text:
Talk:DVD/Archive 2

DVD is an acronym
DVD is an acronym and as such it needs to be identified as what it stands for in the first sentence of the encyclopedia article. I don't care so much about the debate over whether it's Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, but standard practice in encyclopedias is to say what the acronym means in the first sentence of the article. For example, modifying the current opening sentence would give us,
 * DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality.

which is a much better opening sentence. Then in a later section in the article you can include the controversy over what it actually stands for. --Cyde 21:59, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not an acronym. The letters "DVD" stand for nothing in particular. Some people believe they stand for "digital versatile disc" or "digital video disc" but when the word "DVD" was coined there was no consensus on whether it was an initialism for anything. Rhobite 21:26, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sources such as Sony's website state that DVD stands for Digital Versitile Disc. Other sources such as the initial standards committee state it doesn't stand for anything. If multiple sources have different points of view, then report the different points of view, or at least acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion. The standards committee isn't "the" point of view that overrides all other points of view. If a notable source (and Sony is about as notable in the electronics world as you can get) says it stands for Digital Versitile Disc, then report that poitn of view alongside the POV of the standards comittee that says it doesn't stand for anything. basic NPOV policy. FuelWagon 23:17, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * DVD definitely stands for Digital Versatile Disk. There should be no question about it. The "Video" came along when people heard the acronym and assumed in meant "video", and unfortunately it stuck. The term has plagued us for a decade. The whole idea of the versatile disk is that it can be used for so many things, such as audio or software. Why people don't see this is stunning. As one of the leaders in the information world, Wikipedia has the duty to report the facts; we can help fix this mess right now once and for all and fix the first sentence to read correctly, with a reference to the incorrect acronym. Let's stop the spread of wrong infomation.MiracleMat 11:06, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You're spreading wrong information. As stated in the article, "DVD" originally stood for "Digital Video Disc." The term "Digital Versatile Disc" (which I agree is a better, more logical name) came later, and was never formally approved by the DVD Forum. Neither designation is officially correct.  —Lifeisunfair 11:14, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * And in any case the OED defines acronym as a pronounceable word made up from initial letters - how do you pronounce "dvd"? - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] (W) AfD? 23:25, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * You're just picking on semantics now. Yes, technically "DVD" is an initialism, not an acronym. But in colloquial usage acronym has come to mean both. So live with it.  --Cyde 23:49, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * We do report the different views, just not in the first sentence. I think that it would be a bad idea to have a POV discussion in the opening sentence. Bergsten 00:18, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The standard for articles is "name (acronym) is blah". I think that "DVD (sometimes called a Digital Versatile Disc) is blah" is a good approximation of this standard for articles, and acknowledges the different POV's about whether or not it is an acronym, without getting into a deep discussion about what the different points of view think about whether it is an acronym or not. FuelWagon 14:47, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well it's not incorrect and it saves the POV discussion for later, so it seems like a fair compromise to me. Bergsten 15:04, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * How is it fair to single out one of the two terms, with no mention (at this point in the article) that a second term is widely used? If such a notation is to be included, it should incorporate both terms.  —Lifeisunfair 16:00, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * wikipedia policy says that the introduction should introduce the main points of view, based on the proportion of notable sources that use them. Most sources that I know of use "versatile", not "video". So, I'm not sure mentioning both in the intro is justified. Sony is one of the big manufacturers and they use "versatile". What manufacturers use "video" in the acronym? FuelWagon 16:06, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In recent years, both terms have been commonly used. I don't know which companies prefer the term "Digital Video Disc."  However, numerous sources (including our article) report that the DVD Forum never reached a consensus on the matter, so it's clear that its members were divided between the two terms.
 * The NPOV policy states that "articles should be written without bias, representing all majority and significant minority views fairly." With some support among DVD Forum members, and a Google count of about 384,000 (compared to a count of about 569,000 for "Digital Versatile Disc"), the term "Digital Video Disc" qualifies as a significant minority view.
 * Additionally, as noted in our article, The "DVD" initialism originally was derived from the term "Digital Video Disc" (which, in my experience, was the more popular term in the beginning). Toshiba (which subsequently decided to use the term "Digital Versatile Disc") used the term "Digital Video Disc" in its early documents.  See, for example, this 1995 press release.
 * As for Sony, they use the term "Digital Versatile Disc" with greater frequency, but they also have used the term "Digital Video Disc." See, for example, this timeline, which indicates that "Sony help[ed] develop Digital Video Disc, the next-generation optical disc."  Also see this page, in which Sony states that "[DVD] originally ... was an acronym for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc, but now appears simply as DVD."
 * Also note that a Google search of the philips.com domain turns up about 225 instances of "digital versatile disc" and about 162 instances of "digital video disc."
 * For the record, I prefer the term "Digital Versatile Disc." —Lifeisunfair 17:10, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * To clarify: My POV is that none of them should be in the opening sentence, so when I said fair, it was with respect to my POV. I think you have a point, if there is no official meaning to "DVD", then it's not up to us to enforce one. Bergsten 16:19, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The standards committee for DVD's is just another source for wikipedia. If other sources conflict with the standards committee, then they are treated like other sources. So, there are three points of view: no acronym, "versitile", and "video". Can someone come up with a single short sentence that can go at the end of the introduction that introduces these three different points of views? FuelWagon 17:29, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What's wrong with the current setup? —Lifeisunfair 17:35, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Nothing is technically wrong with it. It just reads a bit clunkily. I'm not attached either way. If bergsten goes for it, consider the matter settled. FuelWagon 18:46, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's ok by me. Bergsten 20:58, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Folks, I don't understand something here. So the official DVD Forum website says DVD stands for "Versatile." Yet the DVD Forum says it doesn't stand for anything??? How can the Forum disagree with its own website????? Maybe a new DVD Naming Controversy article is needed, because this is just crazy. Massysett 19:25, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Mention of the two interpretations in the intro would not be out of line, but it should include a "see below" reference (preferably linked to the relevant section) —Brian Patrie 16:50, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

DVD is not an acronym. I don't see what everyone is arguing about. DVD doesn't need to stand for anything. British Airports Authority (BAA) became BAA upon privitisation, with no words linked to the letters. It was an acronym, but is no longer. People still can say British Airports Authority, but that doesn't change the fact that the company is called BAA, and nothing else! Let DVD be DVD, and report that various people assign a meaning to the letters, but the official story is that there IS no meaning! --82.122.124.218 21:23, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I see nothing wrong with the current set up, but you seem rather confused. BAA is a company and as such, they can decided, what if anything their company stands for. DVD is not a company. While the DVD forum may have invented the DVD, it is now a common use word. As such, the meaning, if anything of DVD depends on not just the DVD forum, but on what other people say. Finally, your claim that the official story is DVD stands for nothing doesn't seem to hold water. The DVD forum FAQ, claims
 * What does DVD mean?
 * The keyword is "versatile." Digital Versatile discs provide superb video, audio and data storage and access -- all on one disc.

 * I haven't yet seen anywhere where they state that DVD doesn't stand for anything but even if there is, all it proves is that the DVD forum itself is unable to come to an agreement. Therefore, your claim that DVD stands for nothing is simply your personal opinion, shared by some other people including perhaps some members of the DVD forum but cannot be called the official story of the DVD forum (which as I have said, is not the end all either) Nil Einne 17:19, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc: DVD-Video is Digital Versatile Disc-Video and not Digital Video Disc-Video NexGen game consoles use the format of Digital Versatile Disc not Digital Video Disc The DVD forum did not develop the technology and is not in charge anything but promoting the technology.

This is a load of bs. DVD has stood for Digital Versatile Disc ever since it was first mentioned in the press (look up old tech magazines if you don't believe me). It was the mass market release and subsequent adoption of DVD players for film that spawned the interpretation of "Digital Video Disc". In fact, the press at the time highlighted the fact that "Digital Video Disc" was a common misinterpretation. People (all over the web, not just here) keep saying that there was dispute about this within the DVD Forum, yet there isn't a single shred of actual *evidence* to support that claim -- surely an organization would have documents reflecting this debate, if it existed. The idea that DVD started out as "Digital Video Disc" seems to be nothing more than a rumor that has outgrown the population's ability to disprove it, created by a collective ignorance of the mass market. More than likely, the first place most people ever heard of DVD was in the film section, and goodness forbid that the majority should be wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.6.99.30 (talk • contribs).

