text:
Talk:Antipope

Two antipope Benedicts XIVs?
Is there any evidence for the second Benedict XIV? The standard sources (The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, The Catholic Encyclopedia, the Liber Pontificalis) are silent about him, the source seems to be a novel, and, most importantly, it makes no sense for a successor to style himself identically to the person he is succeeding. There were two Pope Benedict XIVs, one a pope and one an antipope, but I'm not buying the story about Carrier... Ansat (talk) 04:27, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * According to the article about the anti-pope Benedict XIV, Carrier, styled a cardinal, elected Garnier by himself.If he was the cardinal who elected Benedict XIV, how could he be the preceding anti-pope? And yes, why would Garnier take Carrier's regnal name and nominal? Confusing.--Gazzster (talk) 07:18, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The Catholic Encyclopedia [] does not mention an anti-pope Benedict XIV.The Britannica doesn’t. []. This unreferenced document does. []. It’s hard to find stuff on the web about these figures because almost all information is sourced from the Wikipedia article. It’s possible that they were minor characters who had very little support, not enough to be considered a challenge to the Council of Constance. In a similar vein there is an anti-pope Peter II at Palmar de Troya (two actually – the other Peter II is in Australia), a Linus II and a Michael I, elected by his family. These are of course not serious anti-popes. And if the article on Benedict XI is to be credited, one of them was elected by one cardinal (who had been the previous anti-pope?). That’s hardly an election. I suggest we remove them from the list.--Gazzster (talk) 07:40, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Kelly's book (The Oxford Dictionary of Popes) confirms antipope Clement VIII and (the first) antipope Benedict XIV (Garnier) existed, but, as you say, they were minor characters from after the Western Schism ended (Benedict XIII refused to abdicate, but the rest of the world ignored him, and these fellows succeeded him). The second Benedict XIV appears to have come into existence in a novel by Raspail and been legitimized in a French work of speculative history by Bavoux (Le porteur de lumière).  I'd vote at least for removing him.Ansat (talk) 00:16, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

You will not find anything (anywhere) about any anti-pope named Benedict XVI. There isn't one.-- Djathink imacowboy  18:31, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Please assist in editing, correct me if I'm wrong
This diff here, look at that edit summary. Please, fellow editors! Extensive work on an article is not a 'takeover'. If I am in error in something specific please let me know. Come and discuss the work here, and please feel free to drop me a line if you prefer.-- Djathink imacowboy  03:54, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I don't understand this objection to the edit. The Annuario Pontificio does mention Sylvester III's takeover, or whatever you want to call it, of the papacy in 1045, indicating that it occurred on 13 or 20 January of that year and lasted until March of the same year (page 14* of the Annuario).  I may well have been wrong in saying that the Annuario "makes no specific comment" on his taking possession of the papal throne.  I was thinking of the generic comment on page 12* about the popes of the mid-11th century, that it is impossible to decide definitively which side was legitimate, and I had not adverted to the footnote on page 14* regarding Benedict IX: "The pontificate of Benedict IX was interrupted a first time by the intrusion of Sylvester III; on a second occasion Benedict IX resigned and was succeeded by Gregory VI; and finally Benedict IX became pope for the third time after the death of Clement II".  Perhaps this footnote could be called a specific comment on Sylvester's takeover of the papacy.  If so, I was wrong in saying that the Annuario "makes no specific comment on his (Sylvester's) taking possession of the papacy in 1045".  But let me add, with full respect for Djathinkimacowboy, that the statement that I changed, namely, that in the Annuario "there is no reference to, or opinion of, his (Sylvester's) takeover of the papcy in 1045", was certainly mistaken and needed correction.  I think we should go back to the old text, which I would copyedit as follows: "Because of obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and historical facts, the Annuario Pontificio expresses no judgement on the legitimacy of his takeover of the position of pope in 1045".  Esoglou (talk) 07:41, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Firstly, I apologise to Esoglou: you are quite right and editing in good faith. I did not mean to seem confrontational. As to the information which you know well, what if we simply put the text as a block quote into the article? I think it merits quoting and surely no one will change it. Does that seem acceptable? I find this issue fascinating and think it deserves a full quote from the Annuario.-- Djathink imacowboy  16:15, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I may edit in good faith, but far too frequently I make mistakes that I wish I hadn't made.
 * The Annuario Pontificio, as its name suggests, is in Italian. An (unofficial) English translation of the footnote on page 12* regarding the uncertainty about what was canonical and what actually happened in the period preceding and immediately following the year 1000 is given in the lead of the article.  The footnote on page 14* that I have translated here is attached to the mention of Benedict IX and is only partly and, one could say, indirectly concerned with Sylvester III.  A reference to the translation in the lead of the page 12* text was previously given in connection with Sylvester but, as you know, it has been removed.  Perhaps it need not be restored and it would be enough to insert something like what I suggested here earlier today.  Esoglou (talk) 17:16, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh! It is my middle name, Errore. We all do it! I agree with your post above, and further, I think it will look well if simplified to its basic content. Then the Annuario can be cited for the facts. That way, in simplifying, we can avoid confusing explanations of what the Annuario has preceding and succeeding. Those Church works can be long-winded.-- Djathink imacowboy  19:40, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Actually I wonder if any of my very few sources state anything with regards to the subject. Mainly I have a brief book with the official list and biographies of the popes, no antipopes. Perhaps you have other historical references to check? I think my list has Sylvester III without any antipope mentioned, but then, which Sylvester III is it? I must find this listing and see. Sylvester III does not ring a bell with me as antipope at all, and I cannot recall seeing references to Sylvester III ever being an antipope. My area of great interest was always Pope Sylvester II. Fascinating man!-- Djathink imacowboy  19:44, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * In view of your comments here and of the erroneous nature of my statement that the Annuario Pontificio makes no specific comment on Sylvester III's installation, I am provisionally altering the text about Sylvester III, inserting a reference to some histories that consider him an antipope. You can then indicate how you think the text should be altered.  Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia puts the question hypothetically: "Benedict IX was forcibly removed in 1044; if this action was not legitimate, then Sylvester III was an antipope" (emphases added).  Esoglou (talk) 21:24, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Well, Eso, this is what is there now: --but I like your idea. I'll leave it up to you, and let you place the Sylvester ref. as you wish to do. This is an interesting situation, finding the right way to express this. I still have had no time to consult my book and read if it mentions antipope Sylvester. Let me know what you think. I think it is close to what it should say, but I think you have a better idea in general.-- Djathink imacowboy  04:38, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we can, for now, leave it as it is, with some sources (not the most recent) saying he was an antipope and others classifying him as a pope but expressing uncertainty about that classification. Esoglou (talk) 08:35, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Citations, wording & Sylvester III
Esoglou, I hope you don't mind my starting a new section. The thread's getting too long. Your suggestion is very good. I will try to get to my library in the next day or two, see if I can find some new citation regarding Sylvester for the article. Perhaps we don't have it right, I'm not certain. Ciao, Esoglou.-- Djathink imacowboy  14:10, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah! We need to find a generic but reliable source for 11th century Rome and the papacy. That way, we might find something more specific about Sylvester III. What I think I'd like to see in the article now is whether or not he's considered an antipope or not. My belief is the Church does not accept him as antipope and lists him in proper succession- but I can't be certain other than I know I have seen him listed after the predecessor. I recall because it wasn't many years after Pope Sylvester II, who was feared and hated but was never an antipope.-- Djathink imacowboy  14:14, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * E., guarda: There it is Esoglou, with NO listing of Sylvester III at all anywhere else. From Lancioni, Enrico (1978). The History of the Popes, Manor Books, pps. 115-116. How do we insert all that? As a block quote just as I have it, or do we re-word it and insert a cleaner form? I can do either way, what is your advice?-- Djathink  imacowboy  14:35, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Then Clement II succeeds followed by Damasus II. And you know, Esoglou, in this list there is no listing of Sylvester III ever again after the mention in the quote above- I think this is good enough.-- Djathink imacowboy  14:40, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * SOLUTION: What I think we need to have is this: Sylvester III listed as an antipope, a man who seems to have been 'set up' (I presume by cardinals) during the forced abdication of Benedict. Sylvester reigned only for a few short months, and we must say as antipope since he was clearly not elected properly. Then we say Benedict returned, took power and sent Sylvester back to be bishop of his diocese, never to be heard from again in papal history. Simple, no?-- Djathink imacowboy  14:46, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Ha, I see the one we cannot get rid of is Benedict IX, who returned to mess with Damasus II! It seems clear why the Church goes back and forth about him and Sylvester. It seems at one time, both he AND Sylvester were legitimate and at other times they were not legitimate... which I don't understand because Sylvester only reigned 2 months and then after Benedict sent him away, King Henry dismissed Sylvester's claim for good. What a mess!! Until we can clear this more, I think Sylvester III is not worth mentioning. Too many disagreements in the Church itself, it seems.-- Djathink imacowboy  14:55, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * It isn't for us to decide whether Sylvester was a legitimate pope or an antipope. We can only report what reliable sources say.  They are not agreed.  The Church has made no declaration.  Some historians call Sylvester an antipope.  Others, on the contrary, say he may have been a legitimate pope.  We can only report this disagreement, not declare that one side was wrong and the other right (WP:OR).  Adding one or more additional sources in support of one view or the other will not change the fact that there are reliable sources for each of the two views.
 * According to one of the two views, it is false to say Sylvester "was clearly not elected properly". Henry dismissed no less than three local claimants to the papal throne and had a German of his choice installed as pope.  Nobody is questioning the legitimacy of the papacy of that German, Pope Clement II.  While the legitimacy of Sylvester III as pope is disputed, there is no dispute about the fact that the disreputable Benedict IX was in possession for about two years in 1042-1044, that Sylvester III was in possession for about two months in 1045, that Benedict IX was again in possession for just under two months in 1045, that Gregory VI was in possession for over a year and a half in 1045-1046, that the German Clement II was in possession from 24 December 1046 until he died on 9 October 1047, and that Benedict IX was in possession for the third time for most of a year after that, until Henry once more imposed an outsider, Damasus II, and, when Damasus died within a month, Saint Leo IX, again from outside.  Esoglou (talk) 15:58, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

I think I was in error stating Sylvester was an antipope. I realised this after I had posted everything else, because we don't seem to have a record of how Sylvester got the papacy. Presumably, it was legitimate. If the Church says or implies it was legitimate, then why are we even discussing whether he was an antipope?

My quote above shows only what Lancioni published. So we are not 'deciding' anything except the best way to list these men in the article if applicable. See, this is why we discuss what we think here on the talk page. We don't put it into the article.

