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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty (Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a dynasty of European origin, and a branch of the Robertians and the Karlings. It is among the largest and oldest royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of Hugh Capet, the founder of the dynasty, and his male-line descendants, who ruled in France without interruption from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848. The senior line ruled in France as the House of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. That line was succeeded by cadet branches, the Houses of Valois and then Bourbon, which ruled without interruption until the French Revolution abolished the monarchy in 1792. The Bourbons were restored in 1814 in the aftermath of Napoleon's defeat, but had to vacate the throne again in 1830 in favour of the last Capetian monarch of France, Louis Philippe I, who belonged to the House of Orléans. Cadet branches of the Capetian House of Bourbon are still reigning over Spain and Luxembourg.

The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own demesne, the Île-de-France, the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover the entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, see Crown lands of France.

Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic, and the early Capetians had an alliance with the Church. The French were also the most active participants in the Crusades, culminating in a series of five Crusader kings – Louis VII, Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, Louis IX, and Philip III. The Capetian alliance with the papacy suffered a severe blow after the disaster of the Aragonese Crusade. Philip III's son and successor, Philip IV, arrested Pope Boniface VIII and brought the papacy under French control. The later Valois, starting with Francis I, ignored religious differences and allied with the Ottoman sultan to counter the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry IV was a Protestant at the time of his accession, but realized the necessity of conversion after four years of religious warfare.

The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the king of France were given appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at the French throne, but at foreign thrones. As a result, the Capetians have reigned at different times in the kingdoms of Portugal, Sicily and Naples, Navarre, Hungary and Croatia, Poland, Spain and Sardinia, grand dukedoms of Lithuania and Luxembourg, and in Latin and Brazilian empires.

In modern times, King Felipe VI of Spain is a member of this family, while Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg is related to the family by agnatic kinship; both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Along with the House of Habsburg, arguably its greatest historic rival, it was one of the two oldest European royal dynasties. It was also one of the most powerful royal family in European history, having played a major role in its politics for much of its existence. According to Oxford University, 75% of all royal families in European history, are related to the Capetian dynasty.

Name origins and usage
The name of the dynasty derives from its founder, Hugh, who was known as "Hugh Capet". The meaning of "Capet" (a nickname rather than a surname of the modern sort) is unknown. While folk etymology identifies it with "cape", other suggestions indicate it might be connected to the Latin word caput ("head"), and explain it as meaning "chief" or "head".

Historians in the 19th century (see House of France) came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants of Hugh Capet. It was not a contemporary practice. The name "Capet" has also been used as a surname for French royalty, particularly but not exclusively those of the House of Capet. One notable use was during the French Revolution, when the dethroned King Louis XVI (a member of the House of Bourbon and a direct male-line descendant of Hugh Capet) and Queen Marie Antoinette (a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) were referred to as "Louis and Antoinette Capet" (the queen being addressed as "the Widow Capet" after the execution of her husband).

Capetian miracle
The Capetian miracle (Miracle capétien) refers to the dynasty's ability to attain and hold onto the French crown.

In 987, Hugh Capet was elected to succeed Louis V of the Carolingian dynasty that had ruled France for over three centuries. By a process of associating elder sons with them in the kingship, the early Capetians established the hereditary succession in their family and transformed a theoretically electoral kingship into a sacral one. By the time of Philip II Augustus, who became king in 1180, the Capetian hold on power was so strong that the practice of associate kingship was dropped. While the Capetian monarchy began as one of the weakest in Europe, drastically eclipsed by the new Anglo-Norman realm in England (who, as dukes of Normandy, were technically their vassals) and even other great lords of France, the political value of orderly succession in the Middle Ages cannot be overstated. The orderly succession of power from father to son over such a long period of time meant that the French monarchs, who originally were essentially just the direct rulers of the Île-de-France, were able to preserve and extend their power, while over the course of centuries the great peers of the realm would eventually lose their power in one succession crisis or another.

By comparison, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem was constantly beset with internal succession disputes because each generation only produced female heirs who tended to die young. Even the English monarchy encountered severe succession crises, such as The Anarchy of the 1120s between Stephen and Matilda, and the murder of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, the primogeniture heir of Richard I of England. The latter case would deal a severe blow to the prestige of King John, leading to the eventual destruction of Angevin hegemony in France. In contrast, the French kings were able to maintain uncontested father-to-son succession from the time of Hugh Capet until the succession crisis which began the Hundred Years' War of the 14th century.

The Robertians and before
The dynastic surname now used to describe Hugh Capet's family prior to his election as King of France is "Robertians" or "Robertines." The name is derived from the family's first certain ancestor, Robert the Strong (b. 820), the count of Paris. Robert was probably son of Robert III of Worms (b. 800) and grandson of Robert of Hesbaye (b. 770). The Robertians probably originated in the county Hesbaye, around Tongeren in modern-day Belgium. The sons of Robert the Strong were Odo and Robert, who both ruled as king of Western Francia. The family became Counts of Paris under Odo and Dukes of the Franks under Robert, possessing large parts of Neustria.

In the late 9th century, King Robert I, grandfather of Hugh Capet, married Beatrice of Vermandois, a direct descendant of Charlemagne, thus making the Capetian dynasty a cadet branch of the Carolingian dynasty.

The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of Louis V. Afterwards, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, was elected by the nobility as king of France. Hugh was crowned at Noyon on 3 July 987 with the full support from Holy Roman Emperor Otto III. Hugh's coronation ushered in a new era for France, and his descendants came to be called the Capetians, with the Capetian dynasty and its cadet branches such as the House of Valois ruling France for more than 800 years (987–1848, with two interruptions during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, first between 1792 and 1814, and then for three months in 1815.)

Robertian family branches

 * Rodbert
 * Ingerman of Hesbaye
 * Ermengarde of Hesbaye, wife of Louis the Pious
 * Cancor, founder of the Lorsch Abbey
 * Heimrich (−795), count in the Lahngau
 * Poppo of Grapfeld (−839/41), ancestor of the Frankish House of Babenberg
 * Landrada
 * Saint Chrodogang, Archbishop of Metz, Abbot of the Lorsch Abbey
 * Robert of Hesbaye
 * Robert III of Worms
 * Robert the Strong
 * Odo, king of Western Francia
 * Richildis, married to a count of Troyes
 * Robert, king of Western Francia
 * Emma, married Rudolph of Burgundy
 * Adela, married Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
 * Hugh the Great
 * Hugh Capet, founder House of Capet
 * Hadwig, married Reginar IV, Count of Mons
 * Robert II
 * Otto-Henry
 * Odo
 * Beatrix, married Frederick of Bar
 * Emma, married Richard I of Normandy
 * Herbert, bishop of Auxerre

Capetians through history
Over the succeeding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors.

Salic law
Salic law, re-established during the Hundred Years' War from an ancient Frankish tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only male (agnatic) descendants of Hugh to succeed to the throne of France.

Without Salic law, upon the death of John I, the crown would have passed to his half-sister, Joan (later Joan II of Navarre). However, Joan's paternity was suspect due to her mother's adultery in the Tour de Nesle Affair; the French magnates adopted Salic law to avoid the succession of a possible bastard.

In 1328, King Charles IV of France died without male heirs, as his brothers did before him. Philip of Valois, the late king's first cousin, acted as regent, pending the birth of the king's posthumous child, which proved to be a girl. Isabella of France, sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son, Edward III of England. The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king. From then on the French succession not only excluded females but also rejected claims based on the female line of descent.

Thus the French crown passed from the House of Capet after the death of Charles IV to Philip VI of France of the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty,
 * then to Louis II, Duke of Orléans, of the Orléans branch of the Valois, who became Louis XII of France,
 * then to Francis, Duke of Valois, Count of Angoulème, who became Francis I of France, and his descendants, of the Orléans-Angoulème,
 * then to Henry III of Navarre, who became Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

This did not affect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Spain, Navarre, and various smaller duchies and counties. Therefore, many royal families appear and disappear in the French succession or become cadet branches upon marriage. A complete list of the senior-most line of Capetians is available below.

Capetian cadet branches
The Capetian dynasty has been broken many times into (sometimes rival) cadet branches. A cadet branch is a line of descent from another line than the senior-most. This list of cadet branches shows most of the Capetian cadet lines and designating their royal French progenitor, although some sub-branches are not shown.

