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Henry Chadwick (writer)

Henry Chadwick (October 5, 1824 – April 20, 1908) was an English-American sportswriter, baseball statistician and historian, often called the "Father of Baseball" for his early reporting on and contributions to the development of the game. He edited the first baseball guide that was sold to the public. He is credited with creating box scores, as well as creating the abbreviation "K" that designates a strikeout. He was posthumously inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938.

Early life
Chadwick was born on October 5, 1824, in Exeter, England to James Chadwick and his second wife Theresa. His grandfather, Andrew Chadwick, had been a close friend of theologian John Wesley. His father, James Chadwick, was a supporter of the French Revolution who also tutored John Dalton in music and botany. James Chadwick had served as editor of a publication known as the Western Times.

Henry Chadwick was the much younger half-brother of Sir Edwin Chadwick who was born in 1800. Edwin was England's sanitary philosopher who developed environmental measures and laws designed to counteract the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Edwin Chadwick's mother died soon after Edwin’s birth.

Henry Chadwick moved to Brooklyn with his family at the age of 12, in the 1830s. Biographer Andrew Schiff writes that Chadwick "was not brought up to value possessions or with an understanding of commerce and trade; rather he received an education that was drenched in moral philosophy and science." He began to write music and to teach piano and guitar.

In 1848, Chadwick married Jane Botts from Richmond, Virginia. Botts' father Alexander had been president of the Virginia State Council. She was also related to politician John Botts. Chadwick edited John Botts' work titled The Great Rebellion. Chadwick and his wife had three children, Richard Westlake Chadwick, in 1849, Susan Mary Chadwick, in 1851, and Rose Virginia Chadwick, 1853.

Chadwick became a frequent player of cricket and similar ball games such as rounders. He began covering cricket for numerous local newspapers such as the Long Island Star. He first came across organized baseball in 1856 as a cricket reporter for The New York Times, watching a match played between New York's Eagles and Gothams at the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey. He focused his attention as a journalist and writer on baseball after joining the New York Clipper in 1857, and was also soon hired on to provide coverage for other New York papers including the Sunday Mercury.

Promotion of the game
Chadwick was one of the prime movers in the rise of baseball from the 19th century to its popularity at the turn of the 20th century. A keen amateur statistician and professional writer, he helped sculpt the public perception of the game, as well as providing the basis for the records of teams' and players' achievements in the form of baseball statistics. He also served on baseball rules committees and influenced the game itself. He is sometimes referred to as "the father of baseball" because he facilitated the popularity of the sport in its early days. In a more recent view, Schiff suggests that Chadwick was the father of baseball because he nurtured the sport for decades, rather than a claim to have started the American game.

Early baseball had a provision known as the "bound rule", which held that a fielder could catch a batted ball on one bounce and that it would still be recorded as an out. Chadwick was an outspoken critic of the rule for many years, stating that fielders should have to catch a ball on the fly for it to count as an out. In 1864, the bound rule was eliminated for balls hit into fair territory. The bound rule for foul balls persisted into the 1880s.

Chadwick edited The Beadle Dime Base-Ball Player, the first annual baseball guide on public sale, as well as the Spalding and Reach annual guides for a number of years and in this capacity promoted the game and influenced the infant discipline of sports journalism. In his 1861 Beadle guide, he listed totals of games played, outs, runs, home runs, and strikeouts for hitters on prominent clubs, the first database of its kind. His goal was to provide numerical evidence to prove which players helped a team to win.

In 1867, he accompanied the National Base Ball Club of Washington, D.C., on their inaugural national tour, as their official scorer. The next year, Chadwick wrote the first hardcover baseball book, The Game of Base Ball. In 1874, he was instrumental in organizing a tour of England which included games of both baseball and cricket. In his role as journalist, he campaigned against the detrimental effects on the game of both alcohol and gambling.

Despite a friendship with Albert Spalding, Chadwick was scornful of the attempts to have Abner Doubleday declared the inventor of baseball. "He means well", said Chadwick, "but he don't know". Chadwick later willed his baseball library to Spalding.

Author William Cook wrote that "Chadwick was at times a bit self-aggrandizing, but his heart was always deeply rooted in looking after the best interest of the game." An 1876 Chicago Tribune article attacked Chadwick's status as the father of baseball, saying in part that Chadwick "has had enough experience to have made himself a man of respect had heaven but given him a head ... he proceeded to call himself the '"Father of the Game,' and to assume much on the strength of the title. But he found an unruly child, and one which disinherited him with rapidity and ease." Cook writes that Chadwick may have been a victim of "Western journalism", a sensationalized style of writing.

