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Chaosium

Chaosium Inc. is a publisher of tabletop role-playing games established by Greg Stafford in 1975. Chaosium's major titles include Call of Cthulhu, based on the horror fiction stories of H. P. Lovecraft, RuneQuest Glorantha, Pendragon, based on Thomas Mallory's Le Morte d'Arthur, and 7th Sea, "swashbuckling and sorcery" set in a fantasy 17th century Europe.

Many of Chaosium’s product lines are based upon literary sources. While Stafford himself has been described as "one of the most decorated game designers of all time" and "the grand shaman of gaming",  multiple other notable game designers have written for Chaosium. These include David Conyers, Matthew Costello, Larry DiTillio, Paul Fricker, David A. Hargrave, Rob Heinsoo, Keith Herber, Jennell Jaquays, Katharine Kerr, Reiner Knizia, Charlie Krank, Robin Laws, Penelope Love, Mark Morrison, Steve Perrin, Sandy Petersen, Ken Rolston, Ken St. Andre, Jonathan Tweet, John Wick, and Lynn Willis, among others.

1975–1980: Early years
Greg Stafford founded "The Chaosium" in 1975, deriving the name partly from his home, which was near the Oakland Coliseum, combining "coliseum" with "chaos". His purpose was to publish his first board game White Bear and Red Moon (later renamed Dragon Pass), a board game set in his fantasy world of Glorantha.

In 1978, Chaosium published Steve Perrin's roleplaying game RuneQuest, also set in Glorantha, following up with a second edition in 1980 and various supplements over the next six years.

1980s: Growth and licensing with Avalon Hill
In 1980, the company officially incorporated as Chaosium Inc. That year, Stafford and Lynn Willis simplified the RuneQuest rules into the 16-page Basic Role-Playing (BRP). These simulationist, skill-based generic rules formed the basis of many of Chaosium's later "d100" RPGs, most notably Call of Cthulhu, first published in 1982.

Chaosium entered into a licensing agreement with Avalon Hill in 1983 to produce a third edition of RuneQuest. Avalon Hill manufactured and marketed the game, while Chaosium was responsible for acquisitions, design, development, and layout. Ken Rolston managed the line as "Rune Czar".

One of the first RPGs by a female lead designer was published by Chaosium: Kerie Campbell-Robson's 1986 release Hawkmoon. 1986 also saw the release of Ghostbusters with West End Games. Designed by Sandy Petersen, Lynn Willis, and Greg Stafford, it was the first RPG to use the dice pool mechanic. West End would also use the system as the basis of Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game and, eventually, the D6 System.

Late 1990s–early 2010s: Financial struggle
In 1996, it was prematurely reported that Chaosium had secured the rights to publish a collectible card game based on the video game Doom.

In 1998, following the financial failure of the collectible card game Mythos, Greg Stafford resigned as Chaosium president and left the company, along with Sandy Petersen (although they both remained shareholders). Chaosium effectively split up into various successor companies, each maintaining its focus on a few of the company's products. Stafford took the rights to his game setting Glorantha, setting up the company Issaries, Inc. to continue publishing this line (later licensing it to Moon Design Publications, along with the game HeroQuest).

Long-time employees and part-owners Charlie Krank and Lynn Willis remained at Chaosium as President and Editor-in-Chief respectively, continuing on with Call of Cthulhu as the main product line. Lynn Willis retired in 2008 due to poor health and died in 2013.

Mid 2010s: The return of Stafford and Petersen
Problems and delays fulfilling the Kickstarters for the 7th edition of Call of Cthulhu led Stafford and Petersen to return to active roles at Chaosium in June 2015. Charlie Krank subsequently left the company.

Later that year at Gen Con 2015, Stafford and Petersen announced Moon Design Publications were now part of the Chaosium ownership, and the four principals of Moon Design (Rick Meints, Jeff Richard, Michael O'Brien, and Neil Robinson) had become the new Chaosium management team. Chaosium once again became the licensed publisher for RuneQuest, HeroQuest, and other products related to Glorantha and continued to publish the Call of Cthulhu line. Stafford served as chair of the company board and creative consultant until his death in October 2018. Since retiring from the board in 2019, Petersen has done occasional freelance work for the company, as did original RuneQuest creator Steve Perrin until his death in 2021.

As part of its financial reorganization, the new management closed the company office and warehouse in Hayward, California, ending Chaosium's long association with the San Francisco Bay Area. The company is now based in Ann Arbor, Michigan and uses a fulfillment house model for distribution of product.

Delivery of the core rewards of the Call of Cthulhu 7th Edition Kickstarter finally commenced in April 2016. The new edition went on to win nine of the ten awards it was nominated for at the Gen Con 2017 ENnie Awards.

Late 2010s to Present: Expansion
After the consolidation and reorganization of the mid-decade, the company was again poised to expand its offerings through a combination of acquisitions, new licenses, and distribution deals.

Greg Stafford's King Arthur Pendragon and Prince Valiant roleplaying games returned to Chaosium ownership on December 11, 2018.

On April 2, 2019, Chaosium acquired the rights to the 7th Sea product line (both Second Edition and Khitai Kickstarters) from John Wick, including back stock of books published so far.

On November 30, 2019, Chaosium acquired the rights to produce a role-playing game based on Ben Aaronovitch's Rivers of London urban fantasy novels.

In the spring of 2020, Chaosium took over distribution of the English translations of Spanish fantasy game Aquelarre and French Ice Age roleplaying game Würm, both of which had been successfully kickstarted by Nocturnal Media. In February 2021, they added Upwind, an original game kickstarted by Nocturnal Media and Biohazard Games, to that list.

On August 20, 2021, Chaosium acquired the rights to Cthulhu Britannica and World War Cthulhu, formerly produced under license by Cubicle 7 until 2017.

On October 26, 2021, Moon Design Publishing announced it was forming a partnership with Black Monk Games of Poland and a new company, The Chaosium Group, was being formed to manage both.

Fiction
Chaosium began publishing a line of non-game books (primarily fiction) in 1993. Many titles are themed around H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos and related topics, although the first work published was Greg Stafford's fantasy work King of Sartar, set in his mythic world Glorantha.

Cassilda's Song, a 2015 anthology based on Robert W. Chambers's King in Yellow and written entirely by women, was nominated for two 2016 World Fantasy Awards.

In May, 2017, Chaosium appointed award-winning author and editor James Lowder as executive editor of fiction. Lowder had previously served as a consultant for Chaosium, helping the company and freelancers resolve payment and contract problems with past fiction projects.

Although not published by Chaosium, the ongoing Wild Cards series of superhero science fiction originated from a long-running Superworld campaign gamemastered by Game of Thrones author George R. R. Martin and his circle of fellow writers who played in his game.

Magazines
Three magazines have been published by Chaosium to promote its products:

 * Wyrm's Footnotes ran for fourteen issues from 1976 to 1982. For the first ten issues, it was a source of supporting material for White Bear and Red Moon. In 1981, starting with Issue #11, it became the official RuneQuest magazine. The last edition published during its initial run was Issue #14, dated April 1982. The magazine was revived in 2012 by Moon Design Publications, continuing the issue numbering at 15, despite the 30-year hiatus. Issues 1 to 14 were republished in PDF format in 2019.
 * Different Worlds. Forty-seven bimonthly issues from Different Worlds were published. Chaosium, from 1979 to 1985, published the first thirty-eight and Sleuth Publications, from 1985 to 1987, the final nine. Tadashi Ehara was the editor of the magazine during the periods concerned by both publishing houses.
 * Starry Wisdom, a Lovecraft-themed magazine, three issues of which Chaosium published in 1997.

Reception
Chaosium won the 2017 Silver Ennie Award for "Fan’s Choice for Best Publisher".

title: Chaosium


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Talk:Centimetre–gram–second system of units

Values of parameters in different systems of units
The table of parameters in the section "Various extensions of the CGS system to electromagnetism" has incorrect entries in the columns for ε0, μ0, λ, and λ′ that contradict the text of the article and other articles. According to the text ESU and Gaussian are not rationalized, and so, according to the text, λ = λ′ = 4π in these systems. Whence it follows from the formula for λ in the table that ε0 = 1 in these systems.

The table assumes that ε0μ0 = 1/c2 in all systems, but this is incorrect, the correct formula being ε0μ0 = 1/αL2/c2. Hence, μ0 = 1/c2 in ESU, and μ0 = 1 in Gaussian and Lorentz–Heaviside.

