text:
C. S. Forester

Cecil Louis Troughton Smith (27 August 1899 – 2 April 1966), known by his pen name Cecil Scott "C. S." Forester, was an English novelist known for writing tales of naval warfare, such as the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series depicting a Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Hornblower novels A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours were jointly awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction in 1938. His other works include The African Queen (1935; turned into a 1951 film by John Huston) and The Good Shepherd (1955; turned into a 2020 film, Greyhound, adapted by and starring Tom Hanks). During the Second World War he moved to Washington D.C. where he worked for the British Ministry of Information, writing propaganda for the Allied cause.

Early years
Forester was born in Cairo on 27 August 1899 to English parents George Foster Smith and Sarah Medhurst Troughton. His father George Smith was an English school teacher in Cairo in a school set up by the British protectorate to give upper-class Egyptian boys a taste of English schooling. The family broke up when he was young and his mother took him to London, where he was educated at Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. He began to study medicine at Guy's Hospital, but left without completing his degree. He was of good height and somewhat athletic, but wore glasses and had a slender physique. He failed his Army physical and was told that there was no chance that he would be accepted. He began writing seriously, using his pen name, in around 1921.

Second World War
During the Second World War Forester moved to the United States, where he worked for the British Ministry of Information and wrote propaganda to encourage the U.S. to join the Allies. He eventually settled in Berkeley, California.

In 1942, while he was living in Washington, D.C., he met the young British diplomat Roald Dahl and encouraged him to write about his experiences in the Royal Air Force. According to Dahl's autobiography, Lucky Break, Forester asked him about his experiences as a fighter pilot, and this prompted Dahl to write his first story, "A Piece of Cake".

Literary career

Forester wrote many novels, but he is best known for the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series about an officer in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. He began the series with Hornblower fairly high in rank in the first novel, which was published in 1937, but demand for more stories led him to fill in Hornblower's life story, and he wrote novels detailing his rise from the rank of midshipman. The last completed novel was published in 1962. Hornblower's fictional adventures were based on real events, but Forester wrote the body of the works carefully to avoid entanglements with real world history, so that Hornblower is always off on another mission when a great naval battle occurs during the Napoleonic Wars.

Forester's other novels include The African Queen (1935) and The General (1936); two novels about the Peninsular War, Death to the French (published in the United States as Rifleman Dodd) and The Gun (filmed as The Pride and the Passion in 1957); and seafaring stories that do not involve Hornblower, such as Brown on Resolution (1929), The Captain from Connecticut (1941), The Ship (1943), and Hunting the Bismarck (1959), which was used as the basis of the screenplay for the film Sink the Bismarck! (1960). Several of his novels have been filmed, including The African Queen (1951), directed by John Huston. Forester is also credited as story writer on several films not based on his published novels, including Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942).

Forester also wrote several volumes of short stories set during the Second World War. Those in The Nightmare (1954) were based on events in Nazi Germany, ending at the Nuremberg trials. The linked stories in The Man in the Yellow Raft (1969) follow the career of the destroyer USS Boon, while many of the stories in Gold from Crete (1971) follow the destroyer HMS Apache. The last of the stories in Gold from Crete is If Hitler Had Invaded England, which offers an imagined sequence of events starting with Hitler's attempt to implement Operation Sea Lion and culminating in the early military defeat of Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941.

His non-fiction works about seafaring include The Age of Fighting Sail (1956), an account of the sea battles between Great Britain and the United States in the War of 1812.

Forester also published the crime novels Payment Deferred (1926) and Plain Murder (1930), as well as two children's books. Poo-Poo and the Dragons (1942) was created as a series of stories told to his son George to encourage him to finish his meals. George had mild food allergies and needed encouragement to eat. The Barbary Pirates (1953) is a children's history of early 19th-century pirates.

Forester appeared as a contestant on the television quiz programme You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx, in an episode broadcast on 1 November 1956.

A previously unknown novel of Forester's, The Pursued, was discovered in 2003 and published by Penguin Classics on 3 November 2011.

Personal life
Forester married Kathleen Belcher in 1926. They had two sons, John, born in 1929, and George, born in 1933. The couple divorced in 1945. In 1947 he married Dorothy Foster. Kathleen Belcher’s great uncle was Capt. Edward Belcher, RN, who achieved renown as a hydrographer and explorer. After his retirement, Belcher devoted much of his time to writing. After penning biographical material, he turned his hand to naval fiction, inventing a character called Horatio Howard Brenton, and attributing great feats and adventures to him. It is possible that Forester found some inspiration in these stories for his own Horatio Hornblower.

Forester died in Fullerton, California on 2 April 1966.

John Forester wrote a two-volume biography of his father, including many elements of Forester's life which became clear to his son only after his father's death.

Horatio Hornblower

 * 1) 1950 Mr Midshipman Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
 * 2) 1941 "The Hand of Destiny".Collier's
 * 3) 1950 "Hornblower and the Widow McCool" ("Hornblower’s Temptation" ""Hornblower and the Big Decision"). The Saturday Evening Post
 * 4) 1952 Lieutenant Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
 * 5) 1962 Hornblower and the Hotspur. Michael Joseph.
 * 6) 1967 Hornblower and the Crisis, an unfinished novel. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Hornblower During the Crisis (posthumous)
 * 7) 1953 Hornblower and the Atropos. Michael Joseph.
 * 8) 1937 The Happy Return. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Beat to Quarters
 * 9) 1938 A Ship of the Line. Michael Joseph.
 * 10) 1941 "Hornblower's Charitable Offering". Argosy
 * 11) 1938  Flying Colours. Michael Joseph.
 * 12) 1941 "Hornblower and His Majesty". Collier's
 * 13) 1945 The Commodore. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Commodore Hornblower
 * 14) 1946 Lord Hornblower. Michael Joseph.
 * 15) 1958 Hornblower in the West Indies. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies
 * 16) 1967 "The Last Encounter". Sunday Mirror, 8 May 1966 (posthumous).
 * 17) 1964 The Hornblower Companion. Michael Joseph. (Supplementary book comprising another short story, "The Point and the Edge" only as an outline, "The Hornblower Atlas" and "Some Personal Notes")

Omnibus

 * 1) 1964 The Young Hornblower. (a compilation of books 1, 2 & 3). Michael Joseph.
 * 2) 1965 Captain Hornblower (a compilation of books 5, 6 & 7). Michael Joseph.
 * 3) 1968 Admiral Hornblower (a compilation of books 8, 9, 10 & 11). Michael Joseph.
 * 4) 2011 Hornblower Addendum – Five Short Stories (originally published in magazines)

Other novels

 * 1924 A Pawn among Kings. Methuen.
 * 1924 The Paid Piper. Methuen.
 * 1926 Payment Deferred. Methuen.
 * 1927 Love Lies Dreaming. John Lane.
 * 1927 The Wonderful Week. John Lane.
 * 1928 The Daughter of the Hawk. John Lane.
 * 1929 Brown on Resolution. John Lane.
 * 1930 Plain Murder. John Lane.
 * 1931 Two-and-Twenty. John Lane.
 * 1932 Death to the French. John Lane. Published in the U.S. as Rifleman Dodd. Little Brown.
 * 1933 The Gun. John Lane.
 * 1934 The Peacemaker. Heinemann.
 * 1935 The African Queen. Heinemann.
 * 1935 The Pursued (a lost novel rediscovered in 1999 and published by Penguin Classics in 2011)
 * 1936 The General. Michael Joseph. First published as a serial in the News Chronicle 14–18 January 1935
 * 1940 The Earthly Paradise. Michael Joseph. Published in the U.S. as To the Indies.
 * 1941 The Captain from Connecticut. Michael Joseph.
 * 1942 Poo-Poo and the Dragons. Michael Joseph.
 * 1943 The Ship. Michael Joseph.
 * 1948 The Sky and the Forest. Michael Joseph.
 * 1951 Randall and the River of Time. Michael Joseph.
 * 1955 The Good Shepherd. Michael Joseph.

Short stories

 * "The Wandering Gentile", Liverpool Echo, 1955

Posthumous

 * 1967 Long before Forty (autobiographical). Michael Joseph.
 * 1971 Gold from Crete (short stories). Michael Joseph.
 * 2011 The Pursued (novel). Penguin.

Collections

 * 1944 The Bedchamber Mystery; to which is added the story of The Eleven Deckchairs and Modernity and Maternity. S. J. Reginald Saunders. Published in the US as Three Matronly Mysteries. eNet Press
 * 1954 The Nightmare. Michael Joseph
 * 1969 The Man in the Yellow Raft. Michael Joseph (posthumous)

Plays in three acts; John Lane

 * 1931 U 97
 * 1933 Nurse Cavell. (with C. E. Bechhofer Roberts)

Non-fiction

 * 1922 Victor Emmanuel II. Methuen (?)
 * 1927 Victor Emmanuel II and the Union of Italy. Methuen.
 * 1924 Napoleon and his Court. Methuen.
 * 1925 Josephine, Napoleon’s Empress. Methuen.
 * 1928 Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre. Methuen.
 * 1929 Lord Nelson. John Lane.
 * 1929 The Voyage of the Annie Marble. John Lane.
 * 1930 The Annie Marble in Germany. John Lane.
 * 1936 Marionettes at Home. Michael Joseph Ltd.
 * 1953 The Adventures of John Wetherell. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
 * 1953 The Barbary Pirates. Landmark Books, Random House. Published in the UK in 1956 by Macdonald & Co.
 * 1957 The Naval War of 1812. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as The Age of Fighting Sail
 * 1959 Hunting the Bismarck. Michael Joseph. Published in the US as The Last Nine Days of the Bismark and Sink the Bismarck

Non-fiction short pieces

 * "Calmness under Air Raids in Franco Territory". Western Mail, 28 April 1937
 * "Who Is Financing Franco?". Aberdeen Press & Journal, 5 May 1937
 * ”Sabotage". Sunday Graphic, 11 September 1938
 * "Saga of the Submarines". Falkirk Herald, 1 August 1945
 * "Hollywood Coincidence". Leicester Chronicle, 3 September 1955

Film adaptations
In addition to providing the source material for numerous adaptations (not all of which are listed below), Forester was also credited as "adapted for the screen by" for Captain Horatio Hornblower.

