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Eyes Wide Shut

Eyes Wide Shut is a 1999 erotic mystery psychological drama film directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on the 1926 novella Dream Story (Traumnovelle) by Arthur Schnitzler, transferring the story's setting from early twentieth-century Vienna to 1990s New York City. The plot centers on a physician (Tom Cruise) who is shocked when his wife (Nicole Kidman) reveals that she had contemplated having an affair 12 months earlier. He then embarks on a night-long adventure, during which he infiltrates a masked orgy of an unnamed secret society.

Kubrick obtained the filming rights for Dream Story in the 1960s, considering it a perfect text for a film adaptation about sexual relations. He revived the project in the 1990s when he hired writer Frederic Raphael to help him with the adaptation. The film, which was mostly shot in England, apart from some exterior establishing shots, includes a detailed recreation of exterior Greenwich Village street scenes made at Pinewood Studios. The film's production, at 400 days, holds the Guinness World Record for the longest continuous film shoot.

Kubrick died of a heart attack six days after showing the final cut of Eyes Wide Shut to Warner Bros., making it the final film he directed. He reportedly considered it his "greatest contribution to the art of cinema". In order to ensure a theatrical R rating in the United States, Warner Bros. digitally altered several sexually explicit scenes during post-production. This version was premiered on July 13, 1999, before being released on July 16, to generally positive but polarized reviews from critics. Box office receipts for the film worldwide were about $162 million, making it Kubrick's highest-grossing film. The uncut version has since been released in DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats. Eyes Wide Shut has been critically reevaluated and included in several lists of the greatest films of the 1990s, and is retrospectively considered one of Stanley Kubrick's best films.

Plot
Dr. William "Bill" Harford and his wife Alice live in New York City with their daughter Helena. At a Christmas party hosted by patient Victor Ziegler, Bill reunites with old medical school classmate Nick Nightingale, who now plays piano professionally. An older Hungarian guest attempts to seduce Alice, while two young models try to seduce Bill. Ziegler interrupts with news of an overdose by Mandy, a young woman Victor was having sex with. Bill aids in Mandy's recovery.

The next night, while smoking marijuana, Alice and Bill discuss their unfulfilled temptations. Bill is not jealous of other men's attraction to Alice, believing women to be naturally faithful. Alice admits to fantasizing about a naval officer she met on vacation and considered leaving Bill and Helena. Bill is disturbed before being called to a patient's house. The patient's daughter, Marion, tries to seduce Bill, but he resists.

After leaving Marion's, Bill meets a prostitute named Domino. When Alice calls, Bill backs out and pays Domino anyway after only kissing her. He then meets Nick at a jazz club. Nick describes a masked orgy in a mansion outside New York City at which he will play piano blindfolded, and gives Bill the password to enter the party. Bill goes to a costume store owned by a patient of his in order to buy an outfit to fit in at the masked orgy. Finding the costume store now owned by a man named Milich, he offers money to rent a costume from the shop, where he and Milich find Milich's young daughter with two men.

Bill goes to the mansion and gives the password, discovering a sexual ritual in progress. A masked woman warns him he is in danger. He is brought before the master of ceremonies who demands to know a second password for the house, revealing that the password Bill has is only to enter the grounds. Bill removes his mask at the demand of the master of ceremonies, but the woman who warned him intervenes. She insists on redeeming him, at a personal cost. Bill is let off with a warning to keep quiet.

Bill comes home feeling guilty and confused, only to find Alice laughing in her sleep. He wakes her up and she tearfully tells him about a dream where she was having sex with the naval officer and many other men, and laughing at the idea of Bill watching. The next day, Bill goes to Nick's hotel, but the desk clerk tells him that Nick left with two dangerous-looking men. Bill returns the costume, but realizes he has misplaced the mask, and learns that Milich has sold his teenage daughter into sex slavery. Milich implies that Bill can pay to have sex with his daughter if he likes.

In the afternoon, consumed by thoughts of his wife's infidelity, Bill leaves work early and returns to the site of the orgy. At the front gate, he is handed an envelope with a warning to stay away. That evening, Bill tries to call Marion, but hangs up when her fiancé answers. He decides to go to Domino's apartment to consummate their affair, but is met by her roommate, Sally. Although there is sexual tension between them, Sally informs Bill that Domino has just received news that she is HIV-positive. Bill leaves.

After leaving the apartment, Bill is followed by a mysterious figure. He discovers from a newspaper article that an ex-beauty queen has died from an overdose and identifies her as Mandy at the morgue. Later, Ziegler summons him and admits to being a guest at the orgy. Ziegler reveals that there was no second password at all, and failing to know this is what outed Bill as an outsider. Ziegler assures Bill that the secret society only aims to intimidate him into silence but implies that they are capable of taking action if necessary. Bill is concerned about Nick's disappearance and the death of Mandy, whom he correctly identifies as the masked orgy participant who sacrificed herself for him. Ziegler claims Nick is safely back with his family in Seattle and that Mandy died from an accidental overdose due to drug addiction and not through any foul play.

Bill returns home to find the rented mask on his pillow and confesses to Alice about the past two days. The next day they go Christmas shopping with their daughter and Bill apologizes to Alice. She suggests they do something "as soon as possible," to which Bill asks what she means. Alice simply responds with one word: "Fuck."

Development
Eyes Wide Shut was developed after Stanley Kubrick read Arthur Schnitzler's Dream Story in 1968, when Kubrick was looking for a project to follow 2001: A Space Odyssey. Kubrick was interested in adapting the story, and with the help of journalist Jay Cocks, bought the filming rights to the novel. For the following decade, Kubrick considered making the Dream Story adaptation a sex comedy "with a wild and somber streak running through it", starring Steve Martin or Woody Allen in the main role. Kubrick also considered Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Dustin Hoffman, Warren Beatty, Albert Brooks, Alan Alda and Sam Shepard for the lead in the 1980s. The project was revived in 1994 when Kubrick hired Frederic Raphael to work on the script, updating the setting from early 20th century Vienna to late 20th century New York City. Kubrick invited his friend Michael Herr, who helped write Full Metal Jacket, to make revisions, but Herr declined for fear he would be underpaid and have to commit to a long production.

Adaptation
Arthur Schnitzler's 1926 novella Dream Story is set around Vienna after the turn of the century. The main characters are a couple named Fridolin and Albertina. The couple's home is a typical suburban middle-class home. Like the protagonist of the novel, Schnitzler was Jewish, lived in Vienna, and was a doctor, although he left medicine to write.

Kubrick frequently removed references to the Jewishness of characters in the novels he adapted. In Eyes Wide Shut, Frederic Raphael, who is Jewish, wanted to keep the Jewish background of the protagonists, but Kubrick disagreed and removed details that would identify characters as Jewish. Kubrick determined Bill should be a "Harrison Ford-ish goy" and created the surname of Harford as an allusion to the actor. In the film, Bill is taunted with homophobic slurs. In the novella, the taunters are members of an anti-Semitic college fraternity. In an introduction to a Penguin Classics edition of Dream Story, Raphael wrote that "Fridolin is not declared to be a Jew, but his feelings of cowardice, for failing to challenge his aggressor, echo the uneasiness of Austrian Jews in the face of Gentile provocation."

The novella is set during the Carnival, when people often wear masks to parties. The party that both husband and wife attend at the opening of the story is a Carnival Masquerade ball, whereas the film's story begins at Christmas time.

In the novella, the party (which is sparsely attended) uses "Denmark" as the password for entrance; that is significant in that Albertina had her infatuation with her soldier in Denmark; the film's password is "Fidelio". In early drafts of the screenplay, the password was "Fidelio Rainbow". Jonathan Rosenbaum noted that both passwords echo elements of one member of the couple's behaviour, though in opposite ways. The party in the novella consists mostly of nude ballroom dancing.

In the novella, the woman who "redeems" Fridolin at the party, saving him from punishment, is costumed as a nun, and most of the characters at the party are dressed as nuns or monks; Fridolin himself used a monk costume. This aspect was retained in the film's original screenplay, but was deleted in the filmed version.

The novella makes it clear that Fridolin at this point hates Albertina more than ever, thinking they are now lying together "like mortal enemies". It has been argued that the dramatic climax of the novella is actually Albertina's dream, and the film has shifted the focus to Bill's visit to the secret society's orgy, whose content is more shocking in the film.