Myself, I tend to see Sylvester III as legitimate- but my source doesn't say how he came to be elected because he says Sylvester was 'set up' as pope. How does one 'set up' a pope? What does it mean? I think it means Sylvester is legitimate.

In fact I wonder whether it was Benedict IX who was an antipope, part-time, at least. History tells that he returned to Rome, but did he usurp the papacy? No one says yes, but no one says no. Was he hated? Yes he was. Was he an antipope? I don't see how, but then how is he excused if he did simply come back and take the papacy through force? He deposed Sylvester originally. Doesn't that make Benedict an antipope for part of his career?

All this is what we need to discover; this is why we discuss it here.

But yes, in your post your facts are clear and accurate. So, as I suggested all along, how do we simplify and explain this with clarity?-- Djathink imacowboy  16:37, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Frankly I think the lines about Sylvester as they are in the article now are fine. Nothing more can be done with it, nothing more added to it. If we do, then we risk what you warned, about putting in conflicting claims from the sources. We have already stated the facts and we state the fact that there is controversy that can't really be answered. We also know the Church's view of Sylvester, yet I don't actually see him listed that often....-- Djathink imacowboy  16:51, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with you that we should leave the present text about Sylvester III as it is. We don't have an exact record of how any of those involved got the papacy - that's what the Annuario Pontificio says when talking about obscurity regarding the historical facts - and we don't know what was the thought and the law of the time with regard to beginnings and endings of pontificates - that's what the Annuario Pontificio says when talking about obscurity regarding the criteria of theology and canon law.  The Church has not spoken on the matter.  The list of popes and antipopes at the start of the Annuario Pontificio is not a Church statement; and even if it were, it expressly indicates that the matter is uncertain.  Esoglou (talk) 19:43, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed and in return, I'm glad you agree with me. I have to thank you, I learned a great deal from reading your posts about that period. It is so confusing, I want a good book about the whole papacy at that time. It is probable that I'll fail to find one.-- Djathink imacowboy  04:19, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

In other denominations?
Have Antipopes only ever happened in the Roman Catholic Church? The head of the Coptic Orthodox Church is also a Pope, and I'm wondering if there has ever been an Antipope to that other denomination. (I suppose we could use the term for any kind of Anti-Patriarch in Eastern Orthodoxy or some other Apostolic sect, but for now, as I only know of one denomination other than Roman Catholic that uses the word "Pope" for its head, I'm asking if there have been any Antipopes there.)

Anyway, have there been any Coptic Orthodox Antipopes? If so, the Article should at least have a section on them. The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 02:00, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I dare say there are, but 'pope' in that meaning would be a disambiguation and deserve its own page. 'Pope' simply means 'father', and is used by other denominations.Gazzster (talk) 05:50, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

I'm a bit concerned that any attempt to broaden the scope of this article may run into a serious definition problem. A number of protestant denominations consider all popes after the great schism to be, in effect, antipopes. So we run into the problem then of having all regular popes also being antipopes and the whole thing becomes a complete mess from there.--||bass (talk) 02:28, 25 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the delay, Mmxbass, I know it's been a while. Anyway, the definition I was thinking of is someone within the respective denomination who falsely claims to be its Supreme Archbishop (whether they call their Supreme Archbishop "Pope," "Patriarch," "Catholicos," or some other name). This would be an internal perspective to each respective group, so no leader (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox) or other would be defined as an "Antipope" just because Protestants say none of them are legitimate. Does that make sense? The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 00:34, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

Someone's idea of a joke - Modern antipopes
The entry "Mirko Fabris Krav" under modern antipopes is someone's idea of a joke. First of all, Croats wouldn't elect an antipope because they are too loyal to the Pope. Second, you can simply Google "Mirko Fabris Krav" and you'll see that he is a stand-up comedian. I'll try to erase this. If it re-appears, please erase it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.141.0.139 (talk) 22:23, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Antipope Kaplan I has got to be a joke, doesn't he? I see nothing on the web about him, and the information seems to be copied from the prior antipope. I am not going to spend time fixing it, but someone should look at it. )Just looking, not a frequent Wikipedia editor. 38.100.154.254 (talk) 02:04, 12 February 2013 (UTC
 * Some might cynically say that they are all, or nearly all, a joke. Esoglou (talk) 08:31, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Would the editor(s) who are constantly re-adding Mirko Fabris Krav please stop? We know that he is a stand-up comedian, not an antipope  .  If by some amazing chance there are two people by this name, one of whom was a claimant to the papacy, please supply a source for this claim.  Also, please stop blanking this section of the talk page.  Thanks!  — Lawrence King ( talk ) 23:54, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The mention of Krav is sourced.   Esoglou (talk) 15:44, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The link you provided is not a legitimate source. It leads to a google search page for John Cornwall. If his book, The Pontiff In Winter, mentions Krav, please cite chapter and page. Nahum (talk) 05:15, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Constantine II
It is difficult to argue that Constantine II was in opposition to Stephen III, as Stephen was elected more than a year after Constantine and had to wait a week until Constantine was dethroned before being consecrated himself. It might be more accurate to say Constantine was in opposition to Christophorus's belief that there was a sede vacante --Rumping (talk) 22:51, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

3rd century and already Popes??
Hello. I am a bit confused about the article. In the history division I see a lot of talk about some (as if) clerics sticking with the pope or antipope in the 3rd century but to my knowledge the Roman Empire was not officially a Christian state before the 4th century and it is impossible to have popes as well as antipopes already in the 3rd century. But maybe I misunderstand something. So if I do, please explain.77.180.65.49 (talk) 06:47, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
 * When do you propose discussing the early, pre-State church leaders? The Bishop of Rome was already a powerful figure at that time. Ogress 23:19, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Not to be confused with...
Antiope. And/or vice versa. I didn't actually read the name of the asteroid as "Antipope" myself, but it could happen...? Oh, wait, there's an Antipop as well. Having opened the can of worms, I shall now depart... 79.73.148.17 (talk) 04:48, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

Secular
The term "secular" in the second paragraph is suspicious, as monarchs who interfere with religion and install their own religious officials are not simply "secular," which is a modern term misapplied to ancient times, sometimes they are just political and anti-religious. -Inowen (talk) 05:20, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

Major Omission From Fictional Antipopes
I know the "In Popular Culture" section is always a useless and embarrassing waste of space and everybody knows it, but you have to have one to keep the borderline autistics who seem to write most of your "encyclopedia" happy. However, since it needs to exist for that reason, and since you consider any passing mention or implied mention of antipopes in sitcoms, Japanese cartoons, computer games, etc. etc. etc. to be important enough to list in aspergic detail, shouldn't you perhaps include a few words to the effect that in 1981 the best-selling author Robert Rankin published a comic fantasy novel about an antipope called "The Antipope"? Just saying. 86.141.29.229 (talk) 16:25, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

Vandalism
At the end of the history section, someone has listed the last several Popes as antipopes. 96.242.166.142 (talk) 14:24, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

 * fixed, will keep an eye on. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 15:18, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antipope


text:
August 28

Pre-1600

 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
 * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
 * 632 – Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
 * 663 – Silla–Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.
 * 1189 – Third Crusade: The Crusaders begin the Siege of Acre under Guy of Lusignan.
 * 1521 – Ottoman wars in Europe: The Ottoman Turks occupy Belgrade.
 * 1524 – The Kaqchikel Maya rebel against their former Spanish allies during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
 * 1542 – Turkish–Portuguese War: Battle of Wofla: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and later executed.
 * 1565 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sights land near St. Augustine, Florida and founds the oldest continuously occupied European-established city in the continental United States.

1601–1900

 * 1609 – Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
 * 1619 – Election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * 1640 – Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
 * 1648 – Second English Civil War: The Siege of Colchester ends when Royalists Forces surrender to the Parliamentary Forces after eleven weeks, during the Second English Civil War.
 * 1709 – Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
 * 1789 – William Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn: Enceladus.
 * 1810 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Navy accepts the surrender of a British Royal Navy fleet at the Battle of Grand Port.
 * 1830 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's new Tom Thumb steam locomotive races a horse-drawn car, presaging steam's role in U.S. railroads.
 * 1833 – The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 receives royal assent, making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal in the British Empire with exceptions.
 * 1845 – The first issue of Scientific American magazine is published.
 * 1849 – Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire: After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent as the Republic of San Marco, surrenders to Austria.
 * 1850 – Richard Wagner’s Lohengrin premieres at the Staatskapelle Weimar.
 * 1859 – The Carrington event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record to strike the Earth. Electrical telegraph service is widely disrupted.
 * 1861 – American Civil War: Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries which lasts for two days.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Battle of Second Manassas, begins in Virginia. The battle ends on August 30 with another Union defeat.
 * 1867 – The United States takes possession of the (at this point unoccupied) Midway Atoll.
 * 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: Cetshwayo, last king of the Zulus, is captured by the British.
 * 1898 – Caleb Bradham's beverage "Brad's Drink" is renamed "Pepsi-Cola".

