text:
Atlas Autocode

Atlas Autocode (AA) is a programming language developed around 1963 at the University of Manchester. A variant of the language ALGOL, it was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris for the Atlas computer. The initial AA and AB compilers were written by Jeff Rohl and Tony Brooker using the Brooker-Morris Compiler-compiler, with a later hand-coded non-CC implementation (ABC) by Jeff Rohl.

The word Autocode was basically an early term for programming language. Different autocodes could vary greatly.

Features
AA was a block structured language that featured explicitly typed variables, subroutines, and functions. It omitted some ALGOL features such as passing parameters by name, which in ALGOL 60 means passing the memory address of a short subroutine (a thunk) to recalculate a parameter each time it is mentioned.

The AA compiler could generate range-checking for array accesses, and allowed an array to have dimensions that were determined at runtime, i.e., an array could be declared as, where   and   were calculated values.

AA high-level routines could include machine code, either to make an inner loop more efficient or to effect some operation which otherwise cannot be done easily.

AA included a  data type to represent complex numbers, partly because of pressure from the electrical engineering department, as complex numbers are used to represent the behavior of alternating current. The imaginary unit square root of -1 was represented by, which was treated as a fixed complex constant = i.

The  data type was dropped when Atlas Autocode later evolved into the language Edinburgh IMP. IMP was an extension of AA and was used to write the Edinburgh Multiple Access System (EMAS) operating system.

AA's second-greatest claim to fame (after being the progenitor of IMP and EMAS) was that it had many of the features of the original Compiler Compiler. A variant of the AA compiler included run-time support for a top-down recursive descent parser. The style of parser used in the Compiler Compiler was in use continuously at Edinburgh from the 60's until almost the year 2000.

Other Autocodes were developed for the Titan computer, a prototype Atlas 2 at Cambridge, and the Ferranti Mercury.

Syntax
Atlas Autocode's syntax was largely similar to ALGOL, though it was influenced by the output device which the author had available, a Friden Flexowriter. Thus, it allowed symbols like  for   and the superscript   for to the power of 2. The Flexowriter supported overstriking and thus, AA did also: up to three characters could be overstruck as a single symbol. For example, the character set had no  symbol, so exponentiation was an overstrike of   and. The aforementioned underlining of reserved words (keywords) could also be done using overstriking. The language is described in detail in the Atlas Autocode Reference Manual.

Other Flexowriter characters that were found a use in AA were:  in floating-point numbers, e.g.,   for modern   ;   to mean the second half of a 48-bit Atlas memory word;   for the mathematical constant pi.

When AA was ported to the English Electric KDF9 computer, the character set was changed to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). That compiler has been recovered from an old paper tape by the Edinburgh Computer History Project and is available online, as is a high-quality scan of the original Edinburgh version of the Atlas Autocode manual.

Keywords in AA were distinguishable from other text by being underlined, which was implemented via overstrike in the Flexowriter (compare to bold in ALGOL). There were also two stropping regimes. First, there was an "uppercasedelimiters" mode where all uppercase letters (outside strings) were treated as underlined lowercase. Second, in some versions (but not in the original Atlas version), it was possible to strop keywords by placing a " " sign in front of them, for example the keyword  could be typed as   or. This significantly reduced typing, due to only needing one character, rather than overstriking the whole keyword. As in ALGOL, there were no reserved words in the language as keywords were identified by underlining (or stropping), not by recognising reserved character sequences. In the statement, there is both a keyword   and a variable named.

As in ALGOL, AA allowed spaces in variable names, such as. Spaces were not significant and were removed before parsing in a trivial pre-lexing stage called "line reconstruction". What the compiler would see in the above example would be " ". Spaces were possible due partly to keywords being distinguished in other ways, and partly because the source was processed by scannerless parsing, without a separate lexing phase, which allowed the lexical syntax to be context-sensitive.

The syntax for expressions let the multiplication operator be omitted, e.g.,  was treated as , and   was treated as   if   was not an array. In ambiguous uses, the longest possible name was taken (maximal munch), for example  was not treated as , whether or not   and   had been declared.

title: Atlas Autocode


text:
Arthur J. Stone

Arthur J. Stone (1847–1938), a leading American silversmith, was born, trained and worked in Sheffield, England, and Edinburgh, Scotland, before travelling to the United States in 1884. He was one of the last silversmiths in America to train apprentices to carry out designs in hand-wrought silver. In 1901, Stone set up a workshop in Gardner, Massachusetts which operated under his name until its sale in 1937 to Henry Heywood. Heywood was a Gardner businessman, who renamed it The Stone Silver Shop, and later, Stone Associates. Heywood died in 1945. His sons Henry, Jr. and Jerome ran Stone Associates until 1957.

One of the silversmiths in Arthur Stone's shop was George Porter Blanchard, father of silversmith Porter Blanchard.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arthur J. Stone


text:
Talk:Amphetamine/Archive 1

Side Effects
What does Severe Tounge and Severe Teeth mean as a side effect? Either this needs to be reworded, removed, corrected. --67.189.4.167 02:33, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Other

 * Doesnt smoking ritalin and dexadrine make you impotent??? (most common method).

Here (Europe) smoking isn't at all common, and snorting is usual. --Taw

In eastern Europe the most usual is injecting Methamphetamine. -- DA

 * First marketed in 1932 by the U.S. Army Air Corps in Britain during World War II.

There was no World War II in 1932.

I find it VERY problematic to speak about "positive", "neutral" and "negative" effects of anything (not only of a drug). This is NOT OBJECTIVE, not from the neutral point-of-view, as Wikipedia should be.

I think, it would be good to agree on some common scheme to describe drugs, which could include (please improve and move to a better location - under Drug or even Pharmacology ?):

History

Chemistry

(ev. Biology)

Pharmacology (effects and mechanisms of action, including dangers due to behavioral change (as traffic accidents, aggressive beh. etc.))

Toxicology (harmful effects by the drug itself)

Accepted medical applications

Sociology - including all the non-medical apps. (common use in different socienties - of course, the medical apps. are a part of this also)

Law (globally)

-- DA

In my experience, taking small doses of dextroamphetamine for adhd resulted in a considerable loss of appetite, and I believe this is common, contrary to the "Neutral effects" section.

Is "speed" the same as amphetamine proper, or does it describe all amphetamines? What other amphetamines are there? AxelBoldt 15:32, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In the United States, I believe speed generally refers to methamphetamine. ElBenevolente 18:50, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

In accordance with WikiProject_Drugs naming policy, I propose we move this page to the INN amfetamine. If you have any concern with this proposal, please discuss it on this page. Matt 18:09, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Only one objection. This page was already at its INN, amphetamine. You have moved it to a US name instead of its International Nonproprietary one. I propose that it is moved back in accordance with the WikiProject_Drugs naming policy. -- Derek Ross | Talk 16:24, 2004 Dec 30 (UTC)

I got rid of several question marks. Under the cardiovascular, respiratory and eye sections on the right data table, i put bronchodilator and mydriasis. If this is not sufficient, please remove it. I think they are appropriate though. Personally, i think it is hard to make something like amphetamine, a moderately-severely addictive drug into an unbiased wikipedia page. But it seems to be doing well so far.

This sentence doesn't make sense:

"First marketed in 1932 by the U.S. Army Air Corps in Britain during World War II."

layout
The layout looks awful, can someone do something about this? Night Gyr 19:46, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Improving the page layout
The methamphetamine article looks better than this article. Why not just make the pages almost identical, since amphetamine and methamphetamine are exactly the same thing, but meth is more potent due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier more rapidly.

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine are NOT exactly the same thing. You need to learn some chemistry, guy. Do you know how to compare molecules?

Making the pages absolutely identical would be insanely stupid. These two drugs are VERY closely related to each other; no doubt. But they are *NOT* the same. There are all kinds of drugs that are VERY closely related to amphetamine and methamphetamine (take methcathinone, cathinone, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine for example). The only differences in each of those are VERY minor; do you want to make those pages exactly identical too?

--Ddhix 2002 03:30, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This topic name is confusing because the word amphetamine can refer to
 * the amphetamine class of analog compounds in general
 * The normal analog of amphetamine which excludes methamphetamine and chloramphetamine
 * The levo rotary isomer of amphetamine which further excludes dextroamphetamine
 * Mixtures of amphetamine salts like Adderall.

