text:
Indonesian National Armed Forces

The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL), and Air Force (TNI-AU). The President of Indonesia is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. , it comprises approximately 400,000 military personnel including the Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir RI), which is a branch of the Navy.

Initially formed with the name of the People's Security Army (TKR), then later changed to the Republic of Indonesia Army (TRI) before changing again its name to the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to the present. The Indonesian Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla war along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders.

Under the 1945 Constitution, all citizens are legally entitled and obliged to defend the nation. Conscription is provided for by law, however the Forces have been able to maintain mandated strength levels without resorting to a draft.

The Indonesian armed forces (military) personnel does not include members of law enforcement and paramilitary personnel such as the Indonesian National Police (Polri) consisting of approximately 440,000+ personnel, Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) of around 42,000+ armed personnel, and the Indonesian College Students' Regiment or Resimen Mahasiswa (Menwa) which is a collegiate military service consisting 26,000 trained personnel.

History

Before the formation of the Indonesian Republic, the military authority in the Dutch East Indies was held by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy (KM). Although both the KNIL and KM were not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took the role of foe during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, the KNIL had also provided military training and infrastructure for some of the future TNI officers and other ranks. There were military training centers, military schools and academies in the Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch volunteers and European mercenaries, the KNIL also recruited indigenous, especially Ambonese, Kai Islanders, Timorese, and Minahasan people. In 1940, with the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese. Some of the indigenous soldiers that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education would later become important TNI officers, for example Suharto and Abdul Haris Nasution.

Indonesian nationalism and militarism started to gain momentum and support in World War II during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. To gain support from the Indonesian people in their war against the Western Allied force, Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military training and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called PETA (Pembela Tanah Air; Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military training for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local's support for the Japanese Empire, but later it became the significant resource for the Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. Many of these men who served in PETA, both officers and NCOs alike like Sudirman, formed the majority of the personnel that would compose the future armed forces.

The Indonesian Armed Forces started out as the People's Security Agency (Badan Keamanan Rakyat, BKR), which was formed in the third PPKI meeting, on 29 August 1945. BKR united militias across the newly independent country to maintain civil order; it was more of a constabulary than an army. The decision to create a "security agency", and not an army, was taken to avoid the Allied forces seeing it as an armed revolution and invading in full force. One of the terms of surrender to Japan was to return the Asian colonies they had conquered to their previous rulers, certainly not to make them independent.

When confrontations became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, on 5 October 1945 the People's Security Forces (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, TKR) was formed on the basis of existing BKR units; this was a move taken to formalize, unite, and organize the splintered pockets of independent troopers (laskar) across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders.

The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict was the 1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution, in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important as the baptism of fire of the young armed forces.

In January 1946, TKR renamed as the People's Safety Forces (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat, TKR), then succeeded by Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Tentara Republik Indonesia, TRI), in a further step to professionalize the armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically.

In June 1947, the TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) which was a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations (laskar) across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the War Forces of the United States of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat, APRIS), by mid year the War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia, APRI), also absolving native personnel from within both the former KNIL and KM within the expanded republic.

According to the official website of Indonesian veterans, there were 863,432 people who joined the struggle for Indonesian independence and this included those who were members of the militia, police, intelligence and auxiliary and as of July 2023, there are still 89,377 Indonesian National Revolution veterans alive.

On 21 June 1962, the name Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) was changed to Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia, ABRI). The POLRI (Indonesian National Police) was integrated under the Armed Forces and changed its name to Angkatan Kepolisian (Police Force), and its commander maintained the concurrent status of Minister of Defense and Security, reporting to the President, who is commander in chief. The commanding generals (later chiefs of staff) and the Chief of the National Police then all held ministerial status as members of the cabinet of the republic, while a number of higher-ranking officers were appointed to other cabinet posts. On 1 July 1969, the Police Force's name was reverted to "POLRI".

After the fall of Suharto in 1998, the democratic and civil movement grew against the acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As a result, the post-Suharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reforms, such as the revocation of the Dwifungsi doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reforms also involved law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. These reforms led to the separation of the police force from the military. In April 1999, the Indonesian National Police officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the armed forces proper. The official name of the Indonesian armed forces also changed from Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI) back to Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI).

Future plans
At the beginning of 2010, the Indonesian government sought to strengthen the TNI to achieve minimum standards of minimum strength called "Kekuatan Pokok Minimum" (Minimum Essential Force, or MEF). The MEF was divided into three strategic five-year plan stages, 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. Initially the government budgeted Rp156 trillion (around US$16 billion at the time) for the provision of TNI's main weapon system equipment (known as alutsista, an abbreviation for Alat Utama Sistem Senjata or "Main Weapons System") in the MEF period 2010–2014.

Naming history

 * People's Security Agency (Badan Keamanan Rakyat, 22 August – 5 October 1945; spelled Ra'jat)
 * People's Security Forces (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, 5 October 1945 – 7 January 1946; spelled Ra'jat)
 * People's Safety Forces (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat, 7–26 January 1946; spelled Ra'jat)
 * Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Tentara Republik Indonesia, 26 January 1946 – 3 June 1947; spelled Repoeblik until 17 March 1947)
 * Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, 3 June 1947 – 27 December 1949)
 * War Forces of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat, 27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950)
 * War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia, 17 August 1950 – 21 June 1962)
 * Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, 21 June 1962 – 1 April 1999; spelled Bersendjata until 1 January 1973)*
 * Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, since 1 April 1999)

''*the name TNI was still used during ABRI era when it came to the military itself and the branches excluding the Police (e.g. TNI-AD/AL/AU). But when it was Armed Forces as a whole including the Police the term ABRI was used instead.''

