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Blue whale

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal and a baleen whale. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 m and weighing up to 199 t, it is the largest animal known ever to have existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can be of various shades of greyish-blue on its upper surface and somewhat lighter underneath. Four subspecies are recognized: B. m. musculus in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia in the Southern Ocean, B. m. brevicauda (the pygmy blue whale) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, and B. m. indica in the Northern Indian Ocean. There is a population in the waters off Chile that may constitute a fifth subspecies.

In general, blue whale populations migrate between their summer feeding areas near the poles and their winter breeding grounds near the tropics. There is also evidence of year-round residencies, and partial or age/sex-based migration. Blue whales are filter feeders; their diet consists almost exclusively of krill. They are generally solitary or gather in small groups, and have no well-defined social structure other than mother–calf bonds. Blue whales vocalize, with a fundamental frequency ranging from 8 to 25 Hz; their vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. Orcas are their only natural predators.

The blue whale was abundant in nearly all the Earth's oceans until the end of the 19th century. It was hunted almost to the point of extinction by whalers until the International Whaling Commission banned all blue whale hunting in 1966. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed blue whales as Endangered as of 2018. It continues to face numerous man-made threats such as ship strikes, pollution, ocean noise, and climate change.

Nomenclature
The genus name, Balaenoptera, means winged whale, while the species name, musculus, could mean "muscle" or a diminutive form of "mouse", possibly a pun by Carl Linnaeus when he named the species in Systema Naturae. One of the first published descriptions of a blue whale comes from Robert Sibbald's Phalainologia Nova, after Sibbald found a stranded whale in the estuary of the Firth of Forth, Scotland, in 1692. The name "blue whale" was derived from the Norwegian blåhval, coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun. The Norwegian scientist G. O. Sars adopted it as the common name in 1874.

Blue whales were referred to as "Sibbald's rorqual", after Robert Sibbald, who first described the species. Whalers sometimes referred to them as "sulphur bottom" whales, owing to the fact that the bellies of some individuals are tinged with yellow. This tinge is due to a coating of huge numbers of diatoms. (Herman Melville briefly refers to "sulphur bottom" whales in his novel Moby Dick .)

Evolution
Blue whales are rorquals in the family Balaenopteridae. A 2018 analysis estimates that the Balaenopteridae family diverged from other families in between 10.48 and 4.98 million years ago during the late Miocene. The earliest discovered anatomically modern blue whale is a partial skull fossil from southern Italy identified as B. cf. musculus, dating to the Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5–1.25 million years ago. The Australian pygmy blue whale diverged during the Last Glacial Maximum. Their more recent divergence has resulted in the subspecies having a relatively low genetic diversity, and New Zealand blue whales have an even lower genetic diversity.

Whole genome sequencing suggests that blue whales are most closely related to sei whales with gray whales as a sister group. This study also found significant gene flow between minke whales and the ancestors of the blue and sei whale. Blue whales also displayed high genetic diversity.

Hybridization
Blue whales are known to interbreed with fin whales. The earliest description of a possible hybrid between a blue whale and a fin whale was a 65 ft anomalous female whale with the features of both the blue and the fin whales taken in the North Pacific. A whale captured off northwestern Spain in 1984, was found to have been the product of a blue whale mother and a fin whale father.

Two live blue-fin whale hybrids have since been documented in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), and in the Azores (Portugal). DNA tests done in Iceland on a blue whale killed in July 2018 by the Icelandic whaling company Hvalur hf, found that the whale was the offspring of a male fin whale and female blue whale; however, the results are pending independent testing and verification of the samples. Because the International Whaling Commission classified blue whales as a "Protection Stock", trading their meat is illegal, and the kill is an infraction that must be reported. Blue-fin hybrids have been detected from genetic analysis of whale meat samples taken from Japanese markets. Blue-fin whale hybrids are capable of being fertile. Molecular tests on a 70 ft pregnant female whale caught off Iceland in 1986 found that it had a blue whale mother and a fin whale father, while its fetus was sired by a blue whale.

In 2024, a genome analysis of North Atlantic blue whales found evidence that approximately 3.5% of the blue whales' genome was derived from hybridization with fin whales. Gene flow was found to be unidirectional from fin whales to blue whales. Comparison with Antarctic blue whales showed that this hybridization began after the separation of the northern and southern populations. Despite their smaller size, fin whales have similar cruising and sprinting speeds to blue whales, which would allow fin males to complete courtship chases with blue females.

There is a reference to a humpback–blue whale hybrid in the South Pacific, attributed to marine biologist Michael Poole.

Subspecies and stocks
At least four subspecies of blue whale are recognized, some of which are divided into population stocks or "management units". They have a worldwide distribution, but are mostly absent from the Arctic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Okhotsk, and Bering Sea.
 * Northern subspecies (B. m. musculus)
 * North Atlantic population – This population is mainly documented from New England along eastern Canada to Greenland, particularly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, during summer though some individuals may remain there all year. They also aggregate near Iceland and have increased their presence in the Norwegian Sea. They are reported to migrate south to the West Indies, the Azores and northwest Africa.
 * Eastern North Pacific population – Whales in this region mostly feed off California's coast from summer to fall and then Oregon, Washington State, the Alaska Gyre and Aleutian Islands later in the fall. During winter and spring, blue whales migrate south to the waters of Mexico, mostly the Gulf of California, and the Costa Rica Dome, where they both feed and breed.
 * Central/Western Pacific population – This stock is documented around the Kamchatka Peninsula during the summer; some individuals may remain there year-round. They have been recorded wintering in Hawaiian waters, though some can be found in the Gulf of Alaska during fall and early winter.
 * Northern Indian Ocean subspecies (B. m. indica) – This subspecies can be found year-round in the northwestern Indian Ocean, though some individuals have recorded travelling to the Crozet Islands during between summer and fall.
 * Pygmy blue whale (B. m. brevicauda)
 * Madagascar population – This population migrates between the Seychelles and Amirante Islands in the north and the Crozet Islands and Prince Edward Islands in the south were they feed, passing through the Mozambique Channel.
 * Australia/Indonesia population – Whales in this region appear to winter off Indonesia and migrate to their summer feeding grounds off the coast of Western Australia, with major concentrations at Perth Canyon and an area stretching from the Great Australian Bight and Bass Strait.
 * Eastern Australia/New Zealand population – This stock may reside in the Tasman Sea and the Lau Basin in winter and feed mostly in the South Taranaki Bight and off the coast of eastern North Island. Blue whales have been detected around New Zealand throughout the year.
 * Antarctic subspecies (B. m. intermedia) – This subspecies includes all populations found around the Antarctic. They have been recorded to travel as far north as eastern tropical Pacific, the central Indian Ocean, and the waters of southwestern Australia and northern New Zealand.

Blue whales off the Chilean coast may be a separate subspecies based on geographic separation, genetics, and unique song types. Chilean blue whales may overlap in the Eastern Tropical Pacific with Antarctica blue whales and Eastern North Pacific blue whales. Chilean blue whales are genetically differentiated from Antarctica blue whales and are unlikely to be interbreeding. However, the genetic distinction is less with the Eastern North Pacific blue whale and there may be gene flow between hemispheres.

Description
The blue whale is a slender-bodied cetacean with a broad U-shaped head; thin, elongated flippers; a small 13 in sickle-shaped dorsal fin located close to the tail, and a large tail stock at the root of the wide and thin flukes. The upper jaw is lined with 70–395 black baleen plates. The throat region has 60–88 grooves which allows the skin to expand during feeding. It has two blowholes that can squirt 30 – up in the air. The skin has a mottled grayish-blue coloration, appearing blue underwater. The mottling patterns near the dorsal fin vary between individuals. The underbelly has lighter pigmentation and can appear yellowish due to diatoms in the water,  which historically earned them the nickname "sulphur bottom". The male blue whale has the largest penis in the animal kingdom, at around 3 m long and 12 in wide.

Size
The blue whale is the largest animal known ever to have existed. Some studies have estimated that certain shastasaurid ichthyosaurs and the ancient whale Perucetus could have rivalled the blue whale in size, with Perucetus also being heavier than the blue whale with a mean weight of 180 t. These estimates are based on fragmentary remains, and the proposed size for the latter has been disputed in 2024. Other studies estimate that on land, large sauropods like Bruhathkayosaurus (mean weight: 110–170 tons) and Maraapunisaurus (mean weight: 80–120 tons) would have easily rivalled the blue whale, with the former even exceeding the blue whale based on its most liberal estimations (240 tons), although these estimates are based on even more fragmentary specimens that had disintegrated by the time those estimates were made.

The International Whaling Commission (IWC) whaling database reports 88 individuals longer than 30 m, including one of 33 m, but problems with how the measurements were taken suggest that any longer than 30.5 m are suspect. The Discovery Committee reported lengths up to 102 ft. The longest scientifically measured individual blue whale was 98 ft from rostrum tip to tail notch. Female blue whales are larger than males. Hydrodynamic models suggest a blue whale could not exceed 33 m because of metabolic and energy constraints.

