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Gary, Indiana

Gary is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. The population was 69,093 at the 2020 census, making it Indiana's eleventh-most populous city. The city has been historically dominated by major industrial activity and is home to U.S. Steel's Gary Works, the largest steel mill complex in North America. Gary is located along the southern shore of Lake Michigan about 25 mi southeast of downtown Chicago. The city is the western gateway to the Indiana Dunes National Park, and is within the Chicago metropolitan area.

Gary was named after lawyer Elbert Henry Gary, who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation. U.S. Steel had established the city in 1906 as a company town to serve its steel mills. Like other Rust Belt cities, Gary's once thriving steel industry has been significantly affected by the disappearance of local manufacturing jobs since the 1970s. As a result of this economic shift, the city's population has decreased drastically, having lost 61% of its population since 1960. Because of its large losses in population and deteriorating economy, Gary is often cited as an example of industrial decline and urban decay in America.

Although initially a very diverse city, the city of Gary currently holds one of the nation's highest percentages of African-Americans. Between 1970 and 2010, Gary maintained a 40-year record of holding the nation's largest Black population per capita. The city also boasts a legacy of African-American cultural and historical feats, such as electing the nation's first Black mayor (see Richard Hatcher), hosting the first and largest National Black Political Convention, and, in 1945, becoming the first city in the Midwest (and one of the first in the entire nation) to fully integrate its public school system.

Gary is serviced by the Gary/Chicago International Airport, an alternative airport to the Chicago region's two larger airports. The city's public transport is provided by the Gary Public Transportation Corporation and the South Shore Line passenger railway, which connects to the Chicago transit system. It is also home to a professional baseball team, the Gary SouthShore RailCats. In addition to its large steel mills, the city is known for being the birthplace of the Jackson family, a family of well-known entertainers whose members include singer Michael Jackson.

Founding and early years

Gary, Indiana, was founded in 1906 by the U.S. Steel corporation as the home for its new plant, Gary Works. The city was named after lawyer Elbert Henry Gary, who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation.

Gary was the site of civil unrest in the 1919 General Steel Strike. On October 4, 1919, a riot broke out on Broadway, the main north–south street through downtown Gary, between steel workers and strike breakers brought in from outside. Three days later, Indiana governor James P. Goodrich declared martial law. Shortly thereafter, over 4,000 federal troops under the command of Major General Leonard Wood arrived to restore order.

The jobs offered by the steel industry provided Gary with very rapid growth and a diverse population within the first 26 years of its founding. According to the 1920 United States Census, 29.7% of Gary's population at the time was classified as foreign-born, mostly from eastern European countries, with another 30.8% classified as native-born with at least one foreign-born parent. By the 1930 United States Census, the first census in which Gary's population exceeded 100,000, the city was the fifth largest in Indiana and comparable in size to South Bend, Fort Wayne, and Evansville. At that time, 78.7% of the population was classified as white, with 19.3% of the population classified as foreign-born and another 25.9% as native-born with at least one foreign-born parent. In addition to white internal migrants, Gary had attracted numerous African-American migrants from the South in the Great Migration, and 17.8% of the population was classified as black. 3.5% were classified as Mexican (now likely to be identified as Hispanic, as some were likely American citizens in addition to immigrants).

Post-World War II
Gary's fortunes have risen and fallen with those of the steel industry. The growth of the steel industry brought prosperity to the community. Broadway was known as a commercial center for the region. Department stores and architecturally significant movie houses were built in the downtown area and the Glen Park neighborhood.

In the 1960s, like many other American urban centers reliant on one particular industry, Gary entered a spiral of decline. Gary's decline was brought on by reduced employment in the steel industry overall, which caused U.S. Steel to lay off many workers from the Gary area. The U.S. Steel Gary Works employed over 30,000 in 1970, declined to just 6,000 by 1990, and further declined to 5,100 in August 2015. Attempts to shore up the city's economy with major construction projects, such as a Holiday Inn hotel and the Genesis Convention Center, failed to reverse the decline.

1968 riots
In July 1968 riots broke out in Gary. 3,000 National Guard members came in to restore order to the city. Curfews were enforced and a ban on gasoline and liquor sales helped calm the violence. Over 110 people were arrested, at least three stores were set on fire, and at least 15 fire-bombings were reported.

Racial changes
A rapid racial change occurred in Gary during the late 20th century. These population changes resulted in political change which reflected the racial demographics of Gary: the Black and Hispanic share of the city's population increased from 21% in 1930, 39% in 1960, to 53% in 1970. Black and Hispanic were primarily living in the Midtown section just south of downtown (per the 1950 Census, 97% of the black population of Gary was living in this neighborhood). Gary had one of the nation's first African-American mayors, Richard G. Hatcher, and hosted the groundbreaking 1972 National Black Political Convention.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Gary had the highest percentage of African-Americans of U.S. cities with a population of 100,000 or more, 84% (as of the 2000 census). This no longer applies to Gary since the population of the city has now fallen well below 100,000 residents. As of 2013, the Gary Department of Redevelopment has estimated that one-third of all homes in the city are unoccupied and/or abandoned.

U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel continues to be a major steel producer, but with only a fraction of its former level of employment. While Gary has failed to reestablish a manufacturing base since its population peak, two casinos opened along the Gary lakeshore in the 1990s, although this has been aggravated by the state closing of Cline Avenue, an important access to the area. Today, Gary faces the difficulties of a Rust Belt city, including higher than national average unemployment, and decaying infrastructure.

Recent history
Gary has closed several of its schools within the last ten years. While some of the school buildings have been reused, most remain unused since their closing. As of 2014, Gary is considering closing additional schools in response to budget deficits.

Gary chief of police Thomas Houston was convicted of excessive force and abuse of authority in 2008; he died in 2010 while serving a three-year, five-month federal prison sentence.

In April 2011, 75-year-old mayor Rudolph M. Clay announced that he would suspend his campaign for reelection as he was being treated for prostate cancer. He endorsed rival Karen Freeman-Wilson, who won the Democratic mayoral primary in May 2011. Freeman-Wilson won election with 87 percent of the vote and her term began in January 2012; she is the first woman elected mayor in the city's history. She was reelected in 2015. She was defeated in her bid for a third term in the 2019 Democratic primary by Lake County Assessor Jerome Prince. Since no challengers filed for the November 2019 general election, Prince's nomination was effectively tantamount to election, and officially succeeded Freeman-Wilson on January 1, 2020, two days after he was sworn in as the city's 21st mayor on December 30, 2019.

In May 2021, a $300 million Hard Rock Casino location opened in the city. Branded as Hard Rock Casino Northern Indiana, the location includes memorabilia from local natives Jackson 5 and a 1,950-seat Hard Rock Live performance hall.

Geography
The city is located at the southern end of the former lake bed of the prehistoric Lake Chicago and the current Lake Michigan. Most of the city's soil, to nearly one foot below the surface, is pure sand. The sand beneath Gary, and on its beaches, is of such volume and quality that for over a century companies have mined it, especially for the manufacture of glass.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 50.663 sqmi, of which 49.932 sqmi is land and 0.731 sqmi is water.

Gary is T-shaped, with its northern border on Lake Michigan. In the northwesternmost section, Gary borders Hammond and East Chicago; 165th Street, one of several roads connecting Hammond and Gary, has been walled off from Gary since 1981, initially due to a toxic flood. Miller Beach, Gary's easternmost neighborhood, borders Lake Station and Portage. Gary's southernmost section borders Griffith, Hobart, Merrillville, and unincorporated Ross. Gary is about 30 mi from the Chicago Loop.

Gary contains the western portion of Indiana Dunes National Park, including Miller Woods, the western part of Long Lake, and the Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education. Much of this is within Gary's Miller Beach neighborhood, although the park's western tip extends to downtown Gary.

Climate
Gary is listed by the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system as humid continental (Dfa). In July and August, the warmest months, high temperatures average 84 °F (29 °C) and peak just above 100 °F (38 °C), and low temperatures average 63 °F (17 °C). In January and February, the coldest months, high temperatures average around 29 °F (−2 °C) and low temperatures average 13 °F (−11 °C), with at least a few days of temperatures dipping below 0 °F (−18 °C).

The weather in Gary is greatly regulated by its proximity to Lake Michigan. Weather varies yearly. In the summer months Gary is humid. The city's yearly precipitation averages about 40 inches. Summer is the rainiest season. Winters vary but are predominantly snowy. Snowfall in Gary averages approximately 25 inches per year. Sometimes large blizzards hit because of "lake effect snow", a phenomenon whereby large amounts of water evaporated from the lake deposit onto the shoreline areas as inordinate amounts of snow.

Downtown
Downtown Gary is separated by Broadway into two distinctive communities. Originally, the City of Gary consisted of The East Side, The West Side, The South Side (the area south of the train tracks near 9th Avenue), and Glen Park, located further South along Broadway. The East Side was demarcated by streets named after the States in order of their acceptance into the Union. This area contained mostly wood-frame houses, some of the earliest in the city, and became known in the 20th century for its ethnic populations from Europe and large families. The single-family houses had repeating house designs that alternated from one street to another, with some streets looking very similar. Among the East Side's most notable buildings were Memorial Auditorium (a large red-brick and stone civic auditorium and the site of numerous events, concerts and graduations), The Palace Theater, Emerson School, St. Luke's Church, H.C. Gordon & Sons, and Goldblatt's Department stores, in addition to the Fair Department Store. All fronted Broadway as the main street that divided Gary.