I am not sure whether this debate was going on ~1995, but I remember reading a Scientific American article in 1994-1995 where the authors defined DVD as digital versatile disc (and stated that many would likely be referring to them as digital video discs because of their primary commercial application). I no longer have this issue and I am too lazy to go to a library, I just wanted to point out that at least some of the developers of DVDs were referring to them as digital versatile discs before DVDs were sold on the market and the idea that digital versatile disc came after the term digital video disc (as implied in the main article) is incorrect. Joe

Edits to the article from the IP address 199.64.0.252 on January 17, 2007 are actually from me -- didn't realize I wasn't signed in at the time (oops). -- Fishbert 20:56, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Is CSS only for region control?
Taw (and perhaps others as well) has repeatedly edited the DVD article to say that the content scrambling system was intended only to enforce region control restrictions, while others seem to think the encryption was intended to try to prevent (or at least reduce) copying. Perhaps others have the same understanding as Taw. I suggest that we figure out which view is really the one that is most correct or at least most prevalent in objective reports. So which is the correct interpretation? (We probably need to cite some sources.) Mulligatawny 04:37, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * My impression has always been that it's about more than just region control. See DeCSS.  --Cyde Weys talkcontribs 04:45, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The region coding is separate, and there can be one without the other. The purpose was to prevent people from copying the VOB files to their hard drives and then burning them to a blank DVD.  Of course that's pretty much a joke now, and numerous software packages - both free and commerical have been around for years now that easilly cut right through the CSS as if it weren't even there. See doom9.net or videohelp.com for more info. Blackcats 05:09, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

The article "Copy Protection for DVD Video", in the July 1999 issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE (a very authoritative peer-reviewed journal source, page 1268, 2nd column, 2nd full paragraph) says that the two purposes of CSS are copy protection (specifically preventing copies from being playable) and motivating manufacturers to make compliant player devices. There is no mention of region control as a motivation at all. This leads me toward an even stronger view that Taw's opinion is not the prevailing encyclopedic position. Mulligatawny 05:30, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think opinion matters at all in cases like these. What matters is the truth, and in an issue such as "What is CSS supposed to do", the truth is very easy to find, and it appears that we have already found it.  The article should be edited to reflect the truth.  --Cyde Weys talkcontribs 19:20, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * CSS was created by MEI and Toshiba in response to Hollywood studio requirements for content protection. There is absolutely no question that CSS is content protection mechanism. What may have confused Taw and others is the point that region codes in players are not required by the DVD specification (or the DVD Forum), and are instead a requirement of CSS (more accurately, the DVD CCA). When a player or drive manufacturer signs the CSS license they agree to implement region playback control. JimTheFrog 02:33, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Blu-ray link
Some anonymous user keeps reverting the page to include a link to. I contend that the link does not belong because it talks about Blu-ray, which is its own separate format, but more importantly, because the link is entirely in Japanese. --Cyde Weys talkcontribs 03:06, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, and I left the user a boilerplate spam warning on their talk page. Rhobite 03:08, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

DVD Purple picture.
The purple DVD picture is out of focus and reflecting items in the background. A better picture is needed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Whursey (talk • contribs) 21:12, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Size in bytes?
About " DVD-5: single sided, single layer, 4.7 gigabytes (GB), or 4.38 gibibytes (GiB) " : this is not equal : 4.7 * 10^9 = 4700000000.0 != 4.38 * 2^30 = 4702989189.12 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.2.163.124 (talk • contribs) 13:49, 17 January 2006  (UTC)
 * Welcome to Rounding. Kaleja 07:33, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

The table that has the sizes of the DVDs in various formats might include the sizes in Gibibyes aswell? I don't know what the standard is moving towards (Binary or Decimal), but is it acceptable to include both?

24.207.50.5 05:42, 11 October 2006 (UTC)Rob MacKenzie

Actually, since this is talking about computer data sizes, saying a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes is wrong. If you look at the gigabyte page, you will see that it states this as well. If there are no problems with this, I will change the article to reflect the true size of a gigabyte. The problem is that everyone who does not understand computers and computer systems always rounds these values down. Beowulf7120 03:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

+ and - ... What's the difference?
Is there any REAL noticable difference between recordable and rewritable DVD's that are either DVD+ and DVD-? I've heard that DVD+R/W is more compatible to most DVD drives, but I'm not sure. Other than that are their any differences in capacity, filesystem, physical characteristics and so on?

211.27.205.126 09:49, 18 January 2006 (UTC)randomguy

Without getting into the technicalities, the '+RW' version of the format incorporates technology that permits a drive to rewrite the disk at the byte level. This means that the drive can overwrite a single byte within a file on the disk. by contrast, the '-RW' version of the format cannot do this, and can only access part of the disk to within about 2 blocks of data. This means that to edit part of a file on the disk entails reading, modifying and overwriting the entire file. DVD+R disks exist to provide compatibility with '+' only format recorders, they offer no advantages apart from a faster write speed on some recorders.

The relationship between DVD-VR and DVD+VR format DVD video recorders has no relationship to -RW or +RW disks. Either format can be written to either type of disk. In practice however, even minor editing of DVD+VR format disks can necessitate the complete rewriting of one or more of the .VOB files on a DVD-RW disk. When the same operation is performed on a DVD+RW disk only the changed parts of the files need be overwritten. Unlike DVD-VR format disks, DVD+VR disks can be played in an ordinary DVD-Video player. That said, this contributor's experience is that the DVD-VR format is more versatile, particularly when used with DVD-RAM disks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.137.52.221 (talk • contribs) 19:57, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually what you say is not quite correct. DVD+R does have advantages, at least in every day life. A fair number of burners are able to change the booktype of +R (and +RW) DVDs, but few if any are able to do so with -R. I'm still not clear if this is a technical format limitation but it is limitation nevertheless. Perhaps more importantly, a number of drives have the ability to overburn with +R discs but not many, if any with -R discs. I'm not certain again if this is a format limitation but it is a limitation nevertheless. You may think overburning is stupid, but I regularly overburn with no problems (up to about 4620mb which is about ~140mb overburn). I usually use the extra space to store PAR2 parity files to make it more likely I will be able to recover the data if the DVD develops scratches (along with UDF 2.60). While you still shouldn't try to use it for serious or important archival purposes, it's good enough for me. However if neither overburning or booktype changing has any interest to you, then the poster is correct. I would recommend you go mainly by price and what media type performs better in your burner. Bare in mind I recommend you only use quality media, e.g. Mitsubishi/Verbatim or Taiyo-Yuden, whatever your burner and format. Nil Einne 17:08, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Whilst you are, of course, correct: this advantage was not a necessity until after DVD+R discs became available. In any event, it would not affect the ordinary user.

best selling dvds
can't find this info anywhere on wikipediaTehw1k1 09:25, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Euro PAL DVD Movies and DVD-ROM drives in the U.S.
If I have a DVD movie from the U.K. and I want to play it on my Sony Viao (purchased in the U.S.) DVD+RW drive, will play it? I know for DVD Players I will at least need a PAL to NTSC converter, but is that required as well for a DVD-ROM drive used on American-configured computer systems? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.131.235.88 (talk • contribs) 20:14, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I remember, no you shouldn't need a converter for a PC bought anywhere in the world to play PAL or NTSC format DVDs. The whole PAL and NTSC only appies to TVs.  Others may correct me if I'm wrong.  The only thing you may potentially need to do is to make sure that your player can play Region 2 DVDs, it may be locked to a specific region, or only allow you to change it 5 times, although there are players out there which can circumvent this restriction.Smoothy 16:34, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * PAL and NTSC issues only apply to TVs, not to multi-sync monitors. The vast majority of DVD-ROM drives nowadays are RPC2. This means you will usually have 5 changes of the region code before it's locked onto one region. However you can also use software which bypasses this region encoding altogether so you may be able to avoid your drive changing region code however be careful since Windows may automatically set the region code without asking. In many cases, you may also be able to obtain a modified firmware for your drive which will turn your drive into an RPC1 drive or alternatively an auto-resetting RPC2 firmware. For more info, you might want to check out this site . Please bare in mind I have no idea on the legalities of any of this at your location. Finally be aware that flashing your drive with unapproved firmware could potentialy void your warranty. I would suspect, even if your manufacturer tries to claim otherwise, this should only apply yo the DVD drive, and it is quite unlikely the DVD drive will damage any of your other hardware. But be aware I'm not a legal expert and in any case, if you manufacturer choose to use your flashing against you, your only choice may be to take them to court which may not be cheap or easy. However in most cases, provided you ensure you are using the right modified firmware and read the instructions carefully, you should have no problem re-flashing your drive with official/approved firmware provided you have a copy of said official/approved firmware. Nil Einne 16:57, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Most DVD players now have the ability to internally transcode between PAL and NTSC, with a menu setting for the type of television or monitor connected. Once set, you don't need to change anything when switching between PAL and NTSC DVDs. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.136.146.36 (talk • contribs) 21:33, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

dvd-audio
"Unlike DVD-Video's CSS, as of 2005, CPPM has not yet been cracked." Has been "cracked" last year.

source: http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=96860&highlight=cppm

cracked in the sense that: "I just uploaded to RareWares a tool that enables WinDVD owners to rip full quality DVD-Audio tracks encrypted with CPPM. It does so by launching/patching WinDVD 5/6/7 and redirecting the stream to disk instead of the sound card after decryption.". 131.155.54.18 15:07, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This does not mean that CPPM has been cracked in the sense of the cryptographic elements being compromised as they were for CSS. This is circumvention -- it doesn't actually rip the encoded streams off the disc, it captures the decoded PCM streams. So the point is valid that it's possible to rip audio from CPPM-protected DVD-Audio discs, but it's not correct to say that CPPM has been cracked. --JimTheFrog 07:50, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Dual Layer Recording --> DVD Merge
It has come to my attention (As short as it is.) that the Dual Layer Recording page is not only a stub, but a short and uninformative one at that. If we were to move it to the main DVD page, I'm sure that somebody with more experience in the field than I could rewrite it to be much more informative. Just a suggestion. Eagleguy125 21:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would agree. I'd do it once enough consensus was reached. Idiosyncrat 20:30, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I would also have to agree. I atttempted to find the Dual Layer information by seaching for DVD's and had to find this seperate page. When I read it, I was disappointed to find it not very informative. Brett 22:52, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * "More than a few viewers have worried that their dual layer discs were damaged or defective." - Sorry if this is posted in the wrong place, but isn't the wording of this ("more than a few") against Wiki policy? Jpf51286 15:48, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect information?