The average length of sexually mature female blue whales is 72.1 ft for Eastern North Pacific blue whales, 79 ft for central and western North Pacific blue whales, 68–78 ft for North Atlantic blue whales, 83.4 – for Antarctic blue whales, 77.1 ft for Chilean blue whales, and 69.9 ft for pygmy blue whales.

In the Northern Hemisphere, males weigh an average 100 t and females 112 t. Eastern North Pacific blue whale males average 88.5 t and females 100 t. Antarctic males average 112 t and females 130 t. Pygmy blue whale males average 83.5 t to 99 t. The weight of the heart of a stranded North Atlantic blue whale was 180 kg, the largest known in any animal. The record-holder blue whale was recorded at 173 tonne, with estimates of up to 199 tonne.

In 2024, Motani and Pyenson calculated the body mass of blue whales at different lengths, compiling records of their sizes from previous academic literatures and using regression analyses and volumetric analyses. A 25 m long individual was estimated to weigh approximately 101 - 119 tonne, while a 30 m long individual was estimated to weigh approximately 184 - 205 tonne. Considering that the largest blue whale was indeed 33 m long, they estimated that a blue whale of such length would have weighed approximately 252 - 273 tonne.

Life span
Blue whales live around 80–90 years or more. Scientists look at a blue whale's earwax or ear plug to estimate its age. Each year, a light and dark layer of wax is laid corresponding with fasting during migration and feeding time. Each set is thus an indicator of age. The oldest blue whale determined using this method was 110 years old. The maximum age of a pygmy blue whale determined this way is 73 years. In addition, female blue whales develop scars or corpora albicantia on their ovaries every time they ovulate. In a female pygmy blue whale, one corpus albicans is formed on average every 2.6 years.

Behaviour and ecology
The blue whale is usually solitary, but can be found in pairs. When productivity is high enough, blue whales can be seen in gatherings of more than 50 individuals. Populations may go on long migrations, traveling to their summer feeding grounds towards the poles and then heading to their winter breeding grounds in more equatorial waters. The animals appear to use memory to locate the best feeding areas. There is evidence of alternative strategies, such as year-round residency, and partial (where only some individuals migrate) or age/sex-based migration. Some whales have been recorded feeding in breeding grounds. The traveling speed for blue whales ranges 5 –. Their massive size limits their ability to breach.

The greatest dive depth reported from tagged blue whales was 315 m. Their theoretical aerobic dive limit was estimated at 31.2 minutes, however, the longest dive measured was 15.2 minutes. The deepest confirmed dive from a pygmy blue whale was 506 m. A blue whale's heart rate can drop to 2 beats per minute (bpm) at deep depths, but upon surfacing, can rise to 37 bpm, which is close to its peak heart rate.

Diet and feeding
The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of krill. Blue whales capture krill through lunge feeding; they swim towards them at high speeds as they open their mouths up to 80°. They may engulf 220 t of water at one time. They squeeze the water out through their baleen plates with pressure from the throat pouch and tongue, and swallow the remaining krill. Blue whales have been recorded making 180° rolls during lunge-feeding, possibly allowing them to search the prey field and find the densest patches.

While pursuing krill patches, blue whales maximize their calorie intake by increasing the number of lunges while selecting the thickest patches. This provides them enough energy for everyday activities while storing additional energy necessary for migration and reproduction. Blue whales have to engulf densities greater than 100 krill/m³ to maintain the cost of lunge feeding. They can consume 34,776 – from one mouthful of krill, which can provide up to 240 times more energy than used in a single lunge. It is estimated that an average-sized blue whale must consume 1,120 ± of krill a day.

Blue whales appear to avoid directly competing with other baleen whales. Different whale species select different feeding spaces and times as well as different prey species. In the Southern Ocean, baleen whales appear to feed on Antarctic krill of different sizes, which may lessen competition between them.

Reproduction and birth
Blue whales generally reach sexual maturity at 8–10 years. In the Northern Hemisphere, the length at which they reach maturity is 21 – for females and 20 – for males. In the Southern Hemisphere, the length of maturity is 23 – and 22 m for females and males respectively. Male pygmy blue whales average 61.4 ft at sexual maturity. Female pygmy blue whales are 68.9 – in length and roughly 10 years old at the age of sexual maturity. Little is known about mating behavior, or breeding and birthing areas. Blue whales appear to be polygynous, with males competing for females. A male blue whale typically trails a female and will fight off potential rivals. The species mates from fall to winter.

Pregnant females eat roughly four percent of their body weight daily, amounting to 60% of their overall body weight throughout summer foraging periods. Gestation may last 10–12 months with calves being 6 – long and weighing 2 – at birth. Estimates suggest that because calves require 2 - 4 kg milk per kg of mass gain, blue whales likely produce 220 kg of milk per day (ranging from 110 to 320 kg of milk per day). The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed in New Zealand in 2016. Calves may be weaned when they reach 6–8 months old at a length of 53 ft. They gain roughly 37,500 lb during the weaning period. Interbirth periods last two to three years; they average 2.6 years in pygmy blue whales.

Vocalizations
Blue whales produce some of the loudest and lowest frequency vocalizations in the animal kingdom, and their inner ears appear well adapted for detecting low-frequency sounds. The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale songs vary between populations.

Vocalizations produced by the Eastern North Pacific population have been well studied. This population produces pulsed calls ("A") and tonal calls ("B"), upswept tones that precede type B calls ("C") and separate downswept tones ("D"). A and B calls are often produced in repeated co-occurring sequences and sung only by males, suggesting a reproductive function. D calls may have multiple functions. They are produced by both sexes during social interactions while feeding. and by males when competing for mates.

Blue whale calls recorded off Sri Lanka have a three‐unit phrase. The first unit is a 19.8 to 43.5 Hz pulsive call, and is normally 17.9 ± 5.2 seconds long. The second unit is a 55.9 to 72.4 Hz FM upsweep that is 13.8 ± 1.1 seconds long. The final unit is 28.5 ± 1.6 seconds long with a tone of 108 to 104.7 Hz. A blue whale call recorded off Madagascar, a two‐unit phrase, consists of 5–7 pulses with a center frequency of 35.1 ± 0.7 Hz lasting 4.4 ± 0.5 seconds proceeding a 35 ± 0 Hz tone that is 10.9 ± 1.1 seconds long. In the Southern Ocean, blue whales produce 18-second vocals which start with a 9-second-long, 27 Hz tone, and then a 1-second downsweep to 19 Hz, followed by a downsweep further to 18 Hz. Other vocalizations include 1–4 second long, frequency-modulated calls with a frequency of 80 and 38 Hz.

There is evidence that some blue whale songs have temporally declined in tonal frequency. The vocalization of blue whales in the Eastern North Pacific decreased in tonal frequency by 31% from the early 1960s to the early 21st century. The frequency of pygmy blue whales in the Antarctic has decreased by a few tenths of a hertz every year starting in 2002. It is possible that as blue whale populations recover from whaling, there is increasing sexual selection pressure (i.e., a lower frequency indicates a larger body size).

Predators and parasites
The only known natural predator to blue whales is the orca, although the rate of fatal attacks by orcas is unknown. Photograph-identification studies of blue whales have estimated that a high proportion of the individuals in the Gulf of California have rake-like scars, indicative of encounters with orcas. Off southeastern Australia, 3.7% of blue whales photographed had rake marks and 42.1% of photographed pygmy blue whales off Western Australia had rake marks. Documented predation by orcas has been rare. A blue whale mother and calf were first observed being chased at high speeds by orcas off southeastern Australia. The first documented attack occurred in 1977 off southwestern Baja California, Mexico, but the injured whale escaped after five hours. Four more blue whales were documented as being chased by a group of orcas between 1982 and 2003. The first documented predation event by orcas occurred in September 2003, when a group of orcas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific was encountered feeding on a recently killed blue whale calf. In March 2014, a commercial whale watch boat operator recorded an incident involving a group of orcas harassing a blue whale in Monterey Bay. The blue whale defended itself by slapping its tail. A similar incident was recorded by a drone in Monterey Bay in May 2017. The first direct observations of orca predation occurred off the south coast of Western Australia, two in 2019 and one more in 2021. The first victim was estimated to be 18 –.

In Antarctic waters, blue whales accumulate diatoms of the species Cocconeis ceticola and the genera Navicola, which are normally removed when the whales enter warmer waters. Other external parasites include barnacles such as Coronula diadema, Coronula reginae, and Cryptolepas rhachianecti, which latch on their skin deep enough to leave behind a pit if removed. Whale lice species make their home in cracks of the skin and are relatively harmless. The copepod species Pennella balaenopterae digs in and attaches itself to the blubber to feed on. Intestinal parasites include the trematode genera Ogmogaster and Lecithodesmus; the tapeworm genera Priapocephalus, Phyllobotrium, Tetrabothrius, Diphyllobotrium, and Diplogonoporus; and the thorny-headed worm genus Bolbosoma. In the North Atlantic, blue whales also contain the protozoans Entamoeba, Giardia and Balantidium.

