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Fontainebleau

Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located 55.5 km south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region; it is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself. The commune is closest to Seine-et-Marne Prefecture, Melun.

Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,724 inhabitants (2018). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.

Fontainebleau is renowned for the large and scenic forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians, as well as for the historic Château de Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France. It is also the home of INSEAD, one of the world's most elite business schools.

Inhabitants of Fontainebleau are called Bellifontains.

Name
According to the official chateau history, "Fontainebleau" took its name in the 16th century from the "Fontaine Belle-Eau", a natural fresh water spring located in the English garden not far from the chateau. The name means "Spring of beautiful water". In the 19th century the spring was rebuilt to flow into an octagonal stone basin.

Before the 16th century, Fontainebleau was recorded in the Latinised forms Fons Bleaudi, Fons Bliaudi, and Fons Blaadi in the 12th and 13th centuries, and as Fontem blahaud in 1137. In the 17th century it was also sometimes called by the fanciful Latin Fons Bellaqueus. This the origin of the name Bellifontains sometimes used for residents.

A popular legend says that the spring and forest took their names from a favorite hunting dog of King Louis IX named "Blaud" or "Blau". According to the legend, during a hunt the dog became separated from the King, who finally found him by the spring.

According to another source, the name comes from the medieval compound noun of fontaine, meaning spring and fountain, and blitwald, consisting of the Germanic personal name Blit and the Germanic word for forest.

Origins
This hamlet was endowed with a royal hunting lodge and a chapel by Louis VII in the middle of the twelfth century. A century later, Louis IX, also called Saint Louis, who held Fontainebleau in high esteem and referred to it as "his wilderness", had a country house and a hospital constructed there.

Philip the Fair was born there in 1268 and died there in 1314. In all, thirty-four sovereigns, from Louis VI, the Fat, (1081–1137) to Napoleon III (1808–1873), spent time at Fontainebleau.

The connection between the town of Fontainebleau and the French monarchy was reinforced with the transformation of the royal country house into a true royal palace, the Palace of Fontainebleau. This was accomplished by the great builder-king, Francis I (1494–1547), who, in the largest of his many construction projects, reconstructed, expanded, and transformed the royal château at Fontainebleau into a residence that became his favourite, as well as the residence of his mistress, Anne, duchess of Étampes.

From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, every monarch, from Francis I to Louis XV, made important renovations at the Palace of Fontainebleau, including demolitions, reconstructions, additions, and embellishments of various descriptions, all of which endowed it with a character that is a bit heterogeneous, but harmonious nonetheless. On 18 October 1685, Louis XIV signed the Edict of Fontainebleau there. Also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, this royal fiat reversed the permission granted to the Huguenots in 1598 to worship publicly in specified locations and hold certain other privileges. The result was that a large number of Protestants were forced to convert to the Catholic faith, killed, or forced into exile, mainly in the Low Countries, Prussia and in England.

The 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, a secret agreement between France and Spain concerning the Louisiana territory in North America, was concluded here. Also, preliminary negotiations, held before the 1763 Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Seven Years' War, were at Fontainebleau.

During the French Revolution, Fontainebleau was temporarily renamed Fontaine-la-Montagne, meaning "Fountain by the Mountain". (The mountain referred to is the series of rocky formations located in the forest of Fontainebleau.)

On 29 October 1807, Manuel Godoy, chancellor to the Spanish king, Charles IV and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which authorized the passage of French troops through Spanish territories so that they might invade Portugal.

On 20 June 1812, Pope Pius VII arrived at the château of Fontainebleau, after a secret transfer from Savona, accompanied by his personal physician, Balthazard Claraz. In poor health, the Pope was the prisoner of Napoleon, and he remained in his genteel prison at Fontainebleau for nineteen months. From June 1812 until 23 January 1814, the Pope never left his apartments.

On 20 April 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte, shortly before his first abdication, bid farewell to the Old Guard, the renowned grognards (gripers) who had served with him since his first campaigns, in the "White Horse Courtyard" (la cour du Cheval Blanc) at the Palace of Fontainebleau. (The courtyard has since been renamed the "Courtyard of Goodbyes".) According to contemporary sources, the occasion was very moving. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau stripped Napoleon of his powers (but not his title as Emperor of the French) and sent him into exile on Elba.

