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Communications in Afghanistan

Communications in Afghanistan is under the control of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). It has rapidly expanded after the Karzai administration was formed in late 2001, and has embarked on wireless companies, internet, radio stations and television channels.

The Afghan government signed a $64.5 million agreement in 2006 with China's ZTE on the establishment of a countrywide optical fiber telecommunications network. The project began to improve telephone, internet, television and radio services throughout Afghanistan. About 90% of the country's population had access to communication services by the end of 2013.

Afghanistan uses its own space satellite called Afghansat 1. There are about 18 million mobile phone users in the country. Telecom companies include Afghan Telecom, Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, MTN, Roshan, Salaam. Around 20% of the population has access to the Internet.

Internet

Afghanistan was given legal control of the ".af" domain in 2003, and the Afghanistan Network Information Center (AFGNIC) was established to administer domain names. The country has 327,000 IP addresses and around 6,000 .af domains. Internet in Afghanistan is accessed by over 9 million users today. According to a 2020 estimate, over 7 million residents, which is roughly 18% of the population, had access to the internet. There are over a dozen different internet service providers in Afghanistan.

Postal service
In 1870, a central post office was established at Bala Hissar in Kabul and a post office in the capital of each province. The service was slowly being expanded over the years as more postal offices were established in each large city by 1918. Afghanistan became a member of the Universal Postal Union in 1928, and the postal administration elevated to the Ministry of Communication in 1934. Civil war caused a disruption in issuing official stamps during the 1980s–90s war but in 1999 postal service was operating again. Postal services to/from Kabul worked remarkably well all throughout the war years. Postal services to/from Herat resumed in 1997. The Afghan government has reported to the UPU several times about illegal stamps being issued and sold in 2003 and 2007.

Afghanistan Post has been reorganizing the postal service in 2000s with assistance from Pakistan Post. The Afghanistan Postal commission was formed to prepare a written policy for the development of the postal sector, which will form the basis of a new postal services law governing licensing of postal services providers. The project was expected to finish by 2008.

Radio
Radio broadcasting in Afghanistan began in 1925 with Radio Kabul being the first station. The country currently has over 200 AM, FM and shortwave radio stations. They broadcast in Dari, Pashto, English, Uzbeki and a number of other languages.

Satellite
In January 2014 the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information Technology signed an agreement with Eutelsat for the use of satellite resources to enhance deployment of Afghanistan's national broadcasting and telecommunications infrastructure as well as its international connectivity. Afghansat 1 was officially launched in May 2014, with expected service for at least seven years in Afghanistan. The Afghan government plans to launch Afghansat 2 after the lease of Afghansat 1 ends.

Telephone
According to 2013 statistics, there were 20,521,585 GSM mobile phone subscribers and 177,705 CDMA subscribers in Afghanistan. Mobile communications have improved because of the introduction of wireless carriers. The first was Afghan Wireless and the second Roshan, which began providing services to all major cities within Afghanistan. There are also a number of VSAT stations in major cities such as Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Mazari Sharif, and Jalalabad, providing international and domestic voice/data connectivity. The international calling code for Afghanistan is +93. The following is a partial list of mobile phone companies in the country:

 * Afghan Telecom (provides 4G services )
 * Afghan Wireless (provides 4G services )
 * Etisalat (provides 4G services )
 * MTN Group (provides 4G services)
 * Roshan (provides 4G services)
 * Salaam Network (provides 3G services )

All the companies providing communication services are obligated to deliver 2.5% of their income to the communication development fund annually. According to the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology there are 4760 active towers throughout the country which covers 85% of the population. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology plans to expand its services in remote parts of the country where the remaining 15% of the population will be covered with the installation of 700 new towers. According to WikiLeaks, phone calls in Afghanistan have been monitored by the National Security Agency.

Television
There are over 106 television operators in Afghanistan and 320 television transmitters, many of which are based Kabul, while others are broadcast from other provinces. Selected foreign channels are also shown to the public in Afghanistan, but with the use of the internet, over 3,500 international TV channels may be accessed in Afghanistan.

title: Communications in Afghanistan


text:
Talk:Lists of composers

Classical only?
Should this page only list 'classical' composers? Should the list be divided according to periods (as on the classical music page)?

Women composers
Where are all the gals? --User:Juuitchan
 * OK - I put in Beach, Boulanger(s), Dring, and Fanny Mendelssohn. Oh, and I'd already put in Maconchy and Lutyens. Do you know of any more? David Martland 08:27 Dec 6, 2002 (UTC)

Unclassified
I'm going to try and get rid of all the "unclassified composers" by putting them in the right category. I've deleted the "impressionist music" division, because it's too vague to really be useful. It might be good to put it back as part of an alternative classification system for classical composers according to style rather than period (eg, impressionism, avant-garde, expressionism, and so on). This might be a good way to break up the too-large-to-be-useful "modern composers" section.

A question: do the one-letter lists of composers serve any purpose at all (Composer/G and its chums)? I assume they can be deleted once the composers on them have been properly classified on this page, yes? --Camembert

By period or alphabetically?
I wonder whether it's more useful to have the composers listed alphabetically as the periods are quite arbitrary. For example, Beethoven could be easily argued to be a classical composer, especially in his early period. Alternatively they could be classified by nationality or century of birth. --andrewthorne

 * I would say by period or century. The whole "by country" thing opened a whole can of worms on "nationality" vs "culture" on the list of authors page, and as it currently stands is a hideous mess, which I can't fix for fear of edit wars -- Tarquin

 * Yes, this is a chewy problem indeed. I don't think an alphabetical list is very useful - the search function (either wikipedia's or a browsers "search in page" thing) makes alphabetic lists redundant, it seems to me. But there are problems with other classifications, too - "by country" is a problem as Tarquin indicates: is Gustav Mahler Bohemian, Czech or Austrian? Is Igor Stravinsky Russian, Soviet, French or American? "By century" is fair enough, and non-controversial, but also not especially informative, particularly when you get to the twentieth century; Philip Glass and Arnold Schoenberg are/were both 20th century composers, but that's where the similiarity ends. "By period" or "style" or whatever you want to call it, is better, I think - most composers are pretty clear-cut cases (Wagner is clearly romantic, Bach is clearly baroque), and for those that do cross boundaries, I think it's not only acceptable, but very useful to put them in all suitable categories. So Beethoven should be listed under both Classical and Romantic, Schoenberg under Romantic and "modern", and so on. By the way, if anybody fancies trying to split that big "modern classical" group into more meaningful and managable classifications (minimalist, serial, etc), then that would be great (I'd do it myself, but I'm too lazy). --Camembert