Box scores and statistics
Chadwick is credited with devising the baseball box score (which he adapted from the cricket scorecard) for reporting game events. The first box score appeared in an 1859 issue of the Clipper. It was a grid with nine rows for players and nine columns for innings. The original box scores also created the often puzzling abbreviation for strikeout as "K" – "K" being the last letter of "struck" in "struck out". Chadwick assigned numbers to each defensive position for scorekeeping purposes, a system that remains in modern baseball scorekeeping.

Chadwick is credited with devising various statistical measures for baseball. He wrote in 1869: "In making up a score at the close of the match the record should be as follows:–Name of player, total number of times the first base was made by clean hits, total bases so made, left on bases after clean hits, and the number of times the first base has been made on errors..." This led to the recording of "clean" hits—times a batter reached base without benefit of an error. Further refinement by other early baseball proponents led to all National League teams calculating batting averages by 1876.

Journalistic style
The following description of a game was written by Henry Chadwick and appeared in his Base Ball Memoranda. It is typical of his style of sports journalism, and that of his time:

"A Base Ball tourney had been held in Chicago on July 4, 1867, in which the Excelsiors of that city and the Forest City Club, of Rockford, had been the leading contestants. The former had defeated the Forest City nine in two games, by the very close scores of 45–41 in one, and 28–25 in another, when the Forest Citys were invited to meet the Nationals at Chicago on July 25, a day which proved the most notable of the tour. The contest took place at Dexter Park, before a vast crowd of spectators, the majority of whom looked to see the Nationals have almost a walk-over.  In the game A. G. Spalding was pitcher and Ross Barnes shortstop for the Forest City nine; these two afterwards becoming famous as star players of the Boston professional team of the early seventies.  Williams was pitcher for the Nationals and Frank Norton catcher.  The Nationals took the lead in the first innings by 3 to 2; but in the next two innings they added but five runs to their score, while the Forest Citys added thirteen to theirs, thereby taking the lead by a score of fifteen to eight, to the great surprise of the crowd and the delight of the Rockfords. The Nationals tried hard to recover the lost ground. The final result, however, was the success of the Forest Citys by a score of 29 to 23 in a nine innings game, twice interrupted by rain."

Later life
Late in life, Chadwick continued editing the Spalding Base Ball Guides and producing a column for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. In late 1905, he wrote the editor of The New York Times to propose widening of the baseball bat to overcome the advantage that pitchers had established in the game. In his letter, Chadwick noted that some cricket experts had advocated for the narrowing of the cricket bat to bring balance to the advantage that belonged to the batter in that game.

In the winter before the 1908 baseball season, Chadwick was struck by an automobile and was bedridden for several weeks. He recovered and attended an exhibition game at the Polo Grounds the week before the season began. He caught a cold while at the game, and the illness worsened when he attended an Opening Day game at Washington Park in Brooklyn.

On April 19, Chadwick was moving furniture from the fourth floor of his apartment to the second floor when he fell unconscious. He was diagnosed with pneumonia and heart failure. He awakened briefly and asked about the game between Brooklyn and New York, but he died the next day. Henry Chadwick is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy
For his contributions to the game of baseball, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1938. He was inducted in the same ceremony as Alexander Cartwright.

In 2009, the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) established the Henry Chadwick Award to honor the outstanding contributions of baseball researchers. Bill James and John Thorn are among the award's recipients.

A collection of historical baseball items, which featured a letter written by Chadwick on the origins of baseball, sold at auction in 2004 for $310,500.

Chadwick was inducted to the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame during 2020.

Chadwick, through the Spalding Athletic Library collection, added "The Ancient History of Base Ball" in 1867 and "Technical Terms of Base Ball" in 1897.

title: Henry Chadwick (writer)


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Talk:Hydrocodone

History section
The last paragraph of the History section should be deleted. It's a bunch of supposed etymologies for various drugs, most of them not relevent in this article. It's poorly written, and there are no references cited. Not relevent, not encyclopedia, and not verified. It goes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk • contribs) February 13, 2013

Recreational Use
i had removed "tramadol" from the list of things that have a less severe withdraw. it is now being shown that due to tramadol also being a SNRI and having a similar withdraw effects as SSRI discontinuation syndrome and often taking up to a month for all symptoms to subside, while on average, opiate withdraw will be done in less than a week.