 * Payment Deferred (1932), based on a 1931 play which was in turn based on Forester's novel of the same name
 * Brown on Resolution (1935), based on the novel of the same name
 * Eagle Squadron (1942), story
 * Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942), short story "The Commandos"
 * Forever and a Day (1943), story
 * Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951), based on the novels The Happy Return, A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours
 * The African Queen (1951), the novel of the same name
 * Sailor of the King (1953), the novel Brown on Resolution
 * The Pride and the Passion (1957), the novel The Gun
 * Sink the Bismarck! (1960), the novel The Last Nine Days of the Bismarck
 * Hornblower (1998–2003 series of made-for-television movies), based on the novels Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Lieutenant Hornblower and Hornblower and the Hotspur
 * Greyhound (2020), the novel The Good Shepherd

title: C. S. Forester


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List of country calling codes

Country calling codes, country dial-in codes, international subscriber dialing (ISD) codes, or most commonly, telephone country codes are telephone number prefixes for reaching telephone subscribers in foreign countries or areas via international telecommunication networks. Country codes are defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in ITU-T standards E.123 and E.164. The prefixes enable international direct dialing (IDD).

Country codes constitute the international telephone numbering plan. They are used only when dialing a telephone number in a country or world region other than the caller's. Country codes are dialed before the national telephone number, but require at least one additional prefix, the international call prefix which is an exit code from the national numbering plan to the international one. In most countries, this prefix is 00, an ITU recommendation; it is 011 in the countries of the North American Numbering Plan while a minority of countries use other prefixes.

Overview
The nine world zones are generally organized geographically, with exceptions for political and historical alignment.
 * Zone 1 uses an integrated numbering plan; four digits (1xxx) determine the area served in Canada, the United States and its territories, and much of the Caribbean.
 * Zone 2 uses two 2-digit codes (20, 27) and eight sets of 3-digit codes (21x–26x, 28x, 29x), mostly to serve Africa, but also Aruba, Faroe Islands, Greenland and British Indian Ocean Territory.
 * Zones 3 and 4 use sixteen 2-digit codes (30–34, 36, 39–41, 43–49) and four sets of 3-digit codes (35x, 37x, 38x, 42x) to serve Europe.
 * Zone 5 uses eight 2-digit codes (51–58) and two sets of 3-digit codes (50x, 59x) to serve South and Central America.
 * Zone 6 uses seven 2-digit codes (60–66) and three sets of 3-digit codes (67x–69x) to serve Southeast Asia and Oceania.
 * Zone 7 uses an integrated numbering plan; two digits (7x) determine the area served: Russia or Kazakhstan.
 * Zone 8 uses four 2-digit codes (81, 82, 84, 86) and four sets of 3-digit codes (80x, 85x, 87x, 88x) to serve East Asia, South Asia and special services. 83x and 89x are unallocated.
 * Zone 9 uses seven 2-digit codes (90–95, 98) and three sets of 3-digit codes (96x, 97x, 99x) to serve the Middle East, West Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe.

Ordered by world zone
World zones are organized principally, but only approximately, by geographic location. Exceptions exist for political and historical alignments.

Zone 1: North American Numbering Plan (NANP)
NANP members are assigned three-digit numbering plan area (NPA) codes under the common country prefix 1, shown in the format 1 (NPA).

 * 1 North American Numbering Plan
 * 1 – 🇺🇸 United States, including United States territories:
 * 1 (340) – United States Virgin Islands
 * 1 (670) – 🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands
 * 1 (671) – 🇬🇺 Guam
 * 1 (684) – 🇦🇸 American Samoa
 * 1 (787, 939) – 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico
 * 1 – 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Caribbean nations, Dutch and British Overseas Territories:
 * 1 (242) – 🇧🇸 Bahamas
 * 1 (246) – 🇧🇧 Barbados
 * 1 (264) – 🇦🇮 Anguilla
 * 1 (268) – 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda
 * 1 (284) – British Virgin Islands
 * 1 (345) – 🇰🇾 Cayman Islands
 * 1 (441) – 🇧🇲 Bermuda
 * 1 (473) – 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 1 (649) – 🇹🇨 Turks and Caicos Islands
 * 1 (658, 876) – 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 1 (664) – 🇲🇸 Montserrat
 * 1 (721) – Sint Maarten
 * 1 (758) – 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * 1 (767) – 🇩🇲 Dominica
 * 1 (784) – 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * 1 (809, 829, 849) – 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * 1 (868) – 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
 * 1 (869) – 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis

Zone 2: Mostly Africa
(but also Aruba, Faroe Islands, Greenland and British Indian Ocean Territory)
 * 20 – 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 210 – unassigned
 * 211 – 🇸🇸 South Sudan
 * 212 – 🇲🇦 Morocco (including Western Sahara)
 * 213 – 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 214 – unassigned
 * 215 – unassigned
 * 216 – 🇹🇳 Tunisia
 * 217 – unassigned
 * 218 – 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 219 – unassigned
 * 220 – 🇬🇲 Gambia
 * 221 – 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 222 – 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * 223 – 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 224 – 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 225 – Ivory Coast
 * 226 – 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 227 – 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 228 – 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 229 – 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 230 – 🇲🇺 Mauritius
 * 231 – 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 232 – 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 233 – 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 234 – 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 235 – 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 236 – 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 237 – 🇨🇲 Cameroon
 * 238 – 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * 239 – São Tomé and Príncipe
 * 240 – 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea
 * 241 – 🇬🇦 Gabon
 * 242 – Republic of the Congo
 * 243 – Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 244 – 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 245 – 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * 246 – 🇮🇴 British Indian Ocean Territory
 * 247 – Ascension Island
 * 248 – 🇸🇨 Seychelles
 * 249 – 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 250 – 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * 251 – 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 252 – 🇸🇴 Somalia (including Somaliland)
 * 253 – 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 254 – 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 255 – 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * 255 (24) – Zanzibar, in place of never-implemented 259
 * 256 – 🇺🇬 Uganda
 * 257 – 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * 258 – 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * 259 – unassigned (was intended for People's Republic of Zanzibar but never implemented – see 255 Tanzania)
 * 260 – 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 261 – 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 262 – 🇷🇪 Réunion
 * 262 (269,639) – 🇾🇹 Mayotte (formerly at 269 Comoros)
 * 263 – 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
 * 264 – 🇳🇦 Namibia (formerly 27 (6x) as South West Africa)
 * 265 – 🇲🇼 Malawi
 * 266 – 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 267 – 🇧🇼 Botswana
 * 268 – Eswatini
 * 269 – 🇰🇲 Comoros (formerly assigned to Mayotte, now at 262)
 * 27 – 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 28x – unassigned (reserved for country code expansion)
 * 290 – Saint Helena
 * 290 (8) – Tristan da Cunha
 * 291 – 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 292 – unassigned
 * 293 – unassigned
 * 294 – unassigned
 * 295 – unassigned (formerly assigned to San Marino, now at 378)
 * 296 – unassigned
 * 297 – 🇦🇼 Aruba
 * 298 – 🇫🇴 Faroe Islands
 * 299 – 🇬🇱 Greenland

Zones 3–4: Europe
Some of the larger countries were assigned two-digit codes to compensate for their usually longer domestic numbers. Small countries were assigned three-digit codes, which also has been the practice since the 1980s.
 * 30 – 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 31 – 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 32 – 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 33 – 🇫🇷 France
 * 34 – 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 350 – 🇬🇮 Gibraltar
 * 351 – 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 351 (291) – Madeira (landlines only)
 * 351 (292) – Azores (landlines only, Horta, Azores area)
 * 351 (295) – Azores (landlines only, Angra do Heroísmo area)
 * 351 (296) – Azores (landlines only, Ponta Delgada and São Miguel Island area)
 * 352 – 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
 * 353 – 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 354 – 🇮🇸 Iceland
 * 355 – 🇦🇱 Albania
 * 356 – 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 357 – 🇨🇾 Cyprus (including Akrotiri and Dhekelia)
 * 358 – 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 358 (18) – Åland
 * 359 – 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * 36 – 🇭🇺 Hungary (formerly assigned to Turkey, now at 90)
 * 37 – formerly assigned to East Germany until its reunification with West Germany, now part of 49 Germany
 * 370 – 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * 371 – 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 372 – 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * 373 – 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * 374 – 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 375 – 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * 376 – 🇦🇩 Andorra (formerly 33 628)
 * 377 – 🇲🇨 Monaco (formerly 33 93)
 * 378 – 🇸🇲 San Marino (interchangeably with 39 0549; earlier was allocated 295 but never used)
 * 379 – 🇻🇦 Vatican City (assigned but uses 39 06698).
 * 38 – formerly assigned to Yugoslavia until its break-up in 1991
 * 380 – 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 381 – 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * 382 – 🇲🇪 Montenegro
 * 383 – Kosovo
 * 384 – unassigned
 * 385 – 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 386 – 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * 387 – 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 388 – unassigned (formerly assigned to the European Telephony Numbering Space)
 * 389 – North Macedonia
 * 39 – 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 39 (0549) – 🇸🇲 San Marino (interchangeably with 378)
 * 39 (06 698) – 🇻🇦 Vatican City (assigned 379 but not in use)
 * 40 – 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 41 – 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * 41 (91) – Flag of Campione d'Italia.svg Campione d'Italia, an Italian enclave. 91 is actually the prefix for the Swiss canton Ticino in which the enclave resides. Its phone system is fully integrated into the Swiss system.
 * 42 – formerly assigned to Czechoslovakia, later to its breakup successors (CZ, SK) until 1997
 * 420 – 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * 421 – 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 422 – unassigned
 * 423 – 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein (formerly at 41 (75))
 * 424 – unassigned
 * 425 – unassigned
 * 426 – unassigned
 * 427 – unassigned
 * 428 – unassigned
 * 429 – unassigned
 * 43 – 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 44 – 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * 44 (1481) – Bailiwick of Guernsey
 * 44 (1534) – 🇯🇪 Jersey
 * 44 (1624) – 🇮🇲 Isle of Man
 * 45 – 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 46 – 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 47 – 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 47 (79) – Svalbard
 * 48 – 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 49 – 🇩🇪 Germany