 * "Unlike compact discs, where sound (CDDA, Red Book) is stored in a fundamentally different fashion than data (Yellow book et al.), a properly authored DVD will always contain data in files readable by both the UDF filesystem and the ISO 9660 filesystem (often called UDF Bridge format)."

This seems to be incorrect to me. I'm pretty sure a UDF only DVD is fully within the specs, in fact, if I'm not mistake DVD Video can be UDF only. I' also skeptical whether UDF is required for DVDs either. While it might be used for DVD Video and Audio and is perhaps it is preferred to include UDF, I would like to see a reference to prove that a ISO9600 only DVD is not within the specs. From the sound of it, what the person who wrote this is trying to say is that DVDs are always written in data mode of 2048 sectors (similar to mode 1 for CDs) with the appropriate sectors used ECC/EDC info etc. A file system is also always included. The extra sectors used for the ECC/EDC cannot be used for other purporses ala red book CDs and mode 2 form 2. This is useful information but is not what the current text is describing. Nil Einne 17:24, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The DVD specification requires UDF bridge format, which is both UDF and ISO-9660. The correct point is that a DVD-Video disc should always have UDF and ISO-9660, but a generic "DVD" can use Mac HFS, Playstation filesystem, Windows NTFS, or whatever. --JimTheFrog 07:50, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * One thing that should be noted is the file and directory names for a video DVD may only have a maximum of an 8 character filename, a dot and a 3 character extention. Files or directories with longer names will be ignored by DVD players. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.136.146.36 (talk • contribs) 21:37, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:DVD/Archive 2


text:
Dune Messiah

Dune Messiah is a 1969 science fiction novel by American writer Frank Herbert, the second in his Dune series of six novels. A sequel to Dune (1965), it was originally serialized in Galaxy magazine in 1969, and then published by Putnam the same year. Dune Messiah and its own sequel Children of Dune (1976) were collectively adapted by the Sci-Fi Channel in 2003 into a miniseries entitled Frank Herbert's Children of Dune.

Plot
Paul "Muad'Dib" Atreides has ruled as Emperor for 12 years. By accepting the role of messiah to the Fremen, he has unleashed a jihad which has conquered most of the known universe, but is powerless to stop the lethal excesses of the religious juggernaut he has created. Although 61 billion people have perished, Paul's prescient visions indicate this is far from the worst possible outcome for humanity. Motivated by this knowledge, Paul hopes to set humanity on a course that will not inevitably lead to stagnation and destruction, while at the same time acting as ruler of the empire and focal point of the Fremen religion.

The Bene Gesserit, Spacing Guild, and Tleilaxu conspire to dethrone Paul, and the Guild Navigator Edric is able to use his own prescience to shield the plot from Paul's prescient visions. The Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother Mohiam has enlisted Paul's wife, the Princess Irulan, daughter of the deposed Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV. Paul has refused to father a child with Irulan, but he and his Fremen concubine Chani have also failed to produce an heir, causing tension within his monarchy. Desperate both to secure her place in the Atreides dynasty and to preserve the bloodline for the Bene Gesserit breeding program, Irulan has secretly been giving contraceptives to Chani. Paul is aware of this fact, but has foreseen that the birth of his heir will bring Chani's death, and does not want to lose her.

Edric gives Paul a gift he cannot resist: a Tleilaxu-grown ghola of the deceased Duncan Idaho, Paul's childhood teacher and friend, who had been killed helping Paul escape the Harkonnens in Dune. The conspirators hope the presence of the ghola, now called Hayt, will undermine Paul's ability to rule by forcing Paul to question himself and the empire he created. Furthermore, Paul's acceptance of the gift weakens his support among the Fremen, who see the Tleilaxu and their tools as unclean. Chani, taking matters into her own hands, switches to a traditional Fremen fertility diet, preventing Irulan from tampering with her food, and soon becomes pregnant. However, Chani's extended use of Irulan's contraceptive has weakened her, and endangers the pregnancy.

Paul learns of a Fremen conspiracy against him, but sees the strands of a Tleilaxu plot. As Paul's soldiers attack the conspirators, other conspirators set off an atomic weapon called a stone burner, purchased from the Tleilaxu, that destroys the area and blinds Paul and others. By tradition, all blind Fremen exile themselves in the desert, but Paul shocks the Fremen and entrenches his godhood by proving he can still see, even without eyes. His oracular powers have become so developed that he can foresee everything, so by moving through his life in lockstep with his visions, he can see even the slightest details of the world around him. The dwarf servant Bijaz, a Tleilaxu agent, uses a humming intonation to implant in Hayt a command compelling him to kill Paul if triggered. Chani dies in childbirth, and Paul's reaction to her death triggers Hayt to kill Paul. Hayt's ghola body resists, and the trauma forces Duncan's full consciousness to be recovered, simultaneously making him independent of Tleilaxu control.

Chani gives birth to twins who, like Paul, have full access to both their male and female ancestral memories. The son is a total surprise for Paul, who had only foreseen the birth of their daughter. The Tleilaxu Face Dancer Scytale offers to revive Chani as a ghola, revealing the full purpose behind Hayt/Duncan's presence and the restoration of his memories. Paul refuses, considering the possibility that the Tleilaxu might program a Chani ghola in some diabolical way. Scytale threatens the infants with a knife, demanding all of Paul's CHOAM holdings in return for his children's lives. By successfully escaping the oracular trap and setting the universe on a new path, Paul has been rendered completely blind, yet he is able to kill Scytale with an accurately aimed dagger due to a psychic vision from his son's perspective. Now prophetically and physically blind, Paul chooses to embrace the Fremen tradition and walks alone into the desert, winning the fealty of the Fremen for his children, who will inherit his empire.

Paul leaves his sister Alia, herself worshipped by the Fremen and now romantically involved with Duncan, as regent for the twins, whom he has named Leto and Ghanima. Alia orders Stilgar to execute Edric, Mohiam, and others involved in the plot against her brother, going against his wish that none of them should be harmed. Alia spares Irulan, who in grief for Paul has renounced her loyalty to the Bene Gesserit and vowed to dedicate her life as a teacher to Paul's children. Duncan notes the irony that Paul's and Chani's deaths have enabled them to triumph against their enemies: the Spacing Guild and the Bene Tleilaxu have been discredited, Irulan's defection from the Bene Gesserit removes the sisterhood's last lever against the Atreides, and Paul has escaped deification by walking into the desert as a man, while guaranteeing Fremen support for the Atreides line.

Publication history
Parts of Dune Messiah (and its sequel Children of Dune) were written prior to the completion of Dune itself. The novel appeared initially as a five part serial in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine published from June (cover dated July) to October (cover dated November) 1969 with illustrations by Jack Gaughan. A Putnam hardback edition also appeared in October 1969. The American and British editions contain different prologues which summarized the events of Dune. Dune Messiah and Children of Dune were published in a single volume by the Science Fiction Book Club in 2002, and in 1979 by Gollancz with Dune as The Great Dune Trilogy.

Analysis
Herbert likened the initial trilogy of novels (Dune, Dune Messiah, and Children of Dune) to a fugue, and while Dune was a heroic melody, Dune Messiah was its inversion. Paul rises to power in Dune by seizing control of the single critical resource in the universe, melange. His enemies are dead or overthrown, and he is set to take the reins of power and bring a hard but enlightened peace to the universe. Herbert chose in the books that followed to undermine Paul's triumph with a string of failures and philosophical paradoxes.

Critical reception
Galaxy Science Fiction called Dune Messiah "Brilliant ... It was all that Dune was, and maybe a little more." Spider Robinson enjoyed the book "even as [he] was driving a truck through the holes in its logic, because it had the same majestic rolling grandeur of the previous book." Challenging Destiny called the novel "The perfect companion piece to Dune ... Fascinating."

Adaptations
David Lynch had planned to adapt sequels to Dune during the film's production in 1983–1984, with a script tentatively-titled Dune II. Based on Dune Messiah, the film had some differences from the novel's story, much like the first film had. After the critical and commercial failure of Dune, the sequel did not proceed. The partial script developed by Lynch with notes by Frank Herbert was discovered in summer 2023 at Herbert's archives at California State University, Fullerton.

Dune Messiah and its sequel Children of Dune (1976) were collectively adapted by the Sci-Fi Channel in 2003 into a miniseries entitled Frank Herbert's Children of Dune. The first installment of the three part, six-hour miniseries covers the bulk of the plot of Dune Messiah. The second and third installments adapt Children of Dune.