Until the 19th century, Fontainebleau was a village and a suburb of Avon. Later, it developed as an independent residential city.

For the 1924 Summer Olympics, the town played host to the riding portion of the modern pentathlon event. This event took place near a golf course.

In July and August 1946, the town hosted the Franco-Vietnamese Conference, intended to find a solution to the long-contested struggle for Vietnam's independence from France, but the conference ended in failure.

Fontainebleau also hosted the general staff of the Allied Forces in Central Europe (Allied Forces Center or AFCENT) and the land forces command (LANDCENT); the air forces command (AIRCENT) was located nearby at Camp Guynemer. These facilities were in place from the inception of NATO until France's partial withdrawal from NATO in 1967 when the United States returned those bases to French control. NATO moved AFCENT to Brunssum in the Netherlands and AIRCENT to Ramstein in West Germany. (The Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, also known as SHAPE, was located at Rocquencourt, west of Paris, quite a distance from Fontainebleau).

In 2008, the men's World Championship of Real Tennis (Jeu de Paume) was held in the tennis court of the Chateau. The real tennis World Championship is the oldest in sport and Fontainebleau has one of only two active courts in France.

Tourism
Fontainebleau is a popular tourist destination; each year, 300,000 people visit the palace and more than 13 million people visit the forest.

Fontainebleau forest
The forest of Fontainebleau surrounds the town and dozens of nearby villages. It is protected by France's Office National des Forêts, and it is recognised as a French national park. It is managed in order that its wild plants and trees, such as the rare service tree of Fontainebleau, and its populations of birds, mammals, and butterflies, can be conserved. It is a former royal hunting park often visited by hikers and horse riders. The forest is also well regarded for bouldering and is particularly popular among climbers, as it is the biggest developed area of that kind in the world.

Royal Château de Fontainebleau
The Royal Château de Fontainebleau is a large palace where the kings of France took their ease. It is also the site where the French royal court, from 1528 onwards, entertained the body of new ideas that became known as the Renaissance.

INSEAD
The European (and historic) campus of the INSEAD business school is located at the edge of Fontainebleau, by the Lycee Francois Couperin. INSEAD students live in local accommodations around the Fontainebleau area, and especially in the surrounding towns.

Other notables
The graves of G. I. Gurdjieff and Katherine Mansfield can be found in the cemetery at Avon.

Transport
Fontainebleau is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris–Lyon rail line: Fontainebleau–Avon and Thomery. Fontainebleau–Avon station, the station closest to the centre of Fontainebleau, is located near the dividing-line between the commune of Fontainebleau and the commune of Avon, on the Avon side of the border.

Hospital
Fontainebleau has a campus of the Centre hospitalier Sud Seine et Marne.

Notable people

 * Aga Khan IV, international business magnate
 * Alfonso XIII, king of Spain, after his abdication
 * Raoul Anglès (1887-1967), politician
 * Arnold Bennett (1867- 1931), writer, lived in Fontainebleau from 1908 to 1912
 * Rosa Bonheur, a 19th-century artist
 * Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia (1881–1985), art critic, first wife of painter Francis Picabia was born in Fontainebleau
 * Christina, Queen of Sweden; her lover, Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi, was murdered in Fontainebleau
 * Claude-François Denencourt, inventor of modern hiking and nature tourism
 * Jean-Claude Gorgy, French playwright born in Fontainebleu
 * Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse (1826–1898), conchologist, lived and died at Château d'Argeville, near Fontainebleau
 * Ernst August, Prince of Hanover and Caroline, Princess of Hanover
 * Lin Fengmian, Chinese painter who advocated the synthesis of Western techniques and Eastern traditions and later became known as the father of modern Chinese painting, brushed up on his French in Fontainebleau before moving on to study art at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts of Paris
 * Francis I of France, built a large part of the palace
 * Francis II of France, born in Fontainebleau
 * Henry III of France, born in Fontainebleau
 * Henry IV of France, built a part of the palace
 * Anna Elizabeth Klumpke, an early twentieth-century artist
 * Pierre Levassor (1808–1870), actor
 * Pascal Lecocq, born in 1958, fine art painter, study at École Comairas (1973–1977) and exhibit for the 1st time in 1977 ;
 * Louis XIII, king of France, born in Fontainebleau
 * Louis XIV of France, built a part of the palace
 * Louis XV, king of France, built a part of the palace
 * Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, king and queen of France, built a part of the palace
 * Mark Maggiori, lead vocalist of Pleymo
 * Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), New Zealander short story writer, died in Fontainebleau
 * Oscar Milosz, poet, novelist, dramatist and Lithuanian diplomat died in Fontainebleau in 1939.
 * Louis Victoire Lux de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem (1762–1792), French military man
 * Napoleon
 * Napoleon III
 * Pope Pius VII, lived (as a prisoner of Napoleon) in the palace
 * Philip IV of France, born and died in Fontainebleau
 * Django Reinhardt, died near Fontainebleau, in Samois-sur-Seine
 * Robert Louis Stevenson, a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer
 * Romain Thievin, racing driver, born in Fontainebleau
 * Lilian Thuram, football player, World Cup and European Championship winner