Zone 5: South and Central Americas

 * 500 – Falkland Islands
 * 500 – South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * 501 – 🇧🇿 Belize
 * 502 – 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 503 – 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 504 – 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 505 – 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 506 – 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 507 – 🇵🇦 Panama
 * 508 – Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
 * 509 – 🇭🇹 Haiti
 * 51 – 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 52 – 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 53 – 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 54 – 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 55 – 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 56 – 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 57 – 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 58 – 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * 590 – 🇬🇵 Guadeloupe (including Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin)
 * 591 – 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 592 – 🇬🇾 Guyana
 * 593 – 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 594 – 🇬🇫 French Guiana
 * 595 – 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * 596 – 🇲🇶 Martinique (formerly assigned to Peru, now 51)
 * 597 – 🇸🇷 Suriname
 * 598 – 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 599 – Former Netherlands Antilles, now grouped as follows:
 * 599 3 – Sint Eustatius
 * 599 4 – Saba
 * 599 5 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Sint Maarten, now included in NANP as 1 (721))
 * 599 7 – Bonaire
 * 599 8 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Aruba, now at 297)
 * 599 9 – 🇨🇼 Curaçao

Zone 6: Southeast Asia and Oceania

 * 60 – 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 61 – 🇦🇺 Australia (see also 672 below)
 * 61 (8 9162) – Cocos Islands
 * 61 (8 9164) – 🇨🇽 Christmas Island
 * 62 – 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 63 – 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 64 – 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 64 – Pitcairn Islands
 * 65 – 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 66 – 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 670 – East Timor (formerly 62/39 during the Indonesian occupation; formerly assigned to Northern Mariana Islands, now part of NANP as 1 (670))
 * 671 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Guam, now part of NANP as 1 (671))
 * 672 – Australian External Territories (see also 61 Australia above); formerly assigned to Portuguese Timor (see 670)
 * 672 (1) – 🇦🇺 Australian Antarctic Territory
 * 672 (3) – 🇳🇫 Norfolk Island
 * 673 – Brunei
 * 674 – 🇳🇷 Nauru
 * 675 – 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 676 – 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 677 – 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 678 – 🇻🇺 Vanuatu
 * 679 – 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 680 – 🇵🇼 Palau
 * 681 – 🇼🇫 Wallis and Futuna
 * 682 – 🇨🇰 Cook Islands
 * 683 – 🇳🇺 Niue
 * 684 – unassigned (formerly assigned to American Samoa, now part of NANP as 1 (684))
 * 685 – 🇼🇸 Samoa
 * 686 – 🇰🇮 Kiribati
 * 687 – 🇳🇨 New Caledonia
 * 688 – 🇹🇻 Tuvalu
 * 689 – 🇵🇫 French Polynesia
 * 690 – 🇹🇰 Tokelau
 * 691 – Federated States of Micronesia
 * 692 – 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * 693 – unassigned
 * 694 – unassigned
 * 695 – unassigned
 * 696 – unassigned
 * 697 – unassigned
 * 698 – unassigned
 * 699 – unassigned

Zone 7: Russia and neighboring regions
Formerly assigned to the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991.
 * 7 (1–5, 8, 9) – 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 7 (840, 940) – Abkhazia (formerly 995 (44))
 * 7 (850, 929) – South Ossetia (formerly 995 (34))
 * 7 (6, 7) – 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan (reserved 997 but abandoned in November 2023)

Zone 8: East Asia, South Asia, and special services

 * 800 – Universal International Freephone Service
 * 801 – unassigned
 * 802 – unassigned
 * 803 – unassigned
 * 804 – unassigned
 * 805 – unassigned
 * 806 – unassigned
 * 807 – unassigned
 * 808 – Universal International Shared Cost Numbers
 * 809 – unassigned
 * 81 – 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 82 – 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * 83x – unassigned (reserved for country code expansion)
 * 84 – Vietnam
 * 850 – 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 851 – unassigned
 * 852 – 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
 * 853 – Macau
 * 854 – unassigned
 * 855 – 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 856 – Laos
 * 857 – unassigned (formerly assigned to ANAC satellite service)
 * 858 – unassigned (formerly assigned to ANAC satellite service)
 * 859 – unassigned
 * 86 – 🇨🇳 China
 * 870 – Global Mobile Satellite System (Inmarsat)
 * 871 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Inmarsat Atlantic East, discontinued in 2008)
 * 872 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Inmarsat Pacific, discontinued in 2008)
 * 873 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Inmarsat Indian, discontinued in 2008)
 * 874 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Inmarsat Atlantic West, discontinued in 2008)
 * 875 – unassigned (reserved for future maritime mobile service)
 * 876 – unassigned (reserved for future maritime mobile service)
 * 877 – unassigned (reserved for future maritime mobile service)
 * 878 – unassigned (formerly used for Universal Personal Telecommunications Service, discontinued in 2022)
 * 879 – unassigned (reserved for national non-commercial purposes)
 * 880 – 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * 881 – Global Mobile Satellite System
 * 882 – International Networks
 * 883 – International Networks
 * 884 – unassigned
 * 885 – unassigned
 * 886 – 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * 887 – unassigned
 * 888 – unassigned (formerly assigned to OCHA for Telecommunications for Disaster Relief service)
 * 889 – unassigned
 * 89x – unassigned (reserved for country code expansion)

Zone 9: West, Central, and South Asia, and part of Eastern Europe

 * 90 – 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 90 (392) – Northern Cyprus
 * 91 – 🇮🇳 India
 * 91 (191) – Jammu
 * 91 (194) – Kashmir
 * 92 – 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 92 (581) – Gilgit Baltistan
 * 92 (582) – Azad Kashmir
 * 93 – 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * 94 – 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * 95 – 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * 960 – 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 961 – 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 962 – 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 963 – Syria
 * 964 – 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 965 – 🇰🇼 Kuwait
 * 966 – 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * 967 – 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 968 – 🇴🇲 Oman
 * 969 – unassigned (formerly assigned to South Yemen until its unification with North Yemen, now part of 967 Yemen)
 * 970 – Palestine (interchangeably with 972)
 * 971 – 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
 * 972 – 🇮🇱 Israel (also Palestine, interchangeably with 970)
 * 973 – 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 974 – 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * 975 – 🇧🇹 Bhutan
 * 976 – 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 977 – 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 978 – unassigned (formerly assigned to Dubai, now part of 971 United Arab Emirates)
 * 979 – Universal International Premium Rate Service (UIPRS); (formerly assigned to Abu Dhabi, now part of 971 United Arab Emirates)
 * 98 – 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 990 – unassigned
 * 991 – unassigned (formerly used for International Telecommunications Public Correspondence Service)
 * 992 – 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * 993 – 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * 994 – 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * 995 – Georgia
 * 995 (34) – formerly South Ossetia (now 7 (850, 929))
 * 995 (44) – formerly Abkhazia   (now 7 (840, 940))
 * 996 – 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * 997 – 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan (reserved but abandoned in November 2023; uses 7 (6xx, 7xx))
 * 998 – 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * 999 – unassigned (reserved for future global service)

Summary
This table lists in its first column the initial digits of the country code shared by each country in each row, which is arranged in columns for the last digit. When three-digit codes share a common leading pair, the shared prefix is marked by an arrow, ( ↙ ) pointing down and left to the three-digit codes. Unassigned codes are denoted by a dash ( — ). Countries are identified by ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes; codes for non-geographic services are denoted by two asterisks ( ** ).

Locations with no country code
In Antarctica, telecommunication services are provided by the parent country of each base:

Other places with no country codes in use, although a code may be reserved:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of country calling codes


text:
Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564 – 30 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet, and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights. Based upon the "many imitations" of his play Tamburlaine, modern scholars consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the preeminent Elizabethan playwright. Marlowe was the first to achieve critical reputation for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. His plays are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's "anti-intellectualism" and his catering to the prurient tastes of his Elizabethan audiences for generous displays of extreme physical violence, cruelty, and bloodshed.

Events in Marlowe's life were sometimes as extreme as those found in his plays. Differing sensational reports of Marlowe's death in 1593 abounded after the event and are contested by scholars today owing to a lack of good documentation. There have been many conjectures as to the nature and reason for his death, including a vicious bar-room fight, blasphemous libel against the church, homosexual intrigue, betrayal by another playwright, and espionage from the highest level: the Privy Council of Elizabeth I. An official coroner's account of Marlowe's death was discovered only in 1925, and it did little to persuade all scholars that it told the whole story, nor did it eliminate the uncertainties present in his biography.