 * Hugh Capet
 * Robert II of France
 * Henry I of France
 * Philip I of France
 * Louis VI of France
 * Louis VII of France
 * Philip II of France
 * Louis VIII of France
 * Louis IX of France
 * Philip III of France
 * Philip IV of France
 * Blason comte fr Valois.svg House of Valois
 * Blason ville fr Mortain (Manche).svg House of Évreux
 * Blason comte fr Clermont (Bourbon).svg House of Bourbon
 * Blason province fr Artois.svg House of Artois
 * Blason comte fr Anjou.svg House of Anjou
 * Blason Comtes de Dreux.svg House of Dreux
 * Blason Courtenay.svg House of Courtenay
 * Armoiries Vermandois.svg House of Vermandois
 * Blason Ducs Bourgogne (ancien).svg House of Burgundy

Descendants of Philip III of France

 * House of Valois (1293–1498)
 * House of Valois-Orléans (1392–1515)
 * House of Orléans-Angoulême (1407–1589)
 * House of Valois-Anjou (1356–1481)
 * House of Valois-Burgundy (1364–1477)
 * House of Burgundy-Brabant (1404–1430)
 * House of Burgundy-Nevers (1404–1491)
 * House of Valois-Alençon (1325–1525)
 * House of Évreux (1303–1400)
 * House of Évreux-Navarre (1328–1425)

Descendants of Louis IX of France

 * House of Bourbon (1268–1503)
 * House of Bourbon-Montpensier, counts (1443–1527)
 * House of Bourbon-La Marche (1356–1438)
 * House of Bourbon-Vendôme (became Royal House of France in 1589)
 * House of Artois (1775–1883)
 * House of Bourbon, Spanish branch (1700–present)
 * Carlists (1819–1936)
 * Alfonsines (1819–present)
 * House of Bourbon-Anjou (1933–present)
 * House of Bourbon, Spanish royal family (1933–present)
 * House of Bourbon-Seville (1823–)
 * House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1751–present)
 * House of Bourbon-Braganza (1752–1979)
 * House of Bourbon-Parma (1748–present)
 * Parma-Luxembourg, called House of Nassau-Weilburg (1919–present)
 * House of Orléans (1661–)
 * Orléans-Nemours, then (1891) House of Orléans-Braganza (1864–present)
 * Orléans-Alençon (1844–1970)
 * Orléans-Aumale (1822–1872)
 * Orléans-Montpensier, then House of Orléans-Galliera (1824–present)
 * House of Bourbon-Condé (1557–1830)
 * House of Bourbon-Conti (1629–1814)
 * House of Bourbon-Soissons (1569–1641)
 * House of Bourbon-Montpensier, dukes (1477–1608)
 * House of Bourbon-Carency (1393–1520)
 * House of Bourbon-Duisant (1457–1530)
 * House of Bourbon-Preaux (1385–1429)

Descendants of Louis VIII of France

 * House of Artois (1237–1472)
 * House of Anjou (initially ruling house of Sicily, then of Naples, became ruling house of Hungary) (1247–1382)
 * House of Anjou-Naples (1309–1343)
 * House of Anjou–Taranto (1294–1374)
 * House of Anjou–Durazzo (1309–1414)

Descendants of Louis VI of France

 * House of Dreux (1137–1345)
 * Breton House of Dreux (1213–1341)
 * House of Montfort (1322–1488)
 * Capetian House of Courtenay (1150–1727)
 * Capetian House of Courtenay – Latin emperors of Constantinople (1217–1283)

Descendants of Henry I of France

 * Capetian House of Vermandois (1085–1212)

Descendants of Robert II of France

 * House of Burgundy (1032–1361)
 * Portuguese House of Burgundy (1109–1383)
 * House of Aviz (1385–1580) – illegitimate male-line descent from Burgundy
 * House of Braganza (1442–present) – illegitimate male-line descent from Aviz
 * House of Cadaval (1645–present), the male line went extinct in 2001

Latin Empire

 * Peter (1216–1217)
 * Robert (1219–1228)
 * Baldwin II (1228–1273, exiled in 1261)
 * Philip I (1273–1283)
 * Catherine I (1283–1307)
 * Catherine II (1307–1346)
 * Robert II (1346–1364)
 * Philip II (1364–1374)

Kingdom of Albania

 * Charles I (1272–1285)
 * Charles II (1285–1294)
 * Philip (1294–1331)
 * Robert (1331–1332)
 * John (1332–1336)
 * Charles III (1336–1348)
 * Joan I (1348–1368)
 * Louis (1376–1383)

Kingdom of Etruria

 * Louis (1801–1803)
 * Charles Louis (1803–1807)

Kingdom of France

 * Hugh (987–996)
 * Robert II (996–1031)
 * Henry I (1031–1060)
 * Philip I (1060–1108)
 * Louis VI (1108–1137)
 * Louis VII (1137–1180)
 * Philip II (1180–1223)
 * Louis VIII (1223–1226)
 * Louis IX (1226–1270)
 * Philip III (1270–1285)
 * Philip IV (1285–1314)
 * Louis X (1314–1316)
 * John I (1316)
 * Philip V (1316–1322)
 * Charles IV (1322–1328)
 * Philip VI (1328–1350)
 * John II (1350–1364)
 * Charles V (1364–1380)
 * Charles VI (1380–1422)
 * Charles VII (1422–1461)
 * Louis XI (1461–1483)
 * Charles VIII (1483–1498)
 * Louis XII (1498–1515)
 * Francis I (1515–1547)
 * Henry II (1547–1559)
 * Francis II (1559–1560)
 * Charles IX (1560–1574)
 * Henry III (1574–1589)
 * Henry IV (1589–1610)
 * Louis XIII (1610–1643)
 * Louis XIV (1643–1715)
 * Louis XV (1715–1774)
 * Louis XVI (1774–1792)
 * Louis XVIII (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
 * Charles X (1824–1830)
 * Louis Philip (1830–1848)

Kingdom of Hungary

 * Charles I (1310–1342)
 * Louis I (1342–1382)
 * Mary (1382–1385, 1386–1395)
 * Charles II (1385–1386)

Kingdom of Naples

 * Charles I (1266–1285)
 * Charles II (1285–1309)
 * Robert (1309–1343)
 * Joan I (1343–1382)
 * Charles III (1382–1386)
 * Ladislas (1386–1414)
 * Joan II (1414–1435)
 * René I (1435–1442)
 * Philip (1700–1707)
 * Charles VII (1735–1759)
 * Ferdinand IV (1759–1816)

Kingdom of Navarre

 * Philip I (1284–1305)
 * Louis I (1305–1316)
 * John I (1316–1316)
 * Philip II (1316–1322)
 * Charles I (1322–1328)
 * Joan II (1328–1349)
 * Philip III (1328–1343)
 * Charles II (1349–1387)
 * Charles III (1387–1425)
 * Blanche I (1425–1441)
 * Anthony (1555–1562)
 * Henry III (1572–1610)
 * Louis II (1610–1643)
 * Louis III (1643–1715)
 * Louis IV (1715–1774)
 * Louis V (1774–1792)
 * Louis VII (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
 * Charles V (1824–1830)
 * Louis Philip (1830–1848)

Kingdom of Poland

 * Louis (1370–1382)
 * Hedwig (1384–1399)
 * Henry (1573–1574)

Kingdom and County of Portugal

 * Henry (1093–1112)
 * Alphonse I (1112–1185, crowned in 1139)
 * Sancho I (1185–1211)
 * Alphonse II (1211–1223)
 * Sancho II (1223–1247)
 * Alphonse III (1247–1279)
 * Denis (1279–1325)
 * Alphonse IV (1325–1357)
 * Peter I (1357–1367)
 * Ferdinand I (1367–1383)

Kingdom of Sicily

 * Charles I (1266–1282)
 * Philip (1700–1713)
 * Charles VII (1735–1759)
 * Ferdinand III (1759–1816)

Kingdom of Spain

 * Philip V (1700–1724, 1724–1746)
 * Louis I (1724)
 * Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)
 * Charles III (1759–1788)
 * Charles IV (1788–1808, 1808)
 * Ferdinand VII (1808, 1813–1833)
 * Isabella II (1833–1868)
 * Alphonse XII (1874–1885)
 * Alphonse XIII (1886–1931)
 * John Charles I (1975–2014)
 * Philip VI (2014–)

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

 * Ferdinand I (1816–1825)
 * Francis I (1825–1830)
 * Ferdinand II (1830–1859)
 * Francis II (1859–1860)

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

 * Henry (1573–1574)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

 * Jean (1964–2000)
 * Henri (2000–)

Duchy of Brabant

 * Anthony (1406–1415)
 * John IV (1415–1427)
 * Philip I (1427–1430)
 * Philip II (1430–1467)
 * Charles (1467–1477)
 * Mary (1477–1482)

Duchy of Brittany

 * Peter I (1213–1237)
 * John I (1237–1286)
 * John II (1286–1305)
 * Arthur II (1305–1316)
 * John III (1312–1341)
 * John IV (1341–1345)
 * John V (1364–1399)
 * John VI (1399–1442)
 * Francis I (1442–1450)
 * Peter II (1450–1457)
 * Arthur III (1457–1458)
 * Francis II (1458–1488)
 * Anne (1488–1514)
 * Claude (1514–1524)
 * Francis III (1514–1524)
 * Francis IV (1524–1536)
 * Henry (1536–1547)