The same conclusions can be reached in another way. According to the text, D = ε0E and B = μ0H in free space in all systems. But according to the articles Gaussian units and Lorentz–Heaviside units D = E and B = H in free space in Gaussian and Lorentz–Heaviside. Therefore, ε0 = μ0 = 1 in these systems. The formulas for D and B in these articles also plainly show that λ and λ′ are 4π in Gaussian and 1 in Lorentz–Heaviside.

Accordingly, the quadruple (ε0, μ0, λ, λ′) should be changed to (1, 1/c2, 4π, 4π) for ESU, to (1, 1, 4π, 4π) for Gaussian, and to (1, 1, 1, 1) for Lorentz–Heaviside. 72.251.58.64 (talk) 02:05, 14 November 2017 (UTC)
 * This is quite a long series of posts, so I'll start by noting that the values for $ε_{0}$ and $μ_{0}$ are in complete agreement with Table 2 of the Appendix on Units and Dimensions in the Jackson reference, while (with the conversions given below the table) the various $k$ constants agree with Table 1. In Wikipedia, the references are paramount. Contrary to the statement by the IP editor, the column for $λ$ does agree with those for $k_{C}$ and $ε_{0}$ through the formula $λ = 4 π k_{C}ε_{0}$. RockMagnetist(talk) 16:42, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I have belatedly realized that the table is correct because the IP editor changed it. Thank you! RockMagnetist(talk) 17:44, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

The following pertains to the section "Alternate derivations of CGS units in electromagnetism."

Theorem. λ = 4πε0kC and λ′ = 4παB/(μ0αL).

Corollary. If λ = λ′, then c2 = 1/(ε0μ0αL2).

Proof. Begin with the equations in SI. Let λ, λ′, σ, τ be independent variables. Define β = λστ and β′ = λ′στ. Perform the following multiplications:
 * B by σ/β′ and D by τ/β
 * E by σ and H by τ
 * M by β′/σ and Q, ρ, I, J, P by λτ/β
 * μ by λ′σ2/β′2 and ε by λτ2/β2

Notice that the cross products P × E and M × B are invariant under this transformation since they represent torque densities. After eliminating σ and τ from the resulting equations, we obtain the most general system subject to the usual constraints. It may be seen that λ and λ′ have the meanings given them in the text. That the formulas in the theorem are valid in the general system can be verified directly. For λ this is obvious by inspection; for λ′ use the fact that λ/β = λ′/β′.

The corollary follows from the theorem and the formulas kC/kA = c2 and kA = αLαB given in the text. 72.251.58.81 (talk) 02:28, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

The general system has six parameters, λ, λ′, β, β′, ε0, μ0, subject to two constraints, λ/β = λ′/β′ and c2 = ββ′/(ε0μ0). It therefore has four degrees of freedom in the choice of units. It may be thought of as having seven base units, including the three mechanical units. The units of P and M, however, are directly derived from those of E and B, respectively.

In terms of these parameters the constants defined in the text have the following values:
 * αL = 1/β′
 * kC = λ/(4πε0)
 * αB = λμ0/(4πβ)
 * kA = λμ0/(4πββ′)

72.251.58.233 (talk) 04:22, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

The text states that 4πε0kC is a dimensionless quantity, but since ε0 is arbitrary, including its unit, this is not necessarily so. In general both ε0 and μ0 may be selected at will, but if it is required that λ = λ′, then the only limitation is that indicated in the corollary. It would be very convenient to assign a unit to λ and λ′ (if they are equal) in order to facilitate conversion from one system to another. The unit that seems most appropriate is that of a solid angle. The difference between unrationalized and rationalized systems would be that the former use the steradian as the unit of solid angle whereas the latter use the sphere. 72.251.62.29 (talk) 03:02, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

The proof of the theorem refers to the "usual constraints." These are conditions and equations that are invariant under the transformation in the proof. They include the equation of continuity, the formulas D = εE and B = μH, and the definitions of electric and magnetic moments as torques per units of E and B, respectively. There are, however, systems that violate the constraints. The most notorious offenders are variants of the Gaussian system. One such measures charge in ESU and current in EMU; this system violates the equation of continuity. The standard Gaussian system was carefully constructed to satisfy the constraints. For example, the magnetic moment of a small current loop is defined as m = IA/c. The c is inserted here to ensure that M is measured in EMU, as are B and H. If it is omitted, then M is measured in ESU and λ′ = 4π/c. If electric and magnetic dipole moments are defined by p = 4πQd and m = 4πIA/c, respectively, then λ = λ′ = 1. This in no way, however, makes the system rationalized. The way to rationalize the standard Gaussian system (without changing the units of E, B, P, M) is to choose ε0 = 1/(4π) and μ0 = 4π.

Rationalization, as the word is ordinarily understood, requires that ε0 and μ0 be so chosen that kC = 1/(4πε0) and αB = μ0αL/(4π). 72.251.59.120 (talk) 03:39, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Can anyone summarize the issue? Also, it would help if you make a wiki user. MaoGo (talk) 13:32, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The IP editor was correct about the table, and I would encourage them to add the other material to the article. However, they should be aware of the core Wikipedia policy of verifiability and provide citations of a reliable source for anything they add. RockMagnetist(talk) 17:55, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * This all seems reasonable and I would encourage 72.251 (who was also very helpful at Talk:Gaussian units last month) to feel welcome and encouraged to edit the text yourself.

 * My only gripe about the table is that I wish the ε0 and μ0 columns were named something else, ideally meaningless symbols with no prior associations, like "k_2" and "k_3" for example. For example, the statement "ε0=1 in Gaussian units" is I think prone to being misunderstood ... for example I worry that a reader will see that and then feel entitled to replace ε0 with 1 in translating random formulas (like Coulomb's law) from SI to Gaussian. That statement is really supposed to be "ε0=1 in Gaussian units, where ε0 is by definition the ratio D/E in free space". That statement is correct, but it would still be equally correct if we used a different symbol besides ε0. Just my opinion, and I don't think it's a huge deal. --Steve (talk) 20:24, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

I am the IP editor. There are three problems with the text as currently written. (1) It implies that λ and λ′ may be chosen independently of ε0 and μ0; I hold that this is only possible if P and M have unusual units. (2) It states that 4πε0kC is a dimensionless quantity; I hold that this is not necessarily so. (3) It states that rationalization depends upon the values of λ and λ′; I hold that, if the formulas of the theorem do not hold, then it depends, rather, on the values of ε0 and μ0.

I cannot cite any sources, since I do not have access to any books that discuss these issues in sufficient detail. But the statements of the text ought themselves to be verifiable if they are to stand. The only reference in the text that seems to be relevant is to Jackson, whose discussion of the subject is wholly inadequate. The text seems to draw unwarranted inferences from what he does say (or doesn't say). (1) Jackson says nothing about the relationships between λ and λ′, on the one hand, and ε0 and μ0, on the other; the text infers that there are no necessary relationships. (2) Jackson says, "λ and λ′ are chosen as pure numbers"; the text infers that they must be so chosen. (3) Jackson says, "λ = λ′ = 1 in rationalized systems"; the text infers that this is the definition of "rationalization," and it calls λ and λ′ "rationalization constants."

I propose that the text "The factors … be 'rationalized'" be replaced with the following:
 * The units of P and M are usually so chosen that the factors λ and λ′ are equal to the "rationalization constants" $$4 \pi k_{\rm C} \epsilon_0$$ and $$4 \pi \alpha_{\rm B} / (\mu_0 \alpha_{\rm L})$$, respectively. If the rationalization constants are equal, then $$c^2 = 1 / (\epsilon_0 \mu_0 \alpha_{\rm L}^2)$$. If they are equal to one, then the system is said to be "rationalized"

Zophar (talk) 04:44, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

Here is a direct proof that rationalization means that what I call the rationalization constants are equal to one. Rationalization means that Maxwell's equations in material media for static fields have the form
 * ∇·D = ρ and ∇×E = 0
 * ∇·B = 0 and ∇×H = αLJ

In free space these become
 * ∇·E = ρ/ε0 and ∇×E = 0
 * ∇·B = 0 and ∇×B = μ0αLJ

From these we may derive Coulomb's law and the Biot-Savart law using the usual mathematical arguments. The results are
 * kC = 1/(4πε0) and αB = μ0αL/(4π)

whence it follows that the rationalization constants are equal to one. Zophar (talk) 04:58, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

emfd
Gavo atoms (talk) 07:08, 28 February 2020 (UTC)can you help me to have question and answers of EMFD unit