Early life
Christopher Marlowe, the second of nine children, and oldest child after the death of his sister Mary in 1568, was born to Canterbury shoemaker John Marlowe and his wife Katherine, daughter of William Arthur of Dover. He was baptised at St George's Church, Canterbury, on 26 February 1564 (1563 in the old style dates in use at the time, which placed the new year on 25 March). Marlowe's birth was likely to have been a few days before, making him about two months older than William Shakespeare, who was baptised on 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon.

By age 14, Marlowe was a pupil at The King's School, Canterbury on a scholarship and two years later a student at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he also studied through a scholarship with expectation that he would become an Anglican clergyman. Instead, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1584. Marlowe mastered Latin during his schooling, reading and translating the works of Ovid. In 1587, the university hesitated to award his Master of Arts degree because of a rumour that he intended to go to the English seminary at Rheims in northern France, presumably to prepare for ordination as a Roman Catholic priest. If true, such an action on his part would have been a direct violation of royal edict issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1585 criminalising any attempt by an English citizen to be ordained in the Roman Catholic Church.

Large-scale violence between Protestants and Catholics on the European continent has been cited by scholars as the impetus for the Protestant English Queen's defensive anti-Catholic laws issued from 1581 until her death in 1603. Despite the dire implications for Marlowe, his degree was awarded on schedule when the Privy Council intervened on his behalf, commending him for his "faithful dealing" and "good service" to the Queen. The nature of Marlowe's service was not specified by the council, but its letter to the Cambridge authorities has provoked much speculation by modern scholars, notably the theory that Marlowe was operating as a secret agent for Privy Council member Sir Francis Walsingham. The only surviving evidence of the Privy Council's correspondence is found in their minutes, the letter being lost. There is no mention of espionage in the minutes, but its summation of the lost Privy Council letter is vague in meaning, stating that "it was not Her Majesties pleasure" that persons employed as Marlowe had been "in matters touching the benefit of his country should be defamed by those who are ignorant in th'affaires he went about." Scholars agree the vague wording was typically used to protect government agents, but they continue to debate what the "matters touching the benefit of his country" actually were in Marlowe's case and how they affected the 23-year-old writer as he launched his literary career in 1587.

Adult life and legend
Little is known about Marlowe's adult life. All available evidence, other than what can be deduced from his literary works, is found in legal records and other official documents. Writers of fiction and non-fiction have speculated about his professional activities, private life, and character. Marlowe has been described as a spy, a brawler, and a heretic, as well as a "magician", "duellist", "tobacco-user", "counterfeiter" and "rakehell". While J. A. Downie and Constance Kuriyama have argued against the more lurid speculations, it is the usually circumspect J. B. Steane who remarked, "it seems absurd to dismiss all of these Elizabethan rumours and accusations as 'the Marlowe myth. Much has been written on his brief adult life, including speculation of: his involvement in royally-sanctioned espionage; his vocal declaration of atheism; his (possibly same-sex) sexual interests; and the puzzling circumstances surrounding his death.

Spying
Marlowe is alleged to have been a government spy. Park Honan and Charles Nicholl speculate that this was the case and suggest that Marlowe's recruitment took place when he was at Cambridge. In 1587, when the Privy Council ordered the University of Cambridge to award Marlowe his degree as Master of Arts, it denied rumours that he intended to go to the English Catholic college in Rheims, saying instead that he had been engaged in unspecified "affaires" on "matters touching the benefit of his country". Surviving college records from the period also indicate that, in the academic year 1584–1585, Marlowe had had a series of unusually lengthy absences from the university which violated university regulations. Surviving college buttery accounts, which record student purchases for personal provisions, show that Marlowe began spending lavishly on food and drink during the periods he was in attendance; the amount was more than he could have afforded on his known scholarship income.

It has been speculated that Marlowe was the "Morley" who was tutor to Arbella Stuart in 1589. This possibility was first raised in a Times Literary Supplement letter by E. St John Brooks in 1937; in a letter to Notes and Queries, John Baker has added that only Marlowe could have been Arbella's tutor owing to the absence of any other known "Morley" from the period with an MA and not otherwise occupied. If Marlowe was Arbella's tutor, it might indicate that he was there as a spy, since Arbella, niece of Mary, Queen of Scots, and cousin of James VI of Scotland, later James I of England, was at the time a strong candidate for the succession to Elizabeth's throne. Frederick S. Boas dismisses the possibility of this identification, based on surviving legal records which document Marlowe's "residence in London between September and December 1589". Marlowe had been party to a fatal quarrel involving his neighbours and the poet Thomas Watson in Norton Folgate and was held in Newgate Prison for a fortnight. In fact, the quarrel and his arrest occurred on 18 September, he was released on bail on 1 October and he had to attend court, where he was acquitted on 3 December, but there is no record of where he was for the intervening two months.

In 1592 Marlowe was arrested in the English garrison town of Flushing (Vlissingen) in the Netherlands, for alleged involvement in the counterfeiting of coins, presumably related to the activities of seditious Catholics. He was sent to the Lord Treasurer (Burghley), but no charge or imprisonment resulted. This arrest may have disrupted another of Marlowe's spying missions, perhaps by giving the resulting coinage to the Catholic cause. He was to infiltrate the followers of the active Catholic plotter William Stanley and report back to Burghley.

Philosophy
Marlowe was reputed to be an atheist, which held the dangerous implication of being an enemy of God and, by association, the state. With the rise of public fears concerning The School of Night, or "School of Atheism" in the late 16th century, accusations of atheism were closely associated with disloyalty to the Protestant monarchy of England.

Some modern historians consider that Marlowe's professed atheism, as with his supposed Catholicism, may have been no more than a sham to further his work as a government spy. Contemporary evidence comes from Marlowe's accuser in Flushing, an informer called Richard Baines. The governor of Flushing had reported that each of the men had "of malice" accused the other of instigating the counterfeiting and of intending to go over to the Catholic "enemy"; such an action was considered atheistic by the Church of England. Following Marlowe's arrest in 1593, Baines submitted to the authorities a "note containing the opinion of one Christopher Marly concerning his damnable judgment of religion, and scorn of God's word". Baines attributes to Marlowe a total of eighteen items which "scoff at the pretensions of the Old and New Testament" such as, "Christ was a bastard and his mother dishonest [unchaste]", "the woman of Samaria and her sister were whores and that Christ knew them dishonestly", "St John the Evangelist was bedfellow to Christ and leaned always in his bosom" (cf. John 13:23–25) and "that he used him as the sinners of Sodom". He also implied that Marlowe had Catholic sympathies. Other passages are merely sceptical in tone: "he persuades men to atheism, willing them not to be afraid of bugbears and hobgoblins". The final paragraph of Baines's document reads:

"These thinges, with many other shall by good & honest witnes be approved to be his opinions and Comon Speeches, and that this Marlowe doth not only hould them himself, but almost into every Company he Cometh he persuades men to Atheism willing them not to be afeard of bugbeares and hobgoblins, and vtterly scorning both god and his ministers as I Richard Baines will Justify & approue both by mine oth and the testimony of many honest men, and almost al men with whome he hath Conversed any time will testify the same, and as I think all men in Cristianity ought to indevor that the mouth of so dangerous a member may be stopped, he saith likewise that he hath quoted a number of Contrarieties oute of the Scripture which he hath giuen to some great men who in Convenient time shalbe named. When these thinges shalbe Called in question the witnes shalbe produced."

Similar examples of Marlowe's statements were given by Thomas Kyd after his imprisonment and possible torture (see above); Kyd and Baines connect Marlowe with mathematician Thomas Harriot's and Sir Walter Raleigh's circle. Another document claimed about that time that "one Marlowe is able to show more sound reasons for Atheism than any divine in England is able to give to prove divinity, and that ... he hath read the Atheist lecture to Sir Walter Raleigh and others".

Some critics believe that Marlowe sought to disseminate these views in his work and that he identified with his rebellious and iconoclastic protagonists. Plays had to be approved by the Master of the Revels before they could be performed and the censorship of publications was under the control of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Presumably these authorities did not consider any of Marlowe's works to be unacceptable other than the Amores.

Sexuality
It has been claimed that Marlowe was homosexual. Some scholars argue that the identification of an Elizabethan as gay or homosexual in the modern sense is "anachronistic," saying that for the Elizabethans the terms were more likely to have been applied to homoerotic affections or sexual acts rather than to what we currently understand as a settled sexual orientation or personal role identity. Other scholars argue that the evidence is inconclusive and that the reports of Marlowe's homosexuality may be rumours produced after his death. Richard Baines reported Marlowe as saying: "all they that love not Tobacco & Boies were fools". David Bevington and Eric C. Rasmussen describe Baines's evidence as "unreliable testimony" and "[t]hese and other testimonials need to be discounted for their exaggeration and for their having been produced under legal circumstances we would now regard as a witch-hunt".

Literary scholar J. B. Steane considered there to be "no evidence for Marlowe's homosexuality at all". Other scholars point to the frequency with which Marlowe explores homosexual themes in his writing: in Hero and Leander, Marlowe writes of the male youth Leander: "in his looks were all that men desire..." Edward the Second contains the following passage enumerating homosexual relationships: "The mightiest kings have had their minions; Great Alexander loved Hephaestion, The conquering Hercules for Hylas wept; And for Patroclus, stern Achilles drooped. And not kings only, but the wisest men: The Roman Tully loved Octavius, Grave Socrates, wild Alcibiades."