Duchy of Burgundy

 * Otto of Paris (956–965)
 * Odo-Henry (965–1002)
 * Henry I (1026–1032)
 * Robert I (1032–1076)
 * Hugh I (1076–1079)
 * Odo I (1079–1103)
 * Hugh II (1103–1143)
 * Odo II (1143–1162)
 * Hugh III (1162–1192)
 * Odo III (1192–1218)
 * Hugh IV (1218–1272)
 * Robert II (1272–1306)
 * Hugh V (1306–1315)[[File:Rogier van der Weyden - Presentation Miniature, Chroniques de Hainaut KBR 9242.jpg|thumb|[[Charles the Bold]] as a boy stands next to his father, Philip the Good, c. 1447–8]]
 * Odo IV (1315–1349)
 * Philip I (1349–1361)
 * John I (1361–1363)
 * Philip II (1363–1404)
 * John II (1404–1419)
 * Philip III (1419–1467)
 * Charles (1467–1477)
 * Mary (1477–1482)

Duchy of Lorraine

 * René I (1431–1453)
 * John II (1453–1470)
 * Nicholas I (1470–1473)
 * Yolande (1473–1473)

Duchy of Lucca

 * Maria Louisa (1815–1824)
 * Charles (1824–1847)

Duchy of Luxemburg

 * Anthony (1411–1415)
 * Philip I (1443–1467)
 * Charles (1467–1477)
 * Mary (1477–1482)
 * Philip V (1700–1712)

Duchy of Milan

 * Louis I (1499–1512)
 * Francis II (1515–1521)
 * Philip IV (1700–1714)

Duchy of Parma

 * Charles I (1731–1735)
 * Philip (1748–1765)
 * Ferdinand (1765–1802)
 * Charles II (1847–1849)
 * Charles III (1849–1854)
 * Robert I (1854–1859)

Principality of Achaea

 * Charles I (1278–1285)
 * Charles II (1285–1289)
 * Philip I (1307–1313)
 * Louis (1313–1316)
 * Robert I (1318–1322)
 * Robert II (1333–1364)
 * Catherine II (1333–1346)
 * Philip II (1364–1373)
 * Joan I (1373–1381)
 * Charles III (1383–1386)

Principality of Taranto

 * Charles I (1266–1285)
 * Charles II (1285–1294)
 * Philip I (1294–1331)
 * Robert II (1331–1346, 1362–1364)
 * Louis (1346–1362)
 * Philip II (1362–1374)
 * Ladislaus (1406–1414)
 * James (1414–1420)

Marquisate of Namur

 * Philip II (1212–1226)
 * Henry II (1226–1229)
 * Margaret (1229–1237)
 * Baldwin II (1237–1256)
 * Philip IV (1421–1467)
 * Charles I (1467–1477)
 * Mary I (1477–1482)

Empire of Brazil

 * Peter I (1822–1831)
 * Peter II (1831–1889)

Kingdom of Portugal

 * John I (1385–1433)
 * Edward (1433–1438)
 * Alphonse V (1438–1481)
 * John II (1481–1495)
 * Manuel I (1495–1521)
 * John III, (1521–1557)
 * Sebastian, (1557–1578)
 * Henry (1578–1580)
 * Anthony (1580–1580, disputed)
 * John IV (1640–1656)
 * Alphonse VI (1656–1683)
 * Peter II (1683–1706)
 * John V (1706–1750)
 * Joseph I (1750–1777)
 * Peter III (1777–1786)
 * Mary I (1777–1816)
 * John VI (1816–1826)
 * Peter IV (1826–1826)
 * Mary II (1826–1828, 1834–1853)
 * Michael I (1828–1834)

Senior Capets
Throughout most of history, the Senior Capet and the King of France were synonymous terms. Only in the time before Hugh Capet took the crown for himself and after the reign of Charles X is there a distinction such that the senior Capet must be identified independently from succession to the French Crown. However, since primogeniture and the Salic law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here is a list of all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the Legitimist pretenders thereafter. All dates are for seniority, not reign.

King of France:
 * Hugh, King of France (987–996)
 * Robert II, King of France (996–1031)
 * Henry I, King of France (1031–1060)
 * Philip I, King of France (1060–1108)
 * Louis VI, King of France (1108–1137)
 * Louis VII, King of France (1137–1180)
 * Philip II, King of France (1180–1223)
 * Louis VIII, King of France (1223–1226)
 * Louis IX, King of France (1226–1270)
 * Philip III, King of France (1271–1285)
 * Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314)
 * Louis X, King of France (1314–1316)
 * John I, King of France (1316–1316)
 * Philip V, King of France (1316–1322)
 * Charles IV, King of France (1322–1328)
 * Philip VI, King of France (1328–1350)
 * John II, King of France (1350–1364)
 * Charles V, King of France (1364–1380)
 * Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422)
 * Charles VII, King of France (1422–1461)
 * Louis XI, King of France (1461–1483)
 * Charles VIII, King of France (1483–1498)
 * Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515)
 * Francis I, King of France (1515–1547)
 * Henry II, King of France (1547–1559)
 * Francis II, King of France (1559–1560)
 * Charles IX, King of France (1560–1574)
 * Henry III, King of France (1574–1589)
 * Henry IV, King of France (1589–1610)
 * Louis XIII, King of France (1610–1643)
 * Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
 * Louis XV, King of France (1715–1774)
 * Louis XVI, King of France (1774–1793)
 * Louis XVII, King of France (1793–1795)
 * Louis XVIII, King of France (1795–1824)
 * Charles X, King of France (1824–1836)

Legitimist Pretenders:
 * Louis Anthony, Duke of Angoulême (1836–1844)
 * Henry, Count of Chambord (1844–1883)
 * John, Count of Montizón (1883–1887)
 * Charles, Duke of Madrid (1887–1909)
 * James, Duke of Anjou and Madrid (1909–1931)
 * Alphonse Charles, Duke of San Jaime (1931–1936)
 * Alphonse XIII, King of Spain (1936–1941)
 * James Henry, Duke of Anjou and Segovia (1941–1975)
 * Alphonse, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (1975–1989)
 * Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou (1989–)

The Capetian dynasty today
Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe; however, they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven pretenders represent exiled dynastic monarchies in Brazil, France, Spain, Portugal, Parma and Two Sicilies. The current legitimate, senior family member is Louis-Alphonse de Bourbon, known by his supporters as Duke of Anjou, who also holds the Legitimist (Blancs d'Espagne) claim to the French throne. Overall, dozens of branches of the Capetian dynasty still exist throughout Europe.

Except for the House of Braganza (founded by an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal, who was himself illegitimate), all current major Capetian branches are of the Bourbon cadet branch. Within the House of Bourbon, many of these lines are themselves well-defined cadet lines of the House.

Current Capetian rulers

 * Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (since 2000)
 * Felipe VI, King of Spain (since 2014)

Current Capetian pretenders

 * Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, Legitimist pretender to the Kingdom of France since 1989.
 * Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, Calabrian pretender to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since 2015.
 * Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, Castroist pretender to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since 2008.
 * Carlos, Duke of Parma, pretender to the Duchy of Parma since 2010 and one of the Carlist pretender to the Kingdom of Spain since 2010.
 * Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma, the other Carlist pretenders to the Kingdom of Spain since 1979.
 * Jean, Count of Paris, Orléanist pretender to the Kingdom of France since 2019.
 * Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza, Petrópolis pretender to the Empire of Brazil since 2007.
 * Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza, Vassouras pretender to the Empire of Brazil since 2022.
 * Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, pretender to the Kingdom of Portugal since 1976.
 * Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon, Raja of Bhopal of the Bourbon-Bhopal dynasty
 * Philippe, Count of Châlus of Bourbon-Busset