The adaptation created a character with no counterpart in the novella: Ziegler, who represents both the high wealth and prestige to which Bill Harford aspires, and a connection between Bill's two worlds (his regular life, and the secret society organizing the ball). Critic Randy Rasmussen interprets Ziegler as representing Bill's worst self, much as in other Kubrick films; the title character in Dr. Strangelove represents the worst of the American national security establishment, Charles Grady represents the worst of Jack Torrance in The Shining, and Clare Quilty represents the worst of Humbert Humbert in Lolita.

More significantly, in the film, Ziegler gives a commentary on the whole story to Bill, including an explanation that the party incident, where Bill is apprehended, threatened, and ultimately redeemed by the woman's sacrifice, was staged. Whether this is to be believed or not, it is an exposition of Ziegler's view of the ways of the world as a member of the power elite.

Casting
When Warner Bros. president Terry Semel approved production, he asked Kubrick to cast a movie star as "you haven't done that since Jack Nicholson [in The Shining]". Kubrick considered casting Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger as Bill and Alice Harford. Cruise was in England because his wife Nicole Kidman was there filming The Portrait of a Lady (1996), and the pair eventually decided to visit Kubrick's estate. After that meeting, the director awarded them the roles. Kubrick also managed to make both not commit to other projects until Eyes Wide Shut was completed. Kubrick offered Eva Herzigová a role in the film, but she declined.

Jennifer Jason Leigh and Harvey Keitel each were cast in supporting roles and filmed by Kubrick. Reportedly due to scheduling conflicts, both had to drop out – first Keitel with Finding Graceland, then Leigh with eXistenZ. They were replaced by Sydney Pollack and Marie Richardson, respectively, in the final cut. Decades later, Keitel said that he had quit after feeling like Kubrick had "disrespected" him; Gary Oldman added that the breaking point was after Kubrick asked Keitel to do dozens of takes for a scene of his character walking through the door.

In 2019, it was revealed that Cate Blanchett had provided the voice of the mysterious masked woman at the orgy party. Actress Abigail Good could not do a convincing American accent, and Cruise and Kidman ended up suggesting Blanchett for the dubbing, which occurred after Kubrick's death.

Filming
Principal photography began in November 1996. Kubrick's perfectionism led to script pages being rewritten on the set with most scenes requiring numerous takes. The shoot went on for much longer than expected; the actress Vinessa Shaw was initially contracted for two weeks but ended up working for two months while the actor Alan Cumming, who appears in one scene as a hotel clerk, auditioned six times before the filming process. Due to the relentless nature of the production, the crew became exhausted and were reported to have been impacted by low morale. Filming finally wrapped in June 1998. The Guinness World Records recognized Eyes Wide Shut as the longest constant movie shoot that ran "...for over 15 months, a period that included an unbroken shoot of 46 weeks".

Given Kubrick's fear of flying, the entire film was shot in England. Sound-stage works were completed at London's Pinewood Studios which included a detailed recreation of Greenwich Village. Kubrick's perfectionism went as far as sending workmen to Manhattan to measure street widths and note newspaper vending machine locations. Real New York footage was also shot to be rear projected behind Cruise. Production was followed by a strong campaign of secrecy helped by Kubrick always working with a short team on set. Outdoor locations included Hatton Garden for a Greenwich Village street, Hamleys for the toy store from the film's ending, and Mentmore Towers and Elveden Hall in Elveden, Suffolk, England for the mansion. Larry Smith, who had first served as a gaffer on both Barry Lyndon and The Shining, was chosen by Kubrick to be the film's cinematographer. Wherever possible, Smith made use of available light sources visible in the shots such as lamps and Christmas tree lights, but when this was insufficient he used Chinese paper ball lamps to softly brighten the scene and/or other types of film lighting. The color was enhanced by push processing the film reels (emulsion) which helped bring out the intensity of the color and emphasize highlights. This effect is evident in the Christmas party scene at Ziegler's house, with Smith noting that the push processing "made the lights appear to be much brighter than they were" and created a "wonderful warm glow."

Kubrick's perfectionism led him to oversee every visual element that would appear in a given frame, from props and furniture to the color of walls and other objects. One such element were the masks used in the orgy which were inspired by the masked carnival balls visited by the protagonists in the novel. Costume designer Marit Allen explained that Kubrick felt they fit in that scene for being part of the imaginary world and ended up "creat[ing] the impression of menace, but without exaggeration". As many masks as were used in the Venetian carnival were sent to London and Kubrick chose who would wear each piece. The paintings of Kubrick's wife Christiane and his daughter Katherina are featured as decorations.

Nicole Kidman revealed that her explicit scenes with the naval officer, played by Gary Goba, were filmed over three days and that Kubrick wanted them to be 'almost pornographic'.

After shooting had been completed, Kubrick entered a prolonged post-production process and on March 1, 1999, Kubrick showed a cut to Cruise, Kidman and the Warner Bros. executives. The director died six days later.

Music
Jocelyn Pook wrote the original music for Eyes Wide Shut, but, like other Kubrick movies, the film was noted for its use of classical music. The opening title music is Shostakovich's Waltz No. 2 from "Suite for Variety Stage Orchestra", misidentified as "Jazz Suite No. 2". One recurring piece is the second movement of György Ligeti's piano cycle "Musica ricercata". Kubrick originally intended to feature "Im Treibhaus" from Wagner's Wesendonck Lieder, but the director eventually replaced it with Ligeti's tune feeling Wagner's song was "too beautiful". In the morgue scene, Franz Liszt's late solo piano piece, "Nuages Gris" ("Grey Clouds") (1881), is heard. "Rex tremendae" from Mozart's Requiem plays as Bill walks into the café and reads of Mandy's death.

Pook was hired after choreographer Yolande Snaith rehearsed the masked ball orgy scene using Pook's composition "Backwards Priests" – which features a Romanian Orthodox Divine Liturgy recorded in a church in Baia Mare, played backwards – as a reference track. Kubrick then called the composer and asked if she had anything else "weird" like that song, which was reworked for the final cut of the scene, with the title "Masked Ball". Pook ended up composing and recording four pieces of music, many times based on her previous work, totaling 24 minutes. The composer's work ended up having mostly string instruments – including a viola played by Pook herself – with no brass or woodwinds as Pook "just couldn't justify these other textures", particularly as she wanted the tracks played on dialogue-heavy scenes to be "subliminal" and felt such instruments would be intrusive.

Another track in the orgy, "Migrations", features a Tamil song sung by Manickam Yogeswaran, a Carnatic singer. The original cut featured a scriptural recitation from the Bhagavad Gita, which Pook took from a previous Yogeswaran recording. South African Hindu Mahasabha, a Hindu group, protested against the scripture being used, Warner Bros. issued a public apology, and hired the singer to record a similar track to replace the chant.

The party at Ziegler's house features rearrangements of love songs such as "When I Fall in Love" and "It Had to Be You", used in increasingly ironic ways considering how Alice and Bill flirt with other people in the scene. As Kidman was nervous about doing nude scenes, Kubrick stated she could bring music to liven up. When Kidman brought a Chris Isaak CD, Kubrick approved it, and incorporated Isaak's song "Baby Did a Bad, Bad Thing" to both an early romantic embrace of Bill and Alice and the film's trailer.

Genre
The film was described by some reviewers, and partially marketed, as an erotic thriller, a categorization disputed by others. It is classified as such in the book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, by Linda Ruth Williams, and was described as such in news articles about Cruise and Kidman's lawsuit over assertions that they saw a sex therapist during filming. The positive review in Combustible Celluloid describes it as an erotic thriller upon first viewing, but actually a "complex story about marriage and sexuality". High-Def Digest also called it an erotic thriller.

However, reviewing the film at AboutFilm.com, Carlo Cavagna regards this as a misleading classification, as does Leo Goldsmith, writing at notcoming.com, and the review on Blu-ray.com. Writing in TV Guide, Maitland McDonagh writes "No one familiar with the cold precision of Kubrick's work will be surprised that this isn't the steamy erotic thriller a synopsis (or the ads) might suggest." Writing in general about the genre of 'erotic thriller' for CineAction in 2001, Douglas Keesey states that "whatever [Eyes Wide Shut] actual type, [it] was at least marketed as an erotic thriller". Michael Koresky, writing in the 2006 issue of film journal Reverse Shot, writes "this director, who defies expectations at every turn and brings genre to his feet, was ... setting out to make neither the 'erotic thriller' that the press maintained nor an easily identifiable 'Kubrick film. DVD Talk similarly dissociates the film from this genre.