No discussion at all about dextroamphetamine vs l-amphetamine

If the goal is to create a drug monograph then amphetamine usually refers only to l-amphetamine (Benzadrine) then dextroamphetamine (Dexadrine) needs it's own page since the drugs have different effects and uses. This should also apply to methamphetamine also since that word usually signifies the d-methamphetamine isomer and not levo-methamphetamine which is available OTC and is not psychoactive.

adding on to the above statement (made by someone else), I highly suggest that someone create an article for dextroamphetamine, levo-amphetamine, and any other basic amphetamine. Make amphetamine a disambiguation page for all of them (amphetamine class, amphetamine analog, everything).

It would be preferrable if it was done by someone who is specially educated in this area; not just some encyclopedia-loving joe. This is a chemical & pharmacological matter, and thus requires special attention toward the finer points.

--Ddhix 2002 23:04, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Ddhix. Dextroamphetamine alraedy has an article. all of these sorts of articles could use more discussion of the different isomers and their different effects; but as Ddhix says, thats a job for someone who actually knows what they're talking about. --Heah 20:50, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How long has the merge request for Dextroamphetamine been here? We should really have an article for Amphetamines and another for Amphetamine. magicOgre 03:27, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Just a comment about a fine point: levorotatory and dextroratatory refer to a physical property of a chemical compound: It tells you in which direction a compound will rotate plane polarized light. In terms of absolute structure, the IUPAC requires the use of the (R) and (S) classification. e.g. an (R) isomer of a compound could be either (+) or (-). So, the full name would include both. --Suprblah 8:07, 16 July 2005 (PDT)

Table summary
Under "Side Effects, Severe" the only table entries are "tongue" and "teeth" with absolutely no context. What is that supposed to mean?

From the article.
''Far, far too many question marks in the tables on the right. More information about amphetamine abuse and more historical/detailed information (related information on the meth- and dextro- variants, the difference beween amphetamine and other similar substances such as phentermine or Ritalin, etc.) Should be more like the Methamphetamine page and should feature a more prominent link to this page for abuse information.''
 * I think this belongs on the talk page. Matt 19:26, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Clean up
I've tidied the page up a little. Anyone object to the removal of the clean-up tag? Marcus22 20:18, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * yeah looks a lot nicer now than feb this year, still needs work. ive removed Severe Tounge and Severe Teeth side effects. Agnte 13:17, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

bold
is there a reason why Amphetamine isn't bolded in the intro?--BBLove 06:54, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amphetamine/Archive 1


text:
Au file format

The Au file format is a simple audio file format introduced by Sun Microsystems. The format was common on NeXT systems and on early Web pages. Originally it was headerless, being 8-bit μ-law-encoded data at an 8000 Hz sample rate. Hardware from other vendors often used sample rates as high as 8192 Hz, often integer multiples of video clock signal frequencies. Newer files have a header that consists of six unsigned 32-bit words, an optional information chunk which is always of non-zero size, and then the data (in big-endian format).

Although the format now supports many audio encoding formats, it remains associated with the μ-law logarithmic encoding. This encoding was native to the SPARCstation 1 hardware, where SunOS exposed the encoding to application programs through the /dev/audio device file interface. This encoding and interface became a de facto standard for Unix sound.

New format
All fields are stored in big-endian format, including the sample data.

The type of encoding depends on the value of the "encoding" field (word 3 of the header). Formats 2 through 7 are uncompressed linear PCM, therefore technically lossless (although not necessarily free of quantization error, especially in 8-bit form). Formats 1 and 27 are μ-law and A-law, respectively, both companding logarithmic representations of PCM, and arguably lossy as they pack what would otherwise be almost 16 bits of dynamic range into 8 bits of encoded data, even though this is achieved by an altered dynamic response and no data is actually "thrown away". Formats 23 through 26 are ADPCM, which is an early form of lossy compression, usually but not always with 4 bits of encoded data per audio sample (for 4:1 efficiency with 16-bit input, or 2:1 with 8-bit; equivalent to e.g. encoding CD quality MP3 at a 352kbit rate using a low quality encoder). Several of the others (number 8 through 22) are DSP commands or data, designed to be processed by the NeXT Music Kit software.

Note: PCM formats are encoded as signed data (as opposed to unsigned).

The current format supports only a single audio data segment per file. The variable-length annotation field is currently ignored by most audio applications.

title: Au file format


text:
April 25

Pre-1600

 * 404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
 * 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim control over the South Caucasus is solidified and its Islamization begins, while several major Armenian nakharar families lose power and their remnants flee to the Byzantine Empire.
 * 799 – After mistreatment and disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, Pope Leo III flees to the Frankish court of king Charlemagne at Paderborn for protection.
 * 1134 – The name Zagreb was mentioned for the first time in the Felician Charter relating to the establishment of the Zagreb Bishopric around 1094.

1601–1900

 * 1607 – Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
 * 1644 – Transition from Ming to Qing: The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.
 * 1707 – A coalition of Britain, the Netherlands and Portugal is defeated by a Franco-Spanish army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
 * 1792 – Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine.
 * 1792  – "La Marseillaise" (the French national anthem) is composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.
 * 1808 – Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809: The Battle of Trangen took place at Trangen in Flisa, Hedemarkens Amt, between Swedish and Norwegian troops.
 * 1829 – Charles Fremantle arrives in HMS Challenger off the coast of modern-day Western Australia prior to declaring the Swan River Colony for the British Empire.
 * 1846 – Thornton Affair: Open conflict begins over the disputed border of Texas, triggering the Mexican–American War.
 * 1849 – The Governor General of Canada, Lord Elgin, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.
 * 1859 – British and French engineers break ground for the Suez Canal.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: Forces under U.S. Admiral David Farragut demand the surrender of the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Marks' Mills, a force of 8,000 Confederate soldiers attacks 1,800 Union soldiers and a large number of wagon teamsters, killing or wounding 1,500 Union combatants.
 * 1882 – French and Vietnamese troops clashed in Tonkin, when Commandant Henri Rivière seized the citadel of Hanoi with a small force of marine infantry.
 * 1898 – Spanish–American War: The United States Congress declares that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain has existed since April 21, when an American naval blockade of the Spanish colony of Cuba began.

1901–present

 * 1901 – New York becomes the first U.S. state to require automobile license plates.
 * 1915 – World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli begins: The invasion of the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula by British, French, Indian, Newfoundland, Australian and New Zealand troops, begins with landings at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles.
 * 1916 – Anzac Day is commemorated for the first time on the first anniversary of the landing at ANZAC Cove.
 * 1920 – At the San Remo conference, the principal Allied Powers of World War I adopt a resolution to determine the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East.
 * 1933 – Nazi Germany issues the Law Against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities limiting the number of Jewish students able to attend public schools and universities.
 * 1938 – U.S. Supreme Court delivers its opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins and overturns a century of federal common law.
 * 1944 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.
 * 1945 – World War II: United States and Soviet reconnaissance troops meet in Torgau and Strehla along the River Elbe, cutting the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany in two. This would be later known as Elbe Day.
 * 1945  – World War II: Liberation Day (Italy): The National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy calls for a general uprising against the German occupation and the Italian Social Republic.
 * 1945  – United Nations Conference on International Organization: Founding negotiations for the United Nations begin in San Francisco.
 * 1945  – World War II: The last German troops retreat from Finnish soil in Lapland, ending the Lapland War. Military actions of the Second World War end in Finland.
 * 1951 – Korean War: Assaulting Chinese forces are forced to withdraw after heavy fighting with UN forces, primarily made up of Australian and Canadian troops, at the Battle of Kapyong.
 * 1953 – Francis Crick and James Watson publish "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" describing the double helix structure of DNA.
 * 1954 – The first practical solar cell is publicly demonstrated by Bell Telephone Laboratories.
 * 1959 – The Saint Lawrence Seaway, linking the North American Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, officially opens to shipping.
 * 1960 – The United States Navy submarine USS Triton (SSRN-586) completes the first submerged circumnavigation of the globe.
 * 1961 – Robert Noyce is granted a patent for an integrated circuit.
 * 1972 – Vietnam War: Nguyen Hue Offensive: The North Vietnamese 320th Division forces 5,000 South Vietnamese troops to retreat and traps about 2,500 others northwest of Kontum.
 * 1974 – Carnation Revolution: A leftist military coup in Portugal overthrows the authoritarian-conservative Estado Novo regime.
 * 1980 – One hundred forty-six people are killed when Dan-Air Flight 1008 crashes near Los Rodeos Airport in Tenerife, Canary Islands.
 * 1981 – More than 100 workers are exposed to radiation during repairs of at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in Japan.
 * 1982 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula per the Camp David Accords.
 * 1983 – Cold War: American schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.
 * 1983  – Pioneer 10 travels beyond Pluto's orbit.
 * 1990 – Violeta Chamorro takes office as the President of Nicaragua, the first woman to hold the position.
 * 2001 – President George W. Bush pledges U.S. military support in the event of a Chinese attack on Taiwan.
 * 2004 – The March for Women's Lives brings over 1 million protesters, mostly pro-choice, to Washington D.C. to protest the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, and other restrictions on abortion.
 * 2005 – The final piece of the Obelisk of Axum is returned to Ethiopia after being stolen by the invading Italian army in 1937.
 * 2005  – A seven-car commuter train derails and crashes into an apartment building near Amagasaki Station in Japan, killing 107, including the driver.
 * 2005  – Bulgaria and Romania sign the Treaty of Accession 2005 to join the European Union.
 * 2007 – Boris Yeltsin's funeral: The first to be sanctioned by the Russian Orthodox Church for a head of state since the funeral of Emperor Alexander III in 1894.
 * 2014 – The Flint water crisis begins when officials at Flint, Michigan switch the city's water supply to the Flint River, leading to lead and bacteria contamination.
 * 2015 – At least 8,962 are killed in Nepal after a massive 7.8 magnitude earthquake strikes Nepal.