Conservation
The global blue whale population is estimated to be 5,000–15,000 mature individuals and 10,000–25,000 total as of 2018. By comparison, there were at least 140,000 mature whales in 1926. There are an estimated total of 1,000–3,000 whales in the North Atlantic, 3,000–5,000 in the North Pacific, and 5,000–8,000 in the Antarctic. There are possibly 1,000–3,000 whales in the eastern South Pacific while the pygmy blue whale may number 2,000–5,000 individuals. Blue whales have been protected in areas of the Southern Hemisphere since 1939. In 1955, they were given complete protection in the North Atlantic under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; this protection was extended to the Antarctic in 1965 and the North Pacific in 1966. The protected status of North Atlantic blue whales was not recognized by Iceland until 1960. In the U.S., the species is protected under the Endangered Species Act.

Blue whales are formally classified as endangered under both the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the IUCN Red List. They are also listed on Appendix I under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Although, for some populations, there is not enough information on current abundance trends (e.g., pygmy blue whales), others are critically endangered (e.g., Antarctic blue whales).

Threats
Blue whales were initially difficult to hunt because of their size and speed. This began to change in the mid-19th century with the development of harpoons that can be shot as projectiles. Blue whale whaling peaked between 1930 and 1931 with 30,000 animals taken. Harvesting of the species was particularly high in the Antarctic, with 350,000–360,000 whales taken in the first half of the 20th century. In addition, 11,000 North Atlantic whales (mostly around Iceland) and 9,500 North Pacific whales were killed during the same period. The International Whaling Commission banned all hunting of blue whales in 1966 and gave them worldwide protection. However, the Soviet Union continued to illegally hunt blue whales and other species up until the 1970s. Ship strikes are a significant mortality factor for blue whales, especially off the U.S. West Coast. A total of 17 blue whales were killed or suspected to have been killed by ships between 1998 and 2019 off the U.S. West Coast. Five deaths in 2007 off California were considered an unusual mortality event, as defined under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Lethal ship strikes are also a problem in Sri Lankan waters, where their habitat intersects with one of the world's most active shipping routes. Here, strikes caused the deaths of eleven blue whales in 2010 and 2012, and at least two in 2014. Ship-strike mortality claimed the lives of two blue whales off southern Chile in the 2010s. Possible measures for reducing future ship strikes include better predictive models of whale distribution, changes in shipping lanes, vessel speed reductions, and seasonal and dynamic management of shipping lanes. Few cases of blue whale entanglement in commercial fishing gear have been documented. The first report in the U.S. occurred off California in 2015, reportedly some type of deep-water trap/pot fishery. Three more entanglement cases were reported in 2016. In Sri Lanka, a blue whale was documented with a net wrapped through its mouth, along the sides of its body, and wound around its tail.

Increasing man-made underwater noise impacts blue whales. They may be exposed to noise from commercial shipping and seismic surveys as a part of oil and gas exploration. Blue whales in the Southern California Bight decreased calling in the presence of mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar. Exposure to simulated MFA sonar was found to interrupt blue whale deep-dive feeding but no changes in behavior were observed in individuals feeding at shallower depths. The responses also depended on the animal's behavioral state, its (horizontal) distance from the sound source and the availability of prey.

The potential impacts of pollutants on blue whales is unknown. However, because blue whales feed low on the food chain, there is a lesser chance for bioaccumulation of organic chemical contaminants. Analysis of the earwax of a male blue whale killed by a collision with a ship off the coast of California showed contaminants like pesticides, flame retardants, and mercury. Reconstructed persistent organic pollutant (POP) profiles suggested that a substantial maternal transfer occurred during gestation and/or lactation. Male blue whales in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, were found to have higher concentrations of PCBs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), metabolites, and several other organochlorine compounds relative to females, reflecting maternal transfer of these persistent contaminants from females into young.

title: Blue whale


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Talk:Bacardi

Inconsistencies
In the "Absolut" page Bacardi is the second most popular spirit brand, (as Smirnoff is the first), where as on the Bacardi page it is apparently the fourth most popular does anyone have a source? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.138.110 (talk) 17:42, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I changed a letter, that's all. I'll look into your question and see if I can come up with a good answer, though. M. Gilder (talk) 19:07, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * So I took a look, and as it turns out the Absolut Company's annual revenue is about 80 million higher than Bacardi's I'm not sure how much this helps, if at all, but it des suggest that Absolut is pretty far ahead of Bacardi, at least to some extent.

Heritage
I have a stupid question, why do the bacardi bottles say Puerto Rican Rum when all the article talks about is its Cuban heritage? Why don't they explined its new Puerto Rican heritage just like it touched a tad on the Spanish heritage, before Mr Bacardi started the business in Santiago de Cuba.
 * I added a "heritage" tag so that your question wouldn't be way above the table. I believe your answer might be that if it was sold as "Cuban" rum, it would be illegal in the U.S. Don't quote me on it, but it's a guess.  Zchris87v  04:52, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You are looking too deep into it, the only reason behind that is because is completely produced in Puerto Rico, at the moment Cuba has no Bacardi distillery on it labeling it as such would be a lie whenever or not the company was founded there. - 凶 04:57, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

It seems logical to also call it Puerto Rican Rum since all the newer rums that have been created by Barcardi in Puerto Rico are born Puerto Rican Rums or born within Puerto Rico, although the company had its origins in Cuba. If a Cuban had a son born in Puerto Rico his son doesn't continue to be Cuban, that son is now Puerto Rican, just like Bacardi is not Catalan or Spanish Rum just because Facundo Bacardi was born in Spain. The Bacardi family already had a history of cultivating vineyards in Spain before coming to Cuba, all they did in Cuba was change direction from wine vineyards to rum sugar-cane cultivation they were already working with the basics in Spain. Who knows, maybe for Spain, Bacardi, is actually their heritage and they are retelling this same story from there historical point of view. The fact is that this article is POORLY, POORLY, POORLY written and is not giving credit where credit is due. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.11.194.130 (talk) 16:07, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It isn't poorly written, it's just incomplete as the history stops at 1959. Instead of complaining, why don't you write up something about the last 50 years? I would welcome this addition. The less corporate propaganda and the more historical fact, the better. Rees11 (talk) 19:18, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

This Rum stopped being Cuban long ago, as it also stop being Spanish before that. Its has no connection with Cuba. Now this Rum is 100% Puerto Rican. Thats where its made. This is why its label indicates "Puerto Rican Rum" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.200.5.41 (talk) 20:11, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

The rum can not stop being Cuban history can not be altered. It was born in Cuba it doesn't matter where it moves to it will always be Cuban. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.219.157.25 (talk) 23:33, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

 * You would just need citations to back up all of that. My name is Mercy11 (talk) 02:34, 4 February 2012 (UTC), and I approve this message.

Ron Bacardi?
Uh, can someone please vouch for the sentence that says the company came under the leadership of Mr. Ron Bacardi? I think this might be a misunderstanding, since "Ron Bacardi" means "Bacardi Rum" in Spanish. I actually went to the factory in Puerto Rico, heard no mention of a guy named Ron Bacardi, and watched my friend make this very mistake.

 * It seriously just means "Bacardi Rum", people. "Ron" is Spanish for "Rum". Can someone please check on this?

Ron is Rum in spanish, I am from Puerto Rico Trustme Eljohnson15 01:18, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

If you are born in Cuba and then move to Puerto Rico that doesn't make you a Puerto Rican. Bacardi rum is also made in Mexico. So it is a Puerto Rican Rum as much as it is a Mexican rum according to the previous logic. The rum was made and created originally in Cuba so no matter what you want to call it, I believe that it is a Cuban rum. The new products can now be called Puerto Rican or Mexican but the original rum was and always will be Cuban. Facts are facts and the rum was originally born in CUBA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.219.157.25 (talk) 23:29, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

Direct Linking
Removed the link to the image. It is the convention around here that an inline image is regarded to have been incorporated on the page, and thus a potential violation of copyright and trademark law. Therefore, we've got to remove it. If you want to continue the debate, please thrash it out here before replacing it. --Robert Merkel

http://www.bacardi.com/images/art/items/batdevice/batdevice3-1.gif

=
===

OK. Thanks for the explanation. Far be it for me, a humble newbie, to try to disrupt the culture that's already established. I was hoping to get a pointer to a longer debate on this issue as I'm sure others before me have hashed this out already. I must say, at first blush, I heartily disagree with this policy. In fact, I find it somewhat absurd. I've never been a fan of any site anywhere that feels other sites need permission to link to their site. The Internet is all about links. It's not my fault that a given browser decides to save me the trouble of clicking a link by rendering a link graphic inline for me. In this vein, I hope it would not be disallowed to simply place a link (that didn't render inline) to a site. I.e. an external link. That would _really_ be stretching a point.