Christmas setting
In addition to relocating the story from Vienna in the 1900s to New York City in the 1990s, Kubrick changed the time-frame of Schnitzler's story from Mardi Gras to Christmas. Michael Koresky believed Kubrick did this because of the rejuvenating symbolism of Christmas. Mario Falsetto, on the other hand, notes that Christmas lights allow Kubrick to employ some of his distinct methods of shooting including using source location lighting, as he also did in Barry Lyndon. The New York Times notes that the film "gives an otherworldly radiance and personality to Christmas lights", and critic Randy Rasmussen notes that "colorful Christmas lights ... illuminate almost every location in the film." Harper's film critic, Lee Siegel, believes that the film's recurring motif is the Christmas tree, because it symbolizes the way that "Compared with the everyday reality of sex and emotion, our fantasies of gratification are ... pompous and solemn in the extreme  ... For desire is like Christmas: it always promises more than it delivers." Author Tim Kreider notes that the "Satanic" mansion-party at Somerton is the only set in the film without a Christmas tree, stating that "Almost every set is suffused with the dreamlike, hazy glow of colored lights and tinsel." Furthermore, he argues that "Eyes Wide Shut, though it was released in summer, was the Christmas movie of 1999." Noting that Kubrick has shown viewers the dark side of Christmas consumerism, Louise Kaplan states that the film illustrates ways in which the "material reality of money" is shown replacing the spiritual values of Christmas, charity, and compassion. While virtually every scene has a Christmas tree, there is "no Christmas music or cheery Christmas spirit." Critic Alonso Duralde, in his book Have Yourself a Movie Little Christmas, categorized the film as a "Christmas movie for grownups", arguing that "Christmas weaves its way through the film from start to finish".

Use of Venetian masks
Historians, travel guide authors, novelists, and merchants of Venetian masks have noted that these have a long history of being worn during promiscuous activities. Authors Tim Kreider and Thomas Nelson have linked the film's usage of these to Venice's reputation as a center of both eroticism and mercantilism. Nelson notes that the sex ritual combines elements of Venetian Carnival and Catholic rites, in particular, the character of "Red Cloak" who simultaneously serves as Grand Inquisitor and King of Carnival. As such, Nelson argues that the sex ritual is a symbolic mirror of the darker truth behind the façade of Victor Ziegler's earlier Christmas party. Carolin Ruwe, in her book Symbols in Stanley Kubrick's Movie 'Eyes Wide Shut', argues that the mask is the prime symbol of the film. Its symbolic meaning is represented through its connection to the characters in the film; as Tim Kreider points out, this can be seen through the masks in the prostitute's apartment and her being renamed as "Domino" in the film, which is a type of Venetian Mask. Unused early poster designs for the film by Kubrick's daughter Katharina used the motif of Venetian masks, but were rejected by the studio because they obscured the faces of the film's two stars.

Artwork in the film
Paintings and sculptures appear throughout the film, some historical and others painted by Kubrick's wife Christiane Kubrick and step daughter Katharina Kubrick Hobbs. The home of the Harford's contains the majority of the works painted by Kubrick's family members, with the exception being a painting of a nude reclining pregnant woman by Christiane Kubrick title Paula On Red that appears in Ziegler's bathroom during the overdose scene. In the beginning of the film, as Bill and Alice are saying goodbye to their daughter Helena and the babysitter, a painting by Christiane Kubrick titled "View from the Mentmore" can be seen hanging next to the Christmas tree. Mentmore Towers is an English country house in the south east of England that was used for filming the interior scenes of the Somerton house and the masked orgy.

During Ziegler's party, Bill is summoned to the bathroom to deal with an apparent overdose, as he climbs the spiral staircase he passes Giulio Bergonzoli's sculpture Gli amori degli angeli (The Loves of Angels) which is at the foot of the staircase. This sculpture is said to be inspired by a poem titled The Loves of The Angels by 19th-century poet Thomas Moore, the poem itself describes the story of three angels who fall in love with mortal women and share the password to heaven with them resulting in their banishment. At the time of the poem's release, it was received with controversy due to the open eroticism throughout. During the same party sequence, Bill is talking with the two models as they walk past a small reproduction of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture Apollo and Daphne sitting on a table.

When Bill enters a cafe towards the end of the film, two Pre-Raphaelite paintings can be seen hanging on parallel walls, Ophelia by John William Waterhouse and Astarte Syriaca by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Waterhouse's Ophelia depicts the character by the same name in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet moments before her death. Astarte Syriaca depicts Astarte, the ancient Syrian goddess of love, as well as two symmetrical angels holding torches directly behind her. Both paintings mirror events within the film and, as Robert Wilkes writes, reflect its "mood of sensuality, ritualism, and exoticism". In the same cafe scene, a crystoleum print of Maude Goodman's Hush! (or, A Moment of Idleness) is seen behind Bill as he sits down with a newspaper, in the proceeding shot the print is replaced with what Wilkes describes as a "more chaotic, nightmarish image" as Bill reads about the ex-beauty queen's apparent overdose.

When Bill is walking through a hospital hallway towards the end of the film, he walks past Jann Haworth's painting Aunt Gurdi Burning (1995). The painting is oil on canvas and mounted on a screen, it is in the permanent collection of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital where the scenes were filmed.

Marketing
Warner Bros. heavily promoted Eyes Wide Shut, while following Kubrick's secrecy campaign – to the point that the film's press kits contained no production notes, not even the director's suggestions to Semel regarding the marketing campaign, given one week prior to Kubrick's death. The first footage was shown to theater owners attending the 1999 ShoWest convention in Las Vegas. TV spots featured both Isaak and Ligeti's music from the soundtrack, while revealing little about the movie's plot. The film also appeared on the cover of Time magazine, and on show business programs such as Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood.

Box office
Eyes Wide Shut opened on July 16, 1999, in the United States. The film topped the week-end box office, with $21.7 million from 2,411 screens. These numbers surpassed the studio's expectations of $20 million, and became both Cruise's sixth consecutive chart topper and Kubrick's highest opening week-end as well as the highest featuring Kidman and Cruise together. Eyes Wide Shut ended up grossing a total of $55,691,208 in the US. The numbers put it as Kubrick's second-highest-grossing film in the country, behind 2001: A Space Odyssey, but both were considered a box office disappointment.

Shortly after its screening at the Venice Film Festival, Eyes Wide Shut had a British premiere on September 3, 1999, at the Warner Village cinema in Leicester Square. The film's wide opening occurred the following week-end, and topped the U.K. charts with £1,189,672.

The international performances for Eyes Wide Shut were more positive, with Kubrick's long-time assistant and brother-in-law Jan Harlan stating that "It was badly received in the Anglo-Saxon world, but it was very well received in the Latin world and Japan. In Italy, it was a huge hit." Overseas earnings of over $105 million led to a $162,091,208 box office run world-wide, turning it into the highest-grossing Kubrick film.

Home media
Eyes Wide Shut was first released on VHS and DVD on March 7, 2000. The original DVD release corrects technical gaffes, including a reflected crew member, and altering a piece of Alice Harford's dialogue. Most home videos remove the verse that was claimed to be cited from the sacred Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita (although it was Pook's reworking of "Backwards Priests" as stated above). In the UK, Warner Home Video's 'rated 18' [no video altering] 1999 DVD release was in 4:3 full frame aspect ratio, with a note at the beginning that this was as Kubrick intended it to be shown [ratio as shot]. However, the film's length on this UK DVD is only 153 minutes, as opposed to the 159 minutes of other available DVD and Blu-ray versions. This is due to the transfer being done at 25 frames per secondes rather than 24 as shot; no actual footage was cut.

On October 23, 2007, Warner's released Eyes Wide Shut in a special edition DVD, plus the HD DVD and Blu-ray disc formats. This is the first home video release that presents the film in anamorphic 1.78:1 (16:9) format (the film was shown theatrically as soft matted 1.66:1 in Europe and 1.85:1 in the US and Japan). The previous DVD release used a 1.33:1 (4:3) aspect ratio. It is also the first American home video release to feature the uncut version. Although the earliest American DVD of the uncut version states on the cover that it includes both the R-rated and unrated editions, in actuality only the unrated edition is on the DVD.

Critical response
Eyes Wide Shut received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The website's critical consensus reads, "Kubrick's intense study of the human psyche yields an impressive cinematic work." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Over 50 critics listed the film among the best of 1999. French magazine Cahiers du Cinéma named it the best film of the year in its annual "top ten" list. However, audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D−" on an A+ to F scale.