Pre-1600

 * 1214 – Louis IX of France (d. 1270)
 * 1228 – Conrad IV of Germany (d. 1254)
 * 1284 – Edward II of England (d. 1327)
 * 1287 – Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1330)
 * 1502 – Georg Major, German theologian and academic (d. 1574)
 * 1529 – Francesco Patrizi, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1597)
 * 1599 – Oliver Cromwell, English general and politician, Lord Protector of Great Britain (d. 1658)

1601–1900

 * 1621 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, English soldier and politician (d. 1679)
 * 1666 – Johann Heinrich Buttstett, German organist and composer (d. 1727)
 * 1694 – Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect and politician, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland (d. 1753)
 * 1710 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer and author (d. 1776)
 * 1723 – Giovanni Marco Rutini, Italian composer (d. 1797)
 * 1725 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (d. 1786)
 * 1767 – Nicolas Oudinot, French general (d. 1847)
 * 1770 – Georg Sverdrup, Norwegian philologist and academic (d. 1850)
 * 1776 – Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (d. 1857)
 * 1843 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (d. 1878)
 * 1849 – Felix Klein, German mathematician and academic (d. 1925)
 * 1850 – Luise Adolpha Le Beau, German composer and educator (d. 1927)
 * 1851 – Leopoldo Alas, Spanish author, critic, and academic (d. 1901)
 * 1854 – Charles Sumner Tainter, American engineer and inventor (d. 1940)
 * 1862 – Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, English ornithologist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (d. 1933)
 * 1868 – John Moisant, American pilot and engineer (d. 1910)
 * 1871 – Lorne Currie, French-English sailor (d. 1926)
 * 1872 – C. B. Fry, English cricketer, footballer, educator, and politician (d. 1956)
 * 1873 – Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer, and novelist (d. 1956)
 * 1873  – Howard Garis, American author, creator of the Uncle Wiggily series of children's stories (d. 1962)
 * 1874 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian businessman and inventor, developed Marconi's law, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
 * 1874  – Ernest Webb, English-Canadian race walker (d. 1937)
 * 1876 – Jacob Nicol, Canadian publisher, lawyer, and politician (d. 1958)
 * 1878 – William Merz, American gymnast and triathlete (d. 1946)
 * 1882 – Fred McLeod, Scottish golfer (d. 1976)
 * 1887 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou, Beninese lawyer and critic (d. 1936)
 * 1892 – Maud Hart Lovelace, American author (d. 1980)
 * 1896 – Fred Haney, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1977)
 * 1897 – Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood (d. 1965)
 * 1900 – Gladwyn Jebb, English politician and diplomat, Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 1996)
 * 1900  – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-Swiss-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

