the Final Four ranks seventh on the all-time list. The Hoosiers have made 32 appearances in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament (fifth-most in NCAA history). In those 32 appearances, Indiana has posted 52 victories, the sixth-most in NCAA history.

Indiana State Sycamores

 * Led by the legendary French Lick standout Larry Bird, Indiana State was the runner-up in the 1979 NCAA tournament. They lost to Magic Johnson's Michigan State Spartans. Their final record was 33–1.
 * Indiana State, led by All-American Jerry Newsom, was the 1968 NCAA College Division Runner-up. They lost to perennial power Kentucky Wesleyan. Their final record was 23–8.
 * Indiana State won the 1950 NAIA Championship.
 * Eight players from the 1950 team played for Head Coach John Longfellow as the United States' Gold Medal Basketball team at the inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games.
 * Indiana State was the runner-up in the 1946 and 1948 NAIA championship games. The 1948 team was coached by the legendary John Wooden; it is the only Championship game loss in Coach Wooden's career.
 * In 1947, Wooden's basketball team won the conference title and received an invitation to the NAIA National Tournament in Kansas City. Wooden refused the invitation citing the NAIA's policy banning African American players. A member on the Indiana State Sycamores' team was Clarence Walker, an African-American athlete from East Chicago, Indiana. In 1948 the NAIA changed this policy and Wooden guided his team to the NAIA final, losing to Louisville. That year, Walker became the first African-American to play in ANY post-season intercollegiate basketball tournament.
 * Indiana State finished third in the 1953 NAIA tourney and fourth in the 1949 NAIA tourney
 * In 1936, Indiana State was the runner-up in the U.S. Olympics Trials for basketball.
 * Two MVC Regular Season Championships and three MVC Tournament Championships.
 * Four Indiana Collegiate Conference (ICC) Regular Season Championships.
 * Four Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) Regular Season Championships

Notre Dame Fighting Irish

 * The Notre Dame Men's Basketball team was crowned National Champions of the 1926-1927 basketball season as well as the 1935-1936 basketball season by the Helms Athletic Foundation.
 * The Notre Dame Men have a history of upsetting number 1 ranked teams as they have beaten 12 teams ranked No. 1 in the polls. The most notable of these upsets was the 1974 upset of UCLA, who had won their previous 88 contests.
 * The Notre Dame Men's Basketball team currently has the 9th most wins in College Basketball History.
 * Led by Coach Digger Phelps, the Irish made a trip to the 1978 Final Four where they lost to the Duke Blue Devils.
 * The Irish have appeared in the Elite 8 on 7 different occasions. These include 1953, 1954, 1958, 1978 (Final Four),1979, 2015 and 2016.
 * Since joining the Big East in 1995, a Notre Dame basketball player has been crowned Big East Player of the year 5 times.
 * 10 Notre Dame players have been named consensus All Americans. Three of those players were named to the team in 3 different years. (Only 18 players have been named as consensus All-Americans three times.)
 * Notre Dame all-time leading scorer Austin Carr currently holds the record for the most points in an NCAA tournament game, scoring 61 against Ohio in 1971.
 * The Irish women won the National Championship in 2001 and 2018.
 * The Irish women went to five consecutive Final Fours from 2011 through 2015, finishing as national runner-up in four of those years—2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. The Irish were also runners-up in 2019.

Purdue Boilermakers
With their only men's national championship coming in the days before the NCAA Tournament, the Purdue Boilermakers have a basketball history:
 * National championship in 1932, led by three-time All-American player and Indiana native John Wooden. (Championship retroactively awarded by the Helms Athletic Foundation, seven years before the NCAA sponsored a basketball championship)
 * NCAA Tourney runner-up in 1969 and 2024, semifinalist in 1980
 * One NIT Championship (1974); the first for the Big Ten Conference and two Runner-up finishes (1979, 1982) and a third-place finish (1981)
 * Twenty-Six (26) Big Ten Championships (including a "Three-Pete" - a play on their mascot - from 1994 to 1996 and from 1934 to 1936.)
 * The most all-time.
 * Currently first all-time in Big Ten Conference victories with 992.

The Boilermaker women have one National Championship (1999), one national runner-up finish (2001 to Notre Dame), seven Big Ten Championships, and have won nine of the 25 women's Big Ten tournaments.

Valparaiso Beacons

 * Nine Summit League regular season championships.
 * Eight Summit League tournament championships.
 * Memorable run in the 1998 NCAA tournament following The Shot by Bryce Drew.

Indianapolis Greyhounds
The Indianapolis Greyhounds, representing the University of Indianapolis (UIndy), have a storied basketball history. The Greyhounds were led by UIndy Hall of Famer Angus Nicoson throughout the 1950s and 60s, and Nicoson's teams won 8 Hoosier Conference Championships. More recent success has seen the Hounds ranked No. 1 in the country in Division II basketball in 2014, led by former USI standout, Stan Gouard.

St. Joseph's Pumas
They are members of the Great Lakes Valley Conference, the top Division II conference in the nation.
 * The Saint Joseph's Pumas, led by current coach Richard Davis, returned to the NCAA Elite Eight for the fourth time in 2010. The Pumas have numerous conference championships and 10 appearances in the NCAA Division II Tournament.
 * Four Great Lakes Valley Conference regular season championships.
 * One Great Lakes Valley Conference tournament championships.
 * One Indiana Collegiate Conference regular season championship.
 * Memorable run in the 2010 NCAA tournament reaching the Elite Eight by make the tournament as an 'at-large' bid and preceding to win the Midwest Regional (3 games) by a total of 5 point. They won the Regional Championship by 1 point in a thrilling triple-overtime game, defeating Quincy University.

USI Screaming Eagles

 * The USI Screaming Eagles, led by current Auburn coach Bruce Pearl, won the 1995 Division II National Championship and were runners-up in 1994 and 2004.

Vincennes Trailblazers
The Vincennes University men's basketball program is the 4th winningest junior college program in the country, with 1,470 victories. The Trailblazers trail Southeastern Iowa Community College (1,519), Moberly, Mo., (1,505) and Hutchinson, Kan., with 1,490. The Trailblazers' 4 National Titles place them tied with Moberly Area Community College and San Jacinto College - Central, which each have four titles. The Vincennes program began in 1903, however, no teams were formed from 1910 to 1912 and 1931–1950.

 * 4 NJCAA National Championships; 1965, 1970, 1972, 2019
 * National Finalist in 1986
 * National Semi-Finalist in 1974, 1983, 1992, 1993
 * National Tournament Top 10 finishes: 1967, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1998 and 2000
 * 30 appearances in the NJCAA National Tournament
 * 28 appearances in the NJCAA finals.
 * 34 NJCAA Region 12 championships.
 * 9 NJCAA District 12 championships.
 * 7 Inter-region playoffs

Bethel College (Mishawaka)

 * 3 NAIA National Championships (Men's DII Basketball)
 * 29 NCCAA National Championships
 * 15 NAIA National Players of the Week

Indiana Pacers
The Indiana Pacers are a professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team is based in the state's capital and largest city, Indianapolis, located in the center of the state. The Indiana Fever of the WNBA, also owned by Melvin & Herb Simon, are the Pacers' sister team and also play in the Gainbridge Fieldhouse.
 * Founded in 1967 as a charter ABA team.
 * Joined NBA in 1976
 * Won 3 ABA Championships (1969, 1970, 1972)
 * Won 5 ABA Conference Championships (1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975)
 * Won 3 ABA Division Championships (1969, 1970, 1971)
 * Won 1 NBA Conference Championship (2000)
 * Won 5 NBA Division Championships (1995, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2013)
 * Home-Gainbridge Fieldhouse
 * Mascots-Boomer and Bowser
 * Reggie Miller
 * Bobby "Slick" Leonard
 * Larry Bird
 * Danny Granger
 * Paul George
 * Victor Oladipo

Indiana Fever
The Indiana Fever is a professional women's basketball team based in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The team competes in the Eastern Conference of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Their home arena is Gainbridge Fieldhouse located downtown. However, due to a major renovation project, the Fever will play their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse, home court of the Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team, for the 2020, 2021, and possibly part of the 2022 seasons. The Indiana Fever is the sister team of the NBA's Indiana Pacers, sharing ownership and administrative resources.
 * Founded in 2000
 * Home — Gainbridge Fieldhouse (permanent), Hinkle Fieldhouse (2020–2022)
 * Tamika Catchings
 * Katie Douglas
 * Mascot-Freddy Fever
 * Won 2012 WNBA Championship

Big Ten tournament
At the conclusion of the regular Big Ten season, a tournament is held to determine the conference winner, who receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. Indianapolis has hosted all but one of the women's tournaments since its inception in 1995, and Gainbridge Fieldhouse has hosted every tournament since 2002, as well as the 2000 edition. The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament began a five-year stint at the then Conseco Fieldhouse in 2008.