In the Chicago Tribune, Michael Wilmington declared the film a masterpiece, lauding it as "provocatively conceived, gorgeously shot and masterfully executed ... Kubrick's brilliantly choreographed one-take scenes create a near-hypnotic atmosphere of commingled desire and dread." Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club was also highly positive, arguing that "the film's primal, almost religious intensity and power is primarily derived from its multifaceted realization that disobeying the dictates of society and your conscience can be both terrifying and exhilarating. ... The film's depiction of sexual depravity and amorality could easily venture into the realm of camp in the hands of a lesser filmmaker, but Kubrick depicts primal evil in a way that somehow makes it seem both new and deeply terrifying."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a score of three and a half stars out of four, writing, "Kubrick's great achievement in the film is to find and hold an odd, unsettling, sometimes erotic tone for the doctor's strange encounters." He praised the individual dream-like atmosphere of the separate scenes, and called the choice of Christmas-themed lighting "garish, like an urban sideshow".

Reviewer James Berardinelli stated that it was arguably one of Kubrick's best films. Along with considering Kidman "consistently excellent", he wrote that Kubrick "has something to say about the causes and effects of depersonalized sex", and praised the work as "thought-provoking and unsettling". Writing for The New York Times, reviewer Janet Maslin commented, "This is a dead-serious film about sexual yearnings, one that flirts with ridicule yet sustains its fundamental eeriness and gravity throughout. The dreamlike intensity of previous Kubrick visions is in full force here."

Some reviewers were unfavorable. One complaint was that the movie's pacing was too slow; while this may have been intended to convey a dream state, critics objected that it made actions and decisions seem laboured. Another complaint was that it did not live up to the expectation of it being a "sexy film" which is what it had been marketed as, thus defying audiences' expectations. Many critics, such as Manohla Dargis of LA Weekly, found the prolific orgy scene to be "banal" and "surprisingly tame". While Kubrick's "pictorial talents" were described as "striking" by Rod Dreher of the New York Post, the pivotal scene was deemed by Stephen Hunter, writing for The Washington Post, as the "dullest orgy [he'd] ever seen". Hunter elaborates on his criticism, and states that "Kubrick is annoyingly offhand while at the same time grindingly pedantic; plot points are made over and over again, things are explained till the dawn threatens to break in the east, and the movie stumbles along at a glacial pace". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly complained about the inauthenticity of the New York setting, claiming that the soundstage used for the film's production didn't have "enough bustle" to capture the reality of New York. Paul Tatara of CNN described the film as a "slow-motion morality tale full of hot female bodies and thoroughly uneventful 'mystery, while Andrew Sarris writing for The New York Observer criticised the film's "feeble attempts at melodramatic tension and suspense". David Edelstein of Slate dismissed it as "estranged from any period I recognize. Who are these people played by Cruise and Kidman, who act as if no one has ever made a pass at them and are so deeply traumatized by their newfound knowledge of sexual fantasies—the kind that mainstream culture absorbed at least half a century ago? Who are these aristocrats whose limos take them to secret masked orgies in Long Island mansions? Even dream plays need some grounding in the real world." J. Hoberman wrote that the film "feels like a rough draft at best."

Lee Siegel from Harper's felt that most critics responded mainly to the marketing campaign and did not address the film on its own terms. Others felt that American censorship took an esoteric film and made it even harder to understand. In his article "Grotesque Caricature", published in Postmodern Culture, Stefan Mattesich praises the film's nuanced caricatured elements, and states that the film's negation of conventional narrative elements is what resulted in its subsequent negative reception.

For the introduction to Michel Ciment's Kubrick: The Definitive Edition, Martin Scorsese wrote: "When Eyes Wide Shut came out a few months after Stanley Kubrick's death in 1999, it was severely misunderstood, which came as no surprise. If you go back and look at the contemporary reactions to any Kubrick picture (except the earliest ones), you'll see that all his films were initially misunderstood. Then, after five or ten years came the realization that 2001 or Barry Lyndon or The Shining was like nothing else before or since." In 2012, Slant Magazine ranked the film as the second greatest of the 1990s. The British Film Institute ranked the film at No. 19 on its list of "90 great films of the 1990s". In 2022, IndieWire named the film the best movie of the 1990s. The film was listed at number 61 in the BBC's list of the 100 greatest American films of all time.

Debate over the film's state of completion
Though Warner Bros. insisted that Kubrick had turned in his final cut before his death, the film was still in the final stages of post-production, which was therefore completed by the studio in collaboration with Kubrick's estate. Some have argued that the work that remained was minor and exclusively technical in nature, allowing the estate to faithfully complete the film based on the director's notes. However, decisions regarding sound mixing, scoring and color-correction would have necessarily been made without Kubrick's input. Furthermore, Kubrick had a history of continuing to edit his films up until the last minute, and in some cases even after initial public screenings, as had been the case with 2001: A Space Odyssey and The Shining.

Writing for Vanity Fair, Kubrick collaborator Michael Herr recalled a phone call from the director regarding the cut that would be screened for the Warner Bros. executives four days before his death:

"... there was looping to be done and the music wasn't finished, lots of small technical fixes on color and sound; would I show work that wasn't finished? He had to show it to Tom and Nicole because they had to sign nudity releases, and to Terry Semel and Bob Daly of Warner Bros., but he hated it that he had to, and I could hear it in his voice that he did."

Garrett Brown, inventor of the Steadicam, has expressed that he considers Eyes Wide Shut to be an unfinished film:

"I think Eyes Wide Shut was snatched up by the studio when Stanley died and they just grabbed the highest number Avid edit and ran off as if that was the movie. But it was three months before the movie was due to be released. I don't think there's a chance that was the movie he had in mind, or the music track and a lot of other things. It's a great shame because you know it's out there, but it doesn't feel to me as it's really his film."

Nicole Kidman, one of the stars of the film, briefly wrote about the completion of the film and the release of the film being at the same time of John F. Kennedy Jr.'s death from her perspective:

"There was a lot of interest in Eyes Wide Shut before it was released. But the weekend it came out, July 16, 1999, was the death of JFK Jr., his wife and her sister – a black, black weekend. And for Stanley to have died [on March 7, 1999, at age 70] before the film opened... Well, it all felt so dark and strange. Stanley had sent over the cut he considered done to us, Tom and I watched it in New York – and then he died."

Kubrick's opinion
Jan Harlan, Kubrick's brother-in-law and executive producer, reported that Kubrick was "very happy" with the film and considered it to be his "greatest contribution to the art of cinema".

R. Lee Ermey, an actor in Kubrick's film Full Metal Jacket, stated that Kubrick phoned him two weeks before his death to express his despondency over Eyes Wide Shut. "He told me it was a piece of shit", Ermey said in Radar magazine, "and that he was disgusted with it and that the critics were going to 'have him for lunch'. He said Cruise and Kidman had their way with him – exactly the words he used."

According to Todd Field, Kubrick's friend and an actor in Eyes Wide Shut, Ermey's claims do not accurately reflect Kubrick's essential attitude. Field's response appeared in an October 18, 2006, interview with Grouch Reviews:

"The polite thing would be to say 'No comment'. But the truth is that ... let's put it this way, you've never seen two actors more completely subservient and prostrate themselves at the feet of a director. Stanley was absolutely thrilled with the film. He was still working on the film when he died. And he probably died because he finally relaxed. It was one of the happiest weekends of his life, right before he died, after he had shown the first cut to Terry, Tom and Nicole. He would have kept working on it, like he did on all of his films. But I know that from people around him personally, my partner who was his assistant for thirty years. And I thought about R. Lee Ermey for In the Bedroom. And I talked to Stanley a lot about that film, and all I can say is Stanley was adamant that I shouldn't work with him for all kinds of reasons that I won't get into because there is no reason to do that to anyone, even if they are saying slanderous things that I know are completely untrue."

Studio censorship and classification
Citing contractual obligations to deliver an R rating, Warner Bros. digitally altered the orgy for the film's American release by blocking out graphic sexuality using additional figures to obscure the view in order to avoid an adults-only NC-17 rating that would have limited its financial viability. This alteration antagonized both film critics and cinephiles, who argued that Kubrick had never been shy about ratings (A Clockwork Orange was originally given an X-rating). The unrated version of Eyes Wide Shut was released in the United States on October 23, 2007, on DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray formats.