1901–present

 * 1902 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist and academic (d. 1964)
 * 1902  – Mary Miles Minter, American actress (d. 1984)
 * 1903 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1987)
 * 1905 – George Nēpia, New Zealand rugby player and referee (d. 1986)
 * 1906 – Joel Brand, member of the Budapest Aid and Rescue Committee (d. 1964)
 * 1906  – William J. Brennan Jr., American colonel and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1997)
 * 1908 – Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (d. 1965)
 * 1909 – William Pereira, American architect, designed the Transamerica Pyramid (d. 1985)
 * 1910 – Arapeta Awatere, New Zealand interpreter, military leader, politician, and murderer (d. 1976)
 * 1911 – Connie Marrero, Cuban baseball player and coach (d. 2014)
 * 1911  – George Roth, American gymnast (d. 1997)
 * 1912 – Earl Bostic, American saxophonist (d. 1965)
 * 1913 – Nikolaos Roussen, Greek captain (d. 1944)
 * 1914 – Ross Lockridge Jr., American author and academic (d. 1948)
 * 1915 – Mort Weisinger, American journalist and author (d. 1978)
 * 1916 – Jerry Barber, American golfer (d. 1994)
 * 1917 – Ella Fitzgerald, American singer (d. 1996)
 * 1917  – Jean Lucas, French racing driver (d. 2003)
 * 1918 – Graham Payn, South African-born English actor and singer (d. 2005)
 * 1918  – Gérard de Vaucouleurs, French-American astronomer and academic (d. 1995)
 * 1918  – Astrid Varnay, Swedish-American soprano and actress (d. 2006)
 * 1919 – Finn Helgesen, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2011)
 * 1921 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter and sculptor (d. 2006)
 * 1923 – Francis Graham-Smith, English astronomer and academic
 * 1923  – Melissa Hayden, Canadian ballerina (d. 2006)
 * 1923  – Albert King, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 1992)
 * 1924 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish race walker (d. 2009)
 * 1924  – Franco Mannino, Italian pianist, composer, director, and playwright (d. 2005)
 * 1924  – Paulo Vanzolini, Brazilian singer-songwriter and zoologist (d. 2013)
 * 1925 – Tony Christopher, Baron Christopher, English trade union leader and businessman
 * 1925  – Sammy Drechsel, German comedian and journalist (d. 1986)
 * 1925  – Louis O'Neil, Canadian academic and politician (d. 2018)
 * 1926 – Johnny Craig, American author and illustrator (d. 2001)
 * 1926  – Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner, Austrian politician (d. 2008)
 * 1926  – Patricia Castell, Argentine actress (d. 2013)
 * 1927 – Corín Tellado, Spanish author (d. 2009)
 * 1927  – Albert Uderzo, French author and illustrator (d. 2020)
 * 1928 – Cy Twombly, American-Italian painter and sculptor (d. 2011)
 * 1929 – Yvette Williams, New Zealand long jumper, shot putter, and discus thrower (d. 2019)
 * 1930 – Paul Mazursky, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
 * 1930  – Godfrey Milton-Thompson, English admiral and surgeon (d. 2012)
 * 1930  – Peter Schulz, German lawyer and politician, Mayor of Hamburg (d. 2013)
 * 1931 – Felix Berezin, Russian mathematician and physicist (d. 1980)
 * 1931  – David Shepherd, English painter and author (d. 2017)
 * 1932 – Nikolai Kardashev, Russian astrophysicist (d. 2019)
 * 1932  – Meadowlark Lemon, African-American basketball player and minister (d. 2015)
 * 1932  – Lia Manoliu, Romanian discus thrower and politician (d. 1998)
 * 1933 – Jerry Leiber, American songwriter and producer (d. 2011)
 * 1933  – Joyce Ricketts, American baseball player (d. 1992)
 * 1934 – Peter McParland, Northern Irish footballer and manager
 * 1935 – Bob Gutowski, American pole vaulter (d. 1960)
 * 1935  – Reinier Kreijermaat, Dutch footballer (d. 2018)
 * 1936 – Henck Arron, Surinamese banker and politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Republic of Suriname (d. 2000)
 * 1938 – Roger Boisjoly, American aerodynamicist and engineer (d. 2012)
 * 1938  – Ton Schulten, Dutch painter and graphic designer
 * 1939 – Tarcisio Burgnich, Italian footballer and manager (d. 2021)
 * 1939  – Michael Llewellyn-Smith, English academic and diplomat
 * 1939  – Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky, English historian and academic
 * 1939  – Veronica Sutherland, English academic and British diplomat
 * 1940 – Al Pacino, American actor and director
 * 1941 – Bertrand Tavernier, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2021)
 * 1942 – Jon Kyl, American lawyer and politician
 * 1943 – Tony Christie, English singer-songwriter and actor
 * 1944 – Len Goodman, English dancer (d. 2023)
 * 1944  – Mike Kogel, German singer-songwriter
 * 1944  – Stephen Nickell, English economist and academic
 * 1944  – Bruce Ponder, English geneticist and cancer researcher
 * 1945 – Stu Cook, American bass player Creedence Clearwater Revival, songwriter, and producer
 * 1945  – Richard C. Hoagland, American theorist and author
 * 1945  – Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1946 – Talia Shire, American actress
 * 1946  – Peter Sutherland, Irish lawyer and politician, Attorney General of Ireland (d. 2018)
 * 1946  – Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian colonel, lawyer, and politician (d. 2022)
 * 1947 – Johan Cruyff, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2016)
 * 1947  – Jeffrey DeMunn, American actor
 * 1947  – Cathy Smith, Canadian singer and drug dealer (d. 2020)
 * 1948 – Mike Selvey, English cricketer and sportscaster
 * 1948  – Yu Shyi-kun, Taiwanese politician, 39th Premier of the Republic of China
 * 1949 – Vicente Pernía, Argentinian footballer and race car driver
 * 1949  – Dominique Strauss-Kahn, French economist, lawyer, and politician, French Minister of Finance
 * 1949  – James Fenton, English poet, journalist and literary critic
 * 1950 – Donnell Deeny, Northern Irish lawyer and judge
 * 1950  – Steve Ferrone, English drummer
 * 1950  – Peter Hintze, German politician (d. 2016)
 * 1950  – Valentyna Kozyr, Ukrainian high jumper
 * 1951 – Ian McCartney, Scottish politician, Minister of State for Trade
 * 1952 – Ketil Bjørnstad, Norwegian pianist and composer
 * 1952  – Vladislav Tretiak, Russian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1952  – Jacques Santini, French footballer and coach
 * 1953 – Ron Clements, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1953  – Gary Cosier, Australian cricketer
 * 1953  – Anthony Venables, English economist, author, and academic
 * 1954 – Melvin Burgess, English author
 * 1954  – Randy Cross, American football player and sportscaster
 * 1954  – Róisín Shortall, Irish educator and politician
 * 1955 – Américo Gallego, Argentinian footballer and coach
 * 1955  – Parviz Parastui, Iranian actor and singer
 * 1955  – Zev Siegl, American businessman, co-founded Starbucks
 * 1956 – Dominique Blanc, French actress, director, and screenwriter
 * 1956  – Abdalla Uba Adamu, Nigerian professor, media scholar
 * 1957 – Theo de Rooij, Dutch cyclist and manager
 * 1958 – Mike DeVault, American politician
 * 1958  – Fish, Scottish singer-songwriter
 * 1958  – Misha Glenny, British journalist
 * 1959 – Paul Madden, English diplomat, British High Commissioner to Australia
 * 1959  – Daniel Kash, Canadian actor and director
 * 1959  – Tony Phillips, American baseball player (d. 2016)
 * 1960 – Paul Baloff, American singer (d. 2002)
 * 1960  – Robert Peston, English journalist
 * 1961 – Dinesh D'Souza, Indian-American journalist and author
 * 1961  – Miran Tepeš, Slovenian ski jumper
 * 1962 – Foeke Booy, Dutch footballer and manager
 * 1963 – Joy Covey, American businesswoman (d. 2013)
 * 1963  – David Moyes, Scottish footballer and manager
 * 1963  – Paul Wassif, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1964 – Hank Azaria, American actor, voice artist, comedian and producer
 * 1964  – Andy Bell, English singer-songwriter
 * 1965 – Eric Avery, American bass player and songwriter
 * 1965  – Mark Bryant, American basketball player and coach
 * 1965  – John Henson, American puppeteer and voice actor (d. 2014)
 * 1966 – Diego Domínguez, Argentinian-Italian rugby player
 * 1966  – Femke Halsema, Dutch sociologist, academic, and politician
 * 1966  – Darren Holmes, American baseball player and coach
 * 1967 – Angel Martino, American swimmer
 * 1968  – Thomas Strunz, German footballer
 * 1969 – Joe Buck, American sportscaster
 * 1969  – Martin Koolhoven, Dutch director and screenwriter
 * 1969  – Jon Olsen, American swimmer
 * 1969  – Darren Woodson, American football player and sportscaster
 * 1969  – Renée Zellweger, American actress and producer
 * 1970 – Jason Lee, American skateboarder, actor, comedian and producer
 * 1971 – Sara Baras, Spanish dancer
 * 1973 – Carlota Castrejana, Spanish triple jumper
 * 1973  – Barbara Rittner, German tennis player
 * 1975 – Jacque Jones, American baseball player and coach
 * 1976 – Gilberto da Silva Melo, Brazilian footballer
 * 1976  – Tim Duncan, American basketball player
 * 1976  – Breyton Paulse, South African rugby player
 * 1976  – Rainer Schüttler, German tennis player and coach
 * 1977 – Constantinos Christoforou, Cypriot singer-songwriter
 * 1977  – Marguerite Moreau, American actress and producer
 * 1977  – Matthew West, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
 * 1978 – Matt Walker, English swimmer
 * 1980  – Daniel MacPherson, Australian actor and television host
 * 1980  – Alejandro Valverde, Spanish cyclist
 * 1981  – Felipe Massa, Brazilian racing driver
 * 1981  – John McFall, English sprinter
 * 1981  – Anja Pärson, Swedish skier
 * 1982  – Monty Panesar, English cricketer
 * 1983 – Johnathan Thurston, Australian rugby league player
 * 1983  – DeAngelo Williams, American football player
 * 1985 – Giedo van der Garde, Dutch racing driver
 * 1986 – Alexei Emelin, Russian ice hockey player
 * 1986  – Gwen Jorgensen, American triathlete
 * 1986  – Claudia Rath, German heptathlete
 * 1987 – Razak Boukari, Togolese footballer
 * 1987  – Jay Park, American-South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer
 * 1988 – Jonathan Bailey, English actor
 * 1988   – Sara Paxton, American actress
 * 1988  – James Sheppard, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1989 – Marie-Michèle Gagnon, Canadian skier
 * 1989  – Michael van Gerwen, Dutch darts player
 * 1989  – Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, the 11th Panchen Lama
 * 1990 – Jean-Éric Vergne, French racing driver
 * 1990  – Taylor Walker, Australian footballer
 * 1991 – Jordan Poyer, American football player
 * 1991  – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer
 * 1993 – Alex Bowman, American race car driver
 * 1993  – Daniel Norris, American baseball player
 * 1993  – Raphaël Varane, French footballer
 * 1994 – Omar McLeod, Jamaican hurdler
 * 1994   – Maggie Rogers, American musician
 * 1995 – Lewis Baker, English footballer
 * 1996 – Mack Horton, Australian swimmer
 * 1998 – Satou Sabally, German-American basketball player
 * 2000 – Dejan Kulusevski, Swedish footballer

