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Talk:List of dog breeds/Archive 1

Is a cockapoo a real breed? Also, I'd always heard cockerpoo, for cocker spaniel and poodle?? JHK --- The answer to a real breed may not be clear but both names describe the same breed. Take a look at: http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/cockerpoo.htm --rmhermen

---

I see that "A Pointer is a common data type...". The Pointer pointer points to Pointer, the data type. There should be some other naming convention here. Kolden

The AKC has a list of their recognized breeds, and I'll enter them and figure out a way to indicate which breeds are recognized by whom. There is much controversy in the breeder world about this breed and that breed, don'tcha know. ;-)

The AKC commonly capitalizes breeds as they are names. Shall we follow that convention or not?

Also, the AKC names sometimes include the word Dog, e.g., "Anatolian Shepherd Dog".

See http://www.akc.org/breeds/recbreeds/breeds_a.cfm

--Dmerrill

Any interest in a standard outline format for dog breeds? I'm going throw a really rough page up at WikiProject Dog breeds. I only suggest it because it give people a better idea of what sort they might want to include in an article. -D

title: Talk:List of dog breeds/Archive 1


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Talk:Doubravka of Bohemia

Untitled
Took out the official and legal title stuff, because that concept just didn't exist in the 10th century, to the best of my knowledge. There was no administrative mechanism for "official and legal" titles -- births were not regularly registered, names changed as family possessions changed, etc. For most leading families in what had been Francia (and remember, Louis the Child died in 911, and there were still Carolingian family members around after his death), there were very few regularized titles -- especially titles bound to specific chunks of land! If somebody can show me real documentation (from the time, and not some later document based on an assumption) for this, I'll put this back. JHK

Sorry -- the comments don't go in the article -- here they are:

From HJ -- A note on nobility : names entered in Royal and Noble registries such as "Stammtafeln" remain unchanged including the "von" or "von und zu". That is part of the title ,earned, by rendering service to the empire. H. Stoyan at the University of Erlangen lists Dubrawka as follows: "Dubrawka von Boehmen".

 * ''I think most of us have a good idea of how titles work -- you might want to consider that basing everything on what was true for the HRE in the early modern period may not always have been the case. The Stammtafeln didn't actually exist when Dubrawka was alive, so they aren't a good source.  Also, your explanation is somewhat simplistic -- titles were often appropriated by their holders, and after a generation or two, were considered fact.  For the period we're talking about, your identification of "von" and "zu" as part of a formal title is just flat out wrong.

As far as Stoyan using "dubrawka von Boehmen," I'm sorry, but unless there's a sentence that says "Upon event X, Dubrawka was granted the title D. of Bohemia," it isn't proof. WE MODERN PEOPLE often agree on nomenclature for certain historical characters as a convenience. It is much more likely the case that Dubrawka is referred to as 'of Bohemia' because someone a hundred or so years ago started calling her that, and it was useful enough that others followed. It is Extremely Unlikely that it had anything to do with an official title -- which as a woman would have been a very rare occurrance anyway. Relying on genealogical sources is bound to lead you into these kind of discussions, by the way -- they are notorious for including a lot of wishful thinking rather than hard scholarship.'' JHK

Dubrawka link to Edward I, of England
How could Dubrawka (Dubrawa) (b.about 925/931-d.977) possibly be the grand-daughter of Edward I, of England (1239-1307). This page directs us to Edward I "longshanks", King of England instead of Edward "the elder" or "the unconquered" (870-924). If Adiva is the daughter of Edward "the elder", what other names might she go by. I have 8 daughters and 5 sons by three wives recorded in my database and none of them are "Adiva". I do have EDGIVA(Eadgifu)(Ogive) (904-951) recorded. could this be Adiva?

My thanks to anyone that can clarify this for me.

Adiva is Elgiva, 8th child of Edward the Elder by his 2nd wife, Elfleda. According to the Pitkin Guide on royal succession, she was married to a prince near the Alps, who has recently been identified as Boleslaw II. The wikipedia article on him claims this marriage; but it seems that the wikipedia article on Boleslaw I, from whom Dubravka is descendent, also married her. I don't know if they both married the same woman (distinctly possible), but there is some confusion that needs to be cleared up here. Any clarification on my confusion is greatly appreciated.

Dubrawka or Dubravka?
Shouldn't this article be moved to Dubravka? Dubrawka may be a Polish or German spelling but since she was Bohemian, I suppose we should use Czech spelling which I guess is Dubravka (there is no W in the Czech language except in words of foreign origin). --Kpalion 12:03, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Golden loincloth?
Is the information about a "golden loincloth" reliable? In the Polish version there is a "golden head band". It seems much more plausible. --Jidu Boite (talk) 13:51, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

baptism issue in the lead
suggest to remove the paragraph which briefly flags the controversy over Doubravka's role in introduction of Christianity in the Mieszko's state. It is definitely worth mentioning, but in a specific sub-section of the narrative (perhaps Historiographic reception???). In the lead it seems to be out of place. The lead is supposed to provide brief and introductory information, not to dive into historiographic disputes. Regards, --89.76.22.216 (talk) 00:20, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Doubravka of Bohemia


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Talk:Determinant

Right handed coordinante
the following sentence is not clear. "The determinant of a set of vectors is positive if the vectors form a right-handed coordinate system, and negative if left-handed." what does "right-handed coordinate system" means? the "coordinate system" article does not mention it. amit man

linear algebra/analytic geometry
linear independence/collinearity, Gram determinant, tensor, positive definite matrix (Sylvester's criterion), defining a plane, Line-line intersection, Cayley–Hamilton_theorem, cross product, Matrix representation of conic sections, adjugate matrix , similar matrix have same det (Similarity invariance) , Cauchy–Binet formula, Trilinear_coordinates, Trace diagram, Pfaffian

types of matrices
special linear group, special orthogonal group, special unitary group, indefinite special orthogonal group, modular group, unimodular matrix, matrices with multidimensional indices

number theory/algebra
Pell's equation/continued fraction?, discriminant, Minkowski's theorem/lattice, Partition_(number_theory), resultant, field norm, Dirichlet's_unit_theorem, discriminant of an algebraic number field

geometry, analysis
conformal map?, Gauss curvature, orientability, Integration by substitution, Wronskian, invariant theory, Monge–Ampère equation, Brascamp–Lieb_inequality, Liouville's formula, absolute value of cx numbers and quaternions (see 3-sphere), distance geometry (Cayley–Menger determinant), Delaunay_triangulation

open questions
Jacobian conjecture, Hadamard's maximal determinant problem

algorithms
polar decomposition, QR decomposition, Dodgson_condensation, Matrix_determinant_lemma, eigendecomposition a few papers: Monte carlo for sparse matrices, approximation of det of large matrices, The Permutation Algorithm for Non-Sparse Matrix Determinant in Symbolic Computation, DETERMINANT APPROXIMATIONS

examples
reflection matrix, Rotation matrix, Vandermonde matrix, Circulant matrix, Hessian matrix (Blob_detection), block matrix, Gram determinant, Elementary_matrix, Orr–Sommerfeld_equation, det of Cartan matrix

generalizations
Hyperdeterminant, Quasideterminant, Continuant (mathematics), Immanant of a matrix, permanent, Pseudo-determinant, det's of infinite matrices / regularized det / functional determinant (see also operator theory), Fredholm determinant , superdeterminant

other
Determinantal point process, Kirchhoff's theorem,

Precise definition in the introduction?
Sorry for having attempted this substantial edit without prior discussion! My main desire is to add to the introduction at least one definition that is uniquely true of the determinant.

Right now, the introduction doesn't define the determinant, though precise definitions do exist. Instead it just makes some statements which are true of many objects:

- It is a scalar function of a square matrix

- It characterizes some properties of that matrix. (This is a bit vague and contentless)

- It is nonzero only on invertible matrices and distributes over matrix multiplication (also true of any multiplicative function of the determinant, such as the square)

Can I lobby for at least one crisp, technical, honest-to-goodness *definition* of the determinant? For example, "the determinant is the product of the full set of complex eigenvalues of a matrix, with multiplicity." What do you think? Cooljeff3000 (talk) 12:09, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

 * As you need the determinant for defining "the full set of complex eigenvalues of a matrix, with multiplicity", such a circular definition does not belong to the lead. By WP:TECHNICAL, a definition is convenient for a lead only if it can be understood by non-specialists.
 * The less technical definition of a determinant that I know is the following: The determinant is the unique function of the coefficients of a square matrix such that the determinant of a product of matrices is the product of their determinants, and the determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries.
 * This definition uses implicitely the fact the every matrix is similar to a triangular matrix. As these diagonal entries are clearly the eigenvalues of the initial matrix, your definition is immediately implied.
 * Personally, I do not find that this definition is convenient for the lead, as there are many other equivalent definitions, and this equivalence clearly does not belong to the lead.
 * So the best thing seems to not chnge the structure of the lead. D.Lazard (talk) 13:16, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Finally, the determinant is completely characterized by the fact that the determinant of a product of matrices is the product of the determinants and that the detrminant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries. I have added this, with a footnote explaining that this results from Gaussian elimination. D.Lazard (talk) 18:12, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The Gaussian elimination section seems redundant with the following section, since it is essentially equivalent to LU decomposition of the matrix. –jacobolus (t) 20:00, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Please write in English (if for the English Wikipedia)
The section Sum contains this passage:

"Conversely, if $$A$$ and $$B$$ are Hermitian, positive-definite, and size $$n\times n$$, then the determinant has concave $$n$$th root;"

This statement makes no sense in either English or mathematics.