1901–present

 * 1901 – Silliman University is founded in the Philippines. It is the first American private school in the country.
 * 1909 – A group of mid-level Greek Army officers launches the Goudi coup, seeking wide-ranging reforms.
 * 1913 – Queen Wilhelmina opens the Peace Palace in The Hague.
 * 1914 – World War I: The Royal Navy defeats the German fleet in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.
 * 1916 – World War I: Germany declares war on Romania.
 * 1916  – World War I: Italy declares war on Germany.
 * 1917 – Ten suffragists, members of the Silent Sentinels, are arrested while picketing the White House in favor of women's suffrage in the United States.
 * 1921 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army dissolved the Makhnovshchina, after driving the Revolutionary Insurgent Army out of Ukraine.
 * 1924 – The Georgian opposition stages the August Uprising against the Soviet Union.
 * 1936 – Nazi Germany begins its mass arrests of Jehovah's Witnesses, who are interned in concentration camps.
 * 1937 – Toyota Motors becomes an independent company.
 * 1943 – Denmark in World War II: German authorities demand that Danish authorities crack down on acts of resistance. The next day, martial law is imposed on Denmark.
 * 1944 – World War II: Marseille and Toulon are liberated.
 * 1946 – The Workers’ Party of North Korea, predecessor of the ruling Workers’ Party of Korea, is founded at a congress held in Pyongyang, North Korea.
 * 1955 – Black teenager Emmett Till is lynched in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman, galvanizing the nascent civil rights movement.
 * 1957 – U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond begins a filibuster to prevent the United States Senate from voting on the Civil Rights Act of 1957; he stopped speaking 24 hours and 18 minutes later, the longest filibuster ever conducted by a single Senator.
 * 1963 – March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his I Have a Dream speech.
 * 1964 – The Philadelphia race riot begins.
 * 1968 – Police and protesters clash during 1968 Democratic National Convention protests as protesters chant "The whole world is watching".
 * 1973 – Norrmalmstorg robbery: Stockholm police secure the surrenders of hostage-takers Jan-Erik Olsson and Clark Olofsson, defusing the Norrmalmstorg hostage crisis. The behaviours of the hostages later give rise to the term Stockholm syndrome.
 * 1988 – Ramstein air show disaster: Three aircraft of the Frecce Tricolori demonstration team collide and the wreckage falls into the crowd. Seventy-five are killed and 346 seriously injured.
 * 1990 – Gulf War: Iraq declares Kuwait to be its newest province.
 * 1990  – An F5 tornado strikes the Illinois cities of Plainfield and Joliet, killing 29 people.
 * 1993 – NASA's Galileo probe performs a flyby of the asteroid 243 Ida. Astronomers later discover a moon, the first known asteroid moon, in pictures from the flyby and name it Dactyl.
 * 1993  – Singaporean presidential election: Former Deputy Prime Minister Ong Teng Cheong is elected President of Singapore. Although it is the first presidential election to be determined by popular vote, the allowed candidates consist only of Ong and a reluctant whom the government had asked to run to confer upon the election the semblance of an opposition.
 * 1993  – The autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia in Bosnia and Herzegovina is transformed into the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
 * 1993  – A Tajikistan Airlines Yakovlev Yak-40 crashes during takeoff from Khorog Airport in Tajikistan, killing 82.
 * 1996 – Chicago Seven defendant David Dellinger, antiwar activist Bradford Lyttle, Civil Rights Movement historian Randy Kryn, and eight others are arrested by the Federal Protective Service while protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.
 * 1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the "Qur'an and Sunnah" the "supreme law" but the bill is defeated in the Senate.
 * 1998  – Second Congo War: Loyalist troops backed by Angolan and Zimbabwean forces repulse the RCD and Rwandan offensive on Kinshasa.
 * 1999 – The Russian space mission Soyuz TM-29 reaches completion, ending nearly 10 years of continuous occupation on the space station Mir as it approaches the end of its life.
 * 2003 – In "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the FBI", Brian Wells dies after becoming involved in a complex plot involving a bank robbery, a scavenger hunt, and a homemade explosive device.
 * 2016 – The first experimental mission of ISRO's Scramjet Engine towards the realisation of an Air Breathing Propulsion System is successfully conducted from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.
 * 2017 – China–India border standoff: China and India both pull their troops out of Doklam, putting an end to a two month-long stalemate over China’s construction of a road in disputed territory.

Pre-1600

 * 1023 – Go-Reizei, emperor of Japan (d. 1068)
 * 1366 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421)
 * 1476 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559)
 * 1481 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558)
 * 1582 – Taichang, emperor of China (d. 1620)
 * 1591 – John Christian of Brieg, duke of Brzeg (d. 1639)
 * 1592 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English courtier and politician (d. 1628)

1601–1900

 * 1612 – Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch linguist and scholar (d. 1653)
 * 1667 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1721)
 * 1691 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1750)
 * 1714 – Anthony Ulrich, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
 * 1728 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
 * 1739 – Agostino Accorimboni, Italian composer (d. 1818)
 * 1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German novelist, poet, playwright, and diplomat (d. 1832)
 * 1774 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition (d. 1821)
 * 1801 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1877)
 * 1814 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (d. 1873)
 * 1816 – Charles Sladen, English-Australian politician, 6th Premier of Victoria (d. 1884)
 * 1822 – Graham Berry, English-Australian politician, 11th Premier of Victoria (d. 1904)
 * 1827 – Catherine Mikhailovna, Russian grand duchess (d. 1894)
 * 1833 – Edward Burne-Jones, English artist of the Pre-Raphaelite movement (d. 1898)
 * 1837 – Francis von Hohenstein, duke of Teck (d. 1900)
 * 1840 – Alexander Cameron Sim, Scottish-Japanese pharmacist and businessman, founded Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (d. 1900)
 * 1853 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian architect and engineer, designed the Adziogol Lighthouse (d. 1939)
 * 1859 – Matilda Howell, American archer (d. 1938)
 * 1859  – Vittorio Sella, Italian mountaineer and photographer (d. 1943)
 * 1867 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer and academic (d. 1948)
 * 1878 – George Whipple, American physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
 * 1884 – Peter Fraser, Scottish-New Zealand journalist and politician, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1950)
 * 1885 – Vance Palmer, Australian author, playwright, and critic (d. 1959)
 * 1887 – August Kippasto, Estonian-Australian wrestler and poet (d. 1973)
 * 1887  – István Kühár, Slovenian priest and politician (d. 1922)
 * 1888 – Evadne Price, Australian actress, astrologer, and author (d. 1985)
 * 1891 – Benno Schotz, Estonian-Scottish sculptor and engineer (d. 1984)
 * 1894 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor and director (d. 1981)
 * 1896 – Firaq Gorakhpuri, Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 1982)
 * 1898 – Charlie Grimm, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (d. 1983)
 * 1899 – Charles Boyer, French-American actor, singer, and producer (d. 1978)
 * 1899  – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian footballer and coach (d. 1981)
 * 1899  – Andrei Platonov, Russian author and poet (d. 1951)
 * 1899  – James Wong Howe, Chinese American cinematographer (d. 1976)