Family tree
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

 * Hugh Capet, 940-996 (House of Capet)
 * Robert II of France, 972-1031
 * Hugh of France, 1007-1025
 * Henry I of France, 1008-1060
 * Philip I of France, 1052-1108
 * Louis VI of France, 1081-1137
 * Philip of France, 1116-1131
 * Louis VII of France, 1120-1180
 * Philip II of France, 1165-1223
 * Louis VIII of France, 1187-1226
 * Louis IX of France, 1214-1270
 * Louis of France, 1244-1260
 * Philip III of France, 1245-1285
 * Philip IV of France, 1268-1314
 * Louis X of France, 1289-1316
 * John I of France, 1316
 * Philip V of France, 1291-1322
 * Charles IV of France, 1294-1328
 * Charles, Count of Valois, 1270-1325 (House of Valois)
 * Philip VI of France, 1293-1350
 * John II of France, 1319-1364
 * Charles V of France, 1338-1380
 * Charles VI of France, 1368-1422
 * Louis, Duke of Guyenne, 1397-1415
 * John, Duke of Touraine, 1398-1417
 * Charles VII of France, 1403-1461
 * Louis XI, 1423-1483
 * Charles VIII of France, 1470-1498
 * Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, 1446-1472
 * Louis I, Duke of Orléans, 1372-1407
 * Charles, Duke of Orléans, 1394-1465
 * Louis XII, 1462-1515
 * Philip, Count of Vertus, 1396-1420
 * John, Count of Angoulême, 1399-1467
 * Charles, Count of Angoulême, 1459-1496
 * Francis I of France, 1494-1547
 * Francis III, Duke of Brittany, 1518-1536
 * Henry II of France, 1519-1559
 * Francis II of France, 1544-1560
 * Charles IX of France, 1550-1574
 * Henry III of France, 1551-1589
 * Francis, Duke of Anjou, 1555-1584
 * Charles II of Valois, Duke of Orléans, 1522-1545
 * Louis I of Anjou, 1339-1384 (House of Valois-Anjou)
 * Louis II of Anjou, 1377-1417
 * Louis III of Anjou, 1403-1434
 * René of Anjou, 1409-1480
 * John II, Duke of Lorraine, 1426-1470
 * Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine, 1448-1473
 * Louis of Anjou, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, 1427-1444
 * Charles IV, Count of Maine, 1414-1472
 * Charles IV of Anjou, 1446-1481
 * Charles, Prince of Taranto, 1380-1404
 * John, Duke of Berry, 1340-1416
 * John of Valois, Count of Montpensier, 1376-1397
 * Philip the Bold, 1342-1404 (House of Valois-Burgundy)
 * John the Fearless, 1371-1419
 * Philip the Good, 1396-1467
 * Charles the Bold, 1433-1477
 * Anthony, Duke of Brabant, 1384-1415
 * John IV, Duke of Brabant, 1403-1427
 * Philip I, Duke of Brabant, 1404-1430
 * Philip II, Count of Nevers, 1389-1415
 * Charles I, Count of Nevers, 1414-1464
 * John II, Count of Nevers, 1415-1491
 * Philip, Duke of Orléans, 1336-1375
 * Charles II, Count of Alençon, 1297-1346
 * Charles III, Count of Alençon, 1337-1375
 * Philip of Alençon, 1339-1397
 * Peter II, Count of Alençon, 1340-1404
 * John I, Duke of Alençon, 1385-1415
 * John II, Duke of Alençon, 1409-1476
 * René, Duke of Alençon, 1454-1492
 * Charles IV, Duke of Alençon, 1489-1525
 * Robert of Alençon, 1344-1377
 * Louis, Count of Évreux, 1276-1319 (House of Évreux)
 * Charles d'Évreux, 1305-1336
 * Louis I, Count of Étampes, 1336-1400
 * John of Évreux, 1336-1373
 * Philip III of Navarre, 1306-1343
 * Charles II of Navarre, 1332-1387
 * Charles III of Navarre, 1361-1425
 * Peter, Count of Mortain, 1366-1412
 * Philip, Count of Longueville, 1336-1363
 * Louis, Duke of Durazzo, 1341-1376
 * John Tristan, Count of Valois, 1250-1270
 * Peter I, Count of Alençon, 1251-1284
 * Robert, Count of Clermont, 1256-1317 (House of Bourbon)
 * Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, 1279-1341
 * Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, 1311-1356
 * Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, 1337-1410
 * John I, Duke of Bourbon, 1381-1434 (House of Bourbon-Montpensier)
 * Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, 1401-1456
 * John II, Duke of Bourbon, 1426-1488
 * Charles II, Duke of Bourbon, 1433-1488
 * Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, 1438-1503
 * Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège, 1438-1482
 * James of Bourbon, 1445–1468
 * Louis I, Count of Montpensier, 1405-1486
 * Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, 1443-1496
 * Louis II, Count of Montpensier, 1483-1501
 * Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, 1490-1527
 * Francis, Duke of Châtellerault, 1492-1515
 * John of Montpensier, 1445-1485
 * Louis of Bourbon, 1388–1404
 * James I, Count of La Marche, 1319-1362
 * Peter II, Count of La Marche, 1342-1362
 * John I, Count of La Marche, 1344-1393
 * James II, Count of La Marche, 1370-1438
 * Louis, Count of Vendôme, 1376-1446 (House of Bourbon-Vendôme)
 * John VIII, Count of Vendôme, 1425-1478
 * Francis, Count of Vendôme, 1470-1495
 * Charles, Duke of Vendôme, 1489-1537
 * Anthony of Navarre, 1518-1562
 * Henry IV of France, 1553-1610
 * Louis XIII, 1601-1643
 * Louis XIV, 1638-1715
 * Louis, Grand Dauphin, 1661-1711
 * Louis, Duke of Burgundy, 1682-1712
 * Louis XV, 1710-1774
 * Louis, Dauphin of France, 1729-1765
 * Louis XVI, 1754-1793
 * Louis XVII, 1785-1795
 * Louis XVIII, 1755-1824
 * Charles X of France, 1757-1836
 * Louis Anthony, Duke of Angoulême, 1775-1844
 * Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, 1778-1820
 * Henry, Count of Chambord, 1820-1883
 * Philip V of Spain, 1683-1746
 * Louis I of Spain, 1707-1724
 * Ferdinand VI, 1713-1759
 * Charles III of Spain, 1716-1788
 * Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria, 1747-1777
 * Charles IV of Spain, 1748-1819
 * Ferdinand VII, 1784-1833
 * Prince Charles Mary Isidore of Spain, 1788-1855
 * Charles Louis of Bourbon, 1818-1861
 * Prince John, Count of Montizón, 1822-1887
 * Prince Charles, Duke of Madrid, 1848-1909
 * Prince James, Duke of Madrid, 1870-1931
 * Prince Alphonse Charles, Duke of San Jaime, 1849-1936
 * Prince Ferdinand of Spain, 1824-1861
 * Prince Francis de Paul of Spain, 1794-1865
 * Francis of Assisi, Duke of Cádiz, 1822-1902
 * Alphonse XII, 1857-1885
 * Alphonse XIII, 1886-1941
 * Alphonse, Prince of Asturias, 1907-1938
 * Prince James, Duke of Segovia, 1908-1975
 * Alphonse, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, 1936-1989
 * Louis Alphonse of Bourbon, b. 1974
 * Louis of Bourbon, b. 2010
 * Alphonse of Bourbon, b. 2010
 * Henry of Bourbon, b. 2019
 * Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine, 1937-2000
 * Prince John, Count of Barcelona, 1913-1993
 * John Charles I, b. 1938
 * Philip VI of Spain, b. 1968
 * Prince Gonzalo of Spain, 1914-1934
 * Prince Henry, Duke of Seville, 1823-1870
 * Ferdinand of Bourbon, Prince of Spain, 1832-1854
 * Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, 1751-1825 (House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies)
 * Francis I of the Two Sicilies, 1777-1830
 * Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, 1810-1859
 * Francis II of the Two Sicilies, 1836-1894
 * Prince Louis, Count of Trani, 1838-1886
 * Prince Alphonse, Count of Caserta, 1841-1934
 * Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Castro, 1869-1960
 * Prince Charles of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1870-1949
 * Prince Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, 1901-1964
 * Prince Charles, Duke of Calabria, 1938-2015
 * Prince Peter, Duke of Calabria, b. 1968
 * Prince James, Duke of Noto, b. 1992
 * Prince John of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 2003
 * Prince Paul of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 2004
 * Prince Peter of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 2007
 * Charles of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1908-1936
 * Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1882-1944
 * Prince Rainier, Duke of Castro, 1883-1973
 * Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro, 1926-2008
 * Prince Charles, Duke of Castro, b. 1963
 * Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1885-1949
 * Prince Gaetan of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1917-1984
 * Prince Francis of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1888–1914
 * Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1897-1975
 * Prince Anthony of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1929-2019
 * Prince Francis of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 1960
 * Prince Anthony of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 2003
 * Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 1966
 * Prince John of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1933-2000
 * Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 1938
 * Prince Louis Alphonse of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 1970
 * Prince Paul Alphonse of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 2014
 * Prince Alexander Henry of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, b. 1974
 * Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti, 1846-1871
 * Prince Pascal, Count of Bari, 1852-1904
 * Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua, 1811-1862
 * Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse, 1813-1860
 * Prince Anthony, Count of Lecce, 1816-1843
 * Prince Louis, Count of Aquila, 1824-1897
 * Prince Louis, Count of Roccaguglielma, 1845-1909
 * Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, 1847-1922
 * Prince Francis, Count of Trapani, 1827-1892
 * Prince Leopold of the Two Sicilies, 1853-1870
 * Leopold, Prince of Salerno, 1790-1851
 * Prince Gabriel of Spain, 1752-1788 (House of Bourbon-Braganza)
 * Prince Peter Charles of Spain and Portugal, 1786-1812
 * Prince Sebastian of Spain and Portugal, 1811-1875
 * Francis Mary of Bourbon-Bourbon, 1st Duke of Marchena, 1861-1923
 * Peter of Bourbon-Bourbon, 1st Duke of Dúrcal, 1862-1892
 * Ferdinand Sebastian of Bourbon-Madán, 2nd Duke of Dúrcal, 1891-1944
 * Louis Jesus of Bourbon-Bourbon, 1st Duke of Ansola, 1864-1889
 * Louis Alphonse of Bourbon-Bernaldo de Quirós, 2nd Duke of Ansola, 1887–1942
 * Manfred Louis of Bourbon-Bernaldo de Quirós, 3rd Duke of Ansola and 1st Duke of Hernani, 1889–1979
 * Alphonse Mary of Bourbon-Bourbon, 1866–1934
 * Gabriel Jesus of Bourbon-Bourbon, 1869–1889
 * Prince Anthony Pascal of Spain, 1755-1817
 * Philip, Duke of Parma, 1720-1765 (House of Bourbon-Parma)
 * Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma, 1751-1802