I hope that someone knowledgeable about this subject will fix this.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:204:f181:9410:d8dc:6178:320e:f4d5 (talk) 01:11, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I have fixed the paragraph. D.Lazard (talk) 09:04, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Using column vectors to represent points
I believe that there was a time when geometric points were often represented by row vectors, but now they are usually represented by column vectors. I do not have any evidence for the first part of that statement, but for the second part I have found: If most people learn that points are represented by column vectors, then the 2D example at Determinant would be easier to understand if it just used the columns of $A$. It would talk about the vertices at $(0, 0)$, $(a, c)$, $(a + b, c + d)$, and $(b, d)$.
 * written in 1993 which says "Recent mathematical treatments of linear algebra and related fields invariably treat vectors as columns".
 * which says "The general convention seems to be that the coordinates are listed in the format known as a column vector".
 * Olver and Shakiban (Applied Linear Algebra, 2018) who say that the term "vector" without qualification means a column vector.
 * where a comment says "we typically write the coordinates of our points as columns".
 * The article transformation matrix which uses column vectors.

It would need a new image instead of File:Area parallellogram as determinant.svg. Also I think the proof about the signed area would need to use $v^{⊥}$ instead of $u^{⊥}$, although I have not completely worked that out. The section could still mention that the determinant of the transpose gives the same result.

Also, please note that the 3D example in that section already uses the columns of $A$. JonH (talk) 01:20, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

 * You must distinguish between vectors of $$\R^n$$ with are tuples and commonly denoted in a row between parentheses such as $$(a_1,\ldots, a_n), $$ and the corresponding row and column vectors that are matrices and are denoted between square brackets. In other words, a vector is a $n$-tuple that can be represented with either a $$n\times 1$$ matrix (column vector) or a $$1\times n$$ matrix (row vector). You are true when saying that the common convention for matrix computation is to represent vectors with their associated column matrix.
 * I did not find anything in the linked section that goes against these common conventions. However, the wording is rather confusing, and could certainly be improved. D.Lazard (talk) 09:02, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * At a second thought, the main confusion of this paragraph is that it confuse points, the tuples of their coordinates and the corresponding row and columns vectors. D.Lazard (talk) 09:12, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Tuples and row vectors (or column vectors, depending on the source) are so commonly conflated in both use and notation that any pedantic clarification here needs to be written very carefully. Notation here is also far from standardized (tuples can be written with square, round, or angle brackets; matrices can be written with square or round brackets). Also points in Euclidean space (or geometric vectors in a Euclidean vector space) are not tuples per se, but can be represented as tuples relative to an arbitrary Cartesian coordinate system. The object and its representation as numerical data are also commonly conflated. –jacobolus (t) 13:04, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Determinant


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Delaunay triangulation

In computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation or Delone triangulation of a set of points in the plane subdivides their convex hull into triangles whose circumcircles do not contain any of the points. This maximizes the size of the smallest angle in any of the triangles, and tends to avoid sliver triangles.

The triangulation is named after Boris Delaunay for his work on it from 1934.

If the points all lie on a straight line, the notion of triangulation becomes degenerate and there is no Delaunay triangulation. For four or more points on the same circle (e.g., the vertices of a rectangle) the Delaunay triangulation is not unique: each of the two possible triangulations that split the quadrangle into two triangles satisfies the "Delaunay condition", i.e., the requirement that the circumcircles of all triangles have empty interiors.

By considering circumscribed spheres, the notion of Delaunay triangulation extends to three and higher dimensions. Generalizations are possible to metrics other than Euclidean distance. However, in these cases a Delaunay triangulation is not guaranteed to exist or be unique.

Relationship with the Voronoi diagram
The Delaunay triangulation of a discrete point set $P$ in general position corresponds to the dual graph of the Voronoi diagram for $P$. The circumcenters of Delaunay triangles are the vertices of the Voronoi diagram. In the 2D case, the Voronoi vertices are connected via edges, that can be derived from adjacency-relationships of the Delaunay triangles: If two triangles share an edge in the Delaunay triangulation, their circumcenters are to be connected with an edge in the Voronoi tesselation.

Special cases where this relationship does not hold, or is ambiguous, include cases like:
 * Three or more collinear points, where the circumcircles are of infinite radii.
 * Four or more points on a perfect circle, where the triangulation is ambiguous and all circumcenters are trivially identical.
 * Edges of the Voronoi diagram going to infinity are not defined by this relation in case of a finite set $P$. If the Delaunay triangulation is calculated using the Bowyer–Watson algorithm then the circumcenters of triangles having a common vertex with the "super" triangle should be ignored. Edges going to infinity start from a circumcenter and they are perpendicular to the common edge between the kept and ignored triangle.

d-dimensional Delaunay
For a set $P$ of points in the ($d$-dimensional) Euclidean space, a Delaunay triangulation is a triangulation $DT(P)$ such that no point in $P$ is inside the circum-hypersphere of any $d$-simplex in $DT(P)$. It is known that there exists a unique Delaunay triangulation for $P$ if $P$ is a set of points in general position; that is, the affine hull of $P$ is $d$-dimensional and no set of $d + 2$ points in $P$ lie on the boundary of a ball whose interior does not intersect $P$.

The problem of finding the Delaunay triangulation of a set of points in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space can be converted to the problem of finding the convex hull of a set of points in ($d + 1$)-dimensional space. This may be done by giving each point $p$ an extra coordinate equal to $|p|^{2}$, thus turning it into a hyper-paraboloid (this is termed "lifting"); taking the bottom side of the convex hull (as the top end-cap faces upwards away from the origin, and must be discarded); and mapping back to $d$-dimensional space by deleting the last coordinate. As the convex hull is unique, so is the triangulation, assuming all facets of the convex hull are simplices. Nonsimplicial facets only occur when $d + 2$ of the original points lie on the same $d$-hypersphere, i.e., the points are not in general position.

Properties

Let $n$ be the number of points and $d$ the number of dimensions.

 * The union of all simplices in the triangulation is the convex hull of the points.
 * The Delaunay triangulation contains $\textstyle O\bigl(n^{\lceil d/2 \rceil}\bigr)$ simplices.
 * In the plane ($d = 2$), if there are $b$ vertices on the convex hull, then any triangulation of the points has at most $2n – 2 – b$ triangles, plus one exterior face (see Euler characteristic).
 * If points are distributed according to a Poisson process in the plane with constant intensity, then each vertex has on average six surrounding triangles. More generally for the same process in $d$ dimensions the average number of neighbors is a constant depending only on $d$.
 * In the plane, the Delaunay triangulation maximizes the minimum angle. Compared to any other triangulation of the points, the smallest angle in the Delaunay triangulation is at least as large as the smallest angle in any other.  However, the Delaunay triangulation does not necessarily minimize the maximum angle. The Delaunay triangulation also does not necessarily minimize the length of the edges.
 * A circle circumscribing any Delaunay triangle does not contain any other input points in its interior.
 * If a circle passing through two of the input points doesn't contain any other input points in its interior, then the segment connecting the two points is an edge of a Delaunay triangulation of the given points.
 * Each triangle of the Delaunay triangulation of a set of points in $d$-dimensional spaces corresponds to a facet of convex hull of the projection of the points onto a ($d + 1$)-dimensional paraboloid, and vice versa.
 * The closest neighbor $b$ to any point $p$ is on an edge $bp$ in the Delaunay triangulation since the nearest neighbor graph is a subgraph of the Delaunay triangulation.
 * The Delaunay triangulation is a geometric spanner: In the plane ($d = 2$), the shortest path between two vertices, along Delaunay edges, is known to be no longer than 1.998 times the Euclidean distance between them.

Visual Delaunay definition: Flipping
From the above properties an important feature arises: Looking at two triangles $△ABD, △BCD$ with the common edge $\overline{BD}$ (see figures), if the sum of the angles $α + γ ≤ 180°$, the triangles meet the Delaunay condition.

This is an important property because it allows the use of a flipping technique. If two triangles do not meet the Delaunay condition, switching the common edge $\overline{BD}$ for the common edge $\overline{AC}$ produces two triangles that do meet the Delaunay condition:

This operation is called a flip, and can be generalised to three and higher dimensions.