Philosophy and doctrine
The Indonesian military philosophy about the defense of the archipelago is summarily civilian-military defence, called "Total People's Defense", consisting of a three-stage war: a short initial period in which an invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla warfare followed by a final stage of expulsion, with the military acting as a rallying point for defense from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the

entire population and enable the armed forces to manage all war-related resources.

The civilian population would provide logistical support, intelligence, and upkeep with some of the population that is armed forces-trained to join the guerrilla struggle against the aggressor. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD/TMMD) program, begun in 1983, is held three times annually to organize and assist construction and development of civilian village projects.

The current developments in Indonesia's defense policies are framed within the concept of achieving "Minimum Essential Force" or MEF by 2024. This concept of MEF was first articulated in Presidential Decree No. 7/2008 on General Policy Guidelines on State Defense Policy which came into effect on 26 January 2008. MEF is defined as a capability based defense and force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defense interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defense strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipment. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of 3 strategic programs with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up to1.5–2% of the GDP.

The identity of the Indonesian National Armed forces is as defined by the Article 2 of the Law No 34/2004 on Indonesian National Armed forces is the TNI must aim to become the:

 * 1) People's Military Forces, the armed forces whose serving personnel come from Indonesian citizens from all walks of life;
 * 2) Military of Warriors, which are soldiers who fought to establish the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and do not recognize surrender in carrying out and completing its obligations;
 * 3) National Armed Forces, the Indonesian national armed forces who serve in the interest of the country and her people over the interests of the regions/provinces, ethnic groups, races, and religions;
 * 4) and Professional Armed Forces, an armed forces that is well-trained, well-educated, well-equipped, non-practicable, prohibited to do business and politics and guaranteed welfare, and following the country's political policies that embrace democratic principles, civil supremacy, human rights, and the provisions of national law and international laws in force, as ratified and approved in the 1999–2003 amendments to the Constitution.

Organization
The Indonesian armed forces have long been organized around territorial commands. Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of the Army General Reserve, "CADUAD", the precursor of today's Kostrad was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure.

Following a decision in 1985, major reorganization separate the Ministry of Defense and Security from the ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, the name of the armed forces used during the New Order) headquarters and staff. MoDS was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The ABRI Commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in the country, while continuing to be a part of the cabinet.

The administrative structure of Ministry of Defense and Security consisted of a minister, deputy minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, deputy minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers; the secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were, as is the case today, active-duty military officers, while employees and staff were personnel of the armed forces and of the civil service.

The 1985 reorganization also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multi-service Regional Defense Commands ("Kowilhans") and the National Strategic Command ("Kostranas") were eliminated from the defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command ("Kodam"), or area command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the "ABRI" commander in chief to the ten "Kodam" commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from the structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the "Kodam" staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operational Commands ("Ko-Ops") while the navy had its two Fleet Commands, the Western and Eastern Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command ("Kohanudnas") remained under the "ABRI" commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the early warning system.

After Suharto's presidential era collapsed in 1998, the Indonesian National Police was separated from the Armed Forces making the Indonesian Armed Forces under the direct auspices command of the Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (the then name "ABRI") was composed of four service branches: Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name, in 1999, was changed to TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) literally meaning: "The National Military of Indonesia" and the independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) literally meaning: "The National Police Force of Indonesia". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces of Indonesia and the National Police of Indonesia has been separated, they still cooperate and conduct special duties and tasks together for the sake of the national security and integrity of Indonesia.

On 13 May 2018, Commander Hadi Tjahjanto reorganized the armed forces once more by inaugurating 4 new military units: Kostrad's 3rd Infantry Division, Navy's 3rd Fleet Command, Air Force's 3rd Air Force Operations Command, and Marine Force III. The new military units are intended to reduce response time against any threats and problems in Eastern Indonesia. He also officially renamed the Western and Eastern Fleet Commands to 1st and 2nd Fleet Commands.

The Indonesian National Armed Forces is structured into the following in accordance with Article 9 of Presidential Regulation No. 66/2019. The organization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces consists of Indonesian National Armed Forces General Headquarters (Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia) based in the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta, of which it oversee the headquarters of the three branch of the military:

 * Indonesian Army Headquarters (Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat), based in Gambir, Central Jakarta;
 * Indonesian Navy Headquarters (Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut), based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta; and
 * Indonesian Air Force Headquarters (Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara), also based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta

Leadership elements
The leadership elements of the Indonesian armed forces consist of the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Panglima TNI) and the Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, both position are held by four-star Generals/Admirals/Air Marshals appointed by and reporting directly to the President of Indonesia, who is the overall commander-in-chief of the armed forces. As of Nov 2019, the position of deputy commander remains vacant.

 * Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia); and
 * Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Wakil Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia).

Leadership support elements

 * 1) Armed Forces General Staff (Staf Umum)
 * 2) Armed Forces Inspectorate General (Inspektorat Jenderal)
 * 3) Armed Forces Commander Advisory Staff (Staf Ahli Panglima)
 * 4) Armed Forces Strategic Policy and General Planning Staff (Staf Kebijakan Strategis dan Perencanaan Umum)
 * 5) Armed Forces Intelligence Staff (Staf Intelijen)
 * 6) Armed Forces Operations Staff (Staf Operasi)
 * 7) Armed Forces Personnel Staff (Staf Personalia)
 * 8) Armed Forces Logistics Staff (Staf Logistik)
 * 9) Armed Forces Territorial Staff (Staf Teritorial)
 * 10) Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Staff (Staf Komunikasi dan Elektronik)