 * It's not always easy to draw lines as to who should be in - and who not. However, I have included several of the French spectralists - Grisey, Leroux, Hurel, Murail in the modern list. Time will tell whether they should remain! David Martland 08:18 Dec 6, 2002 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm going to go back on what I said earlier and say that we should divide the list up by century of birth. The reason is that the "period" or "style" divisions are too complicated. What is John Williams? Is Nielsen modern or romantic? Sibelius? I'd say they were both romantic, but chronologically, they're 20th century. Can Brian Eno be considered a classical composer? Better known for pop, certainly, but he did some things which are close to Christian Wolff, and he was classical for sure. So I'm going to rearrange the list according to century of birth and make no distinguishment between baroque and renaissance, popular and classical. If people want to make more style-specific lists, they can do it at baroque music, ragtime music, and so on. --Camembert

 * OK, but let's not completely lose the style/genre association. How about listing the genre after the name?  If there is more than one they fit in or a similar ambiguity, list both.  --Amillar

 * Absolutely - what I'm planning to do is this: move the lists as given here now to their respective genre pages (I've started on this already); then rearrange this list in chronological order; then annotate the list so it will say "Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827), often regarded as the first Romantic composer" and "Terry Riley (dates), minimalist compsoer noted for works such as In C" or something similar. Sound OK? --Camembert

 * I've added a first draft for an English Wikipedia article on the Austrian-German composer Franz Schreker. Since I'm not a professional musician, English is not my mother language and this is my first Wikipedia article at all, any improvement of the draft is appreciated. --Jürgen

 * I've deleted the massive alphabetical list of composers. I believe it was redundant, at best, and served no use that was not already served better by the various listings by certain categories. It's not totally gone, of course. If anyone wishes to reference it, you'll find it here. Naturally, if anyone strongly objects to this removal and thinks this article ought consist of composers of all genres and eras in a single alphabetical list, then we can talk and work it out. Rohirok 04:25, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Film Music Composers
Hi!

Suggest/advise you add Elmer Bernstein to your list of Film Composers. www.elmerbernstein.com

Thanks!

Lisa
 * Done. Thanks. Isomorphic 00:37, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Composer from a Humanities point of view
In English these days students are taught that a composer is anyone who creates a text of any form (print, film, audio, music etc). Do we need to expand this page to include that?

I don't think so. I've never heard of that and I don't think people will search composer looking for authors or filmmakers. PrettyMuchBryce 01:24, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Logo "composer"
I suggest the logo like this may be used at the end of the Composer articles:

This Composer article is part of the Composers Project

 * (Meladina 00:17, 31 May 2006 (UTC))
 * Sorry, no. It's Wikipedia policy not to link to project pages from the main article space. --RobertG ♬ talk 12:26, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

deletion of the alphabetical list
I fail to see why this was deleted. It wasn't THAT big and it is useful. I've reverted this, pending a discussion of this specifically. I fail to see how supressing information adds anything. Musikfabrik 08:13, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It was not suppression of information. I have no interest in preventing people from being informed about composers. I do believe that they will be better informed about composers if they can easily browse for them by era, genre and other classifications. I doubt anyone really needs to know where a specific conductor falls in an alphabetical hierarchy, and the dates for birth and death are the only marginally useful thing within the alphabetical listing. What useful purpose does the alphabetical listing serve? Rohirok 14:16, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is not very useful as an entire list of all composers. However, this list was merged into this article from "List of uncategorized composers" by me about a month ago.  Perhaps adding the header "Uncategorized composers" on the list of names might help.  I realize that would be a mess too, but the list of composers used to have a bunch of fragmented lists (Ragtime composers, jazz composers, etc... see bottom of article).  All of these lists had their own articles, so I deleted those lists and merged the uncategorized composers here.  Basically I merged 2 messes into 1 mess. I started by removing Andrew Lloyd Webber (musical theater composer categorization), hopefully more to follow. Dafoeberezin3494 18:55, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What useful purpose does it serve? It serves by allowing people to push "T" to find the Tchaikovski page and then finding the Hilary Tann page, which should be there....It's not that long, and the use of the list is obvious.
 * The whole business of removing things on one list and putting them on another is another hopeless task. What about Andrew Lloyd Weber's cello Sonata?  Are you cutting that out completely by putting him into the "Music Theatre" slot? It's not so cut and dried as all of that.
 * I really don't understand what the point of trying to make something which is never going to be a "neat" list into just that. There is no way to make this list into and once you do, it's going to be a mess just a few days later.  I firmly believe that "if it ain't broke, don't try to fix it"...Musikfabrik 20:26, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Your argument is that because there cannot be clear cut mutually exclusive categories for any of these composers, except last names I guess, that it would be better to keep an entirely unorganized list than to attempt any sort of categorization at all. Would it please you if we got rid of all these lists and just had 26 lists, one for every letter of the alphabet?  Why don't you create those categories instead?  Categories are supposed to be alphabetical, lists not necessarily so. Dafoeberezin3494 21:18, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In response to Musikfabrik: If people wish to find information on Tchaikovski or any other composer, they can just type it into Search. They don't need an alphabetical list of composers for that. You will notice that neither Tchaikovski nor Hilary Tann are currently listed. This makes sense, given Dafoeberezin's explanation that the names are listed here because they were uncategorized. If this were to be treated as a list that ought to be comprehensive, it would no doubt explode in length, necessitating a split. But such a hypothetically comprehensive list already is split, since lists of composers according to genre, era and other classifications already exist. If that is what the list is to be, then it would be redundant. But as a list of uncategorized composers, it is not redundant, but it surely should be split off into its own article. Rohirok 01:27, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Looking at Lists, I see the following policy regarding the purpose of lists-