Twinning
Fontainebleau is twinned with the following cities:
 * 🇩🇪 Konstanz, Germany, since 28 May 1960
 * 🇬🇧 Richmond-upon-Thames, England, United Kingdom, since 1977
 * Siem Reap, Cambodia, since 11 June 2000
 * Nanjing, China
 * 🇮🇹 Lodi, Italy since 2011
 * Sintra, Portugal since 2016
 * 🇷🇴 Alba Iulia, Romania since 2023

title: Fontainebleau


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Talk:Fullerene

Toys
Bucky balls were popular in the US a few decades back, and they continue to be sold as toys. See [] for example. This should perhaps be a separate page. Wakablogger2 (talk) 02:17, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

B80 has Ih symmetry

It should be updated that with more careful electronic structure calculation, B80 has been shown to have the perfect Ih symmetry

http://arxiv4.library.cornell.edu/pdf/1001.1182v1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.66.219.252 (talk) 12:45, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

B80 has Ih symmetry

It should be updated that with more careful electronic structure calculation, B80 has been shown to have the perfect Ih symmetry

http://arxiv4.library.cornell.edu/pdf/1001.1182v1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.66.219.252 (talk) 12:45, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Did not find what i was looking for
I came here looking for the toy Buckyballs... I cant seem to find it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pyrospark (talk • contribs) 16:06, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Article protection
This article needs to be protected urgently. Google features bucky balls on the front page. This is the first search result, so spammers cause vandalism. Protection needed at least for one day.--78.190.26.157 (talk) 21:19, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Hi, I am wondering, is google really refering to fullerene with it's logo ? or is it an homage to the inventor of the architectural design ? this article says google refered to the molecule and the quote for that is a romanian newspaper article that talks about the wikipedia page, I think someone from that romanian newspaper edited the article to say google is refering to the fullerene molecule maybe google is not telling on purpose to find out how people are searching for the logos meaning ? -shodan 67.212.8.232 (talk) 07:51, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 94.162.80.211, 4 September 2010
please replace any "discovered" with "synthesized" or "invented"

the term "discovered" applies only to naturally occurring items. 94.162.80.211 (talk) 09:41, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Fullerenes occur naturally, and had been produced in space and on earth (in arc discharges, for example) for many decades. Thus Kroto et al. did not not really synthesize them - they, crudely speaking, separated them from a common discharge soot. Process optimization is essential only for the C60 yield. Materialscientist (talk) 09:49, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

4 bondings of C
Hi. Could anyone explain what happens with the 4th Coal bounding? I can see that the coal uses only 3 in the Fullerens. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.238.106.96 (talk • contribs)
 * Carbon forms double bonds in many organic compounds, including fullerene. Materialscientist (talk) 10:16, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

I would like an explanation of this in the article as well... I find the levels of complexity of the article mixed. A simple introduction to the chemistry + a sketch of the actual bonds (double/single/aromacity) would be appropriate, I think. I still don't get where the double bonds are, if there are supposed to be three pr six atoms (eg. fullerene sheets of six-membered rings)! 77.212.171.42 (talk) 18:32, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png Simon de Danser (talk) 02:11, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png Or to put that another way … —Tamfang (talk) 02:50, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Edit request from 71.164.110.157, 4 September 2010
Add the word 'The' or 'An' in front of the word "Icosahedral" in the sentence:

Icosahedral C60H60 cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure.