 * Louis I of Etruria, 1773-1803
 * Charles II, Duke of Parma, 1799-1883
 * Charles III, Duke of Parma, 1823-1854
 * Robert I, Duke of Parma, 1848-1907
 * Henry, Duke of Parma, 1873-1939
 * Joseph, Duke of Parma, 1875-1950
 * Elijah, Duke of Parma, 1880-1959
 * Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma, 1909-1974
 * Prince Francis Alphonse of Bourbon-Parma, 1913-1939
 * Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, 1886-1934
 * Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, 1889-1977
 * Charles Hugo, Duke of Parma, 1930-2010
 * Prince Charles, Duke of Parma, b. 1970
 * Prince Charles Henry of Bourbon-Parma, b. 2016
 * James of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1972
 * Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1940
 * Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, 1893-1970
 * John, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, 1921-2019
 * Henry, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, b. 1955
 * William, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, b. 1981
 * Prince Charles of Luxembourg, b. 2020
 * Prince Francis of Luxembourg, b. 2023
 * Prince Felix of Luxembourg, b. 1984
 * Prince Liam of Luxembourg, b. 2016
 * Prince Balthazar of Luxembourg, b. 2024
 * Prince Louis of Luxembourg, b. 1986
 * Prince Gabriel of Luxembourg, b. 2006
 * Prince Noah of Luxembourg, b. 2007
 * Prince Sebastian of Luxembourg, b. 1992
 * Prince John of Luxembourg, b. 1957
 * Prince William of Luxembourg, b. 1963
 * Prince Paul-Louis of Luxembourg, b. 1998
 * Prince Leopold of Luxembourg, b. 2000
 * Prince John of Luxembourg, b. 2004
 * Prince Charles of Luxembourg, 1927-1977
 * Prince Robert of Luxembourg, b. 1968
 * Prince Alexander of Luxembourg, b. 1997
 * Prince Frederick of Luxembourg, b. 2002
 * Prince René of Bourbon-Parma, 1894-1962
 * Prince James of Bourbon-Parma, 1922-1964
 * Prince Philip of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1949
 * James of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1986
 * Joseph of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1989
 * Prince Alan of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1955
 * Michael of Bourbon-Parma, 1926-2018
 * Eric of Bourbon-Parma, 1953-2021
 * Prince Michael of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1989
 * Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1991
 * Prince Charles Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1961
 * Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1991
 * Andrew of Bourbon-Parma, 1928-2011
 * Axel of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1967
 * Côme of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1997
 * Louis of Bourbon-Parma, 1899-1967
 * Guy of Bourbon-Parma, 1940-1991
 * Louis of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1966
 * Guy of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1995
 * Prince Rémy of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1942
 * Tristan of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1974
 * Prince John Bernard of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1961
 * Arnaud of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1989
 * Christopher of Bourbon-Parma, b. 1991
 * Prince Henry, Count of Bardi, 1851-1905
 * Prince Louis of Spain, 1727-1785
 * Charles, Duke of Berry, 1686-1714
 * Philip I, Duke of Orléans, 1640-1701 (House of Orléans)
 * Philip II, Duke of Orléans, 1674-1723
 * Louis, Duke of Orléans, 1703-1752
 * Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans, 1725-1785
 * Louis Philip II, Duke of Orléans, 1747-1793
 * Louis Philip I, 1773-1850
 * Ferdinand Philip, Duke of Orléans, 1810-1842
 * Prince Philip, Count of Paris, 1838-1894
 * Prince Philip, Duke of Orléans, 1869-1926
 * Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier, 1884-1924
 * Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres, 1840-1910
 * Prince Robert of Orléans, 1866-1885
 * Prince Henry of Orléans, 1867-1901
 * Prince John, Duke of Guise, 1874-1940
 * Henry, Count of Paris, 1908-1999
 * Henry, Count of Paris, 1933-2019
 * Prince Francis, Count of Clermont, 1961-2017
 * John, Count of Paris, b. 1965
 * Prince Gaston of Orléans, b. 2009
 * Prince Joseph of Orléans, b. 2016
 * Prince Alphonse of Orléans, b. 2023
 * Prince Odo, Duke of Angoulême, b. 1968
 * Prince Peter of Orléans, b. 2003
 * Prince Francis, Duke of Orléans, 1935-1960
 * Prince Michael, Count of Évreux, b. 1941
 * Charles-Philip of Orléans, b. 1973
 * Francis of Orléans, b. 1982
 * Philip of Orléans, b. 2017
 * Raphael of Orléans, b. 2021
 * Prince James, Duke of Orléans, b. 1941
 * Charles-Louis of Orléans, b. 1972
 * Philip of Orléans, b. 1998
 * Constantine of Orléans, b. 2003
 * Fulk of Orléans, b. 1974
 * Prince Theobald, Count of La Marche, 1948-1983
 * Robert of Orléans, b. 1976
 * Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, 1814-1896
 * Gaston, Count of Eu, 1842-1922 (House of Orléans-Braganza)
 * Peter of Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, 1875-1940
 * Peter Gaston of Orléans-Braganza, 1913-2007
 * Peter Charles of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1945
 * Peter Thiago of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1979
 * Philip Roderick of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1982
 * Prince Alphonse Edward of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1948
 * Prince Manuel of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1949
 * Prince Manuel of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1971
 * Prince Francis of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1956
 * Prince Francis of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1979
 * Prince Gabriel of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1989
 * Prince John Mary of Orléans-Braganza, 1916-2005
 * Prince John Henry of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1954
 * Prince John Philip of Brazil, b. 1986
 * Prince John Anthony of Brazil, b. 2017
 * Louis of Orléans-Braganza, 1878–1920
 * Peter Henry of Orléans-Braganza, 1909-1981
 * Louis of Orléans-Braganza, 1938-2022
 * Prince Odo of Orléans-Braganza, 1939-2020, renounced succession
 * Louis Philip of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1969
 * Prince Maximilian of Brazil, b. 2012
 * Prince Odo
 * Prince Guy
 * Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1941
 * Peter of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1945, renounced succession
 * Prince Gabriel Joseph of Brazil, b. 1980
 * Prince Gabriel Peter of Brazil, b. 2013
 * Ferdinand of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1948, renounced succession
 * Anthony of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1951
 * Peter Louis of Orléans-Braganza, 1983-2009
 * Raphael of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1986
 * Francis of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1955, renounced succession
 * Albert of Orléans-Braganza, b. 1957, renounced succession
 * Prince Peter Albert of Brazil, b. 1988
 * Prince Anthony Albert of Brazil, b. 1997
 * Prince Louis Gaston of Orléans-Braganza, 1911-1931
 * Prince Anthony Gaston of Orléans-Braganza, 1881-1918
 * Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon, 1844-1910
 * Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme, 1872-1931
 * Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Nemours, 1905-1970
 * Francis of Orléans, Prince of Joinville, 1818-1900
 * Peter, Duke of Penthièvre, 1845-1919
 * Henry of Orléans, Duke of Aumale, 1822-1897
 * Louis of Orléans, Prince of Condé, 1845-1866
 * Francis of Orléans, 1854–1872
 * Anthony, Duke of Montpensier, 1824-1890
 * Prince Anthony, Duke of Galliera, 1866-1930
 * Prince Alphonse, Duke of Galliera, 1886-1975
 * Prince Alvar, Duke of Galliera, 1910-1997
 * Alphonse of Orléans-Bourbon, 1941-1975
 * Alphonse of Orléans-Bourbon, Duke of Galliera, b. 1968
 * Alphonse John of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 1994
 * Alvar of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 1969
 * Aiden of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 2009
 * Alvar James of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 1947
 * Andrew of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 1976
 * Alvar of Orléans-Bourbon, b. c. 2013
 * Alois of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 1979
 * Alphonse of Orléans-Bourbon, b. 2010
 * Alphonse of Orléans, 1912-1936
 * Prince Ataúlfo of Orléans, 1913-1974
 * Prince Louis Ferdinand of Spain, 1888-1945
 * Anthony Philip, Duke of Montpensier, 1775-1807
 * Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais, 1779-1808
 * Gaston, Duke of Orléans, 1608-1660
 * Francis, Count of Enghien, 1519-1546
 * Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon, 1523-1590 (disputed Charles X)
 * John, Count of Soissons and Enghien, 1528-1557
 * Louis I, Prince of Condé, 1530-1569 (House of Bourbon-Condé)
 * Henry I, Prince of Condé, 1552-1588
 * Henry II, Prince of Condé, 1588-1646
 * Louis, Grand Condé, 1621-1686
 * Henry Jules, Prince of Condé, 1643-1709
 * Louis III, Prince of Condé, 1668-1710
 * Louis Henry, Duke of Bourbon, 1692-1740
 * Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, 1736-1818
 * Louis Henry, Prince of Condé, 1756-1830
 * Louis Anthony, Duke of Enghien, 1772-1804
 * Charles de Bourbon, Count of Charolais, 1700-1760
 * Louis, Count of Clermont, 1709-1771
 * Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, 1629-1666
 * Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti, 1661-1685
 * Francis Louis, Prince of Conti, 1664-1709
 * Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti, 1695-1727
 * Louis Francis, Prince of Conti, 1717-1776
 * Louis Francis Joseph, Prince of Conti, 1734-1814
 * Francis of Bourbon, Prince of Conti, 1558-1614
 * Charles II of Bourbon-Vendôme, 1562-1594
 * Charles, Count of Soissons, 1566-1612
 * Louis, Count of Soissons, 1604-1641
 * Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, 1491-1545
 * Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme, 1493-1557
 * Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon, 1473-1520
 * Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, 1513-1582