The list may be a valuable information source. This is particularly the case for a structured list. Examples would include lists organized chronologically, grouped by theme, or annotated lists. Lists can be used as a table of contents, or if the user is browsing without a specific research goal in mind, they would likely use the See also lists. If the user has a specific research goal in mind, and there is only one or two words that are used to describe the research topic, and they know exactly how to spell the word, they would probably use the search engine box. If the user has some general idea of what they are looking for but does not know the specific terminology, they would tend to use the lists of related topics (also called list of links to related articles). Some lists are useful for Wikipedia development purposes. The lists of related topics give an indication of the state of the 'pedia, the articles that have been written, and the articles that have yet to be written.
 * Information
 * Navigation
 * Development

It would appear that the first "purpose" "Information" would seem to support your position. My position is that the last two purposes support my inclusionary position.

 * You are assuming that people looking for Tchaikovsky would know enough to look in the "List of Romantic composers", would know which spelling to use, would know that Tchaikovsky was Russian. I am assuming that they wouldn't necessarily know that, but would know enough to be able to type composer and then choose from a general alphabetical list of all names in all catagories.  Not everyone has taken music history class.  Don't forget that grade school children who are doing reports for class might need to find this information too.  What about people who are only browsing, looking for ideas, but who don't know what they're looking for?  Research isn't always structured.

 * The general alphabetical list of composers is also extremely useful in terms of the last criteria- Development.  Having a general alphabetical list of composers and seeing which names are dark is a quick way of seeing what needs to be done.  There is something to be said of generalization, even of large subjects such as this...

 * So, you see, the general list is not necessarily redundant, nor is it necessarily not useful.  It depends simply on how it is used.  Plus, regardless of how much you want this list to disappear, there will be people who add "composers" to the "composer" category and once you get the "mess" fixed, it'll just be recreated in a matter of weeks or days.  And is it really a mess?  I don't think so myself....

 * Why am I not doing away with all of the lists you're creating? I have no problem with other lists existing, for those who seek specialized information.  I just don't believe that these specific lists replace a general list, for the reasons cited above. The category of Russian composers and the category composers may overlap, but what's the problem with that? Musikfabrik 08:55, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A further point- I really think that adding the "uncategorized composers" bit could have waited until this discussion was finished; While it might have been there before, it wasn't there when I reverted the alphabetical list.  There is a need for a general list of composers  which are listed outside of genres, aesthetics and nationalities.  It seemed to me (perhaps mistakenly?) that a "list of composers" would be just that...Perhaps the "uncategorized" qualification might be removed while the discussion is taking place, simply as a means of respecting the discussion process?  You will note that I did not delete this...Musikfabrik 09:31, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No, Musikfabrik, I do not expect grade school children doing reports on Tchaikovsky to look in List of Romantic composers and find him there. I expect them to look in a category, or better yet, type it in the search bar.  You propose a list of all composers, even unifying that with songwriters, with no distinction between style of music composed, and yet you warned me on the List of composers by nationality that it had the poential to get extremely large very quickly.  I'm sorry, I really just don't understand your argument at all. Dafoeberezin3494 12:44, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You expect grade school children to look in a category, but how are they to know what category to look in? I'm favouring a list which contains all composers listed without categorization because this is an encylopedia.  An encylopedia, as I've explained to you before, is the universal description of all knowledge arranged without either bias, or hierarchization. The purpose of an encylopedia is to objectively describe the Universe without judging the contents.
 * These qualifications as to what a composer is, arranging based on perceived notions of style (which are quite often very arbitrary, as your own work on "list of Romantic composers" has probably shown you, if you've been paying attention), ideas of value based on established cultural criteria which are often quite arbitrary as well (bias towards European men, undue attention paid to certain forms and not enough to others) are all attempts to establish a hierarchy which clearly goes against the whole idea of what an encylopedia is.

 * It would seem that the basic conflict here is that some of you working on this list have thought that the list of composers was useless. I personally see a great deal to be said for a general list.  I think that it should be allowed to exist, since it seems clear to me that it will continue to exist regardless of what any of us do to stop it from existing.  That said, presenting the specialized information in the various sub-categories is only logical, but is only useful for people who already know what those labels mean....or what they're supposed to mean according to Donald J. Grout  and the like...

Regarding your (Dafoeberezin3494) specific question, I only pointed out that your List of composers by nationality was going to get extremely large because it seemed to me that you were trying to create a small compact list, using a subject which could not be small or compact. It seemed to me that your objectives and your subject were not compatible.

I also perceive that you (specifically Dafoeberezin3494) believe that I am making these comments as some sort of personal crusade against you personally. I assure you that nothing could be further from the truth. This isn't about me or you. This is about how this information should ideally be presented. Please don't see this discussion as anything else. Musikfabrik 13:49, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Musikfabrik, I cant find an article on Wikipedia that has entire list of people for something so broad as composers. There is the List of people by name, but for specific occupation these huge broad lists either do not exist or I can't find them.  If you know of some please provide some links.  I'd really rather see the List of composers by name series be recreated, including the 7 that I deleted, than to see one giant list of composers.  If it means having 72 lists of composers, then fine. Dafoeberezin3494 15:45, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

A few examples-

Here's one - List_of_inventors

Here's another - List_of_boxers

Here's yet another - List_of_biologists

Here's a fourth, divided by Nationality - List_of_Swimmers

And speaking of huge categories - List_of_dentists

There are probably many more dentists in the World than there are composers....and yet they all seem to fit on one page....

The List_of_famous_conductors is arranged in an alphabetical list...I could do without the "famous" bit, myself...