Vicodin
The Vicodin brand has been discontinued by Abbott and Abbvie. How should we treat this in the article? Mostly remove mention of it? --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 23:25, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I was looking for information about the makers of Vicodin and the brand.
 * This is a weird place to find this information, It seems that the while ignoring the trade names accomplishes the objective of avoiding promotion (partially) at the cost of erasure regarding the economic aspects of the drug and its promotion, which turns out to be a huge factor in their rise to popularity. History sections on current articles seem like the appropriate place to add this information to.
 * Regarding the actual question. Removing something because it has been discontinued is a very bad idea, it should be moved to the history section. TZubiri (talk) 02:18, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Article was being used to advertise the latest patented-formulation brand names (Clarification: NOT necessarily intentionally on the editor's part)
I've removed the prominent lede sentence and info box references to those brand names, which the average layman has never heard of, and replaced them with the well known brands Norco and Vicodin. all sources remained intact (there was no need to replace them). Wikipedia is not a free advertising platform for pharmaceutical companies. Firejuggler86 (talk) 23:40, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Follow-up: Upon further review of article history, the edits that introduced these changes appear to have been in good faith and without direct conflict of interest; however, I still andfeel the prominence of these obscure brands of patented-formulations of an old and common drug to be undue, and - with ALL DUE RESPECT to medical professionals and the enormous breadth of much appreciated expert knowledge that such editors bring to the encyclopedia - they are exposed to near constant pharmaceutical promoting by drug companies' sales reps (who are not medical professionals, so incedentally the perception of what are the common brands for medications expectedly becomes skewed by the POV pushed by the drug companies sales reps. Firejuggler86 (talk) 00:47, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Those brand names are combinations. The infobox for this article should list the brand names for the single medication. The prominence doesn't seem relevant. The AHFS Monograph lists Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER. --Whywhenwhohow (talk) 04:32, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * There is a separate article for the combination Hydrocodone/paracetamol --Whywhenwhohow (talk) 04:57, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hydrocodone


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Talk:Seppuku

— Assignment last updated by Dslaym (talk) 13:57, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Harakiri as distinct punishment from seppuku
The article currently makes the dubious claim that "Harakiri ... would only be assigned as a punishment towards acts deemed too heinous for seppuku." Do we have the slightest evidence in Japanese sources for this? AFAIK in Japan no legal distinction was ever made been the two. Jpatokal (talk) 07:10, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: College Composition II
— Assignment last updated by Lindseybean28 (talk) 21:24, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seppuku


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Heather Fargo

Heather Fargo (born December 12, 1952) is an American politician who served as mayor and was a former City Council Member of Sacramento, California. She was sworn in as mayor in November 2000, replacing Jimmie R. Yee, and served until December 2008, when she was defeated for reelection by Kevin Johnson.

Early life and education
Born in Oakland, California, Fargo grew up in Santa Maria and graduated from Stagg High School. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in environmental planning and management from the University of California, Davis in 1975. In 1981, Fargo earned a Certificate of Completion from the Revenue Sources Management School in Boulder, Colorado. She also completed the State and Local Government Executive Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1991.

Career
Fargo was first elected to the Sacramento City Council in 1989 to a five-year term as Sacramento was transitioning to even year citywide elections. Fargo represented District One which includes Downtown and Natomas. In the September primary, she came in second place to businesswoman Kate Karpilow but beat future City Councilman Ray Tretheway who came in third place and incumbent David Shore who came in fourth place. However, Fargo came back to beat Karpilow in November.

Upon Grantland Johnson's resignation from the Sacramento County Board of Supervisors in 1994, Fargo decided to run for the Board. In that election, she faced attorney and community activist Roger Dickinson. In a closely fought election, Dickinson narrowly beat Fargo. After that loss she was re-elected in 1994 and 1998. While serving on the city council, (prior to becoming Mayor full-time), she was employed as a manager of the California State Parks Volunteer Program.

2000 mayoral campaign
Upon the sudden death in November 1999 of Mayor Joe Serna, Jr., Land Park City Councilman Jimmie Yee became the acting mayor. Several candidates announced their intentions to run. Other than Fargo, three other council members were also seeking the mayorship. North Sacramento City Councilman Rob Kerth who represented an area immediately adjacent to Fargo's also decided to run. In addition, Steve Cohn, the city councilman for East Sacramento ran along with Robbie Waters who represents the Pocket and Greenhaven areas decided to run along with several lesser known candidates that included businessman and attorney Joe Genshlea and community activist Julie Padilla. Fargo, who won 22% of the vote in the primary and Kerth who won 20% of the vote made it into the November runoff, where Fargo was elected with just 53% of the vote. In winning, Fargo became the second elected mayor of Sacramento, and the first mayor from north of the American River .