 * Francis of Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, 1542-1592
 * Henry of Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, 1573-1608
 * Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon, 1515-1565
 * John, Lord of Carency, 1378-1457, children by second wife declared legitimate in 1438 but not considered part of the royal house
 * Jacques de Bourbon-Préaux, 1346-1417
 * Louis de Bourbon-Préaux, 1368-1415
 * Pierre de Bourbon-Préaux, 1390-1422
 * Jacques II de Bourbon-Préaux, 1391-1429
 * John of Charolais, 1283-1322
 * Peter of Clermont, Archdeacon of Paris, 1287-1330
 * Robert I, Count of Artois, 1216-1250 (House of Artois)
 * Robert II, Count of Artois, 1250-1302
 * Philip of Artois, 1269-1298
 * Robert III of Artois, 1287-1342
 * John of Artois, Count of Eu, 1321-1387
 * Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu, 1356-1387
 * Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, 1358-1397
 * Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, 1394-1472
 * James of Artois, 1325–1347
 * Robert of Artois, 1326–1347
 * Charles of Artois, Count of Pézenas, 1328-1385
 * Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, 1220-1271
 * Charles I of Anjou, 1226-1285 (Capetian House of Anjou)
 * Charles II of Naples, 1254-1309
 * Charles Martel of Anjou, 1271-1295
 * Charles I of Hungary, 1288-1342
 * Louis I of Hungary, 1326-1382
 * Andrew, Duke of Calabria, 1327-1345
 * Stephen of Anjou, 1332-1354
 * Louis of Toulouse, 1274-1297
 * Robert, King of Naples, 1276-1343
 * Charles, Duke of Calabria, 1298-1328
 * Philip I, Prince of Taranto, 1278-1331
 * Charles of Taranto, 1296-1315
 * Philip, Despot of Romania, 1300-1331
 * Robert, Prince of Taranto, 1319-1364
 * Louis I of Naples, 1320-1362
 * Philip II, Prince of Taranto, 1329-1373
 * Raymond Berengar of Andria, 1281-1307
 * John, a priest, 1283-1308
 * Peter Tempesta, 1291-1315
 * John, Duke of Durazzo, 1294-1336
 * Charles, Duke of Durazzo, 1323-1348
 * Louis, Count of Gravina, 1324-1362
 * Charles III of Naples, 1345-1386
 * Ladislaus of Naples, 1377-1414
 * Robert of Durazzo, 1326-1356
 * Philip of Sicily, 1255-1277
 * Philip I, Count of Boulogne, 1200-1235, legitimated, but status as a member of the royal house unclear
 * Alberic, Count of Clermont, 1222-1284, descendants unknown
 * Henry of France, Archbishop of Reims, 1121-1175
 * Robert I, Count of Dreux, 1123-1188 (House of Dreux)
 * Simon, Lord of La Noue, 1141–1182
 * Robert II, Count of Dreux, 1154-1218
 * Robert III, Count of Dreux, 1185-1234
 * John I, Count of Dreux, 1215-1249
 * Robert IV, Count of Dreux, 1241-1282
 * John II, Count of Dreux, 1265-1309
 * Robert V, Count of Dreux, 1293-1329
 * John III, Count of Dreux, 1295-1331
 * Peter, Count of Dreux, 1298-1345
 * Robert of Dreux, Lord of Cateau-du-Loire
 * John, a Knight Templar
 * Robert, Viscount of Châteaudun, 1217–1264
 * Peter, a cleric, 1220–1250
 * Peter I, Duke of Brittany, 1187-1250
 * John I, Duke of Brittany, 1218-1286
 * John II, Duke of Brittany, 1239-1305
 * Arthur II, Duke of Brittany, 1261-1312
 * John III, Duke of Brittany, 1286-1341
 * Guy of Penthièvre, Count of Penthièvre, 1287–1331
 * Peter of Brittany, Lord of Dol-Combourg and St-Maloù, 1289–1312
 * John of Montfort, 1295-1345 (House of Montfort-Brittany)
 * John IV, Duke of Brittany, 1339-1399
 * John V, Duke of Brittany, 1389-1442
 * Francis I, Duke of Brittany, 1414-1450
 * Peter II, Duke of Brittany, 1418-1457
 * Giles of Brittany, 1420-1450
 * Arthur III, Duke of Brittany, 1393-1458
 * Giles of Brittany, Lord of Chantocé and Ingrande, 1394-1412
 * Richard, Count of Étampes, 1396-1438
 * Francis II, Duke of Brittany, 1433-1488
 * John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, 1266-1334
 * Peter, Viscount of Leon, 1269–1312
 * Peter, Lord of Dinan, 1241–1268
 * Olivier Ier de Machecoul, 1231–1279
 * issue difficult to trace, but indications are that it lasted until the 15th century
 * Henry of Dreux, Archbishop of Reims, 1193-1240
 * John of Braine, 1200-1240
 * Henry, Bishop of Orléans, 1155–1199
 * Philip of Dreux, 1158-1217
 * Peter, Lord of Bouconville-Vauclair, 1161–1186
 * William, Lord of Braye, 1163–1189
 * John, 1164–1189
 * Peter I of Courtenay, 1126-1183 (Capetian House of Courtenay)
 * Philip of Courtenay, 1153-1183
 * Peter II of Courtenay, 1155-1219
 * Philip II, Marquis of Namur, 1195-1226
 * Robert I, Latin Emperor, 1201-1228
 * Henry II, Marquis of Namur, 1206-1229
 * Baldwin II, Latin Emperor, 1217-1273
 * Philip I, Latin Emperor, 1243-1283
 * Robert, Lord of Champignelles, 1168-1239
 * Peter, Lord of Conches and Mehun, 1218-1250
 * Philip of Courtenay-Champignelles, 1221-1246
 * Ralph, Lord of Illiers, 1223-1271
 * Robert de Courtenay (1224-1279), bishop, 1224-1279
 * Jean Ier de Courtenay-Champignelles, bishop, 1226-1270
 * William of Courtenay-Champignelles, Lord of Venisy, 1228-1280 Genealogy in French
 * Robert de Courtenay-Champignelles, Archbishop of Reims, 1251-1324
 * Peter of Courtenay-Champignelles, 1259-1290
 * John I, Lord of Champignelles, 1265-1318
 * John II, Lord of Champignelles, 1291-1334
 * John III, Lord of Champignelles, 1330-1392
 * Peter II, Lord of Champignelles, 1334-1394
 * Peter III, Lord of Champignelles and St-Brisson, 1377-1411
 * John IV, 1410-1472
 * John I, Lord of Bléneau, 1379-1460
 * John II, Lord of Bléneau, 1425-1480
 * John III, Lord of Bléneau, 1465-1511
 * Francis I, Lord of Bléneau, 1495-1561
 * Gaspard I, Lord of Bléneau, 1550-1609
 * Francis II of Bléneau, 1575-1602
 * Edmé, Lord of Bléneau, 1577-1640
 * Gaspard II, Lord of Bléneau, 1602-1655
 * Claude, 1582-1612
 * John, Lord of Salles and Coudray, 1559-1624
 * Philip, abbot of Lauroy, 1497-1547
 * Edmé, Lord of Villars, 1501-1553
 * John, knight of Malta, b. 1505
 * William of Courtenay, Lord of Coquetaine-en-Brie, 1427-1485
 * Peter, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1429-1504
 * Hector, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1475-1549
 * René, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1510-1562
 * Philip, Lord of Villeneuve-la-Cornue, 1512-1552
 * John, Lord of Chevillon, 1477-1534
 * James, Lord of Chevillon, 1515-1557
 * William, Lord of Chevillon, 1520-1592
 * James II, Lord of Chevillon, 1556-1617
 * René, an abbot, 1561-c. 1638
 * John II, Lord of Chevillon, 1566-1639
 * Louis I, Lord of Chevillon, 1610-1672
 * Louis-Charles, Lord of Chevillon, 1640-1723
 * Louis Gaston, 1669-1691
 * Charles Roger, Lord of Chevillon, 1671-1730
 * Roger of Courtenay, abbot in Auxerre, 1647-1733
 * Jean-Armand, 1652-1677
 * Robert, 1619-after 1647
 * Charles, Lord of Bontin, 1480-1511
 * Louis I, Lord of Ville-au-Tartre, 1485-1540
 * Francis, Lord of Bontin, 1526-1578
 * Louis II, Lord of Bontin, 1527-1565
 * Peter, Lord of Martroy, 1487-1525
 * Edmé, Lord of Frauville, 1489-1516
 * Peter, Lord of Arrablay, 1433-1461
 * Charles, Lord of Arrablay, 1434-1488
 * Francis, Lord of Arrablay, 1485-1540
 * Philip, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1292-1346
 * John I, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1346-1412
 * John II, Lord of La Ferté-Loupière, 1388-1438
 * Robert, a monk, 1296-1331
 * William, vidame of Reims, 1299-1331
 * Stephen, a priest, 1305-1348
 * Peter, Lord of Autry, 1305-1348
 * William, Lord of Tanlay, c. 1172-1248
 * Robert I, Lord of Tanlay, 1205-1260
 * John I, Lord of Tanlay, 1230-1285
 * Robert II, Lord of Tanlay, 1260-1310
 * William II, Lord of Tanlay, b. 1285
 * Robert III, Lord of Tanlay, 1307-1346
 * John II, Lord of Tanlay, 1308-1342
 * Philip II, Lord of Tanlay, 1320-1384
 * Peter of Tanlay, 1352-1383
 * Stephen, Lord of Ravières, 1356-1383
 * Philip, a prior, 1292-after 1315
 * Stephen, Lord of Tanerre, 1262-1332
 * Philip, Lord of Ravières, 1264-1300
 * John, abbot of Quincey, 1266-1300
 * John of Tanlay, d. after 1248
 * Philip of France, Archdeacon of Paris, 1132-1160
 * Philippe de Mantes, 1093-1133
 * Fleury de France, 1095-1119
 * Hugh, Count of Vermandois, 1057-1101
 * Ralph I, Count of Vermandois, d. 1152
 * Ralph II, Count of Vermandois, 1145-1167
 * Henry, Lord of Chaumont-en-Vexin, 1091-1130
 * Simon Ier de Vermandois, 1093-1148
 * Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, 1011-1076, (House of Burgundy)
 * Hugh of Burgundy, 1034-1059
 * Henry of Burgundy, 1035-1070
 * Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, 1057-1093
 * Odo I, Duke of Burgundy, 1060-1103
 * Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy, 1084-1143
 * Odo II, Duke of Burgundy, 1118-1162
 * Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy, 1142-1192
 * Odo III, Duke of Burgundy, 1166-1218
 * Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, 1213-1272
 * Odo, Count of Nevers, 1230-1266
 * John of Burgundy, 1231-1268
 * Robert II, Duke of Burgundy, 1248-1306
 * Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy, 1284-1315
 * Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy, 1295-1348
 * Philip I, Count of Auvergne, 1323-1346
 * Louis of Burgundy, 1297-1316
 * Robert, Count of Tonnerre, 1302-1334
 * Hugh, viscount of Avallon
 * Alexander, Lord of Montaigu, 1170–1206
 * Guigues VI of Viennois, 1184-1237
 * Guigues VII of Viennois, 1225-1269
 * John I of Viennois, 1264–1282
 * Gauthier, Archbishop of Besançon, 1120-1180
 * Hugh le Roux, 1121-1171
 * William of Châtelet-Chalon
 * Robert, Bishop of Autun, 1122-1140
 * Henry, Bishop of Autun, 1124-1170
 * Raymond, Count of Grignon, 1125-1156
 * Henry, a priest, 1087-1125
 * Robert of Burgundy (bishop of Langres), 1059-1111
 * Raynald I, abbot of Flavigny, 1059-1090
 * Henry, Count of Portugal, 1066-1112 (Portuguese House of Burgundy)
 * Alphonse I of Portugal, 1109-1185
 * Sancho I of Portugal, 1154-1211
 * Alphonse II of Portugal, 1185-1223
 * Sancho II of Portugal, 1209-1248
 * Alphonse III of Portugal, 1210-1279
 * Denis of Portugal, 1261-1325
 * Alphonse IV of Portugal, 1291-1357
 * Peter I of Portugal, 1320-1367
 * Ferdinand I of Portugal, 1345-1383
 * Alphonse of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre, 1263-1312
 * Ferdinand, Lord of Serpa, 1217-1246
 * Peter I, Count of Urgell, 1187-1258
 * Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, 1188-1233
 * Robert of Burgundy, 1040-1113
 * Simon of Burgundy, 1045-1087
 * Odo of France, mentally incapacitated, 1013-1059