At any rate, it strikes me as a very sad thing that we can't link to graphics. The growing 'pedia will be a dreary place indeed without any art.

I don't claim to fully understand copyright law. I'm not a lawyer. I am an IT Director so I do appreciate concepts such as intellectual property rights and such. I don't want anyone to lose potential revenue. But it seems to me that if you put a graphic (or any material) on a public website, then there's no foul in someone else linking to the site. That's the whole _point_ of the Internet. No?

Finally, again let me stress, I'm in no way trying to impose my sensibility on this community. I am the newbie. I was "boldly editing" and boldly re-editing. And I will now stop. I will never link to a graphic again. But I wanted to add my thoughts to the debate (which I do hope is raging somewhere around here though I haven't found it yet). Ultimately the decision needs to be made by the owner of the hardware equipment which hosts wikipedia (the server(s)). Legally, I believe it to be true that only he/they has legal control of the content here (not withstanding any sort of GNU public license or other quasi-legal instruments.) I haven't quite determined who runs the show here. I suspect it's a Mr. L. Sanger. (?)

Know that I did try to learn what the policy on this subject was. I read thouroughly the Wikipedia Policy, Etiquette, Faux Pas, and Rules documents. Couldn't find any mention of this subject. It seems to me that it needs a big red warning somewhere if this is so taboo.

Thanks for listening. I'll go back to editing now. So many typos and grammar errors.... so little time. :)

It's misleading to say that it's community consensus. It's foremost a legal conclusion. The courts (at least in the US) have ruled that making such links may be considered copyright violation. It's illegal. It's an annoying decision, because, as you say, you're just making a link. But such as it is.

External links are fine.

There is, however, a non-copyright decision as well, which is that Wikipedia is intended to be a self-contained work, and including outside images defeats that purpose.

--TheCunctator

I like Bacardi Limón. I just had to say that --Jzcool

 * 15-year-old girl's drink, if you ask me. Gimme a decent cabernet sauvignon or a Negra Modelo (think that's the spelling, can't be sure) any day.  But each to their own :)--Robert Merkel

>>>> i like bacardi orange and bacardi mojito. im from the philippines. i can create a perfect mix of those two drinks.:)-rsakimoto 8-19-2009 6:09pm GMT+8

 * PABST BLUE RIBBON!!!
 * -- SR
 * -- SR

 * It wasn't for years after I first went to Puerto Rico that I discovered rum doesn't taste like the factory smells. Fortunately I'd matured to the point that I could handle it.

 * As had the rum, of course. --Calieber 20:09, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

tHEY NEED TO EXPLAIN WHATS hATUEY BEER GOT TO DO WITH bACARDI...AND i LOVE Bacardi Spices!! strong!!!

Antonio More Bacardi please!!! Martin'' Captain Morgan

- The finest of Captain Morgan's private reserves, Captain Morgan Private Stock is an extremely smooth, rich blend of the Captain's Puerto Rican rum and distinctive spices. Captain Morgan Private Stock is so smooth that it can be enjoyed straight or on the rocks, as well as in mixed drinks. This premium rum tops the Captain Morgan portfolio:

Welcome to the unexpected tropical flavor of Captain Morgan's Parrot Bay. This delicious Puerto Rican rum with natural coconut flavor tastes great with a wide range of fruit juices and mixers.

Captain Morgan Silver Spiced Rum is a delicious clear Puerto Rican rum with spice and other natural flavors, providing all the mix ability and sociability of Captain Morgan Original Spiced Rum in a light, sweet silver rum. Its tropical taste mixes well with cola, orange juice and other popular mixers. Discover how it will add a smooth and deliciously different taste to all your favorite spirit drinks.

Hello, my name is Daria,could anybody help me,please,to find contact with Bacardi company. I`m working at one of the largest import company in Ukraine and we would like to offer our services for import Martini and other beverages to Ukraine. I`m looking forward for your reply.Thank you.

This is Daria again. Please contact us for any information you have for how to find e-mail of Bacardi-Martini Cjmpany to the e-mail adress alcotrade@bars.net.ua. I`ll be very grateful for you.

>>> hi daria, i am rsakimoto. you can check their company www.bacardilimited.com > 8-19-2009 6:13pm GMT+8

rum's
It seems that this article only talks about rums. But Bacardi is more than that. eg Tia Maria at least 5 scottisch whiskey brewers where bought etc etc

Should this be mentioned?
 * yesDanlibbo 05:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Why did you add an apostraphe to pluralize 'rum?' Who taught you this? I've been seeing it alot lately. Stevekl 23:54, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Apostrophe (mark) --Mudd1 12:51, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't make it right (grumble grumble) Danlibbo 00:15, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Bacardi Rum and Havana Club
The article somehow misses to mention that today's Bacardi Rum has little to do with the original drink produced in Cuba. The original product is now known as Havana Club which features a completly different (and IMHO much better) taste than Bacardi. The article also fails to mention the Bacardi company's attempt to steal the name and reputation of the latter rum by selling their own re-labeled as "Havana Club" in the US. In fact, the article doesn't even mention the name "Havana Club" at all AFAICS, despite the great focus on the pre-US history of Bacardi Rum. So seriously, even communist bashing is violating the NPOV. -- Mudd1 08:00, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

—I'm fully in agreement about the Havana Club. I have also tagged this article as an advert, which it is not far from being. I'm afraid I'm unqualified to improve it myself, but it urgently needs attention. --Arctic hobo 15:53, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * there's not much alternative unfortunately - the only people who kept a proper history of bacardi were the family/company themselves Danlibbo 05:08, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Is there any link between todays Cuban-made Havana Club and Bacardi ? Before 1959, the name was never Bacardi's.  Havana Club is made in Santa Cruz del Norte - what rum used to be made there ?  Was that formerly a Bacardi distillery ? -- Beardo 20:21, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Danlibbo - don't understand. Bacardi the 1859-founded distillery have nothing to do with the company today. This was the subject of a lawsuit by Havana Club, as they own the old Bacardi family distillery and thus the right to the name and founding date, but it was unsuccessful, due, if I remember rightly, to the US/Cuba problem, ie the Cuban company haven't a chance in a US court - they can't even enter the country. So the Bacardi family and company are nothing to do with this lot. In fact, this needs to be stressed in the article. Can someone do this? Arctic hobo (talk) 03:11, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Opposition to Castro
A section detailing Barcardi's opposition to Castro was added by anon user. While much of the material can be verified as it is conveying well documented assertions, it still needs a bit more sourcing NPOV work in my view.--Zleitzen 15:47, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

balanced
I believe this article is now far more balanced - I've removed the advertising label as such. Mr magoo 12:32, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It does rather read more like a publicity leaflet from Bacardi than an encyclopaedic article though. I'd like to try toning it down a bit if no-one minds? BarryNL (talk) 00:58, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

?
"The Bacardi legacy lives on in Santiago and Havana through their grand buildings and historic significance. The Bacardi Building (Edificio Bacardi) in Old Havana is regarded as one of the finest art deco buildings in Latin America." Could please any native speaker work on this POV/PR statement? tnx.--Nemissimo II 18:44, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

valuing the bacardi facilities
someone recently added a phrase about how the company's assets were valued by the cuban govt after the revolution, it needs to go much earlier in the sentence if it needs to be there at all Danlibbo 22:20, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * And we'll really need some citable sources, too. -- Beardo 01:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

communist rant
Why does this article allow Ospina's communist rant unquestioned? The propaganda tactics used in this article are very obvious.

Example: The RECE (Cuban Representation in Exile) also receives funding from Bacardi family members. Activists for the RECE include Luis Posada Carriles, a terrorist involved in the bombing of Cubana Flight 455 in which 77 people died.

It's like saying: Mercedes-Benz automobiles are made in Germany, the same country that produced the Nazis. The Nazis killed millions of innocent people. World War II, which the Nazis started, led to the establishment of Israel. The establishment of Israel is at the crux of the conflict against Islamic terrorism today. Islamic terrorists caused 9/11. 9/11 prompted U.S. and Coalition forces to invade Iraq. Iraq caused the Democrats to win the Congress.

Actually, the comparison in the article is far worse because the RECE and Carriles share only a casual relationship, and Carriles has merely been accused by Castro and other unaccountable dictators of involvment in Cubana Flight 455. Carriles denies involvement. .....

With respect, it's hardly a 'communist' rant - the statements made in the article are nothing like your comments - as any level minded person would realise (the example might have been better with VW's btw, which were made under the nazis...). He hasn't 'merely' been accused - there is good documented evidence about Carriles' links and involvement in said organisations and activities.

Update- for example - see this article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban-American_National_Foundation - where Carriles admits to taking CANF money for terrorist activities.