Service Elements

 * 1) Armed Forces Psychology Center (Pusat Psikologi)
 * 2) Armed Forces Electronics and Communication Unit (Satuan Komunikasi dan Elektronika)
 * 3) Armed Forces Operations Control Center (Pusat Pengendalian Operasi)
 * 4) Armed Forces Bureaucratic Reform Center (Pusat Reformasi Birokrasi)
 * 5) Armed Forces General Secretariat (Sekretariat Umum)
 * 6) Armed Forces General Headquarters and Services Detachment (Detasemen Markas Besar)

Central Executive Agencies

 * 1) Armed Forces Command and Staff Colleges (Sekolah Staf dan Komando TNI/Sesko TNI) based in Bandung, which consist of:
 * 2) * Army Command and Staff College, based in Bandung;
 * 3) * Naval Command and Staff College, based in Cipulir, South Jakarta; and
 * 4) * Air Force Command and Staff College, based in Lembang, West Bandung.
 * 5) Armed Forces Education, Training and Doctrine Development Command (Komando Pembinaan Doktrin, Pendidikan, dan Pelatihan TNI/ Kodiklat TNI);
 * 6) * Army Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in Bandung;
 * 7) *Naval Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in Surabaya; and
 * 8) *Air Force Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in East Jakarta.
 * 9) Armed Forces Academy (Akademi TNI), based in Cilangkap, which consist of:
 * 10) *Military Academy, based in Magelang;
 * 11) *Naval Academy, based in Surabaya; and
 * 12) *Air Force Academy, based in Yogyakarta.
 * 13) Armed Forces Strategic Intelligence Agency (Badan Intelijen Strategis TNI/ BAIS TNI);
 * 14) Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Komando Operasi Khusus/ Koopsus TNI);
 * 15) Indonesian Presidential Security Forces (Pasukan Pengamanan Presiden/ Paspampres);
 * 16) Armed Forces Legal Agency (Badan Pembinaan Hukum/ Babinkum TNI);
 * 17) Armed Forces Information Center (Pusat Penerangan/ Puspen TNI);
 * 18) Armed Forces Medical Center (Pusat Kesehatan/ Puskes TNI);
 * 19) Armed Forces Military Police Center (Pusat Polisi Militer/ Puspom TNI);
 * 20) Armed Forces Finance Center (Pusat Keuangan/ Pusku TNI);
 * 21) Armed Forces Peacekeeping Missions Center (Pusat Misi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian/ PMPP TNI)
 * 22) Armed Forces Strategic Assessment, Research, and Development Center (Pusat Pengkajian Strategis, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan/ Pusjianstralitbang TNI);
 * 23) Armed Forces Logistics Agency (Badan Perbekalan/ Babek TNI);
 * 24) Armed Forces Mental Guidance and Chaplaincy Center (Pusat Pembinaan Mental/ Pusbintal TNI);
 * 25) Armed Forces Historical Heritage Center (Pusat Sejarah/ Pusjarah TNI);
 * 26) Armed Forces Information and Data Processing Center (Pusat Informasi dan Pengolahan Data/ Pusinfolahta TNI);
 * 27) Armed Forces International Cooperation Center (Pusat Kerjasama Internasional/ Puskersin TNI);
 * 28) Armed Forces Physical Fitness and Basic Military Regulation Center (Pusat Jasmani dan Peraturan Militer Dasar/ Pusjaspermildas TNI);
 * 29) Armed Forces Procurement Center (Pusat Pengadaan/ Pusada TNI);
 * 30) Armed Forces Maritime Information Center (Pusat Informasi Maritim/ Pusinfomar TNI);
 * 31) Armed Forces Permanent Garrison Commands (Komando Garnisun Tetap/ Kogartap), which consist of:
 * 32) * 1st Permanent Garrison Command/Jakarta
 * 33) * 2nd Permanent Garrison Command/Bandung
 * 34) * 3rd Permanent Garrison Command/Surabaya
 * 35) Armed Forces Cyber Operations Unit (Satuan Siber/ Satsiber TNI)

Principal Operational Commands
The Principal Operational Commands (Komando Utama Operasi TNI) are the centralized TNI forces which are under the command of the Armed Forces General Headquarters. Some of these commands are actually part of the three military branches (such as Kostrad and Koarmada RI, armed and trained by the Army and Navy, respectively), but these are operationally controlled by the Armed Forces General Headquarters.

 * 1) Defense Area Joint Command (Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan / Kogabwilhan), tasked with coordinating and integrating operational readiness of all military bases throughout Indonesia. Command held by three-star General/Admiral/Air Marshall. It consists of:
 * 2) *Kogabwilhan I, based in Tanjung Pinang, covering western territories of Indonesia;
 * 3) *Kogabwilhan II, based Penajam Paser, covering central territories of Indonesia; and
 * 4) *Kogabwilhan III, based in Timika, covering eastern territories of Indonesia.
 * 5) Army Strategic Reserve Command (Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat / Kostrad). Command held by three-star General. It consists of:
 * 6) *1st Infantry Division, based in Depok operationally Army expeditionary unit from Banten and West Java;
 * 7) *2nd Infantry Division, based in Malang operationally Army expeditionary unit from Central Java and Eastern Java;
 * 8) *3rd Infantry Division, based in Gowa operationally Army expeditionary unit from South Sulawesi and Central Papua.
 * 9) Indonesian Fleet Command (Komando Armada Republik Indonesia / Koarmada RI). Command held by three-star Admiral. It consists of:
 * 10) *Koarmada I, based in Tanjung Uban, operationally western fleet of Indonesia;
 * 11) *Koarmada II, based in Surabaya operationally central fleet of Indonesia; and
 * 12) *Koarmada III, based in Sorong, operationally eastern fleet of Indonesia.
 * 13) National Air Operations Command (Komando Operasi Udara Nasional / Koopsudnas). Command held by three-star Air Marshall. It consists of:
 * 14) *Koopsud I, based in Jakarta, operationally western air forces of Indonesia;
 * 15) *Koopsud II, based in Makassar operationally central air forces of Indonesia; and
 * 16) *Koopsud III, based in Biak, operationally eastern air forces of Indonesia.
 * 17) Naval Hydro-Oceanographic Center (Pusat Hidro-Oseanografi TNI Angkatan Laut), based in North Jakarta. Command held by three-star Admiral.
 * 18) Army Military Regional Commands (Komando Daerah Militer / Kodam). Command held by two-star General. It consists of fifteen Military Regions (Kodams) territorially covering all 38 Provinces of Indonesia.
 * 19) Army Special Forces Command (Komando Pasukan Khusus / Kopassus). Command held by two-star General. It conducts mainly special operations of Army.
 * 20) Military Sealift Command (Komando Lintas Laut Militer / Kolinlamil). Command held by two-star Admiral. It conduct maritime transportation and logistic transferring.
 * 21) Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir Republik Indonesia / Kormar RI). Command held by two-star Marine General. It consists of:
 * 22) *1st Marine Force, based in South Jakarta;
 * 23) *2nd Marine Force, based in Sidoarjo;
 * 24) *3rd Marine Force, based in Sorong; and
 * 25) *4th Marine Infantry Brigade, based in Lampung.