title: Capetian dynasty


text:
Cuboctahedron

A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e., an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral. Its dual polyhedron is the rhombic dodecahedron.

Construction
The cuboctahedron can be constructed in many ways: From all of these constructions, the cuboctahedron has 14 faces: 8 equilateral triangles and 6 squares. It also has 24 edges and 12 vertices.
 * Its construction can be started by attaching two regular triangular cupolas base-to-base. This is similar to one of the Johnson solids, triangular orthobicupola. The difference is that the triangular orthobicupola is constructed with one of the cupolas twisted so that similar polygonal faces are adjacent, whereas the cuboctahedron is not. As a result, the cuboctahedron may also called the triangular gyrobicupola.
 * Its construction can be started from a cube or a regular octahedron, marking the midpoints of their edges, and cutting off all the vertices at those points. This process is known as rectification, making the cuboctahedron being named the rectified cube and rectified octahedron.
 * An alternative construction is by cutting of all of the vertices, known as truncation. can be started from a regular tetrahedron, cutting off the vertices and beveling the edges. This process known as cantellation, making the cuboctahedron being named cantellated tetrahedron.

The Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a cuboctahedron with edge length $$\sqrt{2}$$ centered at the origin are: $$ (\pm 1, \pm 1, 0), \qquad (\pm 1, 0, \pm 1), \qquad (0, \pm 1, \pm 1). $$

Measurement and other metric properties
The surface area of a cuboctahedron $$ A $$ can be determined by summing all the area of its polygonal faces. The volume of a cuboctahedron $$ V $$ can be determined by slicing it off into two regular triangular cupolas, summing up their volume. Given that the edge length $$ a $$, its surface area and volume are: $$ \begin{align} A &= \left(6+2\sqrt{3}\right)a^2 &&\approx 9.464a^2 \\ V &= \frac{5 \sqrt{2}}{3} a^3 &&\approx 2.357a^3. \end{align}$$

The dihedral angle of a cuboctahedron can be calculated with the angle of triangular cupolas. The dihedral angle of a triangular cupola between square-to-triangle is approximately 125°, that between square-to-hexagon is 54.7°, and that between triangle-to-hexagon is 70.5°. Therefore, the dihedral angle of a cuboctahedron between square-to-triangle, on the edge where the base of two triangular cupolas are attached is 54.7° + 70.5° approximately 125°. Therefore, the dihedral angle of a cuboctahedron between square-to-triangle is approximately 125°.

Buckminster Fuller found that the cuboctahedron is the only polyhedron in which the distance between its center to the vertex is the same as the distance between its edges. In other words, it has the same length vectors in three-dimensional space, known as vector equilibrium. The rigid struts and the flexible vertices of a cuboctahedron may also be transformed progressively into a regular icosahedron, regular octahedron, regular tetrahedron. Fuller named this the jitterbug transformation.

A cuboctahedron has the Rupert property, meaning there is a polyhedron of the same or larger size that can pass through its hole.