1901–present

 * 1903 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (d. 1990)
 * 1904 – Secondo Campini, Italian-American engineer (d. 1980)
 * 1904  – Leho Laurine, Estonian chess player (d. 1998)
 * 1905 – Cyril Walters, Welsh-English cricketer (d. 1992)
 * 1906 – John Betjeman, English poet and academic (d. 1984)
 * 1908 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and author (d. 1996)
 * 1910 – Morris Graves, American painter and academic (d. 2001)
 * 1910  – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-American mathematician and economist Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
 * 1911 – Joseph Luns, Dutch politician and diplomat, 5th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2002)
 * 1913 – Robertson Davies, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1995)
 * 1913  – Jack Dreyfus, American businessman, founded the Dreyfus Corporation (d. 2009)
 * 1913  – Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1993)
 * 1913  – Robert Irving, English conductor and director (d. 1991)
 * 1913  – Terence Reese, English bridge player and author (d. 1996)
 * 1913  – Richard Tucker, American tenor and actor (d. 1975)
 * 1915 – Max Robertson, Bengal-born English sportscaster and author (d. 2009)
 * 1915  – Tasha Tudor, American author and illustrator (d. 2008)
 * 1916 – Hélène Baillargeon, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1997)
 * 1916  – C. Wright Mills American sociologist and author (d. 1962)
 * 1916  – Jack Vance, American author (d. 2013)
 * 1917 – Jack Kirby, American author and illustrator (d. 1994)
 * 1918 – L. B. Cole, American illustrator and publisher (d. 1995)
 * 1919 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English biophysicist and engineer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
 * 1921 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist and engineer (d. 1979)
 * 1921  – Fernando Fernán Gómez, Spanish actor, director, and playwright (d. 2007)
 * 1921  – Nancy Kulp, American actress and soldier (d. 1991)
 * 1921  – Lidia Gueiler Tejada, the first female President of Bolivia (d. 2011)
 * 1924 – Janet Frame, New Zealand author and poet (d. 2004)
 * 1924  – Tony MacGibbon, New Zealand cricketer and engineer (d. 2010)
 * 1924  – Peggy Ryan, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
 * 1924  – Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (d. 2014)
 * 1925 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
 * 1925  – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
 * 1925  – Philip Purser, English author and critic (d. 2022)
 * 1928 – F. William Free, American businessman (d. 2003)
 * 1928  – Vilayat Khan, Indian sitar player and composer (d. 2004)
 * 1929 – István Kertész, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
 * 1929  – Roxie Roker, American actress (d. 1995)
 * 1930 – Windsor Davies, British actor (d. 2019)
 * 1930  – Ben Gazzara, American actor (d. 2012)
 * 1931 – Tito Capobianco, Argentinian director and producer (d. 2018)
 * 1931  – Cristina Deutekom, Dutch soprano and actress (d. 2014)
 * 1931  – Ola L. Mize, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2014)
 * 1931  – John Shirley-Quirk, English actor, singer, and educator (d. 2014)
 * 1931  – Roger Williams, English hepatologist and academic (d. 2020)
 * 1932 – Yakir Aharonov, Israeli academic and educator
 * 1932  – Andy Bathgate, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2016)
 * 1933 – Philip French, English journalist, critic, and producer (d. 2015)
 * 1933  – Patrick Kalilombe, Malawian bishop and theologian (d. 2012)
 * 1935 – Melvin Charney, Canadian sculptor and architect (d. 2012)
 * 1935  – Gilles Rocheleau, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998)
 * 1935  – Sonny Shroyer, American actor
 * 1936 – Don Denkinger, American baseball player and umpire (d. 2023)
 * 1936  – Warren M. Washington, American atmospheric scientist
 * 1938 – Marla Adams, American actress (d. 2024)
 * 1938  – Maurizio Costanzo, Italian journalist and academic (d. 2023)
 * 1938  – Bengt Fahlström, Swedish journalist (d. 2017)
 * 1938  – Marcello Gandini, Italian automotive designer (d. 2024)
 * 1938  – Paul Martin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Canada
 * 1939 – John Kingman, English mathematician and academic
 * 1940 – William Cohen, American lawyer and politician, 20th United States Secretary of Defense
 * 1940  – Ken Jenkins, American actor
 * 1940  – Roger Pingeon, French cyclist (d. 2017)
 * 1941 – Michael Craig-Martin, Irish painter and illustrator
 * 1941  – Toomas Leius, Estonian tennis player and coach
 * 1941  – John Stanley Marshall, English drummer (d. 2023)
 * 1941  – Paul Plishka, American opera singer
 * 1942 – Wendy Davies, Welsh historian and academic
 * 1942  – Jorge Urosa, Venezuelan cardinal (d. 2021)
 * 1943 – Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor and voice actor
 * 1943  – Surayud Chulanont, Thai general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand
 * 1943  – Robert Greenwald, American director and producer
 * 1943  – Shuja Khanzada, Pakistani colonel and politician (d. 2015)
 * 1943  – Lou Piniella, American baseball player and manager
 * 1943  – David Soul, American actor and singer (d. 2024)
 * 1944 – Marianne Heemskerk, Dutch swimmer
 * 1945 – Bob Segarini, American-Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 2023)
 * 1947 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (d. 2004)
 * 1947  – Debra Mooney, American actress
 * 1947  – Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress and singer
 * 1948 – Vonda N. McIntyre, American author (d. 2019)
 * 1948  – Murray Parker, New Zealand cricketer and educator
 * 1948  – Heather Reisman, Canadian publisher and businesswoman
 * 1948  – Danny Seraphine, American drummer and producer
 * 1948  – Elizabeth Wilmshurst, English academic and jurist
 * 1949 – Hugh Cornwell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1949  – Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player and coach
 * 1950 – Ron Guidry, American baseball player and coach
 * 1950  – Tony Husband, English cartoonist (d. 2023)
 * 1951 – Colin McAdam, Scottish footballer (d. 2013)
 * 1951  – Wayne Osmond, American singer-songwriter and actor
 * 1951  – Keiichi Suzuki, Japanese singer-songwriter
 * 1952 – Jacques Chagnon, Canadian educator and politician
 * 1952  – Rita Dove, American poet and essayist
 * 1952  – Wendelin Wiedeking, German businessman
 * 1953 – Ditmar Jakobs, German footballer
 * 1953  – Tõnu Kaljuste, Estonian conductor and journalist
 * 1954 – Katharine Abraham, American feminist economist
 * 1954  – George M. Church, American geneticist, chemist, and engineer
 * 1954  – John Dorahy, Australian rugby player and coach
 * 1954  – Ravi Kanbur, Indian-English economist and academic
 * 1956 – Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican-American actor and producer
 * 1956  – John Long, American basketball player
 * 1956  – Steve Whiteman, American singer-songwriter
 * 1957 – Greg Clark, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
 * 1957  – Ivo Josipović, Croatian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 3rd President of Croatia
 * 1957  – Daniel Stern, American actor and director
 * 1957  – Ai Weiwei, Chinese sculptor and activist
 * 1958 – Scott Hamilton, American figure skater
 * 1959 – Brian Thompson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1960 – Emma Samms, English actress
 * 1961 – Kim Appleby, English singer-songwriter and actress
 * 1961  – Cliff Benson, American football player
 * 1961  – Jennifer Coolidge, American actress
 * 1961  – Ian Pont, English cricketer and coach
 * 1961  – Deepak Tijori, Indian actor and director
 * 1962 – Paul Allen, English footballer
 * 1962  – Craig Anton, American actor and screenwriter
 * 1962  – David Fincher, American director and producer
 * 1963 – Maria Gheorghiu, Romanian folk singer-songwriter
 * 1963  – Regina Jacobs, American runner
 * 1964 – Lee Janzen, American golfer
 * 1964  – Kaj Leo Johannesen, Faroese footballer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
 * 1965 – Dan Crowley, Australian rugby player
 * 1965  – Sonia Kruger, Australian television host and actress
 * 1965  – Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game developer; created Pokémon
 * 1965  – Amanda Tapping, British-Canadian actress and director
 * 1965  – Shania Twain, Canadian singer-songwriter
 * 1966 – Priya Dutt, Indian social worker and politician
 * 1967 – Jamie Osborne, English jockey and trainer
 * 1968 – Billy Boyd, Scottish actor and singer
 * 1969 – Jack Black, American actor and comedian
 * 1969  – Mary McCartney, English photographer and activist
 * 1969  – Jason Priestley, Canadian actor, director, and producer
 * 1969  – Sheryl Sandberg, American business executive
 * 1969  – Pierre Turgeon, Canadian-American ice hockey player
 * 1970 – Melina Aslanidou, German-Greek singer-songwriter
 * 1970  – Rick Recht, American singer-songwriter
 * 1971 – Shane Andrews, American baseball player
 * 1971  – Todd Eldredge, American figure skater and coach
 * 1971  – Janet Evans, American swimmer
 * 1971  – Daniel Goddard, Australian-American actor
 * 1971  – Raúl Márquez, Mexican-American boxer and sportscaster
 * 1972 – Ravindu Shah, Kenyan cricketer
 * 1972  – Jay Witasick, American baseball player and coach
 * 1973 – J. August Richards, American actor
 * 1974 – Johan Andersson, Swedish game designer and programmer
 * 1974  – Takahito Eguchi, Japanese pianist and composer
 * 1974  – Carsten Jancker, German footballer and manager
 * 1975 – Jamie Cureton, English footballer
 * 1975  – Gareth Farrelly, Irish footballer and manager
 * 1975  – Hamish McLachlan, Australian television personality
 * 1975  – Royce Willis, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1976 – Federico Magallanes, Uruguayan footballer
 * 1978 – Karine Turcotte, Canadian weightlifter
 * 1979 – Shaila Dúrcal, Spanish singer-songwriter
 * 1979  – Robert Hoyzer, German footballer and referee
 * 1979  – Kristen Hughes, Australian netball player
 * 1979  – Markus Pröll, German footballer
 * 1979  – Ruth Riley, American basketball player
 * 1980 – Antony Hämäläinen, Finnish singer-songwriter
 * 1980  – Debra Lafave, American sex offender and former teacher
 * 1980  – Ryan Madson, American baseball player
 * 1980  – Jaakko Ojaniemi, Finnish decathlete
 * 1980  – Carly Pope, Canadian actress and producer
 * 1980  – Jonathan Reynolds, English lawyer and politician
 * 1981 – Matt Alrich, American lacrosse player
 * 1981  – Kezia Dugdale, Scottish politician
 * 1981  – Daniel Gygax, Swiss footballer
 * 1981  – Raphael Matos, Brazilian race car driver
 * 1981  – Jake Owen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1981  – Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
 * 1981  – Agata Wróbel, Polish weightlifter
 * 1982 – Anderson Silva de França, Brazilian footballer
 * 1982  – Kevin McNaughton, Scottish footballer
 * 1982  – Thiago Motta, Brazilian-Italian footballer
 * 1982  – Carlos Quentin, American baseball player
 * 1982  – LeAnn Rimes, American singer-songwriter and actress
 * 1983 – Lasith Malinga, Sri Lankan cricketer
 * 1983  – Luke McAlister, New Zealand rugby player
 * 1983  – Lilli Schwarzkopf, German heptathlete
 * 1984 – Will Harris, American baseball player
 * 1985 – Kjetil Jansrud, Norwegian skier
 * 1986 – Jeff Green, American basketball player
 * 1986  – Armie Hammer, American actor
 * 1986  – Tommy Hanson, American baseball player (d. 2015)
 * 1986  – Simon Mannering, New Zealand rugby league player
 * 1986  – Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier and hostage
 * 1986  – Florence Welch, English singer-songwriter
 * 1987 – Caleb Moore, American snowmobile racer (d. 2013)
 * 1988 – Shalita Grant, American actress
 * 1988  – Rosie MacLennan, Canadian trampoline gymnast
 * 1989 – César Azpilicueta, Spanish footballer
 * 1989  – Valtteri Bottas, Finnish race car driver
 * 1989  – Jo Kwon, South Korean singer and dancer
 * 1989  – Cassadee Pope, American singer-songwriter
 * 1990 – Katie Findlay, Canadian actor
 * 1990  – Bojan Krkić, Spanish footballer
 * 1991 – Felicio Brown Forbes, German footballer
 * 1991  – Samuel Larsen, American actor and singer
 * 1991  – Kyle Massey, American actor
 * 1991  – Andreja Pejić, Bosnian model
 * 1992 – Bismack Biyombo, Congolese basketball player
 * 1992  – Max Collins, American-Filipino actress and model
 * 1992  – Gabriela Drăgoi, Romanian gymnast
 * 1993 – Jakub Sokolík, Czech footballer
 * 1994 – Manon Arcangioli, French tennis player
 * 1994  – Ons Jabeur, Tunisian tennis player
 * 1998 – Weston McKennie, American soccer player
 * 2001 – Kamilla Rakhimova, Russian tennis player
 * 2003 – Quvenzhané Wallis, American actress

Pre-1600

 * 388 – Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor (b. 335)
 * 430 – Augustine of Hippo, Algerian bishop, theologian, and saint (b. 354)
 * 476 – Orestes, Roman general and politician
 * 632 – Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (b. 605)
 * 683 – Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I, ajaw of the city-state of Palenque (b. 615)
 * 770 – Kōken, emperor of Japan (b. 718)
 * 876 – Louis the German, Frankish king (b. 804)
 * 919 – He Gui, Chinese general (b. 858)
 * 1055 – Xing Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1016)
 * 1149 – Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Turkish ruler and regent
 * 1231 – Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark
 * 1341 – Levon IV, king of Armenia (b. 1309)
 * 1406 – John de Sutton V, Baron Sutton of Dudley (b. 1380)
 * 1481 – Afonso V, king of Portugal (b. 1432)
 * 1540 – Federico II Gonzaga, duke of Mantua (b. 1500)

1601–1900

 * 1609 – Francis Vere, English governor and general
 * 1645 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch playwright, philosopher, and jurist (b. 1583)
 * 1646 – Johannes Banfi Hunyades, English-Hungarian alchemist, chemist and metallurgist. (b. 1576)
 * 1648 – George Lisle, English general (b. 1610)
 * 1648  – Charles Lucas, English general (b. 1613)
 * 1654 – Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (b. 1583)
 * 1665 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1638)
 * 1678 – John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1602)
 * 1735 – Edwin Stead, English landowner and cricketer (b. 1701)
 * 1757 – David Hartley, English psychologist and philosopher (b. 1705)
 * 1761 – Melchor de Navarrete, Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739 - 1742); of Spanish Florida (1749 - 1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754 - 1758) (b. 1693)
 * 1784 – Junípero Serra, Spanish priest and missionary (b. 1713)
 * 1793 – Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, French general (b. 1740)
 * 1805 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader and author (b. 1722)
 * 1818 – Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, American fur trader, founded Chicago (b. 1750)
 * 1820 – Andrew Ellicott, American surveyor and urban planner (b. 1754)
 * 1832 – Edward Dando, English thief
 * 1839 – William Smith, English geologist and engineer (b. 1769)
 * 1888 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet and journalist (b. 1835)
 * 1891 – Robert Caldwell, English missionary and linguist (b. 1814)
 * 1900 – Henry Sidgwick, English economist and philosopher (b. 1838)