The West Side of Gary, or West of Broadway, the principal commercial street, had streets named after the presidents of the United States in order of their election. Lytton's, Hudson's ladies store, J.C. Penney, and Radigan Bros Furniture Store developed on the west side of Broadway. Developed later, this side of town was known for its masonry or brick residences, its taller and larger commercial buildings, including the Gary National Bank Building, Hotel Gary (now Genesis Towers), The Knights of Columbus Hotel & Building (now affordable housing fronting 5th Avenue), the Tivoli Theater (demolished), the U.S. Post Office, Main Library, Mercy and Methodist Hospitals and Holy Angels Cathedral and School. The West Side also had a secondary principal street, Fifth Avenue, which was lined with many commercial businesses, restaurants, theaters, tall buildings, and elegant apartment buildings. The West Side was viewed as having wealthier residents. The houses dated from about 1908 to the 1930s. Much of the West Side's housing were for executives of U.S. Steel and other prominent businessmen. Notable mansions were 413 Tyler Street and 636 Lincoln Street. Many of the houses were on larger lots. By contrast, a working-class area was made up of row houses made of poured concrete were arranged together and known as "Mill Houses"; they were built to house steel mill workers.

The areas known as Emerson and Downtown West combine to form Downtown Gary. It was developed in the 1920s and houses several pieces of impressive architecture, including the Moe House, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, and another, the Wynant House (1917), which was destroyed by fire. A significant number of older structures have been demolished in recent years because of the cost of restoration. Restructuring of the steel and other heavy industry in the late 20th century resulted in a loss of jobs, adversely affecting the city.

Abandoned buildings in the downtown area include historic structures such as Union Station, the Palace Theater, and City Methodist Church. A large area of the downtown neighborhood (including City Methodist) was devastated by a major fire on October 12, 1997. Interstate 90 was constructed between downtown Gary and the United States Steel plant.

West
Ambridge Mann is a neighborhood located on Gary's near west side along 5th Avenue. Ambridge was developed for workers at the nearby steel plant in the 1910s and 1920s. It is named after the American Bridge Works, which was a subsidiary of U.S. Steel. The neighborhood is home to a huge stock of prairie-style and art deco homes. The Gary Masonic Temple was located in the neighborhood, along with the Ambassador apartment building. Located just south of Interstate 90, the neighborhood can be seen while passing Buchanan Street.

Brunswick is located on Gary's far west side. The neighborhood is located just south of Interstate 90 and can also be seen from the expressway. The Brunswick area includes the Tri-City Plaza shopping center on West 5th Avenue (U.S. 20). The area is south of the Gary Chicago International Airport.

Downtown West is located in north-central Gary on the west side of Broadway just south of Interstate 90. The Genesis Convention Center, the Gary Police Department, the Lake Superior Court House, and the Main Branch of the Gary Public Library are located along 5th Avenue. A new 123-unit mixed-income apartment development was built using a HUD HOPE VI grant in 2006. The Adam Benjamin Metro Center is located just north of 4th Avenue. It is operated by the Gary Public Transportation Corporation and serves as a multi-modal hub. It serves both as the Downtown Gary South Shore train station and an intercity bus stop.

Tolleston is one of Gary's oldest neighborhoods, predating much of the rest of the city. It was platted by George Tolle in 1857 when the railroads were constructed in this area. This area is west of Midtown and south of Ambridge Mann. Tarrytown is a subdivision located in Tolleston between Whitcomb Street and Clark Road.

South
Black Oak is located on the far southwest side of Gary, in the vicinity of the Burr Street exit to the Borman Expressway. It was annexed in the 1970s. Prior to that, Black Oak was an unincorporated area informally associated with Hammond, and the area has Hammond telephone numbers. After three referendums, the community voters approved annexation, having been persuaded by Mayor Hatcher that they would benefit more from services provided by the city than from those provided by the county. In the 21st century, it is the only majority-white neighborhood in Gary.

Glen Park is located on Gary's far south side and is made up mostly of mid-twentieth-century houses. Glen Park is divided from the remainder of the city by the Borman Expressway. The northern portion of Glen Park is home to Gary's Gleason Park Golf Course and the campus of Indiana University Northwest. The far western portion of Glen Park is home to the Village Shopping Center. Glen Park includes the 37th Avenue corridor at Broadway.

Midtown is located south of Downtown Gary, along Broadway. In the pre-1960s days of de facto segregation, this developed historically as a "black" neighborhood as African Americans came to Gary from the rural South in the Great Migration to seek jobs in the industrial economy.

North and East
Aetna is located on Gary's far east side along the Dunes Highway. Aetna predates the city of Gary. This company town was founded in 1881 by the Aetna Powder Works, an explosives company. Their factory closed after the end of World War I.

The Town of Aetna was annexed by Gary in 1928, around the same time that the city annexed the Town of Miller. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Gary's prosperous industries helped generate residential and other development in Aetna, resulting in an impressive collection of art deco architecture. The rest of the community was built after World War II and the Korean War in the 1950s, in a series of phases. On its south and east, Aetna borders the undeveloped floodplain of the Little Calumet River.

Emerson is located in north-central Gary on the east side of Broadway. Located just south of Interstate 90, Gary City Hall is located in Emerson, along with the Indiana Department of Social Services building and the Calumet Township Trustee's office. A 6,000-seat minor league baseball stadium for the Gary SouthShore RailCats, U.S. Steel Yard, was constructed in 2002, along with contiguous commercial space and minor residential development.

Miller Beach, also known simply as Miller, is on Gary's far northeast side. Settled in the 1850s and incorporated as an independent town in 1907, Miller was annexed by the city of Gary in 1918. Miller developed around the old stagecoach stop and train station known by the 1850s as Miller's Junction and/or Miller's Station. Miller Beach is racially and economically diverse. It attracts investor interest due to the many year-round and summer homes within walking distance of Marquette Park and Lake Michigan. Prices for lakefront property are affordable compared to those in Illinois suburban communities. Lake Street provides shopping and dining options for Miller Beach visitors and residents. East Edge, a development of 28 upscale condominium, townhome, and single-family homes, began construction in 2007 at the eastern edge of Miller Beach along County Line Road, one block south of Lake Michigan.

Demographics
The change in the economy and resulting loss of jobs has caused a drop in population by nearly two thirds since its peak in 1960. Gary, along with St. Louis and Detroit, have each lost near or more than two thirds of their peak populations.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 69,093 people, 28,610 households, and 16,459 families residing in the city. The population density was 1388.9 PD/sqmi. There were 37,274 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 10.6% White, 80.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from some other races and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.6% of the population. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18, 7.0% were under 5 years of age, and 18.5% were 65 and older.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 80,294 people, 31,380 households, and 19,691 families residing in the city. The population density was 1610.2 PD/sqmi. There were 39,531 housing units at an average density of 792.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 84.8% African American, 10.7% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.1% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 8.9% of the population in 2010, down from 39.1% in 1970.

There were 31,380 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.2% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.23.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 28.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 102,746 people, 38,244 households, and 25,623 families residing in the city. The population density was 2045.5 PD/sqmi. There were 43,630 housing units at an average density of 868.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 84.03% African American, 11.92% White, 0.21% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.97% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.93% of the population.

There were 38,244 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.2% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,195, and the median income for a family was $32,205. Males had a median income of $34,992 versus $24,432 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,383. About 22.2% of families and 25.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.9% of those under age 18 and 14.1% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and film

Meredith Willson's 1957 Broadway musical The Music Man featured the song "Gary, Indiana", in which lead character (and con man) Professor Harold Hill wistfully recalls his purported hometown, then prosperous. Hill claims to be an alumnus of "Gary Conservatory of Music, Class of '05", but this is later revealed to be another of his lies. The City of Gary was not founded until 1906. Willson's musical, set in 1912, was adapted both as a film of the same name released in 1962, and as a television film, produced in 2003.

The 1996 urban film Original Gangstas was filmed in the city. It starred Gary native Fred Williamson, Pam Grier, Jim Brown, Richard Roundtree, and Isabel Sanford, among others. Since the early 2000s, Gary has been the setting for numerous films made by Hollywood filmmakers. In 2009, scenes for the remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street were filmed in Gary. Scenes from Transformers: Dark of the Moon wrapped up filming on August 16, 2010.

The History Channel documentary Life After People was filmed in Gary, exploring areas that have deteriorated or been abandoned because of the loss of jobs and residents.

In John Mellencamp's 1985 song, "Minutes to Memories", an old man on a bus, recalling his humble life, tells the young man beside him, "I worked my whole life in the steel mills of Gary."