 * As others have noted, the talk page is for discussing the article, or improvements to the article. If there is an EMFD unit that should be included, then we can discuss that. (As far as I know, there is no such unit, at least in the CGS contexts.)  I try to be a little flexible, and give people the benefit of the doubt, that the question might have some use for improving the article. But deleting this posts doesn't even allow discussion of the relevance to the article.  (Though I agree, that I suspect that there isn't any.) Gah4 (talk) 01:44, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * What is an EMFD unit? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 09:29, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Method of reconciling systems
I am uncomfortable with . I know it is referenced, but there are other completely different ways to reconcile metrological systems (I can't access the two references, but the one is just a response to the other). This approach seems to be to insert various constants into equations so that the equations end up constructed as for each of the systems when the constants are chosen for the system, but removes the understanding that the quantities (e.g. "charge") are different in each of the systems and does not help intuition. This leads to misunderstandings such as the idea that $G$ = $1 T$. They correspond, but equality is mathematical nonsense, and quickly produces confusion and contradictions. I have seen too much OR on WP that is based on this misunderstanding. I suggest simply deleting this section. —Quondum 16:56, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree it is strange, but it is also useful and important. It looks to me that the distinction is well explained, but maybe it can be explained better. Yes one has to be careful with units but if, for example, I buy a magnet that says 1T, I can replace that value with 10000gauss, and if I have a gaussmeter, I know what it should say. But yes, one has to be careful with equations when doing that. Deleting the section does not reduce confusion, people will just find it somewhere else. The only way people will know about the possible misunderstanding is to explain it. Gah4 (talk) 19:38, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The current explanation does not distinguish the definition of charge in the different systems (these are different quantities, like the radius and circumference of a circle being different quantities, but both giving the same information); it just emphasizes that the units are different. Expressing things in different units is familiar, e.g. the circumference of a circle being expressed in feet and metres.  This is not what is happening in the difference between CGS and SI.  Yes, explanation is necessary, and it seems I might need to write one, but what we have at the moment is worse than an explanation: it is effectively incorrect, hence my suggestion to delete it.  —Quondum 20:31, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * One can make a connection between tesla and gauss. One can also connect coulomb and Gaussian ESU, the latter being confusing, as it is also the name of a unit system. This isn't completely unrelated to the problems that one might have between feet and meters. It gets more interesting when you get to pound(mass) and pound(force), or kilogram(mass) and kilogram(force) where, as you note, quantities are being compared that shouldn't be.  But I do understand what you are trying to say, in that the equations use in the different systems are different. You can't put coulombs into the Gaussian equations, and can't put ESU into the SI equations.  But note that gauss is commonly (if incorrectly) often used for magnetic field, even when everything else is SI. Sounds much better than centicentitesla. Using these units will require users to learn and understand the differences in their definitions, and also in the distinction between electrostatic based and magnetostatic based unit systems. Gah4 (talk) 13:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Note also, or maybe you are already noting, the convenience of the Gaussian units for B and E in the electromagnetic tensor. E and B directly transform through the Lorentz transformation, where a c is needed in SI. But that already comes from using different units for distance and time, which confuses special relativity. Next you find mass quoted in eV (an energy unit). Special relativity is much nicer in c=1 units, and quantum mechanics in ħ=1 units. Special relativity is, then, much nicer to study in Gaussian units than SI units, and electrodynamics is very closely related to special relativity. If you haven't thought about this, read the earlier Purcell E&M books which, among others, consider the current in a wire, in a frame moving along with the moving charge, at some reasonable fraction of c. The most recent Purcell seems to have converted to SI. Gah4 (talk) 13:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * To be sure, I do understand what you are asking, but see it differently. Understanding the differences in the definitions of the units means learning more about the origins of them, and the physics behind them, and especially that electrostatic and magnetostatic units are not independent. If you ignore special relativity, and only work at low speeds, you can think of them as independent, but they aren't. Learning about that is important, and the different unit systems emphasizes that connection. When you understand it, it makes problem easier, not harder. Gah4 (talk) 13:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thinking about this again, and especially the noted problem of putting values into the wrong equation, there are two things to consider. One is rationalized vs. unrationalized. That is a little complicated, but usually not so bad. One can avoid it by using SI units along with Heaviside-Lorentz units. The other is factors of c. It is usually pretty obvious if one gets an answer wrong by a factor of c. Like other things, doing it right improves with practice.  Don't wait until the night before the final to cram all the equations into your brain! Gah4 (talk) 22:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Note also, or maybe you are already noting, the convenience of the Gaussian units for B and E in the electromagnetic tensor. E and B directly transform through the Lorentz transformation, where a c is needed in SI. But that already comes from using different units for distance and time, which confuses special relativity. Next you find mass quoted in eV (an energy unit). Special relativity is much nicer in c=1 units, and quantum mechanics in ħ=1 units. Special relativity is, then, much nicer to study in Gaussian units than SI units, and electrodynamics is very closely related to special relativity. If you haven't thought about this, read the earlier Purcell E&M books which, among others, consider the current in a wire, in a frame moving along with the moving charge, at some reasonable fraction of c. The most recent Purcell seems to have converted to SI. Gah4 (talk) 13:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * To be sure, I do understand what you are asking, but see it differently. Understanding the differences in the definitions of the units means learning more about the origins of them, and the physics behind them, and especially that electrostatic and magnetostatic units are not independent. If you ignore special relativity, and only work at low speeds, you can think of them as independent, but they aren't. Learning about that is important, and the different unit systems emphasizes that connection. When you understand it, it makes problem easier, not harder. Gah4 (talk) 13:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thinking about this again, and especially the noted problem of putting values into the wrong equation, there are two things to consider. One is rationalized vs. unrationalized. That is a little complicated, but usually not so bad. One can avoid it by using SI units along with Heaviside-Lorentz units. The other is factors of c. It is usually pretty obvious if one gets an answer wrong by a factor of c. Like other things, doing it right improves with practice.  Don't wait until the night before the final to cram all the equations into your brain! Gah4 (talk) 22:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thinking about this again, and especially the noted problem of putting values into the wrong equation, there are two things to consider. One is rationalized vs. unrationalized. That is a little complicated, but usually not so bad. One can avoid it by using SI units along with Heaviside-Lorentz units. The other is factors of c. It is usually pretty obvious if one gets an answer wrong by a factor of c. Like other things, doing it right improves with practice.  Don't wait until the night before the final to cram all the equations into your brain! Gah4 (talk) 22:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

prefactor
In some places, or maybe in edit summaries, there is mention of no prefactor. I think this isn't quite right. In some cases, a prefactor is defined for convenience, and not for units. For example, it might be a power of 10, or might have a 4pi in it. The important point is that it is dimensionless. Gah4 (talk) 19:41, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't see how you see that. It is not dimensionless as used in this article.  In any event, where it is used it seem to be tied in with the thread above, and needs rewriting.  —Quondum 20:36, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * So what would you call a dimensionless power of 10 that was in an equation? Gah4 (talk) 03:42, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Maybe I misunderstood our comment. As far as I see it, the term "prefactor" has been used to mean any multiplier that is not dimensionless 1.  I see only one instance where it is dimensionless: "Ampère's force law simply contains 2 as an explicit prefactor", which seems to result from the ratio of a 4π (from the spherically symmetric Coulomb force law) with a 2π (from a cylindrically symmetric Ampère's force law).  I am still in the dark about what point you are trying to make, but this may be moot since all these references to the nonstandard term "prefactor" should be rewritten.  —Quondum 10:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was taking it as any term in front of the appropriate physical variables, which would include the 2 you mention. Partly this comes from recent (last few days) interest in the definition of the volt, convenient sized for common electrochemistry, and otherwise for common usage. It took getting powers of 10 in the right place to make that work. Note also the significance of using units scaled by powers of 10, such as the centimeter in CGS, and the kilogram in SI. Gah4 (talk) 13:12, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that such scaling factors (the powers of 10 to get units of convenient size) are applied to the equations that relate the defined quantities (and thus affect coherence), not those that define unit scaling. Do you have an example of the use of "prefactor" in this scaling sense that concerns you?  —Quondum 14:09, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was recently reading this one as suggested by someone else, to understand the origins of units like the volt. It seemed like it wasn't an accident that common electrochemical cells come out about one volt. The article shows how powers of 10 were moved around to make it come out that way. But the question original came from an edit summary on a previous edit. Gah4 (talk) 14:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was taking it as any term in front of the appropriate physical variables, which would include the 2 you mention. Partly this comes from recent (last few days) interest in the definition of the volt, convenient sized for common electrochemistry, and otherwise for common usage. It took getting powers of 10 in the right place to make that work. Note also the significance of using units scaled by powers of 10, such as the centimeter in CGS, and the kilogram in SI. Gah4 (talk) 13:12, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that such scaling factors (the powers of 10 to get units of convenient size) are applied to the equations that relate the defined quantities (and thus affect coherence), not those that define unit scaling. Do you have an example of the use of "prefactor" in this scaling sense that concerns you?  —Quondum 14:09, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was recently reading this one as suggested by someone else, to understand the origins of units like the volt. It seemed like it wasn't an accident that common electrochemical cells come out about one volt. The article shows how powers of 10 were moved around to make it come out that way. But the question original came from an edit summary on a previous edit. Gah4 (talk) 14:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that such scaling factors (the powers of 10 to get units of convenient size) are applied to the equations that relate the defined quantities (and thus affect coherence), not those that define unit scaling. Do you have an example of the use of "prefactor" in this scaling sense that concerns you?  —Quondum 14:09, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was recently reading this one as suggested by someone else, to understand the origins of units like the volt. It seemed like it wasn't an accident that common electrochemical cells come out about one volt. The article shows how powers of 10 were moved around to make it come out that way. But the question original came from an edit summary on a previous edit. Gah4 (talk) 14:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I was recently reading this one as suggested by someone else, to understand the origins of units like the volt. It seemed like it wasn't an accident that common electrochemical cells come out about one volt. The article shows how powers of 10 were moved around to make it come out that way. But the question original came from an edit summary on a previous edit. Gah4 (talk) 14:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Vacuum_permeability
The article mentions vacuum permittivity as part of the SI definition of Ampere, but I think it should be Vacuum_permeability. Now, since there is a connection between the two, maybe it isn't so obvious. Gah4 (talk) 04:53, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I've changed the link. —Quondum 11:56, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