Pre-1600

 * 501 – Rusticus, saint and archbishop of Lyon (b. 455)
 * 775 – Smbat VII Bagratuni, Armenian prince
 * 775  – Mushegh VI Mamikonian, Armenian prince
 * 908 – Zhang Wenwei, Chinese chancellor
 * 1074 – Herman I, Margrave of Baden
 * 1077 – Géza I of Hungary (b. 1040)
 * 1185 – Emperor Antoku of Japan (b. 1178)
 * 1217 – Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * 1228 – Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem (b. 1212)
 * 1243 – Boniface of Valperga, Bishop of Aosta
 * 1264 – Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, medieval English nobleman; Earl of Winchester (b. 1195)
 * 1295 – Sancho IV of Castile (b. 1258)
 * 1342 – Pope Benedict XII (b. 1285)
 * 1397 – Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, English nobleman
 * 1472 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian author, poet, and philosopher (b. 1404)
 * 1516 – John Yonge, English diplomat (b. 1467)
 * 1566 – Louise Labé, French poet and author (b. 1520)
 * 1566  – Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henry II of France (b. 1499)
 * 1595 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet and songwriter (b. 1544)

1601–1900

 * 1605 – Naresuan, Siamese King of Ayutthaya Kingdom (b. c. 1555)
 * 1644 – Chongzhen Emperor of China (b. 1611)
 * 1660 – Henry Hammond, English cleric and theologian (b. 1605)
 * 1690 – David Teniers the Younger, Flemish painter and educator (b. 1610)
 * 1744 – Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer, physicist, and mathematician (b. 1701)
 * 1770 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French minister, physicist, and academic (b. 1700)
 * 1800 – William Cowper, English poet (b. 1731)
 * 1840 – Siméon Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (b. 1781)
 * 1873 – Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, Russian painter and sculptor (b. 1783)
 * 1875 – 12th Dalai Lama (b. 1857)
 * 1878 – Anna Sewell, English author (b. 1820)
 * 1890 – Crowfoot, Canadian tribal chief (b. 1830)
 * 1891 – Nathaniel Woodard, English priest and educator (b. 1811)
 * 1892 – Henri Duveyrier, French explorer (b. 1840)
 * 1892  – Karl von Ditmar, Estonian-German geologist and explorer (b. 1822)

1901–present

 * 1906 – John Knowles Paine, American composer and educator (b. 1839)
 * 1911 – Emilio Salgari, Italian journalist and author (b. 1862)
 * 1913 – Joseph-Alfred Archambeault, Canadian bishop (b. 1859)
 * 1915 – Frederick W. Seward, American journalist, lawyer, and politician, 6th United States Assistant Secretary of State (b. 1830)
 * 1919 – Augustus D. Juilliard, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1836)
 * 1921 – Emmeline B. Wells, American journalist and women's rights advocate (b. 1828)
 * 1923 – Louis-Olivier Taillon, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Premier of Quebec (b. 1840)
 * 1928 – Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian general (b. 1878)
 * 1936 – Wajed Ali Khan Panni, Bengali aristocrat and philanthropist (b. 1871)
 * 1941 – Salih Bozok, Turkish commander and politician (b. 1881)
 * 1943 – Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Russian director, producer, and playwright (b. 1858)
 * 1944 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (b. 1880)
 * 1944  – Tony Mullane, Irish-American baseball player (b. 1859)
 * 1944  – William Stephens, American engineer and politician, 24th Governor of California (b. 1859)
 * 1945 – Huldreich Georg Früh, Swiss composer (b. 1903)
 * 1961 – Robert Garrett, American discus thrower and shot putter (b. 1875)
 * 1970 – Anita Louise, American actress (b. 1915)
 * 1972 – George Sanders, English actor (b. 1906)
 * 1973 – Olga Grey, Hungarian-American actress (b. 1896)
 * 1974 – Gustavo R. Vincenti, Maltese architect and developer (b. 1888)
 * 1975 – Mike Brant, Israeli singer and songwriter (b. 1947)
 * 1976 – Carol Reed, English director and producer (b. 1906)
 * 1976  – Markus Reiner, Israeli engineer and educator (b. 1886)
 * 1982 – John Cody, American cardinal (b. 1907)
 * 1983 – William S. Bowdern, American priest and author (b. 1897)
 * 1988 – Carolyn Franklin, American singer-songwriter (b. 1944)
 * 1988  – Clifford D. Simak, American journalist and author (b. 1904)
 * 1990 – Dexter Gordon, American saxophonist, composer, and actor (b. 1923)
 * 1992 – Yutaka Ozaki, Japanese singer-songwriter (b. 1965)
 * 1995 – Art Fleming, American game show host (b. 1925)
 * 1995  – Ginger Rogers, American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1911)
 * 1995  – Lev Shankovsky, Ukrainian military historian (b. 1903)
 * 1996 – Saul Bass, American graphic designer and director (b. 1920)
 * 1998 – Wright Morris, American author and photographer (b. 1910)
 * 1999 – Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish journalist and author (b. 1914)
 * 1999  – Roger Troutman, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1951)
 * 2000 – Lucien Le Cam, French mathematician and statistician (b. 1924)
 * 2000  – David Merrick, American director and producer (b. 1911)
 * 2001 – Michele Alboreto, Italian racing driver (b. 1956)
 * 2002 – Lisa Lopes, American rapper and dancer (b. 1971)
 * 2003 – Samson Kitur, Kenyan runner (b. 1966)
 * 2004 – Thom Gunn, English-American poet and academic (b. 1929)
 * 2005 – Jim Barker, American politician (b. 1935)
 * 2005  – Swami Ranganathananda, Indian monk and educator (b. 1908)
 * 2006 – Jane Jacobs, American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist (b. 1916)
 * 2006  – Peter Law, Welsh politician and independent member of parliament (b. 1948)
 * 2007 – Alan Ball Jr., English footballer and manager (b. 1945)
 * 2007  – Arthur Milton, English footballer and cricketer (b. 1928)
 * 2007  – Bobby Pickett, American singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
 * 2008 – Humphrey Lyttelton, English trumpet player, composer, and radio host (b. 1921)
 * 2009 – Bea Arthur, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
 * 2010 – Dorothy Provine, American actress and singer (b. 1935)
 * 2010  – Alan Sillitoe, English novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet (b. 1928)
 * 2011 – Poly Styrene, British musician (b. 1957)
 * 2012 – Gerry Bahen, Australian footballer (b. 1929)
 * 2012  – Denny Jones, American rancher and politician (b. 1910)
 * 2012  – Moscelyne Larkin, American ballerina and educator (b. 1925)
 * 2012  – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter and illustrator (b. 1916)
 * 2013 – Brian Adam, Scottish biochemist and politician (b. 1948)
 * 2013  – Jacob Avshalomov, American composer and conductor (b. 1919)
 * 2013  – György Berencsi, Hungarian virologist and academic (b. 1941)
 * 2013  – Rick Camp, American baseball player (b. 1953)
 * 2014 – Dan Heap, Canadian priest and politician (b. 1925)
 * 2014  – William Judson Holloway Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and judge (b. 1923)
 * 2014  – Earl Morrall, American football player and coach (b. 1934)
 * 2014  – Tito Vilanova, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1968)
 * 2014  – Stefanie Zweig, German journalist and author (b. 1932)
 * 2015 – Jim Fanning, American-Canadian baseball player and manager (b. 1927)
 * 2015  – Matthias Kuhle, German geographer and academic (b. 1948)
 * 2015  – Don Mankiewicz, American screenwriter and novelist (b. 1922)
 * 2015  – Mike Phillips, American basketball player (b. 1956)
 * 2016 – Tom Lewis, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of New South Wales (b. 1922)
 * 2018 – Madeeha Gauhar, Pakistani actress, playwright and director of social theater, and women's rights activist (b. 1956)
 * 2019 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (b. 1940)

 * 2023 – Harry Belafonte, American singer, activist, and actor (b. 1927)
 * 2024 – Marla Adams, American television actress (b. 1938)
 * 2024 – Laurent Cantet, French director, cinematographer and screenwriter (b. 1961)

Holidays and observances

 * Anzac Day (Australia, New Zealand, Tonga)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Giovanni Battista Piamarta
 * Major Rogation (Western Christianity)
 * Mark the Evangelist
 * Maughold
 * Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur
 * Philo and Agathopodes
 * Anianus of Alexandria
 * April 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Freedom Day (Portugal )
 * Liberation Day (Italy )
 * Military Foundation Day (North Korea )
 * World Malaria Day

title: April 25


text:
April 24

Pre-1600

 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
 * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy marking the end of the legendary Trojan War, given by chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes, among others.
 * 1547 – Battle of Mühlberg. Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League.
 * 1558 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Dauphin of France, François, at Notre-Dame de Paris.