2004 mayoral campaign
Fargo did not face as stiff competition in her 2004 re-election. Her main opponent was Ross W. Relles, Jr., a businessman. Other candidates were Deputy Attorney General Mark Soble and Lorenzo Patino Law School President Leonard Padilla. Virtually unopposed against candidates far less funded, Fargo won solidly in the primary election, thus no runoff was necessary.

2008 mayoral campaign
The primary election for mayor took place on June 3, 2008. Fargo received 39% of the vote, while former NBA star and Sacramento native Kevin Johnson received 46% of the vote. Since neither received a majority of the votes, a run off election was scheduled for November 2008, where she was defeated by a margin of 58% to 42%.

During the primary election campaign, Fargo initially claimed that she had the support of all the city councilmembers. Yet, Councilman Robbie Waters, Steve Cohn, and Sandra Sheedy all ended up endorsing Johnson during the primary. On September 4, 2008, only Councilman Kevin McCarty endorsed Heather Fargo.

Environment
Fargo was a founding member and the first secretary of the Sacramento Tree Foundation, which is considered an important voice in Sacramento's environmental community.

Gun control
During her tenure Mayor Fargo became a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.

Women's rights
Fargo is a long term advocate for women in politics. After she left office Fargo has continued to encourage women to run for office. Fargo is also active in promoting awareness about the history of women's suffrage.

Mayoral tenure
Mayor Fargo's tenure as mayor included disagreements with the Maloof family, owners of the NBA's Sacramento Kings, over the building of a new arena.

In 2006, 2007, and 2008, Mayor Fargo was named "Best Local Elected Official" by the readers of Sacramento Magazine in their annual poll.

2004 primary election for mayor of Sacramento
Because Fargo received a majority of the votes in the primary election, no general election was necessary.

2008 primary election for mayor of Sacramento
Johnson and Fargo proceeded to a runoff election on November 5.

2008 general election for mayor of Sacramento
Precincts Reporting - 215 out of 391

title: Heather Fargo


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Henotheism

Henotheism is the worship of a single, supreme god that does not deny the existence or possible existence of other deities that may be worshipped. Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854) coined the word, and Friedrich Welcker (1784–1868) used it to depict primitive monotheism among ancient Greeks.

Max Müller (1823–1900), a British philologist and orientalist, brought the term into wider usage in his scholarship on the Indian religions, particularly Hinduism whose scriptures mention and praise numerous deities as if they are one ultimate unitary divine essence. Müller made the term central to his criticism of Western theological and religious exceptionalism (relative to Eastern religions), focusing on a cultural dogma which held "monotheism" to be both fundamentally well-defined and inherently superior to differing concepts of God.

Definition and terminology
Friedrich Schelling coined the German term Henotheismus and German Theismus 'theism' (which comes ). The term refers to a form of theism focused on a single god. Related terms are monolatry and kathenotheism. The latter term is an extension of "henotheism",. Henotheism refers to a pluralistic theology wherein different deities are viewed to be of a unitary, equivalent divine essence. Another term related to henotheism is "equitheism", referring to the belief that all gods are equal. Furthermore, the term henotheism does not exclude monism, nondualism, or dualism.

Various scholars prefer the term monolatry to henotheism, to discuss religions where a single god is central, but the existence or the position of other gods is not denied. According to Christoph Elsas, henotheism in modern usage connotes a syncretic stage in the development of religions in late antiquity. A henotheist may worship a single god from a pantheon of deities at a given time, depending on his or her choice, while accepting other deities and concepts of god. Henotheism and inclusive monotheism are terms that refer to a middle position between unlimited polytheism and exclusive monotheism.

Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is often regarded as one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world. Although Ahura Mazda is the supreme god, Zoroastrianism believes in lesser divinities known as Yazatas. These yazatas ("good agents") include Anahita, Sraosha, Mithra, Rashnu, and Tishtrya. According to some Scholars,there are two issues that have long made it problematic to identify Zoroastrianism as true monotheism: the presence of lesser deities and dualism. But before hastening to conclude that the Amesha Spentas and the other yazatas compromise the purity of monotheism, we should consider that the other historical monotheisms too made room for other figures endowed with supernatural powers to bridge the gulf between the exalted, remote Creator God and the human world: the angels in all of them (whose conception in post-exilic Judaism was apparently developed after the pattern of the Amesha Spentas; Boyce and Grenet, 1991, 404–405), the saints and the Virgin Mary in several Christian churches, and the other persons of the Trinity in all of Christianity. Despite the vast differences with Zoroastrian theology, the common thread is that all these beings are subordinate to the Godhead as helpers or (in the case of the persons of the Trinity) co-equals, hence they do not pursue different interests and are worshiped jointly with the Godhead, not separately; therefore the supplicant's dilemma does not arise. Others such as Richard Foltz has put forth evidence that Iranians of Pre-Islamic era worshipped all these figures, especially Mithra and Anahita.