Algorithms
Many algorithms for computing Delaunay triangulations rely on fast operations for detecting when a point is within a triangle's circumcircle and an efficient data structure for storing triangles and edges. In two dimensions, one way to detect if point $α$ lies in the circumcircle of $γ$ is to evaluate the determinant:

\begin{align} & \begin{vmatrix} A_x & A_y & A_x^2 + A_y^2 & 1\\ B_x & B_y & B_x^2 + B_y^2 & 1\\ C_x & C_y & C_x^2 + C_y^2 & 1\\ D_x & D_y & D_x^2 + D_y^2 & 1 \end{vmatrix} \\[8pt] = {} & \begin{vmatrix} A_x - D_x & A_y - D_y & (A_x - D_x)^2 + (A_y - D_y)^2 \\ B_x - D_x & B_y - D_y & (B_x - D_x)^2 + (B_y - D_y)^2 \\ C_x - D_x & C_y - D_y & (C_x - D_x)^2 + (C_y - D_y)^2 \end{vmatrix} > 0 \end{align} $$

When $D$ are sorted in a counterclockwise order, this determinant is positive only if $A, B, C$ lies inside the circumcircle.

Flip algorithms
As mentioned above, if a triangle is non-Delaunay, we can flip one of its edges. This leads to a straightforward algorithm: construct any triangulation of the points, and then flip edges until no triangle is non-Delaunay. Unfortunately, this can take $Ω(n^{2})$ edge flips. While this algorithm can be generalised to three and higher dimensions, its convergence is not guaranteed in these cases, as it is conditioned to the connectedness of the underlying flip graph: this graph is connected for two-dimensional sets of points, but may be disconnected in higher dimensions.

Incremental
The most straightforward way of efficiently computing the Delaunay triangulation is to repeatedly add one vertex at a time, retriangulating the affected parts of the graph. When a vertex $D$ is added, we split in three the triangle that contains $A, B, C$, then we apply the flip algorithm. Done naïvely, this will take $O(n)$ time: we search through all the triangles to find the one that contains $A, B, C$, then we potentially flip away every triangle. Then the overall runtime is $O(n^{2})$.

If we insert vertices in random order, it turns out (by a somewhat intricate proof) that each insertion will flip, on average, only $O(1)$ triangles – although sometimes it will flip many more. This still leaves the point location time to improve. We can store the history of the splits and flips performed: each triangle stores a pointer to the two or three triangles that replaced it. To find the triangle that contains $D$, we start at a root triangle, and follow the pointer that points to a triangle that contains $v$, until we find a triangle that has not yet been replaced. On average, this will also take $O(log n)$ time. Over all vertices, then, this takes $O(n log n)$ time. While the technique extends to higher dimension (as proved by Edelsbrunner and Shah), the runtime can be exponential in the dimension even if the final Delaunay triangulation is small.

The Bowyer–Watson algorithm provides another approach for incremental construction. It gives an alternative to edge flipping for computing the Delaunay triangles containing a newly inserted vertex.

Unfortunately the flipping-based algorithms are generally hard to parallelize, since adding some certain point (e.g. the center point of a wagon wheel) can lead to up to $O(n)$ consecutive flips. Blelloch et al. proposed another version of incremental algorithm based on rip-and-tent, which is practical and highly parallelized with polylogarithmic span.

Divide and conquer
A divide and conquer algorithm for triangulations in two dimensions was developed by Lee and Schachter and improved by Guibas and Stolfi and later by Dwyer. In this algorithm, one recursively draws a line to split the vertices into two sets. The Delaunay triangulation is computed for each set, and then the two sets are merged along the splitting line. Using some clever tricks, the merge operation can be done in time $O(n)$, so the total running time is $O(n log n)$.

For certain types of point sets, such as a uniform random distribution, by intelligently picking the splitting lines the expected time can be reduced to $O(n log log n)$ while still maintaining worst-case performance.

A divide and conquer paradigm to performing a triangulation in $v$ dimensions is presented in "DeWall: A fast divide and conquer Delaunay triangulation algorithm in Ed" by P. Cignoni, C. Montani, R. Scopigno.

The divide and conquer algorithm has been shown to be the fastest DT generation technique sequentially.

Sweephull
Sweephull is a hybrid technique for 2D Delaunay triangulation that uses a radially propagating sweep-hull, and a flipping algorithm. The sweep-hull is created sequentially by iterating a radially-sorted set of 2D points, and connecting triangles to the visible part of the convex hull, which gives a non-overlapping triangulation. One can build a convex hull in this manner so long as the order of points guarantees no point would fall within the triangle. But, radially sorting should minimize flipping by being highly Delaunay to start. This is then paired with a final iterative triangle flipping step.

Applications
The Euclidean minimum spanning tree of a set of points is a subset of the Delaunay triangulation of the same points, and this can be exploited to compute it efficiently.

For modelling terrain or other objects given a point cloud, the Delaunay triangulation gives a nice set of triangles to use as polygons in the model. In particular, the Delaunay triangulation avoids narrow triangles (as they have large circumcircles compared to their area). See triangulated irregular network.

Delaunay triangulations can be used to determine the density or intensity of points samplings by means of the Delaunay tessellation field estimator (DTFE).

Delaunay triangulations are often used to generate meshes for space-discretised solvers such as the finite element method and the finite volume method of physics simulation, because of the angle guarantee and because fast triangulation algorithms have been developed. Typically, the domain to be meshed is specified as a coarse simplicial complex; for the mesh to be numerically stable, it must be refined, for instance by using Ruppert's algorithm.

The increasing popularity of finite element method and boundary element method techniques increases the incentive to improve automatic meshing algorithms. However, all of these algorithms can create distorted and even unusable grid elements. Fortunately, several techniques exist which can take an existing mesh and improve its quality. For example, smoothing (also referred to as mesh refinement) is one such method, which repositions nodes to minimize element distortion. The stretched grid method allows the generation of pseudo-regular meshes that meet the Delaunay criteria easily and quickly in a one-step solution.

Constrained Delaunay triangulation has found applications in path planning in automated driving and topographic surveying.

title: Delaunay triangulation


text:
Defendant

In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".

Criminal defendants
In a criminal trial, a defendant is a person accused (charged) of committing an offense (a crime; an act defined as punishable under criminal law). The other party to a criminal trial is usually a public prosecutor, but in some jurisdictions, private prosecutions are allowed.

Criminal defendants are often taken into custody by police and brought before a court under an arrest warrant. Criminal defendants are usually obliged to post bail before being released from custody. For serious cases, such as murder, bail may be refused. Defendants must be present at every stage of the proceedings against them. (There is an exception for very minor cases such as traffic offenses in jurisdictions which treat them as crimes.)

If more than one person is accused, the people may be referred as "co-defendant" or "co-conspirator" in British and common law courts.

In some jurisdictions, vulnerable defendants may be able to get access of services of a non-registered intermediary to assist with communication at court.

Civil defendants
In a civil lawsuit, a defendant (or a respondent) is also the accused party, although not of an offense, but of a civil wrong (a tort or a breach of contract, for instance). The person who starts the civil action through filing a complaint is referred to as the plaintiff (also known as the appellant).

Defendants in civil actions usually make their first court appearance voluntarily in response to a summons. Historically, civil defendants could be taken into custody under a writ of capias ad respondendum. Modern-day civil defendants are usually able to avoid most (if not all) court appearances if represented by a lawyer.

Most often and familiarly, defendants are persons: either natural persons (actual human beings) or juridical persons (persona fiction) under the legal fiction of treating organizations as persons. But a defendant may be an object, in which case the object itself is the direct subject of the action. When a court has jurisdiction over an object, it is said to have jurisdiction in rem. An example of an in rem case is United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola (1916), where the defendant was not the Coca-Cola Company itself, but rather "Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola". In current United States legal practice, in rem suits are primarily asset forfeiture cases, based on drug laws, as in USA v. $124,700 (2006).

Defendants can set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where members contribute to the fund. The fund can be public or private and is set up for individuals, organizations, or a particular purpose. These funds are often used by public officials, civil-rights organizations, and public-interest organizations.

England and Wales
Historically, "defendant" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for misdemeanour. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for felony.

title: Defendant


text:
Gnaeus Domitius Afer

Gnaeus Domitius Afer (died 59) was a Roman orator and advocate, born at Nemausus (Nîmes) in Gallia Narbonensis. He flourished in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. He was suffect consul in the nundinium of September to December 39 as the colleague of Aulus Didius Gallus.

Life
Afer became praetor in 25 AD, and gained the favor of Tiberius by accusing Claudia Pulchra, the second cousin of Agrippina, of adultery and the use of magic arts against the emperor, in 26 AD. From this time he became one of the most celebrated orators in Rome, but sacrificed his character by conducting accusations for the government. In the following year, 27 AD, he is again mentioned by Tacitus as the accuser of Quinctilius Varus, the son of Claudia Pulchra. In consequence of the accusation of Claudia Pulchra, and of some offense which he had given to Caligula, he was accused by the emperor in the senate, but by concealing his own skill in speaking, and pretending to be overpowered by the eloquence of Caligula, Afer not only escaped the danger, but was made consul suffectus in 39 AD.