Marlowe wrote the only play about the life of Edward II up to his time, taking the humanist literary discussion of male sexuality much further than his contemporaries. The play was extremely bold, dealing with a star-crossed love story between Edward II and Piers Gaveston. Though it was a common practice at the time to reveal characters as homosexual to give audiences reason to suspect them as culprits in a crime, Christopher Marlowe's Edward II is portrayed as a sympathetic character. The decision to start the play Dido, Queen of Carthage with a homoerotic scene between Jupiter and Ganymede that bears no connection to the subsequent plot has long puzzled scholars.

Arrest and death
In early May 1593, several bills were posted about London threatening the Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands who had settled in the city. One of these, the "Dutch church libel", written in rhymed iambic pentameter, contained allusions to several of Marlowe's plays and was signed, "Tamburlaine". On 11 May the Privy Council ordered the arrest of those responsible for the libels. The next day, Marlowe's colleague Thomas Kyd was arrested, his lodgings were searched and a three-page fragment of a heretical tract was found. In a letter to Sir John Puckering, Kyd asserted that it had belonged to Marlowe, with whom he had been writing "in one chamber" some two years earlier. In a second letter, Kyd described Marlowe as blasphemous, disorderly, holding treasonous opinions, being an irreligious reprobate and "intemperate & of a cruel hart". They had both been working for an aristocratic patron, probably Ferdinando Stanley, Lord Strange. A warrant for Marlowe's arrest was issued on 18 May, when the Privy Council apparently knew that he might be found staying with Thomas Walsingham, whose father was a first cousin of the late Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's principal secretary in the 1580s and a man more deeply involved in state espionage than any other member of the Privy Council. Marlowe duly presented himself on 20 May but there apparently being no Privy Council meeting on that day, was instructed to "give his daily attendance on their Lordships, until he shall be licensed to the contrary". On Wednesday, 30 May, Marlowe was killed.

Various accounts of Marlowe's death were current over the next few years. In his Palladis Tamia, published in 1598, Francis Meres says Marlowe was "stabbed to death by a bawdy serving-man, a rival of his in his lewd love" as punishment for his "epicurism and atheism". In 1917, in the Dictionary of National Biography, Sir Sidney Lee wrote, on slender evidence, that Marlowe was killed in a drunken fight. His claim was not much at variance with the official account, which came to light only in 1925, when the scholar Leslie Hotson discovered the coroner's report of the inquest on Marlowe's death, held two days later on Friday 1 June 1593, by the Coroner of the Queen's Household, William Danby. Marlowe had spent all day in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull, with three men: Ingram Frizer, Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley. All three had been employed by one or other of the Walsinghams. Skeres and Poley had helped snare the conspirators in the Babington plot, and Frizer was a servant to Thomas Walsingham, probably acting as a financial or business agent, as he was for Walsingham's wife Audrey a few years later. These witnesses testified that Frizer and Marlowe had argued over payment of the bill (now famously known as the "Reckoning"), exchanging "divers malicious words", while Frizer was sitting at a table between the other two and Marlowe was lying behind him on a couch. Marlowe snatched Frizer's dagger and wounded him on the head. According to the coroner's report, in the ensuing struggle Marlowe was stabbed above the right eye, killing him instantly. The jury concluded that Frizer acted in self-defence and within a month he was pardoned. Marlowe was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St. Nicholas, Deptford, immediately after the inquest, on 1 June 1593.

The complete text of the inquest report was published by Leslie Hotson in his book, The Death of Christopher Marlowe, in the introduction to which Professor George Lyman Kittredge wrote: "The mystery of Marlowe's death, heretofore involved in a cloud of contradictory gossip and irresponsible guess-work, is now cleared up for good and all on the authority of public records of complete authenticity and gratifying fullness". However, this confidence proved to be fairly short-lived. Hotson had considered the possibility that the witnesses had "concocted a lying account of Marlowe's behaviour, to which they swore at the inquest, and with which they deceived the jury", but decided against that scenario. Others began to suspect that this theory was indeed the case. Writing to the Times Literary Supplement shortly after the book's publication, Eugénie de Kalb disputed that the struggle and outcome as described were even possible, and Samuel A. Tannenbaum insisted the following year that such a wound could not have possibly resulted in instant death, as had been claimed. Even Marlowe's biographer John Bakeless acknowledged that "some scholars have been inclined to question the truthfulness of the coroner's report. There is something queer about the whole episode", and said that Hotson's discovery "raises almost as many questions as it answers". It has also been discovered more recently that the apparent absence of a local county coroner to accompany the Coroner of the Queen's Household would, if noticed, have made the inquest null and void.

One of the main reasons for doubting the truth of the inquest concerns the reliability of Marlowe's companions as witnesses. As an agent provocateur for the late Sir Francis Walsingham, Robert Poley was a consummate liar, the "very genius of the Elizabethan underworld", and was on record as saying "I will swear and forswear myself, rather than I will accuse myself to do me any harm". The other witness, Nicholas Skeres, had for many years acted as a confidence trickster, drawing young men into the clutches of people involved in the money-lending racket, including Marlowe's apparent killer, Ingram Frizer, with whom he was engaged in such a swindle. Despite their being referred to as generosi (gentlemen) in the inquest report, the witnesses were professional liars. Some biographers, such as Kuriyama and Downie, take the inquest to be a true account of what occurred, but in trying to explain what really happened if the account was not true, others have come up with a variety of murder theories:
 * Jealous of her husband Thomas's relationship with Marlowe, Audrey Walsingham arranged for the playwright to be murdered.
 * Sir Walter Raleigh arranged the murder, fearing that under torture Marlowe might incriminate him.
 * With Skeres the main player, the murder resulted from attempts by the Earl of Essex to use Marlowe to incriminate Sir Walter Raleigh.
 * He was killed on the orders of father and son Lord Burghley and Sir Robert Cecil, who thought that his plays contained Catholic propaganda.
 * He was accidentally killed while Frizer and Skeres were pressuring him to pay back money he owed them.
 * Marlowe was murdered at the behest of several members of the Privy Council, who feared that he might reveal them to be atheists.
 * The Queen ordered his assassination because of his subversive atheistic behaviour.
 * Frizer murdered him because he envied Marlowe's close relationship with his master Thomas Walsingham and feared the effect that Marlowe's behaviour might have on Walsingham's reputation.
 * Marlowe's death was faked to save him from trial and execution for subversive atheism.

Since there are only written documents on which to base any conclusions, and since it is probable that the most crucial information about his death was never committed to paper, it is unlikely that the full circumstances of Marlowe's death will ever be known.

Reputation among contemporary writers
For his contemporaries in the literary world, Marlowe was above all an admired and influential artist. Within weeks of his death, George Peele remembered him as "Marley, the Muses' darling"; Michael Drayton noted that he "Had in him those brave translunary things / That the first poets had" and Ben Jonson even wrote of "Marlowe's mighty line". Thomas Nashe wrote warmly of his friend, "poor deceased Kit Marlowe," as did the publisher Edward Blount in his dedication of Hero and Leander to Sir Thomas Walsingham. Among the few contemporary dramatists to say anything negative about Marlowe was the anonymous author of the Cambridge University play The Return from Parnassus (1598) who wrote, "Pity it is that wit so ill should dwell, / Wit lent from heaven, but vices sent from hell".

The most famous tribute to Marlowe was paid by Shakespeare in As You Like It, where he not only quotes a line from Hero and Leander ("Dead Shepherd, now I find thy saw of might, 'Who ever lov'd that lov'd not at first sight?) but also gives to the clown Touchstone the words "When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child, understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room." This appears to be a reference to Marlowe's murder which involved a fight over the "reckoning," the bill, as well as to a line in Marlowe's Jew of Malta, "Infinite riches in a little room."

Shakespeare was much influenced by Marlowe in his work, as can be seen in the use of Marlovian themes in Antony and Cleopatra, The Merchant of Venice, Richard II and Macbeth (Dido, Jew of Malta, Edward II and Doctor Faustus, respectively). In Hamlet, after meeting with the travelling actors, Hamlet requests the Player perform a speech about the Trojan War, which at 2.2.429–432 has an echo of Marlowe's Dido, Queen of Carthage. In Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare brings on a character "Marcade" (three syllables) in conscious acknowledgement of Marlowe's character "Mercury", also attending the King of Navarre, in Massacre at Paris. The significance, to those of Shakespeare's audience who were familiar with Hero and Leander, was Marlowe's identification of himself with the god Mercury.

Shakespeare authorship theory
An argument has arisen about the notion that Marlowe faked his death and then continued to write under the assumed name of William Shakespeare. Academic consensus rejects alternative candidates for authorship of Shakespeare's plays and sonnets, including Marlowe.

Plays
Six dramas have been attributed to the authorship of Christopher Marlowe either alone or in collaboration with other writers, with varying degrees of evidence. The writing sequence or chronology of these plays is mostly unknown and is offered here with any dates and evidence known. Among the little available information we have, Dido is believed to be the first Marlowe play performed, while it was Tamburlaine that was first to be performed on a regular commercial stage in London in 1587. Believed by many scholars to be Marlowe's greatest success, Tamburlaine was the first English play written in blank verse and, with Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, is generally considered the beginning of the mature phase of the Elizabethan theatre.

The play Lust's Dominion was attributed to Marlowe upon its initial publication in 1657, though scholars and critics have almost unanimously rejected the attribution. He may also have written or co-written Arden of Faversham.