Prods Oktor Skjærvø states Zoroastrianism is henotheistic, and "a dualistic and polytheistic religion, but with one supreme god, who is the father of the ordered cosmos". Other scholars state that this is unclear, because historic texts present a conflicting picture, ranging from Zoroastrianism's belief in "one god, two gods, or a best god henotheism".

Hinduism
Henotheism was the term used by scholars such as Max Müller to describe the theology of Vedic religion. Müller noted that the hymns of the Rigveda, the oldest scripture of Hinduism, mention many deities, but praises them successively as the "one ultimate, supreme God", alternatively as "one supreme Goddess", thereby asserting that the essence of the deities was unitary (ekam), and the deities were nothing but pluralistic manifestations of the same concept of the divine (God).

The Vedic era conceptualization of the divine or the One, states Jeaneane Fowler, is more abstract than a monotheistic God, it is the Reality behind and of the phenomenal universe. The Vedic hymns treat it as "limitless, indescribable, absolute principle", thus the Vedic divine is something of a panentheism rather than simple henotheism. In late Vedic era, around the start of Upanishadic age (~800 BCE), theosophical speculations emerge that develop concepts which scholars variously call nondualism or monism, as well as forms of non-theism and pantheism. An example of the questioning of the concept of God, in addition to henotheistic hymns found therein, are in later portions of the Rigveda, such as the Nasadiya Sukta. Hinduism calls the metaphysical absolute concept as Brahman, incorporating within it the transcendent and immanent reality. Different schools of thought interpret Brahman as either personal, impersonal or transpersonal. Ishwar Chandra Sharma describes it as "Absolute Reality, beyond all dualities of existence and non-existence, light and darkness, and of time, space and cause."

Hellenistic religion
While Greek and Roman religion began as polytheism, during the Classical period, under the influence of philosophy, differing conceptions emerged. Often Zeus (or Jupiter) was considered the supreme, all-powerful and all-knowing king and father of the Olympian gods. According to Maijastina Kahlos, "monotheism was pervasive in the educated circles in Late Antiquity" and "all divinities were interpreted as aspects, particles or epithets of one supreme God". Maximus Tyrius (2nd century CE) stated: "In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord, you will see one according law and assertion in all the earth, that there is one God, the king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of God, ruling together with him." The Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus taught that above the gods of traditional belief was "The One". Maximus, the polytheist grammarian of Madauros, even stated that "only a madman would deny the existence of the supreme God".

Canaanite religion and Yahwism
Second Temple Judaism and Rabbinical Judaism are emphatically monotheistic; however, its predecessor—the cult of Yahweh as it was practiced in ancient Israel during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE (Yahwism)—has been described as henotheistic or monolatric. For example, the Moabites worshipped the god Chemosh, the Edomites, Qaus, both of whom were part of the greater Canaanite pantheon, headed by the chief god, El. The Canaanite pantheon consisted of El and Asherah as the chief deities, with 70 sons who were said to rule over each of the nations of the earth. These sons were each worshiped within a specific region. Kurt Noll states that "the Bible preserves a tradition that Yahweh used to 'live' in the south, in the land of Edom" and that the original god of Israel was El Shaddai.

Several biblical stories allude to the belief that the Canaanite gods all existed and were thought to possess the most power in the lands by the people who worshiped them and their sacred objects; their power was believed to be real and could be invoked by the people who patronized them. There are numerous accounts of surrounding nations of Israel showing fear or reverence for the Israelite God despite their continued polytheistic practices. For instance, in 1 Samuel 4, the Philistines fret before the second battle of Aphek when they learn that the Israelites are bearing the Ark of the Covenant, and therefore Yahweh, into battle. The Israelites were forbidden to worship other deities; according to some interpretations of the Bible, they were not fully monotheistic before the Babylonian captivity. The biblical scholar Mark S. Smith refers to this stage as a form of monolatry. Smith argues that Yahweh underwent a process of merging with El and that acceptance of cults of Asherah was common in the period of the Judges. 2 Kings 3:27 has been interpreted as describing a human sacrifice in Moab that led the invading Israelite army to fear the power of Chemosh.

In Christianity
Paul the Apostle, in his First Epistle to the Corinthians, writes that "we know that an idol is nothing" and "that there is none other God but one". He argues in verse 5 that "for though there be that are called gods, whether in heaven or in earth", "but to us there is but one God". Some translators of verse 5 put the words "gods" and "lords" in quotes to indicate that they are gods or lords only so-called.