In his old age Afer lost much of his reputation by continuing to speak in public, when his powers were exhausted. During the reign of Nero he became curator aquarum, or superintendent of the city's water supply, but died not long afterwards, in 59 AD, having eaten himself to death, according to Jerome in the Chronicon of Eusebius.

Quintilian, when a young man, heard Afer, and frequently speaks of him as the most distinguished orator of his age. He says that Afer and Julius Africanus were the best orators he had heard, and that he prefers the former to the latter, Quintilian refers to a work of his On Testimony, to one entitled Dicta, and to some of his orations, of which those on behalf of Domitilla, or Cloantilla, and Lucius Volusenus Catulus seem to have been the most celebrated.

According to Pliny the Younger, in his will Afer had made Titius Marcellus Curvius Lucanus and Titius Marcellus Curvius Tullus his heirs on the condition that they take on his name. He had prosecuted their father, Sextus Curvius Tullus, stripping him of his wealth and citizenship. Pliny comments that Afer's will had been drawn up 18 years previously, suggesting that Afer and Tullus the elder had once been friends.

title: Gnaeus Domitius Afer


text:
Dan Simmons

Dan Simmons (born April 4, 1948) is an American science fiction and horror writer. He is the author of the Hyperion Cantos and the Ilium/Olympos cycles, among other works which span the science fiction, horror, and fantasy genres, sometimes within a single novel. Simmons's genre-intermingling Song of Kali (1985) won the World Fantasy Award. He also writes mysteries and thrillers, some of which feature the continuing character Joe Kurtz.

Biography
Born in Peoria, Illinois, Simmons started writing stories as a child with the goal of mesmerizing his audience with his story telling. Simmons received a B.A. in English from Wabash College in 1970 and, in 1971, a Masters in Education from Washington University in St. Louis.

He soon started writing short stories, although his career did not take off until 1982, when, through Harlan Ellison's help, Simmons was invited to the Milford workshop, which Ellison considered to be "the best SF writing workshop in the world". Simmons considered Ellison as a mentor, friend, and the reason he pursued writing full-time. Simmons' short story "The River Styx Runs Upstream" was published and awarded first prize in a Twilight Zone Magazine story competition, and he was taken on as a client by Ellison's agent, Richard Curtis. Simmons's first novel, Song of Kali, was released in 1985.

He worked in elementary education until 1989.

He lives in Longmont, Colorado.

Horror fiction
Summer of Night (1991) recounts the childhood of a group of pre-teens who band together in the 1960s, to defeat a centuries-old evil that terrorizes their hometown of Elm Haven, Illinois. The novel, which was praised by Stephen King in a cover blurb, is similar to King's It (1986) in its focus on small-town life, the corruption of innocence, the return of an ancient evil, and the responsibility for others that emerges with the transition from youth to adulthood.

In the sequel to Summer of Night, A Winter Haunting (2002), Dale Stewart (one of the first book's protagonists and now an adult), revisits his boyhood home to come to grips with mysteries that have disrupted his adult life.

Between the publication of Summer of Night (1991) and A Winter Haunting (2002), several additional characters from Summer of Night appeared in: Children of the Night (1992), a loose sequel to Summer of Night, which features Mike O'Rourke, now much older and a Roman Catholic priest, who is sent on a mission to investigate bizarre events in a European city; Fires of Eden (1994), in which the adult Cordie Cooke appears; and Darwin's Blade (2000), a thriller in which Dale's younger brother, Lawrence Stewart, appears as a minor character.

After Summer of Night, Simmons focused on writing science fiction until the 2007 work of historical fiction and horror, The Terror. His 2009 book Drood is based on the last years of Charles Dickens' life leading up to the writing of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, which Dickens had partially completed at the time of his death.

Historical fiction
The Terror (2007) crosses the bridge between horror and historical fiction. It is a fictionalized account of Sir John Franklin and his expedition to find the Northwest Passage. The two ships, HMS Erebus (1826) and HMS Terror (1813), become icebound the first winter, and the captains and crew struggle to survive while being stalked across an Arctic landscape by a monster. The novel was adapted into a ten-part television series.

The Abominable (2013) recounts a mid-1920s attempt on Mount Everest by five climbers—two British, one French, one Sherpa, and one American (the narrator)—to recover the body of a cousin of one the British characters.

Literary references
Many of Simmons's works have strong ties with classic literature. For example:
 * His 1989 novel Hyperion, winner of Hugo and Locus Awards for the best science fiction novel, deals with a space war and is inspired in its structure by Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
 * The Hyperion Cantos take their titles from poems by the British Romantic John Keats.
 * The title of Carrion Comfort, as well as many of its themes, derives from the poem "Carrion Comfort" by Gerard Manley Hopkins.
 * The Hollow Man (1992) is a novel influenced by Dante's Inferno and T. S. Eliot
 * "The Great Lover" (1993) is a short story inspired by the World War I War Poets
 * Simmons's collection of short stories, Worlds Enough & Time, takes its name from the first line of the poem "To His Coy Mistress" by English poet Andrew Marvell: "Had we but world enough, and time"
 * The detective in Flashback is named Nick Bottom after a character in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream

Novels

 * Hyperion Cantos series:

 * 1) Hyperion (1989) – ISBN 978-0553283686
 * 2) The Fall of Hyperion (1990) – ISBN 978-0553288209
 * 3) Endymion (1996) – ISBN 978-3453315174
 * 4) The Rise of Endymion (1997) – ISBN 978-0747258933

Short stories:
 * "Remembering Siri" (1983), novelette, prequel to Hyperion
 * "The Death of the Centaur" (1990), novelette
 * "Orphans of the Helix" (1999), novelette, sequel of The Rise of Endymion

 * Seasons of Horror series

 * 1) Summer of Night (1991) – ISBN 978-0312550677
 * 2) Children of the Night (1992) – ISBN 978-1250009852
 * 3) A Winter Haunting (2002) – ISBN 978-0380817160
 * 4) Fires of Eden (1994) – ISBN 978-0061056147

Short stories:
 * Banished Dreams (1990), collects three prophetic dream sequences that were expurgated from the published edition of Summer of Night
 * "Dale's Dream", "Kevin's Dream", "Mike's Dream"

 * Joe Kurtz series:
 * 1) Hardcase (2001) – ISBN 978-0312980160
 * 2) Hard Freeze (2002) – ISBN 978-0316213509
 * 3) Hard as Nails (2003) – ISBN 978-0312994686

 * Ilium/Olympos series:
 * 1) Ilium (2003) – ISBN 978-0380817924
 * 2) Olympos (2005) – ISBN 978-0380817931

 * Stand-alones:
 * Song of Kali (1985) – ISBN 978-0312944087
 * Carrion Comfort (1989), expansion of the novelette published in Prayers to Broken Stones – ISBN 978-0913165386
 * Phases of Gravity (1989) – ISBN 978-0553277647
 * The Hollow Man (1992) – ISBN 978-0935716641
 * The Crook Factory (1999) – ISBN 978-0380973682
 * Darwin's Blade (2000) – ISBN 978-0380973699
 * The Terror (2007) – ISBN 978-0316017442
 * Drood (2009) – ISBN 978-0316007023
 * Black Hills (2010) –
 * Flashback (2011) – ISBN 978-0316006965
 * The Abominable (2013) – ISBN 978-0751550283
 * The Fifth Heart (2015) – ISBN 978-0316198820

Short stories
Collections:
 * Prayers to Broken Stones (1990), collection of 6 short stories and 7 novellas/novelettes:
 * "The River Styx Runs Upstream", "Eyes I Dare Not Meet in Dreams" (novelette), "Vanni Fucci Is Alive and Well and Living in Hell", "Vexed to Nightmare by a Rocking Cradle", "Remembering Siri" (novelette of Hyperion Cantos series), "Metastasis", "The Offering" (novelette), "E-Ticket to 'Namland" AKA "E-Ticket to Namland" (novelette), "Iverson's Pits" (novella), "Shave and a Haircut, Two Bites", "The Death of the Centaur" (novelette of Hyperion Cantos series), "Two Minutes Forty-Five Seconds", "Carrion Comfort" (novelette)
 * Lovedeath (1993), collection of 5 novellas/novelettes:
 * "Entropy's Bed at Midnight" (novelette), "Dying in Bangkok" AKA "Death in Bangkok" (novelette), "Sleeping with Teeth Women" (novella), "Flashback" (novelette), "The Great Lover" (novella)
 * Worlds Enough & Time (2002), collection of 5 novellas/novelettes:
 * "Looking for Kelly Dahl" (novella), "Orphans of the Helix" (novelette from Hyperion Cantos series), "The Ninth of Av" (novella), "On K2 with Kanakaredes" (novelette), "The End of Gravity" (novella)