Final Four
Indianapolis, headquarters of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and often referred to as the "Amateur Sports Capital of the World" has hosted a number of collegiate basketball events. Aside from the multitude of regional games held during the NCAA tournament, Indianapolis is tied with New York City for having hosted the second most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships (1980, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2006, 2010, 2015, and 2021). The city will host the men's Final Four next in 2026 and 2029. Previous events were held in the Market Square Arena or the RCA Dome, but given the new stadium built for the Indianapolis Colts, Lucas Oil Stadium began hosting Final Four events in 2010. When the NCAA Headquarters relocated to Indianapolis, it was stated that Indianapolis would then host the men's Final Four once every five years.

World championships
In 2002, Indianapolis hosted the FIBA World Championship (now known as the FIBA Basketball World Cup), an event that takes place on even years opposite the Olympic Games. Since inaugural event in 1950, Indianapolis is the only city in the United States to have hosted the event.

Firsts

 * In a game on December 9, 1916, Purdue became the first to use glass backboard on its hoops. Afterwards Coach Mefford, of the Rose Poly team, claimed that the glass backboards in the Purdue gym handicapped his team..."
 * Patent no. 1,757,350 granted on May 6, 1930 to William Wallace of Lafayette, Indiana for a "Basket-Ball-Ball Suspension" is an improvement on earlier removable goals. In this instance, the goal merely folds up against the ceiling. This innovation provides the flexibility seen in gymnasiums today where basketball goals are simply raised and lowered by the flip of a switch.

Local basketball stars
Here follows a list of notable Indiana natives, as well as non-natives who were raised in the state, who have achieved success in basketball. • Steve Alford

• Forddy Anderson

• Damon Bailey

• Dick Barnett

• Kent Benson

• Larry Bird

• Ron Bonham

• Jim Bradley

• Junior Bridgeman

• Wallace Bryant

• Vic Bubas

• Roger Burkman

• Don Buse

• Everett Case

• Haley Cavinder

• Calbert Cheaney

• Zora G. Clevenger

• Mike Conley Jr.

• Louis Dampier

• Everett Dean

• Skylar Diggins-Smith

• Terry Dischinger

• Katie Douglas

• Jay Edwards

• Kelly Faris

• Yogi Ferrell

• Caleb Furst

• Winston Garland

• Eric Gordon

• Greg Graham

• Kyle Guy

• Luke Harangody

• Del Harris

• Gary Harris

• Gordon Hayward

• Alan Henderson

• George Hill

• Tony Hinkle

• Bill Hodges

• Paul Hoffman

• Matt Howard

• Robbie Hummel

• Jared Jeffries

• Roger Kaiser

• Billy Keller

• Shawn Kemp

• Duane Klueh

• Tommy Kron

• Ward Lambert

• Courtney Lee

• Bobby Leonard

• Troy Lewis

• Kenny Lofton

• Clyde Lovellette

• Trey Lyles

• John MacLeod

• Kyle Macy

• Sean May

• Arad McCutchan

• Branch McCracken

• George McGinnis

• Jon McGlocklin

• Carl McNulty

• Josh McRoberts

• John Mengelt

• Brad Miller

• Eric Montross

• Rick Mount

• Stretch Murphy

• Craig Neal

• Jerry Newsom

• Greg Oden

• Matt Painter

• Bobby Plump

• Bob Polk

• Gregg Popovich

• Zach Randolph

• Glenn Robinson

• Glenn Robinson III

• Oscar Robertson

• Dave Schellhase

• Jerry Sichting

• Norm Sloan

• Scott Skiles

• Gordon Stauffer

• Brad Stevens

• Bob Stevens

• Tim Stoddard

• Dave Strack

• Caleb Swanigan

• Chuck Taylor

• Jeff Teague

• Marquis Teague

• Chris Thomas

• Deshaun Thomas

• Monte Towe

• Gene Tormohlen

• Pete Trgovich

• Dick Van Arsdale

• Tom Van Arsdale

• Fuzzy Vandivier

• Sharon Versyp

• Clifford Wells

• Bonzi Wells

• Kris Wilkes

• Randy Wittman

• Mike Warren

• Stephanie White

• Howie Williams

• John Wooden

• Jackie Young

• Cody Zeller

• Tyler Zeller

• Luke Zeller

• Shanna Zolman

Non-natives (i.e., those who did not arrive in Indiana before college) who gained basketball fame in Indiana's tradition include: • OG Anunoby

• Grace Berger

• Roger Brown

• Thomas Bryant

• Quinn Buckner

• Brian Cardinal

• Joe Barry Carroll

• Mel Daniels

• Antonio Davis

• Dale Davis

• Zach Edey

• Rick Fox

• Paul George

• Danny Granger

• Mark Jackson

• Gene Keady

• George King

• John Konchar

• Cuonzo Martin

• Scott May

• Reggie Miller

• Carl Nicks

• Arike Ogunbowale

• Victor Oladipo

• Lee Rose

• Fred Schaus

• Marty Simmons

• Jerry Sloan

• Rik Smits

• Kevin Stallings

• Isiah Thomas

• Mike Woodson

• Fred Zollner

title: Hoosier hysteria


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Hardcore

Hardcore, hard core or hard-core may refer to:

Film

 * Hardcore (1977 film), a British comedy film
 * Hardcore (1979 film), an American crime drama film starring George C Scott
 * Hardcore (2001 film), a British documentary film directed by Stephen Walker
 * Hardcore (2004 film), a Greek drama film directed by Dennis Iliadis
 * Hardcore Henry, a Russian first-person action adventure/sci-fi film directed by Ilya Naishuller of the band Biting Elbows

Genres

 * Breakbeat hardcore
 * Digital hardcore, a fusion of hardcore punk and electronic dance music
 * Gabber
 * Hardcore dancing, a style of dance related to moshing, sometimes performed at hardcore punk shows
 * Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)
 * Early hardcore
 * Happy hardcore
 * Mainstream hardcore
 * Hardcore hip hop
 * Hardcore punk
 * Beatdown hardcore
 * harDCore, a portmanteau abbreviation for hardcore punk music in Washington, D.C.
 * List of hardcore punk subgenres

Albums

 * Hardcore (Daddy Freddy album), 2004
 * Hard Core (Paul Dean album), 1989
 * Hard Core (Lil' Kim album), 1996
 * Hard Core (Lil' Kim mixtape), 2014
 * Hardcore '81, a 1981 album by D.O.A.

Songs

 * "Hardcore" (song), a 2022 song by Tove Styrke
 * "This Is Hardcore", a song by Pulp

Video games

 * Hardcore mode, also permadeath, a video game mechanic which does not allow a dead character to be restored
 * Hardcore (video game), original name of the 1994 game Ultracore

Visual media

 * Hardcore pornography, a form of explicit pornography
 * Hardcore (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Multiverse

Wrestling

 * Hardcore wrestling, a form of professional wrestling
 * Hardcore Holly, the ring name of American professional wrestler Robert Howard (born 1963)

Technology

 * Construction aggregate, often referred to as "hardcore"
 * Hard core, a type of semiconductor intellectual property core
 * Hard-core predicate, a concept in cryptography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hardcore


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Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis

Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, (10 December 1891 – 16 June 1969) was a senior and highly decorated British Army officer who served in both of the world wars. In addition, following the end of his military career, he served as Governor General of Canada and became the first Lord Lieutenant of Greater London in 1965.

Alexander was born in London and was educated at Harrow before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, for training as an army officer of the Irish Guards. He rose to prominence through his service in the First World War, and continued his military career through various British campaigns across Europe and Asia during the interwar period. In the Second World War, Alexander, initially in command of a division, oversaw the final stages of the Allied evacuation from Dunkirk and subsequently held field commands in Britain, Burma, North Africa and Italy, including serving as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and commanding the 18th Army Group in Tunisia. He then commanded the 15th Army Group for the capture of Sicily and again in Italy before being promoted to field marshal and being made Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean in late 1944.

In 1946 he was appointed as Governor General of Canada by King George VI, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King, to replace the Earl of Athlone as viceroy, and he occupied the post until he was succeeded by Vincent Massey in 1952. Alexander proved to be enthusiastic about the Canadian wilderness and popular with Canadians. He was the last Governor General who was born in the United Kingdom as well as the last Governor General to be a peer.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Alexander was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and thereafter, in order to serve as the British Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of Winston Churchill, into the Imperial Privy Council. Alexander retired in 1954 and died in 1969.