So, these sorts of lists do exist. Musikfabrik 16:01, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * None of those lists are nearly as long as the list that you are proposing, Musikfabrik. Do you realize that the List of 20th century classical composers is as long as List of biologists?  Your proposed page would be at least 5x longer than that!  And by the way, List of famous conductors redirects to List of conductors.  So other people could do without the "famous" bit as well, Musikfabrik. Dafoeberezin3494 16:12, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I looked at all of the lists you pointed out, Musikfabrik. List of inventors tells what each invented. List of biologists gives the nationality and specialty of each person. List of swimmers gives nationality. List of dentists gives a brief biographical note explaining the each dentist's significance. These are all useful lists because they do more than just give someone's name and their birth/death years. They perform a function beyond that of a category. You also point to List of boxers, but this list has exactly the same problem that List of composers would have if it were to take the form you're proposing--it's no better than a category. Just because other lists are in a mostly useless form doesn't mean this one should be in the same form.

 * Like Dafoeberezin and I have said before: If people want to find information on a particular composer, all they have to do is type his or her name into the little box on the left of the screen and hit "Go" or "Search." They don't need a massive alphabetical list of all composers (and songwriters) to find the information they're looking for. And they don't need to know the era or genre of the composer to do this either.

 * Also please note, Musikfabrik, that you are proposing an entirely new direction for this list. If we follow your recommendations, the list would be quite a bit longer than it is now. The editors who have brought the list to this point had already decided to split the general list into more specific lists, and the composers that remain are here because they haven't yet been categorized. Changing this into a comprehensive list of composers would be a step backwards, not forwards. Rohirok 18:42, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that "The editors who have brought the list to this point had already decided to split the general list into more specific lists" is beside the point and not the issue here. To quote Naming_conventions

 * "articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists."
 * The point I'm trying to make is that the specialized lists do not replace the general list because...they are specialized. In order to use the specialized lists, you have to have more knowledge than the "general  audience" refered to in Wikipedia:Naming_conventions has.  I remember during my student days hearing an otherwise very talented pianist ask my analysis professor at the Paris Conservatory whether Bach came before or after Beethoven.  If someone who is studying music professionally asks these sorts of questions, then how can you expect people whose exposure to classical music consists of listening to Strauss Waltzes on the afternoon Classical music station while they're ironing to know the difference between Classical and Baroque Music?  How many people  in the "general public" know that "romantic music" has nothing to do with   Harlequin books?  These are the people that this project is aimed at, not those of us who already have more in our library shelves than is already in the entire music section of this site...
 * This is further complicated by the fact that scholars who are specialized in these fields find these labels of "baroque", "classical", "romantic" etc to be essentially meaningless outside of a specific standard definition which fails to hold up when you look at what's actually happening. Monteverdi and Handael are both "Baroque" composers, yet they really don't have very much in common if you look at the music itself. If you consider that Francis Poulenc and Anton Webern are contemporaries, what does "Modernist" mean?  Even today, Jean Françaix, Steve Reich and Morton Subotnik were all alive and composing at the same time?  What does this mean?  I know that Françaix knew Reich's music because I personally introduced it to him, but I'm absolutely certain that he didn't know anything by Subotnik.  What meaning does it have to lump them together?  Is it any more meaning than putting people in alphabetical order? I don't have the answer to this question, but it merits reflection.
 * So perhaps, in this light, an entirely new direction is needed? If the article of "list of composers" is too long, why not do an alphabetical list, divided up by letters?  This would permit those who don't know what the periods, styles and the like to be able to browse names and find what they need....which is ultimately the point of all of this, isn't it?  In any case, this isn't about what "we" think, it's about what's useful as a reference for the "general public", at least as I read the official policy.   Musikfabrik 19:45, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean by doing 26 alphabetical lists? Because it seems like I suggested that earlier and you did not acknowledge that. Dafoeberezin3494 19:48, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

If one list is too long, that does seem to be the obvious solution, doesn't it?Musikfabrik 19:52, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's why I suggested it!!! Let's see what Rohirok thinks... Dafoeberezin3494 19:56, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't care whether specialists or the general public are looking at Wikipedia, because a general list of all composers gives neither of these groups anything of value that a category or use of the Search function would not give. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information, and that's exactly what such a list would be, especially if it is to include not just those colloquially disinguished as composers, but songwriters too. Meaningful divisions according to genre, era, nationality, etc. help both specialists and general readers better use, digest, and even browse through information. What you propose does not make the information more accessible to anyone, but more remote and even less useful, because it divides composers up according to less meaningful alphabetical distinctions. Uninformed readers who wish to know more about composers aren't going to navigate through 26 different lists--some of them no doubt massive--of names they don't recognize so they can learn more about composers. They'll be better served by following a judicious and representative sampling of the most prominent composers within an article about composers. As they become more informed, browsing specific lists will be more edifying than browsing merely alphabetical lists.

 * Don't forget that this article was recently on the AfD chopping block, and only survived because there was no consensus to keep or delete--not exactly a resounding endorsement of its current state. The reasons given for deletion pointed out precisely the problems that will only be exacerbated by making this a comprehensive list of all composers and songwriters. Rohirok 02:45, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

You are forgetting that the article was up on AfD recently because it is being dismantled daily in order that the list be chopped up into information "nuggets" which are organized according to an arbitrary structure which, although would certainly get you a passing grade in Freshman Music History at your local state university, is neither specialized nor general. It's "status quo".

 * The list in its current dismantled form has glaring holes which would need to be filled, but that could easily be fixed. The fact that the vote of "no consesus" with many clear "strong keep" votes was made given the current state of this list speaks volumes.

 * I'm not asking you to take apart this cozy little musicological cocoon that you've constructed: I would imagine that it would be most useful for people trying to pass these music history classes. I am however suggesting that these lists do not replace the general list precisely because 1. they impose this artificial structure and 2. they require specialized knowledge to navigate.

 * A list of composers in alphabetical order is already as specific as any number of lists (list of dentists, list of swimmers etc already cited). I suppose that these lists could be chopped up into sublists of "list of orthodontists", "list of breaststroke specialists" etc, but you already have to know enough about the particular dentist or the swimmer to know where to look.  If you already know that, chances are that you wouldn't need to look at the article in the first place.