Historic places on the National Register
The following single properties and national historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

 * American Sheet and Tin Mill Apartment Building
 * Louis J. Bailey Branch Library-Gary International Institute
 * Combs Addition Historic District
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson School
 * Eskilson Historic District
 * Gary Bathing Beach Aquatorium
 * Gary City Center Historic District
 * Gary Land Company Building
 * Gary Public Schools Memorial Auditorium
 * Jackson-Monroe Terraces Historic District
 * Jefferson Street Historic District
 * Knights of Columbus Building
 * Lincoln Street Historic District
 * Horace Mann Historic District
 * Miller Town Hall
 * Monroe Terrace Historic District
 * Morningside Historic District
 * Polk Street Concrete Cottage Historic District
 * Polk Street Terraces Historic District
 * Theodore Roosevelt High School
 * Barney Sablotney House
 * St. Augustine's Episcopal Church
 * Van Buren Terrace Historic District
 * West Fifth Avenue Apartments Historic District
 * St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church and School

Public libraries
The Gary Public Library System consists of the main library at 220 West 5th Avenue and several branches: Brunswick Branch, W. E. B. DuBois Branch, J. F. Kennedy Branch, Tolleston Branch, and Woodson Branch. In March 2011, the Gary Library Board voted to close the main library on 5th Avenue and the Tolleston branch in what officials said was their best economic option. The main library closed at the end of 2011. The building now houses a museum.

Lake County Public Library operates the Black Oak Branch at 5921 West 25th Avenue in the Gary city limits. In addition, Indiana University Northwest operates the John W. Anderson Library on its campus.

Sports
The following sports franchises are based in Gary:

 * The Gary SouthShore RailCats are an American Association, professional baseball team. The team plays in Gary's U.S. Steel Yard baseball stadium. The RailCats played in the Northern League from 2002 until 2010. They now play in the modern American Association. The team won league championships in 2005, 2007, and 2013.
 * Gary has hosted two professional basketball franchises. The Gary Splash played in the International Basketball League from 2010 to 2013, at the Genesis Convention Center. Previously, the Gary Steelheads played in the Genesis Convention Center as part of the IBL (1999–2001), CBA, USBL, and IBL.

Education
Three school districts serve the city, and multiple charter schools are located within the city.

Public schools
Most public schools in Gary are administered by the Gary Community School Corporation. The other public schools within the city are administered by Lake Ridge Schools Corporation, which is the school system for the Black Oak neighborhood and unincorporated Calumet Township. Due to annexation law, Black Oak residents retained their original school system and were not required to attend Gary public schools. In 1927, it was mandated that Black students attend a separate high school.

Charter schools
Charter schools in Indiana, including those in Gary, are granted charters by one of a small number of chartering institutions. Indiana charter schools are generally managed in cooperation between the chartering institution, a local board of parents and community members, salaried school administrators, and a management company. Charter schools in Gary as of 2011 include Thea Bowman Leadership Academy, Charter School of the Dunes, Gary Lighthouse Charter School (formerly Blessed Sacrament Parish and Grade School), and 21st Century Charter.

Higher education
Gary is home to two regional state college campuses:
 * Indiana University Northwest
 * Ivy Tech Community College Northwest

Newspapers
Gary is served by two major newspapers based outside the city, and by a Gary-based, largely African-American interest paper. These papers provide regional topics, and cover events in Gary.
 * The Post-Tribune, originally the Gary Post-Tribune, is now based in the nearby town of Merrillville.
 * The Times, previously known as the Hammond Times. Offices and facilities for The Times are in nearby Munster.
 * The Gary Crusader, based in Gary and largely focused on African-American interests and readership
 * The INFO Newspaper, based in Gary and largely focused on African-American interests and readership
 * The Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, based in Chicago, are also distributed in Gary.

Television and radio
Gary is served by five local broadcasters plus government access and numerous Chicago area radio and TV stations, and by other nearby stations in Illinois and Indiana.
 * WPWR-TV (Channel 50) is the Chicago MyNetworkTV affiliate but is licensed to Gary. Studios and transmitters are co-located with WFLD's in Chicago, and are also owned by Fox Television Stations.
 * WYIN (Channel 56) is a PBS affiliate licensed to Gary. Their studios are in Merrillville.
 * WGVE (FM 88.7) is owned by the Gary Community School Corporation, and is used primarily as a teaching facility. Programming is maintained by students in the broadcast program at the Gary Career Center. WGVE also carries limited NPR programming.
 * WLTH (AM 1370) primarily carries talk programming, as well as other local programs.
 * WWCA (AM 1270) is a Relevant Radio owned-and-operated radio station, carrying programming from the Catholic-oriented Relevant Radio network.

Medical facilities

 * Gary Community Health Center
 * Methodist Hospital

Police
Gary is served by the Gary Police Department and the Lake County Sheriff.

Fire department
The Gary Fire Department (GFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city of Gary.

Transportation

 * Gary Public Transportation Corporation (GPTC) is a public transit system that offers service to numerous stops throughout the city and neighboring suburbs. GPTC also has express service, such as the Broadway Metro Express to locations outside the city, including connections to Chicago transit. Front-door pickup is available for disabled citizens at no extra cost.
 * Gary/Chicago International Airport is operating as the "third airport" for the Chicago area. With a new runway, it previously underwent a federally funded expansion, and the administration has been courting airlines aggressively. The National Guard has based its Chicago area air operation there as well.
 * Interstate 90 (I-90, Indiana Toll Road), I-80, I-94, and I-65 run through Gary, as well as U.S. Highway 6 (US 6), US 12 and US 20, and State Road 912 (SR 912, Cline Avenue). A former stretch of SR 312 has been decommissioned.
 * Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) operates the South Shore Line, a commuter rail system between Chicago and South Bend. It is one of the last original operating interurban railway systems in the US.

The Jacksons
Gary is the hometown of the Jackson family, a family of musicians who influenced the sound of modern popular music. In 1950, Joseph and Katherine Jackson moved from East Chicago, Indiana into their two-bedroom house at 2300 Jackson Street. They had married on November 5, 1949. Their entertainer children later recorded a song entitled "2300 Jackson Street" (1989). The Jackson children include:

 * Rebbie Jackson
 * Jackie Jackson
 * Tito Jackson
 * Jermaine Jackson
 * La Toya Jackson
 * Marlon Jackson
 * Michael Jackson
 * Randy Jackson
 * Janet Jackson

Other notable people

 * Charles Adkins, Olympic boxer
 * Forddy Anderson, NCAA basketball coach
 * Dan Barreiro, sports radio talk show host
 * Bob Benoit, horse racing executive
 * Albert M. Bielawski, early 20th century Michigan politician
 * Karen McDougal, Playboy model who was Playmate of the Month in December 1997 and Playmate of the Year in 1998.
 * Frank Borman, crew member of Apollo 8
 * Lyman Bostock, Major League Baseball (MLB) player
 * John Brim, bluesman
 * Donna Britt, journalist and author
 * Avery Brooks, actor, director
 * Vic Bubas, NCAA basketball coach
 * John A. Bushemi, WWII photographer killed in action
 * Vivian Carter, music producer
 * John Chickerneo, National Football League (NFL) player
 * Rudolph M. Clay, Mayor of Gary 2006–12
 * William Coyne, DuPont Company executive
 * Branden Dawson (born 1993), basketball player
 * Tony DeSantis (1914–2007), founder of Drury Lane theaters
 * Polly Draper (born 1955), actress, Thirtysomething
 * Dianne Durham (1967–2021), first Black national gymnastics champion
 * Clarissa Pinkola Estés, writer and psychoanalyst
 * Bianca Ferguson (born 1955), actress, General Hospital
 * Harry Flournoy (1943–2016), basketball player
 * Tellis Frank (born 1965), basketball player
 * Karen Freeman-Wilson (born 1960), Mayor of Gary 2012–19, former Indiana Attorney General
 * Maurice Friedman (1903–1991), reproductive-physiology researcher
 * Winston Garland (born 1964), basketball player
 * Darius Garland (born 2000), basketball player
 * Joe Gates (1954–2010), baseball player
 * Freddie Gibbs (born 1982), rapper
 * A. J. Hammons (born 1992), basketball player
 * Tom Harmon (1919–1990), 1940 Heisman Trophy winner for Michigan, sportscaster, father of actor Mark Harmon
 * Richard G. Hatcher (1933–2019), Mayor of Gary 1968–87
 * LaTroy Hawkins (born 1972), MLB pitcher for 21 years
 * Chuck Higgins, saxophonist, best known for the song "Pachuko Hop"
 * Eric Hillman (1966–2021), MLB and Japan pitcher
 * Gerald Irons (born 1947), NFL linebacker for Oakland Raiders and Cleveland Browns 1970–1979
 * Johnny Jackson (1955–2006), drummer for Jackson 5; murdered in Gary in 2006
 * Tim Jankovich, basketball head coach, SMU
 * Elijah Johnson (born 1990), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Jason Johnson (born 1965), NFL player
 * Tank Johnson (born 1981), NFL player
 * Alex Karras (1935–2012), winner of Outland Trophy, member of College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame, NFL player and actor (Blazing Saddles, Webster)
 * Lou Karras (1927–2018), NFL player 1950–1952
 * Ted Karras Jr. (born 1964), football player and coach
 * Ted Karras Sr. (1934–2016), NFL player 1958–1966
 * Robert Kearns (1927–2005), inventor of intermittent windshield wiper systems, subject of Flash of Genius
 * Big Daddy Kinsey (1927–2002) Blues singer, guitarist, harmonica player and bandleader of The Kinsey Report with his sons
 * Ron Kittle (born 1958), Chicago White Sox outfielder and 1983 American League Rookie of the Year
 * Milo Komenich (1920–1977), basketball player for 1943 national champion Wyoming
 * Bob Kuechenberg (1947–2019), NFL lineman, two-time Super Bowl champion with Miami Dolphins
 * Barney Liddell (1921–2003), trombonist in the Lawrence Welk Orchestra, 1948–1982
 * Kevin Magee (1959–2003), basketball player
 * R. Ellen Magenis (1925–2014), scientist
 * Karl Malden (1912–2009), Academy Award-winning actor; born in Chicago, raised in Gary
 * William Marshall (1924–2003), stage and film actor
 * Milt May (born 1950), professional baseball player
 * Kym Mazelle (born 1960), singer
 * Willie McCarter (born 1946–2023), NBA player, Los Angeles Lakers
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title: Gary, Indiana


text:
Gregory the Illuminator

Gregory the Illuminator (Classical Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ, reformed spelling: Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ, Grigor Lusavorich; c. 257 – c. 328) was the founder and first official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He converted Armenia from Zoroastrianism to Christianity in the early fourth century (traditionally dated to 301), making Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic Church and in some other churches.