Prior to the release of his 2021 theatrical adaptation Dune, director Denis Villeneuve confirmed at the 2021 Venice Film Festival that a film based on Dune Messiah was planned, and it would serve as the third film in a trilogy. After Dune: Part Two (covering the second half of the first novel) was officially greenlit in October 2021, Villeneuve reiterated his hope to continue the series with a third film focusing on Dune Messiah. Screenwriter Jon Spaihts confirmed in March 2022 that Villeneuve still planned on a third film, and TV series spin-offs to continue the Dune saga. Villeneuve began writing a script for a Dune Messiah film in 2023. In February 2024, Villeneuve said the script was "almost finished" but also wanted to take time to ensure his satisfaction, citing Hollywood's tendency of focusing on release dates over a film's overall quality. Composer Hans Zimmer had already begun working on the film's score to assist Villeneuve in creating the film. In April 2024, following the critical and commercial success of Dune: Part Two, Legendary Pictures confirmed that Dune Messiah was in development with Villeneuve returning as director.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dune Messiah


text:
Talk:Dartmouth College

Featured article review needed
This is a 2007 Featured article that has not been maintained to WP:WIAFA standards. The following should be addressed, or the article should be submitted for a Featured article review: That's just a start; a revamping is needed, starting with reducing the images by about half (and checking that those remaining comply with policy). Sandy Georgia (Talk)  21:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * There is considerable uncited text; I am not tagging it so as not to deface a Featured article.
 * There is poor layout along with MOS:SANDWICHing issues everywhere, caused by editors plopping in unnecessary (and not likely compliant with WIAFA) images.
 * The gallery of Dartmouth alumni does not comply with WP:GALLERY (those images could be added to the alumni list page). That list is out of control; there is a separate article, and some criteria should be used here to limit the list.
 * There is information with dated sources throughout, yet no "as of" date provided, one sample only, Approximately 20% of students participate in a varsity sport, and nearly 80% participate in some form of club, varsity, intramural, or other athletics.[187] ... sourced to 2008.
 * All sources should list a publisher and a date or author when those are available.
 * WP:CITATION OVERKILL in the lead.
 * Second. ~ HAL  333  01:07, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Featured List Removal Candidate
HAL333 has nominated List of Dartmouth College faculty for featured list removal. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured list criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks; editors may declare to "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 06:29, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

Another FAR
There's another Dartmouth-related FAR, this one for The Green (Dartmouth College). Feel free to join at Featured article review/The Green (Dartmouth College)/archive1. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:59, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Dartmouth alumni devotion
I just wanted to say to User:ElKevbo that Dartmouth alumni's devotion to their alma mater is already mentioned and sourced at the beginning of the alumni section, and the source used in that section could be thrown in with the other two sources if necessary. RyanAl6 (talk) 21:15, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * A single source from 2008 that doesn't even work any more is nowhere close to being sufficient for including something in the lede of an article. The two Forbes sources aren't much better with one not mentioning "alumni devotion" at all. ElKevbo (talk) 21:54, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Varsity in Athletics section
For me varsity was an at the time unknown term, and I intended to add link to the relevant WP article to make it clear for next readers. I found there was a confusion at the target, because the term has several meanings, with disambiguation page technically correct but not very helpful for the purpose (I wanted etymology when no single direct meaning found seemed suitable).

Also in this article varsity is used in more than one of the meanings proposed on disambiguation page (both representative varsity team and varsity sport in general (meaning not club dependent)). I didn't yet find a suitable solution, so I propose adding a link to wiktionary for a temporary solution, as shown here at the top of the section. There, both basic etymology and different usage is at least partially shown. Marjan Tomki SI (talk) 12:05, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I see the confusion for non-American readers and linked the first occurrence of "varsity" to the article "Varsity_team", which should resolve the issue. Sedimentary (talk) 16:23, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dartmouth College


text:
Duke Nukem 3D

Duke Nukem 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by 3D Realms. It is a sequel to the platform games Duke Nukem and Duke Nukem II, published by 3D Realms.

Duke Nukem 3D features the adventures of the titular Duke Nukem, voiced by Jon St. John, who fights against an alien invasion on Earth. Along with Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Doom II, and Marathon, Duke Nukem 3D is considered to be one of the many titles responsible for popularizing first-person shooters, and was released to major acclaim. Reviewers praised the interactivity of the environments, gameplay, level design, and unique risqué humor, a mix of pop-culture satire and lampooning of over-the-top Hollywood action heroes. However, it also incited controversy due to its violence, erotic elements, and portrayal of women.

The shareware version of the game was originally released on January 29, 1996 as version 1.0 (later, the shareware version got re-released as version 1.1 on February 20, 1996 and re-released once again as version 1.3D on April 24, 1996), while the full version of the game was released on April 19, 1996, as version 1.3D. The Plutonium PAK, an expansion pack which updated the game to version 1.4 and added a fourth eleven-level episode, was released on October 21, 1996. The Atomic Edition, a standalone version of the game that included the content from the Plutonium PAK and updated the game to version 1.5, was later released on December 11, 1996; it is only available digitally for PC on ZOOM-Platform.com and on console for the Xbox 360. An official fifth episode was released on October 11, 2016, with 20th Anniversary World Tour published by Gearbox Software. A direct sequel titled Duke Nukem Forever was released in 2011, after fifteen years in development hell.

Gameplay
As a first-person shooter whose gameplay is similar to Doom, the gameplay of Duke Nukem 3D involves moving through levels presented from the protagonist's point of view, shooting enemies on the way. The environments in Duke Nukem 3D are highly destructible and interactive; most props can be destroyed by the player.

Levels were designed in a fairly non-linear manner such that players can advantageously use air ducts, back doors, and sewers to avoid enemies or find hidden caches. These locations are also filled with objects the player can interact with. Some confer gameplay benefits to the player; light switches make it easier to see, while water fountains and broken fire hydrants provide some health points. Others are simply there as a diversion. Tipping strippers provokes a quote from Duke, and a provocative reveal from the dancer.

Duke's arsenal consists of the "Mighty Foot" (a basic kick attack), a pistol, a shotgun, a triple-barrelled chain gun, a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, pipe bombs, freeze and shrink rays, laser land mines, and the rapid-fire "Devastator" rocket launcher. There is also an extra weapon known as the "Expander", the opposite of the shrink-ray weapon, which is only available in the Atomic Edition version of the game.

Various items can be picked up during gameplay. The portable medkit allows players to heal Duke at will. Steroids speed up Duke's movement, as well as instantly reversing the effects of the shrink-ray weapon and increasing the strength of Duke's Mighty Foot for a short period. Night vision goggles allow players to see enemies in the dark. The "HoloDuke" device projects a hologram of Duke, which can be used to distract enemies. Protective boots allow Duke to cross dangerously hot or toxic terrain. In sections where progress requires more aquatic legwork, an aqua-lung allows Duke to take longer trips underwater. Duke's jet pack allows the player to move vertically and gain access to otherwise inaccessible areas.

The game features a wide variety of enemies; some of which are aliens and other mutated humans. The LAPD have been turned into "Pig Cops", a play on the derogatory term "pig" for police officers, with LARD emblazoned on their uniforms. As is usual for a first-person shooter, Duke Nukem encounters a large number of lesser foes, as well as bosses, usually at the end of episodes. Like Duke, these enemies have access to a wide range of weapons and equipment, and some weaker enemies have jet packs.

Setting
Duke Nukem 3D is set on Earth "sometime in the early 21st century". The levels of Duke Nukem 3D take players outdoors and indoors through rendered street scenes, military bases, deserts, a flooded city, space stations, Moon bases, and a Japanese restaurant.

The game contains several humorous references to pop culture. Some of Duke's lines are drawn from movies such as Aliens, Dirty Harry, Evil Dead II, Full Metal Jacket, Jaws, Pulp Fiction, and They Live; the captured women saying "Kill me" is a reference to Aliens. Players will encounter corpses of famous characters such as Luke Skywalker, Indiana Jones, Snake Plissken, the protagonist of Doom, and a smashed T-800. In the first episode, players navigate a tunnel in the wall of a prison cell hidden behind a poster, just like in The Shawshank Redemption. During the second episode, players can see a Monolith (from 2001: A Space Odyssey) on the Moon.

Story
There is little narrative in the game, only a brief text prelude located under "Help" in the Main Menu, and a few cutscenes after the completion of an episode. The game picks up right after the events of Duke Nukem II, with Duke returning to Earth in his space cruiser. As Duke descends on Los Angeles in hopes of taking a vacation, his ship is shot down by unknown hostiles. While sending a distress signal, Duke learns that aliens are attacking Los Angeles and have mutated the LAPD. With his vacation plans now ruined, Duke hits the "eject" button, and vows to do whatever it takes to stop the alien invasion.

In "Episode One: L.A. Meltdown", Duke fights his way through a dystopian Los Angeles. At a strip club, he is captured by pig-cops, but escapes the alien-controlled penitentiary and tracks down the alien cruiser responsible for the invasion in the San Andreas Fault. Duke confronts and kills an Alien Battlelord in the final level. Duke discovers that the aliens were capturing women, and detonates the ship. Levels in this episode include a movie theater, a red-light district, a prison, and a nuclear-waste disposal facility.