units and equations
I always try to give at least a little benefit of the doubt when something might not be so obviously toward improving the article, and at least mention why (someone) thinks it isn't a possible contribution to the article before deleting it. But it seems that some don't believe in that. OK, so an actual question which might go to the article. Is gauss allowed in otherwise SI problems? Gah4 (talk) 04:41, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * IMO, never without an explicit conversion between quantities (Gaussian magnetic flux density and SI magnetic flux density are distinct and dimensionally incompatible quantities, albeit related by a constant of proportionality). And then only when for some reason the source data is unavoidably given in units of gauss.  Not sure how this related to CGS, though, which is not an SI article.  —Quondum 11:18, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The question came up somewhere, maybe here, about how often CGS units are used. I mentioned gauss and oersted being often used, and the claim from someone was that it wasn't really CGS units. It seems that some use gauss where centicentitesla should be used. That is, as an appropriatly scaled SI unit.  They are, for example, commonly used in measurements for magnetic tape. This table is one example. (Web search for tape coercivity and see what you find.)  On the other hand, I suspect that tape equipment measures head current in SI amps, not statamps or abamps.  There is some history that I don't know about. Gah4 (talk) 12:25, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Or just look here: Compact_Cassette_tape_types_and_formulations Gah4 (talk) 12:32, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Nothing stands out for me to suggest that G or Oe are being used as SI units; other than that, typically there is little emphasis on the distinction of the quantities between the systems. It all just looks like an industry that is migrating from one system to another.  I see enough use of mT and kA⋅m$−1$.  We should be writing the WP articles to use SI units; where source material is given in Oe, for example, we should be giving the corresponding A⋅m$−1$ values.  —Quondum 13:21, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * There has to be some connection between the amps in the tape head, and the gauss in the tape. There are some tape data sheets with both, but only very recently. I believe that they are used for permanent magnets other than tape, too. Gah4 (talk) 19:07, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not see where you are heading with this – there just does not seem to be anything new here. Niche groups are slow to switch to SI, so we see the use of older quantity and unit systems in certain specialities, and this is what we are seeing: people still using older units.  In the case of Gaussian units, we can directly convert to SI quantities and units: as long as we know what the original quantity is (not always clear from the units), we can convert through a suitable multiplier to the corresponding SI units.  Since Gaussian units give special names to distinguish the quantity even though the quantities might not be dimensionally distinct, this is made easier.  We translate Oe to A⋅m$−1$ and G to T with little or no ambiguity.  I see no benefit in retaining Gaussian units in WP articles except where we are directly referring to what is given by references.  To your point of Gaussian units being used recently, I do not see that this should keep WP with the old system.  Since the mag tape industry is using the new units, we can use them.  We do not use Gaussian units in particle physics articles, even if the majority of particle physicist were still using these units.  It is just too confusing to the reader.  —Quondum 19:57, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, one question is, should this be mentioned in the article? I believe gauss is still commonly used in describing electromagnets and such. As well as I know, more generally than just tape, Oersted for coercivity of permanent magnets. WP, and especially WP:COMMONNAME is supposed to follow actual usage. (Not that I always agree with it.) It would seem that this page could mention the use, even if just to claim that it is deprecated. It does seem that using Gaussian units makes sense in a page on Gaussian units, though. Gah4 (talk) 21:22, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * A section detailing where Gaussian units are still used at present would make sense in this article. I expect that modern "actual usage" has SI units strongly dominating in electromagnetic applications.  —Quondum 21:48, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, that would still allow for magnetostatics which mostly describes permanent magnets. Maybe that is why they stay around. Coercivity does come up in degaussing, which it should connect to currents. It seems that people are not bothered by the connection between amperes in a degaussing circuit and coercivity in oersteds. Gah4 (talk) 22:13, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not see where you are heading with this – there just does not seem to be anything new here. Niche groups are slow to switch to SI, so we see the use of older quantity and unit systems in certain specialities, and this is what we are seeing: people still using older units.  In the case of Gaussian units, we can directly convert to SI quantities and units: as long as we know what the original quantity is (not always clear from the units), we can convert through a suitable multiplier to the corresponding SI units.  Since Gaussian units give special names to distinguish the quantity even though the quantities might not be dimensionally distinct, this is made easier.  We translate Oe to A⋅m$$ and G to T with little or no ambiguity.  I see no benefit in retaining Gaussian units in WP articles except where we are directly referring to what is given by references.  To your point of Gaussian units being used recently, I do not see that this should keep WP with the old system.  Since the mag tape industry is using the new units, we can use them.  We do not use Gaussian units in particle physics articles, even if the majority of particle physicist were still using these units.  It is just too confusing to the reader.  —Quondum 19:57, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, one question is, should this be mentioned in the article? I believe gauss is still commonly used in describing electromagnets and such. As well as I know, more generally than just tape, Oersted for coercivity of permanent magnets. WP, and especially WP:COMMONNAME is supposed to follow actual usage. (Not that I always agree with it.) It would seem that this page could mention the use, even if just to claim that it is deprecated. It does seem that using Gaussian units makes sense in a page on Gaussian units, though. Gah4 (talk) 21:22, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * A section detailing where Gaussian units are still used at present would make sense in this article. I expect that modern "actual usage" has SI units strongly dominating in electromagnetic applications.  —Quondum 21:48, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, that would still allow for magnetostatics which mostly describes permanent magnets. Maybe that is why they stay around. Coercivity does come up in degaussing, which it should connect to currents. It seems that people are not bothered by the connection between amperes in a degaussing circuit and coercivity in oersteds. Gah4 (talk) 22:13, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * A section detailing where Gaussian units are still used at present would make sense in this article. I expect that modern "actual usage" has SI units strongly dominating in electromagnetic applications.  —Quondum 21:48, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, that would still allow for magnetostatics which mostly describes permanent magnets. Maybe that is why they stay around. Coercivity does come up in degaussing, which it should connect to currents. It seems that people are not bothered by the connection between amperes in a degaussing circuit and coercivity in oersteds. Gah4 (talk) 22:13, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, that would still allow for magnetostatics which mostly describes permanent magnets. Maybe that is why they stay around. Coercivity does come up in degaussing, which it should connect to currents. It seems that people are not bothered by the connection between amperes in a degaussing circuit and coercivity in oersteds. Gah4 (talk) 22:13, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