Gregory is said to have been the son of a Parthian nobleman, Anak, who assassinated the Arsacid king of Armenia Khosrov II. The young Gregory was saved from the extermination of Anak's family and was raised as a Christian in Caesarea of Cappadocia. Gregory returned to Armenia as an adult and entered the service of King Tiridates III, who had Gregory tortured after he refused to make a sacrifice to a pagan goddess. After discovering Gregory's true identity, Tiridates had him thrown into a deep pit well called Khor Virap for 14 years. Gregory was miraculously saved from death and released after many years with the help of Tiridates' sister Khosrovidukht. Gregory then converted the King to Christianity, and Armenia then became the first country to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 AD. Gregory, the Illuminator, then healed King Tiridates, who the hagiographical sources say had been transfomed into a boar for his sins, and preached Christianity in Armenia. He was consecrated bishop of Armenia at Caesarea, baptized King Tiridates and the Armenian people, and traveled throughout Armenia, destroying pagan temples and building churches in their place.

Gregory eventually gave up the patriarchate to live as a hermit and was succeeded by his son Aristaces. Gregory's descendants, called the Gregorids, hereditarily held the office of Patriarch of Armenia with some interruptions until the fifth century. It is in Gregory's honor that the Armenian Church is sometimes called ("of the Illuminator") or Gregorian.

Early life
In the Armenian tradition, the standard version of the life of Gregory the Illuminator derives from the fifth-century hagiographic history attributed to Agathangelos. According to Agathangelos's account, Gregory was the son of the Parthian nobleman Anak; the later Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi identifies Anak as a member of the Parthian noble house of Suren. At the incitation of the Sasanian king Ardashir I, who promised to return Anak his domain as a reward, the Parthian nobleman went to Armenia and assassinated the Arsacid king of Armenia Khosrov II after gaining his confidence. Anak was then put to death by the Armenian nobles along with his entire family․ Anak's son Gregory narrowly escaped execution with the help of his nurse, whom Khorenatsi calls Sophy, sister of a Cappadocian notable named Euthalius (Ewtʻagh). Gregory was taken to Caesarea in Cappadocia, where he received a Christian upbringing. Jean-Michel Thierry described him as of "Cappadocian culture and religion" and credited him with having introduced "Greek civilization to Armenia."

According to Khorenatsi, upon coming of age, Gregory married Mariam, daughter of a Christian named David. He had two children with Mariam: Aristaces and Vrtanes, who would later succeed Gregory as patriarchs of Armenia.

Christianization of Armenia
After the birth of their sons, Mariam and Gregory separated, and Gregory went to Armenia to enter the service of King Tiridates III, son of the assassinated king Khosrov II. After Gregory refused to sacrifice to the goddess Anahit, the king had Gregory imprisoned and subjected to many tortures. Once Tiridates discovered that Gregory was the son of his father's killer, he had Gregory thrown into a deep pit called Khor Virap near Artaxata, where he remained for thirteen (or fifteen) years. In Agathangelos's history, Gregory is miraculously saved and brought out from the pit after Tiridates' sister Khosrovidukht sees a vision. Gregory then healed the king, who, Agathangelos writes, had been transformed into a wild boar for his sinful behavior. Tiridates and his court accepted Christianity, making Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion.

After being released, Gregory preached the Christian faith in Armenia and erected shrines to the martyrs Gayane and Hripsime in Vagharshapat on a spot indicated to him in a vision. Vagharshapat would later become home to the mother church of Armenian Christianity and, by medieval times, called Ejmiatsin ("descent of the only-begotten") in reference to Gregory's vision. Gregory, sometimes accompanied by Tiridates, went around Armenia destroying pagan temples, defeating the armed resistance of the pagan priests. Gregory then went to Caesarea with a retinue of Armenian princes and was consecrated bishop of Armenia by Leontius of Caesarea. Until the death of Nerses I in the late fourth century, Gregory's successors would go to Caesarea to be confirmed as bishops of Armenia, and Armenia remained under the titular authority of the metropolitans of Caesarea.

Returning to Armenia, Gregory raised churches in place of the destroyed pagan temples and seized their estates and wealth for the Armenian Church and his house. On the site of the destroyed temple to Vahagn at Ashtishat, Gregory raised a church which became the original center of the Armenian Church and remained so until after the partition of the country in 387. Gregory met King Tiridates near the town of Bagavan and baptized the Armenian king, army and people in the Euphrates. In two non-Armenian versions of Agathangelos's history, Gregory also baptizes together with Tiridates the kings of Caucasian Albania, Georgia and Lazica/Abkhazia. He founded schools for the Christian education of children, where the languages of instruction were Greek and Syriac. He established the ecclesiastical structure of Armenia, appointing as bishops some of the children of pagan priests. Gregory is also said to have journeyed to Rome with King Tiridates in an embassy to the recently converted Constantine the Great, but scholar Robert W. Thomson views this as fictional.

The conversion of Armenia to Christianity is traditionally dated to 301, but modern scholarship considers a later date, approximately 314, to be a more likely. Additionally, the history of Agathangelos depicts the spread of Christianity of Armenia as having occurred practically entirely within Gregory's lifetime, when, in fact, it was a more gradual process.

Retirement and death
Some time after converting Armenia to Christianity, Gregory appointed his younger son Aristaces as his successor and went to live an ascetic life in the "cave of Manē" in the district of Daranali in Upper Armenia. The Patriarchate of Armenia would be held as a hereditary office, with some interruptions, by the house of Gregory, called the Gregorids, until the death of Patriarch Isaac in the fifth century. According to Movses Khorenatsi, Gregory sometimes came out from his hermitage and traveled around the country until Aristaces returned from the Council of Nicaea (325), after which Gregory never appeared to anyone again. He died in seclusion in the cave of Manē and was buried nearby by shepherds who did not know who he was. All of the sources indicate that Gregory's death occurred not long after the Council of Nicaea; Cyril Toumanoff gives 328 as the year of Gregory's death.

Historical assessment
Levon Ter-Petrosyan, philologist and Armenia's first president, postulates that Gregory and Mesrop Mashtots had the most influence on the course of Armenian history. James R. Russell argues that both Gregory and Mashtots were visionaries, found a champion for their program in the king, looked to the West, had very strong pro-Hellenic bias, trained the children of pagan priests and assembled their own disciples to spread the faith through learning.

Relics and veneration
After his death his corpse was removed to the village of Thodanum (T'ordan, modern Doğanköy, Kemah, near Erzincan).

The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople each claim to have relics from the right arm of the saint, in an arm-shaped reliquary. The catholicosates of Etchmiadzin and Cilicia use the arm relic for the blessing of the Holy Myron every seven years.

In the calendar of the Armenian Church, the discovery of the relics of St. Gregory is an important feast and is commemorated on the Saturday before the Fourth Sunday after Pentecost. Two other feast days in the Armenian Apostolic Church are devoted to St. Gregory: the feast of his entry into Khor Virap, the 'deep pit or dungeon' (commemorated on the last Saturday of Lent) and his deliverance from Khor Virap (commemorated on the Saturday before the second Sunday after Pentecost).

Depictions in Armenian art
Gregory has been depicted widely in Armenian art since the early Middle Ages on various media. He is most likely the figure, a saint, carved on a seventh-century stele in Talin. He is depicted next to John the Baptist, the prophet Elijah, and most likely Thaddeus, James of Nisibis, and the apostle Bartholomew on the east façade of the tenth-century Aghtamar Cathedral in Lake Van. Sixteen scenes depicting Gregorys life are painted in the Church of Tigran Honents in Ani (1215), that contains the most complete painted interior of all medieval Armenian monuments.

Gregory is depicted on the silver reliquary of Skevra (1293), the best known work of precious metal from Armenian Cilicia, along with Saint Thaddeus, and on the reliquary of the Holy Sign (1300), another significant piece of Armenian metalwork made at the Monastery of Khotakerats, along with John the Baptist. Gregory is depicted with King Trdat on the left and Hripsime on a 1448 processional banner of embroidered silk kept at the Treasury of Etchmiadzin. At the Vank Cathedral in New Julfa, the Armenian district of Isfahan, Iran, Gregory's martyrdom was painted in a European style by the Italian-trained Hovhannes M'rkuz Jułayeci in 1646.

Byzantium and the Orthodox world
Gregory is commemorated on September 30 by the Eastern Orthodox Church, which styles him "Holy Hieromartyr Gregory, Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia."