In "Episode Two: Lunar Apocalypse", Duke journeys to space, where he finds many of the captured women held in various incubators throughout space stations that had been conquered by the aliens. Duke reaches the alien mother ship on the Moon and kills an alien Overlord. As Duke inspects the ship's computer, it is revealed that the plot to capture women was merely a ruse to distract him. The aliens have already begun their attack on Earth.

In "Episode Three: Shrapnel City", Duke battles the massive alien presence through Los Angeles once again, and kills the leader of the alien menace: the Cycloid Emperor. The game ends as Duke promises that after some "R&R", he will be "...ready for more action!", as an anonymous woman calls him back to bed. Levels in this episode include a sushi bar, a movie set, a subway, and a hotel.

The story continues in the Atomic Edition. In "Episode Four: The Birth", it is revealed that the aliens used a captured woman to give birth to the Alien Queen, a creature which can quickly spawn deadly alien protector drones. Duke is dispatched back to Los Angeles to fight hordes of aliens, including the protector drones. Eventually, Duke finds the lair of the Alien Queen, and kills her, thus thwarting the alien plot. Levels in this episode include a fast-food restaurant ("Duke Burger"), a supermarket, a Disneyland parody called "Babe Land", a police station, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, and Area 51.

With the release of 20th Anniversary World Tour, the story progresses further. In "Episode Five: Alien World Order", Duke finds out that the aliens initiated a world-scale invasion, so he sets out to repel their attack on various countries. Duke proceeds to clear out aliens from Amsterdam, Moscow, London, San Francisco, Paris, the Giza pyramid complex, and Rome, with the final showdown with the returning alien threat taking place in Los Angeles, taking the game full circle. There, he defeats the Cycloid Incinerator, the current alien leader, stopping their threat for good.

Development
Duke Nukem 3D was developed on a budget of roughly $300,000. The development team consisted of 8 people for most of the development cycle, increasing to 12 or 13 people near the end. At one point, the game was being programmed to allow the player to switch between first-person view, third-person view, and fixed camera angles. Scott Miller of 3D Realms recalled that "with Duke 3D, unlike every shooter that came before, we wanted to have sort of real life locations like a cinema theatre, you know, strip club, bookstores..."

LameDuke is a beta version of Duke Nukem 3D, which was released by 3D Realms as a "bonus" one year after the release of the official version. It has been released as is, with no support. LameDuke features four episodes: Mr. Caliber, Mission Cockroach, Suck Hole, and Hard Landing. Certain weapons were altered from the original versions and/or removed.

Lee Jackson's theme song "Grabbag" has elicited many covers and remixes over the years by both fans and professional musicians, including an officially sanctioned studio version by thrash metal band Megadeth. Another version of the song was recorded by Chris Kline in August 2005. 3D Realms featured it on the front page of their website and contracted with Kline to use it to promote their Xbox Live release of Duke Nukem 3D.

The original official website was created by Jeffrey D. Erb and Mark Farish of Intersphere Communications Ltd.

PC versions

 * Shareware Version: The shareware version, released on January 29, 1996, contained only the first episode. This version uses 3D Realms's shareware distribution model, which means that it can be distributed for free.
 * Full Version: 3D Realms started shipping the full registered version to customers on May 5, 1996. The company streamed the process of packing and shipping the first copies using a webcam. The full version contains the original three episodes, and includes the full versions of Duke Nukem and Duke Nukem II as bonus content.
 * Plutonium PAK/Atomic Edition: The Atomic Edition of Duke Nukem 3D was released in November 1996 as a standalone game. It contained the original three episodes, as well as a new eleven-level fourth episode, bringing the level total to 41 as opposed to 30 in the original Duke Nukem 3D. The Plutonium PAK was released as an upgrade package to convert the original release of Duke Nukem 3D (v1.3d) to the Atomic Edition (v1.4, later updated to v1.5 with the standalone Atomic Edition release and via a free download patch for the Plutonium PAK version on 3D Realms' website). It introduced two new enemies, the Protector Drone and the Pig Cop Tank, a new final boss, the Alien Queen, and a new weapon, the Expander. Changes to the script made the game easier to mod, and players could set up a multiplayer session against CPU bots. This is the only official add-on for the game developed by 3D Realms. Unlike the original release of Duke Nukem 3D, however, the Atomic Edition does not include Duke Nukem and Duke Nukem II.
 * Macintosh Version: The Macintosh release was ported by Lion Entertainment Inc. and released on June 6, 1997, in Minneapolis, being shipped by MacSoft.
 * East Meets West: Released in 1998, includes Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition and the full version of Shadow Warrior.
 * Duke: The Apocalypse contains Duke!ZONE II, Duke Xtreme, and a T-shirt.
 * Duke: The Apocalypse 2 contains Duke!ZONE, Duke It Out In D.C., a strategy guide, and a T-shirt.
 * Kill-A-Ton Collection: The Kill-A-Ton Collection was released in 1998 and includes: Duke Nukem I (Duke Nukum), Duke Nukem II, Duke Nukem 3D (both v1.3d and v1.5), Duke It Out In D.C., Duke!ZONE II, Duke Xtreme, and various editing utilities.
 * GOG Version: The Atomic Edition was released on GOG.com along with Duke Nukem 1, 2 and Manhattan Project in 2009. The entire catalog was removed from the website on December 31, 2015, due to a licensing agreement with Gearbox Software.
 * Duke Nukem 3D gameplay screenshot.jpg graphics.]]Megaton Edition: Developed by General Arcade and published by Devolver Digital, it was released through Steam on March 20, 2013. The Megaton Edition includes Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition, Duke It Out In D.C., Duke Caribbean: Life's a Beach, and Duke: Nuclear Winter all running on OpenGL, as well as the original MS-DOS version of Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition. It supports SteamPlay for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, and is based on the code of the JFDuke3D source port by Jonathon Fowler. Online multiplayer was added to the game in January 2014. However, about a year later, the Megaton Edition was removed from all digital distribution as Devolver Digital's agreement with Gearbox Software has ended now that the latter company currently owns the intellectual property. In 2016, Gearbox informed TechRaptor that they have plans to "bring the game back this year," and that game became the 20th Anniversary World Tour.
 * Kill-a-Ton 2015 Collection: Released in May 2015 on Steam, includes everything that Kill-a-Ton Collection contained (with exception of Duke Nukem 3D v1.3D and Duke Xtreme), plus two other expansions, Duke Caribbean: Life's a Beach, and Duke: Nuclear Winter, as well as Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project and the Balls of Steel game. Like with the GOG.com release and Megaton Edition, it was removed from Steam at the end of 2015.
 * 20th Anniversary World Tour: Developed by Nerve Software and Gearbox Software and published by Gearbox Publishing. It was announced by Gearbox Software on September 2, 2016, at PAX East, and it's a re-release for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and PC via Steam. World Tour includes an all-new 5th episode by the original episode designers, new music by composer Lee Jackson, re-recorded voice lines by Jon St. John, new enemies and new lighting effects. However, it does not contain the expansions from Kill-A-Ton Collection and Megaton Edition. World Tour was released on October 11, 2016.

Expansion packs

 * Nuke It: This is an expansion pack developed by Micro Star in 1996, consisting of 300 custom made levels. Although it was made with the Build Editor, Micro Star was charged by FormGen and 3D Realms of copyright infringement for unauthorized sales of the pack. Ultimately Micro Star lost their case.
 * Duke It Out In D.C.: This is an authorized add-on developed by Sunstorm Interactive and published by WizardWorks; it was released in March 1997. President Bill Clinton is captured by alien forces, and Duke must save him. This expansion pack featured 10 new levels that were based on real-world locations, such as: the White House, the FBI headquarters, the Smithsonian museum, the Washington Monument, and other areas in Washington, D.C. The add-on was also included as part of an official compilation called Duke Nukem: Kill-A-Ton Collection through business deals with 3D Realms. Charlie Wiederhold created levels for this add-on.
 * Duke Caribbean: Life's a Beach: This is an authorized add-on developed by Sunstorm Interactive and published by WizardWorks; it was released in January 1998. Duke is relaxing on a tropical island when he discovers that the aliens are having their own "vacation". This add-on includes a sunny Caribbean theme with 12 new levels that take place on beaches and vacation hotels. The add-on also reskins Duke's weapons with a summer theme, such as water guns. Charlie Wiederhold created several levels for this add-on. Wiederhold was later hired by 3D Realms to work on the sequel Duke Nukem Forever.
 * Duke: Nuclear Winter: This is an authorized add-on developed by Simply Silly Software and published by WizardWorks; it was released in January 1998. Santa Claus is being mind-controlled by aliens into causing trouble on Earth. Several of the levels take place in Alaska and the North Pole.
 * Duke!ZONE: An authorized add-on released in 1996, published by WizardWorks, which includes 500 fan-made levels and various editing utilities.
 * Duke!ZONE II: An authorized follow-up add-on to Duke!ZONE, published by WizardWorks and released in 1997. Duke!ZONE II contains three new episodes, each containing seven levels, created by Simply Silly Software and the same 500 fan-made levels from the original Duke!ZONE.
 * Duke Xtreme: An authorized add-on released in 1997 and developed by Sunstorm Interactive, containing 50 levels (25 for single player and 25 for multiplayer) and various editing utilities.
 * Duke Assault: An add-on released in 1997 containing over 1,500 levels for Duke Nukem 3D. It was published by WizardWorks and created by fans in the Duke Nukem 3D modding community.
 * Duke Nukem's Penthouse Paradise: This is an official add-on for Duke Nukem 3D, created by Jeffrey D. Erb and Mark Farish of Intersphere Communications Ltd. and available exclusively from GT Interactive and Penthouse Magazine in May 1997.  Taking place between Duke Nukem 3D and the Atomic Edition, aliens interrupt Duke's R&R and a couple of Penthouse photo shoots. Duke has to fight his way through a hotel, clubs, and, finally, the Penthouse offices. The level features music from the industrial rock band Needle.
 * Duke - It's Zero Hour: An add-on developed by ZeroHour Software and released in November 1997. It was originally slated to be a retail product via WizardWorks, but the developers ended up releasing it for free. It has 11 new levels that feature 12 all-new monsters, five new weapons, music, and sound effects.