Roger Ebert heavily criticized the technique of using digital images to mask the action. In his positive review of the film, he said it "should not have been done at all" and it is "symbolic of the moral hypocrisy of the rating system that it would force a great director to compromise his vision, while by the same process making his adult film more accessible to young viewers." Although Ebert has been frequently cited as calling the standard North American R-rated version the "Austin Powers" version of Eyes Wide Shut – referring to two scenes in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery in which, through camera angles and coincidences, full frontal nudity is blocked from view in a comical way – his review stated that this joke referred to an early rough draft of the altered scene, never publicly released.

title: Eyes Wide Shut


text:
Outline of education

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to education:

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, habits, and personal development.

Participants in education

 * Student
 * Parent (via parenting) – students' parents typically play a large role in teaching their children and overseeing their formal education, often including financing it.
 * Teacher
 * Teacher's assistant
 * Tutor
 * Head teacher (Principal)
 * Professor
 * Assistant professor
 * Associate professor
 * Adjunct professor
 * Catechist
 * School counselor
 * School psychologist
 * Principal (academia)
 * Rector
 * Dean
 * Chancellor

History of education

 * History of education
 * Category:History of education by country
 * History of early childhood care and education
 * History of academia
 * History of higher education

Educational philosophies

 * Idealism
 * Realism
 * Theism
 * Pragmatism
 * Existentialism
 * Critical theory
 * Perennialism
 * Classicism
 * Essentialism
 * Critical pedagogy
 * Waldorf education
 * Democratic education
 * Progressivism
 * Unschooling
 * Criticism of schooling
 * Contemplative education
 * Humanistic education
 * Critical thinking
 * Constructivism
 * Behaviorism
 * Cognitivism
 * Popular education
 * Montessori education
 * Compulsory education

Educational theory and practice

 * Curriculum studies
 * Educational research
 * Instructional theory
 * Learning theory

Pedogagical and instructional approaches

 * Alternative education
 * Instructional design
 * Learning environment
 * Learning space
 * Learning community
 * Learning styles
 * Socialization

Teaching methods

 * Collaborative learning
 * Context-based learning
 * Design-based learning
 * Direct instruction
 * Evidence-based education
 * Experiential education
 * Experiential learning
 * Homework
 * Inquiry-based learning
 * Kinesthetic learning
 * Learning by teaching
 * Online learning community
 * Open learning
 * Open classroom
 * Outcome-based education
 * Outdoor education
 * Personalized learning
 * Problem-based learning
 * Problem-posing education
 * Project-based learning
 * Service-learning
 * Slow education
 * Single-sex education
 * Student-centred learning
 * Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Educational materials, tools and technologies

 * Curriculum
 * Educational technology (the use of electronic educational technology is also called e-learning)
 * Educational animation
 * Educational robotics
 * Outline of open educational resources
 * Instructional materials
 * Lesson plan
 * Textbook

Types of educational goals and outcomes
There are many types of potential educational aims and objectives, irrespective of the specific subject being learned. Some can cross multiple school disciplines.
 * Outline of educational aims

Educational assessment, qualification and certification (for students)

 * Educational assessment
 * Educational measurement
 * Psychometrics
 * Types of test
 * Test by purpose
 * Formative assessment
 * Diagnostic assessment
 * Assessment as learning
 * Summative assessment
 * High-stakes testing
 * Accountability assessment
 * Research
 * Standardized test
 * Assessment by way of comparison
 * Norm-referenced test
 * Criterion-referenced test
 * Ipsative test
 * Assessment by mode
 * Paper-based
 * Oral
 * Electronic
 * Performance
 * Continuous observation
 * Assessment by format
 * Essay
 * Multiple choice
 * Quiz
 * Portfolio
 * Practical considerations
 * Grading in education
 * Grading systems by country
 * List of primary and secondary school tests
 * School leaving qualification
 * List of secondary school leaving qualifications
 * List of admission tests to colleges and universities
 * List of admission tests to colleges and universities

Educational qualifications (for teachers)

 * Teaching credential
 * Bachelor of Education
 * Master of Education
 * Doctor of Education

Education by level or stage

 * Early childhood education
 * Primary education
 * Secondary education
 * Higher education
 * Vocational education
 * Tertiary education
 * Academy
 * Adult education

Education by funding and governance

 * Public education
 * Private education
 * Homeschooling
 * Autodidacticism

Education by subject, specialization or department

 * List of education by subject
 * List of academic disciplines

Educational scholars and researchers

 * Category:Educational personnel
 * Category:Educators
 * Category:Educators by discipline
 * Category:Educational administrators
 * Category:Education writers
 * Category:Educational theorists
 * List of educational psychologists
 * Category:Educational psychologists
 * Category:Historians of education
 * Category:Philosophers of education
 * Category:Educational researchers
 * Category:Education activists

Educational research
In addition, research methods are drawn from many social research and psychological fields.
 * Educational research
 * List of education journals
 * Disciplinary approaches to educational research. Whereas much educational research is interdisciplinary and can focus on any topic on this page, some disciplines have long roots.
 * Anthropology
 * Measurement
 * Assessment
 * Comparative
 * Curriculum studies
 * Economics
 * Educational sciences
 * Gender
 * International education
 * Law and rights
 * Leadership
 * Management
 * Neuroscience
 * Policy
 * Politics
 * Process evaluation
 * Psychology
 * Sociology

Types of educational institutions

 * School – an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education (commonly compulsory), in which students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. Non-compulsory higher education follows, and is taught in institutions called a college or university.

Specific schools

 * List of schools
 * Lists of universities and colleges

Associations

 * Students' union
 * Parent-Teacher Association
 * International Association of Universities

Governmental organisations and agencies

 * Department of Education
 * Board of education
 * UNESCO

Libraries

 * Library – collection, or institution that provides a collection, of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. Among its purposes is to support the ongoing education of its members.

Types of libraries

 * Academic library
 * Archive
 * Digital library
 * National library
 * Public library
 * Research library
 * Special library

Specific libraries

 * List of libraries
 * List of national libraries

Museums

 * Museum – an institution, the purpose of which is collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public.

Types of museums

 * Archaeology museum
 * Art museum
 * Biographical museum
 * Children's museum
 * Design museum
 * Encyclopedic museum
 * Historic house museum
 * History museum
 * Living history museum
 * Maritime museum
 * Medical museum
 * Memorial museum
 * Mobile museum
 * Natural history museum
 * Open-air museum
 * Science museum
 * Virtual museum
 * War museum
 * Living museum
 * Zoological park
 * Botanic garden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Outline of education


text:
Outline of engineering

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to engineering:

Engineering is the scientific discipline and profession that applies scientific theories, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to design, create, and analyze technological solutions cognizant of safety, human factors, physical laws, regulations, practicality, and cost.

Branches of engineering

 * Applied engineering – application of management, design, and technical skills for the design and integration of systems, the execution of new product designs, the improvement of manufacturing processes, and the management and direction of physical and/or technical functions of a firm or organization.
 * Packaging engineering
 * Biological engineering
 * Agricultural engineering
 * Bionics
 * Genetic engineering
 * Biomedical engineering
 * Metabolic engineering
 * Neural engineering
 * Tissue engineering
 * Civil engineering
 * Environmental engineering
 * Architectural engineering
 * Construction engineering
 * Geotechnical engineering
 * Transportation engineering
 * Hydro engineering
 * Structural engineering
 * Urban engineering (municipal engineering)
 * Architectonics
 * Chemical engineering (outline)
 * Materials engineering
 * Molecular engineering
 * Process engineering – also appears under industrial engineering
 * Electrical engineering (outline)
 * Broadcast engineering
 * Computer engineering (outline)
 * Power systems engineering
 * Telecommunications engineering
 * Electronic engineering (includes microelectronics engineering, microelectronics and semiconductor engineering)
 * Optical engineering
 * Electromechanical engineering
 * Control engineering (outline)
 * Mechatronics
 * Electromechanics
 * Instrumentation engineering
 * Forensic engineering
 * Geological engineering
 * Green engineering
 * Industrial engineering
 * Engineering psychology
 * Ergonomics
 * Facilities engineering
 * Logistic engineering
 * Performance engineering
 * Process engineering – also appears under chemical engineering
 * Quality engineering (quality assurance engineering)
 * Reliability engineering
 * Safety engineering
 * Security engineering
 * Support engineering
 * Information engineering
 * Materials engineering
 * Amorphous metals
 * Biomaterials engineering
 * Casting
 * Ceramic engineering
 * Composite materials
 * Corrosion engineering
 * Crystal engineering
 * Electronic materials
 * Forensic materials engineering
 * Metal forming
 * Metallurgical engineering
 * Nanomaterials
 * Plastics engineering
 * Surface engineering
 * Vitreous materials (glass)
 * Welding
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Acoustical engineering – includes audio engineering
 * Aerospace engineering – branch of engineering behind the design, construction and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is broken into two major and overlapping branches:
 * Aeronautical engineering – deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere
 * Astronautical engineering – deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere
 * Automotive engineering (automotive systems engineering)
 * Manufacturing engineering
 * Marine engineering
 * Thermal engineering
 * Naval architecture
 * Sports engineering
 * Vacuum engineering
 * Military engineering
 * Combat engineering
 * Military technology
 * Petroleum engineering
 * Petroleum geology
 * Drilling engineering
 * Production engineering
 * Reservoir engineering
 * Well logging
 * Well testing
 * Radiation engineering
 * Nuclear engineering
 * Radiation protection engineering
 * Planetary engineering – planetary engineering is the application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global properties of a planet. The goal of this theoretical task is usually to make other worlds habitable for life. Perhaps the best-known type of planetary engineering is terraforming, by which a planet's surface conditions are altered to be more like those of Earth.
 * Climate engineering (geoengineering)
 * Software engineering
 * Computer-aided engineering
 * Knowledge engineering
 * Language engineering
 * Release engineering
 * Teletraffic engineering
 * Usability engineering
 * Sustainable engineering
 * Systems engineering – analysis, design, and control of gigantic engineering systems.
 * Ontology engineering