Branches
TNI has three service branches, the Army (TNI-AD), the Navy (TNI-AL), and the Air Force (TNI-AU). Each service branch is led by a Chief of Staff (Chief of Staff of the Army, Chief of Staff of the Navy, and Chief of Staff of the Air Force respectively) who is responsible for the administration and capability development for his/her own branch. These positions were previously called Commander or Panglima (for some period in 60s, it is a Minister-equivalent post) which was equipped with commanding authority until it was changed as Chief of Staffs (until now). In the present day, the Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces is the only military officer holding commanding authority for all the service branches under the overall authority of the President as Commander in Chief of the Forces.

 * The TNI-AD (Indonesian Army) was first formed in 1945 following the end of World War II, to protect the newly independent country. It initially consisted of local militia and grew to become the regular army of today. The force now has up to 306,506 personnel, and comprises major strong territorial army commands known as Kodam and several independent regiments, brigades and battalions. The Army is also built up of operational commands and special forces such as the: Kopassus and the Kostrad units also with other types of formation within the Army itself. The Army also operates aircraft under the Army Aviation Command (Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat). The Army operates 123 helicopters including combat, transport, and trainer models, and eight fixed-wing aircraft. The Army also guards and patrols the land borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and East Timor.
 * The TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) was first formed on 22 August 1945. The current strength of the Navy is around up-to 74,000. In contrast to many other nations and military traditions, the Navy uses Army style ranks (See: Indonesian military ranks). The Navy has one centralized fleet command (Indonesian Fleet Command at Jakarta) which consists of three navy fleets which are the 1st Fleet Command (Koarmada I) based in Tanjungpinang, the 2nd Fleet Command (Koarmada II) based in Surabaya, and the 3rd Fleet Command (Koarmada III) based in Sorong, all three fleet forces commands holding responsibility for the defense of the three maritime and naval territorial commands. The Navy also has a management of aircraft and aviation systems which are operated by the Naval Aviation Center (Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Laut). The Navy operates 63 fixed wing aircraft and 29 combat and transport helicopters. The Navy also includes the Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, or KorMar). It was created on 15 November 1945 and has the duties of being the main naval infantry and amphibious warfare force with quick reaction capabilities and special operations abilities.
 * The TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force) is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. Its Order of Battle is under the Air Operations Commands (Koopsud) which consists of three operational commands (Koopsud I, Koopsud II, and Koopsud III). Most of its airbases are located on the island of Java. Presently, the Air Force has up-to 34,930 personnel equipped with 202 aircraft including Sukhoi Su-27s, Su-30s, F-16 Fighting Falcons, Hawk 100/200s, KAI T-50 Golden Eagles, and EMB 314 Super Tucanos. The Air Force also has air force infantry corps which is known as Kopasgat that are tasked for airbase defense, airborne troops and special forces unit.
 * While no longer a part of the Armed Forces since 1 April 1999, the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) often operate in paramilitary roles independently or in co-operation with the other services on internal security missions, usually in cooperation with the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). The National Police Mobile Brigade Corps are the main paramilitary forces which are usually put on to these roles and tasks with the service branches of the armed forces. Until today, both the TNI and the POLRI still holds strong ties and cooperation for the sake of the nation's national security and integrity purposes.

Special Forces Unit
Indonesian Military Special Forces
 * TNI AD (Indonesian Army): Kopassus, Tontaipur
 * TNI AL (Indonesian Navy): Kopaska, Taifib, Denjaka
 * TNI AU (Indonesian Air Force): Kopasgat, Bravo Detachment 90

In the immediate aftermath of 2018 Surabaya bombings, President Widodo has agreed to revive the TNI Joint Special Operations Command (Koopsusgab) to assist the National Police in antiterrorism operations under certain conditions. This joint force is composed of special forces of the National Armed Forces as mentioned above, and is under the direct control of the Commander of the National Armed Forces. In July 2019, President Widodo officially formed the Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopsus TNI) which comprised 400 personnel each from Sat-81 Gultor of Kopassus, Denjaka, and Den Bravo of Kopasgat to conduct special operations to protect national interests within or outside Indonesian territory.