Console versions and add-ons
Duke Nukem 3D was ported to many consoles of the time. All of the ports featured some sort of new content.

 * Duke Nukem 3D (Game.com) was released in 1997 in the USA only. Unlike every other version of the game, Duke Nukem cannot turn; he can only move forward, backward, and strafe to the left or right. Due to the Game.com's monochrome screen, it is also the only version to lack color. It only includes four levels from each of the original three episodes for a total of 12 levels. These levels were modified to accommodate Duke Nukem's inability to turn.
 * Duke Nukem 3D (Sega Saturn) was ported by Lobotomy Software and published by Sega in 1997. It retains the original name and uses Lobotomy Software's own fully 3D SlaveDriver engine. This version uses the Sega NetLink for online gaming, and has built-in support for the Saturn's analog pad. It also includes a hidden multiplayer mini-game called Death Tank Zwei, and an exclusive bonus level called Urea 51, accessed through the level "Fahrenheit". It was the final game branded by Sega of America under the Deep Water label, employed for games featuring adult content such as Eternal Champions: Challenge from the Dark Side.
 * Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown (titled simply Duke Nukem in Europe), the PlayStation port released on December 2, 1997, was developed by Aardvark Software. It contains all three original episodes, plus an exclusive fourth episode, Plug 'n' Pray, which includes six new levels and a secret level. The secret level was also included in the PC version of Duke Nukem 3D. The new episode features several new enemies, including three new types of Pig Cops, and a new final boss, the CyberKeef. This version also features remixed music, some rearranged from the PC version, and some original, in streaming XA-Audio made by Mark Knight. It includes support for analog pads and the PlayStation Link Cable.

 * Duke Nukem 64 is a port released on November 14, 1997 for the Nintendo 64 and features a split screen 4-player mode. It was developed by Eurocom. In-game music was removed due to limited storage capacity, many items were renamed to avoid drug and sex references, and new lines of dialogue were recorded specifically for this version to remove profanity. Several levels were altered to include areas from the Atomic Edition, such as a Duke Burger outlet in the second level which was not in the original PC version. Levels are played sequentially instead of as separate episodes. Other changes include the addition of Rumble Pak support, four new weapons, dual sub-machine guns, a grenade launcher, a missile launcher, and the Plasma Cannon, alternative ammo types for the pistol, shotgun, and missile launcher, and a fully 3D model for the Cycloid Emperor boss. The Protector Drone, an enemy from the Atomic Edition, also appears a few times in the standard levels. Originally, the weapons and end bosses were going to be polygonal.

 * Duke Nukem 3D (Mega Drive/Genesis) was released in 1998 by Tec Toy. The visuals were drastically simplified, being closer to early shooters like Wolfenstein 3D. It consisted solely of Lunar Apocalypse, the second from the original game's three episodes, which was heavily modified to suit the game engine. This version was initially released in South America only. In 2015, Piko Interactive acquired the rights to the port from Tec Toy and released it worldwide in cartridge form on October 16, 2015.
 * Duke Nukem 3D (Xbox 360) was released on September 24, 2008. This version features: the ability to "rewind" the game to any prior point upon dying, save clips of gameplay, and play cooperatively online, as well as the standard "Dukematch" online multiplayer mode. The music received a slight quality upgrade with modern MIDI tools.
 * Duke Nukem 3D (iPhone/iPod Touch) was released on August 11, 2009, and ported by MachineWorks Northwest. The game employs a new engine, which uses a trademarked touch-screen system called TapShoot to allow players to lock onto and dispatch foes. An update in September 2009 made the game compatible with the first and second-generation iPod Touch. It also added a new control scheme which lets players control Duke by dragging their finger around the screen.
 * Duke Nukem 3D (Nokia N900) was released on December 29, 2009. As shown in a MaemoWorld's video, Duke is controlled using the Qwerty keypad and touchscreen.
 * Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition (PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita) was released on January 6, 2015, in North America, and January 7, 2015, in Europe. It is a port of the Megaton Edition released on Steam for Windows, Mac, and Linux. It was developed by General Arcade for the PC, ported to consoles by Abstraction Games, and published by Devolver Digital. It features cross-buy and Cross-Play between both platforms. As of February 2016, the game is no longer available for purchase in North America due to publishing rights returning to Gearbox Software. Previously purchased copies can still be downloaded and played.
 * Duke Nukem 3D: 20th Anniversary World Tour (PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch): Released on October 11, 2016. Includes a new 5th episode, made by the original designers and new music by Lee Jackson, the original composer. The Nintendo Switch version released on June 23, 2020.

Sales
Duke Nukem 3D was a commercial hit, selling about 3.5 million copies. In the United States alone, it was the 12th best-selling computer game in the period from 1993 to 1999, with 950,000 units sold. NPD Techworld, a firm that tracked sales in the United States, reported 1.25 million units sold of Duke Nukem 3D by December 2002.

Source ports
Following the release of the Doom source code in 1997, players wanted a similar source code release from 3D Realms. The last major game to make use of the Duke Nukem 3D source code was TNT Team's World War II GI in 1999. Its programmer, Matthew Saettler, obtained permission from 3D Realms to expand the gameplay enhancements done on WWII GI to Duke Nukem 3D.

EDuke was a semi-official branch of Duke Nukem 3D that was released as a patch as Duke Nukem 3D v2.0 for Atomic Edition users on July 28, 2000. It included a demo mod made by several beta testers. It focused primarily on enhancing the CON scripting language in ways which allowed those modifying the game to do much more with the system than originally possible. Though a further version was planned, it never made it out of beta. It was eventually cancelled due to programmer time constraints. About a month after the release of the Duke Nukem 3D source code, Blood project manager Matt Saettler released the source code for both EDuke v2.0 and EDuke v2.1, the test version of which would have eventually become the next EDuke release, under the GPL.

The source code to the Duke Nukem 3D v1.5 executable, which uses the Build engine, was released as free software under the GPL-2.0-or-later license on April 1, 2003. The game content remains under a proprietary license. The game was quickly ported by enthusiasts to modern operating systems.

The first Duke Nukem 3D port was from icculus.org. It is a cross-platform project that allows the game to be played on AmigaOS, AmigaOS 4, AROS, BeOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, MorphOS, Solaris, and Windows rather than MS-DOS. The icculus.org codebase would later be used as the base for several other ports, including Duke3d_32.

Another popular early project was Jonathon Fowler's JFDuke3D, which, in December 2003, received backing from the original author of Build, programmer Ken Silverman. Fowler, in cooperation with Silverman, released a new version of JFDuke3D using Polymost, an OpenGL-enhanced renderer for Build which allows hardware acceleration and 3D model support along with 32-bit color high resolution textures. Another project based on JFDuke3D called xDuke, unrelated to the xDuke project based on Duke3d_w32, runs on the Xbox. Silverman has since helped Fowler with a large portion of other engine work, including updating the network code, and helping to maintain various other aspects of the engine. Development appears to have stopped; as of January 2015, there have been no new versions since October 9, 2005.

While a few short-lived DOS-based EDuke projects emerged, it was not until the release of EDuke32, an extended version of Duke3D incorporating variants of both Fowler's Microsoft Windows JFDuke3D code, and Saettler's EDuke code, by one of 3D Realms' forum moderators in late 2004, that EDuke's scripting extensions received community focus. Among the various enhancements, support for advanced shader model 3.0 based graphics was added to EDuke32 during late 2008-early 2009. In June 2008, thanks to significant porting contributions from the DOSBox team, EDuke32 became the only Duke Nukem 3D source port to compile and run natively on 64-bit Linux systems without the use of a 32-bit compatibility environment.

On April 1, 2009, an OpenGL Shader Model 3.0 renderer was revealed to have been developed for EDuke32, named Polymer to distinguish from Ken Silverman's Polymost. It allows for much more modern effects such as dynamic lighting and normal mapping. Although Polymer is fully functional, it is technically incomplete and unoptimized, and is still in development. As of the fifth installment of the High Resolution Pack, released in 2011, the Polymer renderer is mandatory. In 2011, another significant development of EDuke32 was the introduction of true room over room (TROR), where sectors can be placed over other sectors, and can be seen at the same time. In practice, this allows for true three-dimensional level design that was previously impossible, although the base engine is still 2D.