Poetry and translations
Publication and responses to the poetry and translations credited to Marlowe primarily occurred posthumously, including:
 * Amores, first book of Latin elegiac couplets by Ovid with translation by Marlowe (c. 1580s); copies publicly burned as offensive in 1599.
 * The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, by Marlowe. (c. 1587–1588); a popular lyric of the time.
 * Hero and Leander, by Marlowe (c. 1593, unfinished; completed by George Chapman, 1598; printed 1598).
 * Pharsalia, Book One, by Lucan with translation by Marlowe. (c. 1593; printed 1600)

Collaborations
Modern scholars still look for evidence of collaborations between Marlowe and other writers. In 2016, one publisher was the first to endorse the scholarly claim of a collaboration between Marlowe and the playwright William Shakespeare:
 * Henry VI by William Shakespeare is now credited as a collaboration with Marlowe in the New Oxford Shakespeare series, published in 2016. Marlowe appears as co-author of the three Henry VI plays, though some scholars doubt any actual collaboration.

Contemporary reception
Marlowe's plays were enormously successful, possibly because of the imposing stage presence of his lead actor, Edward Alleyn. Alleyn was unusually tall for the time and the haughty roles of Tamburlaine, Faustus and Barabas were probably written for him. Marlowe's plays were the foundation of the repertoire of Alleyn's company, the Admiral's Men, throughout the 1590s. One of Marlowe's poetry translations did not fare as well. In 1599, Marlowe's translation of Ovid was banned and copies were publicly burned as part of Archbishop Whitgift's crackdown on offensive material.

Chronology of dramatic works
(Patrick Cheney's 2004 Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe presents an alternative timeline based upon printing dates.)

Dido, Queen of Carthage (c. 1585–1587)

First official record 1594

First published 1594; posthumously

First recorded performance between 1587 and 1593 by the Children of the Chapel, a company of boy actors in London.

Significance This play is believed by many scholars to be the first play by Christopher Marlowe to be performed.

Attribution The title page attributes the play to Marlowe and Thomas Nashe, yet some scholars question how much of a contribution Nashe made to the play.

Evidence No manuscripts by Marlowe exist for this play.

Tamburlaine, Part I (c. 1587); Part II (c. 1587–1588)

First official record 1587, Part I

First published 1590, Parts I and II in one octavo, London. No author named.

First recorded performance 1587, Part I, by the Admiral's Men, London.

Significance Tamburlaine is the first example of blank verse used in the dramatic literature of the Early Modern English theatre.

Attribution Author name is missing from first printing in 1590. Attribution of this work by scholars to Marlowe is based upon comparison to his other verified works. Passages and character development in Tamburlane are similar to many other Marlowe works.

Evidence No manuscripts by Marlowe exist for this play. Parts I and II were entered into the Stationers' Register on 14 August 1590. The two parts were published together by the London printer, Richard Jones, in 1590; a second edition in 1592, and a third in 1597. The 1597 edition of the two parts were published separately in quarto by Edward White; part I in 1605, and part II in 1606.

The Jew of Malta (c. 1589–1590)

First official record 1592

First published 1592; earliest extant edition, 1633

First recorded performance 26 February 1592, by Lord Strange's acting company.

Significance The performances of the play were a success and it remained popular for the next fifty years. This play helps to establish the strong theme of "anti-authoritarianism" that is found throughout Marlowe's works.

Evidence No manuscripts by Marlowe exist for this play. The play was entered in the Stationers' Register on 17 May 1594 but the earliest surviving printed edition is from 1633.

Doctor Faustus (c. 1588–1592)

First official record 1594–1597

First published 1601, no extant copy; first extant copy, 1604 (A text) quarto; 1616 (B text) quarto.

First recorded performance 1594–1597; 24 revival performances occurred between these years by the Lord Admiral's Company, Rose Theatre, London; earlier performances probably occurred around 1589 by the same company.

Significance This is the first dramatised version of the Faust legend of a scholar's dealing with the devil. Marlowe deviates from earlier versions of "The Devil's Pact" significantly: Marlowe's protagonist is unable to "burn his books" or repent to a merciful God to have his contract annulled at the end of the play; he is carried off by demons; and, in the 1616 quarto, his mangled corpse is found by the scholar characters.

Attribution The 'B text' was highly edited and censored, owing in part to the shifting theatre laws regarding religious words onstage during the seventeenth-century. Because it contains several additional scenes believed to be the additions of other playwrights, particularly Samuel Rowley and William Bird (alias Borne), a recent edition attributes the authorship of both versions to "Christopher Marlowe and his collaborator and revisers." This recent edition has tried to establish that the 'A text' was assembled from Marlowe's work and another writer, with the 'B text' as a later revision.

Evidence No manuscripts by Marlowe exist for this play. The two earliest-printed extant versions of the play, A and B, form a textual problem for scholars. Both were published after Marlowe's death and scholars disagree which text is more representative of Marlowe's original. Some editions are based on a combination of the two texts. Late-twentieth-century scholarly consensus identifies 'A text' as more representative because it contains irregular character names and idiosyncratic spelling, which are believed to reflect the author's handwritten manuscript or "foul papers". In comparison, 'B text' is highly edited with several additional scenes possibly written by other playwrights.

Edward the Second (c. 1592)

First official record 1593

First published 1590; earliest extant edition 1594 octavo

First recorded performance 1592, performed by the Earl of Pembroke's Men.

Significance Considered by recent scholars as Marlowe's "most modern play" because of its probing treatment of the private life of a king and unflattering depiction of the power politics of the time. The 1594 editions of Edward II and of Dido are the first published plays with Marlowe's name appearing as the author.

Attribution Earliest extant edition of 1594.

Evidence The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on 6 July 1593, five weeks after Marlowe's death.

The Massacre at Paris (c. 1589–1593)
First official record c. 1593, alleged foul sheet by Marlowe of "Scene 19"; although authorship by Marlowe is contested by recent scholars, the manuscript is believed written while the play was first performed and with an unknown purpose.

First published undated, c. 1594 or later, octavo, London; while this is the most complete surviving text, it is near half the length of Marlowe's other works and possibly a reconstruction. The printer and publisher credit, "E.A. for Edward White," also appears on the 1605/06 printing of Marlowe's Tamburlaine.

First recorded performance 26 Jan 1593, by Lord Strange's Men, at Henslowe's Rose Theatre, London, under the title The Tragedy of the Guise; 1594, in the repertory of the Admiral's Men.

Significance The Massacre at Paris is considered Marlowe's most dangerous play, as agitators in London seized on its theme to advocate the murders of refugees from the low countries of the Spanish Netherlands, and it warns Elizabeth I of this possibility in its last scene. It features the silent "English Agent", whom tradition has identified with Marlowe and his connexions to the secret service. Highest grossing play for Lord Strange's Men in 1593.

Attribution A 1593 loose manuscript sheet of the play, called a foul sheet, is alleged to be by Marlowe and has been claimed by some scholars as the only extant play manuscript by the author. It could also provide an approximate date of composition for the play. When compared with the extant printed text and his other work, other scholars reject the attribution to Marlowe. The only surviving printed text of this play is possibly a reconstruction from memory of Marlowe's original performance text. Current scholarship notes that there are only 1147 lines in the play, half the amount of a typical play of the 1590s. Other evidence that the extant published text may not be Marlowe's original is the uneven style throughout, with two-dimensional characterisations, deteriorating verbal quality and repetitions of content.

Evidence Never appeared in the Stationer's Register.

Memorials
The Muse of Poetry, a bronze sculpture by Edward Onslow Ford references Marlowe and his work. It was erected on Buttermarket, Canterbury in 1891, and now stands outside the Marlowe Theatre in the city.

In July 2002, a memorial window to Marlowe was unveiled by the Marlowe Society at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. Controversially, a question mark was added to his generally accepted date of death. On 25 October 2011 a letter from Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells was published by The Times newspaper, in which they called on the Dean and Chapter to remove the question mark on the grounds that it "flew in the face of a mass of unimpugnable evidence". In 2012, they renewed this call in their e-book Shakespeare Bites Back, adding that it "denies history" and again the following year in their book Shakespeare Beyond Doubt.

The Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury, Kent, UK, was named for Marlowe in 1949.

Marlowe in fiction
Marlowe has been used as a character in books, theatre, film, television, games and radio.

Modern compendia
Modern scholarly collected works of Marlowe include:
 * The Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe (edited by Roma Gill in 1986; Clarendon Press published in partnership with Oxford University Press)
 * The Complete Plays of Christopher Marlowe (edited by J. B. Steane in 1969; edited by Frank Romany and Robert Lindsey, Revised Edition, 2004, Penguin)

Radio

 * BBC Radio broadcast adaptations of Marlowe's six plays from May to October 1993.

Royal Shakespeare Company
Royal Shakespeare Company

 * Dido, Queen of Carthage, directed by Kimberly Sykes, with Chipo Chung as Dido. Swan Theatre, 2017.
 * Tamburlaine the Great, directed by Terry Hands, with Anthony Sher as Tamburlaine. Swan Theatre, 1992; Barbican Theatre, 1993.
 * Tamburlaine the Great directed by Michael Boyd, with Jude Owusu as Tamburlaine. Swan Theatre, 2018.
 * The Jew of Malta, directed by Barry Kyle, with Jasper Britton as Barabas. Swan Theatre, 1987; People's Theatre, and Barbican Theatre, 1988.
 * The Jew of Malta, directed by Justin Audibert, with Jasper Britton as Barabas. Swan Theatre, 2015.
 * Edward II, directed by Gerard Murphy, with Simon Russell Beale as Edward. Swan Theatre, 1990.
 * Doctor Faustus, directed by John Barton, with Ian McKellen as Faustus. Nottingham Playhouse and Aldwych Theatre, 1974, and Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 1975.
 * Doctor Faustus directed by Barry Kyle with Gerard Murphy as Faustus, Swan Theatre and Pit Theatre, 1989.
 * Doctor Faustus directed by Maria Aberg, with Sandy Grierson and Oliver Ryan sharing the roles of Faustus and Mephistophilis. Swan Theatre and Barbican Theatre, 2016.