Symmetry and classification
The cuboctahedron is an Archimedean solid, meaning it is a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron, and two or more different regular polygonal faces meet in a vertex. The cuboctahedron has two symmetries, resulting from the constructions as has mentioned above: the same symmetry as the regular octahedron or cube, the octahedral symmetry $$ \mathrm{O}_\mathrm{h} $$, and the same symmetry as the regular tetrahedron, tetrahedral symmetry $$ \mathrm{T}_\mathrm{d} $$. The polygonal faces that meet for every vertex are two equilateral triangles and two squares, and the vertex figure of a cuboctahedron is $$ (3 \cdot 4)^2 = 3^2 \cdot 4^2 $$. The dual of a cuboctahedron is rhombic dodecahedron.

Radial equilateral symmetry
In a cuboctahedron, the long radius (center to vertex) is the same as the edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Its center is like the apical vertex of a canonical pyramid: one edge length away from all the other vertices. (In the case of the cuboctahedron, the center is in fact the apex of 6 square and 8 triangular pyramids). This radial equilateral symmetry is a property of only a few uniform polytopes, including the two-dimensional hexagon, the three-dimensional cuboctahedron, and the four-dimensional 24-cell and 8-cell (tesseract). Radially equilateral polytopes are those that can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. Therefore, all the interior elements which meet at the center of these polytopes have equilateral triangle inward faces, as in the dissection of the cuboctahedron into 6 square pyramids and 8 tetrahedra.

Each of these radially equilateral polytopes also occurs as cells of a characteristic space-filling tessellation: the tiling of regular hexagons, the rectified cubic honeycomb (of alternating cuboctahedra and octahedra), the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb, respectively. Each tessellation has a dual tessellation; the cell centers in a tessellation are cell vertices in its dual tessellation. The densest known regular sphere-packing in two, three and four dimensions uses the cell centers of one of these tessellations as sphere centers.

Because it is radially equilateral, the cuboctahedron's center is one edge length distant from the 12 vertices.

Related polyhedra and honeycomb
The cuboctahedron shares its skeleton with the two nonconvex uniform polyhedra, the cubohemioctahedron and octahemioctahedron. These polyhedrons are constructed from the skeleton of a cuboctahedron in which the four hexagonal planes bisect its diagonal, intersecting its interior. Adding six squares or eight equilateral triangles results in the cubohemicotahedron or octahemioctahedron, respectively.

The cuboctahedron 2-covers the tetrahemihexahedron, which accordingly has the same abstract vertex figure (two triangles and two squares: $$ 3 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 $$) and half the vertices, edges, and faces. (The actual vertex figure of the tetrahemihexahedron is $ 3 \cdot 4 \cdot \frac{3}{2} \cdot 4 $, with the $ \frac{a}{2} $ factor due to the cross.)

The cuboctahedron can be dissected into 6 square pyramids and 8 tetrahedra meeting at a central point. This dissection is expressed in the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb where pairs of square pyramids are combined into octahedra.

Graph

The skeleton of a cuboctahedron may be represented as the graph, one of the Archimedean graph. It has 12 vertices and 24 edges. It has 12 vertices and 24 edges. It is quartic graph, which is four vertices connecting each vertex.

The graph of a cuboctahedron may be constructed as the line graph of the cube, making it becomes the locally linear graph.

Appearance
The cuboctahedron was probably known to Plato: Heron's Definitiones quotes Archimedes as saying that Plato knew of a solid made of 8 triangles and 6 squares.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cuboctahedron


text:
Canton

Canton may refer to:

Administrative divisions

 * Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries
 * Township (Canada), known as canton in Canadian French

Arts and entertainment

 * Canton (band), an Italian synth pop group
 * "Canton" (song) by Japan
 * Canton, a fictional town in "Jaynestown", an episode of Firefly

Design

 * Canton (building), a corner pilaster
 * Canton (flag), an emblem placed in the top left quarter of a flag
 * Canton (heraldry), a square or other charge (symbol) occupying the upper left corner of a coat of arms
 * Canton porcelain, Chinese ceramic ware

People

 * Canton (surname), and list of people with the surname
 * Canton Jones, American Christian music/hip-hop artist

Canada

 * Canton, New Brunswick, a community in Drummond Parish, New Brunswick
 * Canton, Ontario

China

 * Guangdong (Canton Province), province in southern China
 * Guangzhou (Canton City), capital of Guangdong Province
 * Canton River (Pearl River), a river in southern China near Guangzhou
 * Canton Road, Hong Kong

United States

 * Canton, Connecticut
 * Canton, Georgia
 * Canton, Illinois
 * Canton, Indiana
 * Canton, Iowa
 * Canton, Kansas
 * Canton, Maine
 * Canton, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood and park
 * Canton, Massachusetts
 * Canton, Michigan
 * Canton, Minnesota
 * Canton, Mississippi
 * Canton, Missouri
 * Canton, Montana, a former town now situated under Canyon Ferry Lake
 * Canton, New Jersey
 * Canton, New York, a town
 * Canton (village), New York
 * Canton, North Carolina
 * Canton City, North Dakota
 * Canton, Ohio
 * Canton, Oklahoma
 * Canton, Pennsylvania
 * Canton, South Dakota
 * Canton, Texas
 * Canton, West Virginia
 * Canton, Wisconsin, a town
 * Canton, Barron County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Canton River (United States), a river in Canton, Massachusetts, United States
 * Canton Township (disambiguation)

Other countries

 * Canton, Cardiff, Wales, UK
 * Canton (Cardiff electoral ward)
 * Canton Island, Kiribati

Other uses

 * Canton (1790 EIC ship), an East Indiaman
 * Canton (basketball), a 1906–1907 basketball team in Canton, Ohio, US
 * Canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur
 * Canton Fair, a biannual trade fair in Canton (Guangzhou), China
 * Canton System, a Chinese trade policy from 1757 to 1842
 * Canton System (Prussia), unrelated to the above - a system of recruitment to the Prussian Army
 * A metonym for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, located in Canton, Ohio, US
 * Canton Electronics, German loudspeaker manufacturer

title: Canton


text:
Class

Class, Classes, or The Class may refer to:

Common uses not otherwise categorized

 * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
 * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
 * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differently from such group phenomena as "types" or "kinds"
 * Class (set theory), a collection of sets that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share
 * Hazard class, a dangerous goods classification
 * Social class, the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society, usually defined by wealth and occupation
 * Working class, can be defined by rank, income or collar

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * "The Class" (song), 1959 Chubby Checker song
 * Character class in role-playing games and other genres
 * Class 95 (radio station), a Singaporean radio channel

Films

 * Class (film), 1983 American film
 * The Class (2007 film), 2007 Estonian film
 * The Class (2008 film), 2008 film (Entre les murs)

Television

 * Class (2016 TV series), a 2016 British spinoff from Doctor Who
 * The Class (TV series), a CBS sitcom
 * Class (2023 TV series), a 2023 Indian Netflix teen drama

Literature

 *  by Paul Fussell
 * Class (Pacifico novel), a 2014 novel by Francesco Pacifico
 * Class (Rosenfeld novel), a 2017 novel by Lucinda Rosenfeld
 * The Class (Segal novel), a 1985 novel by Erich Segal

Computing

 * Class (computer programming), programming construct for defining an object template
 * Class (warez), a defunct group in the warez scene
 * C++ classes, C++ language construct for defining an object template
 * Class attribute (HTML), a feature of many HTML and XHTML elements
 * Class attributes (computer programming), defining the structure of a class
 * Complexity class, a set of problems of related complexity in computational complexity theory
 * Java class file, computer file containing Java bytecode
 * Pseudo-class, cascading style sheet (CSS) construct for defining formatting
 * Type class, a type system construct that supports polymorphism

Education

 * Class (education), a group of students attending a specific course or lesson
 * Class, a course (education)
 * Class, a lesson or course session, in education
 * Classroom, a room where classes are held

Law and government

 * Class, a group of people involved in a class action lawsuit
 * Classes of United States senators, for describing the schedules of elections for Senate seats

Transportation

 * Class (locomotive), a single design of a locomotive as assigned by the railroad
 * Class rating, an allowance to fly aircraft of similar design
 * Classification of United States railroads:
 * Class I railroad
 * Class II railroad
 * Class III railroad
 * Ship class, a group of ships of similar design
 * Travel class, a quality of accommodation on public transport
 * Vehicle size class, a way of classifying cars

title: Class


text:
Critical point

Critical point may refer to:
 * Critical phenomena in physics
 * Critical point (mathematics), in calculus, a point where a function's derivative is either zero or nonexistent
 * Critical point (set theory), an elementary embedding of a transitive class into another transitive class which is the smallest ordinal which is not mapped to itself
 * Critical point (thermodynamics), a temperature and pressure of a material beyond which there is no longer any difference between the liquid and gas phases
 * Quantum critical point
 * Critical point (network science)
 * Construction point, in skiing, a line that represents the steepest point on a hill

title: Critical point