Uncollected short stories:
 * "Presents of Mind" (1986, with Edward Bryant, Steve Rasnic Tem and Connie Willis)
 * "Dying Is Easy, Comedy Is Hard" (1990, with Edward Bryant), novelette
 * "The Counselor" (1991), novelette
 * "All Dracula's Children" (1991), novelette
 * "My Private Memoirs of the Hoffer Stigmata Pandemic" (1991)
 * "This Year's Class Picture" (1992)
 * "Elm Haven, IL" (1992), novelette, from Freak Show series
 * "One Small Step for Max" (1992)
 * "My Copsa Micas" (1994), novelette
 * "Madame Bovary, C'est Moi" (2000)
 * "Muse of Fire" (2007), novella
 * "The guiding nose of Ulfänt Banderōz" (2009), novella, from Dying Earth series

Poems

 * Ruby/Gem S.T.R.E.A.M.M. Poetry (2011)

Non-fiction

 * Going After the Rubber Chicken (1991), a collection of three convention guest-of-honor speeches by Simmons
 * Summer Sketches (1992), Simmons reveals how his travel experiences have allowed him to instill a feeling of place in readers of his fiction
 * Negative Spaces: Two talks (1999), about science fiction

Adaptations
In January 2004, it was announced that the screenplay he wrote for his novels Ilium and Olympos would be made into a film by Digital Domain and Barnet Bain Films, with Simmons acting as executive producer. Ilium is described as an "epic tale that spans 5,000 years and sweeps across the entire solar system, including themes and characters from Homer's Iliad and Shakespeare's The Tempest."

In 2008, Guillermo del Toro was scheduled to direct a film adaptation of Drood for Universal Pictures. As of December 2017, the project is still listed as "in development."

In 2009, Scott Derrickson was set to direct Hyperion Cantos for Warner Bros. and Graham King, with Trevor Sands penning a script adapting Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion into one film. In 2011, actor Bradley Cooper expressed interest in taking over the adaptation. In 2015, it was announced that TV channel Syfy would produce a mini-series based on the Hyperion Cantos with the involvement of Cooper and King. As of May 2017, the project was still "in development" at Syfy. On November 1, 2021, Cooper and King restarted the feature film adaptation at Warner Bros. with Tom Spezialy set to write the script.

The Terror (2007) was adapted in 2018 as an AMC 10 episode-mini-series and received generally positive reviews upon release.

Wins
Locus Award
 * Best Horror Novel (1990): Carrion Comfort
 * Best Science Fiction Novel (1990): Hyperion
 * Best Novelette (1991): "Entropy's Bed at Midnight"
 * Best Science Fiction Novel (1991): The Fall of Hyperion
 * Best Horror/Dark Fantasy Novel (1992): Summer of Night
 * Best Horror/Dark Fantasy Novel (1993): Children of the Night
 * Best Novelette (1994): "Dying in Bangkok"
 * Best Horror/Dark Fantasy Novel (1995): Fires of Eden
 * Best Science Fiction Novel (1998): The Rise of Endymion
 * Best Novelette (2000): "Orphans of the Helix"
 * Best Science Fiction Novel (2004): Ilium

International Horror Guild Award Nocte Award Seiun Award
 * Best Novel (2003): A Winter Haunting
 * Best Foreign Short Story (2010): “La foto de la clase de este año” (This Year's Class Picture).
 * Best Foreign Novel (1995): Hyperion
 * Best Novel (1996): The Fall of Hyperion (tied with Timelike Infinity by Stephen Baxter)
 * Best Foreign Short Story (1999): "This Year's Class Picture"

Nominations
Dan Simmons has been nominated on numerous occasions in a range of categories for his fiction, including the Arthur C. Clarke Award, Bram Stoker Award, British Fantasy Society Award, Hugo Award, Nebula Award, and World Fantasy Award.

Selected nominations are listed below.

Locus nominations:

The Hollow Man (1992) – Locus Award nominee, 1993

The Winter Haunting (2002) – Locus Award nominee, 2003

Olympos (2005) – Locus Award shortlist, 2006

title: Dan Simmons


text:
Denis Auguste Affre

Denis-Auguste Affre (27 September 1793 – 27 June 1848) was a French clergyman who served as Archbishop of Paris from 1840 to 1848. He was killed while trying to negotiate peace during the June Days uprising of 1848.

His cause for beatification has commenced and he is therefore titled a Servant of God.

Early life and career
Affre was born at Saint-Rome-de-Tarn, in the department of Aveyron. At the age of 14, he began to study for the priesthood at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, which was under the direction of his uncle, the Abbé Denis Boyer, S.S. He was an excellent student, and, while still a seminarian, soon became an instructor of dogmatic theology at the seminary in Nantes.

In 1818, he was ordained as a Catholic priest. From 1823 to 1833 he served as the Vicar General, first of the Diocese of Luçon and then of Amiens. In 1839, he was appointed as coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Strasbourg. This post, however, he never filled, being called on to act as Vicar-Capitular of Paris, conjointly with MM. Auger and Morel, at the death of Archbishop Quélen.

Affre was elevated to the post of Archbishop of Paris in 1840. Though opposed to the government of King Louis-Philippe I, he fully accepted the establishment of the French Second Republic in 1848; nevertheless he took no part in politics, but devoted himself to pastoral care. He opened new parishes in the working-class neighborhoods of the city. Among them were Ménilmontant, Plaisance, Petit-Montrouge, Maison-Blanche, Petit-Gentilly, Notre-Dame de la Gare, Billancourt, Gros-Caillou.

Affre was passionate in his determination to improve the study of theology in order to form clergy needed in the challenges which the Catholic Church faced at the time. He also was insistent on education as a human right. He opened a new seminary in Paris, called the St. Joseph of the Carmelites Seminary, on the site of a former Carmelite priory, and a school of theology at the Sorbonne.

Death
Affre's episcopate, however, is chiefly remembered owing to its tragic close during the insurrection of June 1848.

On 23 June 1848, faced with starvation due to plans by the French government to close the National Workshops it had recently created in order to provide work to the poor, a large segment of the citizenry began rioting, setting up barricades in the streets of Paris. The crisis led to the government's handing dictatorial powers over the nation to General Louis Eugène Cavaignac, who was determined to use all force necessary to crush the rebellion and ordered the French National Guard into Paris. Seeing the carnage caused among the civilian population by this campaign, Frederic Ozanam, the founder of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, begged Affre to intervene to stop the bloodshed. The archbishop was led to believe that by his personal involvement peace might be restored between the military and the insurgents.

Accordingly, on 25 June, in spite of the warning of Cavaignac, Affre mounted the barricade at the entrance to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, bearing a green branch as sign of peace, to address both sides. He had spoken only a few words when an exchange of fire began in which he was struck by a stray bullet. There have been conflicting claims as to whether the fatal bullet was fired by an insurgent or by the government forces. He was taken to his palace, where he died on 27 June.

On the next day, the National Assembly of France issued a decree expressing its great sorrow over Affre's death, and the public funeral held on 7 July was one of the most striking public spectacles of the period. The crowd following his cortege was estimated to have numbered about 200,000 people.

Affre was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Denis in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. His heart was removed and preserved in the chapel of the Carmelite Seminary, which he had founded.

Legacy
The pectoral cross which he was wearing when he was shot—seen in his portrait—is preserved by the Archdiocese of Paris as a relic.

In 1856, the smallest of the four "Benjamines," four new bells made for Notre-Dame, was named Denise David in honor of Affre and Amédée-David de Pastoret. Affre's niece by marriage, Marie Caroline Affre, served as godmother to the bell during the baptism ceremony.

A street in the 18th arrondissement of Paris is named in his honor.