Early life and military career
Alexander was born in London into an aristocratic family from County Tyrone of Anglo-Irish descent. He was the third son of James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon, and Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler, Countess of Caledon, a daughter of the 3rd Earl of Norbury. Alexander was educated at Hawtreys and Harrow School, there participating as the 11th batsman in the sensational Fowler's Match against Eton College in 1910. Though Alexander toyed with the notion of becoming an artist, he went instead on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1910.

After passing out from Sandhurst he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Irish Guards on 23 September 1911. He was promoted to lieutenant on 5 December 1912.

First World War

Alexander spent most of the First World War on the Western Front. As a 22-year-old platoon commander in the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, he served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in 1914. He took part in the retreat from Mons and was wounded at First Ypres and invalided home. He was promoted to temporary captain on 15 November 1914 and permanent captain in the newly raised 2nd Battalion on 7 February the following year.

Alexander returned to the Western Front in August 1915, fought at the Battle of Loos and was, for ten days in October 1915, an acting major and acting Commanding Officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as a "Battle Casualty Replacement". He then returned to the 2nd Battalion as a company officer and, in January 1916, received the Military Cross for his bravery at Loos. For service in the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916, he was, in October, appointed to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), the citation for which read:

"For conspicuous gallantry in action. He was the life and soul of the attack, and throughout the day led forward not only his own men but men of all regiments. He held the trenches gained in spite of heavy machine gun fire."

In the same month, Alexander was further honoured with induction into the French Légion d'honneur.

On 10 December 1916, his twenty-fifth birthday, Alexander became second-in-command (2-i-c) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as an acting major. By May, he was briefly acting CO of the 1st Battalion, as an acting lieutenant colonel, while still only a substantive captain. He became a permanent major on 1 August 1917, and was again promoted acting lieutenant colonel, this time confirmed as CO of the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, on 15 October. Alexander commanded his battalion at Third Ypres, where he was slightly wounded, then at Bourlon Wood (part of the battle of Cambrai), where his battalion suffered 320 casualties out of 400 men. Alexander, between 23 and 30 March 1918, had to assume command of the 4th Guards Brigade, during the British retreat from the German Army's Spring Offensive. He once again commanded the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, at Hazebrouck in April 1918, where it took such severe casualties that it saw no further action. Still an acting lieutenant colonel, he then commanded a corps infantry school in October 1918, a month before the war ended on 11 November 1918.

Rudyard Kipling, who wrote a history of the Irish Guards, in which his own son, Jack Kipling, fought and was killed in action, noted that, "it is undeniable that Colonel Alexander had the gift of handling the men on the lines to which they most readily responded ... His subordinates loved him, even when he fell upon them blisteringly for their shortcomings; and his men were all his own."

Between the wars

Alexander in 1919 served with the Allied Control Commission in Poland. As a temporary lieutenant-colonel, he led the Baltic German Landeswehr in the Latvian War of Independence, commanding units loyal to Latvia in the successful drive to eject the Bolsheviks from Latgalia. During service there, he was accidentally wounded by one of his own sentries on 9 October 1919.

Alexander returned to Britain in May 1920 as a major, second in command of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards; in May 1922, he was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer. He commanded the battalion at Constantinople (a sensitive posting in the runup to the Chanak Crisis), then Gibraltar from October 1922, then in London from April 1923 until January 1926, when he was released from that role to attend the Staff College at Camberley, England, from 1926 to 1927. By now Alexander had gained an excellent reputation for himself. In addition, he was older than many of his fellow students—and even some of his instructors—at the college. Among his many fellow students were Douglas Wimberley, who would later become a major-general and command the 51st (Highland) Division from 1941—1943, including at the Second Battle of El Alamein, who formed a high opinion of Alexander, who, despite his outstanding war record, showed little sign of being overly pleased with himself. Instead, he showed "simplicity, directness and kindness" and gained the respect of all at the college, with two notable exceptions—the future field marshals Alan Brooke and Bernard Montgomery—who did not come away with a particularly favourable impression of him.

After graduating from the Staff College, Alexander was then, in February 1928, promoted to colonel (backdated to 14 May 1926 ) and was the next month appointed Officer Commanding the Irish Guards Regimental District and 140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade, part of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, in the Territorial Army (TA), a post he held until January 1930, when he again returned to study, attending the Imperial Defence College in London for one year.

Alexander then held staff appointments as (from January 1931) GSO2 in the Directorate of Military Training at the War Office and (1932–1934) GSO1 at HQ Northern Command in York, before being made in October 1934 a temporary brigadier and given command of the Nowshera Brigade, on the Northwest Frontier in India. For his service there, and in particular for his actions in the Loe-Agra operations against the Pathans in Malakand between February and April 1935, Alexander was that year made a Companion of the Order of the Star of India and was mentioned in dispatches. He was mentioned once more for his service during the Second Mohmand Campaign in Northwest Frontier Province from August to October of the same year, serving under Brigadier Claude Auchinleck. Alexander had a reputation for leading from the front and for reaching mountain crests with or even ahead of his troops.

In March 1937, Alexander was appointed as one of the aides-de-camp to the recently acceded King George VI and in May returned to the United Kingdom to take part in this capacity in the state procession through London during the King's coronation. Alexander would have been seen in this event by two of his Canadian viceregal successors: Vincent Massey, who was then the Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, and Massey's secretary, Georges Vanier, who watched the procession from the roof of Canada House on Trafalgar Square. Following the coronation celebration, Alexander returned to India, where he was made the honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment, and then in October 1937 was promoted to the rank of major-general, making Alexander the youngest general in the British Army. He relinquished command of his brigade in January 1938, and in February returned to the United Kingdom to take command of the 1st Infantry Division. In June 1938 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.

Belgium and France 1939−1940

Following the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, Alexander brought the 1st Division to France, where it became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and served there for the next eight months. In May 1940, when the German Army invaded France, he successfully led the division's withdrawal to Dunkirk, where it was evacuated to England, along with the rest of the BEF. Shortly after Major-General Bernard Montgomery had been appointed to command II Corps (and before that the 3rd Division), Alexander was, while still on the beachhead, placed in command of I Corps, and left the eastern mole on the destroyer Venomous late on 2 June after ensuring that all British troops had been evacuated. In recognition of his services in the field from March to June 1940, Alexander was again mentioned in despatches.

United Kingdom 1940−1942
After Dunkirk, Alexander returned to the United Kingdom and continued to command I Corps, now guarding the coasts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire as part of Northern Command. He was promoted acting lieutenant-general in July 1940, and in December 1940 he was appointed to succeed Claude Auchinleck as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of Southern Command, which was responsible for the defence of south-west England. His rank of lieutenant-general was made permanent in December 1940. While he was here he came into contact with Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, who was then serving under his command as GOC of V Corps. Montgomery and Auchinleck had never seen eye-to-eye on much but Alexander, believing Montgomery, who had been one of Alexander's instructors at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, knew what he was doing, simply allowed Montgomery (or "Monty") to continue with what he was doing. The two men got along well and their relationship would continue in a similar manner later on in the war.

It was during this period and most of 1941 where Alexander came to the attention of his superiors, the most notable among them being General Sir Alan Brooke, then the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (and in December 1941 succeeding John Dill as Chief of the Imperial General Staff), and Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister. Churchill in particular became a great admirer of Alexander and visited him numerous times throughout 1941, nominating him as the commander of Force 110. Created on paper as the first expeditionary force since the BEF's evacuation from France the year before, Force 110 was considered for several projects throughout the year of 1941, such as landings in the Azores, the Canary Islands and Sicily, but these were, perhaps fortunately, all ultimately abandoned.

Burma and India 1942

On 1 January 1942 he was knighted and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and in February, after the Japanese invasion of Burma, was sent to India to become GOC-in-C of British Forces in Burma as a full general. Alexander was unable to fulfil his orders to hold Rangoon, which was abandoned on 6–7 March. He took personal charge of some small local engagements, and was encircled by the Japanese troops in the Battle of Yenangyaung. Rescued by Chinese troops commanded by General Sun Li-jen, Alexander was able to escape. Following that, Alexander increasingly left much of the tactical conduct of the campaign to his corps commander, Lieutenant-General William Slim, while he himself handled the more political aspects of relations with Joseph Stilwell, the nominal commander of the Chinese forces. Alexander was promoted to Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of Allied Land Forces in Burma, March 1942, and ordered Slim to abandon Mandalay and retreat to India.