His relics were scattered near and far in the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno. Relic fragments are found at the Karakallou Monastery and Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos; the Gregoriou Monastery claims to have the saint's skull.

Veneration of Gregory began in the Byzantine Empire in the late 9th century with the ascend of Basil I. A 9th century mosaic of Gregory was uncovered in Hagia Sophia under a layer of plaster in 1847–49 during the restoration by the Fossati brothers. Located in the south tympanum, next to the Fathers of the Church, it shows Gregory standing in bishop robes, blessing with one hand and holding the Book of the Gospels with the other. The mosaic, thought to have been destroyed in the 1894 earthquake, survives in drawing by Wilhelm Salzenberg and the Fossati brothers. Sirarpie Der Nersessian argued that his inclusion in the series of the Church Fathers is explained by the myth of the Arsacid origin of Basil I, likely fabricated by Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople.

Gregory is depicted in two prominent Byzantine illuminated manuscripts—the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000) and the Theodore Psalter (1066) —and in a number of Byzantine churches and monasteries, most notably Hosios Loukas (11th century), Church of Panagia Chalkeon in Thessaloniki (11th century), and the Pammakaristos Church in Constantinople (14th century).

One of the sections of Moscow's iconic Saint Basil's Cathedral is named after Gregory the Armenian (Tserkov Grigoriya Armyanskogo). It is dedicated to the capture of Ars Tower of the Kazan Kremlin by Ivan the Terrible during the Siege of Kazan on September 30, 1552, on his feast day.

Italy and the Catholic world

In the 8th century, the iconoclast decrees in Greece caused a number of religious orders to flee the Byzantine Empire and seek refuge elsewhere. San Gregorio Armeno in Naples was built in that century over the remains of a Roman temple dedicated to Ceres, by a group of nuns escaping from the Byzantine Empire with the relics of Gregory, including his skull, arms, a femur bone, his staff, the leather straps used in his torture and the manacles that held the saint. The femur and manacles were returned by Pope John Paul II to Catholicos Karekin II and are now enshrined at Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral in Yerevan.

On February 20, 1743, Nardò, Italy was hit by a devastating earthquake that destroyed almost the entire city. The only structure to survive intact after the quake was the city's statue of St. Gregory the Illuminator. According to the city's registers, only 350 out of the city's 10,000 inhabitants died in the earthquake, leading the inhabitants to believe that St. Gregory saved the city. Every year, they mark the anniversary of the earthquake by holding three days of celebrations in his honor. Two relics of the saint are at Nardò Cathedral: one is kept in a silver bust of the saint, which is carried in processions, and the other, the metacarpus, is kept within a silver arm-shaped reliquary.

The feast day of Saint Gregory the Illuminator is on September 30 according to both the 2004 Roman Martyrology of the Ordinary Form and the 1956 Roman Martyrology of the Extraordinary Form of the Catholic Church; however, the 1962 Roman Missal and its previous editions list the feast day of "Saint Gregory, Bishop of Greater Armenia and Martyr" on October 1.

A 5.7 m tall statue of Gregory in the Carrara marble was installed in the north courtyard of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City in January 2005. Sculpted by France-based Lebanese-Armenian sculptor Khatchik Kazandjian, the statue was inaugurated by Pope John Paul II. Gregory is depicted holding a cross in one hand and the Bible in the other. Pope Benedict XVI inaugurated the area as St. Gregory the Illuminator Courtyard in February 2008.

Anglican Communion
He is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on March 23.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gregory the Illuminator


text:
Talk:God Defend New Zealand

Lyrics - copyright
So why don't some of you patriotic Kiwis add the lyrics? Presumably they're not copyright --Robert Merkel

As far as I know, copyright on the lyrics is held by the New Zealand government. I will try to contact someone to get the details. Incidentally, I wouldn't be surprised if some other countries' national anthems are covered by copyright, too. --Carey Evans

If it was written in 1876, copyright has already expired long time ago --Taw

The lyrics are available at http://www.cultureandheritage.govt.nz/anthem/index.htm. The copyright on the lyrics may have expired in the United States (as has everything else first published on or before December 31, 1922), but distributing things online requires worldwide rights, and governments outside the United States are not inhibited by the "limited times" clause of U.S. Const. 1.8.8 and can enact a perpetual copyright on a given work, such as what the UK government did to the Peter Pan cycle. Even then, don't count on anything else expiring in your lifetime.

Thanks - I couldn't have said it better myself. Should something like this go on a more general page on Wikipedia copyrights? --Carey Evans

However, the unaltered lyrics of a national anthem, even in their entirety, would almost certainly be fair use, wouldn't they? --Robert Merkel

I don't know about New Zealand, by the lyrics to Canada's national anthem are in the public domain. I always assumed that it was same worldwide, but someone should surely check it out. -- Stephen Gilbert

I got an email today (2001-10-10) from Haydee Wilton at the Ministy for Culture and Heritage, regarding the copyright. Copyright on the English lyrics expired in 1948. She hasn't found out anything about the Maori lyrics yet, though, so I'll have to be patient until the relevant documentation can be tracked down. --Carey Evans

More info from Ailsa Caid at MCH: the Maori lyrics are covered by Crown copyright, which doesn't expire until 2079. --Carey Evans

If you need to email someone for copyright info, email the Ministry for Culture and Heritage at mailto:info@mch.govt.nz - User:Z.Spy

The copyright purchased by the government was 50 years from the author's death and expired at the END of the year ie from 1 January 1949 not 1948 (ie not on the anniversary of Bracken's birthday which was 16 February); have corrected article Hugo999 (talk) 11:09, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Pacific's triple star
What does your anthem mean when it says "Guard Pacific's triple star"? As an Aussie I have no idea what this means. -- Grahame Gould (religiousnut@yahoo.com.au)
 * I don't know either, despite being a New Zealander. It might have something to do with the three colors on the flag (blue, red, and white.)
 * The meaning behind "guard pacific's triple star" was never confirmed by the original author of the poem, Thomas Bracken. There are three main thoughts: referring to Te Kooti's flag and shows his support for Māori; referring to the three main islands of NZ; or the third star of Alpha Centauri, which has been discounted as the third star was discovered 49 years after the poem was written. Andrew

Sorry, haven't made an account yet, but I'm from NZ. I believe the anthem is referring to the three main islands of NZ with the "triple star" line. "Guard Pacific's triple star" specifically refers to the Pacific Ocean, and it would have to be referring to something physical to guard, rather than three colours I think. -- Mark.

http://www.rfcadet.org.nz/News/general/Flag%20Data.html - ah, don't worry. This answers it to the extent that my curiosity extended. And I'm now a member. -- Grahame

It's a reference to Speights' beer. 103.52.206.154 (talk) 12:29, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

Maori lyrics
I'm confused - the Maori lyrics don't quite agree with http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/ - seems that some longer words have been broken into shorter ones. Is anyone that knows the language better than I able to reconcile the differences? Tenbaset 03:12, Jan 26, 2004 (UTC)

MIDI link was broken but ...
I have replaced the MIDI Link that was there:

http://www.copsrus.com/anthems/newzeal.mid MIDI File

as it currently seems broken.

However I am not wildly happy about my replacement and if anyone finds one of better quality I suggest they use it. It's nice to have the sheet music but it's not a professional typeset of it (with the greatest of respect to the person who did it) and has a couple of (not too significant) errors. Nevilley 09:37, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Maori lyrics
According to the edit history of the article, I removed the Maori lyrics. Looking at the edit I do not think it was my work at all and I would not have intentionally removed them; I think the history is messed up. Apologies for any confusion, and I am glad to see the article put right again. Nevilley 18:38, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Copyright information from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Has anyone taken a look at http://www.cultureandheritage.govt.nz/copy-right.html ? It has the copyright information from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Jusjih 06:17, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * See also Template:NZCrownCopyright.--Jusjih 12:36, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Multilingual Wikisource has applied the same copyright policy as English Wikisource to disallow fair use and non-commercial licenses, so please do not add copyrighted Maori lyrics to Wikisource through 2078. We can claim fair use at Wikipedia articles but not Wikisource.--Jusjih 05:16, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

How to sing the song?
Today I observed the assembly of a local primary school on Dominion Road of Auckland. They sing the Maori version first, and then with the key transposed, they sing the English version. Was it the same in other places through New Zealand? -- Tomchiukc 07:10, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I have noticed that it has become common practice especially at sporting matches to sing the Maori version first. This may be because in general the Maori version is not as well known, so people sing a bit quieter and not as confident. When you come to the English version everyone knows it and so sings louder and it sounds more impressive. That's just my theory anyway. Evil Monkey → Talk 02:02, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, we kiwis sing the maori version first then the english version. I don't really know why though... Hugh Jass 01:57, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Umm, no, we don't. AJD 20:41, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * On Anzac day the RSAs sing English then Maori version. 210.86.41.143 08:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm having problems too,being that I'm a Yank.I know the lyrics,yet I can't get the tune right.User:Z.Spy 08:42, 5 October 2005..