1901–present

 * 1903 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American journalist and architect, co-designed Central Park (b. 1822)
 * 1919 – Adolf Schmal, Austrian fencer and cyclist (b. 1872)
 * 1934 – Edgeworth David, Welsh-Australian geologist and explorer (b. 1858)
 * 1937 – George Prendergast, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Victoria (b. 1854)
 * 1943 – Georg Hellat, Estonian architect (b. 1870)
 * 1943  – Boris III of Bulgaria (b. 1894)
 * 1955 – Emmett Till, African-American kidnapping and lynching victim (b. 1941)
 * 1959 – Bohuslav Martinů, Czech-American composer and educator (b. 1890)
 * 1965 – Giulio Racah, Italian-Israeli physicist and mathematician (b. 1909)
 * 1968 – Dimitris Pikionis, Greek architect and academic (b. 1887)
 * 1971 – Reuvein Margolies, Israeli author and scholar (b. 1889)
 * 1972 – Prince William of Gloucester (b. 1941)
 * 1975 – Fritz Wotruba, Austrian sculptor (b. 1907)
 * 1976 – Anissa Jones, American actress (b. 1958)
 * 1978 – Bruce Catton, American historian and journalist (b. 1899)
 * 1978  – Robert Shaw, English actor (b. 1927)
 * 1981 – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1899)
 * 1982 – Geoff Chubb, South African cricketer (b. 1911)
 * 1984 – Muhammad Naguib, Egyptian general and politician, 1st President of Egypt (b. 1901)
 * 1985 – Ruth Gordon, American actress and screenwriter (b. 1896)
 * 1986 – Russell Lee, American photographer and journalist (b. 1903)
 * 1987 – John Huston, Irish actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1906)
 * 1988 – Jean Marchand, Canadian union leader and politician, 43rd Secretary of State for Canada (b. 1918)
 * 1988  – Max Shulman, American author and screenwriter (b. 1919)
 * 1989 – John Steptoe, American author and illustrator (b. 1950)
 * 1990 – Willy Vandersteen, Belgian author and illustrator (b. 1913)
 * 1991 – Alekos Sakellarios, Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1913)
 * 1993 – William Stafford, American poet and academic (b. 1914)
 * 1995 – Earl W. Bascom, American rodeo performer and painter (b. 1906)
 * 1995  – Michael Ende, German scientist and author (b. 1929)
 * 2005 – Jacques Dufilho, French actor (b. 1914)
 * 2005  – Esther Szekeres, Hungarian-Australian mathematician and academic (b. 1910)
 * 2005  – George Szekeres, Hungarian-Australian mathematician and academic (b. 1911)
 * 2006 – Heino Lipp, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1922)
 * 2006  – Benoît Sauvageau, Canadian educator and politician (b. 1963)
 * 2006  – Melvin Schwartz, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932)
 * 2007 – Arthur Jones, American businessman, founded Nautilus, Inc. and MedX Corporation (b. 1926)
 * 2007  – Hilly Kristal, American businessman, founded CBGB (b. 1932)
 * 2007  – Paul MacCready, American engineer and businessman, founded AeroVironment (b. 1925)
 * 2007  – Francisco Umbral, Spanish journalist and author (b. 1935)
 * 2007  – Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese-American actress (b. 1929)
 * 2008 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927)
 * 2009 – Adam Goldstein, American drummer, DJ, and producer (b. 1973)
 * 2009  – Richard Egan, US Ambassador, Owner of Dell EMC, Engineer (b. 1963)
 * 2010 – William P. Foster, American bandleader and educator (b. 1919)
 * 2011 – Bernie Gallacher, English footballer (b. 1967)
 * 2012 – Rhodes Boyson, English educator and politician (b. 1925)
 * 2012  – Shulamith Firestone, Canadian-American activist and author (b. 1945)
 * 2012  – Dick McBride, American author, poet, and playwright (b. 1928)
 * 2012  – Saul Merin, Polish-Israeli ophthalmologist and academic (b. 1933)
 * 2012  – Ramón Sota, Spanish golfer (b. 1938)
 * 2013 – John Bellany, Scottish painter and academic (b. 1942)
 * 2013  – Lorella Cedroni, Italian political scientist and philosopher (b. 1961)
 * 2013  – Edmund B. Fitzgerald, American businessman (b. 1926)
 * 2013  – Frank Pulli, American baseball player and umpire (b. 1935)
 * 2013  – Barry Stobart, English footballer (b. 1938)
 * 2013  – Rafael Díaz Ycaza, Ecuadorian journalist, author, and poet (b. 1925)
 * 2014 – Glenn Cornick, English bass guitarist (b. 1947)
 * 2014  – Hal Finney, American cryptographer and programmer (b. 1956)
 * 2014  – John Anthony Walker, American soldier and spy (b. 1937)
 * 2015 – Al Arbour, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1932)
 * 2015  – Mark Krasniqi, Kosovan ethnographer, poet, and translator (b. 1920)
 * 2015  – Nelson Shanks, American painter and educator (b. 1937)
 * 2016 – Juan Gabriel, Mexican singer and songwriter (b. 1950)
 * 2016  – Mr. Fuji, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1934)
 * 2017 – Mireille Darc, French actress and model (b. 1938)
 * 2020 – Chadwick Boseman, American actor and playwright (b. 1976)

Holidays and observances

 * Christian feast day:
 * Alexander of Constantinople
 * Augustine of Hippo
 * Edmund Arrowsmith
 * Hermes
 * Moses the Black
 * August 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * National Grandparents Day (Mexico)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: August 28


text:
Arabic numerals

The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers. The term often also implies a positional notation using the numerals, as well as the use of a decimal base, in particular when contrasted with other systems such as Roman numerals. However, the symbols are also used to write numbers in other bases such as octal, as well as for writing non-numerical information such as trademarks or license plate identifiers.

They are also called Western Arabic numerals, Ghubār numerals, Hindu–Arabic numerals, Western digits, Latin digits, or European digits. The Oxford English Dictionary uses lowercase Arabic numerals, and the fully capitalized term Arabic Numerals for the Eastern Arabic numerals. The term numbers or numerals or digits often implies only these symbols, however this can only be inferred from context.

Europeans first learned of Arabic numerals c. the 10th century, though their spread was a gradual process. Two centuries later, the Italian scholar Fibonacci encountered the numerals in the Algerian city of Béjaïa. His 13th-century work Liber Abaci was crucial in making them known throughout Europe; however, their use in Europe was largely confined to Northern Italy until the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. European trade, books, and colonialism subsequently helped popularize the adoption of Arabic numerals around the world. The numerals are used worldwide—significantly beyond the contemporary spread of the Latin alphabet—and have become common in the writing systems where other numeral systems existed previously, such as Chinese and Japanese numerals.

Origin

Positional decimal notation including a zero symbol was developed in India, using symbols visually distinct from those that would eventually enter into international use. As the concept spread, the sets of symbols used in different regions diverged over time.

The immediate ancestors of the digits now commonly called "Arabic numerals" were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic speakers of Spain and North Africa, with digits at the time in wide use from Libya to Morocco. In the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabs were using the Eastern Arabic numerals or "Mashriki" numerals: ٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤, ٥, ٦, ٧, ٨, ٩.

Al-Nasawi wrote in the early 11th century that mathematicians had not agreed on the form of the numerals, but most of them had agreed to train themselves with the forms now known as Eastern Arabic numerals. The oldest specimens of the written numerals available are from Egypt and date to 873–874 AD. They show three forms of the numeral "2" and two forms of the numeral "3", and these variations indicate the divergence between what later became known as the Eastern Arabic numerals and the Western Arabic numerals. The Western Arabic numerals came to be used in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus from the 10th century onward. Some amount of consistency in the Western Arabic numeral forms endured from the 10th century, found in a Latin manuscript of Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae from 976 and the Gerbertian abacus, into the 12th and 13th centuries, in early manuscripts of translations from the city of Toledo.

Calculations were originally performed using a dust board (, Latin: tabula), which involved writing symbols with a stylus and erasing them. The use of the dust board appears to have introduced a divergence in terminology as well: whereas the Hindu reckoning was called in the east, it was called  'calculation with dust' in the west. The numerals themselves were referred to in the west as 'dust figures' or  'dust letters'. Al-Uqlidisi later invented a system of calculations with ink and paper 'without board and erasing'.

A popular myth claims that the symbols were designed to indicate their numeric value through the number of angles they contained, but there is no contemporary evidence of this, and the myth is difficult to reconcile with any digits past 4.

Adoption and spread

The first mentions of the numerals from 1 to 9 in the West are found in the 976 Codex Vigilanus, an illuminated collection of various historical documents covering a period from antiquity to the 10th century in Hispania. Other texts show that numbers from 1 to 9 were occasionally supplemented by a placeholder known as Names for the number 0 in English, represented as a circle or wheel, reminiscent of the eventual symbol for 0|zero. The Arabic term for zero is (صفر), transliterated into Latin as cifra, which became the English word cipher.

From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth. He was known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the astrolabe from Lupitus of Barcelona after he had returned to France.

The reception of Arabic numerals in the West was gradual and lukewarm, as other numeral systems circulated in addition to the older Roman numbers. As a discipline, the first to adopt Arabic numerals as part of their own writings were astronomers and astrologists, evidenced from manuscripts surviving from mid-12th-century Bavaria. Reinher of Paderborn (1140–1190) used the numerals in his calendrical tables to calculate the dates of Easter more easily in his text Compotus emendatus.

Italy

Leonardo Fibonacci was a Pisan mathematician who had studied in the Pisan trading colony of Bugia, in what is now Algeria, and he endeavored to promote the numeral system in Europe with his 1202 book Liber Abaci:

"When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it."

The Liber Abaci's analysis highlighting the advantages of positional notation was widely influential. Likewise, Fibonacci's use of the Béjaïa digits in his exposition ultimately led to their widespread adoption in Europe. Fibonacci's work coincided with the European commercial revolution of the 12th and 13th centuries centered in Italy. Positional notation facilitated complex calculations (such as currency conversion) to be completed more quickly than was possible with the Roman system. In addition, the system could handle larger numbers, did not require a separate reckoning tool, and allowed the user to check their work without repeating the entire procedure. Late medieval Italian merchants did not stop using Roman numerals or other reckoning tools: instead, Arabic numerals were adopted for use in addition to their preexisting methods.

Europe

By the late 14th century, only a few texts using Arabic numerals appeared outside of Italy. This suggests that the use of Arabic numerals in commercial practice, and the significant advantage they conferred, remained a virtual Italian monopoly until the late 15th century. This may in part have been due to language barriers: although Fibonacci's Liber Abaci was written in Latin, the Italian abacus traditions was predominantly written in Italian vernaculars that circulated in the private collections of abacus schools or individuals. It was likely difficult for non-Italian merchant bankers to access comprehensive information.

The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century. Their use grew steadily in other centers of finance and trade such as Lyon. Early evidence of their use in Britain includes: an equal hour horary quadrant from 1396, in England, a 1445 inscription on the tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex; a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of Bray Church, Berkshire; and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at Piddletrenthide church, Dorset; and in Scotland a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in Elgin Cathedral. In central Europe, the King of Hungary Ladislaus the Posthumous, started the use of Arabic numerals, which appear for the first time in a royal document of 1456.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe. Roman numerals remained in use mostly for the notation of Anno Domini (“A.D.”) years, and for numbers on clock faces.