Equipment

 * TNI AD List of Equipment of the Indonesian Army
 * TNI AL List of Equipment of the Indonesian Navy
 * TNI AU List of Equipment of the Indonesian Air Force

Reserves
The Indonesian National Armed Forces Reserve Component (Komponen Cadangan TNI, abbreviated into KOMCAD) is the military reserve force element of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

On January 12, 2021, President Joko Widodo, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, issued Government Regulation Number 3 of 2021 implementing Law 23 on the Management of National Resources for Defense of the Nation which established the Reserve as a directly reporting unit under the General Headquarters, in order to supplement the Principal Component, i.e. the Armed Forces and the National Police.

Under the regulation, the Reserve officially consists of army, naval, and air reserve forces. Membership in the reserve is voluntary for all citizens, even for members of the civil service.

Budget
*the 2020 budget was changed due to COVID-19 outbreak, while the budget for the Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education and Culture has been increased.

Uniforms
The Indonesian National Armed Forces have three types of uniforms worn by its personnel, which are general service uniforms, specialized service uniforms and branch-specific uniforms.

General service uniforms have three subtypes of uniform, which are dress uniform (Pakaian Dinas Upacara/PDU), service uniform (Pakaian Dinas Harian/PDH) and field Uniform (Pakaian Dinas Lapangan/PDL). Each uniform subtypes also consists of several categories, which are: Each branches of the national armed forces have different color in their general service uniforms.
 * Dress uniform (Pakaian Dinas Upacara/PDU)
 * Army: Dark green coat, Dark green trousers
 * Navy: White suit.
 * Air Force: Dark blue coat, Dark blue trousers.
 * Service uniform (Pakaian Dinas Harian/PDH)
 * Army: green shirt, with dark green trousers
 * Navy: greyish blue shirt, with dark greyish trousers. For international event/duty, the navy personnel will wear white shirt with white trousers.
 * Air Force: light blue shirt, dark blue trousers
 * Field uniform (Pakaian Dinas Lapangan/PDL)
 * All branches: DPM camouflage, sometimes called as "Loreng Malvinas".

Specialized service uniform consists of:

 * 1) Pregnant-women service uniform (PDSH)
 * 2) Standard-bearer service uniform (Gampokbang)
 * 3) Military parade service uniform (PDP)
 * 4) State visit service uniform (Gamprot)
 * 5) Provost service uniform (Gamprov)
 * 6) Military police service uniform (Gam Pom)
 * 7) Military band service uniform (Gamsik)
 * 8) Presidential security force service uniform (Gam Paspampres)
 * 9) Desert field uniform

Branch-specific uniforms consists of: On 2 March 2022, the Army unveiled their field uniform with new camo pattern, called as "Loreng Angkatan Darat" (Army camo pattern), that is specific only to the Army. This camo is a variant of Multicam based on US Army OCP with local DPM color palette. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace the older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present.

Personnel
The Indonesian armed forces are voluntary. The active military strength is 395,500 with 400,000 reserves with available manpower fit for military service of males aged between 16 and 49 is 75,000,000, with a further 4,500,000 new suitable for service annually.

Rank structures
In the Indonesian Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, and the Police Force, the rank consists of officer (Perwira), NCO (Bintara) and enlisted (Tamtama). The rank titles of the Marine Corps are the same as those of the Army, but it still uses the Navy's style insignia (for junior ratings and Marine Corps enlisted personnel, blue replaces the red colour stripe in all orders of uniform dress).

Seven Commitments (Sapta Marga)
The Seven Commitments is a pledge of loyalty and fidelity of the military personnel to the government and people of Indonesia and to the principles of nationhood.

Soldier's Oath (Sumpah Prajurit)
The Soldier's Oath is a statement of determination expressed since the inception of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and has become a value system for Indonesian National Armed Forces soldiers that is still upheld and preserved. The Soldier's Oath as an oath, is uttered during the inauguration ceremony for each student soldier to become a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

title: Indonesian National Armed Forces


text:
Foreign relations of Indonesia

Since independence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. During the presidency of Sukarno, Indonesia's foreign relations were marked by engagement with other newly independent nations in Asia and Africa, as exemplified by the Bandung Conference, the subsequent foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement and a confrontational attitude towards Western powers, justified by a belief in the CONEFO and opposition to what Sukarno termed as NEKOLIM (Neocolonialism and Imperialism).

After a US-backed ouster of Sukarno and left-wing elements in 1965, Indonesian foreign policy underwent a major shift under the "New Order" government, as President Suharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterised the latter part of the Sukarno era. Following Suharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's government has preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad.

Indonesia's relations with the international community were strained as a result of its invasion of neighbouring East Timor in December 1975, the subsequent annexation and occupation, the independence referendum in 1999, and the resulting violence afterwards. As one of the founding members of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), established in 1967, and also as the largest country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has put ASEAN as the cornerstone of its foreign policy and outlook. After the transformation from Suharto's regime to a relatively open and democratic country in the 21st century, Indonesia today exercises its influence to promote co-operation, development, democracy, security, peace and stability in the region through its leadership in ASEAN. Currently, Israel is the only UN member state that does not have formal diplomatic relations with Indonesia, although they maintain informal relations.

Indonesia managed to play a role as a peacemaker in the Cambodia–Thailand conflict over the Preah Vihear temple. Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries collectively have also played a role in encouraging the government of Myanmar to open up its political system and introduce other reforms more quickly.

Given its geographic and demographic size, rising capabilities and diplomatic initiatives, scholars have classified Indonesia as one of Asia-Pacific's middle powers.