 * I am rather perplexed however that you would make the comment that "I don't care whether specialists or the general public are looking at Wikipedia" because the project very clearly states that the information collected here is made to be optimized for use by the general public. It  would seem to me that this is at the heart of this difference of opinion, as it would seem to me that you are making some assumptions about the general public which would appear to me to be not quite realistic.

 * For example, in order to properly use the search function on Wikipedia, one has to have a pretty clear idea about how something is spelled. How many native English speakers can instinctively know how to spell names in other languages? What happens when you put "Chaikavski" or "Yanacheck" into the search function?  Try it and see.  This is clearly an issue in this category.Musikfabrik 09:15, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You know, it's not a crime to make redirects for misspellings. Dafoeberezin3494 11:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

That's certainly true, but decidedly beside the point. If you're trying to spell something phonetically, it's easier to be able to choose from a list which you can skim, rather than trying to guess using limited linguistic skills. There's certainly no way to redirect all misspellings in all cases, in any case. Musikfabrik 12:35, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * So, if someone not musically inclined spells it "Chaikavski", they are going to search a gargantuan list and use phonetics to find him in the Ts? I simply fail to see the logic behind this.  It's not beside the point.  Please don't dismiss my argument. Dafoeberezin3494 16:06, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

It is faster to skim a list than it is to try to guess alternative spellings. One could reasonable skim 26 lists (even if they were long) than one could type in spellings and wait for the responses. The alphabetical list is useful for this. Musikfabrik 20:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Definition of Composer
I don't agree with the distinction being made between "composer" and "songwriter". To quote the dictionary definitions in two standard dictionaries-

one that composes; especially : a person who writes music
 * Merriam-Webster =

 * Cambridge Dictionary of American English = A person who writes music

There is no distinction bectween the person writing and what is written. So, someone who writes symphonies and someone who writes songs are both composers.

Are Franz Schubert, Francis Poulenc, Charles Ives and Ned Rorem then "song writers"? It seems to me that the distinction is not only false, but also creates a false hierarchy. Musikfabrik 09:37, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but I cracked this evening and had to change the opening blerb. A composer is someone who writes music and there should not be distinction made concerning what is being written, according to the dictionary definition...Musikfabrik 20:08, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to give people a fair chance to compare here are the dictionary definitions of songwriter-

a person who composes words or music or both especially for popular songs
 * Merriam-Webster =

a person who writes the music and words of songs
 * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary =

Just so people can see those definitions as well. Dafoeberezin3494 20:16, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Your point is well taken, but the definitions are not exclusive, as far as I can see. Musikfabrik 20:21, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * While you're technically correct that a songwriter is a composer, colloquially speaking, a songwriter is generally understood to be a writer of (usually brief) popular songs within in certain genres, such as blues, rock, pop, country, etc. In contrast, a composer is generally understood to be someone who writes pieces or works (usually longer than "songs") within various classical genres, but also jazz or even ragtime. When's the last time you heard a pop songwriter referred to as a composer, or a classical composer referred to as a songwriter? The distinction exists in everyday speech, and I think it ought to reflected here, even if there are exceptional cases. Rohirok 02:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

You are speaking from the vantage point of outdated Eurocentric musicological rhetoric. Current thinking would tend to blur the distinction between popular and serious forms since historically they are generally not present, outside of the 19th century post-Beethovan German aesthetic of "composer". Yet, Schubert's Ländler and Brahms Waltzes are clearly popular forms, so even here this distinction does not hold up to closer analysis. Quite clearly, the dictionary definition of the word "composer" does not make the distinction between what is written and the intention with which that is written. I would think that, especially given the current climate in musicology, this defintion could be taken as a "given". I also think that a lot of people that you're lumping into the "songwriter" category would have quite a bit to say about what that implies. I think that calling everyone who writes music a "composer" is only respectful all of traditions and all intents. You might try reading "Tristes Tropiques" by Lévi-Strauss (or really, anything by him) before you start judging cultural creations with the rules of another culture.Musikfabrik 09:00, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

A Favour
Would it be too much to ask that deletions or additions not be made on the so-called "list of uncategorized composers" while this discussion is taking place? While the usefulness of the list is being discussed, it would seem to me to be important that changes not be made until the issue is resolved, to avoid an unnecessary "edit war". Thank you. Musikfabrik 19:26, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Request for Comment: List of composers
This is a dispute about whether this article should include a comprehensive list of all composers alphabetically by name, and about whether all songwriters ought to be included in such a list. 03:16, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Statements by editors previously involved in dispute
 * Such a list would be redundant and an indiscriminate collection of information with no use that could not be better served by a category or the Search function. Songwriters ought to be listed separately from composers, since they are considered distinct in everyday speech. Rohirok 03:14, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Using the conventions of Naming_conventions
 * "articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.",

It seems to me that the first priority of any such lists should be towards allowing the general public to have access to information without having any specialized knowledge.

Furthermore, according toLists, the purpose of lists is three-fold

 * Information
 * Navigation
 * Development

The alphabetical general list clearly provides all three aspects of the list definition presented without the assumption that everyone who needs this information has had a music history class. All one needs to know is to have a vague idea about the spelling of a given name and one can choose from a list. Or one can simply click names. The list of all composers also provides a very clear view of what articles have been written and which ones have not, on a general topic basis. This is clearly an advantage.

If the specialized lists are allowed to remain (and this was never at the center of the debate), the general list provides the function of allowing people without the specialized knowledge to be able to find the information they need...or simply browse in unstructured research, from an alphabetical list of names which are uncluttered by notions of geographical location (which changes over time. For example, Brussels, Belgium was located in France during part of the 19th century.  Is Franck therefore a French composer?), conventions of stylistic periods which have been shown repeatedly to be meaningless by musicological research, and justaposition of composers who, although were contemporaries, clearly have nothing to do with each other musically.

In any case, given the simple fact that the sucessful navigation of the "period" and "geographical" lists require understanding which cannot of expected of the "general public", it seems clear that they do not replace the general category of "list of composers".