The Middle East and North Africa 1942−1943

By July 1942, the British and Indian forces in Burma had completed their fighting retreat into India, and Alexander, having yet again been mentioned in despatches for his Burma service, was recalled to the United Kingdom. He was at first selected to command the British First Army, which was to take part in Operation Torch, the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa. However, following a visit in early August to Egypt by the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), General Sir Alan Brooke, Alexander flew to Cairo on 8 August to replace General Claude Auchinleck, Alexander's predecessor at Southern Command in the United Kingdom, as C-in-C of Middle East Command, the post responsible for the overall conduct of the campaign in the desert of North Africa. At the same time, Lieutenant-General Montgomery replaced Auchinleck as GOC of the British Eighth Army. Alexander presided over Montgomery's victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein and the advance of the Eighth Army to Tripoli, for which Alexander was elevated to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and, after the Anglo-American forces of the First Army (under Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson) from Operation Torch and the Eighth Army converged in Tunisia in February 1943, they were brought under the unified command of a newly formed 18th Army Group headquarters, commanded by Alexander and reporting to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean theatre at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ). The American General Omar Bradley, who fought in the Tunisian campaign, then commanding the U.S. II Corps, credited Alexander's patience and experience with helping an inexperienced United States "field command mature and eventually come of age".

The Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered by May 1943, with some 250,000 Axis troops surrendering, the largest surrender yet in the war. Alexander telegraphed Churchill in response, stating:

"Sir, it is my duty to report that the Tunisian campaign is over. All enemy resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African shores."

Sicily and Italy 1943−1945

After the Tunisian campaign, Alexander's command became the 15th Army Group, which became responsible (under General Eisenhower) for mounting the July 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily (codenamed Operation Husky). Once again, Alexander directed two field armies, both commanded by strong-willed characters who were not easy to control: General Montgomery's British Eighth Army and Lieutenant General George S. Patton's U.S. Seventh Army. The campaign did not portray Alexander at his best and he failed to grip his two commanders. Montgomery's Eighth Army found itself in a slogging match against typically skilful German opposition on the Catanian plain and on the slopes of Mount Etna. Patton, resentful in his belief that he and his Seventh Army had been given a secondary role in the campaign, confronted Alexander and successfully argued for his army to be allowed to drive to the northwest and to capture Palermo. Although initially reluctant to allow Patton such a role, Alexander eventually, but reluctantly, allowed the Seventh Army commander to have his way, although Palermo did not appear to have much strategic significance. Despite this, it turned out to be the key to unlocking the Axis forces' defences and gave the Americans an easier route towards Messina. The brief campaign in Sicily proved largely successful, but some (with Montgomery among the loudest of the critics) believed that the campaign lacked direction - and blamed Alexander. Furthermore, although the Axis forces had been forced to withdraw from Sicily, they had managed to do so in relatively good order, crossing the Straits of Messina into Italy.

After Sicily, planning began for the Allied invasion of Italy, which began on 3 September 1943 (the fourth anniversary of Britain's entry into the war). Montgomery's Eighth Army launched Operation Baytown, crossing over into Calabria but initially facing little real opposition and slowly making its way up the Italian peninsula. Six days later the U.S. Fifth Army (which, despite its name, included the British X Corps under Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, under its command) under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark landed at Salerno as part of Operation Avalanche, which, initially at least, started off well, before encountering heavy resistance and almost being thrown back into the sea. He supported McCreery when he refused to consider evacuation plans that Clark had been considering. Alexander was also instrumental in convincing Clark to replace the U.S. VI Corps commander, Major General Ernest J. Dawley - who had not performed well and whom Alexander described as "a broken reed" - with Major General John P. Lucas. Despite the heavy casualties sustained at Salerno, the Allies managed to force the Axis forces back and, with both the Fifth and Eighth Armies now united at last, began pursuing the retreating enemy. By December 1943 progress had virtually ground to a halt as the Axis had Alexander's 15th Army Group held up at the Winter Line (also known as the Gustav Line) and ground was gained only at the expense of heavy casualties. At around this time there were numerous Allied command changes, with Montgomery handing over the Eighth Army to Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese and departing for the United Kingdom to take up command of the 21st Army Group, which controlled all Allied land forces for the planned invasion of Normandy, whilst General Sir Henry Wilson replaced Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean in January 1944.

The fighting in Italy would continue to prove even more difficult for Alexander's forces over the following few months. Between January and May 1944, numerous Allied attacks were repulsed at Monte Cassino (which was also bombed in February 1944, with Alexander taking responsibility for the decision to bomb it) and the Anzio landings of January 1944 by Lucas's U.S. VI Corps began well but did not live up to expectations and eventually ended up in a stalemate, like the rest of the Italian fighting so far. Alexander had a large part in planning the landings (code-named "Operation Shingle"), and intended to draw German strength away from the Winter Line and to cut their lines of communication. The scheme was supported by Prime Minister Churchill, who had very high expectations for Shingle. However, the operation was flawed in many ways. In particular, Alexander's plan of seizing the Alban Hills might possibly have led to the entire Allied force (comprising only two infantry divisions, elements of the U.S. 1st Armored Division, and other smaller units in support) being wiped out. Despite Churchill's and Alexander's intentions, the Allied forces at Anzio did not achieve the somewhat unrealistic expectations, and were essentially cut off from any support, although they did manage to lure German reserves from elsewhere, which might otherwise have been available for service on the Eastern Front or during the impending Allied invasion of Normandy.

When Eisenhower was appointed in December 1943 as Supreme Allied Commander for the planned Normandy landings, he suggested that Alexander become ground-forces commander, as he was popular with both British and American officers. Omar Bradley (who had commanded U.S. II Corps in Sicily, and later the U.S. First Army and then the U.S. 12th Army Group) remarked that he would have preferred to work with Alexander rather than Montgomery, as he regarded the former as "a restrained, self-effacive and punctilious soldier". Of the problems that subsequently surfaced with Montgomery's command of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, Bradley suspected they would not have occurred with Alexander in command. Brooke, however, applied pressure to keep Alexander in Italy, considering him unfit for the assignment in France. Thus Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, and, with the support of numerous Allied commanders, controversially authorised the bombing of the historic abbey at Monte Cassino (February 1944), which resulted in little advance on the German Winter Line defences, which had managed to halt the Allied advance in Italy. It was not until the fourth attempt that the Winter Line was breached by the Allies, and Alexander's forces moved on to capture Rome in June 1944, thereby achieving one of the strategic goals of the Italian campaign. However, the U.S. VI Corps, now under Major General Lucian Truscott, in the Anzio beachhead, under U.S. Fifth Army commander Clark's orders, failed to follow their original break-out plan that would have trapped the German 10th Army escaping northwards in the aftermath of the Battle of Monte Cassino, instead favouring an early and highly publicised entry into Rome two days before the Allied landings in Normandy. Although Alexander was angry at Clark for deliberately disobeying his specific orders in order to reach Rome first, he chose to say nothing, believing that it would do nothing for the Allied cause if he were to do so.

Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, as well as of its successor, the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), for most of the Italian campaign, until December 1944, when he relinquished his command to Clark and took over as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters, responsible for all military operations in the Mediterranean theatre. Alexander was concurrently promoted to the rank of field marshal, though this was backdated to the fall of Rome on 4 June 1944, so that Alexander would once again be senior to Montgomery, who had himself been made a field marshal on 1 September 1944, after the end of the Battle of Normandy.

Alexander received the German surrender in Italy on 29 April 1945. As a reward for his leadership in North Africa and Italy, Alexander, along with a number of other prominent British Second World War military leaders, was elevated to the peerage on 1 March 1946 by King George VI; he was created Viscount Alexander of Tunis and of Errigal in the County of Donegal.

Brooke felt that Alexander needed an able chief of staff "to think for him", while Montgomery (Alexander's subordinate in North Africa, Sicily and Italy) claimed to think of Alexander as "incompetent" and believed that success was attained in Tunisia only because Montgomery lent Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks, the commander of IX Corps of Anderson's First Army, to organise the coup de grace. However, Harold Macmillan (British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean from 1942 to 1945) was impressed by Alexander's calm and style - the general conducted dinners in his mess like those at an Oxbridge high table, discussing architecture and the campaigns of Belisarius, rather than the current war. Macmillan thought Alexander's urbane manner and willingness to discuss and compromise were a sensible way to maintain inter-Allied cooperation, but Alexander's reserve was such that some thought him empty of strategic ideas and unable to make decisions. Graham and Bidwell, however, wrote that Alexander's impenetrable reserve made it hard to judge whether or not he had any military ideas. They state that he was "unable or unwilling" to assert his will over his army commanders, and that Mark Clark, who often referred to Alexander scornfully as a "peanut" and a "feather duster", exploited this weakness.