House styles
There's a statement that cgs units aren't accepted by house styles of most major journals. I just checked the most recent astronomy research articles in Nature and Nature Astronomy; both use cgs units. In fact, house styles aside, I believe that use of SI units is quite rare in astronomy research, with Gaussian cgs being far more common. Actual discussion of the prevalence of different unit systems in sources is pretty rare (and just checking what actually happens in books, journals, etc is original research), but there's some discussion of the prevalence of both systems in the appendix to Jackson's Electrodynamics textbook; I've added a reference to that and modified the wording in the article to reflect the source. —Alex (Ashill | talk | contribs) 06:30, 16 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I had a professor once who told the class that the power line voltage in his house was 1/3 of a statvolt. That was his way of reminding us to use Gaussian units.  But just asking about journals is a little hard.  Magnetic fields are commonly in gauss, even when the rest are SI.  People just like it.  Also, relativistic electrodynamics (the EM tensor) is much nicer in CGS units. I suspect more than the journal, it depends on context. Much physics is done in eV or its multiples (keV, MeV, GeV, etc.) which aren't SI, but won't bother anyone.  But if you start putting fields in statvolts/cm, some might complain.  Gah4 (talk) 09:06, 16 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I had a professor once who told the class that the power line voltage in his house was 1/3 of a statvolt. That was his way of reminding us to use Gaussian units.  But just asking about journals is a little hard.  Magnetic fields are commonly in gauss, even when the rest are SI.  People just like it.  Also, relativistic electrodynamics (the EM tensor) is much nicer in CGS units. I suspect more than the journal, it depends on context. Much physics is done in eV or its multiples (keV, MeV, GeV, etc.) which aren't SI, but won't bother anyone.  But if you start putting fields in statvolts/cm, some might complain.  Gah4 (talk) 09:06, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

2019 divergence of cgs-emu from SI
Have any reliable source noted that cgs-emu units are no longer exactly a power-of-10 factor of SI units? The 2019 redefinition of the ampere means that 1 abampere is very slightly off from 10 amperes. Indefatigable (talk) 00:44, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Well, no. This is both quite recent and hardly likely to generate comment in reliable sources, being so slight (~⇭⇭⇭) and with CGS probably not being the measurement system of choice for standards-setting high-precision metrology.  It is not exactly rocket science to calculate the correspondence: one just expresses it in terms of the fundamental constants, but this is technically OR (but these may exist in sources).  Being hyper-precise is cute, but hardly of serious interest in this context.  We could avoid drawing attention to this point, but I want to somehow avoid implying exact correspondence when it is inexact.  Do you have a preferred presentation?  —Quondum 03:05, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It would be difficult to add this to the article without running afoul of original research. I recommend we don't make any changes in this regard. Indefatigable (talk) 16:40, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * My last reply was made with me confused about the article (at List of metric units your remark is quite topical, since there is a statement to that effect).  I concur.  —Quondum 17:11, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This an interesting coincidence. I don't follow 'List of metric units', so I wasn't aware that I was starting a duplicate discussion. Indefatigable (talk) 17:31, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Has anyone checked IEC 80000-6:2022? This was updated in 2022, and has an appendix on the CGS units. Edit: Griffiths updated his Introduction to Electrodynamics to a fifth edition in 2023, and it has an appendix on (CGS) units as well. I've been trying to get the these two sources, but haven't managed yet. Yodo9000 (talk) 21:03, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Interesting question. I would have thought that the CGS units would automatically change along with the SI units. Unless there is a standard that requires them not to change, that is. Gah4 (talk) 21:45, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the changes made to the SI (specifically: an exactly defined value for the electron charge instead of the magnetic constant) can't be applied to CGS systems without changing the equations for electromagnetic quantities, as the magnetic constant does not exist in CGS systems. Changing the equations is possible but imo this would take away the advantages they have over the SI, so one has to deal with a (measurable) uncertainty in the conversion factor between electric charge in SI units and CGS systems (and most other EM quantities).
 * The way I see this most clearly is by the fine-structure constant which is dimensionless and has an uncertainty in the SI. For consistency we want it to have the same value and uncertainty in all CGS systems (because it is dimensionless it should be independent of the unit system used). In the SI it is defined as $$\alpha := e^2/4\pi\epsilon_0\hbar c,$$ and all the uncertainty comes from the measurement of $$\epsilon_0,$$ the electric constant (which is closely linked to the magnetic constant by the speed of light), while in CGS systems it is defined as $$\alpha := e^2/\hbar c$$ or $$\alpha := e^2c/\hbar,$$ and, for $$\alpha$$ to have an uncertainty, not all of $$e, \hbar, c$$ can be exactly defined.
 * Where this is most annoying is with EMU units, most of which differed from corresponding SI units by a multiple of 10. The gauss is sometimes used in SI contexts, so to keep doing this one would need to specify if the "SI" or CGS gauss is meant (unless the uncertainty cancels out in this case, I haven't yet been able to check this yet.) Yodo9000 (talk) 17:20, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have now checked the fifth edition of Griffiths, and there are no changes w.r.t. the fourth edition in the table for conversion from SI to Gaussian units. The conversion factors used are still the numerical value of the speed of light, powers of 10, and 4pi. Yodo9000 (talk) 19:50, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have now checked the fifth edition of Griffiths, and there are no changes w.r.t. the fourth edition in the table for conversion from SI to Gaussian units. The conversion factors used are still the numerical value of the speed of light, powers of 10, and 4pi. Yodo9000 (talk) 19:50, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

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Carolina Panthers

The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Panthers compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in Uptown Charlotte; which also serves as the team's home field. The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996, it played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina, during its first season in 1995.

The Panthers were announced as the league's 29th franchise in 1993 and began playing in 1995 under the original owner and founder Jerry Richardson. The Panthers played well in their first two years, finishing in 1995 (an all-time best for an NFL expansion team's first season) and 12–4 the following year, winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. They did not have another winning season until 2003 when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII, losing 32–29 to the New England Patriots. After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008, the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013, the first of three consecutive NFC South titles. After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014, the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015 but lost to the Denver Broncos. Since then, the team has appeared in the playoffs only once, in 2017. The team's five NFC South titles since the division's establishment in 2002 rank second only to the New Orleans Saints.

As of 2024, the Carolina Panthers remain the newest club in the NFC, excluding the Seahawks who were founded in 1976 but moved to the NFC in 2002. The franchise is legally registered as Panther Football, LLC. and are controlled by David Tepper, whose purchase of the team from founder Jerry Richardson was unanimously approved by league owners on May 22, 2018. The club, which Forbes valued at approximately US$2.3 billion in 2018, is estimated at $4.1 billion by it in 2023.

Beginnings
On December 15, 1987, entrepreneur Jerry Richardson announced his bid for an NFL expansion franchise in the Carolinas. A North Carolina native, Richardson was a former wide receiver on the Baltimore Colts who had used his 1959 league championship bonus to co-franchise the first Hardee's restaurant in Spartanburg, SC, eventually expanding to a chain of franchises as co-founder of Spartan Food Systems before becoming president and CEO of Flagstar. Richardson drew his inspiration to pursue an NFL franchise from George Shinn, who had made a successful bid for an expansion National Basketball Association (NBA) team in Charlotte, the Charlotte Hornets. Richardson founded Richardson Sports, a partnership consisting of himself, his family, and a number of businessmen from North and South Carolina who were also recruited to be limited partners. Richardson looked at four potential locations for a stadium, ultimately choosing uptown Charlotte.

To highlight the demand for professional football in the Carolinas, Richardson Sports held preseason games around the area from 1989 to 1991. The first two games were held at Carter–Finley Stadium in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, while the third and final game was held at Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina. The matchups were between existing NFL teams. In 1991, the group formally filed an application for the open expansion spot, and on October 26, 1993, the 28 NFL owners unanimously named the Carolina Panthers as the 29th member of the NFL.

Jerry Richardson era (1995–2017)
The Panthers first competed in the 1995 NFL season; they were one of two expansion teams to begin playing that year, the other being the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Panthers were put in the NFC West to increase the size of that division to five teams; there were already two other southeastern teams in the division, the Atlanta Falcons and the New Orleans Saints. Former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Dom Capers was named the first head coach. The team finished its inaugural season, the best performance ever from a first-year expansion team. They performed even better in their second season, finishing with a record and winning the NFC West division, as well as securing a first-round bye. The Panthers beat the defending Super Bowl champions Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round before losing the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl champions, the Green Bay Packers. The team managed only a finish in 1997 and slipped to  in 1998, leading to Capers' dismissal as head coach.