In his Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Paul refers to "the god of this world", which the 18th-century theologian John Gill interpreted as a reference to Satan or the material things put before God, such as money, rather than acknowledging any separate deity from God.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Some scholars have written that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) can be characterized as henotheistic but others have rejected that stance. Eugene England, a professor at Brigham Young University, asserted that LDS Presidents Brigham Young and Joseph Fielding Smith along with the LDS scholar B. H. Roberts used the LDS interpretation of 1 Corinthians 8:5–6 as "a brief explanation of how it is possible to be both a Christian polytheist (technically a henotheist) and a monotheist". BYU Professor Roger R. Keller rejected descriptions of the LDS Church as polytheistic by countering, as summarized by a reviewer, "Mormons are fundamentally monotheistic because they deal with only one god out of the many which exist."

In their book, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, Richard and Joan Ostling, wrote that some Mormons are comfortable describing themselves as henotheists. Kurt Widmer, professor at the University of Lethbridge, described LDS beliefs as a "cosmic henotheism". A review of Widmer's book by Bruening and Paulsen in the FARMS Review of Books countered that Widmer's hypothesis was "strongly disconfirmed in light of the total evidence". Van Hale wrote that "Mormonism teaches the existence of gods who are not the Father, Son, or Holy Ghost" and "the existence of more than one god [is] clearly a Mormon doctrine", but he also said that defining this belief system in theological terms was troublesome. According to Van Hale, henotheism might appear to be "promising" in describing LDS beliefs but is ultimately not accurate because henotheism was intended to describe the worship of a god that was restricted to a specific geographical area.

title: Henotheism


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Talk:Hausdorff space

First comment
I've added a reference to what is, as far as I can find, the first article (Shimrat, 1956) containing a proof that every space can be written as a quotient of a Hausdorff space; this seems to me like a non-trivial fact, so I didn't think it was appropriate to include the statement with no reference or explanation. Some readers might be interested to know that John Isbell generalized this result in A note on complete closure algebras. Math. Systems Theory 4 (1969), although that's probably not worth mentioning in this article.67.85.181.241 (talk) 04:06, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

I've just started trying to learn some topology, and I've come across this definition a few times. While I think I can visualise the specific example - two points, disjoint open sets around them - I don't feel I fully understand it. Can anyone help me (and presumably anyone else new to topology)?

Are there any immediate and more graspable consequences that follow from a topological space being Hausdorff? Why is Hausdorff-ness important? Are most interesting and useful spaces Hausdorff? What do non-Hausdorff spaces look like: are they ugly and weird, are there significant examples that naturally crop up? - Stuart Presnell

This line Limits of sequences (when they exist) are unique in Hausdorff spaces. Is a typical example of the ways in which Hausdorff spaces are 'nice'. --Matthew Woodcraft

Is the contrapositive of this true? If a space is non-Hausdorff, does this mean that the limits of sequences are not unique? -- Stuart Presnell

This is not the contrapositive, it is the converse, and it is false. As to your original question: most topological spaces encountered in analysis are Hausdorff (most of them are even metric spaces, but not all, see e.g. weak topology). An important non-Hausdorff topology is the Zariski topology in algebraic geometry. --AxelBoldt

An example of limit behaviour in a non-Hausdorff space: Let X = { 1, 2 } and T = { Ø, X } T is then a topology on X (called the chaotic topology). The sequence 1,1,1,1,1... has both 1 and 2 as limits, basically because the topology is incapable of distinguising between them. A non-Hausdorff space will always have at least one pair of indistinguishable points, so a sequence with more than one limit can be constructed as above. -- Tarquin

I'm pretty sure that one can construct some non-first-countable non-Hausdorff T1 space where limits of sequences are unique. I think Hausdorff spaces can be characterized by the fact that limits of filters are unique. --AxelBoldt

"particularly nice" - Zoe

A not-so-nice property of non-Hausdorff spaces
If a space X carries a non-Hausdorff topology, it is impossible for continuous functions with values in the real or complex numbers (or any Hausdorff space Y, for that matter) to separate points. A function $$ f:X\rightarrow Y$$ is said to separate the points x and y if $$f(x)\neq f(y)$$. Assume x and y are non-Hausdorff points, i.e. for any two open sets A and B with $$x\in A, y\in B$$ we have $$A\cap B\neq\emptyset$$. Let Y be a Hausdorff space and $$f:X\rightarrow Y$$ a function separating x and y. Since Y is Hausdorff, there exist disjoint open sets U and V with $$f(x)\in U, f(y)\in V$$. Would f be continuous then $$A=f^{-1}(U)$$ and $$B=f^{-1}(V)$$ would be disjoint open sets with $$x\in A, y\in B$$. But this is impossible, so f cannot be continuous.