Given the argument of "the list will then be too long" if all composers are listed in the category, the compromise has been offered to divide the general list into 26 alphabetical lists sorted by first letter. Since many of these alphabetical lists were deleted due to "lack of entries" previously, it seems to me that these 26 pages would all be of reasonable length. If they weren't, then "List of Composers:TAI-TEU" etc (which seems to work for libraries well enough...), would then be another way of splitting the various lists into reasonable length.

Seperating "composers" from "songwriters" is clearly going against the dictionary definition of the word "composer", does not take into account classical composers who wrote popular songs (Where do you put John Gay's "the Beggars Opera", which is in every general Music History book that I've ever seen, but obviously a collection of popular songs arranged into a book musical...) and which creates a hierachy based on assuptions of value which do not take into account specific cultural meanings of works within specific cultural systems. Musikfabrik 08:52, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Comments
 * I wish I had a more definitive comment to add. While my inclination is to list everyone who writes music (would either proposal include lyricists and librettists?) - the concerns over space do seem legitimate - yet if I were a twelve-year-old schoolchild I might not know enough to do a genre search.  Is that muddled enough?  I noticed that Hildegard of Bingen was absent and added her. Durova 14:04, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Addressing your two concerns- Lyricists and Librettists would clearly be in other lists entirely, but perhaps links to these lists would need to be added to allow browsers to find those topics. Concerning the space issues, surely there is a way to divide the list up alphabetically and then further dividing the longer lists using the same system that libraries uses for this kind of division (BAI to BED or something like that....). The space issues can be resolved and the benefits clearly outweigh the drawbacks, at least from my point of view.
 * Hildegard of Bingen had already been moved to one of the "genre" lists. Thank you for adding her again to this list.  I really wish that the deletions would cease until this issue is resolve, which would mean less work in putting the list together again, if it is deemed worthy of keeping it.... Musikfabrik 14:12, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I really wish that certain people wouldn't complain every time I make an edit. I don't know if you noticed, Musikfabrik, but I have not taken Germaine Tailleferre off the list yet.  She could be placed in Category:Composers for piano, or a stylistic category.  I see she even has some film scores; that's good as well, because it's okay if she is in a few categories that make sense.  I noticed you have put her in these categories yet.  You seem to edit that page a lot, why don't you do that? Dafoeberezin3494 16:15, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Then from what I understand about Wikipedia lists, either approach would be feasible as long as the introduction defined the list in an adequate way. The only real difficulty I see is in defining a disctinction between high art and popular music.  "Classical music" means different things to different people: to the general public Bach and Vivaldi are classical composers, but to a music historian they're baroque composers.  Individuals such as George Gershwin who wrote both "serious" and popular music could appear on more than one list (if the lists separate).  If the lists do remain together, then how would you handle jazz - in which the musician's contribution may be the most important creative element - particularly free jazz artists such as John Coltrane? Durova 19:00, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Concerning the difference between "high art and popular music", I personally believe that this distinction should not be made since it goes against the encylopedic idea of not creating hierarchies. What do you do about the instrumental music of Middle ages, which is almost exclusively in the area of "popular dance music"? What do you do about people like John Zorn and Frank Zappa who work in both worlds?

The genre distinctions are much more complex than all of that. To a serious music historian, Bach and Vivaldi are not both "baroque" composers because the term "baroque" is a reference to the Catholic counter-reform and only really refers to architecture. True baroque musique basically only exists, oddly, at the French court of Louis XIV at Versailles, a king who could not stand the baroque aesthetic, because the music accompanied entertainments which only lasted during the evening. To a non-specialist, the genre lists are incomprehensible. To a specialist, they are meaningless. And since we're supposed to be writing an encylopedia for the general public, isn't it better to at least provide a way of finding the information without having to wade through these very questionable classifications?

Dafoeberezin3494, I must say modestly that there is perhaps one person in the World who knows as much as I do about Germaine Tailleferre, and there is certainly no one else who knows more. Tailleferre could be placed in the categories of opera composer, modernist composer, 20th century composer, film music composer, musical theatre composer (she wrote a musical for the cornation of Prince Rainier of Monoco in 1953), and popular songwriter (she wrote a number of works for the French Pop singer Jacques Douai which were recorded and which are still available on CD). There is no easy way to categorize her career, simply because she wrote in all styles, from serial music to outright pop idiom. Plus, she was on e of the first people who understood the important of French baroque music and even wrote a work in 1936 which uses the baroque instruments which in the collection of the Countess de Chambore and which are now the basis of the Paris Conservatory collection. If anyone proves that these classifications are artificial, it's Tailleferre.

If you feel that you have have something to add to the Tailleferre article, please do so. Articles should be written about her two Violin Sonatas and the late Violin Sonatina. Please write them if you feel so inclined.

However, as a specialist, I feel strongly that people who are doing research should not have to know as much I do in order to find their information. That is the point of this discussion. Again, I ask you to please not take this personally.Musikfabrik 19:17, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, considering the length at List of dinosaurs which is sailing through WP:FLC toward featured status, I suppose length isn't an issue. This looks like a compelling argument (and even makes me question the somewhat arbitrary divisions already in place at a featured list I edit: Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc.  Is there a counterargument I should take into account? Durova 20:38, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, considering the length at List of dinosaurs which is sailing through WP:FLC toward featured status, I suppose length isn't an issue. This looks like a compelling argument (and even makes me question the somewhat arbitrary divisions already in place at a featured list I edit: Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc.  Is there a counterargument I should take into account? Durova 20:38, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Length is still an issue. I already said to take a look at List of 20th century classical composers.  Take a look at the length.  Now imagine all Romantic, Classical era, Baroque era, Renaissance, and Medieval composers (if those are valid distinctions in the first place), as well as all 20th century nonclassical composers and songwriters and imagine what the length would be then?  At least 5x as long as the current List of 20th century classical composers.

 * Also, if you look at the edit history of this article, you will see how there was a list or each of the 7 eras on this page before it was split into 7 separate articles. Apparently no one has noticed this yet. Dafoeberezin3494 21:26, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Then would the two of you consider a compromise and use Category:Composers as the overarching theme and divide the names over smaller era- and genre lists? A person who composed in more than one style of music could appear on more than one list. Durova 23:28, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Category:Composers has also suffered the same sort of dismantling, for much the same reasons. This is part of the same issue, but I felt that it should not be addressed here, as this discussion is about this list. It's much better to focus on this one issue at a time, rather than trying to solve everything at once.