The Panthers hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert to replace Capers, and he led the team to an record in 1999. The team finished in 2000 and fell to  in 2001, winning their first game but losing their last 15. This performance tied the NFL record for most losses in a single season, and it broke the record held by the winless 1976 Buccaneers for most consecutive losses in a single season (both records have since been broken by the 2008 Lions), leading the Panthers to fire Seifert.

John Fox years (2002–2010)
After the NFL's expansion to 32 teams in 2002, the Panthers were relocated from the NFC West to the newly created NFC South division. The Panthers' rivalries with the Falcons and Saints were maintained, and they would be joined by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. New York Giants defensive coordinator John Fox was hired to replace Seifert and led the team to a finish in 2002. Although the team's defense gave up very few yards, ranking the second-best in the NFL in yards conceded, they were hindered by an offense that ranked as the second-worst in the league in yards gained.

The Panthers improved to in the 2003 regular season, winning the NFC South and making it to Super Bowl XXXVIII before losing to the New England Patriots, 32–29, in what was immediately hailed by sportswriter Peter King as the "Greatest Super Bowl of all time". King felt the game "was a wonderful championship battle, full of everything that makes football dramatic, draining, enervating, maddening, fantastic, exciting" and praised, among other things, the unpredictability, coaching, and conclusion. The game is still viewed as one of the best Super Bowls of all time,   and in the opinion of Charlotte-based NPR reporter Scott Jagow, the Panthers' Super Bowl appearance represented the arrival of Charlotte onto the national scene.

Following a start in 2004, the Panthers rebounded to win six of their last seven games despite losing 14 players for the season due to injury. They lost their last game to New Orleans, finishing the 2004 season at. Had they won the game, the Panthers would have made the playoffs. The team improved to in 2005, finishing second in the division behind Tampa Bay and clinching a playoff berth as a wild-card. In the first round of the playoffs, the Panthers went on the road to face the New York Giants, beating them 23–0 for the NFL's first playoff shutout against a home team since 1980. The following week, they beat Chicago 29–21 on the road, but lost key players Julius Peppers, a defensive end, and DeShaun Foster, a running back, who were both injured during the game. The Panthers were then defeated 34–14 by the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game, ending their season. Although the Panthers went into the 2006 season as favorites to win the NFC South and the free agent signing of Keyshawn Johnson, they finished with a disappointing record. The team finished the 2007 season with a record after losing quarterback Jake Delhomme early in the season due to an elbow injury.

In 2008, the Panthers rebounded with a regular season record, winning the NFC South and securing a first-round bye. They were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs, losing 33–13 to the eventual NFC Champion Arizona Cardinals after Delhomme turned the ball over six times. Delhomme's struggles carried over into the 2009 season, where he threw 18 interceptions in the first 11 games before breaking a finger in his throwing hand. The Panthers were at a record before Delhomme's season-ending injury, and his backup, Matt Moore, led the team to a  finish to the season for an  overall record. In 2010, after releasing Delhomme in the offseason, the Panthers finished with a league-worst record; their offense was the worst in the league. John Fox's contract expired after the season ended, and the team did not retain him or his staff.

Ron Rivera years (2011–2019)
The team hired Ron Rivera to replace Fox as head coach and drafted Auburn's Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Cam Newton with the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft. The Panthers opened the 2011 season, but finished with a record, and Newton was awarded the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award after setting the NFL record for most rushing touchdowns from a quarterback (14) in a single season and becoming the first rookie NFL quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a single season. He also was the first rookie quarterback to rush for over 500 yards in a single season. After strengthening the defense with future all-pro Luke Kuechly in the 2012 draft, the Panthers again opened the 2012 season poorly, losing five out of their first six games, leading longtime general manager Marty Hurney to be fired in response. The team slid to a record before winning five of their last six games, resulting in a  record. This strong finish helped save Rivera's job. The Panthers had a winning season the following year, finishing with a record and winning their third NFC South title and another playoff bye, but they were beaten by the 49ers in the Divisional Round. In 2014, the Panthers opened the season with two wins, but after 12 games, sat at due in part to a seven-game winless streak. A four-game winning streak to end the season secured the team their second consecutive NFC South championship and a playoff berth, despite a losing record of. The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals, 27–16, in the wild card round to advance to the divisional playoffs, where they lost to eventual NFC champion Seattle, 31–17. The 2015 season saw the Panthers start the season and finish the season, which tied for the best regular-season record in NFC history. During the same season, Cam Newton was named NFL MVP. The Panthers also secured their third consecutive NFC South championship, as well as their first overall top-seeded playoff berth. In the 2015–16 playoffs, the Panthers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional playoffs, 31–24, after shutting them out in the first half, 31–0, and the Arizona Cardinals, 49–15, in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl 50, their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2003 season. The Panthers lost a defensive struggle to the AFC champion Denver Broncos, 24–10. In the 2016 season, the Panthers regressed on their 15–1 record from 2015, posting a 6–10 record and a last-place finish in the NFC South, missing the playoffs for the first time since 2012, and losing the division title to the second-seeded Falcons, who went on to represent the NFC in Super Bowl LI. In 2017, the Panthers finished with an 11–5 record and a #5 seed. However, they lost to the New Orleans Saints 31–26 in the Wild Card Round, their first loss in that round in franchise history.

David Tepper era (2018–present)

On May 16, 2018, David Tepper, formerly a minority owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, finalized an agreement to purchase the Panthers. The sale price was nearly $2.3 billion, a record. The agreement was approved by the league owners on May 22, 2018. The sale officially closed on July 9, 2018. After starting 6–2, the Panthers finished the 2018 season 7–9. They began the 2019 season 5–3 but lost the last eight games to finish 5–11; late in the season, Tepper fired Rivera as head coach. Perry Fewell finished the season as interim coach, going 0–4.

Matt Rhule years (2020–2022)
On January 7, 2020, the Panthers hired Baylor head coach Matt Rhule as head coach. On January 15, 2020, Luke Kuechly announced his retirement from the league. On March 17, 2020, the Panthers signed Teddy Bridgewater to a three-year $63 million contract. On March 24, the Carolina Panthers released their 2011 1st overall pick and 2015 MVP quarterback Cam Newton. The Panthers had a difficult 2020 season, losing several close games. They would finish 5–11 for the second straight year.

Following the season, the Panthers traded for Sam Darnold from the New York Jets and shipped Bridgewater to the Denver Broncos. On November 11, 2021, the Panthers signed Cam Newton to a one-year deal after Darnold was put on injured reserve. However, the Panthers' struggles continued; despite winning their first three games of the 2021 season, they finished 5–12 and ended the season on a seven-game losing streak.

After the Panthers began the season with a 1–4 record, Rhule was fired as head coach on October 10, 2022, finishing his tenure with an 11–27 record in two and a half seasons. Steve Wilks was named interim head coach as a result. The Panthers then initiated a rebuild, trading players such as Robbie Anderson and Christian McCaffrey. Steve Wilks would go 6–6 as the interim head coach, as the Panthers would finish the season with a 7–10 record.

Frank Reich year (2023)
On January 26, 2023, former Indianapolis Colts head coach Frank Reich was hired as head coach. Reich was the first starting QB in Panthers history in 1995. In the 2023 NFL draft, Reich's first and only as the Panthers Head Coach, the Panthers selected their potential franchise quarterback in Bryce Young with the first overall pick.

On November 27, 2023, Reich was fired after a 1–10 start. Special teams coordinator Chris Tabor coached the remainder of the 2023 season, going 1–5 in those games as the Panthers finished with a league-worst 2–15 record.

Dave Canales (2024)
On January 25, 2024, former Tampa Bay Buccaneers offensive coordinator Dave Canales was hired as head coach.

Logo
The shape of the Panthers logo was designed to mimic the outline of both North Carolina and South Carolina. The Panthers changed their logo and logotype in 2012, the first such change in team history. According to the team, the changes were designed to give their logo an "aggressive, contemporary look" as well as to give it a more three-dimensional feel. The primary tweaks were made in the eye and mouth, where the features, particularly the muscular brow and fangs, are more pronounced, creating a more menacing look. The revised logo has a darker shade of blue over the black logo, compared to the old design, which had a shade similar to teal on top of black.

Uniforms
By the time they had been announced as the 29th NFL team in October 1993, the Panthers' logo and helmet design had already been finalized, but the uniform design was still under creation. After discussion, the Panthers organization decided on jerseys colored white, black, and blue and pants colored white and silver. The exact tone of blue, which they decided would be "process blue" (a shade lighter than Duke's and darker than North Carolina's), was the most difficult color to choose.