 * The Maori verison is nicer and less religious. so it should be first.  And, you want to end with a long "god defend new zeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaalaaaaaaaaaaannd", and you can't do that with another verse coming along.  --Midnighttonight 04:19, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The official web page explains that there are no set guidelines when singing God Defend New Zealand in both English or Maori. Singing English only, Maori only, English then Maori, and Maori then English are all fine. As some Canadians do mix and alternate English and French lyrics when singing O Canada, has anyone ever heard of mixing and alternating English and Maori lyrics when singing God Defend New Zealand? I have never heard of this.--Jusjih 12:45, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I nearly always hear it sung Maori first, English second - it's not official, but a very common habit. The article could at least note this (even though evidence is extremely anecdotal). Neftaly 23:32, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Better not to sing the damn thing
Trust me, it's not just Americans who have problems with it. Many of us Kiwis stare in embarrassment at our shoes wishing the gorund would swallow us up whenever this national anthem is sung, as it is so depressingly dreadful, in English or Maori, especially when we have the misfortune of being in the company of foreigners (or, God forbid, attending a sporting fixture on foreign soil). It's not exactly rousing. It is, however, rather characteristic of the national aptitude for poetry and music. We New Zealanders are very good at rugby. And farming. and DIY. And barbecues. And staring at our shoes with an embarrassed grin whenever our natoinal anthem is sung. Get it over with and get on with the Haka! -- ElectricRay 22:18, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Wait, people are entitled to their opinion. I'm across the Tasman, and I think the Australian national anthem is dreadful, but I love the Kiwi one. There's probably thousands who would shoot me, but it's just the opinion.
 * Having said that, I completely disagree with ElectricRay. The New Zealand National Anthem would have to be among the best in the world in my books. -- Nintenmo

 * Completely agree with you Nintenmo - few in Australia think much of Advance Australia Fair (lyrics that say little, mediocre and uninspiring tune - not too mention racist, sexist, and imperialist in the verses no longer used), but most who know of it like God Defend NZ. It is certainly one of the better ones around and unquestionably the best national anthem that Australians ever wrote. :) --Vox latina (talk) 07:53, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm a Kiwi and I hate our anthem. It basically says "God help us". Somebody needs to come up with something a bit less gay. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.75.141.91 (talk) 09:52, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * So there I was just reading the top comment thinking, "yeah! that's right! Exactly! There's someone out there who agrees with me!" --- and then I noticed it was my own comment from eight years ago. Bigkev, trust me I did get the f--k out, best part of 20 years ago, which is wny there is so much cringeing. When at Twickenham, my English mates stare at me in horror when GDNZ is trotted out, as if it's somehow my fault. I mean, "guard pacific's triple star" - what inept sort of doggerel is that? It's a CROSS for crying out loud! There are FOUR stars! I'm gratified you aussies the NZ anthem is good, but really - compared with the Welsh one? or the German one? it's horrible. And the unsigned user it spot on: it says "GOD HELP US". I mean, God HELP us. ElectricRay (talk) 14:53, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

God save the Queen???
How can this article say that God save the queen is of equal status????? Most people don't know all the words to God Defend nz let alone God Save the queen, I don't even know what that song sounds like.
 * Because they are both legally NZ's national anthems: "On Monday, 21 November 1977, then Minister of Internal Affairs Hon D A Highet, announced in the New Zealand Gazette 'that the National Anthems of New Zealand shall be the traditional anthem 'God Save The Queen' and the poem 'God Defend New Zealand', written by Thomas Bracken, as set to music by John Joseph Woods, both being of equal status as national anthems appropriate to the occasion'. This action was given with the consent of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II."  Ignorantia juris non excusat, nor is ignorance of the words and tune excusable: if you don't know, learn them.  You never know what trouble it may bring you.  By way of example, see this footage of John Redwood, the then Secretary of State for Wales, making a fool of himself at a Welsh conference. .  (PS: please sign comments with four tildes (~).) Alan Davidson 07:48, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have noticed that at our local ANZAC Day celebration, the RSA seems to favour God Save The Queen, and as many people seem to know the words to that as know the Maori version of GDNZ. As an aside, there is a theory that only foreign spies ever know all the verses to a national anthem. Egmason (talk) 03:18, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Heh, that makes me a foreign spy then... lol. Foreign, yes; spy? Some courier guy freaked out after delivering me a huge envelope from Singapore marked CONFIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS, when I jokingly told him not to tell anyone about it. It was homework from the GEP in a recycled envelope. So funny. SS  ✞(Kay) 07:47, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Depends on the anthem/country surely. Some old ones in particular like God Defend New Zealand and God Save The Queen seem to have many little used verses so that it's probably not that surprising. There also seems to be resistance to singing the anthem in schools in some countries. Compare to Negaraku which AFAIK doesn't have any extra little uses verses and is only sung in one language (doesn't even have any official translations) and is nearly always sung at schools so many know it. Similarly with Singlish speaker above, Majulah Singapura does't have any little used verses AFAIK and is only properly sung in Malay (although it does have official translations) and is sung in schools so many Singaporeans must know it. Of course I also distinctly remember watching the Australian Who Wants To Be A Millionaire where one of the questions was about one of the commonly sung lines in Advance Australia Fair and the (Australian) contestant didn't know much to Eddie McGuire's chagrin and when he asked the audience their response was surprisingly uncertain (I think it was in a plurality but can't remember if it was over 50% although the audience in the Australian edition always seemed a bit dumb anyway). Nil Einne (talk) 12:51, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It's always interesting how these old threads are revived :-D. I guess the point about the spies is that their knowledge of the country tends to be rote-learned, whereas it's fairly well known in New Zealand that God Defend New Zealand is our primary anthem. When I was at primary and high school that was the anthem that we learnt to sing, both languages, but never God Save the Queen. I don't know of any school that actually teaches it. --LJ Holden 23:02, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Translation of the Maori lyrics
It would be interesting if somebody could translate the Maori lyrics of the anthem to English. What do you think? Andelarion 17:45, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean literal translation. I support the idea, but I do not understand any Maori, so I cannot do it.--Jusjih (talk) 03:01, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * do you want it here?

anyway, here it is:

O Lord, God, Of all people, Listen to us, Cherish us, may good flourish, May your blessings flow, [defend] Aotearoa

Let all people Red skin, white skin Maori, Pakeha Gather before you May all our wrongs, we pray, Be forgiven So that we might say long live Aotearoa

May it be forever prestigious May it go from strength to strength May its fame spread far and wide Let not strife nor disssension ensue May it ever be great Aotearoa

Let its territory Be ever enlightened Throughout the land Let envy and dissension Be dispelled Let peace reign Over Aotearoa

Let its good features endure Let righteousness and honesty prevail Among the people of God Let it never be ashamed, But rather, let its name be known Thus becoming a role model to emulate Aotearoa

Hope this helps! It's really interesting when you compare it to the English singlish_speaker♫ (talk) 05:25, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think whero translates as brown. The whero bird is called the brown teal in English, and NZ Maori think of themselves as brown, not red. 122.62.129.228 (talk) 00:14, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Translating colours between languages is a nightmare. Languages became codified before modern artificial dyes were invented and consequently there are too few words chasing after too many hues. The English colour name, 'Red', is not well defined. Bright red hues range from orange to mauve. The darker contrast red colours are centred on 'Blood' but range from 'Rust' to 'Maroon' and 'Burgundy'. Somewhere in that range lie many Brown hues.
 * Arguing whether a particular hue should be called Red or Brown can be a fruitless task. Mapping Whero (red) and Parauri (Brown) from Te Reo Māori into English is … Well let's just say that it isn't easy. OrewaTel (talk) 14:49, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

RE: How to sing the song
I have always seen the Maori version sung first - in my understanding, it is standard at formal events, sports games and in schools. The likely reason for this is to be politically correct, but I won't go into OR territory here. I don't believe a citation is needed for the claim that it is common to sing Maori, then English, which is why I removed the tag. Since it seems some people still disagree, discuss? 125.237.26.48 (talk) 06:45, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