Historical issues
The foreign policy of Indonesia has evolved over time and has been shaped by various factors such as its historical context, geographic location, national interests, and leadership. Here is an overview of the historical context of Indonesia's foreign policy:

 * Founding Principles: Indonesia's foreign policy is rooted in the country's founding principles of Pancasila, which emphasizes peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries.
 * Western New Guinea. The western part of New Guinea was under Dutch colonial rule and known as "West Irian." When Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1945, the Dutch retained control over West Irian, but Indonesia claimed it. The United Nations supervised the transfer of West Irian to Indonesia in 1963. The region officially became a part of Indonesia in 1969 through a UN-sanctioned referendum known as the Act of Free Choice.
 * Non-Aligned Movement: After gaining independence from Dutch colonial rule in 1945, Indonesia played a prominent role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The NAM was a group of countries that chose not to align with any major power bloc during the Cold War, advocating for a neutral stance and promoting cooperation among developing nations.
 * Regional Leadership: Indonesia has sought to establish itself as a leader in the Southeast Asian region. It was one of the founding members of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 1967 and has been actively involved in regional initiatives to promote peace, stability, and economic integration in Southeast Asia.
 * "Free and Active" Foreign Policy: In the 1950s and 1960s, under the leadership of President Sukarno, Indonesia pursued a "free and active" foreign policy. This policy aimed at asserting Indonesia's independence and taking an active role in global affairs by participating in international organizations, supporting decolonization movements, and advocating for the rights of developing nations.
 * Post-Suharto Era: Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesia underwent political and economic reforms. This period saw a shift in foreign policy priorities, focusing more on economic development, regional cooperation, and democracy promotion. Indonesia also embraced a more pragmatic approach in its foreign relations.
 * East Timor: In 1975, shortly after East Timor declared independence from Portuguese colonial rule, Indonesia invaded and occupied the territory. The occupation lasted for 24 years and was marked by widespread human rights abuses, violence, and resistance from the East Timorese people. The international community largely condemned the occupation. Various human rights organizations and activists put pressure on Indonesia to leave. In 1999, Indonesia agreed to hold a UN-sponsored referendum to determine its political status. The majority of the East Timorese people voted for independence, leading to widespread violence and destruction orchestrated by pro-Indonesia militias. International peacekeeping forces, led by Australia, restored order. East Timor finally achieved independence in 2002.
 * Territorial Integrity: Indonesia places great importance on its territorial integrity and has been firm in its stance against any threats to its sovereignty. It has been involved in various territorial disputes, including those in the South China Sea, and has sought to resolve them through peaceful means, including diplomatic negotiations.
 * Counterterrorism and Maritime Security: Indonesia has actively cooperated with regional and international partners in combating terrorism and ensuring maritime security. It has been affected by terrorist attacks in the past and has taken steps to enhance intelligence-sharing, border control, and counterterrorism efforts.
 * Economic Diplomacy: With the world's fourth-largest population and a growing economy, Indonesia has focused on economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, promote trade relations, and strengthen economic ties with other countries. It has pursued partnerships with both developed and developing nations to foster economic growth and development.
 * Climate Change and Environmental Issues: As a country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Indonesia has been actively engaged in international efforts to address environmental issues. It has been a vocal advocate for sustainable development, forest conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
 * Global and Regional Multilateralism: Indonesia actively participates in various multilateral organizations, including the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It has sought to contribute to global peace, security, and development by engaging in multilateral dialogues and fostering regional cooperation.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which it was a founding member in 1967 with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organised to promote shared economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's liberation of Cambodia in 1979; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the US.

The Indonesian capital Jakarta is also the seat of ASEAN Secretariat. Other than serving their diplomatic missions for Indonesia, numerous of foreign embassies and diplomatic mission in Jakarta are also accredited to ASEAN. The presence of the ASEAN Headquarters has made Jakarta a diplomatic hub in Southeast Asia in some regards.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Indonesia's domestic troubles distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently reduced its influence within the organisation. However, after the political and economic transformation, from the turmoil of 1998 Reformasi to the relatively open and democratic civil society with rapid economic growth in the 2010s, Indonesia returned to the region's diplomatic stage by assuming its leadership role in ASEAN in 2011. Indonesia is viewed to have weight, international legitimacy and global appeal to draw support and attention from around the world to ASEAN. Indonesia believes that ASEAN can contribute positively to the international community, by promoting economic development and co-operation, improving security, peace, the stability of ASEAN, and making the Southeast Asia region far from conflicts.

Indonesia's bilateral relations with three neighbouring ASEAN members—Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam—are not without challenges. If not appropriately managed, it would result in mutual mistrust and suspicion, thus hindering bilateral and regional co-operation. In the era of rising Indonesia, which might assert its leadership role within ASEAN, the problem could become more significant. Nevertheless, the rise of Indonesia should be regarded in the sense of optimism. First, although Indonesia is likely to become assertive, the general tone of its foreign policy is mainly liberal and accommodating. The consolidation of the Indonesian democratic government played a key role and influence in ASEAN. The second, institutional web of ASEAN will sustain engagements and regular meetings between regional elites, thus deepening their mutual understanding and personal connections.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Indonesia also was one of the founders of NAM and has taken moderate positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992–95, it led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, advocating the broadening of North-South co-operation instead in the area of development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent, and generally constructive, leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population and is a member of OIC. It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Mainly through the efforts of President Suharto at the 1994 meeting in Indonesia, APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialised economies and 2020 for developing economies. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also belongs to other economic groupings such as G20 and Developing 8 Countries (D-8).

G20 major economies
In 2008, Indonesia was admitted as a member of the G20, as the only ASEAN member state in the group. Through its membership in the global economic powerhouse that accounted of 85% of the global economy, Indonesia is keen to position itself as a mouthpiece for ASEAN countries, and as a representative of the developing world within the G20. Bali, Indonesia had played host to the 2022 G20 Summit.