Royal National Theatre
Royal National Theatre

 * Tamburlaine, directed by Peter Hall, with Albert Finney as Tamburlaine. Olivier Theatre, 1976.
 * Dido, Queen of Carthage, directed by James McDonald with Anastasia Hille as Dido. Cottesloe Theatre, 2009.
 * Edward II, directed by Joe Hill-Gibbins, with John Heffernan as Edward. Olivier Theatre, 2013.

Shakespeare's Globe
Shakespeare's Globe

 * Dido, Queen of Carthage, directed by Tim Carroll, with Rakie Ayola as Dido, 2003.
 * Edward II, directed by Timothy Walker, with Liam Brennan as Edward, 2003.

Malthouse Theatre
The Marlowe Sessions

 * Dido, Queen of Carthage, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Stephen Unwin, with Thalissa Teixeira as Dido, 2022.
 * Tamburlaine The Great, Part 1, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Phillip Breen, with Alan Cox as Tamburlaine, 2022.
 * The Jew Of Malta, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Stephen Unwin, with Adrian Schiller as Barrabus, 2022.
 * Tamburlaine The Great, Part 2, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Phillip Breen, with Alan Cox as Tamburlaine, 2022.
 * Edward The Second, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Abigail Rokison, with Jack Holden as Edward II, 2022.
 * The Massacre At Paris, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Abigail Rokison, with Michael Maloney as Guise, 2022.
 * Dr Faustus, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Phillip Breen, with Dominic West as Faustus and Talulah Riley as Mephistopheles, 2022.
 * The Poetry of Christopher Marlowe, Directed/Produced by Ray Mia, Performance direction by Philip Bird, read by Jack Holden, Fisayo Akinade and Philip Bird, 2022.

Other stage

 * Tamburlaine. Yale University, 1919.
 * Tamburlaine, directed by Tyrone Guthrie, with Donald Wolfit as Tamburlaine. The Old Vic, 1951.
 * Doctor Faustus, co-directed by Orson Welles and John Houseman, with Welles as Faustus and Jack Carter as Mephistopheles. Maxine Elliott's Theatre, 1937.
 * Doctor Faustus, directed by Adrian Noble. Royal Exchange, 1981.
 * Edward II, directed by Toby Robertson, with John Barton as Edward. Cambridge, 1951.
 * Edward II, directed by Toby Robertson, with Derek Jacobi as Edward. Cambridge, 1958.
 * Edward II, directed by Toby Robertson, with Ian McKellen as Edward. Assembly Rooms, 1969.
 * Edward II, directed by Jim Stone, Washington Stage Company, 1993;
 * Edward II, directed by Jozsef Ruszt. Budapest, 1998;
 * Edward II, directed by Michael Grandage, with Joseph Fiennes as Edward. Crucible Theatre, 2001.
 * The Massacre in Paris, directed by Patrice Chéreau. France, 1972.

Stage adaptations

 * Edward II, Phoenix Society, London, 1923.
 * Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England, by Bertolt Brecht (the first play he directed). Munich Chamber Theatre, Germany, 1924.
 * The Life of Edward II of England, by Marlowe and Bertold Brecht, directed by Frank Dunlop. National Theatre, 1968.
 * Edward II, adapted as a ballet, choreographed by David Bintley. Stuttgart Ballet, 1995.
 * Doctor Faustus, additional text by Colin Teevan, directed by Jamie Lloyd, with Kit Harington as Faustus. Duke of York's Theatre, 2016.
 * Faustus, That Damned Woman by Chris Bush, directed by Caroline Byrne. Lyric Theatre, 2020.

Film

 * Doctor Faustus, based on Nevill Coghill's 1965 production, adapted for Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, 1967.
 * Edward II, directed by Derek Jarman, 1991.
 * Faust, with some Marlowe dialogue, directed by Jan Švankmajer, 1994.

title: Christopher Marlowe


text:
Cricket (disambiguation)

Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport contested by two teams.

Cricket also commonly refers to:

 * Cricket (insect)
 * Cricket warbler

Cricket(s) or The Cricket(s) may also refer to:

Film and television

 * The Cricket (1917 film), a silent American drama film
 * The Cricket (1980 film), an erotic drama film
 * Crickets (film), a 2006 Japanese drama film
 * Cricket (Bluey), an episode of the 2018 TV series Bluey
 * Christine Blair or Cricket, a character in The Young and the Restless
 * Cricket, a character in To Have and Have Not (film)
 * Matthew "Rickety Cricket" Mara, a character in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
 * Cricket Green, a main character in Big City Greens
 * "Cricket", 5th episode of Servant (TV Series)

Literature

 * Cricket (magazine), an American literary magazine for children
 * The Cricket (magazine), a 1960s music magazine
 * "Chrząszcz" or "Cricket", a poem by Jan Brzechwa
 * Cricket, a character in Fire on the Mountain (1988 novel)

Military

 * Cricket-class coastal destroyer, a 1906 class of Royal Navy ships
 * HMS Cricket (1915), an Insect-class gunboat
 * HMS Cricket (shore establishment), Hampshire, 1943–1946

Music

 * The Crickets, a rock and roll band formed by Buddy Holly
 * Cricket (musical), a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
 * Crickets (album), by Joe Nichols, 2013
 * Cricket (producer), Kosovo-Albanian record producer
 * Crickets, a video album by Dredg released alongside their 2002 album El Cielo
 * "Crickets", a song by Drop City Yacht Club
 * "Cricket", a song by the Kinks from Preservation Act 1

Vehicles

 * Cricket (1914 automobile), an early American automobile
 * Plymouth Cricket (disambiguation), two automobiles

Other uses

 * Cricket (darts), a game using the standard 20-number dartboard
 * Cricket (roofing), a ridge structure designed to divert water on a roof
 * Cricket (series), a series of cricket video games
 * Cricket (warning sound), an audible warning in the cockpits of commercial aircraft
 * Cricket dolls, a talking doll released by Playmates Toys in 1986
 * Cricket, North Carolina
 * Cricket Wireless, wireless service provider, a subsidiary of AT&T Inc.
 * Programmable Cricket, robotic toys
 * Clicker or cricket, a noisemaker
 * Cricket (dog)
 * Cricket, a variation of the float breakdancing technique
 * Cricket, a data collection software on top of RRDtool
 * Cricket, a puppy killed by South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem

title: Cricket (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Cricket (disambiguation)

(The following discussion was apparently initially untitled, unsigned and undated)
(The following ex-post-facto contribs have been titled by me, included document in some cases retroactive timestamps/sigs based on the edit-history page. Where it seems less confusing, I shall place contribs that seem to respond to older contribs below those contribs rather than leaving them above where modern WPians are more likely to be misled or more confused, rather than to be grateful to share the experience of my spadework. --JerzyA (talk) 01:30, 6 November 2019 (UTC))

(Solicit contribs off-site?)
Do you suppose its worth a gentle plug on rec.sport.cricket. There are many v. knowledgable people there that could really help this, is specially w.r.t. Asian cricket.
 *  It appears no contribution information is available for that contrib. I leave it where I found it, despite the possibility that the contribs I've left above it --JerzyA (talk) 01:30, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I do, but I'm not a reader of that newsgroup. If somebody else wants to do that it would be excellent!  Robert Merkel —Preceding undated comment added 20:51, 28 January 2002
 * There is an account for a User:Robert Merkel, still active in the log about a year ago. Their first logged edit is stamped 14:33, 27 January 2002, so IMO there's nothing odd about earlier (and unlogged) contribs. If I had harbored doubts earlier tonite, i'd just deny it & say "I am not worthy!", as I did pranams at his feet! --JerzyA (talk) 01:30, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

(How is it played)

 * the main entry is already a clearer summary of cricket PLAY than I've ever read (just TRY being an American reading British murder mysteries and reading games instructions to figure it out!) --MichaelTinkler —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.9.128.xxx (talk) 01:08, 1 September 2001 (UTC)

(Disambiguation needed)
''I daresay that the insect is the first thing people think of when someone says "cricket," especially outside of the UK. --KQ'' (or large amounts of Asia and other scattered outposts of civilisation :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Conversion script (talk • contribs) 20:51, 28 January 2002 (UTC)

not sure about the lbw description -- every call I've seen for lbw has NOT involved the ball striking pads, leg, etc... And I wish someone would describe googlie and Yorker in as equally clear a manner! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.94.122.xxx (talk) 07:40, 29 January 2002 (UTC)

 * I wish someone would describe googlie and Yorker in as equally clear a manner! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.20.135.xxx (talk) 15:43, 25 February 2002 (UTC)

 * I'm a first time user of this service. I found the page because I wanted to find out the name of the Australian cricket player who invented the googlie, as many years ago I met him. I played cricket in school in Toronto, Canada. I was a deadly spin bowler. The googlie is not a "fast ball" it is a unique spin ball. It is delivered by releasing the ball out of the bottom of the palm of your hand (without using your fingers to try to impart spin to the ball). At the point of release the back of your hand should face the batter, so the release is actually out of the top of your hand because your hand is upside down. Your aiming point is about 2/3 of the way down the pitch and you want two bounces before reaching the batter. For some reason, the ball spins slightly left on the first bounce and slightly right on the second. A half yorker is a ball that arrives above the feet but below the knees of the batter. A full yorker arrives above the knees but below the top of the wickets. That is like a fast ball. If you, or anyone you know can remember the name of the guy I'm trying to remember, plse email me at mrmichaelmouse@shaw.ca. howzthat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.69.255.204 (talk) 23:18, 10 October 2002 (UTC)
 * The inventor of the googly was Bernard Bosanquet, an English player who played first class cricket from 1898 to 1919. Either you're the oldest person to ever use this site, or somebody was pulling your leg.  We should have an article about this guy.  --Robert Merkel 00:13 Oct 11, 2002 (UTC)
 * I got a real chuckle out of your answer; I guess someone was pulling my leg. More likely someone said that this non Bernard entity was well known for his googly. I guess if I can't spell it, I shouldn't wax on it. I appreciate your response. Michael —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.69.255.204 (talk) 20:00, 9 November 2002 (UTC)
 * It was indeed Bosanquet. I've corrected the spelling of the name in the link. --Dweller 18:59, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