1601–1900

 * 1704 – The first regular newspaper in British Colonial America, The Boston News-Letter, is published.
 * 1793 – French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris.
 * 1800 – The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase "such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress".
 * 1837 – The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9,000 houses.
 * 1877 – Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.
 * 1885 – American sharpshooter Annie Oakley is hired by Nate Salsbury to be a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West.
 * 1895 – Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop Spray.

1901–present

 * 1913 – The Woolworth Building, a skyscraper in New York City, is opened.
 * 1914 – The Franck–Hertz experiment, a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society.
 * 1915 – The arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Istanbul marks the beginning of the Armenian genocide.
 * 1916 – Easter Rising: Irish rebels, led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, launch an uprising in Dublin against British rule and proclaim an Irish Republic.
 * 1916  – Ernest Shackleton and five men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launch a lifeboat from uninhabited Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean to organise a rescue for the crew of the sunken  Endurance.
 * 1918 – World War I: First tank-to-tank combat, during the second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. Three British Mark IVs meet three German A7Vs.
 * 1922 – The first segment of the Imperial Wireless Chain providing wireless telegraphy between Leafield in Oxfordshire, England, and Cairo, Egypt, comes into operation.
 * 1924 – Thorvald Stauning becomes premier of Denmark (first term).
 * 1926 – The Treaty of Berlin is signed. Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years.
 * 1932 – Benny Rothman leads the mass trespass of Kinder Scout, leading to substantial legal reforms in the United Kingdom.
 * 1933 – Nazi Germany begins its persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses by shutting down the Watch Tower Society office in Magdeburg.
 * 1944 – World War II: The SBS launches a raid against the garrison of Santorini in Greece.
 * 1953 – Winston Churchill is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.
 * 1955 – The Bandung Conference ends: Twenty-nine non-aligned nations of Asia and Africa finish a meeting that condemns colonialism, racism, and the Cold War.
 * 1957 – Suez Crisis: The Suez Canal is reopened following the introduction of UNEF peacekeepers to the region.
 * 1963 – Marriage of Princess Alexandra of Kent to Angus Ogilvy at Westminster Abbey in London.
 * 1965 – Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic when Colonel Francisco Caamaño overthrows the triumvirate that had been in power since the coup d'état against Juan Bosch.
 * 1967 – Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov dies in Soyuz 1 when its parachute fails to open. He is the first human to die during a space mission.
 * 1967  – Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland says in a news conference that the enemy had "gained support in the United States that gives him hope that he can win politically that which he cannot win militarily".
 * 1970 – China launches Dong Fang Hong I, becoming the fifth nation to put an object into orbit using its own booster.
 * 1970  – The Gambia becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Dawda Jawara as its first President.
 * 1979 – Blair Peach, a British activist, died after being knocked unconscious during an Anti-Nazi League demonstration against a National Front election meeting in Southall, London.
 * 1980 – Eight U.S. servicemen die in Operation Eagle Claw as they attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis.
 * 1990 – STS-31: The Hubble Space Telescope is launched from the Space Shuttle Discovery.
 * 1990  – Gruinard Island, Scotland, is officially declared free of the anthrax disease after 48 years of quarantine.
 * 1993 – An IRA bomb devastates the Bishopsgate area of London.
 * 1994 – A Douglas DC-3 ditches in Botany Bay after takeoff from Sydney Airport. All 25 people on board survive.
 * 1996 – In the United States, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is passed into law.
 * 2004 – The United States lifts economic sanctions imposed on Libya 18 years previously, as a reward for its cooperation in eliminating weapons of mass destruction.
 * 2006 – Bombings in the Egyptian resort city of Dahab kill 23 people and injure about 80.
 * 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is inaugurated as the 265th Pope of the Catholic Church taking the name Pope Benedict XVI.
 * 2011 – WikiLeaks starts publishing the Guantanamo Bay files leak.
 * 2013 – A building collapses near Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing 1,134 people and injuring about 2,500 others.
 * 2013  – Violence in Bachu County, Kashgar Prefecture, of China's Xinjiang results in death of 21 people.

Pre-1600

 * 1086 – Ramiro II of Aragon (d. 1157)
 * 1492 – Sabina of Bavaria, Bavarian duchess and noblewoman (d. 1564)
 * 1532 – Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600)
 * 1533 – William I of Orange, founding father of the Netherlands (d. 1584)
 * 1538 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)
 * 1545 – Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, English Earl (d. 1581)
 * 1562 – Xu Guangqi, Ming Dynasty Chinese politician, scholar and lay Catholic leader (d. 1633)
 * 1581 – Vincent de Paul, French priest and saint (d. 1660)

1601–1900

 * 1608 – Gaston, Duke of Orléans, third son of King Henry IV of France (d. 1660)
 * 1620 – John Graunt, English demographer and statistician (d. 1674)
 * 1706 – Giovanni Battista Martini, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1780)
 * 1718 – Nathaniel Hone the Elder, Irish-English painter and educator (d. 1784)
 * 1743 – Edmund Cartwright, English clergyman and engineer, invented the power loom (d. 1823)
 * 1784 – Peter Vivian Daniel, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1860)
 * 1815 – Anthony Trollope, English novelist, essayist, and short story writer (d. 1882)
 * 1823 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Mexican politician, President of Mexico (d. 1889)
 * 1829 – Luisa Cappiani, Austrian soprano, educator and essayist (d. 1919)
 * 1845 – Carl Spitteler, Swiss poet and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
 * 1856 – Philippe Pétain, French general and politician, 119th Prime Minister of France (d. 1951)
 * 1860 – Queen Marau, last Queen of Tahiti (d. 1935)
 * 1862 – Tomitaro Makino, Japanese botanist (d. 1957)
 * 1868 – Sandy Herd, Scottish golfer (d. 1944)
 * 1876 – Erich Raeder, German admiral (d. 1960)
 * 1878 – Jean Crotti, Swiss-French painter (d. 1958)
 * 1879 – Susanna Bokoyni, Hungarian-American circus performer (d. 1984)
 * 1880 – Gideon Sundback, Swedish-American engineer and businessman, developed the zipper (d. 1954)
 * 1880  – Josef Müller, Croatian entomologist (d. 1964)
 * 1882 – Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding, Scottish-English air marshal (d. 1970)
 * 1885 – Thomas Cronan, American triple jumper (d. 1962)
 * 1885  – Con Walsh, Irish-Canadian hammer thrower and footballer (d. 1961)
 * 1887 – Denys Finch Hatton, English hunter (d. 1931)
 * 1888 – Pe Maung Tin, Burma-based scholar and educator (d. 1973)
 * 1889 – Stafford Cripps, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1952)
 * 1889  – Lyubov Popova, Russian painter and academic (d. 1924)
 * 1897 – Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican colonel and politician, 45th President of Mexico (d. 1955)
 * 1897  – Benjamin Lee Whorf, American linguist, anthropologist, and engineer (d. 1941)
 * 1899 – Oscar Zariski, Russian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1986)
 * 1900 – Elizabeth Goudge, English author and educator (d. 1984)