The importance of this fact is that non-Hausdorff spaces cannot be adequately described by continuous functions on them.

 * That could just as well be an argument for why Hausdorff spaces are not "nice"! (whatever that means...) Thehotelambush (talk) 09:10, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Hausdorff redirect
I feel like the word Hausdorff is used far more often to refer to a property of spaces than it is to refer to Mr. Felix Q Hausdorff. Accordingly, I think Hausdorff should redirect here, rather than there. -lethe talk 00:06, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Closed singletons iff T1, not iff T2
In the article it was stated:

For a topological space X, the following are equivalent:
 * X is Hausdorff space.
 * Every singleton set contained in X is equal to the intersection of all closed neighbourhoods containing it.

This is not true. A set is closed iff it is equal to it's closure, which is the intersection of all closed sets containing the set. Therefore the second condition above means "every singleton is closed". But this is a condition equivalent to the given space being T1. As T1 spaces exist which are not T2, the stated equivalence does not hold.

Therefore I removed from the article the following line: --87.205.171.230 (talk) 13:03, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Every singleton set contained in X is equal to the intersection of all closed neighbourhoods containing it.

 * I've restored it, as it's correct. The intersection of the closed neighbourhoods of a point is not the same thing as the intersection of the closed sets containing the point. --Zundark (talk) 13:45, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Citation problem
The citation for the statement "in a Hausdorff space every pair of disjoint compact sets can also be separated by neighborhoods[8]" which currently links to http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=4193 does not prove the quoted statement. It proves a weaker statement that a point and a compact set in a hausdorff space can be separated by neighborhoods. I have been able to prove the quoted statement based on the ideas from the planetmath proof. I can supply the proof if desired, however I am sure that someone else on here could do it as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.14.226.95 (talk) 20:49, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I've changed the reference (now p124 of Willard). --Zundark (talk) 21:04, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Equivalence of Hausdorf and T2
Some authors (Munkres for example) define T2 as a weaker condition than Hausdorf:  the T2 axiom states that given any two points, each has a neighborhood that does not contain the other (i.e. not necessarily disjoint).

Is it worth pointing this out in the article or is it hair splitting? Has the topological world moved on from 1975 when Munkres was published? Mr. Swordfish (talk) 02:19, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Nevermind. Misreading Munkres.  That's T1 not T2. Mr. Swordfish (talk) 18:27, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

"Non-Hausdorff" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Non-Hausdorff and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Jay (talk) 17:21, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

"R1 space" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect R1 space and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 22 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 13:01, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hausdorff space


text:
Hedwig of Silesia

Hedwig of Silesia (Święta Jadwiga Śląska), also Hedwig of Andechs (Heilige Hedwig von Andechs, Hedvigis; 1174 – 15 October 1243), a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238. She was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1267 by Pope Clement IV.

Life
The daughter of Count Berthold IV of Andechs, margrave of Carniola and Istria and his second wife Agnes of Wettin, she was born at Andechs Castle in the Duchy of Bavaria. Her elder sister, Agnes, married King Philip II of France (annulled in 1200) and her sister Gertrude (killed in 1213) married King Andrew II of Hungary, while the youngest Matilda, (Mechtild) became abbess at the Benedictine Abbey of Kitzingen in Franconia, where Hedwig also received her education. Hedwig's brother was Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, Count of Andechs-Meranien. Another brother was Berthold, Archbishop of Kalocsa and Patriarch of Aquileia, while her brother Henry, Margrave of Istria was the first lord of Carniola.

Through her sister Gertrude, she was the aunt of Elizabeth of Hungary.

Duchess consort
At the age of twelve, Hedwig married Henry I the Bearded, son and heir of the Piast duke Boleslaus the Tall of Silesia. As soon as Henry succeeded his father in 1201, he had to struggle with his Piast relatives, at first with his uncle Duke Mieszko IV Tanglefoot who immediately seized the Upper Silesian Duchy of Opole. In 1206 Henry and his cousin Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks of Greater Poland agreed to swap the Silesian Lubusz Land against the Kalisz region, which met with fierce protest by Władysław's III nephew Władysław Odonic. When Henry went to Gąsawa in 1227 to meet his Piast cousins, he narrowly saved his life, while High Duke Leszek I the White was killed by the men of the Pomerelian Duke Swietopelk II, instigated by Władysław Odonic.