Writings
Affre wrote several articles for a newspaper called La France chrétienne. Additionally he published two books to guide in the practical matters of handling Church property:  Un Traité de l'administration temporelle des paroisses (Paris, 1827) and Un Traité de la propriété des biens ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1837). He also wrote a guide to studying the Christian faith, Une Introduction philosophique à l'étude du christianisme (Paris, 5th edition, 1846).

title: Denis Auguste Affre


text:
Dione

Dione may refer to:

Astronomy

 * 106 Dione, a large main belt asteroid
 * Dione (moon), a moon of Saturn
 * Helene (moon), a moon of Saturn sometimes referred to as "Dione B"

Mythology

 * Dione (Titaness), a Titaness in Greek mythology
 * Dione (mythology), a name for various women in Greek mythology

Biology

 * Dione (alga), a genus of red algae in the family Bangiaceae
 * Dione (butterfly), a genus in the family Heliconiinae
 * Pitar dione, the elegant venus clam

Boating

 * Dione 98, a Spanish sailboat design

Chemistry

 * Diketone (Dione), a molecule containing two ketone groups
 * Ethylene dione (ethylenedione, ethene dione, or ethene 1,2-dione), a hypothetical chemical compound with the formula C2O2 (O=C=C=O)

Given name

 * Dione Lucas (1909–1971), English chef and first female graduate of Le Cordon Bleu
 * Dee Dee Sharp (born Dione LaRue, 1945), American R&B singer
 * Dione Santos (born 1979), Brazilian footballer
 * Dione Taylor, Canadian jazz singer

Literature

 * Dione (play), a 1720 work by the British writer John Gay

Popular culture

 * Dee Bliss (Dione "Dee" Rebecchi), from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * Thanos, a villain in Marvel Comics, was originally given the name by his mother

Surname

 * Dione (Serer surname), a West African surname among the Serer people with no connection to the French "Dione"
 * Rose Dione (1875–1936), French actress
 * Aura Dione, Danish singer-songwriter

Other

 * Dione plc, a former UK-based point-of-sale equipment manufacturer, now part of VeriFone

title: Dione


text:
Denis Leary

Denis Colin Leary (born August 18, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. Born in Massachusetts, Leary first came to prominence as a stand-up comedian, especially through appearances on MTV (including the comedic song "Asshole") and through the stand-up specials No Cure for Cancer (1993) and Lock 'n Load (1997). Leary began taking roles in film and television starting in the 1990s, including substantial roles in the films Judgment Night (1993), Gunmen (1994), Operation Dumbo Drop (1995) and Wag the Dog (1997).

In the 2000s, he developed and starred in the television show The Job (2001–2002) and was the star and co-creator of Rescue Me (2004–2011), for which he received two Primetime Emmy nominations, one for writing and one for acting. He has continued to take starring roles in films, including Captain George Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man and Cleveland Browns head coach Vince Penn in Draft Day. Leary has also done voice work, including Francis the ladybug in A Bug's Life and Diego the saber tooth tiger in the Ice Age franchise.

From 2015 to 2016, Leary wrote and starred in the comedy series Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll on FX.

Early life
Denis Colin Leary was born on August 18, 1957, in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Catholic immigrant parents from Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland. His mother, Nora (née Sullivan) (b. 1929), was a maid, and his father, John Leary (1924–1985), was an auto mechanic. Leary is a citizen of both the United States and Ireland. Leary is a third cousin of talk show host and fellow comedian Conan O'Brien.

Leary attended Saint Peter's High School (now Saint Paul's) in Worcester and graduated from Emerson College in Boston. At Emerson, he met fellow comic Mario Cantone, whom Leary considers to be his closest friend. While a student, Leary founded the Emerson Comedy Workshop, a troupe that continues on the campus today.

After graduating from Emerson in 1981, Leary taught comedy-writing classes at the school for five years. In May 2005 he received an honorary doctorate and spoke at his alma mater's undergraduate commencement ceremony; and is credited as Dr. Denis Leary on the cover of his 2009 book Why We Suck.

Career
Leary began working as a comedian at the Boston underground club Play It Again Sam's. However, his first real gig was at the Rascals Comedy Club as part of the TV show The Rascals Comedy Hour, on October 18, 1990. He wrote and appeared on a local comedy series, Lenny Clarke's Late Show, hosted by his friend Lenny Clarke and written by Martin Olson. Leary and Clarke both spoke about their early affiliations and influences in the Boston comedy scene in the documentary film When Standup Stood Out (2006). During Leary's time as a Boston-area stand-up comic, he developed his stage persona.

Leary appeared in sketches on the MTV game show Remote Control, playing characters such as Keith Richards, co-host Colin Quinn's brother and artist Andy Warhol. He earned fame when he ranted about R.E.M. in an early 1990s MTV sketch. Several other commercials for MTV quickly followed, in which Leary would rant at high speeds about a variety of topics, playing off the then-popular and growing alternative scene. One of these rants served as an introduction to the video for "Shamrocks and Shenanigans (Boom Shalock Lock Boom)" by House of Pain. Leary released two records of his comedy: No Cure for Cancer (1993) and Lock 'n Load (1997). In late 2004, he released the EP Merry F#%$in' Christmas, which included a mix of new music, previously unreleased recordings and some tracks from Lock 'n Load.

In 1993, Leary's sardonic song "Asshole", about the stereotypical American male, achieved much notoriety. The song was voted No. 1 in an Australian radio poll and was used in Holsten Pils ads in the UK, with Leary's participation, and with adapted lyrics criticizing a drunk driver. The single was a minor hit there, peaking at No. 58 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1996.

In 1995, Leary was asked by Boston Bruins legend Cam Neely to help orchestrate a Boston-based comedy benefit show for Neely's cancer charity; this became Comics Come Home, which Leary has hosted annually ever since. Leary has appeared in many films, including The Sandlot as Scott's stepfather Bill, Monument Ave., The Matchmaker, The Ref, Draft Day, Suicide Kings, Dawg, Wag the Dog, Demolition Man (as an Emmanuel Goldstein-esque revolutionary to Nigel Hawthorne's Big Brother), Judgment Night, The Thomas Crown Affair and Operation Dumbo Drop. He had a role in Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers that was eventually cut. He held the lead role in two television series, The Job and Rescue Me, and he co-created the latter, in which he played Tommy Gavin, a New York City firefighter dealing with alcoholism, family dysfunction and other issues in post-9/11 New York City. Leary received Emmy Award nominations in 2006 and 2007 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for Rescue Me, and in 2008 for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for the HBO movie Recount. Leary was offered the role of Dignam in The Departed (2006) but turned it down because of scheduling conflicts with Rescue Me. He provided voices for characters in animated films, such as a fire-breathing dragon named Flame in the series The Agents, a pugnacious ladybug named Francis in A Bug's Life and a prehistoric saber-toothed tiger named Diego in the Ice Age film series. He has produced numerous movies, television shows, and specials through his production company, Apostle; these include Comedy Central's Shorties Watchin' Shorties, the stand-up special Denis Leary's Merry F#$%in' Christmas and the movie Blow.

As a Boston Red Sox fan, Leary narrated the official 2004 World Series film. In 2006, Leary and Lenny Clarke appeared on television during a Red Sox telecast and, upon realizing that Red Sox first baseman Kevin Youkilis is Jewish, delivered a criticism of Mel Gibson's antisemitic comments. As an ice hockey fan, Leary hosted the National Hockey League video NHL's Greatest Goals. In 2003, he was the subject of the Comedy Central Roast of Denis Leary.

Leary did the TV voiceover for MLB 2K8 advertisements, using his trademark rant style in baseball terms, and ads for the 2009 Ford F-150 pickup truck. He has also appeared in commercials for Hulu and DirecTV's NFL Sunday Ticket package. Leary was a producer of the Fox series Canterbury's Law, and wrote and directed its pilot episode. Canterbury's Law aired in the spring of 2008 and was canceled after eight episodes. On September 9, 2008, Leary hosted the sixth annual Fashion Rocks event, which aired on CBS. In December of the year, he appeared in a video on funnyordie.com critiquing a list of some of his "best" films, titled "Denis Leary Remembers Denis Leary Movies". Also in 2008, Leary voiced a guest role as himself in The Simpsons episode "Lost Verizon".

On March 21, 2009, Leary began the Rescue Me Comedy Tour in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The 11-date tour, featuring Rescue Me co-stars Lenny Clarke and Adam Ferrara, was Leary's first stand-up comedy tour in 12 years. The Comedy Central special Douchebags and Donuts, filmed during the tour, debuted on American television on January 16, 2011, with a DVD release on January 18, 2011. Leary played Captain George Stacy in the movie The Amazing Spider-Man, released in July 2012. He wrote the American adaptation of Sirens. He is an executive producer of the documentary Burn, which chronicles the struggles of the Detroit Fire Department. Burn won the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival Audience Award.

Leary created a television series for FX called Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, taking the starring role himself. A 10-episode first season was ordered by FX, with the premiere on July 16, 2015. The show ran for two seasons.

In 2022, he was cast in the recurring role of Frank Donnelly, an NYPD officer on Law & Order: Organized Crime.

Leary has been the narrator for NESN's documentary show about the Boston Bruins called Behind the B since the show began in 2013.

Personal life
Leary has been married to author Ann Lembeck Leary since 1989. They met when he was her instructor in an English class at Emerson College. They have two children, son John Joseph "Jack" (born 1990) and daughter Devin (born 1992). Ann Leary published a memoir, An Innocent, a Broad, about the premature birth of their son on a visit to London. She has also written a novel, Outtakes From a Marriage, which was published in 2008. Her second novel, The Good House, was published in 2013. Her essay in a New York Times column about her marriage to Denis inspired the Modern Love series Episode 4: "Rallying to Keep the Game Alive".

Leary is an ice hockey fan and has a backyard rink at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, with piping installed under the ice surface to help it stay frozen. He is a fan of the Boston Bruins and the Boston Red Sox, as well as the Green Bay Packers.