1901–present

 * 1903 – José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Spanish lawyer and politician, founded the Falange (d. 1936)
 * 1904 – Willem de Kooning, Dutch-American painter and educator (d. 1997)
 * 1905 – Al Bates, American long jumper (d. 1999)
 * 1905  – Robert Penn Warren, American novelist, poet, and literary critic (d. 1989)
 * 1906 – William Joyce, American-born Irish-British Nazi propaganda broadcaster (d. 1946)
 * 1906  – Mimi Smith, English nurse (d. 1991)
 * 1907 – Gabriel Figueroa, Mexican cinematographer (d. 1997)
 * 1908 – Marceline Day, American actress (d. 2000)
 * 1908  – Inga Gentzel, Swedish runner (d. 1991)
 * 1908  – Józef Gosławski, Polish sculptor (d. 1963)
 * 1912 – Ruth Osburn, American discus thrower (d. 1994)
 * 1913 – Dieter Grau, German-American scientist and engineer (d. 2014)
 * 1914 – William Castle, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1977)
 * 1914  – Phil Watson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1991)
 * 1914  – Justin Wilson, American chef and author (d. 2001)
 * 1916 – Lou Thesz, American wrestler and trainer (d. 2002)
 * 1919 – David Blackwell, American mathematician and academic (d. 2010)
 * 1919  – Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 4th President of Cyprus (d. 2013)
 * 1920 – Gino Valenzano, Italian race car driver (d. 2011)
 * 1922 – Marc-Adélard Tremblay, Canadian anthropologist and academic (d. 2014)
 * 1923 – Gus Bodnar, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2005)
 * 1923  – Doris Burn, American author and illustrator (d. 2011)
 * 1924 – Clement Freud, German-English radio host, academic, and politician (d. 2009)
 * 1924  – Ruth Kobart, American actress and singer (d. 2002)
 * 1925 – Franco Leccese, Italian sprinter (d. 1992)
 * 1926 – Marilyn Erskine, American actress
 * 1926  – Thorbjörn Fälldin, Swedish farmer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 2016)
 * 1927 – Josy Barthel, Luxembourgian runner and politician, Luxembourgian Minister for Energy (d. 1992)
 * 1928 – Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2020)
 * 1928  – Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (d. 2008)
 * 1928   – Anahit Perikhanian, Russian-born Armenian Iranologist (d. 2012)
 * 1929 – Dr. Rajkumar, Indian actor and singer (d. 2006)
 * 1930 – Jerome Callet, American instrument designer, educator, and author (d. 2019)
 * 1930  – Richard Donner, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2021)
 * 1930  – José Sarney, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 31st President of Brazil
 * 1931 – Abdelhamid Kermali, Algerian footballer and manager (d. 2013)
 * 1931  – Bridget Riley, English painter and illustrator
 * 1934 – Jayakanthan, Indian journalist and author (d. 2015)
 * 1934  – Shirley MacLaine, American actress, singer, and dancer
 * 1936 – David Crombie, Canadian educator and politician, 56th Mayor of Toronto
 * 1936  – Jill Ireland, English actress (d. 1990)
 * 1937 – Joe Henderson, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2001)
 * 1940 – Sue Grafton, American author (d. 2017)
 * 1941 – Richard Holbrooke, American journalist, banker, and diplomat, 22nd United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2010)
 * 1941  – John Williams, Australian-English guitarist and composer
 * 1942 – Richard M. Daley, American lawyer and politician, 54th Mayor of Chicago
 * 1942  – Barbra Streisand, American singer, actress, activist, and producer
 * 1943 – Richard Sterban, American country and gospel bass singer
 * 1943  – Gordon West, English footballer (d. 2012)
 * 1944 – Peter Cresswell, English judge
 * 1944  – Maarja Nummert, Estonian architect
 * 1944  – Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer
 * 1945 – Doug Clifford, American drummer and songwriter
 * 1946 – Doug Christie, Canadian lawyer and activist (d. 2013)
 * 1946  – Phil Robertson, American hunter and television personality
 * 1947 – Josep Borrell, Spanish engineer and politician, 22nd President of the European Parliament
 * 1947  – João Braz de Aviz, Brazilian cardinal
 * 1947  – Claude Dubois, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1947  – Denise Kingsmill, Baroness Kingsmill, New Zealand-English lawyer and politician
 * 1947  – Roger D. Kornberg, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
 * 1948 – Paul Cellucci, American soldier and politician, 69th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 2013)
 * 1948  – Eliana Gil, Ecuadorian-American psychiatrist, therapist, and author
 * 1949 – Eddie Hart, American sprinter
 * 1949  – Véronique Sanson, French singer-songwriter and producer
 * 1950 – Rob Hyman, American singer-songwriter and musician
 * 1951 – Ron Arad, Israeli architect and academic
 * 1951  – Christian Bobin, French author and poet (d. 2022)
 * 1951  – Nigel Harrison, English bass player and songwriter
 * 1951  – Enda Kenny, Irish educator and politician, 13th Taoiseach of Ireland
 * 1952 – Jean Paul Gaultier, French fashion designer
 * 1952  – Ralph Winter, American film producer
 * 1953 – Eric Bogosian, American actor and writer
 * 1954 – Mumia Abu-Jamal, American journalist, activist, and convicted murderer
 * 1954  – Jack Blades, American singer-songwriter and bass player
 * 1955 – Marion Caspers-Merk, German politician
 * 1955  – John de Mol Jr., Dutch businessman, co-founded Endemol
 * 1955  – Eamon Gilmore, Irish trade union leader and politician, 25th Tánaiste of Ireland
 * 1955  – Margaret Moran, British politician and criminal
 * 1955  – Guy Nève, Belgian race car driver (d. 1992)
 * 1955  – Michael O'Keefe, American actor
 * 1955  – Bill Osborne, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1956 – James A. Winnefeld, Jr., American admiral
 * 1957 – Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Pakistani-English businessman and politician
 * 1958 – Brian Paddick, English police officer and politician
 * 1959 – Paula Yates, British-Australian television host and author (d. 2000)
 * 1961 – Andrew Murrison, English physician and politician, Minister for International Security Strategy
 * 1962 – Clemens Binninger, German politician
 * 1962  – Stuart Pearce, English footballer, coach, and manager
 * 1962  – Steve Roach, Australian rugby league player, coach, and sportscaster
 * 1963 – Paula Frazer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1963  – Billy Gould, American bass player, songwriter, and producer
 * 1963  – Mano Solo, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2010)
 * 1964 – Helga Arendt, German sprinter (d. 2013)
 * 1964  – Cedric the Entertainer, American comedian, actor, and producer
 * 1964  – Djimon Hounsou, Beninese-American actor and producer
 * 1964  – Witold Smorawiński, Polish guitarist, composer, and educator
 * 1965 – Jeff Jackson, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
 * 1966 – Pierre Brassard, Canadian comedian and actor
 * 1966  – Alessandro Costacurta, Italian footballer, coach, and manager
 * 1966  – David Usher, English-Canadian singer-songwriter
 * 1967 – Dino Rađa, Croatian basketball player
 * 1967  – Omar Vizquel, Venezuelan-American baseball player and coach
 * 1968 – Aidan Gillen, Irish actor
 * 1968  – Todd Jones, American baseball player
 * 1968  – Roxanna Panufnik, English composer
 * 1968  – Hashim Thaçi, Kosovan soldier and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Kosovo
 * 1969 – Elias Atmatsidis, Greek footballer
 * 1969  – Rory McCann, Scottish actor
 * 1969  – Eilidh Whiteford, Scottish academic and politician
 * 1970 – Damien Fleming, Australian cricketer, coach, and sportscaster
 * 1971 – Kumar Dharmasena, Sri Lankan cricketer and umpire
 * 1971  – Mauro Pawlowski, Belgian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1972 – Rab Douglas, Scottish footballer
 * 1972  – Chipper Jones, American baseball player
 * 1972  – Jure Košir, Slovenian skier and singer
 * 1973 – Gabby Logan, English gymnast, television and radio host
 * 1973  – Damon Lindelof, American screenwriter and producer
 * 1973  – Brian Marshall, American bass player and songwriter
 * 1973  – Eric Snow, American basketball player and coach
 * 1973  – Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer
 * 1973  – Toomas Tohver, Estonian footballer
 * 1973  – Lee Westwood, English golfer
 * 1974 – Eric Kripke, American director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1974  – Stephen Wiltshire, English illustrator
 * 1975 – Marte Mjøs Persen, Norwegian politician
 * 1975  – Dejan Savić, Yugoslavian and Serbian water polo player
 * 1976 – Hedda Berntsen, Norwegian skier
 * 1976  – Steve Finnan, Irish international footballer
 * 1976  – Frédéric Niemeyer, Canadian tennis player and coach
 * 1977 – Carlos Beltrán, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
 * 1977  – Diego Placente, Argentine footballer
 * 1978 – Diego Quintana, Argentine footballer
 * 1980 – Fernando Arce, Mexican footballer
 * 1980  – Karen Asrian, Armenian chess player (d. 2008)
 * 1981 – Taylor Dent, American tennis player
 * 1981  – Yuko Nakanishi, Japanese swimmer
 * 1982 – Kelly Clarkson, American singer-songwriter, talk show host
 * 1982  – David Oliver, American hurdler
 * 1982  – Simon Tischer, German volleyball player
 * 1983 – Hanna Melnychenko, Ukrainian heptathlete
 * 1985 – Mike Rodgers, American sprinter
 * 1986 – Aaron Cunningham, American baseball player
 * 1987 – Ben Howard, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1987  – Kris Letang, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1987  – Rein Taaramäe, Estonian cyclist
 * 1987  – Jan Vertonghen, Belgian international footballer
 * 1987  – Varun Dhawan, Indian actor
 * 1989 – Elīna Babkina, Latvian basketball player
 * 1989  – David Boudia, American diver
 * 1989  – Taja Mohorčič, Slovenian tennis player
 * 1990 – Kim Tae-ri, South Korean actress
 * 1990  – Jan Veselý, Czech basketball player
 * 1991 – Sigrid Agren, French-Swedish model
 * 1991  – Morgan Ciprès, French figure skater
 * 1991  – Batuhan Karadeniz, Turkish footballer
 * 1992 – Joe Keery, American actor
 * 1992  – Laura Kenny, English cyclist
 * 1992  – Jack Quaid, American actor
 * 1993 – Ben Davies, Welsh international footballer
 * 1994 – Jordan Fisher, American singer, dancer, and actor
 * 1994  – Caspar Lee, British-South African Youtuber
 * 1996 – Ashleigh Barty, Australian tennis player
 * 1997 – Lydia Ko, New Zealand golfer
 * 1997  – Veronika Kudermetova, Russian tennis player
 * 1998 – Ryan Newman, American actress
 * 1999 – Jerry Jeudy, American football player
 * 2002 – Olivia Gadecki, Australian tennis player