History of engineering
History of engineering
 * Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century
 * History of chemical engineering
 * History of electrical engineering
 * History of mechanical engineering
 * History of software engineering
 * History of structural engineering
 * Roman engineering
 * Roman military engineering

Engineering concepts

 * Design (outline)
 * Drawings
 * Computer-aided design (CAD)
 * Drafting
 * Engineering design process
 * Earthworks
 * Ecological engineering methods
 * Engineering, procurement and construction
 * Engineering economics
 * Cost
 * Manufacturing cost
 * Value-driven design
 * Engineering overhead
 * Engineering society
 * Environmental engineering science
 * Exploratory engineering
 * Fasteners
 * Flexibility
 * Freeze
 * Gate
 * Good engineering practice
 * Hand tools
 * Machine tools
 * Punch
 * Management
 * Planning
 * Teamwork
 * Peopleware
 * Materials
 * Corrosion
 * Crystallization
 * Material science
 * Measurement
 * Model engineering
 * Nanotechnology (outline)
 * Non-recurring engineering
 * Parts stress modelling
 * Personalization
 * Process
 * Quality
 * Quality control
 * Validation
 * Reverse engineering
 * Risk analysis
 * Structural analysis
 * Structural element
 * Beam
 * Strut
 * Tie
 * Systems engineering process
 * Tolerance
 * Traction
 * Yield

Engineering education and certification
Engineering education Regulation and licensure in engineering
 * Bachelor of Engineering
 * Bachelor of Applied Science
 * Bachelor of Technology
 * Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering
 * Bachelor of Computer Science
 * Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
 * Bachelor of Software Engineering
 * Master of Engineering
 * Master of Science in Engineering
 * Master of Technology
 * Diplôme d'Ingénieur
 * Master of Applied Science
 * Master of Business Engineering
 * Master of Engineering Management
 * Engineering doctorate
 * Engineer's degree
 * Engineering science and mechanics
 * Certified engineering technologist
 * Fundamentals of Engineering exam
 * Principles and Practice of Engineering examination
 * Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering

Engineering awards

 * Academy Scientific and Technical Award
 * Award of Merit in Structural Engineering
 * British Construction Industry Awards
 * British Engineering Excellence Awards
 * Charles Stark Draper Prize
 * Engineering Heritage Awards
 * Engineering Leadership Award
 * Federal Engineer of the Year Award
 * Gordon Prize
 * IEEE Control Systems Award
 * Louis Schwitzer Award
 * Mondialogo Engineering Award
 * NAS Award in Aeronautical Engineering
 * Percy Nicholls Award
 * Russ Prize
 * Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award
 * Software Process Achievement Award
 * Technology & Engineering Emmy Award
 * The Science, Engineering & Technology Student of the Year Awards

Engineering publications

 * List of engineering journals and magazines

Persons influential in the field of engineering

 * Lists of engineers

Indices

 * Index of aerospace engineering articles
 * Index of electrical engineering articles
 * Index of genetic engineering articles
 * Index of mechanical engineering articles
 * Index of software engineering articles

title: Outline of engineering


text:
Outline of entertainment

The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to entertainment and the entertainment industry:

Entertainment is any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time, and may also provide fun, enjoyment, and laughter. People may create their own entertainment, such as when they spontaneously invent a game; participate actively in an activity they find entertaining, such as when they play sport as a hobby; or consume an entertainment product passively, such as when they attend a performance.

The entertainment industry (informally known as show business or show biz) is part of the tertiary sector of the economy and includes many sub-industries devoted to entertainment. However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment. In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, fun, and music. It applies to every aspect of entertainment including cinema, television, radio, theatre, and music.

Exhibition entertainment

 * Amusement parks
 * Art exhibits
 * Fairs
 * Festivals
 * Museums
 * Trade shows
 * Traveling carnivals
 * Travelling exhibition
 * Vivariums
 * Aquariums
 * Water parks
 * Wax museums
 * Zoos

Live entertainment

 * Air shows
 * Awards ceremony
 * Banquet
 * Burlesque
 * American burlesque
 * Neo-Burlesque
 * Victorian burlesque
 * Cabaret
 * Circus
 * Contemporary circus
 * Comedy clubs
 * Concerts
 * Concert residencies
 * Concert tours
 * Ceremony
 * Dance
 * Discotheques
 * Drag shows
 * Drama
 * Escape Rooms
 * Fireworks
 * Fashion shows
 * Ice shows
 * Improvisational theatre
 * Magic
 * Minstrel shows
 * Music festivals
 * Music hall
 * Musical theatre
 * Nightclubs
 * Operas
 * Parades
 * Parties
 * Performance art
 * Performing arts
 * Marching arts
 * Color guard
 * Drum and bugle corps
 * Indoor percussion ensemble
 * Marching band
 * Pep band
 * Winter guard
 * Professional wrestling/Sports entertainment
 * Puppet shows
 * Raves
 * Revues
 * Sideshows
 * Spectator sports
 * Stand-up comedy
 * Street theatre
 * Strip clubs
 * Symphonies
 * Theatre
 * Variety show
 * Vaudeville
 * Ventriloquism
 * Video art
 * Wild West shows

Mass media entertainment industry

 * Live entertainment
 * Musical theatre
 * Plays
 * Performance art
 * Comedy
 * Drama
 * Sports
 * Film
 * Film studios
 * Movie theaters / cinemas
 * Film score
 * Film production
 * Acting
 * Pornography
 * Broadcasting
 * Television
 * Television studio
 * Television programs
 * Reality television
 * Radio
 * Radio programs
 * Podcast
 * Animation
 * Animation studio
 * Music industry
 * Recording studio
 * Composers and songwriters
 * Singers and musicians
 * Choirs
 * Orchestras
 * Concert bands
 * Karaokes
 * Concert hall
 * News media
 * Web television
 * News articles
 * Fashion industry
 * Photographic studio
 * Modeling
 * Literature

Digital Entertainment Industry

 * Social media
 * Online video platform
 * Digital music

Electronic entertainment

 * SMS content
 * Video game industry
 * Video games
 * Toys

Entertainment by historical period

 * Entertainment in the 16th century
 * Entertainment during the Great Depression

History of exhibition entertainment

 * History of amusement parks
 * History of art exhibitions
 * History of fairs
 * History of museums
 * History of theme parks
 * History of trade shows
 * History of wax museums

History of live entertainment

 * History of busking
 * History of the circus
 * History of comedy
 * History of comedy clubs
 * History of concerts
 * History of dance
 * History of fireworks
 * History of musical theatre
 * History of nightclubs
 * History of discotheques
 * History of opera
 * History of parades
 * History of performance art
 * History of plays
 * History of magic
 * History of sports
 * History of striptease
 * History of lap dancing
 * History of strip clubs
 * History of theatre
 * History of variety shows
 * History of vaudeville

History of mass media entertainment

 * History of animation
 * History of film
 * History of literature
 * History of magazines
 * History of the music industry
 * History of new media
 * History of radio
 * History of radio programming
 * History of sound recording
 * History of television
 * History of television programs
 * History of video games