IGGI and CGI
After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the international donor community, particularly the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the meetings of the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which coordinated substantial foreign economic assistance. Problems in Timor and Indonesia's reluctance to implement economic reform at times complicated Indonesia's relationship with donors. In 1992 the IGGI aid coordination group ceased to meet and the coordination activities were transferred to meetings arranged by the World Bank through the CGI. The CGI, in turn, ceased activities in 2007 when the Indonesian government suggested that an internationally organised aid coordination program was no longer needed.

International disputes
Indonesia has numerous outlying and remote islands, some of which are inhabited by numerous pirate groups that regularly attack ships in the Strait of Malacca in the north, and illegal fishing crews known for penetrating Australian and Filipino waters. At the same time, Indonesian waters are the target of large-scale illegal fishing activities by foreign vessels.

Indonesia has some present and historic territorial disputes with neighboring nations, such as:
 * Ambalat Block in dispute with Malaysia (ongoing, overlapping EEZ line drawn by both countries)
 * Ashmore and Cartier Islands in dispute with Australia (ongoing, the islands known by Indonesians as Pulau Pasir)
 * Fatu Sinai Island (Pulau Batek) formerly disputed with East Timor (settled, East Timor ceded the island to Indonesia in August 2004)
 * Miangas Island formerly disputed with Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (settled, part of Dutch East Indies and now Indonesia's territory as of Island of Palmas Case)
 * Northern waters off Natuna Islands in dispute with China and Taiwan (ongoing; overlapping with Chinese nine-dash line claim)
 * Sipadan and Ligitan Islands formerly disputed with Malaysia (settled, part of Malaysia's territory per International Court of Justice's decision in 2002)

Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Indonesia maintains diplomatic relations with:

International organisation participation
• ADB

• AIIB

• APEC

• ASEAN

• CP

• CTBTO

• D-8

• EAS

• ESCAP

• FAO

• FATF

• FEALAC

• G15

• G20

• G20 developing nations

• G77

• IAEA

• IBRD

• ICAO

• ICC

• IDA

• IDB

• IFAD

• IFC

• ILO

• IMF

• IMO

• Interpol

• IOC

• IORA

• IPC

• IPEF

• IPU

• ISA

• ISO

• ITSO

• ITU

• ITUC

• MIGA

• NAM

• OIC

• OPCW

• OPEC Fund

• UN

• UNCTAD

• UNESCO

• UNIDO

• UNIDROIT

• UNWTO

• UPU

• WCO

• WFTU

• WHO

• WIPO

• WMO

• WTO

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Foreign relations of Indonesia


text:
List of islands of Indonesia

The islands of Indonesia, also known as the Indonesian Archipelago (Kepulauan Indonesia) or Nusantara, may refer either to the islands composing the country of Indonesia or to the geographical groups which include its islands. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state, stretching from Sumatra in Asia to the western part of New Guinea in Oceania.

History
The exact number of islands composing Indonesia varies among definitions and sources. According to the Law No 9/1996 on Maritime Territory of Indonesia, of 17,508 officially listed islands within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. According to a geospatial survey conducted between 2007 and 2010 by the National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping (Bakorsurtanal), Indonesia has 13,466 islands. However, according to earlier survey in 2002 by National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), the Indonesian archipelago has 18,307 islands, and according to the CIA World Factbook, there are 17,508 islands. The discrepancy of the numbers of Indonesian islands is due to the earlier surveys including "tidal islands"; sandy cays and rocky reefs that appear during low tide and are submerged during high tide. As of 2023, 17.024 island have been named by Geospatial Information Agency and published in Indonesian Gazetteer.

Major islands

 * Sunda Islands
 * Greater Sunda Islands
 * Java, formerly Jawa Dwipa.
 * Sumatra, formerly Swarna Dwipa.
 * Borneo: divided between the Indonesian region Kalimantan, the country of Brunei and the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak.
 * Sulawesi, formerly Celebes.
 * Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Bali
 * Lombok
 * Sumbawa
 * Flores
 * Sumba
 * Timor: divided between Indonesian West Timor and the country of East Timor.
 * Maluku Islands (Moluccas)
 * New Guinea: divided between the Indonesian provinces of Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, Central Papua and West Papua and the country of Papua New Guinea.

List of islands
The following islands are listed by province:

Banten

 * Panaitan
 * Sangiang
 * Tinjil
 * Umang

Central Java

 * Karimunjawa
 * Nusa Kambangan
 * Dungeon's Island

Special Capital Region of Jakarta

 * Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu)

East Java

 * Bawean
 * Gili Iyang Island
 * Kangean Islands
 * Madura
 * Raas
 * Nusa Barong
 * Raja Island
 * Sempu Island

West Java

 * Monitor Lizard Island (Pulau Biawak), Indramayu

Aceh

 * Banyak Islands
 * Tuangku
 * Lasia Island
 * Simeulue
 * Weh

North Sumatra

 * Batu Islands
 * Berhala on the Strait of Malacca
 * Hinako Islands
 * Makole Island
 * Masa Island
 * Nias Islands
 * Samosir, Lake Toba

West Sumatra

 * Mentawai Islands
 * North Pagai
 * Siberut
 * Sipura
 * South Pagai
 * Pasumpahan
 * Sikuai

Bengkulu

 * Enggano Island
 * potta kulam

Lampung

 * Child of Krakatoa (Anak Krakatau)
 * Legundi
 * Sebesi
 * Sebuku

Riau

 * Basu Island
 * Bengkalis
 * Padang
 * Rangsang
 * Rupat
 * Tebing Tinggi Island