Pre-1600

 * 624 – Mellitus, saint and archbishop of Canterbury
 * 1149 – Petronille de Chemillé, abbess of Fontevrault
 * 1288 – Gertrude of Austria (b. 1226)
 * 1338 – Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat (b. 1291)
 * 1479 – Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (b. 1440)
 * 1513 – Şehzade Ahmet, Ottoman prince (b. 1465)

1601–1900

 * 1617 – Concino Concini, Italian-French politician, Prime Minister of France (b. 1575)
 * 1622 – Fidelis of Sigmaringen, German friar and saint (b. 1577)
 * 1656 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (b. 1561)
 * 1692 – Johannes Zollikofer, Swiss vicar (b. 1633)
 * 1731 – Daniel Defoe, English journalist, novelist, and spy (b. 1660)
 * 1748 – Anton thor Helle, German-Estonian clergyman and translator (b. 1683)
 * 1779 – Eleazar Wheelock, American minister and academic, founded Dartmouth College (b. 1711)
 * 1794 – Axel von Fersen the Elder, Swedish field marshal and politician (b. 1719)
 * 1852 – Vasily Zhukovsky, Russian poet and translator (b. 1783)
 * 1889 – Zulma Carraud, French author (b. 1796)
 * 1891 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, German field marshal (b. 1800)

1901–present

 * 1924 – G. Stanley Hall, American psychologist and academic (b. 1844)
 * 1931 – David Kldiashvili, Georgian author and playwright (b. 1862)
 * 1935 – Anastasios Papoulas, Greek general (b. 1857)
 * 1938 – George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (b. 1863)
 * 1939 – Louis Trousselier, French cyclist (b. 1881)
 * 1941 – Karin Boye, Swedish author and poet (b. 1900)
 * 1942 – Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian author (b. 1874)
 * 1944 – Charles Jordan, American magician (b. 1888)
 * 1945 – Ernst-Robert Grawitz, German physician (b. 1899)
 * 1947 – Hans Biebow, German SS officer (b. 1902)
 * 1947  – Willa Cather, American novelist, short story writer, and poet (b. 1873)
 * 1948 – Jāzeps Vītols, Latvian composer (b. 1863)
 * 1954 – Guy Mairesse, French racing driver (b. 1910)
 * 1960 – Max von Laue, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
 * 1961 – Lee Moran, American actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1888)
 * 1962 – Milt Franklyn, American composer (b. 1897)
 * 1964 – Gerhard Domagk, German pathologist and bacteriologist (b. 1895)
 * 1965 – Louise Dresser, American actress (b. 1878)
 * 1966 – Simon Chikovani, Georgian poet and author (b. 1902)
 * 1967 – Vladimir Komarov, Russian pilot, engineer, and cosmonaut (b. 1927)
 * 1967  – Robert Richards, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of South Australia (b. 1885)
 * 1968 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (b. 1876)
 * 1970 – Otis Spann, American singer and pianist (b. 1930)
 * 1972 – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (b. 1892)
 * 1974 – Bud Abbott, American comedian and producer (b. 1895)
 * 1976 – Mark Tobey, American-Swiss painter and educator (b. 1890)
 * 1980 – Alejo Carpentier, Swiss-Cuban musicologist and author (b. 1904)
 * 1982 – Ville Ritola, Finnish runner (b. 1896)
 * 1983 – Erol Güngör, Turkish sociologist, psychologist, and academic (b. 1938)
 * 1983 – Rolf Stommelen, German racing driver (b. 1943)
 * 1984 – Rafael Pérez y Pérez, Spanish author (b. 1891)
 * 1986 – Wallis Simpson, American socialite, Duchess of Windsor (b. 1896)
 * 1993 – Oliver Tambo, South African lawyer and activist (b. 1917)
 * 1993  – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese philosopher and theorist (b. 1917)
 * 1995 – Lodewijk Bruckman, Dutch painter (b. 1903)
 * 1997 – Allan Francovich, American director and producer (b. 1941)
 * 1997  – Pat Paulsen, American comedian and activist (b. 1927)
 * 1997  – Eugene Stoner, American engineer, designed the AR-15 rifle (b. 1922)
 * 2001 – Josef Peters, German racing driver (b. 1914)
 * 2001  – Johnny Valentine, American wrestler (b. 1928)
 * 2002 – Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourgian sculptor (b. 1908)
 * 2003 – Nüzhet Gökdoğan, Turkish astronomer and mathematician (b. 1910)
 * 2004 – José Giovanni, French-Swiss director and producer (b. 1923)
 * 2004  – Estée Lauder, American businesswoman, co-founded Estée Lauder Companies (b. 1906)
 * 2005 – Ezer Weizman, Israeli general and politician, 7th President of Israel (b. 1924)
 * 2005  – Fei Xiaotong, Chinese sociologist and academic (b. 1910)
 * 2006 – Brian Labone, English footballer (b. 1940)
 * 2006  – Moshe Teitelbaum, Romanian-American rabbi and author (b. 1914)
 * 2008 – Jimmy Giuffre, American clarinet player, and saxophonist, and composer (b. 1921)
 * 2011 – Sathya Sai Baba, Indian guru and philanthropist (b. 1926)
 * 2014 – Hans Hollein, Austrian architect, designed Haas House (b. 1934)
 * 2014  – Sandy Jardine, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1948)
 * 2014  – Shobha Nagi Reddy, Indian politician (b. 1968)
 * 2014  – Tadeusz Różewicz, Polish poet and playwright (b. 1921)
 * 2015 – Władysław Bartoszewski, Polish journalist and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1922)
 * 2016 – Tommy Kono, American weightlifter and coach (b. 1930)
 * 2017 – Robert Pirsig, American author and philosopher (b. 1928)
 * 2022 – Andrew Woolfolk, American saxophonist (b. 1950)
 * 2024 – Bob Cole, Canadian sports announcer (b. 1933)
 * 2024 – Terry Hill, Australian rugby league player (b. 1972)
 * 2024 – Donald Payne Jr., American politician (b. 1958)
 * 2024 – Mike Pinder, British musician (b. 1941)

Holidays and observances

 * Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day (Armenia, France)
 * Christian feast day:
 * Benedict Menni
 * Dermot of Armagh
 * Dyfnan of Anglesey
 * Ecgberht of Ripon
 * Fidelis of Sigmaringen
 * Gregory of Elvira
 * Ivo of Ramsey
 * Johann Walter (Lutheran)
 * Mary of Clopas
 * Mary Euphrasia Pelletier
 * Mellitus
 * Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur
 * Salome (disciple)
 * Wilfrid (Church of England)
 * William Firmatus
 * April 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Concord Day (Niger)
 * Democracy Day (Nepal)
 * Fashion Revolution Day, and its related observances:
 * Labour Safety Day (Bangladesh, proposed)
 * National Panchayati Raj Day (India)
 * Republic Day (The Gambia)
 * World Day for Laboratory Animals

title: April 24