This will make the sentence above gramatically correct.

Corrected versions: The Icosahedral C60H60 cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure. An Icosahedral C60H60 cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure.

71.164.110.157 (talk) 14:08, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added the to the start of the sentence. --Stickee (talk)  14:24, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Safety and Toxicity
This part of the article doesn't say much on safety and toxicity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.49.125.215 (talk) 16:29, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Lead image
Regarding this revert of mine, there are two issues: (i) combining images of species which have their own, well-developed articles, in the lead of fullerene does clutter it and leaves little space for text. (ii) The common understanding of carbon nanotubes is a rolled graphene sheet, not a fullerene blown into a tube. The relation between C60 and nanotube is only (well, I actually don't know this relation, even after studying them for long), maybe, in the extended pure carbon network. Going ad absurdum, we could add a dozen of chemicals with very similar structures to their leads, which does not seem constructive. Materialscientist (talk) 03:48, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'll comment on the second concern first: I'm pretty sure that nanotubes are considered to be fullerenes too. Both this article and Carbon nanotube say that they are, however I noticed that these statements are unsourced.  I don't have a nanotech reference book on me right now; I can probably look it up in the next few days.  If nanotubes are not in fact considered fullerenes, then both of these articles will need to be revised.

 * As far as layout, I thought that showing a single example of each of the major classes of fullerene at the top would greatly clarify the subject to a reader unfamiliar with the field. Using a vertical rather than horizontal layout should reduce clutter/distortion of the lead text. Antony–22 (talk/contribs) 03:58, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I just noticed that fullerenes are defined such that they include tubular structures, and this is a key point which needs proper, reliable references (not WP itself). In most labs, fullerenes are usually meant as globular structures, but some Britannica definition can beat this. Materialscientist (talk) 04:01, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I was wrong, my apologies, please go ahead. Vertical design will push other pictures down too much, thus perhaps horizontal is better, but the right nanotube image was not using its space - I would crop and brighten it or find another one. Materialscientist (talk) 04:07, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * No worries. I was thinking the same thing about the nanotube picture, there's probably a better one floating around Commons somewhere.  I'll play around with the layout to get something that's more visually appealing.  Antony–22 (talk/contribs) 04:32, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

"fullerene" vs. "nanotube"?
"Nanobuds have been obtained by adding fullerenes to carbon nanotubes." As far as i can tell from the rest of the article, carbon nanotubes are fullerenes, so that statement makes no sense. Unfortunately, the main article on nanobuds has similar verbiage. Can someone more knowledgeable fix this, or at least leave some comments here? thaks Doceddi (talk) 13:50, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. The terminology is misleading (to me) as most scientists do not mix nanotubes and fullerenes (meaning fullerenes=buckminsterfullerenes). Materialscientist (talk) 11:14, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

"superaromacity"?
The article links the word "superaromacity" to the "aromacity" article... but in the "aromacity" article, superaromacity isen't mentioned! 77.212.171.42 (talk) 18:35, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Lack of reference
the claim "In 2012 it was revealed that oral administration prolonged the lifespan of rats by nearly 100% without showing toxic effects" does not point to any study/reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.220.13.14 (talk) 04:01, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I guess this is the relevant article : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961212003237, of which subsection 3.3 states: "The estimated median lifespan (EML) for the C60-treated rats was 42 months while the EMLs for control rats and olive oil-treated rats were 22 and 26 months, respectively. These are increases of 18 and 90% for the olive-oil and C60-treated rats, respectively, as compared to controls." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.49.235.4 (talk) 12:55, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Properties of PURE fullerenes
What are properties of that allotropes? What is they appearance? Does pure fullerenes have some metallic luster? What about band gap? I saw a book in which there was written that C60 (or C70) has electrical conductivity of 1014 ohm/m (not 1014 ohm/m, which I saw on some pages in Internet) and it has relatively narrow band gap (1,9 eV (in some pages in the Internet there is about 2,3 eV for C60)). Can more nonmetallic elements (especially sulfur) form "fullerenes" or nanotubes or the element or compound must be at least a near-metalloid to form such complex, polyatomic structures? What are boiling, melting and sublimation points of fullerenes (at standard pressure)? Fullerenes look less metallic than diamond, which is NOT so clearly nonmetallic (crystalline structure like Si and Ge, transparency and low electrical conductivity are not only properties of a typical nonmetal, diamond has many metalloidal properties (very high melting, boiling point, extreme hardness and thermal conductivity, very high density), in fact diamond has mixed properties of a metalloid and a nonmetal, both very strongly marked!, it is even "bad metalloid", not a "just nonmetal").