The next year Henry's ally Władysław III Spindleshanks succeeded Leszek I as High Duke; however as he was still contested by his nephew in Greater Poland, he made Henry his governor at Kraków, whereby the Silesian duke once again became entangled in the dispute over the Seniorate Province. In 1229 he was captured and arrested at Płock Castle by rivaling Duke Konrad I of Masovia. Hedwig proceeded to Płock pleading for Henry and was able to have him released.

Her actions promoted the reign of her husband: upon the death of the Polish High Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks in 1231, Henry also became Duke of Greater Poland and the next year prevailed as High Duke at Kraków. He thereby was the first of the Silesian Piast descendants of Władysław II the Exile to gain the rule over Silesia and the Seniorate Province in accord with the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty.

Widow
Upon his death in 1238, Henry was buried at a Cistercian monastery of nuns, Trzebnica Abbey (Kloster Trebnitz), which he had established in 1202 at Hedwig's request. Hedwig accepted the death of her beloved husband with faith. She said: "'Would you oppose the will of God? Our lives are His.'" The widow moved into the monastery, which was led by her daughter Gertrude, assuming the religious habit of a lay sister, but she did not take vows. She invited numerous German religious people from the Holy Roman Empire into the Silesian lands, as well as German settlers who founded numerous cities, towns and villages in the course of the Ostsiedlung, while cultivating barren parts of Silesia for agriculture.

Hedwig and Henry had several daughters, though only one surviving son, Henry II the Pious, who succeeded his father as Duke of Silesia and Polish High Duke. The widow, however, had to witness the killing of her son, vainly awaiting the support of Emperor Frederick II, during the Mongol invasion of Poland at the Battle of Legnica (Wahlstatt) in 1241. The hopes for a re-united Poland were lost, and even Silesia fragmented into numerous Piast duchies under Henry II's sons. Hedwig and her daughter-in-law, Henry II's widow Anna of Bohemia, established a Benedictine abbey at the site of the battle in Legnickie Pole, settled with monks coming from Opatovice in Bohemia.

Hedwig and Henry had lived very pious lives, and Hedwig had great zeal for her faith. She had supported her husband in donating the Augustinian provostry at Nowogród Bobrzański (Naumburg) and the commandery of the Knights Templar at Oleśnica Mała (Klein Oels). Hedwig always helped the poor, the widows and the orphans, founded several hospitals for the sick and the lepers and donated all her fortune to the Church. She allowed no one to leave her uncomforted, and one time she spent ten weeks teaching the Our Father to a poor woman. According to legend, she went barefoot even in winter, and when she was urged by the Bishop of Wrocław to wear shoes, she carried them in her hands. On 15 October 1243, Hedwig died and was buried in Trzebnica Abbey with her husband, while relics of her are preserved at Andechs Abbey and St. Hedwig's Cathedral in Berlin.

Veneration
Hedwig was canonized in 1267 by Pope Clement IV, a supporter of the Cistercian order, at the suggestion of her grandson Prince-Archbishop Władysław of Salzburg. She is the patroness saint of Silesia, of Andechs, and of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Görlitz. Her feast day is celebrated on the General Roman Calendar on 16 October. The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit, who count her as a great benefactor, celebrate it on 8 June. A 17th-century legend has it that Hedwig, while on a pilgrimage to Rome, stopped at Bad Zell in Austria, where she had healing waters spring up at a source which today still bears her name.

In 1773 the Prussian king Frederick the Great, having conquered and annexed the bulk of Silesia in the First Silesian War, had St. Hedwig in Berlin built for the Catholic Upper Silesian immigrants, since 1930 the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin. After the expulsion of almost all Germans from Silesia, German Silesians carried Hedwig's veneration to all over remaining Germany.

In March 2020 the discovery of Hedwig's remains, that had been missing for centuries, was reported. The remains were found in her sanctuary in Trzebnica, in a silver casket bearing a lead tablet with an inscription confirming Hedwig's identity.

Hedwig glasses are named after Hedwig of Silesia.

Children
Hedwig and Henry I had seven children:
 * 1) Agnes (ca. 1190 – before 11 May 1214).
 * 2) Bolesław (ca. 1191 – 10 September 1206/08).
 * 3) Henry II the Pious (ca. 1196 – killed in Battle of Legnica, 9 April 1241).
 * 4) Konrad the Curly (ca. 1198 – Czerwony Kosciol, 4 September 1213).
 * 5) Sophie (ca. 1200 – before 22/23 March 1214).
 * 6) Gertrude (ca. 1200 – Trebnitz, 6/30 December 1268), Abbess of Trebnitz.
 * 7) A son [Władysław?] (before 25 December 1208 – 1214/17).

title: Hedwig of Silesia