Governor General of Canada
With the cessation of hostilities, Alexander was under serious consideration for appointment to the post of Chief of the Imperial General Staff, the British Army's most senior position beneath the sovereign. He was invited, though, by Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to be his recommendation to the King for the post of Governor General of Canada. Alexander thus chose to retire from the army and take up the new position, in anticipation of which he was on 26 January 1946 appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George and created Viscount Alexander of Tunis, of Errigal in the County of Donegal, on 1 March. On 21 March 1946, the commission under the royal sign-manual and signet appointing Alexander was issued. Alexander was subsequently sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on 12 April that year.

Alexander took his duties as the viceroy quite seriously, feeling that as governor general, he acted as a connection between Canadians and their King, and spent considerable time travelling Canada during his term; he eventually logged no less than 294,500 km (184,000 mi) during his five years as governor general. On these trips, he sought to engage with Canadians through various ceremonies and events; he was keenly interested in his role as Chief Scout of Canada and, in preparation for his kicking of the opening ball in the 1946 Grey Cup final, practised frequently on the grounds of the royal and viceregal residence, Rideau Hall. Also, in commemoration of Alexander being named the first non-aboriginal chief of the Kwakiutl tribe, he was given a totem pole on 13 July 1946; crafted by Mungo Martin, it remains on the grounds of Rideau Hall today. By the end of the year, Alexander was also distinguished with his induction as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter.

In 1947, the King issued letters patent granting his Canadian governor general permission to exercise all those powers belonging to the monarch in respect of Canada and, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference of 1949, the decision was reached to use the term 'member of the Commonwealth' instead of 'Dominion' to refer to the non-British member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. That same year, Alexander oversaw the admission of the Newfoundland (a dominion by name but not self-governing) into the Canadian Confederation and toured the new province that summer. Then, during a later visit to Alberta, the Governor General was admitted to the Blackfoot tribe as Chief Eagle Head. However, though the post-war period saw a boom in prosperity for Canada, the country was again at war by 1950, with Alexander, in his role as acting commander-in-chief, deploying to the Korean War soldiers, sailors, and airmen, whom he would visit prior to their departure for north-east Asia. In May 1951, as Commander-in-Chief of Canada, he was deemed a fitting inaugural recipient of the Canadian Forces' Decoration, starting a long tradition of every governor general accepting the CD, usually shortly after their installation as the Sovereign's personal representative in Canada.

The Viscount travelled abroad on official trips—in 1947 visiting US president Harry S. Truman and in June 1948 Brazilian president Eurico Gaspar Dutra—as well as hosting a number of dignitaries. The visit of the Irish Taoiseach, John A. Costello, in 1948 caused Alexander some embarrassment when Costello chose the occasion to announce that most of Ireland would leave the Commonwealth (Northern Ireland would remain a constituent part of the United Kingdom). Although the decision had been taken in principle earlier, the sudden announcement caused a diplomatic storm and Costello, to deflect criticism, claimed that he had been provoked into making the announcement by a series of diplomatic snubs by Lord Alexander. In his memoirs, Costello was to admit that Alexander's behaviour had in fact been perfectly civil and could have had no bearing on a decision which had already been made to declare the Republic of Ireland.

The Alexanders' relatively informal lifestyle at Rideau Hall was demonstrated when during the Canadian tour of Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Viscount and Viscountess hosted a square dance in the palace's ballroom. Alexander painted (creating a personal studio in the former dairy at Rideau Hall and mounting classes in art at the National Gallery of Canada ), partook in a number of sports (including golf, ice hockey, and rugby), and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly during Ontario and Quebec's maple syrup harvest, himself overseeing the process on Rideau Hall's grounds. The Viscount was known to escape from official duties to partake in his most favourite pastime of fishing, once departing from the 1951 royal tour of Princess Elizabeth to take in a day's fishing at Griffin Island, in Georgian Bay, and granting a day off for students in the town of Drayton, Ontario, where his train briefly stopped. He presented the Alexander Cup to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in November 1950; the cup became the championship trophy of the Major Series of senior ice hockey.

Among Canadians, Alexander proved to be a popular viceroy, despite the calls for a Canadian-born governor general that had preceded his appointment. He not only had a much praised military reputation (he was considered to be the best military strategist since the 1st Duke of Wellington ) but also was a charismatic figure, with an easy ability to communicate with people. Others, however, did not fully approve of Alexander; editor Hugh Templin, from Fergus, Ontario, met with Alexander during Templin's time as a special correspondent with the Canadian Press during the Second World War, and he said of the encounter: "Lord Alexander impressed us considerably, if not too favourably. He was an aristocratic type, who didn't like newspaper men."

British Minister of Defence
Lord Alexander gave up the office of Governor General of Canada officially on 28 January 1952 after Churchill asked him to return to London to take the post of Minister of Defence in the British government. The aging Churchill had found it increasingly difficult to cope with holding that portfolio concurrently with that of prime minister, although he still took many major decisions himself, leaving Alexander with little real power. George VI died on the night of 5–6 February and Alexander, in respect of the King's mourning, departed quietly for the United Kingdom, leaving Chief Justice of Canada Thibaudeau Rinfret as administrator of the government in his place. After his return to the UK, Alexander was on 14 March 1952 elevated in the peerage by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming Earl Alexander of Tunis, Baron Rideau of Ottawa and Castle Derg. He was also appointed to the organising committee for the Queen's coronation and was charged with carrying the Sovereign's Orb in the state procession on that occasion in 1953.

Retirement
The Earl served as the British defence minister until 1954, when he retired from politics. In 1959 the Queen appointed Alexander to the Order of Merit. From 1960 to 1965, he served as Constable of the Tower of London. Alexander was an active freemason.

Canada remained a favourite second home for the Alexanders and they returned frequently to visit family and friends until Alexander died on 16 June 1969 of a perforated aorta. His funeral was held on 24 June 1969, at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, and his remains are buried in the churchyard of Ridge, near Tyttenhanger, his family's Hertfordshire home.

Marriage and children
Alexander married Lady Margaret Bingham, daughter of George Bingham, 5th Earl of Lucan, on 14 October 1931. They had three children together and adopted a fourth:

 * Lady Rose Maureen Alexander (born 28 October 1932, died 21 August 2017)
 * Shane William Desmond Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis (born 30 June 1935)
 * Hon. Brian James Alexander, CMG (born 31 July 1939)
 * Lady Susan Mary Alexander (born 26 February 1948) (adopted)

Honours
Ribbon bars of the Earl Alexander of Tunis

Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg

1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg Dso-ribbon.png Military cross BAR.svg Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg

1914 1915 Star ribbon bar.svg British War Medal BAR.svg Victory Medal MID ribbon bar.svg India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg 39-45 Star BAR.svg

Burma Star.png Africa Star BAR.svg Italy Star BAR.svg War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg

GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg CD-ribbon.png Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg

US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png Order suvorov1 rib.png GRE Order of George I - Grand Cross BAR.png POL Virtuti Militari Srebrny BAR.svg Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg

Appointments
 * 7 February 1936 – 16 June 1969: Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI)
 * 1938 – 1 January 1942: Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (CB)
 * 1 January 1942 – 11 November 1942: Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB)
 * 11 November 1942 – 16 June 1969: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)
 * 1 January 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)
 * 16 September 1946 – 28 January 1952: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)
 * 20 January 1946 – 25 March 1960: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)
 * 25 March 1960 – 12 October 1967: Grand Master of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
 * 12 October 1967 – 16 June 1969: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)
 * 12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952: Chief Scout of Canada
 * 13 July 1946 – 16 June 1969: Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe
 * 3 December 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)
 * 1950 – 16 June 1969: Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe
 * 29 January 1952 – 16 June 1969: Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada (PC (Can))
 * 17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: Lord Lieutenant of the County of London
 * 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: Lord Lieutenant of Greater London
 * 1960–1965: Constable of the Tower of London
 * 1 January 1959 – 16 June 1969: Member of the Order of Merit (OM)

Decorations
 * 🇬🇧 14 January 1916: Military Cross (MC)
 * 🇬🇧 20 October 1916: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
 * 🇨🇦 7 June 1951: Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD)

Medals
 * 🇬🇧 1919: 1914 Star with clasp
 * 🇬🇧 1919: British War Medal
 * 🇬🇧 1919: Victory Medal
 * 🇬🇧 1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
 * 🇬🇧 1935: India General Service Medal (1909)
 * 1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
 * 🇬🇧 1945: 1939–45 Star
 * 🇬🇧 1945: Burma Star
 * 🇬🇧 1945: Africa Star
 * 🇬🇧 1945: Italy Star
 * 🇬🇧 1945: War Medal 1939–1945
 * 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