Ian Williams
I'm removing the recent addition about Ian Williams, which was completely false, stating that Bacardi had first developed his rum in Jamaica. When asked by Democracy Now if Bacardi's origins are in Jamaica, Ian Williams immediately says no. His claim is that a Jamaican moved to Cuba to distill rum, and that "it looks like" (meaning he's not sure) Facundo Bacardi might have acquired his distillery and used the same still (and nothing even suggests the still wasn't built in Cuba). There isn't a single claim anywhere on the web that the Bacardi line was created anywhere other than Cuba, not sure why this was taken so out of context.
 * "This shit is the real deal." Under History ??? Hahahaha, gotta love Wipipedia ;-)--203.212.138.129 01:48, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Anheuser-Busch?
Bacardi's "Silver" line is owned by Anheuser-Busch, but this isn't mentioned anywhere. I don't even know under what terms this is, or how A-B can produce wine coolers of the same flavor as the rums. Anyone want to add this?  Zchris87v  05:06, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

linkbacks in the products section
the articles for Bacardi Oro, Bacardi Black, Bacardi Añejo, and Bacardi 8 listed in the products section all link back to this article. perhaps those should be de-linked or proper articles should be made for those products. 204.83.242.189 04:32, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * These are just redirects. They should be de-linked. - Mtmelendez (Talk 10:15, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Bacardi Vaníla
To my knowledge Vaníla was discontinued at least a year ago, and Bacardi does not picture/list it on their websites anymore. Should a note be added that it is discontinued, or should it be removed from the flavored rums list altogether? Shatteredshards 13:42, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Obsolete links?
In the Products section, there are 11 links to pages that redirect to the Bacardi page. I think they ought to be deleted, as well as the links to them. --MooNFisH 19:07, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * De-linked. No need for deletion. - Mtmelendez (Talk 18:10, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

The Still
"Their first copper and cast iron still produced 35 barrels of fermented molasses per day" is clearly wrong. A still takes in fermented molasses and produces rum. I have not changed it as it's not clear whether the intent is 35 barrels of fermented molasses or 35 barrels of rum. Rees11 (talk) 14:30, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Bacardí vs Bacardit
Hello. Here in Catalonia I've heard the surname Bacardit (ba-carr-DEET) and I would like to know from what part of Catalonia came this surname as in Sitges is more common Bacardí (bah-carr-DEEH) surname. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.32.59.37 (talk) 15:26, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

It may have originated in havana, cuba. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.96.38.195 (talk) 10:02, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Availability
A section or paragraph indicating where these rums can be purchased would be fantastic. I live in Canada and I desperately want to get my hands on a bottle of Peach Red or Melon, but liquor stores around here only sell limon, apple, and coconut. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.241.54.87 (talk) 18:59, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Catalanisme strikes again
Is there any need to, in the first sentence, mention Catalonia THREE times? Even if the family is originally Catalan, the family most likely (and the company most certainly) has no identification with this region.

Please keep your tribalisms to yourselves.

Eboracum (talk) 23:30, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, although his original name is possibly useful information, and I'm going to add that back in without mentioning Catalonia. If you disagree, take it out and I won't argue. Rees11 (talk) 00:48, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I see now that his birth name is given in his main article, so it probably isn't needed here. Take it back out if you want. Rees11 (talk) 00:51, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Caribbean H.Q.'s 3RR violation and the relevance of BTW
The list of brands was removed by Caribbean H.Q. (talk · contribs) in a violation of WP:3RR. WP:BTW applies here, since articles on specific brands already existed, some of which were not linked to here until the complete list was introduced. Brand enumerations are common across Wikipedia (cars, films, to name two other categories for starters). Acquired brands in particular have histories that are worthy of their own articles, made evident by existing articles and facilitated in the future by having a brand list here. The only WP:NOTCATALOG prohibition even vaguely applicable is point 4 of "What Wikipedia is not" which challenges the inclusion of "sales catalogs" with prices. There has been a list of brands in the article dating back at least two years. All of these are reasons for the recent WP:3RR violation to be reverted. Thanks. 68.167.191.219 (talk) 20:19, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I just checked the history and can't find the 3RR violation. Can you please list the edits? Rees11 (talk) 20:52, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * My apologies, I misread the history. That doesn't negate the other points I made though.  I'll await arguments against restoring the brand list before I proceed.  67.101.6.216 (talk) (fka 68.167.191.219) 06:09, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll get started on that. First, WP:BTW is an argument for including a list of brands that have Wikipedia entries, not for including an exhaustive list of brands. Second, an exhaustive list of brands is uninteresting. Third, an exhaustive list of brands is likely to become out of date. Fourth, an up to date list of brands is available (I think) via an external list. Fifth, the list as proposed contains way too much upper case. Sixth, there may not be prices listed, but it sure looks like a sales catalog to me. Seventh, there already is a list of brands. It's notable and interesting that Bacardi makes a brand of vermouth, but not that it makes a hundred different kinds of rum that all have "Bacardi" in their name, at least not interesting enough to list them all. Rees11 (talk) 13:20, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I am pretty sure this user is either drunk or delirious. I never came close to violating the 3RR limit, the "list" was first removed by Rees11 once and by me, once. Obviously, there never was more than three reverts in a 24-hour period by either of us. As a matter of fact, my last edit to this article before that was all the way on August. Trying to blow things out of proportions by citing lies deserves a good whack. -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  14:45, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm trying not to question our anonymous friend's motives, just his proposals. But I will note that I take arguments far more seriously when they come from a real editor, not some anonymous IP address. Now, given that everyone agrees there was no violation of 3RR, can we come to some consensus on the list of brands? If there are some that are not now listed, but do have Wikipedia entries (not just stubs), I would agree to putting those in the article. Rees11 (talk) 17:35, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks Rees11 for assuming good faith, the 3RR claim was already apologized for and I do so again— it was the first time in the over five years I've been an editor that I made that mistake on a talk page. Perhaps tired rather than delirious is more accurate.  So now to your seven points, the first of which is most relevant to the relevance and applicability of WP:BTW and is critical to the argument that the brand list inclusion:
 * WP:BTW says "Don't be afraid to create links to articles which don't exist yet"...
 * "Uninteresting" is subjective; I'm sure we all could cite whole categories of articles that we find uninteresting. There's ample evidence everywhere that lists of brands or products are a generally interesting topic.
 * I agree that a list can become out-of-date, but that's true of all sorts of lists, for example lists of episodes of current television series, or list of automobile brands from present-day manufacturers.  can be used.
 * "An up to date list of brands is available" (please clarify this one)
 * I agree about the upper-case. I'll fix this.
 * Mentioning a brand does not constitute a sales catalog. Again, look around at all of the brands already in Wikipedia.  Heck, just by listing a book's ISBN number or mentioning a film's DVD availability you're doing more to use Wikipedia as a sales catalog than you do in this case (that's because books and DVDs are much easier to buy online than alcohol).
 * What I thought made sense was to have the narrative that currently exists as an introduction to highlights within the brand list, an approach used frequently by people working on an actor's Wikipedia biography.
 * Thanks. 67.100.127.227 (talk) (fka 67.101.6.216 (contribs)) 13:17, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I am still opposed to Anonymous's proposed list. Anyone else have an opinion? Rees11 (talk) 13:35, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Origin of Daiquiri and Cuba Libre
>>> originated offcourse in santiago, cuba by fucundo bacardi familia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.96.38.195 (talk) 10:04, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

That Miami Herald story is often referenced but has been debunked by at least one author. I don't have the time to edit this now but someone should. Check the usual sources, DeGroff, etc. I believe most cocktail historians agree that it's impossible to say when or where either drink came from much less what brand of rum was used. Rees11 (talk) 01:57, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Bacardí or Bacardi
Why is the accent not present over the "í"? La Fuzion (talk) 14:48, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Probably because the company name isn't spelled that way: http://www.bacardilimited.com/our-company/about-us — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.194.51.61 (talk) 19:03, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

 * They’re at least inconsistent about it. However, the most recent bottle design from 2015 does feature the accent, the founder’s name is spelled with the accent, and the brand name is pronounced in Spanish as if it had the accent. I feel like this is a typical case for lemma Bacardí, „sometimes stylized as Bacardi“. —DooFi (talk) 14:33, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Hemingway
This should be revised, but I don't know the facts: "In 1954, Compañía ‘Ron Bacardi’ S.A. paid him homage when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature of his novel The Old Man and the Sea (1952), in which he honored the Company by mentioning its Hatuey beer." Josh a brewer (talk) 08:23, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Better picture needed
The bottle in the picture is almost empty, thus it doesn't adequately show what the rum looks like. A better picture with more rum in the bottle is needed. I had a look at the category in Commons but couldn't find one with sufficient quality. J I P | Talk 17:27, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bacardi


text:
Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (большевики, bolsheviki; from большинство, bolshinstvo, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolshevik party, formally established in 1912, seized power in Russia in the October Revolution of 1917, and was later renamed the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party, and Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The party's ideology, based on Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist principles, is known as Bolshevism.