The team's uniform has remained largely the same since its creation, with only minor alterations, such as changing the sock color of the team's black uniforms from blue to black and changing the team's shoes from white to black. Richardson, a self-described traditionalist, said that no major uniform changes would be made in his lifetime.

The Panthers have three main jersey colors: black, white, and blue. Their blue jerseys, designated their alternate uniforms, are the newest and were introduced in 2002. NFL regulations allow the team to use the blue jersey up to two times in any given season. In all other games, the team must wear either their white or black jerseys; in NFL games, the home team decides whether to wear a dark or white jersey, while the away team wears the opposite. Usually the Panthers opt for white or blue when the weather is expected to be hot and for black when the weather is expected to be cold.

The Panthers typically pair their white jerseys with white pants and blue socks, while the black and blue jerseys are paired with silver pants and black socks; there have only been a few exceptions to these combinations. The first such instance was in 1998 when the team paired their white jerseys with silver pants in a game against the Indianapolis Colts. The second instance was in 2012 during a game against the Denver Broncos when they paired their black jerseys with new black pants; this created an all-black uniform, with the exception of blue socks and silver helmets. The decision to wear blue socks was made by team captain Steve Smith, who felt the blue socks gave the uniforms a more distinct appearance compared with other teams that have all-black uniforms. The all-black uniforms won the "Greatest Uniform in NFL History" contest, a fan-voted contest run by NFL.com in July 2013. In July 2013, the team's equipment manager, Jackie Miles, said the Panthers intended to use the all-black uniform more in the future. The Panthers wore the all-black uniform three times the following season, once each in the preseason and regular season, and the third time during the home divisional round playoff game vs the 49ers. During the Panthers' 2015 Thanksgiving Day game against the Dallas Cowboys, they debuted an all-blue uniform as part of Nike's "Color Rush" series.

The team's uniform did not change significantly after Nike became the NFL's jersey supplier in 2012, but the collar was altered to honor former Panthers player and coach Sam Mills by featuring the phrase "Keep Pounding". Nike had conceived the idea, and the team supported the concept as a way to expose newer fans to the legacy of Mills, who died of cancer in 2005. Mills had introduced the phrase, which has since become a team slogan, in a speech that he gave to the players and coaches prior to their 2003 playoff game against Dallas; in the speech, Mills compared his fight against cancer with the team's on-field battle, saying "When I found out I had cancer, there were two things I could do – quit or keep pounding. I'm a fighter. I kept pounding. You're fighters, too. Keep pounding!"

In 2019, the Panthers unveiled new uniforms. The new uniforms are Nike's "Vapor Untouchable" and have only minor differences: the tapered strips on the pants are replaced by stripes that extend down to the socks, the reflective shoulder cloth was replaced and the hip logos were also removed. The uniforms keep the same basic look, colors, and numbers as the originals.

Stadium and practice facilities

The Panthers played their first season at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina, as their facility in uptown Charlotte was still under construction. Ericsson Stadium, called Bank of America Stadium since 2004, opened in the summer of 1996. The stadium was specially designed by HOK Sports Facilities Group for football and also serves as the headquarters and administrative offices of the Panthers. On some days, the stadium offers public tours for a fee. Private tours for groups are offered for a fee seven days a week, though there are some exceptions, and such tours must be arranged in advance.

Two bronze panther statues flank each of the stadium's three main entrances; they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States. The names of the team's original PSL owners are engraved on the base of each statue. The first two people in the Panthers Hall of Honor, team executive Mike McCormack and linebacker Sam Mills, are honored with life-sized bronze statues outside the stadium. Mills, in addition to being the only player in the Hall of Honor for over 20 years, is the only player to have had his jersey number (#51) retired by the Panthers.

The Panthers have three open-air fields next to Bank of America Stadium where they currently hold their practices; during the 1995 season, when the team played their home games in South Carolina, the team held their practices at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Because the practice fields, along with the stadium, are located in uptown Charlotte, the fields are directly visible from skyscrapers as well as from a four-story condominium located across the street. According to Mike Cranston, a running joke said that the Panthers' division rivals had pooled their resources to purchase a room on the building's top floor and that a fire at the condominium was caused by the Panthers organization. In order to prevent people from seeing inside the field while the team is practicing, the team has added "strategically planted trees and a tarp over the ... fence surrounding the fields". Additionally, they employ a security team to watch for and chase away any people who stop alongside the fence surrounding the field. In the event of bad weather, the team moves their practices to an indoor sports facility about 10 mi from the stadium. The team does not own this facility. The Panthers have hosted their annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina, since 1995.

Team Headquarters
The Panthers were planning on building a $1 billion team headquarters and training facility on a 240 acre in Rock Hill, South Carolina, nicknamed "The Rock". After six months of discussions and state approval of $115 million in incentives, the formal announcement of the team's plan for a new practice facility came on June 5, 2019. Rock Hill mayor John Gettys described the project at that time as the biggest in the city's history. Groundbreaking took place in July 2019, and it was expected to be completed by summer 2023. The agreement with Rock Hill, however, ended up being terminated on April 19, 2022, with owner David Tepper filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

Culture
The Panthers are supported in both North Carolina and South Carolina; South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley declared July 30, 2012, "Carolina Panthers Day" in her state, saying that "when it comes to professional teams, the Carolina Panthers are the team that South Carolina calls their own". During the 2016 NFC Championship and Super Bowl, the hashtag #OneCarolina was used by college and professional sports teams from North Carolina and South Carolina to show unified support for the Panthers.

Pat Yasinskas of ESPN.com observed in 2012 that while there is "a bit of a wine-and-cheese atmosphere at Panthers games ... there is a strong core of die-hard fans who bring energy to Bank of America Stadium. Charlotte lives and dies with the Panthers because there aren't a lot of other options in the sports world". Sports Illustrated graded the Panthers as having the 10th highest "NFL Fan Value Experience" in 2007, attributing much of the fan atmosphere to the team's newness when compared to the established basketball fanbase. They also observed that the stadium has scattered parking lots, each of which has a different tailgating style. Some have fried chicken, pork, or Carolina-style barbecue, while others have live bands and televisions. Pickup football games in the parking lots are common. The Carolina Panthers have sold out all home games since December 2002, and their home attendance has ranked in the NFL's top ten since 2006.

Mascot, cheerleaders, and drumline
Sir Purr, an anthropomorphic black panther who wears a jersey numbered '00', has been the Panthers' mascot since their first season. During games, Sir Purr provides sideline entertainment through skits and "silly antics". The mascot participates in a number of community events year-round, including a monthly visit to the patients at Levine Children's Hospital. Sir Purr also hosts the annual Mascot Bowl, an event which pits pro and college mascots against each other during halftime at a selected Panthers home game.

The team's cheerleaders are the Carolina Topcats who lead cheers and entertain fans at home games. The TopCats participate in both corporate and charity events. In March 2022, the Carolina Topcats became the first NFL cheerleading team to have a transgender member, Justine Lindsay. The team's drumline is PurrCussion, an ensemble of snare, tenor, and bass drummers as well as cymbal players. PurrCussion performs for fans outside the stadium and introduces players prior to home games; it consists of drummers from across the Carolinas.

Keep Pounding Drum
Starting with the 2012 season, the Panthers introduced the Keep Pounding Drum, inspired by the aforementioned motivational speech by Sam Mills before the team's 2004 playoff game against the Cowboys. Prior to each home game, an honorary drummer hits the six-foot-tall drum four times to signify the four quarters of an American football game. According to the team, the drummers "come from a variety of backgrounds and occupations, but all have overcome a great trial or adversity that has not only made them strong but also pushes them to make others around them stronger". Drummers have included current and former Panthers players, military veterans, Make-A-Wish children, and athletes from other sports, including NBA MVP and Charlotte native Stephen Curry, US women's national soccer team players Whitney Engen and Heather O'Reilly, and 7 time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson.

Songs and traditions
During the inaugural season of the Panthers, the team had an official fight song, which the team played before each home game. The song, "Stand and Cheer", remains the team's official fight song, but the team does not typically play it before home games. Due to negative fan reaction "Stand and Cheer" was pulled in 1999. Since 2006, the song has returned. The team plays Neil Diamond's "Sweet Caroline" after home victories. A "keep pounding" chant was introduced during the 2012 season which starts before the opening kickoff of each home game. As prompted by the video boards, one side of the stadium shouts "keep" and the other side replies with "pounding". The chant is similar to ones that take place at college football games.