Entertainment law

 * Entertainment law
 * Copyright Term Extension Act

General concepts

 * Acrobatics
 * Aerial acts
 * Animal training
 * Applause
 * Beauty pageant
 * Celebrity
 * Chinese yo-yo
 * Circus
 * Circus skills
 * Clown
 * Comedian
 * Comedy
 * Contact juggling
 * Contemporary circus
 * Contortion
 * Corde lisse
 * Cyr wheel
 * Devil sticks
 * Diabolo
 * Equilibristics
 * Fire breathing
 * Fire eating
 * Geisha
 * German wheel
 * Hand-to-hand balancing
 * Hula hoop
 * Human cannonball
 * Humor
 * Horse riding
 * Internet humor
 * Ice skating
 * Impalement arts
 * Juggling
 * Knife throwing
 * List of beauty contests
 * List of persons who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards
 * Magic
 * Mime
 * New media
 * Old time radio
 * Performing arts
 * Plate spinning
 * Radio
 * Radio programming
 * Rock opera
 * Rodeo clown
 * Roller skating
 * Sex industry
 * Show business
 * Showstopper
 * Sideshow
 * Spanish web
 * Stiltwalking
 * Sword swallowing
 * Show jumping
 * Teen idol
 * Tightrope walking
 * Trapeze
 * Unicycle
 * Ventriloquism

Notable entertainers

 * List of circuses and circus owners
 * List of clowns
 * List of comedians
 * List of film and television directors
 * List of film score composers
 * List of magicians
 * List of professional wrestlers
 * List of theatre directors
 * Lists of actors
 * Lists of entertainers
 * Lists of musicians
 * Lists of sportspeople
 * List of entertainment industry dynasties

title: Outline of entertainment


text:
Talk:Electrochemistry

Comment
The article states:
 * For example, oxygen has 6 positively charged protons, and thus in the neutral state would also have 6 (negatively charged) electrons. In dihydrogen monoxide (ie, water), each oxygen atom can be viewed as surrendering two electrons, one to each of two hydrogen atoms. The oxidation state of each oxygen atom in water then is -2, and of each hydrogen atom in water is +1.

 * In the nomenclature of chemistry, the substance losing electrons is said to be the reductant and is oxidized' by the the other substance(s) in the reaction which gain the electrons.

 * The substance gaining the electrons is said to be the oxidant and is said to be reduced (by the reductant).

Now I always thought that the oxygen takes (rather than gives up) two electrons from the hydrogen atoms. Thus the oxygen has a negative charge, and the hydrogens have a positive charge. I believe the article is contradicting itself as it current stands. Can someone who took chemistry more recently than me comment on this? -- ansible

I think ansible is correct. I looked this subject up in my college chemisty text. ("Chemical Principles and Properties" 2nd Sienko & Plane, p135) From the section on oxidation numbers:

"What are the oxidation numbers of hydrogen and oxygen in H20? Oxygen is the more electronegative, and so, according to the first rule, the shared electrons are counted with the oxygen, as shown by the line in figure 4.3.  The hydrogen appears to have a charge of +1 and is assigned an oxidation number of +1. Since the eight electrons are counted with the +6 oxygen kernal (nucleus plus inner shell electrons0, the apparent charge of oxygen is -2.  Oxygen, therefore, has an oxidation number of -2 in H2O."

I think the original entry writing simply reversed the situation with the electons apparent location and could be corrected as below:

For example, oxygen has 6 positively charged protons, and thus in the neutral state would also have 6 (negatively charged) electrons. In dihydrogen monoxide (ie, water), each oxygen atom can be viewed as apparently capturing two electrons, one from each of the two hydrogen atoms. The oxidation state of each oxygen atom in water then is -2, and of each hydrogen atom in water is +1.

 * I think you are right, and it should be: each oxygen atom can be viewed as getting two electrons, one from each of two hydrogen atoms.

It seems to me that the focus of the whole article is wrong, because it deals with redox reactions and oxidation states. A better definition of electrochemistry would be: Electrochemistry is the science of the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). -- Nick B.

WHERE IS THE Electrochemistry? that's redox!!!
Agree with last comment. It is really stub article. Need to be re-writed. (Kaverin)

I added some introduction to start the article to deal with electrochemistry. But still it is a bad stub, which focuses on oxidation and reduction instead on the main points which would inclulde an electrochemical cell with electrodes and electrolyte.

It is getting somewhere
The article is getting into a more serious level now. Opportunities for further improvements still exist. Feel free to add (or better to condense: it's rather long). Would it be a good idea to leave out some subsubheadings, to give better overview? Wim van Dorst 22:40, 30 January 2006 (UTC).

Friedrich Ostwald
Should Friedrich Ostwald perhaps refer to Wilhelm Ostwald, formally named Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald? There isn't a reference to a contribution to electrochemistry in that article, though. Wim van Dorst 22:48, 30 January 2006 (UTC).
 * I have fixed the link to Friedrich Ostwald to Wilhem Ostwald by pipe link. According to http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/History/late-nineteen.htm states that Friedrich Ostwald, 1909 Nobel Laureate, is especially known for his contributions to the field of electrochemistry, including important studies of the electrical conductivity and electrolytic dissociation of organic acids.HappyApple 01:06, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Balancing equations
I don't think this article is the appropriate place for instructions on balancing redox reaction equations. Maybe it should be moved to redox reaction (as opposed to chemical equation), because that article is lacking. --CDN99 15:56, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

You should probably add it to the redox reaction page, but redox is still very important in the electrochem world... maybe I should do some adding/editing in my free time... OH WAIT! I NEVER HAVE ANY!~guest, 20:38, 25 January 2007 (EST)

Suggestion
I suggeste this article can refer to more about in Leider(Leidler?)'s Physical Chemistry textbook. He and the other authors in it wrote many newer articles discussing for cells and those of invetions.--HydrogenSu 11:57, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Solid state rewrite?
I found this passage a little odd.

Although solid state batteries are frowned upon nowadays, it is likely they will someday become a reliable source of electricity.

It seems to me that solid state batteries are exteremely common. Maybe this should be reviewed a little. CompIsMyRx 23:00, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Article is too big
This article is 54 kilobytes long and the limit is 32 kilobytes (see article size); plus it has over 100 downloads, it is 20 pages printed, and takes several minutes to download dial-up. I would suggest that someone do a big shop-up on this article and distribute non essential material to other pages.--Sadi Carnot 01:12, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This is indeed a ridiculous situation, given that much of the material is already in an external "main article" page for each section. The whole point of that is to include only a few sentence summary here. The Electrochemical Cells section is about 5 times as long as the Electrochemical cell article! DMacks 16:05, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

equivalence?
where are the laws of equivalence?

suggestion
There's an entire area that's little more than links to different pages and brief summaries with pictures; perhaps someone should simply move the contents to the actual pages and delete the entire section? I am referring the sections: Battery, Dry Cell, Mercury Battery, Lead-acid battery, etc what goes up, better doggone well stay up 16:12, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Wrong cell
The picture with caption "A modern cell stand for electrochemical research..." is inappropriate, or at least in an inappropriate place. This piece of equipment is used for voltammetry or electrolysis using a potentiostat which applies a voltage to the cell and measures the resultant current. It is presented in the context of equilibrium electrochemistry, where galvanic cells give rise to a voltage but little or no current flows. A picture of a potentiometer and a 2 electrode cell is called for, rather than a potentiostat and a 3 electrode cell. This pic would be more suitable for the entry on cyclic voltammetry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cfhogan (talk • contribs) 09:55, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Eternal Life
A section of this article states: "The 16th century marked the beginning of the electrical understanding. During the 1550s the English scientist William Gilbert spent 1700000 years experimenting with magnetism and, to a lesser extent, electricity.