Awards
 * 🇬🇧 4 January 1917: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 27 December 1918: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 8 July 1919: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 3 February 1920: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 7 February 1936: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 8 May 1936: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 20 December 1940: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🇬🇧 28 October 1942: Mentioned in Despatches
 * 🏴 1945 Freedom of the City of Manchester
 * 🏴 25 March 1946 Freedom of the City of London
 * 🏴 Freedom of the City of Edinburgh

Foreign honours and decorations

 * 🇫🇷 20 October 1916: Knight of the Légion d'honneur
 * 🇷🇺: Member Second Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna
 * 🇺🇸 10 August 1943: Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit
 * 29 February 1944: Member First Class of the Order of Suvorov
 * 🇬🇷 20 June 1944: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I
 * 🇵🇱 5 December 1944: Member Fifth Class of the Order Virtuti Militari
 * 🇺🇸 2 August 1945: Distinguished Service Medal

Honorary military appointments

 * 7 March 1936 – 19 November 1937: Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty the King (ADC)
 * 🇮🇳 2 July 1937 – 14 August 1947: Colonel of the 3rd Battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment
 * 20 July 1944 – 2 August 1946: Aide-de-Camp General to His Majesty the King (ADC General)
 * 🇬🇧 28 August 1946 – 16 June 1969: Colonel of the Irish Guards
 * 🇬🇧 10 November 1949 – n/a: Colonel of the Royal Ulster Rifles (London Irish Rifles)
 * 🇬🇧 10 July 1951 – n/a: Colonel of the Oxford University Contingent of the University Training Corps

Honorary degrees

 * 22 May 1946: McGill University, Quebec Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 1946: Queen's University, Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 1946: University of Toronto, Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 13 May 1948: University of British Columbia, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 21 March 1949: University of California Los Angeles, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 22 October 1949: University of Western Ontario, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 1953: University of Liverpool, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
 * 1955: University of Nottingham, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

Unofficial
🇨🇦 Alberta
 * Chief Eagle Head

Honorific eponyms
Geographic locations
 * Ontario: Viscount Alexander Park, Ottawa

Schools
 * Ontario: Viscount Alexander Public School, Ottawa
 * Manitoba: École Viscount Alexander, Winnipeg


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Henry Moseley

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number. This stemmed from his development of Moseley's law in X-ray spectra.

Moseley's law advanced atomic physics, nuclear physics and quantum physics by providing the first experimental evidence in favour of Niels Bohr's theory, aside from the hydrogen atom spectrum which the Bohr theory was designed to reproduce. That theory refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its (atomic) number in the periodic table.

When World War I broke out in Western Europe, Moseley left his research work at the University of Oxford behind to volunteer for the Royal Engineers of the British Army. Moseley was assigned to the force of British Empire soldiers that invaded the region of Gallipoli, Turkey, in April 1915, as a telecommunications officer. Moseley was shot and killed during the Battle of Gallipoli on 10 August 1915, at the age of 27. Experts have speculated that Moseley could otherwise have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1916.

Biography
Henry G. J. Moseley, known to his friends as Harry, was born in Weymouth in Dorset in 1887. His father Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891), who died when Moseley was quite young, was a biologist and also a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Oxford, who had been a member of the Challenger Expedition. Moseley's mother was Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys, the daughter of the Welsh biologist and conchologist John Gwyn Jeffreys. She was also the British women's champion of chess in 1913.

Moseley had been a very promising schoolboy at Summer Fields School (where one of the four "leagues" is named after him), and he was awarded a King's scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906 he won the chemistry and physics prizes at Eton. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor's degree. While an undergraduate at Oxford, Moseley became a Freemason by joining the Apollo University Lodge. Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910, Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford. During Moseley's first year at Manchester, he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant, but following that first year, he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant. He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford, preferring to move back to Oxford, in November 1913, where he was given laboratory facilities but no support.

Scientific work
Experimenting with the energy of beta particles in 1912, Moseley showed that high potentials were attainable from a radioactive source of radium, thereby inventing the first atomic battery, though he was unable to produce the 1MV necessary to stop the particles.

In 1913, Moseley observed and measured the X-ray spectra of various chemical elements (mostly metals) that were found by the method of diffraction through crystals. This was a pioneering use of the method of X-ray spectroscopy in physics, using Bragg's diffraction law to determine the X-ray wavelengths. Moseley discovered a systematic mathematical relationship between the wavelengths of the X-rays produced and the atomic numbers of the metals that were used as the targets in X-ray tubes. This has become known as Moseley's law.

Before Moseley's discovery, the atomic numbers (or elemental number) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number, based on the sequence of atomic masses, but modified somewhat where chemists found this modification to be desirable, such as by the Russian chemist, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. In his invention of the Periodic Table of the Elements, Mendeleev had interchanged the orders of a few pairs of elements to put them in more appropriate places in this table of the elements. For example, the metals cobalt and nickel had been assigned the atomic numbers 27 and 28, respectively, based on their known chemical and physical properties, even though they have nearly the same atomic masses. In fact, the atomic mass of cobalt is slightly larger than that of nickel, so nickel would be placed in the Periodic Table before cobalt if they were placed purely according to atomic mass. However Moseley's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and nickel have the different atomic numbers, 27 and 28, and that they are placed in the Periodic Table correctly by Moseley's objective measurements of their atomic numbers. Hence, Moseley's discovery demonstrated that the atomic numbers of elements are not just rather arbitrary numbers based on chemistry and the intuition of chemists, but rather, they have a firm experimental basis from the physics of their X-ray spectra.

In addition, Moseley showed that there were gaps in the atomic number sequence at numbers 43, 61, 72, and 75. These spaces are now known, respectively, to be the places of the radioactive synthetic elements technetium and promethium, and also the last two quite rare naturally occurring stable elements hafnium (discovered 1923) and rhenium (discovered 1925). Nothing was known about these four elements in Moseley's lifetime, not even their very existence. Based on the intuition of a very experienced chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev had predicted the existence of a missing element in the Periodic Table, which was later found to be filled by technetium, and Bohuslav Brauner had predicted the existence of another missing element in this Table, which was later found to be filled by promethium. Henry Moseley's experiments confirmed these predictions, by showing exactly what the missing atomic numbers were, 43 and 61. In addition, Moseley predicted the existence of two more undiscovered elements, those with the atomic numbers 72 and 75, and gave very strong evidence that there were no other gaps in the Periodic Table between the elements aluminium (atomic number 13) and gold (atomic number 79).

This latter question about the possibility of more undiscovered ("missing") elements had been a standing problem among the chemists of the world, particularly given the existence of the large family of the lanthanide series of rare earth elements. Moseley was able to demonstrate that these lanthanide elements, i.e. lanthanum through lutetium, must have exactly 15 members – no more and no less. The number of elements in the lanthanides had been a question that was very far from being settled by the chemists of the early 20th Century. They could not yet produce pure samples of all the rare-earth elements, even in the form of their salts, and in some cases they were unable to distinguish between mixtures of two very similar (adjacent) rare-earth elements from the nearby pure metals in the Periodic Table. For example, there was a so-called "element" that was even given the chemical name of "didymium". "Didymium" was found some years later to be simply a mixture of two genuine rare-earth elements, and these were given the names neodymium and praseodymium, meaning "new twin" and "green twin". Also, the method of separating the rare-earth elements by the method of ion exchange had not been invented yet in Moseley's time.

Moseley's method in early X-ray spectroscopy was able to sort out the above chemical problems promptly, some of which had occupied chemists for a number of years. Moseley also predicted the existence of element 61, a lanthanide whose existence was previously unsuspected. Quite a few years later, this element 61 was created artificially in nuclear reactors and was named promethium.

Contribution to understanding of the atom
Before Moseley and his law, atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering number, vaguely increasing with atomic weight but not strictly defined by it. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were not arbitrarily assigned, but rather, they have a definite physical basis. Moseley postulated that each successive element has a nuclear charge exactly one unit greater than its predecessor. Moseley redefined the idea of atomic numbers from its previous status as an ad hoc numerical tag to help sorting the elements into an exact sequence of ascending atomic numbers that made the Periodic Table exact. (This was later to be the basis of the Aufbau principle in atomic studies.) As noted by Bohr, Moseley's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the (new from 1911) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius van den Broek of the atom, with a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges (later discovered and called protons) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements. Moseley mentioned the two scientists above in his research paper, but he did not actually mention Bohr, who was rather new on the scene then. Simple modifications of Rydberg's and Bohr's formulas were found to give a theoretical justification for Moseley's empirically derived law for determining atomic numbers.