On December 18, 2012, Chocolate Duke3D port was released. Inspired by Chocolate Doom, the primary goal was to refactor the code so developers would easily read and learn from it.

In February 2013, a source code review article was published that described the internal working of the code.

Reception
All versions of the game have earned a positive aggregate score on GameRankings and Metacritic. The original release on MS-DOS holds an aggregate score of 89% on GameRankings and a score of 89/100 on Metacritic. The version released on Nintendo 64 holds an aggregate score of 74% on GameRankings and a score of 73/100 on Metacritic. The version released on Xbox 360 holds an aggregate score of 81% on GameRankings while it holds a score of 80/100 on Metacritic. The iOS version holds an aggregate score of 64% on GameRankings.

Daniel Jevons of Maximum gave it five out of five stars, calling it "absolutely perfect in every respect." He particularly cited the game's speed and fluidity even on low-end PCs, imaginative weapons, varied and identifiable environments, true 3D level designs, and strong multiplayer mode. A Next Generation critic summarized: "Duke Nukem 3D has everything Doom doesn't, but it also doesn't leave out the stuff that made Doom a classic." He praised the imaginative weapons, long and complex single-player campaign, competitive multiplayer, built-in level editor, and parental lock. Reviewers paid a lot of attention to the sexual content within the game. Reception of this element varied: Tim Soete of GameSpot felt that it was "morally questionable", while the Game Revolution reviewer noted that it was "done in a tongue-in-cheek manner," and he was "not personally offended". GamingOnLinux reviewer Hamish Paul Wilson commented in a later retrospective how the game's "dark dystopian atmosphere filled with pornography and consumerist decadence" in his view helped to ground "the game's more outlandish and obscene moments in context", concluding that "in a world as perverse as this, someone like Duke becoming its hero seems almost inevitable."

Next Generation reviewed the Macintosh version of the game and stated that "Though it took a year, the Mac port of Duke Nukem 3D is an impressive feat, both for the game's own features, and the quality of the port."

The Saturn version also received generally positive reviews, with critics particularly praising the use of real-world settings for the levels  and Duke's numerous one-liners. Reviewers were also generally impressed with how accurately it replicates the PC version. AllGame editor Colin Williamson highly praised the Sega Saturn port, referring to it as "one of the best versions" and that it was "probably one of the best console ports ever released." GamePro summarized that "All the gore, vulgarity, go-go dancers, and ultra-intense 3D combat action that made Duke Nukem [3D] excel on the PC are firmly intact in the Saturn version, making it one of the premier corridor shooters on the system." However, some complained at the limitations of this version's multiplayer. Dan Hsu of Electronic Gaming Monthly said it was unfortunate that it supports only two players instead of four, while Sega Saturn Magazine editor Rich Leadbetter complained at the multiplayer being only supported through the Sega NetLink and not the Saturn link cable, since the NetLink was not being released in Europe, effectively making the Saturn version single-player only to Europeans.

The Nintendo 64 version was likewise positively received, with critics almost overwhelming praising the new weapons   and polygonal explosions,   though some said that the use of sprites for most enemies and objects makes the game look outdated. While commenting that the deathmatch gameplay is less impressive than that of GoldenEye 007, critics also overwhelmingly applauded the port's multiplayer features. Next Generation stated that "The sound effects and music are solid, the levels are still interactive as heck, and it's never quite felt so good blasting enemies with a shotgun or blowing them to chunks with pipe bombs." GamePro opined that the censoring of sexual content from the port stripped the game of all uniqueness, but the vast majority of critics held that the censorship, though unfortunate, was not extensive enough to eliminate or even reduce Duke's distinctive personality. Peer Schneider of IGN called it "a better and much more intense shooter than Hexen and Doom 64, and currently the best N64 game with a two-player co-op mode. If you don't already own the PC or Saturn version of Duke, do yourself a favor and get it." Crispin Boyer of Electronic Gaming Monthly, while complaining that the large weapons obscure too much of the player's view in four-player mode, assessed that "You're not gonna find a better console version of Duke."

The PlayStation console port met with more mixed reviews. GamePro and Tim Soete of GameSpot both found this conversion technically inferior, particularly the frame rate. Both also complained that the control configuration only provides three presets, with no option for custom configuration. Soete also found the game had become dated by the time this version was released, though he still recommended it for those who do not own a PC. IGN's Jay Boor gave it a more enthusiastic recommendation, saying it "plays exactly like its PC predecessor" and praising the PlayStation-exclusive levels and link cable support.

Duke Nukem 3D was a finalist for CNET Gamecenter's 1996 "Best Action Game" award, which ultimately went to Quake. In 1996, Next Generation ranked it as the 35th top game of all time, called "for many, the game Quake should have been." In 1996 Computer Gaming World named Duke Nukem 3D #37 overall among the best games of all time and #13 among the "best ways to die in computer gaming". It won a 1996 Spotlight Award for Best Action Game. In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 29th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "a gaming icon" and "an absolute blast".

PC Gamer magazine's readers' voted it #13 on its all-time top games poll. The editors of PC Game ranked it as the 12th top game of all time in 2001 citing the game's humor and pop-culture references, and as the 15th best games of all time in 2005. GamePro included it among the most important video games of all time. In 2009, IGN's Cam Shea ranked it as the ninth top 10 Xbox Live Arcade game, stating that it was as fun as it was in its initial release, and praised the ability to rewind to any point before the player died.

Controversy
Duke Nukem 3D was attacked by some critics, who alleged that it promoted pornography and murder. In response to the criticism encountered, censored versions of the game were released in certain countries in order to avoid it being banned altogether. A similar censored version was carried at Wal-Mart retail stores in the United States.

In Australia, the game was originally refused classification on release. 3D Realms repackaged the game with the parental lock feature permanently enabled, although a patch available on the 3D Realms website allowed the user to revert the game back into its uncensored U.S. version. The OFLC then attempted to have the game pulled from the shelves, but it was discovered that the distributor had notified them of this fact and the rating could not be surrendered; six months later, the game was reclassified and released uncensored with an MA15+ rating. In Germany, the BPjM placed the game on their "List B" ("List of Media Harmful to Young People") of videos games, thus prohibiting its advertisement in the public. However, it was not fully confiscated, meaning that an adult could still request to see the game and buy it. In 1999, Duke Nukem 3D was banned in Brazil, along with Doom and several other first-person shooters after a rampage in and around a movie theater was supposedly inspired by the first level in the game.

Despite such concerns from critics, legislators, and publishers, Scott Miller later recounted that 3D Realms saw very little negative feedback to the game's controversial elements from actual gamers or their parents. He pointed out that Duke Nukem 3D was appropriately rated "M" and had no real nudity, and speculated that that was enough to make it inoffensive to the general public.

title: Duke Nukem 3D


text:
Daoism–Taoism romanization issue

The English words Daoism and Taoism  are alternative spellings for the same-named Chinese philosophy and religion. The root for Daoism or Taoism is the Chinese word 道 ("path" or "way"), which was transcribed tao or tau in the earliest systems for the romanization of Chinese and dao or dau in 20th century systems.

Phonology
To explain why English Taoism is pronounced, it is necessary to introduce some technical terminology from linguistics. A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sounds that a particular language distinguishes, and unrelated languages can have disparate phonemic inventories.

As a result, phonemic gaps can affect borrowed words. English has and  consonants and Chinese has  but not, thus, Chinese uses /l-/ to transcribe both /l-/ and /r-/ English loanwords; for example, léishè 雷射 "laser" and léidá 雷達 "radar". Conversely, Japanese has the /r-/ phoneme but not /l-/, with borrowings of rēza レーザ and rēdā レーダー.

In phonetics, the consonant of Chinese tao or dào 道 is classified as an unaspirated denti-alveolar stop. Aspiration is articulation that involves an audible puff of breath; for example, the /t/ in English tore is aspirated with a burst of air while the /t/ in store  is unaspirated. The IPA symbol for aspiration is a superscript "h", (e.g., ), and the optional diacritic for unaspiration is a superscript equals sign "=",  (e.g., ). A stop consonant or oral occlusive is a consonant in which the speaker blocks the vocal tract so that all airflow ceases, and a denti-alveolar consonant is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.

The present Chinese unaspirated denti-alveolar stop in pinyin dào 道 is commonly transcribed with the IPA symbol [], although some linguists prefer using with the voiceless under-ring diacritic. The sinologist and phonologist Jerry Norman explains the reason for using instead of [t] for Pinyin d. Chinese stops and affricates fall into two contrasting unaspirated and aspirated series. The unaspirated series (b, d, g, etc.) is lenis, and "often gives the impression of being voiced to the untrained ear", while the aspirated series (p, t, k, etc.) is strongly aspirated (1988:139). Standard Chinese phonology uses aspiration for the contrastive distribution of consonantal stops. For example, phonemically differentiating the unaspirated denti-alveolar stop // with the aspirated denti-alveolar stop //, as in unaspirated dào or // 道 "way" and aspirated tào or // 套 "sheath; case; cover".