The origin of the split was Lenin's support for a smaller party of professional revolutionaries, as opposed to the Menshevik desire for a broad party membership. The influence of the factions fluctuated in the years up to 1912, when the RSDLP formally split into two parties. The Bolsheviks' political philosophy was based on the Leninist principles of vanguardism and democratic centralism. After the February Revolution of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia and issued his April Theses, which called for "no support for the Provisional Government" and "all power to the soviets". In the summer of 1917, especially after the July Days and Kornilov affair, large numbers of radicalized workers joined the Bolsheviks, which planned the October Revolution which overthrew the government. The party initially governed in coalition with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, but increasingly centralized power and suppressed opposition during the Russian Civil War, and after 1921 became the sole legal party in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union. Under Joseph Stalin's leadership, the party became linked to his policies of "socialism in one country", rapid industrialization, collectivized agriculture, and centralized state control.

Vladimir Lenin's ideology in What Is to Be Done?

Lenin's political pamphlet What Is to Be Done?, written in 1901, helped to precipitate the Bolsheviks' split from the Mensheviks. In Germany, the book was published in 1902, but in Russia, strict censorship outlawed its publication and distribution. One of the main points of Lenin's writing was that a revolution can only be achieved by a strong, professional leadership with deep dedication to Marxist theoretical principles and an organization that spanned through the whole of Russia, abandoning what Lenin called "artisanal work" towards a more organized revolutionary work. After the proposed revolution had successfully overthrown the Russian autocracy, this strong leadership would relinquish power and allow a Socialist party to fully develop within the principles of democratic centralism. Lenin said that if professional revolutionaries did not maintain influence over the fight of the workers, then that fight would steer away from the party's objective and carry on under the influence of opposing beliefs or even away from revolution entirely.

The pamphlet also showed that Lenin's view of a socialist intelligentsia was in line with Marxist theory. For example, Lenin agreed with the Marxist ideal of social classes ceasing to be and for the eventual "withering away of the state". Most party members considered unequal treatment of workers immoral and were loyal to the idea of a completely classless society. This pamphlet also showed that Lenin opposed another group of reformers, known as "Economists", who were for economic reform while leaving the government relatively unchanged and who, in Lenin's view, failed to recognize the importance of uniting the working population behind the party's cause.

Second Party Congress
At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, which was held in Brussels and then London during August 1903, Lenin and Julius Martov disagreed over the party membership rules. Lenin, who was supported by Georgy Plekhanov, wanted to limit membership to those who supported the party full-time and worked in complete obedience to the elected party leadership. Martov wanted to extend membership to anyone "who recognises the Party Programme and supports it by material means and by regular personal assistance under the direction of one of the party's organisations." Lenin believed his plan would develop a core group of professional revolutionaries who would devote their full time and energy towards developing the party into an organization capable of leading a successful proletarian revolution against the Tsarist autocracy.

The base of active and experienced members would be the recruiting ground for this professional core. Sympathizers would be left outside and the party would be organised based on the concept of democratic centralism. Martov, until then a close friend of Lenin, agreed with him that the core of the party should consist of professional revolutionaries, but he argued that party membership should be open to sympathizers, revolutionary workers, and other fellow travellers. The two had disagreed on the issue as early as March–May 1903, but it was not until the Congress that their differences became irreconcilable and split the party. At first, the disagreement appeared to be minor and inspired by personal conflicts. For example, Lenin's insistence on dropping less active editorial board members from Iskra or Martov's support for the Organizing Committee of the Congress which Lenin opposed. The differences grew and the split became irreparable.

Internal unrest also arose over the political structure that was best suited for Soviet power. As discussed in What Is To Be Done?, Lenin firmly believed that a rigid political structure was needed to effectively initiate a formal revolution. This idea was met with opposition from once close allies, including Martov, Plekhanov, Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, and Pavel Axelrod. Plekhanov and Lenin's major dispute arose addressing the topic of nationalizing land or leaving it for private use. Lenin wanted to nationalize to aid in collectivization, whereas Plekhanov thought worker motivation would remain higher if individuals were able to maintain their own property. Those who opposed Lenin and wanted to continue on the socialist mode of production path towards complete socialism and disagreed with his strict party membership guidelines became known as "softs" while Lenin supporters became known as "hards".

Some of the factionalism could be attributed to Lenin's steadfast belief in his own opinion and what was described by Plekhanov as Lenin's inability to "bear opinions which were contrary to his own" and loyalty to his own self-envisioned utopia. Lenin was seen even by fellow party members as being so narrow-minded and unable to accept criticism that he believed that anyone who did not follow him was his enemy. Trotsky, one of Lenin's fellow revolutionaries, compared Lenin in 1904 to the French revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre.

Etymology of Bolshevik and Menshevik
The two factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) were originally known as hard (Lenin supporters) and soft (Martov supporters). In the 2nd Congress vote, Lenin's faction won votes on the majority of important issues, and soon came to be known as Bolsheviks, from the Russian bolshinstvo, 'majority'. Likewise, Martov's group came to be known as Mensheviks, from menshinstvo, 'minority'. However, Martov's supporters won the vote concerning the question of party membership, and neither Lenin nor Martov had a firm majority throughout the Congress as delegates left or switched sides. In the end, the Congress was evenly split between the two factions.

From 1907 onward, English-language articles sometimes used the term Maximalist for "Bolshevik" and Minimalist for "Menshevik", which proved to be confusing as there was also a "Maximalist" faction within the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1904–1906 (which, after 1906, formed a separate Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists) and then again after 1917.

The Bolsheviks ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks, or Reds, came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the 1917 Russian Revolution, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). With the Reds defeating the Whites and others during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, the RSFSR became the chief constituent of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1922.

Demographics of the two factions
The average party member was very young: in 1907, 22% of Bolsheviks were under 20 years of age; 37% were 20–24 years of age; and 16% were 25–29 years of age. By 1905, 62% of the members were industrial workers (3% of the population in 1897). Twenty-two percent of Bolsheviks were gentry (1.7% of the total population) and 38% were uprooted peasants; compared with 19% and 26% for the Mensheviks. In 1907, 78.3% of the Bolsheviks were Russian and 10% were Jewish; compared to 34% and 20% for the Mensheviks. Total Bolshevik membership was 8,400 in 1905, 13,000 in 1906, and 46,100 by 1907; compared to 8,400, 18,000 and 38,200 for the Mensheviks. By 1910, both factions together had fewer than 100,000 members.

Beginning of the 1905 Revolution (1903–05)
Between 1903 and 1904, the two factions were in a state of flux, with many members changing sides. Plekhanov, the founder of Russian Marxism, who at first allied himself with Lenin and the Bolsheviks, had parted ways with them by 1904. Trotsky at first supported the Mensheviks, but left them in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. He remained a self-described "non-factional social democrat" until August 1917, when he joined Lenin and the Bolsheviks, as their positions resembled his and he came to believe that Lenin was correct on the issue of the party.

All but one member of the RSDLP Central Committee were arrested in Moscow in early 1905. The remaining member, with the power of appointing a new committee, was won over by the Bolsheviks. The lines between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks hardened in April 1905 when the Bolsheviks held a Bolsheviks-only meeting in London, which they called the 3rd Party Congress. The Mensheviks organised a rival conference and the split was thus finalized.

The Bolsheviks played a relatively minor role in the 1905 Revolution and were a minority in the Saint Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies led by Trotsky. However, the less significant Moscow Soviet was dominated by the Bolsheviks. These Soviets became the model for those formed in 1917.

Mensheviks (1906–07)
As the Russian Revolution of 1905 progressed, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and smaller non-Russian social democratic parties operating within the Russian Empire attempted to reunify at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP held in April 1906 at Folkets hus, Norra Bantorget, in Stockholm. When the Mensheviks made an alliance with the Jewish Bund, the Bolsheviks found themselves in a minority.

However, all factions retained their respective factional structure and the Bolsheviks formed the Bolshevik Centre, the de facto governing body of the Bolshevik faction within the RSDLP. At the 5th Congress held in London in May 1907, the Bolsheviks were in the majority, but the two factions continued functioning mostly independently of each other.

Split between Lenin and Bogdanov (1908–10)
Tensions had existed between Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov from as early as 1904. Lenin had fallen out with Nikolai Valentinov after Valentinov had introduced him to Ernst Mach's Empiriocriticism, a viewpoint that Bogdanov had been exploring and developing as Empiriomonism. Having worked as co-editor with Plekhanov, on Zarya, Lenin had come to agree with the Valentinov's rejection of Bogdanov's Empiriomonism.