Use of X-ray spectrometer
X-ray spectrometers are the foundation-stones of X-ray crystallography. The X-ray spectrometers as Moseley knew them worked as follows. A glass-bulb electron tube was used, similar to that held by Moseley in the photo here. Inside the evacuated tube, electrons were fired at a metallic substance (i.e. a sample of pure element in Moseley's work), causing the ionization of electrons from the inner electron shells of the element. The rebound of electrons into these holes in the inner shells next causes the emission of X-ray photons that were led out of the tube in a semi-beam, through an opening in the external X-ray shielding. These are next diffracted by a standardized salt crystal, with angular results read out as photographic lines by the exposure of an X-ray film fixed at the outside the vacuum tube at a known distance. Application of Bragg's law (after some initial guesswork of the mean distances between atoms in the metallic crystal, based on its density) next allowed the wavelength of the emitted X-rays to be calculated.

Moseley participated in the design and development of early X-ray spectrometry equipment, learning some techniques from William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg at the University of Leeds, and developing others himself. Many of the techniques of X-ray spectroscopy were inspired by the methods that are used with visible light spectroscopes and spectrograms, by substituting crystals, ionization chambers, and photographic plates for their analogs in light spectroscopy. In some cases, Moseley found it necessary to modify his equipment to detect particularly soft (lower frequency) X-rays that could not penetrate either air or paper, by working with his instruments in a vacuum chamber.

Death and aftermath
Sometime in the first half of 1914, Moseley resigned from his position at Manchester, with plans to return to Oxford and continue his physics research there. However, World War I broke out in August 1914, and Moseley turned down this job offer to instead enlist with the Royal Engineers of the British Army. His family and friends tried to persuade him not to join, but he thought it was his duty. Moseley served as a technical officer in communications during the Battle of Gallipoli, in Turkey, beginning in April 1915, where he was killed by a sniper on 10 August 1915.

Only twenty-seven years old at the time of his death, Moseley could, in the opinion of some scientists, have contributed much to the knowledge of atomic structure had he survived. Niels Bohr said in 1962 that Rutherford's work "was not taken seriously at all" and that the "great change came from Moseley."

Robert Millikan wrote, "In a research which is destined to rank as one of the dozen most brilliant in conception, skillful in execution, and illuminating in results in the history of science, a young man twenty-six years old threw open the windows through which we can glimpse the sub-atomic world with a definiteness and certainty never dreamed of before. Had the European War had no other result than the snuffing out of this young life, that alone would make it one of the most hideous and most irreparable crimes in history."

George Sarton wrote, "His fame was already established on such a secure foundation that his memory will be green forever. He is one of the immortals of science, and though he would have made many other additions to our knowledge if his life had been spared, the contributions already credited to him were of such fundamental significance, that the probability of his surpassing himself was extremely small. It is very probable that however long his life, he would have been chiefly remembered because of the 'Moseley law' which he published at the age of twenty-six."

Isaac Asimov wrote, "In view of what he [Moseley] might still have accomplished … his death might well have been the most costly single death of the War to mankind generally." Rutherford believed that Moseley's work would have earned him the Nobel Prize (which however is never awarded posthumously).

Memorial plaques to Moseley were installed at Manchester and Eton, and a Royal Society scholarship, established by his will, had as its second recipient the physicist P. M. S. Blackett, who later became president of the Society. The Institute of Physics Henry Moseley Medal and Prize is named in his honour.

title: Henry Moseley


text:
Talk:Hangover

Finlandia
Does anyone have any concerns at all that finlandia is probably advertising on this page for free ref: The Congener section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.38.121.205 (talk) 02:55, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

 * @103.38.121.205 Yes. I couldn't understand how it adds any value to essay. I omitted the pic wen i translated into other language. Same goes with aspirin bottle. Inquisitive creature (talk) 04:17, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

Korean remedy
User:174.103.115.142 and User:74.135.90.179:

Content you added here and here and here, is not reliably sourced per WP:MEDRS. If, after you read MEDRS, you don't understand it, please ask. Jytdog (talk) 21:52, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi Jytdog. I still do not understand. I take from MEDRS that reputable secondary sources should be used, and not primary sources. I see the mistake that I made in the first two edits by citing primary sources, but my third and final revision consisted only of reputable secondary sources that were reviews of existing research. For example, the first came from Planta Medica, a leading peer-reviewed international journal in the field of natural products, and was a review of available literature on Hovenia dulcis's use in many different fashions. Could you explain what I am missing to make this "reliably sourced?" I have many different primary and secondary sources confirming the edit I made, I just need some help on which ones to use and how to cite them in a compliant manner. Thanks! 174.103.115.142 (talk) 02:12, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * So here is the last edit

 * One promising treatment for a hangover is a plant extract known as Hovenia dulcis (Japanese Raisin Tree Fruit Extract). In Korea, this extract is widely sold and distributed as a hangover remedy to be taken after one's last drink of the night to prevent a hangover. In the United States, a company called Life Support uses this same ingredient as a hangover cure and instructs users to consume the beverage as the last drink of the night to prevent a hangover . A review on Hovenia dulcis published in 2010 noted that this extract presents a strong candidate for use in the treatment of alcohol hangover, primarily due to its alcohol detoxification properties. The review notes that "the increased level of alcohol-induced liver ALDH activity by treatment with H. dulcis extracts suggests that H. dulcis can effectively relieve the alcohol hangover through enhancing the catabolism of ethanol." A second review published in Drug and Alcohol Review in 2005 noted that "it has now been proved that the extract of H. dulcis, or its complex formulae, hasten detoxification of alcohol," as well as noting that "the extracts of H. dulcis were also more effective in enhancing ALDH activity than ADH activity, [which] is one of the possible explanations of how H. dulcis could relieve hangover effectively, by decreasing acetaldehyde concentration quickly in the liver and blood." In fact, the review notes that "Hovenia dulcis . . . [has] been used for centuries in China to relieve intoxication and hangover from excessive drinking."

 * The beginning of that is 100% unsourced promotional violation of policy as it was the first 2 times, and to be frank I stopped reading. I will have a look at the secondary sources in a while. Read that link in the meantime, please. Jytdog (talk) 02:26, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Hi Jytdog. Thanks for the feedback. I disagree, however, with your characterization of the beginning of the entry. To take it sentence by sentence:

"One promising treatment for a hangover is a plant extract known as Hovenia dulcis (Japanese Raisin Tree Fruit Extract)" - This is widely accepted and acknowledged in both of the secondary sources in this entry. Ie, "Hovenia dulcis . . . [has] been used for centuries in China to relieve intoxication and hangover from excessive drinking."

"In Korea, this extract is widely sold and distributed as a hangover remedy to be taken after one's last drink of the night to prevent a hangover." - If you would like a citation for this, I could look into the multitude of products in Korea that utilize H. dulcis in their hangover prevention drinks. This sentence serves to educate readers, who read the 'management' section of the page in an effort to learn potential remedies for a hangover, on the market in Korea for hangover drinks that utilize H. dulcis. For instance, you can review https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/inside-koreas-booming-anti-hangover-industry, which shows that Korea's anti-hangover industry has increased 10-fold in 15 years. The article also notes that the market leader is Condition, which accounts for over half of all anti-hangover sales. Condition uses Hovenia dulcis in their drink as the functional ingredient to prevent a hangover (http://english.cj.net/brand/list_food/condition.asp). This provides the reader with an understanding that this is "eastern medicine" that is widely used to treat a hangover.

"In the United States, a company called Life Support uses this same ingredient as a hangover cure and instructs users to consume the beverage as the last drink of the night to prevent a hangover." - This has a citation to the company's website, documenting the validity of the assertion. In regards to your suggestion that this is a "promotional violation of policy," this statement does not promote the company in any way, but merely notes a fact that the company sells a drink with Hovenia dulcis in it, purporting that the company claims it is a hangover cure. The statement neither confirms nor denies the efficacy of the product, but instead provides factual information about the existence of the product. Merely stating that a product exists for a stated purpose relevant to both the page title and surrounding material does not constitute promotion in my mind. I would love to hear your thoughts on this, however. I view it as similar to the "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin have been proposed. . ." wherein aspirin is a particular brand that contains a component (NSAID) that is being discussed. 174.103.115.142 (talk) 03:17, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * WP is built from independent reliable sources. This is unsourced and promotional: "One promising treatment for a hangover is a plant extract known as Hovenia dulcis (Japanese Raisin Tree Fruit Extract)".  This is unsourced and promotional: " In Korea, this extract is widely sold and distributed as a hangover remedy to be taken after one's last drink of the night to prevent a hangover."  This is 100% advertising sourced to the company's website:  "In the United States, a company called Life Support uses this same ingredient as a hangover cure and instructs users to consume the beverage as the last drink of the night to prevent a hangover."  I will look at the rest, as I said.  Wikipedia is not an advertising vehicle.
 * The 2005 source is too old per WP:MEDDATE
 * I have read now and all it says that it has a long history of use in Korean and Japanese traditional medicine; there are no clinical studies so we cannot say anything about if it works or not.
 * I will add some content about this herb, based on .Jytdog (talk) 03:56, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