Russia
Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals, Cyrillic numerals, derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, were used by South and East Slavs. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, although it was formally replaced in official use by Peter the Great in 1699. Reasons for Peter's switch from the alphanumerical system are believed to go beyond a surface-level desire to imitate the West. Historian Peter Brown makes arguments for sociological, militaristic, and pedagogical reasons for the change. At a broad, societal level, Russian merchants, soldiers, and officials increasingly came into contact with counterparts from the West and became familiar with the communal use of Arabic numerals. Peter also covertly travelled throughout Northern Europe from 1697 to 1698 during his Grand Embassy and was likely informally exposed to Western mathematics during this time. The Cyrillic system was found to be inferior for calculating practical kinematic values, such as the trajectories and parabolic flight patterns of artillery. With its use, it was difficult to keep pace with Arabic numerals in the growing field of ballistics, whereas Western mathematicians such as John Napier had been publishing on the topic since 1614.

China
The Chinese Shang dynasty numerals from the 14th century B.C. predates the Indian Brahmi numerals by over 1000 years and shows substantial similarity to the Brahmi numerals. Similar to the modern Arabic numerals, the Shang dynasty numeral system was also decimal based and positional.

While positional Chinese numeral systems such as the counting rod system and Suzhou numerals had been in use prior to the introduction of modern Arabic numerals, the externally-developed system was eventually introduced to medieval China by the Hui people. In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits.

Encoding
The ten Arabic numerals are encoded in virtually every character set designed for electric, radio, and digital communication, such as Morse code. They are encoded in ASCII (and therefore in Unicode encodings ) at positions 0x30 to 0x39. Masking all but the four least-significant binary digits gives the value of the decimal digit, a design decision facilitating the digitization of text onto early computers. EBCDIC used a different offset, but also possessed the aforementioned masking property.

title: Arabic numerals


text:
April 9

Pre-1600

 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges but is forced into a stalemate.
 * 1241 – Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
 * 1288 – Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
 * 1388 – Despite being outnumbered 16:1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
 * 1454 – The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.

1601–1900

 * 1609 – Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
 * 1609  – Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
 * 1682 – Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.
 * 1784 – The Treaty of Paris, ratified by the United States Congress on January 14, 1784, is ratified by King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain, ending the American Revolutionary War. Copies of the ratified documents are exchanged on May 12, 1784.
 * 1860 – On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville makes the oldest known recording of an audible human voice.
 * 1865 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the war.

1901–present

 * 1909 – The U.S. Congress passes the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act.
 * 1917 – World War I: The Battle of Arras: The battle begins with Canadian Corps executing a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.
 * 1918 – World War I: The Battle of the Lys: The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps is crushed by the German forces during what is called the Spring Offensive on the Belgian region of Flanders.
 * 1937 – The Kamikaze arrives at Croydon Airport in London. It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
 * 1939 – African-American singer Marian Anderson gives a concert at the Lincoln Memorial after being denied the use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
 * 1940 – World War II: Operation Weserübung: Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
 * 1940  – Vidkun Quisling seizes power in Norway.
 * 1942 – World War II: The Battle of Bataan ends. An Indian Ocean raid by Japan's 1st Air Fleet sinks the British aircraft carrier HMS Hermes (95) and the Australian destroyer HMAS Vampire (D68).
 * 1945 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran pastor and anti-Nazi dissident, is executed by the Nazi regime.
 * 1945  – World War II: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer is sunk by the Royal Air Force.
 * 1945  – World War II: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.
 * 1945  – The United States Atomic Energy Commission is formed.
 * 1947 – The Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes kill 181 and injure 970 in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
 * 1947  – The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel.
 * 1947  – United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 relating to Corfu Channel incident is adopted.
 * 1948 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the Bogotazo), and a further ten years of violence in Colombia.
 * 1948  – Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist paramilitary groups attacked Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100.
 * 1952 – Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines
 * 1952  – Japan Air Lines Flight 301 crashes into Mount Mihara, Izu Ōshima, Japan, killing 37.
 * 1957 – The Suez Canal in Egypt is cleared and opens to shipping following the Suez Crisis.
 * 1959 – Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the United States' first seven astronauts, whom the news media quickly dub the "Mercury Seven".
 * 1960 – Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by a white farmer, David Pratt in Johannesburg.
 * 1967 – The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) makes its maiden flight.
 * 1969 – The first British-built Concorde 002 makes its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford with Brian Trubshaw as the test pilot.
 * 1980 – The Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein kills philosopher Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister Bint al-Huda after three days of torture.
 * 1981 – The U.S. Navy nuclear submarine USS George Washington (SSBN-598) accidentally collides with the Nissho Maru, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it and killing two Japanese sailors.
 * 1989 – Tbilisi massacre: An anti-Soviet peaceful demonstration and hunger strike in Tbilisi, demanding restoration of Georgian independence, is dispersed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
 * 1990 – An IRA bombing in County Down, Northern Ireland, kills three members of the UDR.
 * 1990  – The Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement is signed for 180,000 km2 in the Mackenzie Valley of the western Arctic.
 * 1990  – An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 over Gadsden, Alabama, killing both of the Cessna's occupants.
 * 1991 – Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
 * 1992 – A U.S. Federal Court finds former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega guilty of drug and racketeering charges. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison.
 * 1994 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-59.
 * 2003 – Iraq War: Baghdad falls to American forces.
 * 2009 – In Tbilisi, Georgia, up to 60,000 people protest against the government of Mikheil Saakashvili.
 * 2013 – A 6.1–magnitude earthquake strikes Iran killing 32 people and injuring over 850 people.
 * 2013  – At least 13 people are killed and another three injured after a man goes on a spree shooting in the Serbian village of Velika Ivanča.
 * 2014 – A student stabs 20 people at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania.
 * 2017 – The Palm Sunday church bombings at Coptic churches in Tanta and Alexandria, Egypt, take place.
 * 2017  – After refusing to give up his seat on an overbooked United Express flight, Dr. David Dao Duy Anh is forcibly dragged off the flight by aviation security officers, leading to major criticism of United Airlines.
 * 2021 – Burmese military and security forces commit the Bago massacre, during which at least 82 civilians are killed.

Pre-1600

 * 1096 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)
 * 1285 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan (d. 1320)
 * 1458 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian saint (d. 1524)
 * 1498 – Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (d. 1550)
 * 1586 – Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1665)
 * 1597 – John Davenport, English minister, co-founded the New Haven Colony (d. 1670)
 * 1598 – Johann Crüger, Sorbian-German composer and theorist (d. 1662)

1601–1900

 * 1624 – Henrik Rysensteen, Dutch military engineer (d. 1679)
 * 1627 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German organist and composer (d. 1693)
 * 1634 – Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau (d. 1696)
 * 1648 – Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
 * 1649 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire (d. 1685)
 * 1654 – Samuel Fritz, Czech Jesuit missionary to South America (d. 1725?)
 * 1680 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright (d. 1754)
 * 1686 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1721)
 * 1691 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar and academic (d. 1761)
 * 1717 – Georg Matthias Monn, Austrian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1750)
 * 1770 – Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist and academic (d. 1831)
 * 1773 – Étienne Aignan, French author and academic (d. 1824)
 * 1794 – Theobald Boehm, German flute player and composer (d. 1881)
 * 1794  – Søren Christian Sommerfelt, Norwegian priest and botanist (d. 1838)
 * 1802 – Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physician and philologist (d. 1884)
 * 1806 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel, English engineer, designed the Clifton Suspension Bridge (d. 1859)
 * 1807 – James Bannerman, Scottish theologian and academic (d. 1868)
 * 1821 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet and critic (d. 1867)
 * 1830 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer and cinematographer (d. 1904)
 * 1835 – Leopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
 * 1835  – Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore (d. 1913)
 * 1846 – Paolo Tosti, Italian-English composer and educator (d. 1916)
 * 1848 – Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz, Spanish Augustinian Recollect priest and saint (d. 1906)
 * 1865 – Erich Ludendorff, German general and politician (d. 1937)
 * 1865  – Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Polish-American mathematician and engineer (d. 1923)
 * 1867 – Chris Watson, Chilean-Australian journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
 * 1867  – Charles Winckler, Danish tug of war competitor, discus thrower, and shot putter (d. 1932)
 * 1872 – Léon Blum, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1950)
 * 1875 – Jacques Futrelle, American journalist and author (d. 1912)
 * 1880 – Jan Letzel, Czech architect (d. 1925)
 * 1882 – Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1946)
 * 1882  – Otz Tollen, German actor (d. 1965)
 * 1883 – Frank King, American cartoonist (d. 1969)
 * 1887 – Konrad Tom, Polish actor, writer, singer, and director (d. 1957)
 * 1888 – Sol Hurok, Ukrainian-American talent manager (d. 1974)
 * 1893 – Charles E. Burchfield, American painter (d. 1967)
 * 1893  – Victor Gollancz, English publisher, founded Victor Gollancz Ltd (d. 1967)
 * 1893  – Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian linguist, author, and scholar (d. 1963)
 * 1895 – Mance Lipscomb, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976)
 * 1895  – Michel Simon, Swiss-French actor (d. 1975)
 * 1897 – John B. Gambling, American radio host (d. 1974)
 * 1898 – Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach (d. 1965)
 * 1898  – Paul Robeson, American singer, actor, and activist (d. 1976)
 * 1900 – Allen Jenkins, American actor and singer (d. 1974)