Instead of aspiration, English phonology primarily contrasts stop consonants by voicing, that is, the vocal cords vibrate in a voiced sound but not in a voiceless or unvoiced one. The voiced stops (,, and ) are in contrastive distribution with voiceless (, , and ) in English. Voiced stops are usually unaspirated and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated. There are six voiceless plosives in Chinese: simple and aspirated p p', t t', k k', which would correspond to English voiceless and voiced p b, t d, k g. The six Chinese plosives are generally rendered by English p t k, for instance, simple t in moutan, and Tanka, and aspirated t' in fantan and twankay (Yuan 1981: 251).

In English, aspiration is allophonic, meaning an alternative pronunciation for a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, as in pin and  as in spin are allophones for the phoneme  because they cannot distinguish words. English-speakers treat them as the same sound, but they are phonetically different; the first is aspirated and the second is unaspirated.

Phonological rules can miss the point when it comes to loanwords, which are borrowings that move from a language with one set of well-formedness conditions to a language with a different set, with the result that adjustments have to be made to meet the new constraints (Yip 1993:262). Coming back to the Chinese unaspirated denti-alveolar stop in pinyin dào 道, this speech sound exists in English—but never as the stressed first syllable in a word. Unaspirated occurs instead in words such as "stop" or "pat" as a complementary /t/ allophone of the aspirated  initial t in English, such as in "tap". Owing to the linguistic difference between the Chinese aspirated /tʰ/ vs. unaspirated /t/ phonemic contrast and English voiced /d/ vs. unvoiced /t/ phonemic contrast, an English speaker who is unfamiliar with Chinese romanization will likely pronounce Dao with the voiced alveolar plosive and Tao with the voiceless alveolar plosive. Thus, the Chinese unaspirated phoneme in dào 道 /taʊ/ is nearer to the pronunciation of English voiced unaspirated  in Dow /daʊ/ than the voiceless aspirated  in Taos [taʊs], but it is neither (Carr 1990: 60).

Romanizations
Scholars have been developing Chinese romanization systems for four centuries, and the unaspirated 道 "road; way" has many transcriptions.

Jesuit missionaries in China recorded the earliest romanizations of /taʊ/ 道. The first bilingual Chinese dictionary in a Western language, Michele Ruggieri's and Matteo Ricci's Portuguese 1583–1588 Dicionário Português-Chinês or Pú-Hàn cídiǎn 葡漢辭典 (Yong and Peng 2008: 385), transcribed /taʊ/ as "táo" (Witek 2001: 190). The Latin 1615 De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, compiled by Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault, romanized it as "tau" in the Chinese term "Tausu" (i.e., Daoshi 道士, "Daoist priest"), which Samuel Purchas's 1625 English translation gave as "Tausa" (XII: 461).

During the 19th and 20th centuries, new and revised Chinese romanization schemes flourished. The Standard Chinese pronunciation of 道 is variously transcribed as Wade–Giles tao (or tao4 marking 4th tone), Legge romanization tâo, Latinxua Sin Wenz dau, Gwoyeu Romatzyh daw, Yale dàu, and Hanyu Pinyin dào. In addition to Latin alphabet romanizations, there are transliterations of Zhuyin fuhao ㄉㄠ and Cyrillic Pallidius System дао. Romanization systems use one of two arbitrary ways to represent the Chinese phonemic opposition between aspirated and unaspirated consonants. Take for example, Chinese unaspirated 道 "way" and aspirated  桃 "peach". Some systems, like Wade–Giles tao 道 and t'ao 桃, introduce a special symbol for aspiration, in this case the Greek rough breathing diacritic (῾) indicating before a vowel; others, like Pinyin dao 道 and tao 桃, use "d" and "t". In English and other languages, "d" and "t" indicate a voiced and unvoiced distinction, which is not phonemic in Chinese (Carr 1990: 59).

While many scholars prefer the more familiar spelling "Taoism", arguing that it is now an English word in its own right, the term "Daoism" is becoming increasingly popular. In one work, "Daoism" was preferred to "Taoism" principally for technical, phonological and conventional reasons, but also because it was thought the modern term "Daoism" helped highlight a departure from earlier Western interpretations of the philosophy (Girardot, Miller, and Liu 2001: xxxi). Miller later added that "Daoism" is his preferred usage as a distinction "from what 'Taoism' represented in the 20th-century Western imagination" (Miller 2008: xiii). One commentator, who goes beyond the spelling distinction between Orientalist "Taoism" and academic "Daoism", discriminates "Taoism" with its common voiced /ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/ mispronunciation. Having explained that both "Daoism" and "Taoism" are pronounced "with a 'd' sound", i.e., /ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm/, Komjathy describes a new religious movement labeled "American Taoism" or "Popular Western Taoism" (a term coined by Herman 1998) in which "Taoism" is pronounced with a "hard 't' sound", /ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/ (2014: 1, 206).

Borrowings
Within the lexical set of English words originating from Chinese, the loanword Tao/Dao is more typical than the loanblend Taoism/Daoism. Most Sinitic borrowings in English are loanwords directly transliterated from Chinese (for example, Tao/Dao from dào 道 "way, path; say" or kowtow from kòutóu 叩頭 lit. "knock head"), some are calques or loan translations (brainwashing from xǐnăo 洗腦, lit. "brain wash" or Red Guards from Hóngwèibīng 红卫兵), and a few are hybrid words or loanblends that combine a borrowing with a native element (Taoism/Daoism from Tao/Dao "the Way" and -ism suffix or Peking duck from Běijīng kǎoyā 北京烤鴨 "roast Beijing duck"). Besides English Taoism/Daoism, other common -ism borrowings include Confucianism, Mohism, and Maoism. While most Chinese loanwords have a "foreign appearance", monosyllabic ones such as li or tong are more likely to remain "alien" than loanblends with English elements such as Taoism or tangram that are more readily "naturalized" (Yuan 1981: 250).

The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.) records the progression of occurrences over the succeeding centuries: Tao 1736, Tau 1747, Taouism and Taouist 1838, Taoistic 1856, Tao-ism 1858, Taoism 1903, Daoism 1948, Dao and Daoist 1971.

Linguists distinguish between hypercorrection, the erroneous use of a nonstandard word form due to a belief that it is more accurate than the corresponding standard form (for instance, the /fra:ns/ pronunciation for France /fræns/), and hyperforeignism, the misapplication of foreign loanword pronunciation patterns extended beyond their use in the original language (such as dropping the "t" in claret /ˈklærɪt/). Taoism is neither a hypercorrection because it originated from a spelling misunderstanding rather than a phonemic modification, nor a hyperforeignism because it is not an attempt to sound more Chinese (Carr 1990: 68).

The pronunciation of Taoism as instead of  is not unique and typifies many Chinese borrowings in English (e.g., gung-ho, Cohen 1989) that are distorted owing to Chinese romanization systems. Wade–Giles I Ching and T'ai Chi Ch'üan ( and ) are two common cases in which the Pinyin romanization more accurately represents Chinese pronunciation than Wade–Giles (Carr 1990: 67–68). I Ching transcribes the Chinese /i t͡ɕiŋ/ 易經 Book of Changes, but some English speakers pronounce it /ˈaɪ tʃiːŋ/, reading Chinese I /i/ as the English pronoun I /aɪ/ and the aspirated alveolo-palatal Ch /  t͡ɕʰ/ as the fortis postalveolar /tʃ/. The T'ai Chi Ch'üan martial art /tʰaɪ̯  t͡ɕi   t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn/ 太极拳 is commonly misspelled Tai Chi Chuan  without umlaut or apostrophes (the Wikipedia article is titled Tai chi), and is similarly naturalized as English /ˌtaɪ ˌtʃi ˈtʃwɑn/.

Lexicography
English dictionaries provide some insights into the Daoism/Taoism pronunciation issue. For over a century, British and American lexicographers glossed the pronunciation of Taoism as, but gradually began changing it to and added Daoism entries.

One scholar analyzed Taoism pronunciation glosses in general-purpose English dictionaries, comparing twelve published in Great Britain (1933–1989) and eleven published in the United States (1948–1987). After standardizing the various dictionary respelling systems into the International Phonetic Alphabet, there are four types of Taoism glosses involving prescriptive linguistics and descriptive linguistics: is prescriptively accurate,  describes a common distortion, and the alternate  and  glosses are more comprehensive (Carr 1990: 63–64).

Nine of the twelve British-English dictionaries gloss the pronunciation of Taoism as, and three give. The eleven American-English references haves more varied glosses: six times,  twice,  twice, and  once (OAD, 1979). The respective first accurate American and British lexicographic glosses for Taoism were "douizm; tou-" (Webster's Second, 1934) and "Also Daoism and with pronunc. (dau•iz'm)" (OED supplement, 1986). Within the present sample of English-language dictionaries, the American publications were faster to rectify the mistaken pronunciation to  (Carr 1990: 64–65).

Besides and  pronunciation variations for the consonant T in Taoism, the dictionaries also glosses the vocalic  diphthong as (//), (//), and the triphthong (//), which may be owing to the old Taouism, Tauism, and Tavism variant spellings (Carr 1990: 64). For instance, the 1989 OED2 mixed gloss "(ˈtɑːəʊɪz(ə)m, ˈdaʊɪz(ə)m)" combines the (//) pronunciation from the 1933 OED1 Taoism entry and the from the 1986 OED supplement.

title: Daoism–Taoism romanization issue