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"Nation's" vs "Nations'"
On my reading of the second sentence of the Criticism section, the text being quoted there is that of the anthem itself and not that of Nancy Swarbrick's article about it. While the latter is being cited to support the statement that the quoted textual items have been criticised for being "old-fashioned or obscure", it is the textual items themselves that are being criticised, and are therefore being referred to by the words in quotation marks, and this means the ones which actually appear in the anthem. Thus, not only is there no need to reproduce any misspellings of those items by Ms Swarbrick, I consider it an error for the article to do so. David Wilson (talk · cont) 12:41, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your point is well made, but I can also see User:Roger 8 Roger's point in insisting that quoted material should remain as written in the source – after all, those words are in quotation marks, which of course could also (wrongly) mark WP:WORDSASWORDS. Maybe the two positions can be reconciled if we follow the MoS and use italics for those words and then silently correct Swarbrick's spelling. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 13:20, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * No! The article says very clearly "the lyrics ... have been criticised". The lyrics say correctly say "nations' van" and that is what should be quoted. Okay, there is a citation to Nancy Swarbrick's article but her misspellings are irrelevant. It is obvious that the lyrics are being quoted and not some article that is referenced via a footnote. Either the article should say, "'nations' van' is criticised" or "the lyrics have been criticised by someone who couldn't be bothered to get them right." My feeling is that the article is about perceived deficiencies in the lyrics and not about the deficiencies of one person criticising them. I strongly suspect that the edit was made by someone who was looking for an excuse to use the tag "[sic]" and didn't care that it made the article less readable. Anyway if nobody comes up with a reason not to, I shall edit the article into understandable plain English and get rid of that pretentious Latin tag.OrewaTel (talk) 10:18, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I also agree that the correct lyrics anthem should be quoted. It is the anthem itself that is being critiqued; Swarbrick is imply incorrectly quoting the anthem. --Hazhk (talk) 15:23, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Macaronic Song
One category has been changed from 'Multilingual Song' to 'Macaronic Song'. This was in response to a consensus that 'Multilingual' should be replaced by 'Macaronic'. The trouble is that God Defend New Zealand is not macaronic. 'Macaronic' essentially means that two languages are mixed together. God Defend New Zealand, on the other hand, has two versions ― one Māori, one English ― which are sung in turn and they are never mixed together. You can make an argument that these are two versions of a monolingual song rather than being a single bilingual song. So since we are not allowed to use Category:Multilingual songs then I would like to simply remove the incorrect Category:Macaronic songs. Having been warned about this edit once, I need to seek other opinions before going ahead. OrewaTel (talk) 05:39, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm happy for you to remove Category:Macaronic songs, but it should not be replaced with Category:Multilingual songs as that's a redirect. I think the discussion which supported the redirect did not sufficiently consider how to categorise songs which have multiple language versions.- gadfium 06:24, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I concur with . Perhaps it would be useful to ask a clarifying CfD or RfC about this overlooked case? I don't think that asking for clarification of consensus given a case that was not considered would fly in the face of WP:CCC's clause about "proposing to change a recently established consensus can be disruptive", so long as the original parties to the CfD are pinged. That could separate the two with, perhaps, a note in both referring to the other and noting the difference, but then could also run into the issue of having a category that falls into WP:SMALLCAT unless there are several that could be added (just throwing ideas out there). What do you think, gadfium? -- The SandDoctor Talk 23:15, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you both for clarifying. Category:Multilingual songs cannot be used because it isn't a real category ― it simply redirects to Category:Macaronic songs. This category designator has only recently been added to God Defend New Zealand and it seems to be a mistake. I shall remove it.OrewaTel (talk) 02:00, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Multilingual or Macromic
A recent edit put this anthem in the Multilingual category and a subsequent edit corrected to Macaronic. Actually this anthem is a single language song but like any song it can be translated into other languages. God Defend New Zealand is unusual in that there is an official translation from English to Te Reo (Māori). Māori is a verbose language that requires more syllables than English to say the same thing and in consequence a direct translation that fits the tune is impossible. Nevertheless the anthem is always sung in just one language – we don't mix the languages. (cx National anthem of South Africa which is a mixture of 5 languages.) Normally the anthem is sung twice, first in Te Reo then in English, but each verse is sung in its entirety in a single language. OrewaTel (talk) 01:13, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:24, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * National anthem of the New Zealand.ogg

Ihowā = Jehovah
There are English language and Te Reo versions of this song. They differ for two reasons. The first reason is that Māori is a verbose language and and you cannot shoehorn it into a terse English tune. To show this we have a direct translation. This works quite well. For example, "Hear our voices, we entreat,\ God defend our free land." (12 syllables) is represented in Te Reo by, "Āta whakarangona; \ Me aroha noa" (13 syllables). The direct back translation is accurate. "Listen to us, \ Cherish us" (7 syllables)

The problem comes from the second reason for the difference. Te Reo does not map directly onto English. Even when words are nominally the same, the nuances are different. This causes problems with any legal document written in both languages. What this means is that even when we are making a direct word for word translation, we must be very careful to choose the correct words. Very often there isn't one word and we need to use a whole phrase. Māori works its words very hard.

Consider the phrase 'Ihowā atua in the first line.

The word 'Ihowā' is a transliteration of 'Jehovah' but it isn't a direct translation. Te Reo doesn't have a word for 'God' (and strictly speaking does not have a word for 'gods'). The nearest is 'atua' which invokes the spirit of potent ancestors. To represent 'God', you can use 'te atua' (the God) but better is 'Ihowā atua'. 'Ihowā atua' could be translated as the 'the essential supernatural spirit that has been called Jehovah'. Since this is a Christian poem that was translated by a Christian missionary, 'Lord God' seems a good translation. OrewaTel (talk) 05:10, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:God Defend New Zealand


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God Emperor of Dune

God Emperor of Dune is a science fiction novel by American writer Frank Herbert, published in 1981. The fourth in his Dune series of six novels, it was ranked as the No. 11 hardcover fiction best seller of 1981 by Publishers Weekly.

Plot
Leto II Atreides, the God Emperor, has ruled the universe as a tyrant for 3,500 years after becoming a hybrid of human and sandworm. The death of all other sandworms as a result of the terraforming of Arrakis, and his control of the remaining supply of the all-important spice, has allowed him to keep civilization under his complete command. Leto has been physically transformed into a worm, retaining only his human face and arms, and though he is now seemingly immortal and invulnerable to harm, he is prone to instinct-driven bouts of violence when provoked to anger. As a result, his rule is one of religious awe and despotic fear.

Leto has disbanded the Landsraad to all but a few Great Houses; the remaining powers defer to his authority, although they individually conspire against him in secret. The Fremen have long since lost their military power and have been replaced by the Fish Speakers, an all-female army who obey Leto without question. He has rendered the human population into a state of trans-galactic stagnation; space travel is non-existent to most people in his empire, which he has deliberately kept to a near-medieval level of technological sophistication. All of this he has done in accordance with a prophecy divined through precognition that will establish an enforced peace preventing humanity from destroying itself through aggressive behavior.

Arrakis has been transformed via terraforming from a desert planet to a lush forested biosphere with the exception of "The Sareer", a single section of desert retained by Leto for his Citadel. A string of Duncan Idaho gholas have served Leto over the millennia, and Leto has also fostered the bloodline of his twin sister Ghanima. Her descendant Moneo Atreides is Leto's majordomo and closest confidant, while Moneo's daughter Siona has become the leader of an Arrakis-based rebellion against Leto. She steals a set of secret records from his archives, not realizing that he has allowed it. Leto intends to breed Siona with the latest Duncan ghola, but is aware that the ghola, moved by his own morality, may try to assassinate him before this can occur.

The Ixians send a new ambassador named Hwi Noree to serve Leto, and though he realizes that she has been specifically designed and trained to ensnare him, he cannot resist falling in love with her. She agrees to marry him. Leto tests Siona by taking her out to the middle of the desert. After improperly using her stillsuit to preserve moisture, dehydration forces her to accept Leto's offer of spice essence from his body to replenish her. Awakened to Leto's prophecy, which he calls the Golden Path, Siona is convinced of the importance of it. She remains dedicated to Leto's destruction, and an errant rainstorm demonstrates to her his mortal vulnerability to water.

When Duncan falls in love and copulates with Hwi, Moneo sends him and Siona out to Tuono Village, an outcropping along the Royal Procession road, to keep them safe from Leto's wrath. Leto changes the venue of his wedding from Tabur Village to Tuono Village. Siona and Duncan overcome a mutual hatred of each other to plan an assassination. As Leto's wedding procession moves across a high bridge over a river, Siona's associate Nayla destroys the support beams with a lasgun. The bridge collapses and Leto's entourage, including Hwi, plunge to their deaths into the river below. Leto's body rends apart in the water; the sandtrout which are part of his body encyst the water and scurry off, while the worm portion burns and disintegrates on the shore.

With his dying breaths, Leto reveals a secret portion of the Golden Path: the production of a human who is invisible to prescient vision. Having begun millennia before with the union of Leto's twin sister Ghanima and Farad'n of House Corrino, Siona is the finished result, and she and her descendants will retain this ability. He explains that humanity is now free from the domination of oracles, free to scatter throughout the universe, never again to face complete domination or complete destruction. After revealing the location of his secret spice hoard, Leto dies, leaving Duncan and Siona to face the task of managing the empire.

The Ixians have also begun the construction of navigation computers that will render the Spacing Guild's Navigators obsolete. Leto's death causes the Scattering, a great forced exodus of the former Imperium citizens to other galaxies and planets.

Analysis
In God Emperor of Dune, Frank Herbert analyzes the cyclical patterns of human society, as well as humanity's evolutionary drives. Using his ancestral memories, Leto II has knowledge of the entirety of human history and is able to recall the effects and patterns of tyrannical institutions, from the Babylonian empire through to the Jesuits on ancient Earth, and thus builds an empire existing as a complete nexus encompassing all these methods. This galactic empire differs from the historical tyrants in that it is deliberately designed to end in destruction, and is only instituted in the first place as part of a plan to rescue humanity from an absolute destruction which Leto II has foreseen through his prescient visions. Leto II personally explores the emergent effects of civilization, noting that most hierarchical structures are remnants of evolutionary urges toward safety. Thus, by forming a perfectly safe and stable empire, Leto II delivers a message to be felt throughout history.

Stylistically, the novel is permeated by quotations from, and speeches by its main character, Leto, to a degree unseen in any of the other Dune novels. The quotations are from Leto's own dictated records, made for future humanity. In part, this stylistic shift is an artifact of how Herbert wrote it: the first draft was written almost entirely in the first-person narrative voice, only being revised in later drafts to insert more third-person narration of events.