1901–present

 * 1901 – Jean Bruchési, Canadian historian and author (d. 1979)
 * 1901  – Paul Willis, American actor and director (d. 1960)
 * 1902 – Théodore Monod, French explorer and scholar (d. 2000)
 * 1903 – Ward Bond, American actor (d. 1960)
 * 1904 – Sharkey Bonano, American singer, trumpet player, and bandleader (d. 1972)
 * 1905 – J. William Fulbright, American lawyer and politician (d. 1995)
 * 1906 – Rafaela Aparicio, Spanish actress (d. 1996)
 * 1906  – Antal Doráti, Hungarian-American conductor and composer (d. 1988)
 * 1906  – Hugh Gaitskell, British politician and leader of the Labour Party (d. 1963)
 * 1906  – Victor Vasarely, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1997)
 * 1908 – Joseph Krumgold, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980)
 * 1908  – Paula Nenette Pepin, French composer, pianist and lyricist (d. 1990)
 * 1909 – Robert Helpmann, Australian dancer, actor, and choreographer (d. 1986)
 * 1910 – Abraham A. Ribicoff, American lawyer and politician, 4th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 1998)
 * 1912 – Lev Kopelev, Ukrainian-German author and academic (d. 1997)
 * 1915 – Daniel Johnson Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (d. 1968)
 * 1916 – Julian Dash, American swing music jazz tenor saxophonist (d. 1974)
 * 1916  – Heinz Meyer, German Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) during World War II (d. 1987)
 * 1916  – Bill Leonard, American journalist (d. 1994)
 * 1917 – Johannes Bobrowski, German songwriter and poet (d. 1965)
 * 1917  – Ronnie Burgess, Welsh international footballer and manager (d. 2005)
 * 1917  – Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
 * 1917  – Henry Hewes, American theater writer (d. 2006)
 * 1918 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect, designed the Sydney Opera House (d. 2008)
 * 1919 – J. Presper Eckert, American engineer, invented the ENIAC (d. 1995)
 * 1921 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French businessman (d. 2008)
 * 1921  – Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015)
 * 1921  – Frankie Thomas, American actor (d. 2006)
 * 1921  – Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and aerospace engineer (d. 2005)
 * 1922 – Carl Amery, German author and activist (d. 2005)
 * 1923 – Leonard Levy, American historian and author (d. 2006)
 * 1924 – Arthur Shaw, English professional footballer (d. 2015)
 * 1925 – Virginia Gibson, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2013)
 * 1925  – Art Kane, American photographer (d. 1995)
 * 1926 – Gerry Fitt, Northern Irish soldier and politician; British life peer (d. 2005)
 * 1926  – Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founded Playboy Enterprises (d. 2017)
 * 1926  – Harris Wofford, American politician, author, and civil rights activist (d. 2019)
 * 1927 – Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2019)
 * 1928 – Paul Arizin, American basketball player (d. 2006)
 * 1928  – Tom Lehrer, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and mathematician
 * 1929 – Sharan Rani Backliwal, Indian sarod player and scholar (d. 2008)
 * 1929  – Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (d. 1993)
 * 1929  – Paule Marshall, American author and academic (d. 2019)
 * 1930 – Nathaniel Branden, Canadian-American psychotherapist and author (d. 2014)
 * 1930  – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist and academic (d. 2007)
 * 1930  – Jim Fowler, American zoologist and television host (d. 2019)
 * 1930  – Wallace McCain, Canadian businessman, founded McCain Foods (d. 2011)
 * 1931 – Richard Hatfield, Canadian lawyer and politician, 26th Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1991)
 * 1932 – Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (d. 2006)
 * 1932  – Peter Moores, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 2016)
 * 1932  – Carl Perkins, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1998)
 * 1933 – Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor and producer (d. 2021)
 * 1933  – René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (d. 2014)
 * 1933  – Fern Michaels, American author
 * 1933  – Richard Rose, American political scientist and academic
 * 1933  – Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994)
 * 1934 – Bill Birch, New Zealand surveyor and politician, 38th New Zealand Minister of Finance
 * 1934  – Tom Phillis, Australian motorcycle racer (d. 1962)
 * 1934  – Mariya Pisareva, Russian high jumper (d. 2023)
 * 1935 – Aulis Sallinen, Finnish composer and academic
 * 1935  – Avery Schreiber, American actor and comedian (d. 2002)
 * 1936 – Jerzy Maksymiuk, Polish pianist, composer, and conductor
 * 1936 – Drew Shafer, American LGBT rights activist from Missouri (d. 1989)
 * 1936 – Valerie Solanas, American radical feminist author, attempted murderer (d. 1988)
 * 1937 – Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood, English lieutenant, lawyer, and judge (d. 2023)
 * 1937 – Marty Krofft, Canadian screenwriter and producer (d. 2023)
 * 1937 – Valerie Singleton, English television and radio host
 * 1938 – Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian businessman and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (d. 2010)
 * 1939 – Michael Learned, American actress
 * 1939 – Margo Smith, American singer-songwriter (d. 2024)
 * 1940 – Hans-Joachim Reske, German sprinter
 * 1940 – Jim Roberts, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2015)
 * 1941 – Kay Adams, American singer-songwriter
 * 1941 – Hannah Gordon, Scottish actress
 * 1942 – Brandon deWilde, American actor (d. 1972)
 * 1943 – Leila Khaled, Palestinian activist
 * 1943 – Terry Knight, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2004)
 * 1943 – Clive Sullivan, Welsh rugby league player (d. 1985)
 * 1944 – Joe Brinkman, American baseball player and umpire
 * 1944 – Heinz-Joachim Rothenburg, German shot putter
 * 1945 – Steve Gadd, American drummer and percussionist
 * 1946 – Nate Colbert, American baseball player (d. 2023)
 * 1946 – Alan Knott, English cricketer
 * 1946 – Sara Parkin, Scottish activist and politician
 * 1946 – David Webb, English footballer, coach, and manager
 * 1947 – Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Italian economist and academic
 * 1948 – Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician
 * 1948 – Tito Gómez, Puerto Rican salsa singer (d. 2007)
 * 1948 – Michel Parizeau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * 1948 – Patty Pravo, Italian singer
 * 1949 – Tony Cragg, English sculptor
 * 1952 – Robert Clark, American author
 * 1952 – Bruce Robertson, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2023)
 * 1952 – Tania Tsanaklidou, Greek singer and actress
 * 1953 – John Howard, English singer-songwriter and pianist
 * 1953 – Hal Ketchum, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020)
 * 1953 – Stephen Paddock, American mass murderer responsible for the 2017 Las Vegas shooting (d. 2017)
 * 1954 – Ken Kalfus, American journalist and author
 * 1954  – Dennis Quaid, American actor
 * 1954  – Iain Duncan Smith, British soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
 * 1955 – Yamina Benguigui, Algerian-French director and politician
 * 1955  – Joolz Denby, English poet and author
 * 1956 – Miguel Ángel Russo, Argentinian footballer and coach
 * 1956  – Nigel Shadbolt, English computer scientist and academic
 * 1956  – Marina Zoueva, Russian ice dancer and coach
 * 1957 – Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer and architect (d. 2011)
 * 1957  – Martin Margiela, Belgian fashion designer
 * 1957  – Jamie Redfern, English-born Australian television presenter and pop singer
 * 1958 – Nadey Hakim, British-Lebanese surgeon and sculptor
 * 1958  – Tony Sibson, English boxer
 * 1958  – Nigel Slater, English food writer and author
 * 1959 – Bernard Jenkin, English businessman and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
 * 1960 – Jaak Aab, Estonian educator and politician, Minister of Social Affairs of Estonia
 * 1961 – Mark Kelly, Irish keyboard player
 * 1961  – Kirk McCaskill, Canadian-American baseball and hockey player
 * 1962 – John Eaves, American production designer and illustrator
 * 1962  – Ihor Podolchak, Ukrainian director, producer, and screenwriter
 * 1962  – Imran Sherwani, English field hockey player
 * 1962  – Jeff Turner, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
 * 1963 – Marc Jacobs, American-French fashion designer
 * 1963  – Joe Scarborough, American journalist, lawyer, and politician
 * 1964 – Rob Awalt, German-American football player
 * 1964  – Juliet Cuthbert, Jamaican sprinter
 * 1964  – Doug Ducey, American politician and businessman, 23rd Governor of Arizona
 * 1964  – Peter Penashue, Canadian businessman and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
 * 1964  – Margaret Peterson Haddix, American author
 * 1964  – Rick Tocchet, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach
 * 1965 – Helen Alfredsson, Swedish golfer
 * 1965  – Paulina Porizkova, Czech-born Swedish-American model and actress
 * 1965  – Jeff Zucker, American businessman
 * 1965  – Mark Pellegrino, American actor
 * 1966 – John Hammond, English weather forecaster
 * 1966  – Cynthia Nixon, American actress
 * 1967 – Natascha Engel, German-English translator and politician
 * 1967  – Sam Harris, American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist
 * 1968 – Jay Chandrasekhar, American actor, comedian, writer and director
 * 1969 – Barnaby Kay, English actor
 * 1969  – Linda Kisabaka, German runner
 * 1970 – Chorão, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
 * 1971 – Peter Canavan, Irish footballer and manager
 * 1971  – Leo Fortune-West, English footballer and manager
 * 1971  – Austin Peck, American actor
 * 1971  – Jacques Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver
 * 1972 – Bernard Ackah, German-Japanese martial artist and kick-boxer
 * 1972  – Siiri Vallner, Estonian architect
 * 1974 – Megan Connolly, Australian actress (d. 2001)
 * 1974  – Jenna Jameson, American actress and pornographic performer
 * 1975 – Robbie Fowler, English footballer and manager
 * 1975  – David Gordon Green, American director and screenwriter
 * 1976 – Kyle Peterson, American baseball player and sportscaster
 * 1977 – Gerard Way, American singer-songwriter and comic book writer
 * 1978 – Kousei Amano, Japanese actor
 * 1978  – Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer
 * 1978  – Rachel Stevens, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
 * 1979 – Jeff Reed, American football player
 * 1979  – Keshia Knight Pulliam, American actress
 * 1980 – Sarah Ayton, English sailor
 * 1980  – Luciano Galletti, Argentinian footballer
 * 1980  – Albert Hammond Jr., American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * 1981 – Milan Bartovič, Slovak ice hockey player
 * 1981  – A. J. Ellis, American baseball player
 * 1981  – Ireneusz Jeleń, Polish footballer
 * 1981  – Dennis Sarfate, American baseball player
 * 1981  – Eric Harris, American mass murderer, responsible for the Columbine High School massacre  (d. 1999)
 * 1982 – Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor
 * 1982  – Carlos Hernández, Costa Rican footballer
 * 1982  – Kathleen Munroe, Canadian-American actress
 * 1983 – Ryan Clark, Australian actor
 * 1984 – Habiba Ghribi, Tunisian runner
 * 1984  – Adam Loewen, Canadian baseball player
 * 1984  – Óscar Razo, Mexican footballer
 * 1985 – Antonio Nocerino, Italian footballer
 * 1985  – David Robertson, American baseball player
 * 1986 – Mike Hart, American football player
 * 1986  – Leighton Meester, American actress
 * 1987 – Kassim Abdallah, French-Comorian footballer
 * 1987  – Graham Gano, American football player
 * 1987  – Craig Mabbitt, American singer
 * 1987  – Jesse McCartney, American singer-songwriter and actor
 * 1987  – Jarrod Mullen, Australian rugby league player
 * 1987  – Jazmine Sullivan, American singer-songwriter
 * 1988  – Jeremy Metcalfe, English race car driver
 * 1989 – Bianca Belair, American wrestler
 * 1989  – Danielle Kahle, American figure skater
 * 1990 – Kristen Stewart, American actress
 * 1990  – Ryan Williams, American football player
 * 1991 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer
 * 1991  – Ryan Kelly, American basketball player
 * 1991  – Mary Killman, American synchronized swimmer
 * 1992 – Joshua Ledet, American singer
 * 1993 – Alexandra Hunt, American politician
 * 1994 – Joey Pollari, American actor
 * 1995 – Domagoj Bošnjak, Croatian basketball player
 * 1995  – Robert Bauer, German-Kazakhstani footballer
 * 1995  – Demi Vermeulen, Dutch Paralympic equestrian
 * 1996 – Jayden Brailey, Australian rugby league player
 * 1996  – Giovani Lo Celso, Argentinian international footballer
 * 1997 – Luis Arráez, Venezuelan baseball player
 * 1998 – Elle Fanning, American actress
 * 1999 – Lil Nas X, American rapper
 * 2000 – Jackie Evancho, American singer
 * 2004 – TommyInnit, British YouTuber and Twitch streamer