Leary describes himself as a "Jack Kennedy Democrat" with some conservative ideologies, including support for the military. Leary told Glenn Beck, "I was a life-long Democrat, but now at my age, I've come to realize that the Democrats suck, and the Republicans suck, and basically the entire system sucks. But you have to go within the system to find what you want."

Leary has said of his religious beliefs, "I'm a lapsed Catholic in the best sense of the word. You know, I was raised with Irish parents, Irish immigrant parents. My parents, you know, prayed all the time, took us to Mass. And my father would sometimes swear in Gaelic. It doesn't get more religious than that. But, no, after a while, they taught us wrong. I didn't raise my kids with the fear of God. I raised my kids with the sense of, you know, to me, Jesus was this great guy...."

Leary is godfather to Damian Hurley, the son of actress Elizabeth Hurley.

Leary Firefighters Foundation
On December 3, 1999, six firefighters from Leary's hometown of Worcester were killed in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire. Among the dead were Leary's cousin Jerry Lucey and his close childhood friend, Lt. Tommy Spencer. In response, the comedian founded the Leary Firefighters Foundation. Since its creation in the year 2000, the foundation has distributed over $2.5 million (USD) to fire departments in the Worcester, Boston and New York City areas for equipment, training materials, new vehicles and new facilities. Leary won $125,000 for the foundation on the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He had close ties with WAAF, which in 2000 released the station album Survive This!. Part of the proceeds from this album were donated to the Leary Firefighters Foundation.

A separate fund run by Leary's foundation, the Fund for New York's Bravest, has distributed over $2 million to the families of the 343 firemen killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001, in addition to providing funding for necessities such as a new mobile command center, first-responder training, and a high-rise simulator for the New York City Fire Department's training campus. As the foundation's president, Leary has been active in all of the fundraising. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Leary donated over a dozen boats to the New Orleans Fire Department to aid in rescue efforts in future disasters. The foundation also rebuilt entire NOLA firehouses.

Plagiarism
For many years, Leary had been friends with fellow comedian Bill Hicks. But when Leary's comedy album No Cure for Cancer was released, Leary was accused of stealing Hicks' act and material, ending their friendship abruptly. In April 1993, the Austin Comedy News remarked on the similarities of Leary's performance: "Watching Leary is like seeing Hicks from two years ago. He smokes with the same mannerisms. (Hicks recently quit.) He sports the same attitude, the same clothes. He touches on almost all of the same themes. Leary even invokes Jim Fixx." When asked about this, Hicks told the magazine, "I have a scoop for you. I stole his [Leary's] act. I camouflaged it with punchlines, and to really throw people off, I did it before he did".

At least three stand-up comedians have gone on the record stating they believe Leary stole Hicks' material, comedic persona and attitude. One similar routine was about the so-called Judas Priest "suicide trial," during which Hicks says, "I don't think we lost a cancer cure."

During Leary's 2003 Comedy Central Roast, comedian Lenny Clarke, a friend of Leary's, said there was a carton of cigarettes backstage from Bill Hicks with the message, "Wish I had gotten these to you sooner." This joke was cut from the final broadcast.

The feud is also mentioned in Cynthia True's biography American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story: "Leary was in Montreal to host the 'Nasty Show,' at Club Soda, and Colleen was coordinating the talent so she was standing backstage when she heard Leary doing material that sounded incredibly similar to old Hicks riffs, including his perennial Jim Fixx joke: ('Keith Richards outlived Jim Fixx, the runner and health nut dude. The plot thickens.'). When Leary came offstage, Colleen, more stunned than angry, said, 'Hey, you know that's Bill Hicks' material! Do you know that's his material?' Leary stood there, stared at her without saying a word and briskly left the dressing room."

According to the book, True said that upon hearing a tape of Leary's album No Cure for Cancer, "Bill was furious. All these years, aside from the occasional jibe, he had pretty much shrugged off Leary's lifting. Comedians borrowed, stole stuff and even bought bits from one another. Milton Berle and Robin Williams were famous for it. This was different. Leary had, practically line for line, taken huge chunks of Bill's act and recorded it."

In a 2008 appearance on The Opie and Anthony Show, comedian Louis C.K. claimed Leary stole his "I'm an asshole" routine, which was then expanded upon and turned into a hit song by Leary. On a later episode of the same show, Leary challenged this assertion by claiming to have co-written the song with Chris Phillips.

Autism
In his 2008 book Why We Suck: A Feel Good Guide to Staying Fat, Loud, Lazy and Stupid, Leary wrote:"There is a huge boom in autism right now because inattentive mothers and competitive dads want an explanation for why their dumb-ass kids can't compete academically, so they throw money into the happy laps of shrinks... to get back diagnoses that help explain away the deficiencies of their junior morons. I don't [care] what these crackerjack whack jobs tell you – your kid is not autistic. He's just stupid. Or lazy. Or both."

Leary later stated that the quote was taken out of context and that in that paragraph he had been talking about what he calls the trend of "unwarranted" over-diagnosis of autism, which he attributed to American parents seeking an excuse for behavioral problems and under-performance. Later, he apologized to parents with autistic children whom he had offended.

Albums

 * No Cure for Cancer (1993)
 * Lock 'n Load (1997)
 * Merry F#%$in' Christmas (2004)

Singles

 * "Asshole" (1993)
 * "At the Rehab" (2009)
 * "Douchebag" (2011)
 * "Kiss My Ass" (2012)

title: Denis Leary


text:
Recreational use of dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan, or DXM, a common active ingredient found in many over-the-counter cough suppressant cold medicines, is used as a recreational drug and entheogen for its dissociative effects. Street names include Brownies, Dextro, Drix, Gel, Groove, Lean, Mega-perls, Poor man's ecstasy, Red devils, Robo, Rojo, Rome, Skittles, Sizzurp, Sky and Velvet.

It has almost no psychoactive effects at medically recommended doses. However, dextromethorphan has powerful dissociative properties when administered in doses well above those considered therapeutic for cough suppression. Recreational use of DXM is sometimes referred to in slang form as "robo-tripping", whose prefix derives from the Robitussin brand name, or "Triple Cs", which derives from the Coricidin brand whose tablets are printed with "CC+C" for "Coricidin Cough and Cold". However, this brand presents additional danger when used at recreational doses due to the presence of chlorpheniramine.

In over-the-counter formulations, DXM is often combined with acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) to relieve pain; however, to achieve DXM's dissociative effects, the maximum daily therapeutic dose of 4000 mg of APAP is often exceeded, potentially causing acute or chronic liver failure, making abuse and subsequent tolerance of products which contain both DXM and APAP potentially fatal.

An online essay first published in 1995 entitled "The DXM FAQ" described dextromethorphan's potential for recreational use, and classified its effects into so-called plateaus. Each plateau is categorized depending on how much MG of DXM is ingested, each featuring varying or more intense effects. The defined number of plateaus vary depending on source, but the generally agreed-upon number is 4 or 5.

Owing to its recreational use, many retailers in the US have moved dextromethorphan-containing products behind the counter so that one must ask a pharmacist to receive them or be 18 years (19 in New York and Alabama, 21 in Mississippi) or older to purchase them. Some retailers also give out printed recommendations about the potential for abuse with the purchase of products containing dextromethorphan.

Classification
At high doses, dextromethorphan is classified as a dissociative general anesthetic and hallucinogen, similar to the controlled substances ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP). Also like those drugs, dextromethorphan is an NMDA receptor antagonist. It generally does not produce withdrawal symptoms characteristic of physical dependence-inducing substances, but cases of both psychological dependence and physical dependence have been reported in the past, although physical dependence is usually only seen in cases of heavy abuse. Due to dextromethorphan's selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-like action, the sudden cessation of recreational dosing in tolerant individuals can result in mental and physical withdrawal symptoms similar to the withdrawal from SSRIs. These withdrawal effects can manifest as psychological effects, including depression, irritability, cravings, and as physical effects, including lethargy, body aches, and a sensation of unpleasant tingling, not unlike a mild "electric shock".

Effects
Dextromethorphan's effects have been divided into four plateaus.
 * 1) The first plateau (1.5 to 2.5 mg per kg body weight) is described as having euphoria, auditory changes, and change in perception of gravity.
 * 2) The second plateau (2.5 to 7.5 mg/kg) causes intense euphoria, vivid imagination, and closed-eye hallucinations.
 * 3) The third and fourth plateaus (7.5 mg/kg and over) cause profound alterations in consciousness, and users often report out-of-body experiences or temporary psychosis. This results in a sort of flanging (speeding up and/or slowing down) of sensory input, which is another characteristic effect of recreational use.