Critical reception
God Emperor of Dune was ranked as the No. 11 hardcover fiction best seller of 1981 by Publishers Weekly. The Los Angeles Times wrote that the novel was "Rich fare ... heady stuff", and Time called it "a fourth visit to distant Arrakis that is every bit as fascinating as the other three—every bit as timely." Critic John Leonard of The New York Times was less charitable, stating the original Dune novel "was just about a perfect science fiction" that had not been improved on: "not in Dune Messiah, in Children of Dune or in God Emperor of Dune."

In popular culture
The book is parodied in the animated television show The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy in the 2003–04 season episode "Mandy, the Merciless", with Mandy as the emperor Leto II, and Billy as Duncan Idaho.

title: God Emperor of Dune


text:
Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station

Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station is a large radiocommunication site located on Goonhilly Downs near Helston on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall, England. Owned by Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd under a 999-year lease from BT Group plc, it was at one time the largest satellite earth station in the world, with more than 30 communication antennas and dishes in use. The site also links into undersea cable lines.

History
Its first dish, Antenna One (dubbed "Arthur"), was built in 1962 to link with Telstar. It was the first open parabolic design and is 25.9 metres (85 feet) in diameter and weighs 1,118 tonnes. After Pleumeur-Bodou Ground Station (Brittany) which received the first live transatlantic television broadcasts from the United States via the Telstar satellite at 0H47 GMT on 11 July 1962, Arthur received his first video in the middle of the same day. It is now a Grade II listed structure and is therefore protected.

The site has also played a key role in communications events such as the Muhammad Ali fights, the Olympic Games, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and 1985's Live Aid concert.

Statistics
The site's largest dish, dubbed "Merlin", has a diameter of 32 metres (105 feet). Other dishes include Guinevere, Tristan, and Isolde after characters in Arthurian legend, much of which takes place in Cornwall.

The earth station is powered by the National Grid. If power fails, all essential equipment will run off huge batteries for up to 20 minutes, during which time four one-megawatt diesel generators will take over. The nearby wind generator farm is not part of the complex.

Closure
On 12 September 2006, BT announced it would shut down satellite operations at Goonhilly in 2008, and move them to Madley Communications Centre in Herefordshire, making that centre BT's only earth station.

Visitor centre
Until Easter 2010 the site had a visitor centre inside which the Connected Earth gallery told the history of satellite communications. There were many other interactive exhibits, a cafe, a shop and one of Britain's fastest cybercafés (a one gigabit pipe and a theoretical maximum speed per computer of 100 Mbit). There were also tours around the main BT site and into the heart of Arthur.

At its prime, the site attracted around 80,000 visitors a year, but in March 2010 BT announced that the visitor centre would be "Closed for Easter and beyond, until further notice."

Development to Commercial Deep Space Communication
On 11 January 2011 it was announced that part of the site was to be sold to create a space science centre. This would involve upgrading some of the dishes to make them suitable for deep space communication with spacecraft missions. A new company was formed to manage the operations, Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd. The company leased most of the antennas for at least three years with the option to buy the entire complex in the future. Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd. took ownership of the site in January 2014.

There are plans to connect one or more of the Goonhilly dishes into global radio astronomy interferometer networks.

There are also plans to upgrade the former visitor centre into "an outreach centre promoting space and space science for visitors, including local residents and schools".

In July 2015 European Space Agency examined if antenna Goonhilly 6 could be used to support Artemis 1 of the Orion spacecraft. Since then the 30 and 32 meter dishes have been refurbished, upgraded, tested and certified as deep space stations and confirm to CCSDS and now can enhance NASA's Deep-Space-Network or ESA's ESTRACK network. The services are offered to NASA, ESA, JAXA, ASI, CNES, CSA, DLR and UKSA.

The site is a partner in the bid by Newquay Airport to become the UK's first Spaceport.

Support for Moon exploration
In April 2018, Goonhilly became part of a collaboration partnership for commercial lunar mission support services, with the European Space Agency and Surrey Satellite Technology. The agreement calls for the upgrade of Goonhilly, and development of the Lunar Pathfinder mission. Plans exist for small landers with a lunar mothership providing communications relay.

On 22 February 2024 the station served as the Earth station for the Intuitive Machines IM-1 spacecraft as it landed on the Moon. The first American spacecraft to do so since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.

title: Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station


text:
Godwin's law

Godwin's law (or Godwin's rule), short for Godwin's law of Nazi analogies, is an Internet adage asserting: "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1."

History
Promulgated by the American attorney and author Mike Godwin in 1990, Godwin's law originally referred specifically to Usenet newsgroup discussions. He stated that he introduced Godwin's law in 1990 as an experiment in memetics, specifically to address the ubiquity of such comparisons which he believes regrettably trivialize the Holocaust. Later, it was applied to any threaded online discussion, such as Internet forums, chat rooms, and social-media comment threads, as well as to speeches, articles, and other rhetoric where reductio ad Hitlerum occurs.

In 2012, Godwin's law became an entry in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Generalization, corollaries, and usage
Godwin's law can be applied mistakenly or abused as a distraction, a diversion, or even censorship, when miscasting an opponent's argument as hyperbole even when the comparison made by the argument is appropriate. Godwin has criticized the over-application of the adage, claiming that it does not articulate a fallacy, but rather is intended to reduce the frequency of inappropriate and hyperbolic comparisons:

"Although deliberately framed as if it were a law of nature or of mathematics, its purpose has always been rhetorical and pedagogical: I wanted folks who glibly compared someone else to Hitler to think a bit harder about the Holocaust."

In 2021, Harvard researchers published an article showing that the Nazi-comparison phenomenon does not occur with statistically meaningful frequency in Reddit discussions.

Godwin's law has many corollaries, some considered more canonical (by being adopted by Godwin himself) than others. For example, many newsgroups and other Internet discussion forums have a tradition that, when a Nazi or Hitler comparison is made, the thread is finished and whoever made the comparison loses whatever debate is in progress. This idea is itself sometimes mistakenly referred to as Godwin's law.

Godwin rejects the idea that whoever invokes Godwin's law has lost the argument, and suggests that, applied appropriately, the rule "should function less as a conversation ender and more as a conversation starter." In an interview with Time Magazine, Godwin said that making comparisons to Hitler would actually be appropriate under the right circumstances:

"I urge people to develop enough perspective to do it thoughtfully. If you think the comparison is valid, and you've given it some thought, do it. All I ask you to do is think about the human beings capable of acting very badly. We have to keep the magnitude of those events in mind, and not be glib. Our society needs to be more humane, more civilized and to grow up."

In August 2017, while commenting on the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Godwin himself endorsed and encouraged social-media users to compare its "alt-right" participants to Nazis.

Godwin has denied the need to update or amend the rule. In June 2018, he wrote, in an opinion piece for the Los Angeles Times: "It still serves us as a tool to recognize specious comparisons to Nazism – but also, by contrast, to recognize comparisons that aren't."

title: Godwin's law


text:
Groningen (disambiguation)

Groningen is a city in the Netherlands.

Groningen may also refer to:

Places

 * Groningen (province), a province of the Netherlands of which Groningen is the capital city
 * Lordship of Groningen, the name under which the province was ruled by the Habsburg between 1536 and 1594
 * Groningen gas field, a natural gas field in province of Groningen
 * Groningen, Suriname, a town in the Saramacca District, Suriname
 * Groningen, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in Minnesota, United States
 * Gröningen, a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
 * Grøningen, a Norwegian lake

Other uses

 * Groningen (cattle), a breed of dairy cattle
 * Gronings dialect, the Dutch language dialect spoken in Groningen
 * FC Groningen, the football club from Groningen, the Netherlands
 * HNLMS Groningen, several ships of the Dutch navy
 * University of Groningen, Netherlands

title: Groningen (disambiguation)


text:
Goya (disambiguation)

Francisco Goya (1746–1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker.

Goya may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment, a 1971 East German film
 * Goya (TV series), a 2015 Pakistani television series
 * Goya Awards, a film award in Spain
 * Goya (film), a 2022 Mexican drama film

Music

 * Goya (band), a Polish pop group
 * Goya: A Life in Song, a musical by Maury Yeston
 * Goya (opera), an opera by Gian Carlo Menotti
 * Goya guitar, a line of acoustic guitars created by Levin
 * Goya, a line of electric guitars by Hagström

Places

 * Goya, Argentina, a city in Corrientes Province, Argentina
 * Goya Department, Corrientes Province, Argentina
 * Goya (crater), a crater on Mercury

Ships

 * MV Goya, a Norwegian motor freighter used by Nazi Germany in World War II
 * SS Goya, a Norwegian ship that carried eastern European refugees to New Zealand in 1951

Other uses

 * Goya Foods, a food manufacturer and distributor in the U.S. and Latin America
 * Goya (moth), a genus of moth
 * Goya (surname)
 * Goya (wrestler) (b. 1987), Mexican professional wrestler
 * Greek Orthodox Youth of America, a Greek-American youth group
 * 6592 Goya, a Main-belt asteroid
 * Goya Museum, a museum in Castres, France
 * Goya (Madrid Metro), a station named after the Spanish painter
 * Bitter melon or goya, a tropical and subtropical vine with edible fruit
 * Goya, a biography by Lion Feuchtwanger
 * Goya, a biography by Robert Hughes
 * Goya, a nightclub in the former Neues Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany

title: Goya (disambiguation)