Riau Islands

 * Natuna Islands (Kepulauan Natuna)
 * Anambas Islands
 * Natuna Besar Islands
 * South Natuna Islands
 * Tambelan Islands
 * Badas Islands
 * Riau Archipelago
 * Batam
 * Bintan
 * Bulan
 * Galang
 * Karimun islands
 * Great Natuna
 * Penyengat
 * Great Karimun
 * Little Karimun
 * Kundur
 * Rempang
 * Lingga Islands
 * Lingga with nearby islands
 * Singkep with nearby islands

Bangka-Belitung Islands

 * Bangka
 * Belitung

Central Kalimantan

 * Damar
 * Baning Island
 * Buaya Island
 * Burung Island

East Kalimantan

 * Balabalagan Islands
 * Derawan Islands
 * Kakaban

North Kalimantan

 * Bunyu
 * Sebatik: divided between Indonesia and Sabah, East Malaysia
 * Tarakan

South Kalimantan

 * Laut
 * Laut Kecil Islands
 * Sebuku

West Kalimantan

 * Bawal
 * Galam
 * Karimata Islands
 * Karimata
 * Maya

Central Sulawesi

 * Banggai Islands
 * Banggai
 * Bowokan Islands (Kepulauan Treko)
 * Buka Buka
 * Peleng
 * Masoni Island
 * Simatang Island
 * Togian Islands
 * Togian
 * Tolitoli

North Sulawesi

 * Bangka
 * Bunaken
 * Lembeh
 * Manado Tua
 * Nain
 * Sangihe Islands
 * Nanipa
 * Bukide
 * Sangir Besar
 * Siau
 * Tagulandang
 * Talaud Islands
 * Kabaruan
 * Karakelang
 * Salibabu
 * Talise

South Sulawesi

 * Pabbiring Islands
 * Sabalana Islands
 * Selayar Islands
 * Selayar Island
 * Takabonerate Islands
 * Tengah Islands

Southeast Sulawesi

 * Buton
 * Kabaena
 * Muna
 * Tukangbesi Islands
 * Wakatobi
 * Wangiwangi
 * Wowoni

Bali

 * Bali
 * Menjangan Island
 * Nusa Lembongan
 * Nusa Penida
 * Serangan Island
 * Nusa Ceningan

East Nusa Tenggara

 * Alor Islands
 * Alor
 * Kepa
 * Pantar
 * Flores
 * Babi Island
 * Mules Island
 * Komodo
 * Gili Lawadarat
 * Gili Lawalaut
 * Mangiatan Island
 * Makasar Island
 * Taka Makasar
 * Mauwang Island
 * Pararambah Island
 * Siaba Besar Island
 * Siaba Kecil Island
 * Mangiatan Island
 * Tatawa Island
 * Tukoh Pemaroh
 * Pararambah Island
 * Padar Island
 * Batubilah Island
 * Padar Kecil Island
 * Palu Island
 * Pemana Islands
 * Rinca
 * Gili Motang
 * Golo Mori
 * Muang Island
 * Rohbong Island
 * Tukoh Gagak
 * Tukoh Rohbongkoe
 * Papagaran Besar Island
 * Papagaran Kecil Island
 * Batu Island
 * Mole Island
 * Pengah Besar Island
 * Pengah Kecil Island
 * Batupengah Island
 * Rote Island
 * Savu
 * Solor Islands
 * Adonara
 * Lembata
 * Solor
 * Sumba
 * Halura Island
 * Timor, divided between Indonesia (West Timor) and the independent nation of East Timor
 * Semau Island

West Nusa Tenggara

 * Gili Islands
 * Gili Air
 * Gili Trawangan
 * Gili Meno
 * Banta Island
 * Gili Biaha
 * Gili Mimpang
 * Gili Selang
 * Gili Tepekong
 * Lombok
 * Medang Island
 * Moyo Island
 * Menjangan Island
 * Sangeang
 * Satonda
 * Sumbawa

Maluku

 * Aru Islands
 * Enu
 * Kobroor
 * Maikoor
 * Trangan
 * Wokam
 * Babar
 * Banda
 * Barat Daya Islands
 * Damer
 * Liran
 * Romang
 * Wetar
 * Boano
 * Buru
 * Gorong archipelago
 * Kai Islands
 * Kelang
 * Leti Islands
 * Lakor
 * Leti
 * Moa
 * Manipa
 * Nusa Laut
 * Seram
 * Ambon
 * Osi
 * Saparua
 * Tanimbar Islands
 * Selaru
 * Yamdena
 * Small volcanic islands in Banda Sea
 * Tayandu Islands (Kepulauan Tayando)
 * Watubela archipelago

North Maluku

 * Bacan, with nearby islands:
 * Kasiruta
 * Mandioli
 * Muari
 * Erà Islands
 * Halmahera, with nearby islands:
 * Makian
 * Ternate
 * Tidore
 * Hiri
 * Mare
 * Maitara
 * Kayoa
 * Laluin
 * Moti
 * Rau
 * Kakara
 * Meti
 * Medi
 * Tagalaya
 * Cumo
 * Widi Islands
 * Morotai, with nearby islands:
 * Rau
 * Obi Islands, which include:
 * Bisa
 * Gomumu
 * Obi
 * Obilatu
 * Tobalai
 * Sula Islands

Western New Guinea
Islands near the Indonesian half of New Guinea island.

West Papua

 * Asia Island
 * Karas
 * Semai

Southwest Papua

 * Ayu Islands
 * Palau Ayu
 * Palau Reni
 * Raja Ampat Islands
 * Batanta
 * Boo Islands
 * Fam Islands
 * Misool
 * Waigeo
 * Gam
 * Kawe

Papua

 * Biak Islands
 * Biak
 * Mios Num
 * Numfor
 * Supiori
 * Yapen
 * Komoran
 * Yos Sudarso

title: List of islands of Indonesia