In regards to your comment about the 2010 review that "there are no clinical studes so we cannot say anything about if it works or not," citation requirements that you noted under MEDRS do not require that the review include clinical studies to be included or referenced. Therefore, the conclusion and interpretations of the review should be noted, perhaps with a notation to the reader that the statements, though based on multiple independent studies, are not based on clinical trials. In fact, if you look into regulatory compliance law, clinical trials are rarely completed on items that are dietary supplements or functional foods as defined by 21 CFR 111 (FDA Compliance), as clinical trials are often reserved for drugs. In regards to the 2005 source being too old, WP:MEDDATE notes that "These instructions are appropriate for actively researched areas with many primary sources and several reviews and may need to be relaxed in areas where little progress is being made or where few reviews are published." In this regard, very few reviews are published in regards to hangovers. This "guideline" on the date of a review serves to prevent information that is outdated and that has been updated in a new review from being published. In this case, the review in 2005 does not contain any information that has been updated or changed, and as such should not be excluded based on WP:MEDDATE. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.103.115.142 (talk) 04:11, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The only MEDRS souce you have brought and the most recent i found is that 2010 paper. All it says is that it used in traditional medicine; it says nothing about efficicy or safety. In WP writing about health, if there is not actual evidence from clinical trials that something is safe and effective, it is indeed "unproven." Jytdog (talk) 04:50, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

I think you are confusing "unproven" with "untested and discredited." The "Unsupported Remedies" section states that it is a list of "untested or discredited treatments." Hovenia dulcis 1) has been tested and shown to be effective and 2) in no way, shape or form has been been "discredited." Thus, if you, who apparently is the expert on hangover research (though I am ACTUALLY a PhD alcohol researcher), really dont think that there is evidence that "proves" it works as a hangover cure, I am okay with maintaining (until further researched is published) that it is "unproven." In this case, it would be "Potentially Beneficial," as opposed to "untested and discredited." 174.103.115.142 (talk) 05:12, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Wow, I wasn't aware you could get a PhD in hangovers...thats sounds pretty cool. When you add the name of a product, it is promotion. If you exaggerate the capability of a herb, from data published in a review from sketchy journal with a tiny impact factor, thats a POV bias. You don't really need a whole nice looking paragraph for the herb, if there is a MEDRS source, one little "Herb X is traditionally used in country x, however there is no data to support its use" should suffice.Petergstrom (talk) 05:57, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I took out the content for now, til we settle this. Also, IP 174, "aspirin" is not a brand name in the US. That was what we call a WP:POINTY edit. Don't do that. Jytdog (talk) 06:01, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * IP, you said "1) has been tested and shown to be effective". Please provide a MEDRS source that says this with regard to humans.  thx  Also please note that the leader to the list says: " Other untested or discredited treatments include:".  As far as I can see this is indeed "untested".  Happy to see evidence otherwise. Jytdog (talk) 06:04, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I would agree with Jytdog on just taking it out for now 64.150.190.32 (talk) 06:07, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * And regarding the earlier comment that clinical trials are not often done for dietary (or herbal) supplements...that's simply untrue. A few examples (though not a comprehensive list) of herbal remedies that have been examined in clinical trials (I'm not commenting here on whether they work or not but simply stating they've been evaluated in RCTs) would include saw palmetto, St. John's wort, turmeric, and green tea extract. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TylerDurden8823 (talk • contribs) 06:37, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:21, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Finlandia Vodka.png

"Caña (Chilean slang)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Caña (Chilean slang). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. © Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 22:37, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

New Research BMJ Nutrition & Prevention 2020
The findings of this new study should be added:

https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2020/04/01/bmjnph-2019-000042

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200430191302.htm

- Largest randomized placebo controlled doublind hangover-interventiontrial performed at Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany

- Statistic significant reduction of hangover symptoms through plant extract mix

- Hangover is not caused by dehydration

- Vitamines and electrolytes do not improve hangover symptoms — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810B:4C0:180C:4490:E99C:F5BA:D016 (talk) 11:18, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

"Irish flu" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Irish flu. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 31 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm (talk) 20:58, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

History of the Term
I was surprised to see that this page makes no reference to the history of the term 'hangover', or 'hungover'. There is a common explanation available, although I do not have a reliable source to hand. Maybe the page's authors can add an appropriate reference. The common explanation involves literally hanging over a rope (for a small price), until you've slept it off, and in the knowledge that you're not going to be robbed. See The Real Meaning of Hangover.TonyP (talk) 16:40, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I just read that rubbish on facebook and did not believe it - https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/dec/12/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-hangovers#:~:text=But%20the%20word%20hangover%20has,up%20in%20reference%20to%20alcohol this nespaper article mentions "It first appeared in the English vocabulary in the 19th century as an expression for describing unfinished business from meetings, but it was not until 1904 that the word began to crop up in reference to alcohol."

BUT I do agree for the need of a paragraph or section on the name history as even the wiki-dictionary does not have that either DavidAnstiss (talk) 00:26, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

 * @DavidAnstiss@Tonyproctor "The effects of hangovers have been hanging around for ages. The word itself, however, has only been fermenting since the late 19th century. Originally, hangover described someone or something that remained or simply survived, but it was later distilled into common use as a word for the effects of overconsumption of alcohol or drugs. These days, hangover can also suggest an emotional letdown or an undesirable prolongation of notes or sounds from a loudspeaker."  Doug Weller  talk 15:29, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

kudzu root
The cited source about kudzu says that the root is not used in traditional medicine for hangover, but is being touted in west otherwise. But the essay depicts like kudzu is a common hangover cure. This is misleading. I think the paragraph on kudzu can be deleted entirely. Inquisitive creature (talk) 06:19, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I think it's okay to say "it's been marketed but it makes things worse"; we just need to not tout it as a traditional thing. Artoria2e5 🌉 01:25, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Great, Pueraria lobata in the article refers to the root and not the... binomial name. Gross. --Artoria2e5 🌉 01:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Conflict between sources
Epidemiology section mentions about a 1990 study done in new england and cites two sources—1 primary and one secondary. There is a mention about 29% students missing classes due to hangover recovery. While the statement is indeed written in secondary source, it gives the primary source as the reference for its data. However the primary source clearly states that only 25% of the sample reported hangover and 8% lost classes due to it. There is indeed a mention that 29% lost some hours of normal functioning in recovery from drinking. The "in recovery" term wasn't defined by the study and the percentage is obviously higher than the percentage of subjects hungover. Also no allusion was made that "in recovery" translated into school time. Hence I believe this statement is a misinterpretation of primary source by the secondary source. Also since it adds minimal value to the article, if any, I believe the statement and the citation of secondary source for this data can be removed. Inquisitive creature (talk) 17:26, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * , makes a lot of sense, ✅. Thanks! Artoria2e5 🌉 01:43, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Disputed claim
Inquisitive creature (talk) 17:32, 8 January 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Section society and culture. It has been specified that 3.3 bn USD is lost in wages each year due to hangover as per a british study. The source cited is a review by Wiese et al. However  the study, while mentioning that 3.3 bn usd is lost, specifies hangover as main cause but not the sole cause. The review itself references to another review by crofton.J as the source of this data. The review by Crofton.J, while indeed specifying the figure, doesn't exactly defines the area of loss, but instead refers to another study by Mc Donell & Maynard. The Mc Donell & Maynard study, while specifying the loss, mentions that it is the  loss incurred by industries due to alcoholism of employees, due to several reasons including hangover. However no mention is made to hint that the loss actually refers to wages. I feel this is a misinterpretation by Wiese et al, which was once again misinterpreted by editors here. Since the statement adds little value to essay, I'm of opinion that it should be deleted.
 * ✅. You are good at this stuff. --Artoria2e5 🌉 01:49, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Dubious claim
Inquisitive creature (talk) 03:06, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Society and culture: Hangover related losses in canada are estimated to be 1.4 bn/year. Wiese et al has been cited as the source for this data. While the source indeed states this, it does so while citing Single.E et al study. However Single.E et al states that the costs are lost due to alcohol related "morbidity". The study makes no attempt to define morbidity or provide various causes of the same. I opine that attribution of entire morbidity to hangover by Wiese et al, is oversimplification at best & misinterpretation at worst, since several potential causes like pancreatitis, gastritis, early liver failure are neglected.
 * Also ✅. Maybe you can be a little bolder and not wait for someone coming in a whole year later, but I guess this works too.--Artoria2e5 🌉 01:49, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hangover