 * I do not see this as an acceptable compromise as

 * 1. the general list is specific enough to be considered "discriminant", or at least as "discriminant" as many other lists are. A general list of composers has been demonstrated to be a needed ressource according to the latest AfD discussion.
 * 2. The uncategorized contents would provide an easier way for people who were not aware of these questionable "periods" and other such issues to easily find content.
 * 3. Its conformity to established Wikipedia policies concerning lists has been demonstrated above.
 * 4. The length issues can easily be resolved by dividing the general list into smaller subsections and then maintaining those, dividing as needed.

 * Why is it such a problem to allow what should exist to exist? I fail to see why this is such an issue. Why not just allow what is to be, since it is clearly needed and will exist, regardless of what any of us do?  Musikfabrik 07:56, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Musikfabrik, if you read WikiProject Composers, you will find that they say to avoid placing composers in the broad Category:Composers, regardless of what you think.

 * If you think that all these periods are questionable, then why don't you bring it up on any of those pages or on the WikiProject page? Why here?

 * And you still haven't acknowledged that the page would be 5x the length of List of 20th century classical composers, unless we split it up. How about this Musikfabrik.  26 new lists, with a template at the bottom linking all 26 together.  I do like colorful pages (note the flags of List of composers by nationality.  I really just want to avoid a gargantuan list of composers at any cost, even if it means having 72 lists. Dafoeberezin3494 12:39, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hm - how about posting to the Wikiproject and asking its participants for their advice? I seem to be the only respondant off RfC and I'm certainly no music expert.  Best wishes, Durova 15:49, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Dafoeberezin3494, I really don't mind if there are two hundred different alphabetical pages. I think that the basic resource of "list of composers" should be there and can certainly accept it being split up into any number of chucks. I still think, looking over the "genre" pages, that 26 lists would probably be about right, but it could be split up any way, as long as there was a way to browse all of the pages using some sort of a table with all of the lists linked, such as in List of people. Musikfabrik 20:58, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Jen Powell-Psmith 09:04, 11 September 2006 (UTC) New Wikipedia user comments I am a novice here, but in case a fresh point of view helps:

Hope this helps.
 * I would expect to find composers / songwriters listed separately. In the same way that I would expect to look for opera in a different part of the CD store from Jeff Buckley, or say the Sound of Music sountrack (I am a fan of all three). But I would also expect to find the links, just in case I get lost. Separating songwriters would allow for a shorter and consequently more reader friendly list in both cases. I don't think the way the lists are sorted has any bearing on the merits of the individuals.
 * I looked at how some other similar Wikipedia lists are composed, such as artists who can be sorted any number of ways (by medium, by movement, name, nationality and style). I like the current arrangement of listing composers different ways, including alphabetically.

Proposal concerning alphabetical list
I would not object to creation of a comprehensive list of composers by name if it were given its own article under List of composers by name, and as long as the length were kept reasonable by splitting it up into alphabetically grouped chunks as needed. Such a list could be the first one linked at List of composers.

I would object to reclassifying all songwriters as composers on utilitarian grounds, since most readers looking for information about composers are unlikely to want information on people conventionally referred to as songwriters, and vice versa. The distinction that the general public makes between "composers" and "songwriters" is a real one, even if it is somewhat arbitrary, and even though there are certainly overlaps between the two categories. If a list of all those conventionally considered composers and songwriters were to made, I believe it ought to be called "List of composers and songwriters." Rohirok 16:26, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

I would find naming the alphabetical general list "List of composers and songwriters." acceptable, as long as no distinction was made on the list between the two types of composers, since songwriters are obviously also composers. However, it seems to me that others should also have their say as to whether this was a proper compromise.

However, I strongly feel that the general alphabetical list should be located at List of composers and songwriters and the lists of periods and nationalities should be transfered to independant lists of composers (and songwriters) by nationalities and periods, leaving the general list in the main genre category. I think that this should be the case because this general list is indeed to be a primary resource for those who don't have the knowlege to look in the period lists. This would fulfill the basic criteria of naming the list for the general public and those who understand what the period categories mean can just as easily click on the seperate specific lists.

This does not solve the problem of people who will inevitably put "composers" into the "list of composers" which will eventually be recreated...unless someone has an idea of how to get them to put composers in a composite list? It still seems to me that "list of composers" is the natural place for all of these to be, but I am willing to compromise if that creates some sort of settlement of this issue.

Is this acceptable?Musikfabrik 20:52, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

If you were to create a separate article entitled List of composers by name, and then we listed it as the first entry in List of composers, I would be satisfied. I question the usefulness of such a broad list, and still believe it is unnecessary for reasons already outlined and reiterated, but I will yield on this matter. This would preserve the listing by classifications that I have favored, yet the primacy of the alphabetical list would, I believe, fulfill your interest in having a general lists as "a primary resource for those who don't have the knowlege to look in the period lists." I don't foresee anyone attempting to add more composer names to List of composers after the list of names has been moved to its own article. We should vote to determine consensus. See below. Rohirok 03:42, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Vote on compromise
Please indicate whether you Support or Oppose the following course of action:

Create List of composers by name and list this article as the first item in List of composers.