With the defeat of the revolution in mid-1907 and the adoption of a new, highly restrictive election law, the Bolsheviks began debating whether to boycott the new parliament known as the Third Duma. Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, and others argued for participating in the Duma while Bogdanov, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Mikhail Pokrovsky, and others argued that the social democratic faction in the Duma should be recalled. The latter became known as "recallists" (Russian: otzovists). A smaller group within the Bolshevik faction demanded that the RSDLP Central Committee should give its sometimes unruly Duma faction an ultimatum, demanding complete subordination to all party decisions. This group became known as "ultimatists" and was generally allied with the recallists.

With most Bolshevik leaders either supporting Bogdanov or undecided by mid-1908 when the differences became irreconcilable, Lenin concentrated on undermining Bogdanov's reputation as a philosopher. In 1909, he published a scathing book of criticism entitled Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909), assaulting Bogdanov's position and accusing him of philosophical idealism. In June 1909, Bogdanov proposed the formation of Party Schools as Proletarian Universities at a Bolshevik mini-conference in Paris organised by the editorial board of the Bolshevik magazine Proletary. However, this proposal was not adopted and Lenin tried to expel Bogdanov from the Bolshevik faction. Bogdanov was then involved with setting up Vpered, which ran the Capri Party School from August to December 1909.

Final attempt at party unity (1910)
With both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks weakened by splits within their ranks and by Tsarist repression, the two factions were tempted to try to reunite the party. In January 1910, Leninists, recallists, and various Menshevik factions held a meeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea; but under pressure from conciliatory Bolsheviks like Victor Nogin, they were willing to give it a try.

One of the underlying reasons that prevented any reunification of the party was the Russian police. The police were able to infiltrate both parties' inner circles by sending in spies who then reported on the opposing party's intentions and hostilities. This allowed the tensions to remain high between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks and helped prevent their uniting.

Lenin was firmly opposed to any reunification but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meeting reached a tentative agreement, and one of its provisions was to make Trotsky's Vienna-based Pravda, a party-financed central organ. Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law who was with the Bolsheviks, was added to the editorial board; but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

Forming a separate party (1912)

The factions permanently broke relations in January 1912 after the Bolsheviks organised a Bolsheviks-only Prague Party Conference and formally expelled Mensheviks and recallists from the party. As a result, they ceased to be a faction in the RSDLP and instead declared themselves an independent party, called Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) – or RSDLP(b). Unofficially, the party has been referred to as the Bolshevik Party. Throughout the 20th century, the party adopted a number of different names. In 1918, RSDLP(b) became All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and remained so until 1925. From 1925 to 1952, the name was All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and from 1952 to 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

As the party split became permanent, further divisions became evident. One of the most notable differences was how each faction decided to fund its revolution. The Mensheviks decided to fund their revolution through membership dues while Lenin often resorted to more drastic measures since he required a higher budget. One of the common methods the Bolsheviks used was committing bank robberies, one of which, in 1907, resulted in the party getting over 250,000 roubles, which is the equivalent of about $125,000. Bolsheviks were in constant need of money because Lenin practised his beliefs, expressed in his writings, that revolutions must be led by individuals who devote their entire lives to the cause. As compensation, he rewarded them with salaries for their sacrifice and dedication. This measure was taken to help ensure that the revolutionaries stayed focused on their duties and motivated them to perform their jobs. Lenin also used the party money to print and copy pamphlets which were distributed in cities and at political rallies in an attempt to expand their operations. Both factions received funds through donations from wealthy supporters.

Further differences in party agendas became evident as the beginning of World War I loomed near. Joseph Stalin was especially eager for the start of the war, hoping that it would turn into a war between classes or essentially a Russian Civil War. This desire for war was fuelled by Lenin's vision that the workers and peasants would resist joining the war effort and therefore be more compelled to join the socialist movement. Through the increase in support, Russia would then be forced to withdraw from the Allied powers in order to resolve her internal conflict. Unfortunately for the Bolsheviks, Lenin's assumptions were incorrect. Despite his and the party's attempts to push for a civil war through involvement in two conferences in 1915 and 1916 in Switzerland, the Bolsheviks were in the minority in calling for a ceasefire by the Imperial Russian Army in World War I.

Although the Bolshevik leadership had decided to form a separate party, convincing pro-Bolshevik workers within Russia to follow suit proved difficult. When the first meeting of the Fourth Duma was convened in late 1912, only one out of six Bolshevik deputies, Matvei Muranov (another one, Roman Malinovsky, was later exposed as an Okhrana agent), voted on 15 December 1912 to break from the Menshevik faction within the Duma. The Bolshevik leadership eventually prevailed, and the Bolsheviks formed their own Duma faction in September 1913.

One final difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks was how ferocious and tenacious the Bolshevik party was in order to achieve its goals, although Lenin was open minded to retreating from political ideals if he saw the guarantee of long-term gains benefiting the party. This practice was seen in the party's trying to recruit peasants and uneducated workers by promising them how glorious life would be after the revolution and granting them temporary concessions.

Bolshevik figures such as Anatoly Lunacharsky, Moisei Uritsky and Dmitry Manuilsky considered that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s plan.

In 1918, the party renamed itself the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) at Lenin's suggestion. In 1925, this was changed to All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). At the 19th Party Congress in 1952 the Party was renamed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at Stalin's suggestion.

Non-Russian/Soviet political groups having used the name "Bolshevik"

 * Bangladesh: Maoist Bolshevik Reorganisation Movement of the Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party
 * Burkina Faso: Burkinabé Bolshevik Party
 * India: Bolshevik Party of India
 * India/Sri Lanka: Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
 * India: Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)
 * Mexico: Bolshevik Communist Party
 * Senegal: Bolshevik Nuclei
 * South Africa: Bolsheviks Party of South Africa
 * Sri Lanka: Bolshevik Samasamaja Party
 * Turkey: Bolshevik Party (North Kurdistan – Turkey)

Derogatory usage of "Bolshevik"

Bolo was a derogatory expression for Bolsheviks used by British service personnel in the North Russian Expeditionary Force which intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, and other Nazi leaders used it in reference to the worldwide political movement coordinated by the Comintern.

During the Cold War in the United Kingdom, trade union leaders and other leftists were sometimes derisively described as Bolshies. The usage is roughly equivalent to the term "commie", "Red", or "pinko" in the United States during the same period. The term Bolshie later became a slang term for anyone who was rebellious, aggressive, or truculent.

title: Bolsheviks


text:
Battle of Świecino

The Battle of Świecino (named for the village of Świecino, near Żarnowiec Lake, northern Poland) also called the Battle of Żarnowiec or in German Die Schlacht bei Schwetz, took place on September 17, 1462 during the Thirteen Years' War. The Polish forces, commanded by Piotr Dunin and consisting of some 2,000 mercenaries and Poles, decisively defeated the 2,700-man army of the Teutonic Knights, commanded by Fritz Raweneck and Commander of the Order Kaspar Nostitz (Nostyc). Auxiliary forces sent by Duke Eric II of Pomerania, temporary ally of the Teutonic Knights, did not enter the battle.

Polish forces
The Polish forces consisted mostly of the mercenaries hired by the Polish king, Casimir IV the Jagiellon and the city of Danzig (Gdańsk). This army included 1,000 cavalry, of which 112 were heavy cavalry, and another 1,000 of infantry. 1,000 cavalry and 400 infantry were mercenaries hired by the Polish king, while the rest were units from Danzig (Gdańsk).

Teutonic forces
Most of the Teutonic army, under the command of Fritz Raweneck and Kaspar Nostitz, were troops gathered from the nearby castles Mewe (Gniew), Stargard (Starogard Gdański), Nowe, Skarszewy, and Stara Kiszewa. This army totalled 1,000 cavalry and 400 infantry. Raweneck also had the supply chain (tabors), cannons, and up to 1,300 auxiliary infantry of Pomeranian peasants, used mainly for fortification works.

Battle
The battle started in the evening. Adopting a relatively new tactic, Polish units built a fortified camp on the Hussite model consisting of wagons linked by a chain surrounded by a deep ditch (tabor). The units of Raveneck and his subordinate, Kaspar Nostyc (commander from Conitz (Chojnice) also created a tabor. Piotr Dunin decided not to wait for the enemy and attacked first, setting infantry with crossbows on the left, defended by cavalry between the tabor and the coast of the nearby lake of Rogoźnica. Raveneck placed cavalry in front of his tabor, and infantry behind it, without any strategic plan. The first phase of the battle was started by a charge of Polish heavy cavalry under Paweł Jasieński. Fierce fighting continued for three hours and ended without a clear winner. After a short pause at midday, Teutonic units were able to push the Poles back; however, they found themselves under very heavy fire from crossbows of the Polish infantry, which caused huge losses and a withdrawal. During this fight Raveneck was wounded. He stopped his soldiers and tried to attack again, but this charge ended with a total defeat - Raveneck died and the rest of the cavalry surrendered or escaped. The Teutonic infantry tried to defend themselves at the tabor but its resistance was broken by a quick attack of Polish cavalry. At the end of the battle, reinforcements of Eric II of Pomerania appeared, however, seeing the defeat of the Teutonic Knights, the Pomeranian prince did not attack, while the Poles attacked, forcing his troops to flee.