Pre-1600

 * 585 BC – Jimmu, emperor of Japan (b. 711 BC)
 * 436 – Tan Daoji, Chinese general and politician
 * 491 – Zeno, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 425)
 * 682 – Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, Egyptian politician, Governor of Egypt (b. 616)
 * 715 – Constantine, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 664)
 * 1024 – Benedict VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 980)
 * 1137 – William X, duke of Aquitaine (b. 1099)
 * 1241 – Henry II, High Duke of Poland (b. 1196)
 * 1283 – Margaret of Scotland, queen of Norway (b. 1261)
 * 1327 – Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, Scottish nobleman (ca. 1296)
 * 1483 – Edward IV, king of England (b. 1442)
 * 1484 – Edward of Middleheim, prince of Wales (b. 1473)
 * 1550 – Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (b. 1516)
 * 1553 – François Rabelais, French monk and scholar (b. 1494)
 * 1557 – Mikael Agricola, Finnish priest and scholar (b. 1510)
 * 1561 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (b. 1500)

1601–1900

 * 1626 – Francis Bacon, English jurist and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b. 1561)
 * 1654 – Matei Basarab, Romanian prince (b. 1588)
 * 1693 – Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, French author (b. 1618)
 * 1747 – Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish soldier and politician (b. 1667)
 * 1754 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher and academic (b. 1679)
 * 1761 – William Law, English priest and theologian (b. 1686)
 * 1768 – Sarah Fielding, English author (b. 1710)
 * 1804 – Jacques Necker, Swiss-French politician, Chief Minister to the French Monarch (b. 1732)
 * 1806 – William V, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic (b. 1748)
 * 1872 – Erastus Corning, American businessman and politician (b. 1794)
 * 1876 – Charles Goodyear, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1804)
 * 1882 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
 * 1889 – Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist and academic (b. 1786)

1901–present

 * 1904 – Isabella II, Spanish queen (b. 1830)
 * 1909 – Helena Modjeska, Polish-American actress (b. 1840)
 * 1915 – Raymond Whittindale, English rugby player (b. 1883)
 * 1917 – James Hope Moulton, English philologist and scholar (b. 1863)
 * 1922 – Hans Fruhstorfer, German entomologist and explorer (b. 1866)
 * 1926 – Zip the Pinhead, American freak show performer (b. 1857)
 * 1936 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1855)
 * 1940 – Mrs Patrick Campbell, English actress (b. 1865)
 * 1944 – Yevgeniya Rudneva, Ukrainian lieutenant and pilot (b. 1920)
 * 1945 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German pastor and theologian (b. 1906)
 * 1945  – Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (b. 1887)
 * 1945  – Johann Georg Elser, German carpenter (b. 1903)
 * 1945  – Hans Oster, German general (b. 1887)
 * 1945  – Karl Sack, German lawyer and jurist (b. 1896)
 * 1945  – Hans von Dohnányi, Austrian-German lawyer and jurist (b. 1902)
 * 1948 – George Carpenter, Australian 5th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1872)
 * 1948  – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian lawyer and politician, 16th Colombian Minister of National Education (b. 1903)
 * 1951 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (b. 1862)
 * 1953 – Eddie Cochems, American football player and coach (b. 1877)
 * 1953  – C. E. M. Joad, English philosopher and television host (b. 1891)
 * 1953  – Hans Reichenbach, German philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)
 * 1959 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, designed the Price Tower and Fallingwater (b. 1867)
 * 1961 – Zog I of Albania (b. 1895)
 * 1963 – Eddie Edwards, American trombonist (b. 1891)
 * 1963  – Xul Solar, Argentinian painter and sculptor (b. 1887)
 * 1970 – Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish-American illustrator and animator (b. 1896)
 * 1976 – Dagmar Nordstrom, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1903)
 * 1976  – Phil Ochs, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1940)
 * 1976  – Renato Petronio, Italian rower (b. 1891)
 * 1978 – Clough Williams-Ellis, English-Welsh architect, designed Portmeirion (b. 1883)
 * 1980 – Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Iraqi cleric and philosopher (b. 1935)
 * 1982 – Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1896)
 * 1988 – Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1931)
 * 1988  – Hans Berndt, German footballer (b. 1913)
 * 1988  – Dave Prater, American singer (b. 1937)
 * 1991 – Forrest Towns, American hurdler and coach (b. 1914)
 * 1993 – Joseph B. Soloveitchik, American rabbi and philosopher (b. 1903)
 * 1996 – Richard Condon, American author and publicist (b. 1915)
 * 1997 – Mae Boren Axton, American singer-songwriter (b. 1914)
 * 1997  – Helene Hanff, American author and screenwriter (b. 1916)
 * 1998 – Tom Cora, American cellist and composer (b. 1953)
 * 1999 – Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Nigerien general and politician, President of Niger (b. 1949)
 * 2000 – Tony Cliff, Trotskyist activist and founder of the Socialist Workers Party (b. 1917)
 * 2001 – Willie Stargell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1940)
 * 2002 – Pat Flaherty, American race car driver (b. 1926)
 * 2002  – Leopold Vietoris, Austrian soldier, mathematician, and academic (b. 1891)
 * 2003 – Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
 * 2006 – Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player, coach, manager (b. 1916)
 * 2006  – Vilgot Sjöman, Swedish director and screenwriter (b. 1924)
 * 2007 – Egon Bondy, Czech philosopher and poet (b. 1930)
 * 2007  – Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer and academic (b. 1907)
 * 2009 – Nick Adenhart, American baseball player (b. 1986)
 * 2010 – Zoltán Varga, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1945)
 * 2011 – Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri, Bahraini journalist (b. 1971)
 * 2011  – Sidney Lumet, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
 * 2012 – Malcolm Thomas, Welsh rugby player and cricketer (b. 1929)
 * 2012  – Boris Parygin, Soviet philosopher, psychologist, and author (b. 1930)
 * 2013 – David Hayes, American sculptor and painter (b. 1931)
 * 2013  – Greg McCrary, American football player (b. 1952)
 * 2013  – Mordechai Mishani, Israeli lawyer and politician (b. 1945)
 * 2013  – McCandlish Phillips, American journalist and author (b. 1927)
 * 2013  – Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (b. 1919)
 * 2014 – Gil Askey, American trumpet player, composer, and producer (b. 1925)
 * 2014  – Chris Banks, American football player (b. 1973)
 * 2014  – Rory Ellinger, American lawyer and politician (b. 1941)
 * 2014  – Norman Girvan, Jamaican economist, academic, and politician (b. 1941)
 * 2014  – Aelay Narendra, Indian politician (b. 1946)
 * 2014  – A. N. R. Robinson, Trinbagonian politician, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1926)
 * 2014  – Svetlana Velmar-Janković, Serbian author (b. 1933)
 * 2015 – Paul Almond, Canadian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1931)
 * 2015  – Margaret Rule, British marine archaeologist (b. 1928)
 * 2015  – Nina Companeez, French director and screenwriter (b. 1937)
 * 2015  – Alexander Dalgarno, English physicist and academic (b. 1928)
 * 2015  – Ivan Doig, American journalist and author (b. 1939)
 * 2015  – Tsien Tsuen-hsuin, Chinese-American academic (b. 1909)
 * 2016 – Duane Clarridge, American spy (b. 1932)
 * 2016  – Will Smith, American football player (b. 1981)
 * 2017 – John Clarke, New Zealand-Australian comedian, writer, and satirist (b. 1948)
 * 2019 – Charles Van Doren, American writer and editor (b. 1926)
 * 2021 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1921)
 * 2021  – DMX, American rapper and actor (b. 1970)
 * 2021  – Nikki Grahame, British reality-TV icon (b. 1982)
 * 2021  – Ian Gibson, British scientist and Labour Party politician (b. 1938)
 * 2021  – Ramsey Clark, American lawyer (b. 1927)
 * 2022 – Dwayne Haskins, American football player (b. 1997)
 * 2023 – Karl Berger, German-American jazz pianist (b. 1935)

Holidays and observances

 * Christian feast day:
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Anglicanism, Lutheranism)
 * Gaucherius
 * Materiana
 * Waltrude
 * April 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
 * Anniversary of the German Invasion of Denmark (Denmark)
 * Baghdad Liberation Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)
 * Constitution Day (Kosovo)
 * Day of National Unity (Georgia)
 * Day of the Finnish Language (Finland)
 * Day of Valor or Araw ng Kagitingan (Philippines)
 * Feast of the Second Day of the Writing of the Book of the Law (Thelema)
 * Martyr's Day (Tunisia)
 * National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day (United States)
 * Remembrance for Haakon Sigurdsson (The Troth)
 * Vimy Ridge Day (Canada)
 * Valour Day (CRPF)

title: April 9


text:
ABM

ABM or Abm may refer to:

Companies

 * ABM Industries, a US facility management provider
 * ABM Intelligence, a UK software company
 * Advantage Business Media, a US digital marketing and information services company
 * Associated British Maltsters, acquired by Dalgety plc

Computing

 * Advanced Bit Manipulation, an instruction set extension for x86
 * Agent-based model, a computational model for simulating autonomous agents
 * Asynchronous Balanced Mode, an HDLC communication mode

Military

 * Air Battle Manager, US Air Force rated officer position
 * Anti-ballistic missile
 * Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 arms control treaty between the US and USSR

Organizations

 * Abahlali baseMjondolo, movement of South African shack dwellers
 * Anglican Board of Mission - Australia, the national mission agency of the Anglican Church of Australia
 * Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, an Egyptian jihadist group

Other uses

 * Abanyom language of Nigeria, ISO 639-3 code
 * ABM (video game), 1980 video game
 * Account-based marketing, strategic approach to business marketing
 * Activity-based management, method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs
 * Agaricus blazei Murill, a species of mushroom
 * Automated banking machine, Canadian term for automated teller machine
 * IATA airport code for Northern Peninsula Airport, in Queensland, Australia
 * Atmospheric Black Metal

title: ABM