95.49.108.48 (talk) 22:53, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

flatness of graphenes
Of nanotubes:
 * … and relative chemical inactivity (as it is cylindrical and "planar" — that is, it has no "exposed" atoms that can be easily displaced).

As a nanotube has no hidden atoms, all are exposed in the ordinary sense of the word; how about replacing "exposed" with "outermost"? —Tamfang (talk) 21:48, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

""
The usage of Buckyball is under discussion, see talk:buckyball -- 65.94.40.137 (talk) 09:36, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

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Should nanotubes be excluded from article?
Mixing closed fullerenes and nanotubes is cumbersome for editors and confusing to readers, and inflates what would be already rather long article. While they have some properties in common, they have also many differences. It seems that at least some scientists consider "fullerene" to be exclusively the closed kind. Can we take advantage of that controversy to move most of the nanotube stuff to carbon nanotube? Of course we would still note the connection between the two families, the hybrid forms, and the naming controversy. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 01:41, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Speaking as a non-chemist who thought he'd understood the terminology until he arrived on this article, yes please! On the basis that
 * articles are about concepts anyway, and it's a sensible division
 * the usage does conflict with what I've seen elsewhere
 * if it's not yet entirely standardised, there can easily be a short remark to the effect that the terms are used more than one way, together with a statement of how this article is using them.
 * (See also my previous comment, under Terminology.) Musiconeologist (talk) 16:43, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Moved entries to Talk:Fullerene solubility
As part of removing the section "Solubility" to fullerene solubility, I also moved three sections of this talk page to Talk:Fullerene solubility: --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:50, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * solubility
 * It is the long experience of pharma
 * Solubility table data - refs and signif figures

Doscovery: Kroto 1985 or Rohlfing 1984?
The "Preparation" section of buckminsterfullerene says "It was first generated in 1984 by Eric Rohlfing, Donald Cox and Andrew Kaldor[2][3] using a laser to vaporize carbon in a supersonic helium beam. In 1985 their work was repeated by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley at Rice University, who recognized the structure of C60 as buckminsterfullerine[sic]". But the "History" section of that article and this article does not mention that 1984 result. Is that correct? --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 16:56, 5 April 2019 (UTC)

rings of length 7
The lead sentence and one other sentence allows rings of length 7, but the IUPAC definition does not allow them. Who allows rings of length 7? A citation is needed. McKay (talk) 06:43, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

Applications
It's hard to know what this section is saying, since the layout and references are completely messed up, and the syntax is very confused, but it seems to be going into excessive detail about cancer treatment (detail that might be appropriate in articles on that subject) without any discussion of further applications if there are any. Some of the confusion seems to have been caused by changes made on 5 Feb 2024 by 106.51.83.72 who appears to be a persistent vandal - I don't know how to revert these edits without losing later genuine contributions. But anyway the section needs to be rewritten by someone who knows about the subject (I don't - that's why I came here in the first place). Newburyjohn (talk) 08:25, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Terminology
From what I've read so far (disclaimer: not yet any of the refs in this article), fullerene seems to refer only to closed structures like and, not nanotubes or graphene, with buckminsterfullerene referring specifically to  itself. Have I got that wrong? I realise the terminology might not yet be entirely standardise though. Edit: I see I'm not the first to say this. In which case, I think the article should be split. Musiconeologist (talk) 15:53, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fullerene