A (belated) welcome to WP's calendar-decade 1
… before it ends in about 8 weeks. --JerzyA (talk) 01:30, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: it is better to use this article for the insect and move other articles to Cricket (disambiguation). 66.32.69.62 23:43, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

False - better to move cricket (sport) here and move this article to cricket (disambiguation). -- ALoan (Talk) 20:09, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

False - Agree with ALoan -- Emsworth 21:42, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

true
Patently true, but there's no point in fighting sports fans. — Pekinensis 05:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

True. Crickets have been called crickets before the sport came about. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Glolt (talk • contribs) 05:25, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Types of cricket
Do we really need the types of cricket mentioned in this dis-ambiguation page?? This is a dis-ambiguation page for the meanings of the word cricket, not the types of cricket. 66.32.246.73 01:32, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Cricket moved to Cricket (sport) and Cricket (disambiguation) moved to Cricket
On Talk:Cricket, there is a discussion of whether cricket should be moved to cricket (sport) so cricket (disambiguation) can move to cricket. Nereocystis 19:11, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

The consensus was not to move the page. PBS 12:01, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find a discussion on Talk:Cricket, why's that? --Commander Keane 17:04, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Talk:Cricket/archive6 -- ALoan (Talk) 17:38, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

If we are to be consistent, we must go ahead with the proposal.--Bedford 04:30, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's no surprise that the proposal was defeated; the poll took place on the talk page for the sport, so naturally it attracted more attention from people interested in the sport. If we are to take a poll to gauge consensus, it must take place on neutral ground. Andrew Levine 19:44, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

I want to Unscribe cc by -sa 3.0 and gfdl Blu26 (talk) 07:56, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No Move.-- Hús  ö  nd  03:13, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Cricket (disambiguation) → Cricket — I don't think there's a way to say certainly that the sport is a more likely search term than the insect. It appears that this was proposed back in 2005 and failed, but I think it is worth revisiting. GassyGuy 23:37, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .  Please remember that this survey is not a vote, and please provide an explanation for your recommendation.

Survey - in support of the move

 * 1) Support I think there is a good chance many people will be looking for the insect when they type "Cricket". TJ Spyke 00:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Survey - in opposition to the move

 * 1) Well, let's start with the fact that we have a WikiProject and a portal dedicated to cricket, with dozens of active editors, hundreds of articles (including a featured portal, 13 featured articles and a t least 22 featured lists)...versus 11 articles in Category:Crickets. While crickets are really cool insects and deserve much more respect than they get, cricket is the second most popular sport in the world.  Guettarda 18:57, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Per Guettarda. Also, Cricket has clear links at the top of the page to both the insect and the disambiguation page. Flyguy649 19:05, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose I'm not going to rehash all of the points mentioned in Talk:Cricket/Archive 6 and elsewhere, but considering the number of links to Cricket (stopped counting at 6000) compared to Cricket (insect) (<100) (admittedly some may incorrectly point to the sport), the amount of cricket (sport) material on Wikipedia and the enormous global following of the sport, I can only oppose this suggestion. →Ollie (talk • contribs) 19:06, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 4) OPPOSE Whats the point of moving the article when it would take the people looking for the inscect the same number of (two) clicks still. I don't think more people will be looking for the inscect over the sport and   the people who are looking for the inscect still have the same easy access  to the inscects article as they would in the disambiguation. You can have a look at the link provided above by Oliver brown and the past Requested move as well the old poll and know why it is the way it is now. This is pretty pointless in my opinion, what good would it do for the reader looking for the inscect anyway? It would still take them two clicks. Pointless...--Thugchildz
 * 5) Oppose. Far more people will be looking for the sport than the insect, in my opinion. Possibly even in the U.S., where in my experience people always seem to be fascinated to know what the game is. Stephen Turner (Talk) 09:13, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose As previous discussions have shown, the interest in the sport overwhelms the insect. GizzaChat  © 06:53, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose The arguments have been made many times by people more eloquent than me. If you're interested in the insect, you're demonstrably in the tiny minority. --Dweller 20:18, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 8) Oppose the arguments listed above pretty much tell the story. Keep things as is.-- Eva  b  d  19:17, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments:

 * Since this would require moving the cricket article as well, a link to this discussion should be posted there. Guettarda 18:40, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't contest the popularity of cricket the sport, but I highly doubt wikilinks are the best way to judge this. The fact that more people would be fans of cricket the sport than cricket the insect is uncontestable. This would account for a lot of the references etc. on Wikipedia. I do not see how you can prove, however, that somebody typing cricket into the search would be more likely to be wanting info on the sport than on the insect. One usage seems just as common as the other, and it therefore seems more sensible to have the disambiguation page in the main slot. How would it be harmful? There are also many similar cases where disambiguation pages take main article slots. Usually there has to be an obvious (or at least relatively provable) primary usage for that not to be the case. GassyGuy 21:23, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not see how you can prove, however, that somebody typing cricket into the search would be more likely to be wanting info on the sport than on the insect - actually, if people are (far) more interested in the sport than the insect, then it's far more likely that someone looking for "cricket" is looking for the sport, not the orthopteran. Guettarda 21:33, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Deletions
Items deleted and reason: Rexparry sydney 01:33, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Cricket St Thomas, a village in Somerset, England - reason: MOS:DAB: don't include entries of which the term forms only a part of the name in normal use
 * The codename for a clicker used in World War II - reason: clicker article doesn't mention it.
 * I put the partial match Cricket St Thomas in the see also per WP:MOSDAB but mainly as the park and house are listed there. Widefox ; talk 22:23, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 17 September 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved, appears to meet both criteria for primary topic. -- JHunterJ (talk) 13:28, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

– While references for "cricket" (singular) are probably more common for the sport than the insect as someone in England I don't think its overwhelming. The sport is only a few hundred years old but the insect has been around far longer and would likely be so in the future even if the sport became less popular. Both topics are level 4 vital articles. While its true that there is a direct link to the insect, a DAB page is less confusing and has less content to load. In addition there are other uses of "Cricket". The sport has 127,979 views but the insect has 28,767, Tettigoniidae has 20,163 and Cricket (darts) has 3,413 [].  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 13:20, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Cricket (disambiguation) → Cricket
 * Cricket → Cricket (sport)
 * As this is the seventh time this request has been made (granted the last time was 11 years ago) and the last discussion was overwhelmingly against the move, could you please directly address the major points of the previous discussion? -- Fyrael (talk) 16:34, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Well 11 years is plenty long enough to start a new discussion but at that time the long-term significance criteria didn't exist and it was claimed that the sport is more common worldwide, while I'm someone in England and I don't think either is dominant even though more people will probably look up the sport.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I fully agree that once a decade is not too often to have a discussion, and I didn't realize that the criteria didn't exist at that time. -- Fyrael (talk) 18:40, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Support There is no primary topic between the insect and the sport.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 16:57, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination and ZXCVBNM. No WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 18:10, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Hyperbolick (talk) 22:03, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm no lover of the sport, but it's more than old enough for the "long-term significance" argument to sound a little silly. The hatnotes have this covered and I don't see a compelling argument for change. PC78 (talk) 23:14, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose the sport is the clear PT by page views and by coverage in news. The lasting significance argument is frankly risible, the sport clearly has lasting significance, having been around for centuries and is one of the most popular sport in a number of major countries. WP:DAB even says : While long-term significance is a factor, historical age is not determinative. I would contend that a time when the sport is less significant than the insect is likely to be a time when WP itself no longer exists. Spike 'em (talk) 08:33, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Google cricket sport -insect gives 966m hits, cricket insect -sport gives 89m. Spike 'em (talk) 09:15, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Using the pageviews above: Even assuming every view of Cricket (insect) and every view of Cricket (dab) went via Cricket, then there are still 98k page views of Cricket not looking for these pages and 97k views of all the other pages on the dab that aren't talk / help pages. Factoring out the film / TV series with minor characters called Cricket, there are about 75k views of the pages left, so the sport has 3.5 times as many views as any other single article on the dab and more views than the rest combined which meet the criteria to be Primary to me. Spike 'em (talk) 09:58, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC: it doesn't matter whether the insect should be as popular, by any measure - Ghits, page views, incoming links, number of articles - it doesn't match the second most popular sport in the world. StAnselm (talk) 09:27, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and WP:TITLECHANGES. The sport is the primary topic here.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 10:42, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose per the people above and all the words expounded over the previous seven RMs --Dweller (talk) Become old fashioned! 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. StickyWicket (talk) 11:52, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Was it only 11 years ago that we last went through this? The second most popular sport in the world takes precedence here. --Roisterer (talk) 12:46, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - very clearly the primary topic based on page views, ghits and so on. The sport may not be the primary topic in all parts of the Anglophone world, but I'd very strongly suggest that it is very clearly the primary global topic in Anglophone countries Blue Square Thing (talk) 15:22, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cricket which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:30, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cricket (disambiguation)