 * Support. Rohirok 03:42, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. As an acceptable compromise. Musikfabrik 21:33, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. And we can break it up as needed from there. Dafoeberezin3494 22:25, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added a link to this discussion and a brief summary on the page Talk:List_of_composers_by_name. While it's generally not done to edit other users talk page contributions, if anyone feels that I've misrepresented anything there, please go ahead and edit what I've written there.  Or simply add the material which you feel should be there.  Thanks. Musikfabrik 10:47, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Friendly suggestion: a table formatted list could provide a quick reference for time periods and genres. While the construction of such a list would be daunting, it might ultimately qualify for WP:FL. Durova 01:38, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. Looks very nice and tidy. Good work. Sjakkalle (Check!)  05:58, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

this isn't true because composers aren't only people that writh andcompose they are people of mind.
 * Weak support; responding to RfC. Given the debate about songwriters/composers, name the page List of composers and songwriters by name, list as first item in List of composers, and make no distinction on the "by name" page.  The "by name" page serves as a literal "index" to individual articles, if all the person searching has is a name and little else.  The more scholarly lists can and should also exist alongside this superlist, IMO.  OscarTheCat 23:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

List of quotations - should we remove it?
I vote that we remove the list of quotations in the article. They don't really add any new information and it's rather unencyclopaedic to keep them there. Is anyone opposed to this? --DearPrudence 17:22, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now removed the section. --DearPrudence 22:13, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Erik Satie
Is there some reason why Satie is not listed, or was this just an oversight. He didn't write a whole lot, but his Gymopedies are famousDrmrj (talk) 16:20, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Composers generally known for a single work
Is there a list anywhere? There are hundreds of such people. Candidates would include: -- JackofOz (talk) 03:21, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Henry Litolff - known for the scherzo movement of the Concerto Symphonique No. 4
 * Christian Sinding - known for "Rustle of Spring"
 * Hamish MacCunn - known for "The Land of the Mountain and the Flood" overture
 * Ignace Leybach - known (if at all these days) for the "Fifth Nocturne"
 * Emil Reznicek - known for the "Donna Diana" overture
 * etc

Jazz
Since there is a list of Ragtime composers, why isn't there a list of Jazz composers? --66.81.159.156 (talk) 01:00, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Soundtrack or Film Score
Why is there a list of Film Score composers and also a list of Soundtrack composers? Aren't they the same? --66.81.159.156 (talk) 01:07, 23 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In fact List of soundtrack composers just redirects to List of film score composers, so it need not be listed on this page. Well spotted!  --Deskford (talk) 01:14, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Stanisław Skrowaczewski
I would like to see Stanisław Skrowaczewski added to the articles "List of Composers" and "Category:20th-century conductors (music)." I'm assuming that it was only by oversight that he was left out, since he is quite prominent and is included in the articles "Polish conductors (music)" and "Minnesota Orchestra Music Directors," among others. KasperCat (talk) 18:56, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

Skrowaczewski is included in "List of Polish composers" as well. KasperCat (talk) 19:02, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lists of composers


text:
Christian of Oliva

Christian of Oliva (Chrystian z Oliwy), also Christian of Prussia (Christian von Preußen) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.

History
Christian was born about 1180 in the Duchy of Pomerania, possibly in the area of Chociwel (according to Johannes Voigt). Probably as a juvenile he joined the Cistercian Order at newly established Kołbacz (Kolbatz) Abbey and in 1209 entered Oliwa Abbey near Gdańsk, founded in 1178 by the Samboride dukes of Pomerelia. At this time the Piast duke Konrad I of Masovia with the consent of Pope Innocent III had started the first of several unsuccessful Prussian Crusades into the adjacent Chełmno Land and Christian acted as a missionary among the Prussians east of the Vistula River.

In 1209, Christian was commissioned by the Pope to be responsible for the Prussian missions between the Vistula and Neman Rivers and in 1212 he was appointed bishop. In 1215 he went to Rome in order to report to the Curia on the condition and prospects of his mission, and was consecrated first "Bishop of Prussia" at the Fourth Council of the Lateran. His seat as a bishop remained at Oliwa Abbey on the western side of the Vistula, whereas the pagan Prussian (later East Prussian) territory was on the eastern side of it.

The attempts by Konrad of Masovia to subdue the Prussian lands had picked long-term and intense border quarrels, whereby the Polish lands of Masovia, Cuyavia and even Greater Poland became subject to continuous Prussian raids. Bishop Christian asked the new Pope Honorius III for the consent to start another Crusade, however a first campaign in 1217 proved a failure and even the joint efforts by Duke Konrad with the Polish High Duke Leszek I the White and Duke Henry I the Bearded of Silesia in 1222/23 only led to the reconquest of Chełmno Land but did not stop the Prussian invasions. At least Christian was able to establish the Diocese of Chełmno east of the Vistula, adopting the episcopal rights from the Masovian Bishop of Płock, confirmed by both Duke Konrad and the Pope.

Duke Konrad of Masovia still was not capable to end the Prussian attacks on his territory and in 1226 began to conduct negotiations with the Teutonic Knights under Grand Master Hermann von Salza in order to strengthen his forces. As von Salza initially hesitated to offer his services, Christian created the military Order of Dobrzyń (Fratres Milites Christi) in 1228, however to little avail.

Meanwhile, von Salza had to abandon his hope to establish an Order's State in the Burzenland region of Transylvania, which had led to an éclat with King Andrew II of Hungary. He obtained a charter by Emperor Frederick II issued in the 1226 Golden Bull of Rimini, whereby Chełmno Land would be the unshared possession of the Teutonic Knights, which was confirmed by Duke Konrad of Masovia in the 1230 Treaty of Kruszwica. Christian ceded his possessions to the new State of the Teutonic Order and in turn was appointed Bishop of Chełmno the next year.

Bishop Christian continued his mission in Sambia (Samland), where from 1233 to 1239 he was held captive by pagan Prussians, and freed in trade for five other hostages who then in turn were released for a ransom of 800 Marks, granted to him by Pope Gregory IX. He had to deal with the constant cut-back of his autonomy by the Knights and asked the Roman Curia for mediation. In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided the Prussian lands of the Order's State into four dioceses, whereby the bishops retained the secular rule over about on third of the diocesan territory: all suffragan dioceses under the Archbishopric of Riga. Christian was supposed to choose one of them, but did not agree to the division. He possibly retired to the Cistercians Abbey in Sulejów, where he died before the conflict was solved.
 * Bishopric of Chełmno (Chełmno Land, Ziemia Chełminska)
 * Bishopric of Pomesania (Pomesania)
 * Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland) (state)/ Diocese of Warmia (ecclesiastical ambit)
 * Bishopric of Samland (Sambia)

title: Christian of Oliva