Charity and community work
The Carolina Panthers support a variety of non-profits in North and South Carolina through the Carolina Panthers Charities. Four annual scholarships are awarded to student athletes through the Carolina Panthers Graduate Scholarship and the Carolina Panthers Players Sam Mills Memorial Scholarship programs. Carolina Panthers Charities also offers grants to non-profits that support education, athletics, and human services in the community. The Panthers and Fisher Athletic have provided six equipment grants to high school football teams in the Carolinas each year since 2010. Carolina Panthers Charities raises funds at three annual benefits: the Countdown to Kickoff Luncheon, the team's first public event each season; Football 101, an educational workshop for fans; and the Weekend Warrior Flag Football Tournament, a two-day non-contact flag football tournament. Another annual benefit is Taste of the Panthers, a gourmet food tasting which raises funds for Second Harvest Food Bank of Metrolina.

In 2003 the Panthers and Carolinas HealthCare Foundation established the Keep Pounding Fund, a fundraising initiative to support cancer research and patient support programs. The Panthers community has raised more than $1.4 million for the fund through direct donations, charity auctions, blood drives, and an annual 5k stadium run. The Panthers and Levine Children's Hospital coordinate monthly hospital visits and VIP game-day experiences for terminally ill or hospitalized children.

In addition to these team-specific efforts, the Panthers participate in a number of regular initiatives promoted by the NFL and USA Football, the league's youth football development partner. These include USA Football Month, held throughout August to encourage and promote youth football; A Crucial Catch, the league's Breast Cancer Awareness Month program; Salute to Service, held throughout November to support military families and personnel; and PLAY 60, which encourages young NFL fans to be active for at least 60 minutes each day.

Radio and television
Radio coverage is provided by flagship station WRFX and through the Carolina Panthers Radio Network, with affiliates throughout the Carolinas and Virginia. The Panthers' radio broadcasting team is led by play-by-play voice Anish Shroff, with Jake Delhomme as color analyst, and WBT sports director Jim Szoke as studio host. The radio network broadcasts pre-game coverage, games with commentary, and post-game wrap-ups. It also live-broadcasts Panther Talk, a weekly event at Bank of America Stadium which offers fans a chance to meet a player and ask questions of the staff.

National broadcasting and cable television networks cover regular-season games, as well as some preseason games. Locally, Fox affiliate WJZY airs most regular-season games, while home games against an AFC team typically air on CBS affiliate WBTV. Any appearances on Monday Night Football are simulcast on ABC affiliate WSOC-TV, while any appearances on Thursday Night Football are simulcast on WSOC. Sunday night and some Thursday night games are aired on NBC affiliate WCNC-TV.

All preseason games and team specials are televised by the Carolina Panthers Television Network on flagship station WSOC-TV in Charlotte and fourteen affiliate stations throughout the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia, and Tennessee. WSOC took over as the Panthers' television partner for the 2019 season, replacing longtime television partner WCCB, which had retained this role after losing the Fox affiliation to WJZY in 2013. As of 2021, the preseason television broadcasting team consists of play-by-play commentator Taylor Zarzour, color analyst and former Panthers player Steve Smith, and sideline reporter Kristen Balboni. The network also hosts The Panthers Huddle, a weekly show focusing on the Panthers' upcoming opponent.

The Panthers also offer game broadcasts in Spanish throughout both Carolinas and Mexico, with Jaime Moreno and Toño Ramos providing commentary.

Rivalries
The Panthers have developed heated rivalries with the three fellow members of the NFC South (the Atlanta Falcons, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and New Orleans Saints). The team's fiercest rivals are the Falcons and Buccaneers.

The Falcons are a natural geographic rival for the Panthers, as Atlanta is only 230 mi south on I-85. The two teams have played each other twice a year since the Panthers' inception, and games between the two teams feature large numbers of the visiting team's fans.

The Panthers' rivalry with Tampa Bay has been described as the most intense in the NFC South. The rivalry originated in 2002 with the formation of the NFC South, but became particularly heated before the 2003 season with verbal bouts between players on the two teams. It escalated further when the Panthers went to Tampa Bay and beat them in what ESPN.com writer Pat Yasinskas described as "one of the most physical contests in recent memory". The rivalry has resulted in a number of severe injuries for players on both teams, some of which were caused by foul play. One of these plays, an illegal hit on Tampa Bay punt returner Clifton Smith, sparked a brief melee between the teams in 2009.

Hall of Honor
The Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor was established in 1997 to honor individuals for their contributions to the Carolina Panthers organization.

Retired numbers
The Carolina Panthers have retired one number.

Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees
Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which "honor[s] individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football", are determined by a 46-member selection committee. At least 80% of voters must approve the nominee for him to be inducted.

Jerry Richardson
Jerry Richardson was the founder and first owner of the Carolina Panthers. Richardson and his family owned about 48% of the team, with the remaining 52% owned by a group of 14 limited partners. Richardson and the other investors paid $206 million for the rights to start the team in 1993.

Team President
Mike McCormack, a Hall of Fame lineman for the Cleveland Browns and former coach and executive for the Seattle Seahawks, was the Panthers' first team president, presiding in that role from 1994 until his retirement in 1997; McCormack was inducted as the first person in the Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor later that year. Jerry Richardson's son, Mark, was appointed as the team's second president in 1997 and served in that role until he stepped down in 2009. His brother Jon, who had been president of Bank of America Stadium, stepped down at the same time. The resignations of Mark and Jon Richardson were unexpected, as it was thought that the two would eventually take over the team from their father. Mark Richardson was replaced by Danny Morrison, who had previously served as the athletic director of both Texas Christian University and Wofford College, Richardson's alma mater. Morrison resigned in early 2017. The role was vacant until August 2018, when Tom Glick was hired as team president. He had previously served as the COO of Manchester City.

David Tepper
On May 16, 2018, David Tepper, formerly a minority owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, finalized an agreement to purchase the Carolina Panthers, for nearly $2.3 billion, a record at the time. The agreement was approved by the league owners on May 22, 2018. According to Forbes, the Panthers are worth approximately $2.3 billion. They ranked the Carolina Panthers as the 21st-most valuable NFL team and the 36th-most valuable sports team in the world.

Coaches
The Carolina Panthers have had six head coaches. Dom Capers was the head coach from 1995 to 1998 and led the team to one playoff appearance. Counting playoff games, he finished with a record of 31–35 (.470). George Seifert coached the team from 1999 to 2001, recording 16 wins and 32 losses (.333). John Fox, the team's longest-tenured head coach, led the team from 2002 to 2010 and coached the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl XXXVIII which the Panthers lost. Including playoff games, Fox ended his tenure with a 78–74 (.513) record, making him the first Panthers coach to finish his tenure with the team with a winning record. Ron Rivera held the position from 2011 to 2019 and led the team to four playoff appearances including Super Bowl 50. Counting playoff games, he has a career record of 79–67–1 (.541). Statistically, Rivera holds the highest winning percentage of any Panthers head coach. On December 3, 2019, following a home loss against the Washington Redskins that sent the team's record to 5–7, Rivera was fired by David Tepper. Perry Fewell, then the defensive backs coach for the team, was named interim head coach the same day. On January 7, 2020, Matt Rhule was hired to be the Panthers head coach. Rhule was fired during his third season, with Steve Wilks taking over on an interim basis. Frank Reich was hired head coach on January 26, 2023. Frank Reich was let go as head coach on November 27, 2023. Dave Canales was hired as head coach on January 25, 2024.

Team records

Since they began playing football in 1995, the Panthers have been to four NFC Championship Games; they lost two (1996 and 2005) and won two (2003 and 2015). The Panthers have won six division championships: the NFC West championship in 1996 and the NFC South championship in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2015. They have finished as runners-up in their division six times, finishing second-place in the NFC West in 1997 and 1999 and finishing second-place in the NFC South in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012. They have qualified for the playoffs 8 times, most recently in 2017.

Kicker John Kasay is the team's career points leader. Kasay scored 1,482 points during his 16 seasons (1995–2010) with the Panthers. Quarterback Cam Newton is the Panthers' career passing leader; he threw for 29,041 yards over his nine seasons with the team (2011–2020). Running back Jonathan Stewart is the career rushing leader for the Carolina Panthers. Stewart, during his tenure with the team (2008–2018), rushed for 6,868 yards with the Panthers. Wide receiver Steve Smith, the team's leading receiver, recorded 12,197 receiving yards during his 13-year (2001–2013) tenure with the team.

title: Carolina Panthers