Also, a marked difference is seen between dextromethorphan hydrobromide, contained in most cough suppressant preparations, and dextromethorphan polistirex, contained in the brand name preparation Delsym. Polistirex is a polymer that is bonded to the dextromethorphan that requires more time for the stomach to digest it, as it requires that an ion exchange reaction take place prior to its dissolution into the blood. Because of this, dextromethorphan polistirex takes considerably longer to absorb, resulting in more gradual and longer lasting effects reminiscent of time-release pills. As a cough suppressant, the polistirex version lasts up to 12 hours. This duration also holds true when used recreationally.

In 1981, a paper by Gosselin estimated that the lethal dose is between 50 and 500 mg/kg. Doses as high as 15–20 mg/kg are taken by some recreational users. A single case study suggests that the antidote to dextromethorphan overdose is naloxone, administered intravenously.

In addition to producing PCP-like mental effects, high doses may cause a false-positive result for PCP and opiates in some drug tests.

Risks associated with use
Dextromethorphan has not been shown to cause vacuolization in animals, also known as Olney's lesions, despite early speculation that it might, due to similarities with ketamine. In rats, oral administration of dextromethorphan did not cause vacuolization in laboratory tests. Oral administration of dextromethorphan repeatedly during adolescence, however, has been shown to impair learning in those rats during adulthood. The occurrence of Olney's lesions in humans, however, has not been proven or disproven.

William E. White, author of the "DXM FAQ", has compiled informal research from correspondence with dextromethorphan users suggesting that heavy abuse may result in various deficits corresponding to the brain areas affected by Olney's lesions; these include loss of episodic memory, decline in ability to learn, abnormalities in some aspects of visual processing, and deficits of abstract language comprehension. In 2004, however, White retracted the article in which he made these claims.

A formal survey of dextromethorphan users showed that more than half of users reported experience of these withdrawal symptoms individually for the first week after long-term/addictive dextromethorphan use: fatigue, apathy, flashbacks, and constipation. Over a quarter reported insomnia, nightmares, anhedonia, impaired memory, attention deficit, and decreased libido. Rarer side effects included panic attacks, impaired learning, tremor, jaundice, urticaria (hives), and myalgia. Medical DXM use has not been shown to cause the above issues.

Misuse of multisymptom cold medications, rather than using a cough suppressant whose sole active ingredient is dextromethorphan, carries significant risk of fatality or serious illness. Multisymptom cold medicines contain other active ingredients, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen), chlorpheniramine, and phenylephrine, any of which can cause permanent bodily damage such as kidney failure, or even death, if taken on the generally accepted recreational dosing scale of dextromethorphan. Sorbitol, an artificial sweetener found in many cough syrups containing dextromethorphan, can also have negative side effects, including diarrhea and nausea when taken at recreational dosages of dextromethorphan. Guaifenesin, an expectorant commonly accompanying dextromethorphan in cough preparations, can cause unpleasant symptoms including vomiting, nausea, kidney stones, and headache.

Combining dextromethorphan with other substances can compound risks. Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants such as amphetamine and/or cocaine can cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure and heart rate. CNS depressants such as alcohol will have a combined depressant effect, which can cause a decreased respiratory rate. Combining dextromethorphan with other CYP2D6 substrates can cause both drugs to build to dangerous levels in the bloodstream. Combining dextromethorphan with other serotonergic drugs could possibly cause serotonin syndrome, an excess of serotonergic activity in the CNS and peripheral nervous system.

Pharmacology
Dextromethorphan is primarily a sigma receptor agonist and an SNRI, and dextromethorphan's effects as a dissociative hallucinogen may be attributed partially to dextrorphan (DXO), a metabolite produced when dextromethorphan is metabolized by the body. Both dextrorphan and dextromethorphan are NMDA receptor antagonists, alike other dissociative hallucinogens such as ketamine and PCP. Although dextrorphan is more potent than its "parent molecule" dextromethorphan, it likely works in combination with dextromethorphan to produce hallucinogenic effects due to only a small percentage of dextromethorphan being metabolized into dextrorphan.

As NMDA receptor antagonists, dextrorphan and dextromethorphan inhibit the excitatory amino acid and neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. This can effectively slow, or even shut down certain neural pathways, preventing areas of the brain from communicating with each other. This leaves the user feeling dissociated or disconnected, experienced as brain fog or derealization.

Legality
Antitussive preparations containing dextromethorphan are legal to purchase from pharmacies in most countries, with some exceptions being UAE, France, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. In Russia, dextromethorphan (commonly sold under the brand names Tussin+ and Glycodin) is a Schedule III controlled substance and is placed in the same list as benzodiazepines and the majority of barbiturates.

China
In December 2021, the National Medical Products Administration reclassified all oral single-component dextromethorphan to prescription drugs due to potential abuse. The authorities also mandated manufacturers to remove statements like "no addiction or tolerance with long-term use" from their instructions. Despite the online sales ban, the drug can still be found on some niche e-commerce platforms in China and Twitter.

In April 2024, the National Medical Products Administration announced that dextromethorphan, compound diphenoxylate tablets, nalfurafine and lorcaserin will be included in the second-class psychotropic drug catalog. The announcement will take effect in July.

Indonesia
After previously being available over the counter, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia (BPOM-RI) now prohibits single-component dextromethorphan drug sales with or without prescription. Indonesia is the only country in the world that makes single-component dextromethorphan illegal even by prescription and violators may be prosecuted by law. Indonesian National Narcotic Bureau has even threatened to revoke pharmacies' and drug stores' licenses if they still stock dextromethorphan, and will notify the police for criminal prosecution. As a result of this regulation, 130 drugs have been withdrawn from the market, but drugs containing multicomponent dextromethorphan can be sold over the counter. In its official press release, the bureau also stated that dextromethorphan is often used as a substitute for marijuana, amphetamine, and heroin by drug abusers, and its use as an antitussive is less beneficial nowadays.

The Director of Narcotics, Psychotropics, and Addictive Substances Control (NAPZA) BPOM-RI, Dr. Danardi Sosrosumihardjo, SpKJ, explains that dextromethorphan, morphine, and heroin are derived from the same tree, and states the effect of dextromethorphan to be equivalent to 1/100 of morphine and injected heroin. By contrast, the Deputy of Therapeutic Product and NAPZA Supervision BPOM-RI, Dra. Antonia Retno Tyas Utami, Apt. MEpid., states that dextromethorphan, being chemically similar to morphine, has a much more dangerous and direct effect to the central nervous system, thus causing mental breakdown in the user. She also claimed, without citing any prior scientific study or review, that unlike morphine users, dextromethorphan users cannot be rehabilitated. This claim is contradicted by numerous scientific studies which show that naloxone alone offers effective treatment and promising therapy results in treating dextromethorphan addiction and poisoning. Dra. Antonia Retno Tyas Utami also claimed high rates of dextromethorphan abuse - including fatalities - in Indonesia, and even more questionable, suggested that codeine, despite being a more physically addictive μ-opioid class antitussive, be made available as an alternative to dextromethorphan.

United States
No legal distinction currently exists in the United States between medical and recreational use, sale, or purchase. Some states and store chains have implemented restrictions, such as requiring signatures for DXM sale, limiting quantities allowable for purchase, and requiring that purchasers be over the age of majority in their state. The sale of dextromethorphan in its pure powder form may incur penalties, although no explicit law exists prohibiting its sale or possession, other than in Illinois. Cases of individuals being sentenced to time in prison and other penalties for selling pure dextromethorphan in this form have been reported, because of the incidental violation of more general laws for the sale of legitimate drugs – such as resale of a medication without proper warning labels.

Dextromethorphan was excluded from the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970 and was specifically excluded from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. As of 2010, it was still excluded from U.S. Schedules of Controlled Substances; however, officials have warned that it could still be added if increased abuse warrants its scheduling. The motivation behind its exclusion from the CSA was that under the CSA, all optical isomers of listed Schedule II opiates are automatically Schedule II substances. Since dextromethorphan is an optical isomer of the Schedule II opiate levomethorphan (but does not act like an opiate), an exemption was necessary to keep it an uncontrolled substance. The Federal Analog Act does not apply to dextromethorphan because a new drug application has been filed for it.

title: Recreational use of dextromethorphan


text:
Dryope

In Greek mythology, Dryope (Ancient Greek: Δρυόπη derived from δρῦς drys, "oak"; dryope "woodpecker" ) is the name attributed to several distinct figures:

 * Dryope, daughter of Dryops and mother of Amphissus by Apollo.
 * Dryope, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus, the god of the woods. Tarquitus was slain by Aeneas.
 * Dryope, a nymph responsible for kidnapping Hylas, which she did in accord with Hera's will. Her name may have to do with the fact that Hylas was the son of Theiodamas, the king of the Dryopes.
 * Dryope, a Theban woman of Phoenician origin, mother of Chromis. She joined the Maenads disregarding her pregnancy, and went into labor when she was dragging a sacrificial bull by the horns.
 * Dryope, a Lemnian.
 * Dryope, mother of the Oenotropae by Anius.

title: Dryope