And i thought the oldest living man was just over 100. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.58.180.166 (talk) 22:25, 22 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Geez, i believe that must be caused by an annon vandal, obviously he didn't lived that long. HappyApple 03:49, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Corrosion Section
When discussing the mechanism for iron corrosion, i.e. rust, a chemical formula describing the formation of iron oxides appears after the numbered list. However, before that, someone made a very bad editing choice and wrote this somewhat curious phrase after the colon but before the formula: "thats wrong its the other way using oxygen". I removed it from the section, but, someone who has some experience in the matter of rust should double-check the formula in question. I'm afraid I don't know enough about the chemistry of rust to address the issue myself. StellarFury 15:45, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Spontaneity of Redox systems
This section needs a one-sentence intro to give the reader some hint as to what it is about. At the moment the first sentence makes little sense. Tim Vickers 18:08, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

New section added
Greetings. I didn't see any section about applications of electrochemistry, so I was bold and added it. I hope it helps the article. Twicemost 23:08, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Electrolytic bath
I wonder is there any buffer or compound need to be added to the solution of electroplating, in order to prevent the formation of porous metal? The article haven't mentioned about that.123.202.215.202 (talk) 15:36, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Non-Contact Electrochemistry
Hi, I'm debating about my first contribution and wanted some comments on this outline for possible incorporation into a page such as the Electrochemistry page,

User:Nerdseeksblonde/Marchywka_Effect

I have several conflicts as noted but this is an interesting documented result of some practical importance ( ability to use electrochemical etching is often associated with contact via a continuous conductor which this entry points out incorrectly restricts the range of utility). Thanks, Nerdseeksblonde (talk) 21:15, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

will there be a chemical reaction between steel knuts and bolts and brass clamping brass washers used in the installation of a wind turbine? Jean Stark —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.115.19.134 (talk) 11:07, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Some text copied to 1800–1809
Hi, folks! A while back, I copied some text from this article over to 1800-1809. This isn't a field that I have expertise in, so further editing of the work in context from other editors here would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! -- RobLa (talk) 02:00, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Help with updating Captain Kidd information
Hello. I am the Wikipedian-in-Residence at the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, which is opening a new permanent exhibit this weekend that includes Captain Kidd's Cannon as one of its central artifacts. They are placing QR codes to Wikipedia articles in the exhibit and were interested in a few articles being updated with more specific information about electrolytic reduction in regards to iron and salt water. The museum has a lot of research & videos regarding the conservation of the cannon and we'd like to share these with Wikipedians to update appropriately (perhaps here, in the redox article, and in the William Kidd and Captain Kidd's Cannon articles.) Is there someone available with enough basic knowledge to be able to write intelligently about this? Thanks so much. LoriLee (talk) 20:10, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Electrochemical series
Why Nsk930 (talk) 11:04, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Yawn!
The longer you look at this sentence, the more your heart years to return to the lush, verdant pastures of bra–ket notation.

Physical chemistry is the study of in chemical systems in terms of
 * macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena
 * the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as
 * motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.

Just saying. — MaxEnt 23:49, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

Hi
What are anodes & cathodes 2409:4071:4E82:C8EC:45D9:18A7:5E16:A9C1 (talk) 17:09, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Did you see the section "Electrochemical cells" ? --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:35, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Stoichiometry
What are mole ratios? 118.107.141.168 (talk) 18:37, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * A mole ratio is the ratio between the amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a balanced chemical reaction. Rawsar6 (talk) 22:33, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrochemistry


text:
List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Ethnic groups
The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.

Lists of ethnic groups

 * by status:
 * List of Indigenous peoples
 * List of diasporas
 * List of stateless nations

 * regional lists:
 * Ethnic groups in Asia
 * Ethnic groups in Northern Asia
 * List of ethnic groups in Russia
 * List of ethnic groups in East Asia
 * List of ethnic groups in China
 * List of ethnic groups in Japan
 * List of ethnic groups in North Korea
 * List of ethnic groups in South Korea
 * List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
 * List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
 * South Asian ethnic groups
 * Ethnic groups in Nepal
 * Ethnic groups in Pakistan
 * Demographics of Sindh
 * List of ethnic groups in Laos
 * Ethnic groups in Malaysia
 * List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
 * List of ethnic groups in Myanmar
 * Ethnic groups in the Middle East
 * African people
 * Indigenous people of Africa
 * Ethnic groups in Algeria
 * Ethnic groups in Botswana
 * Ethnic groups in Burundi
 * Ethnic groups in Chad
 * List of ethno-linguistic groups in Eritrea
 * List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia
 * List of ethnic groups in Nigeria
 * List of ethnic groups in Rivers State
 * Ethnic groups in Rwanda
 * List of ethnic groups in Tanzania
 * Ethnic groups in Senegal
 * Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
 * List of ethnic groups in South Sudan
 * List of ethnic groups in Zambia
 * European people
 * Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
 * List of Indigenous Australian group names
 * Ethnoreligious group
 * Ethnic groups by country

title: List of contemporary ethnic groups


text:
Edda

"Edda" (Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur) is an Old Norse term that has been applied by modern scholars to the collective of two Medieval Icelandic literary works: what is now known as the Prose Edda and an older collection of poems (without an original title) now known as the Poetic Edda. The term historically referred only to the Prose Edda, but this usage has fallen out of favour because of confusion with the other work. Both works were recorded in Iceland during the 13th century in  Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching back into the Viking Age. The books provide the main sources for medieval skaldic tradition in Iceland and for Norse mythology.

The Edda has been criticized for imposing Snorri Sturluson’s own Christian views on Norse mythology. In particular the clean-cut explanation of what happens to a soul after death as understood in the Edda contradicts other sources on death in Norse mythology.

Etymology
At least five hypotheses have been suggested for the origins of the word edda:

 * One hypothesis holds that it is identical to a word that means "great-grandmother" appearing in the Eddic poem Rígsþula. The word could stem from the Sanskrit term ("knowledge").
 * Another hypothesis holds that edda derives from Old Norse óðr, "poetry".
 * A third, proposed in 1895 by Eiríkr Magnússon, is that it derives from the Icelandic place name Oddi, site of the church and school where students, including Snorri Sturluson, were educated.
 * A fourth hypothesis—the derivation of the word Edda as the name of Snorri Sturluson's treatise on poetry from the Latin edo, "I compose (poetry)", by analogy with kredda, "superstition", from Latin credo, "creed"—is now widely accepted, although this acceptance might stem from its agreement with modern usage rather than historical accuracy.
 * The fifth hypothesis is based on the past fashion of giving Icelandic manuscripts bird titles. Such are the legal codes Grágás 'grey goose', Gullfjǫðr 'gold feather (quill?)', and Hryggjar-stykki 'a kind of duck'. Perhaps Edda was also one of such titles: Edda would be an appropriate 'pet name' of æðr (pronounced as [æ:ðr] f.) 'eider duck'. Then, Edda meant 'little eider duck' (an analog of Grágás).

The Poetic Edda

The Poetic Edda, also known as Sæmundar Edda or the Elder Edda, is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic medieval manuscript Codex Regius ("Royal Book"). Along with the Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most expansive source on Norse mythology. The first part of the Codex Regius preserves poems that narrate the creation and foretold destruction and rebirth of the Old Norse mythological world as well as individual myths about gods concerning Norse deities. The poems in the second part narrate legends about Norse heroes and heroines, such as Sigurd, Brynhildr and Gunnar.

It consists of two parts. The first part has 10 songs about gods, and the second one has 19 songs about heroes.

The Codex Regius was written in the 13th century, but nothing is known of its whereabouts until 1643, when it came into the possession of Brynjólfur Sveinsson, then the Church of Iceland's Bishop of Skálholt. At that time, versions of the Prose Edda were well known in Iceland, but scholars speculated that there once was another Edda—an Elder Edda—which contained the pagan poems Snorri quotes in his book. When the Codex Regius was discovered, it seemed that this speculation had proven correct. Brynjólfur attributed the manuscript to Sæmundr the Learned, a larger-than-life 12th century Icelandic priest. While this attribution is rejected by modern scholars, the name Sæmundar Edda is still sometimes encountered.

Bishop Brynjólfur sent the Codex Regius as a present to King Christian IV of Denmark, hence the name Codex Regius. For centuries it was stored in the Royal Library in Copenhagen but in 1971 it was returned to Iceland.

The Prose Edda

The Prose Edda, sometimes referred to as the Younger Edda or Snorri's Edda, is an Icelandic manual of poetics which also contains many mythological stories. Its purpose was to enable Icelandic poets and readers to understand the subtleties of alliterative verse, and to grasp the mythological allusions behind the many kennings that were used in skaldic poetry.

It was written by the Icelandic scholar and historian Snorri Sturluson around 1220. It survives in four known manuscripts and three fragments, written down from about 1300 to about 1600.

The Prose Edda consists of a Prologue and three separate books: Gylfaginning, concerning the creation and foretold destruction and rebirth of the Norse mythical world; Skáldskaparmál, a dialogue between Ægir, a Norse god connected with the sea, and Bragi, the skaldic god of poetry; and Háttatal, a demonstration of verse forms used in Norse mythology.

title: Edda