Casualties
The Teutonic Order's army lost around 1,000 soldiers, including some 300 cavalrymen. Fifty soldiers were captured. The Teutonic commander was also killed in battle and was buried in the Żarnowiec chapter church.

The Poles lost just 100 soldiers, although 150 later died from their wounds. Among the dead on the Polish side was Maciej Hagen from Gdańsk. Piotr Dunin was wounded twice.

Aftermath
The direct result of the battle of Świecino was that the city of Danzig and Pomerania were freed from the danger of an attack by the Teutonic Order. As a result, the royal and municipal armed forces could be used elsewhere in the war, mainly to protect the Vistula waterway and to capture the Teutonic held strongholds. This way that Teutonic forces in Prussia on the right bank of Vistula were cut off from supplies from Western Europe.

The psychological significance of the battle was that this was the first open field battle won by the royal forces, so it increased the morale of the Polish forces and lowered the morale of the Teutonic Knights. Many military historians say that the battle of Świecino was the turning point of the Thirteen Years' War, leading to the final Polish victory in 1466.

title: Battle of Świecino


text:
Talk:Battle of Świecino

Early discussions
It's not clear to me what "tabor" is. Is it a technical term known to most military historians? Or could it possibly be a word needing an English translation here?
 * IMHO, it needs to be translated JHK

In my (rather old) polish dictionary it means something like 'Rolling stock' or 'train'. This doesn't make sense in all cases used in the article though.

Tabor is a) mountain and city in Czech, important for hussite wars b) some biblical mountain c) military term, referring to wagons connected by chains. Formation of wagons could fight and moving (something like first panzer formations) or could be fortified and became wagenburg, fortified camp, entranched camp. d) tabor is also army service column.

Tabor was very typical for Old-Polish army, it developed first however in Czech, it was then enhanced (and adapted back to Poland) by Cossacks. Other nations may also use tabors.

I don't know which word use, since i am not sure if wagenburg, or descriptive "wagons connected by chains" will be ok to use here. I decided that i will use word tabor and i will later exaplin it's meaning in separate entry, however i guess native english speakers should know better what word would fit here szopen --- szopen I am guessing you are talking about the "War of the cities" the Preussische Bund Hansa cities versus the Teutonic Knights ? When you write in Polish Swiecin are you referring to Schwetz at the Vistula River ? user:H.J.
 * This could be Battle of Schwetz, but battle of Swiecin definetely was during war between Poland and Teuton Order. Again, Prussian confederacy was _not_ only of cities, although cities, especially three of them, played big part in them. Peace which ended war was between Teutons and Poland, not between Teutons and Prussian confederacy.
 * I will add Schwetz as a German name, and i will add also redirect. szopen

--- To szopen By the dates and places it sounds like that is the battle. It is called the Thirteen-Year-War. user:H.J.

By "the Polish crown," English speakers understand "the monarchy (government) of Poland." If you want to change it to the name of the ruler, then you need to change it to read "the Polish king." JHK

-

Would it be simpler to just say that all the cavalry were mercenaries, plus X of the infantry?

- This sentence: "This way that Teutonic forces in Prussia, on the rights bank of Vistula were cut off from the supplies form Western Europe." needs some spelling fixed. Change to "This way the Teutonic forces in Prussia, on the rights bank of Vistula were cut off from the supplies from Western Europe." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.150.237 (talk) 17:13, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

The external link appears to be broken.
Removed bad link, new links added. Swiecino 23:00, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Name of the battle: Swiecino vs. Swiecin
Polish name of the battle is Bitwa pod Świecinem which gives no clue what is the nominative for the village name Świecin or Świecino. If you consult a map of Poland http://www.pilot.pl/index.php3?Z_CITY_NAME=%A6wiecino you will see that the correct name is Świecino.

This page should be moved to Battle of Swiecino to avoid this simple spelling error. Mestwin 04:06, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Were this the Polish Wikipedia, I would agree. It is not; it is the English one.  (I might add I would use the same rationale for someone trying to move Gdansk to Danzig.) - Hephæstos|§ 04:10, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Swiecino is a *real* placename, Swiecin is not. I doubt the village or the battle are so well known that they received a separate English name. In this case local name should be used in good spelling.

I am sorry if moving the page upset you, but for me it was simply a spelling error, that should be corrected in 5 seconds Mestwin 04:34, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It didn't upset me; it is simply wrong. It is as wrong as if I went to the Polish Wikipedia and wrote "mathematics" instead of "matematyka".  You are correct however in that it takes five seconds to fix; I am therefore confident that it will eventually settle into its proper place, as there are plenty more people here who are aware what is correct that who are unaware. - Hephæstos|§ 04:42, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Books about Swiecin/Swiecino
POlish name used in all books i know is Świecin. SWIECIN. Szopen
 * What books ?? Could you make a quotation Mestwin 21:36, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Dzieje narodu i panstwa polskiego, wojna 13-letnia, don't remember the author right now. Actually right now i think it may be effect of my ignorance: in book it is called "bitwa pod Swiecinem" - it would be called the same way whether the vilalge would be Swiecino or Swiecin. Apologise, i am going under the table and barking out what i've writtern. But "battle of swiecin" as redirect of course shoudl stay, because once Jimo said something in sense that even mispellings are Ok if they increase google hits. Szopen

Polish name used in all books I know is Świecino, Bitwa pod Świecinem - Swiecino 23:00, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * But I have printed book in which battle is called "of Świecin" or "Żarnowiec".

I have addes 5 books to the 2 existing in the futher reading section and they all say Swiecino Mestwin 21:36, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Google hits about Swiecino
Google: Swiecin 188, Swiecino 14, Świecin 4, Świecino 120.

All the google hits of 'Swiecin' are to the Wikipedia article and to subsidiary sites.

So i guess the names are valid alternatives (if we will have edit war here over name it would even funnier than over Gdansk/Danzig) Szopen

So, why isn't it moved to "Battle of Swiecino" yet?.. The Polish name is Swiecino, therefore the Polish name for the battle would be "Bitwa pod Świecinem" (added Wiki-PL link), so the English name should be Battle of Swiecino. Pibwl 19:16, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Village of Swiecino

 * English name: Swiecino
 * Polish name: Świecino;
 * Kashubian/Pomeranian name: Swiecëno,
 * German name: Schwetzin

 * I don't think anyone here ever questioned that the village is named Swiecino. - Hephaestos|§ 23:59, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Nobody questions that the village is called Swiecino, except Haphaestos who makes links like this: Swiecin. The battles are usually named afted the geographical objects. If the we agree that the village is called ''

Swiecino so the struggle should be called the Battle of Swiecino'''. Do you agree - Mestwin 21:32, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Every book cited in the reading list is in Polish. This is what I'm trying to get through: the article needs to be named for what the battle is named in English. Looking at a Google search of English-language pages only:

 * Battle of Swiecin 203 hits. Most of these are not connected to Wikipedia. Battle of Swiecino  one hit.

 * Battles are not exclusively named for the location in which they were fought. - Hephaestos|§ 17:41, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How many of these google hits are produced by this Wikipedia article? battles are usually names after geographical objects (anyway in this case), if we agree that the name of the villages is Swiecino, the Battle should be called the battle of Swiecino. Do you suggest that this tiny village (300 inhabitants) has a separate name that is different from the Polish name. - Mestwin of Gdansk 20:56, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Description of the battle
The desc of the battle needs majot rewrite. I meen the number of forces, conduct of the battle, results of the battle, involvement of Eric of Pomerania. The various sources to use are:

Swiecino 1462

Fought during the 13 years war with the Teutonic Order. The definitive battle that saw the Order reduced into ruin and fall under the might of Polish overlordship. Polish army decides to charge the German Garrison near Swiecino. Assault is successful, 1,000 Germans die, 70 are captured, 200 tabors are taken including all 15 artillery pieces. Polish losses at 100 dead and 150 wounded. After this battle the Order's defenses slowly cracked. In 1463 ships under the Polish insignia of Elbing and Gdansk defeated a German flotilla at Zalewie Wislanym. Puck fell in 1464, Now in 1465. In 1466 Starogard and Chojnice. polisharmies.ds4a.com/greatest1/greatest1.html

In 1462 Gdansk was relieved by an able commander Piotr Dunin, who with 2,000 troops defeated 2,700 men of the Order at Swiecino near Puck on 17th August. This proved to be the turning point.

I have rewritten the battle, adding some sections and titles, using 5 books on history and military operations. However I didn't touch the main course of the battle, which requires more work. Mestwin 21:38, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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Polish bias
written completely from a Polish POV. No German sources are cited. Section "Aftermath" only brings the alleged positive effects on the Polish side. --Tino Cannst (talk) 07:57, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Świecino