text:
New Zealand Pilot License/Air Law/Commercial

Subject 16

Aviation Legislation
Describe the requirements to hold an aviation document, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S7.

Describe the criteria for the fit and proper person test, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S10.

Describe the duties of the pilot-in-command, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S13 and 13A.

Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to changes in their medical condition, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S27.

Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to the surrender of a medical certificate as laid down in CA Act 1990 S27.

Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to safety offences, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S43 and 44.

Definitions
CAR Part 1(unless otherwise noted)

State the definition of:

(a) accelerate-stop distance available;

(b) accident;

(c) Act;

(d) aerobatic flight;

(e) aerodrome control service;

(f) aerodrome operational area;

(g) aerodrome traffic circuit;

(h) aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ);

(i) aeronautical information circular;

(j) aeronautical information publications (AIP);

(k) AIP supplement;

(l) aircraft category;

(m) air traffic control (ATC) service;

(n) air transport operation;

(o) air operation;

(p) airworthiness certificate;

(q) airworthiness directive;

(r) airworthy condition;

(s) alerting service;

(t) altitude;

(u) area control;

(v) ATC clearance;

(w) ATC instruction;

(x) aviation event;

(y) AWIB service;

(z) ceiling;

(aa) certificated organisation;

(bb) class 3(a) fuel;

(cc) class 3(b) fuel;

(dd) clearance limit;

(ee) clearway;

(ff) command practice;

(gg) commercial transport operation;

(hh) controlled airspace;

(ii) controlled flight;

(jj) cost sharing flight;

(kk) co-pilot;

(ll) crew member;

(mm) cross-country flight;

(nn) dangerous goods;

(oo) day;

(pp) dual flight time;

(qq) final reserve fuel;

(rr) fit and proper person;

(ss) flight examiner;

(tt) flight attendant;

(uu) flight crew member;

(vv) flight information service;

(ww) flight level;

(xx) flight manual;

(yy) flight plan;

(zz) flight time;

(aaa) height;

(bbb) incident;

(ccc) instrument meteorological conditions;

(ddd) landing distance available;

(eee) night;

(fff) NOTAM;

(ggg) passenger;

(hhh) pilot-in-command;

(iii) rating;

(jjj) regular air transport passenger service;

(kkk) serious incident;

(lll) SARTIME;

(mmm) SEIFR passenger operation;

(nnn) takeoff distance available;

(ooo) takeoff run available;

(ppp) takeoff weight;

(qqq) type;

(rrr)Technical Instructions;

(sss) Threshold; (CAR 121.3)

(ttt) unlawful interference;

(uuu) UNICOM service;

(vvv) VFR flight;

(www) visibility;

(xxx) visual meteorological conditions.

Abbreviations
CAR Part 1(unless otherwise noted)

State the meaning of the following abbreviations:

(a) AD;

(b) ADF;

(c) AGL;

(d) AIREP; (AIP GEN)

(e) AMSL;

(f) ATIS;

(g) CAR;

(h) DME

(i) ELT;

(j) GNSS; (19.203)

(k) HUMS;

(l) QFE;

(m) QNH;

(n) VOR.

Personnel Licensing
Requirements for Licences and Ratings

State the requirements for holding a pilot licence. CAR 61

State the requirements for a pilot-in-command to hold a type rating on the type of aircraft being flown. CAR 61

State the restrictions associated with abuse of substances. CAR 61

State the requirements for entering flight details into a pilot logbook. CAR 61

Eligibility, Privileges and Limitations
Describe the allowance for a person who does not hold a current pilot licence to fly dual with a flying instructor. CAR 61

State the solo flight requirements on a person who does not hold a current pilot licence. CAR 61

State the limitations on a person who does not hold a current pilot licence.CAR 61

State the eligibility requirements for the issue of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61

State the privileges of holding a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61

State the limitations on the holder of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61

Competency, Currency and Recency
State the recent experience requirements of a pilot-in-command, by day and by night, who is the holder of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61

State the requirements for the completion of a biennial flight review. CAR 61

Explain the use of a lower licence or rating. CAR 61

State the period within which a pilot-in-command of an aircraft engaged on an air operation under CAR Part 135 must have passed a check of route and aerodrome proficiency.

State the period within which a pilot, acting as a flight crew member of an aircraft engaged on a CAR Part 135 air operation under VFR, must have passed a check of normal, abnormal and emergency procedures in the same aircraft type.

State the period within which a pilot of an aircraft engaged on an air operation under CAR Part 135 must have completed a written or oral test of their knowledge in aircraft systems, performance and operating procedures.

State the CAR Part 135 crew member grace provisions.

Medical Requirements
State the requirements for holding a medical certificate. CAR 61

State the requirements on a person applying for a medical certificate. CAR 67

State the requirements for maintaining medical fitness following the issue of a medical certificate. CA Act 1990 S27C

State the normal currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is under the age of 40. CAR 67

State the normal currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is 40 years of age or more on the date that the certificate is issued. CAR 67

State the extended currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is 40 years of age or more. CAR 67

State the limitations to an extended currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is 40 years of age or more. CAR 67 Airworthiness of Aircraft and Aircraft Equipment

Documentation
State the documents which must be carried in aircraft operated in New Zealand. CAR 91

Aircraft Maintenance
Describe the maintenance requirements of an aircraft operator. CAR 91

State the requirement for annual and 100 hour inspections. CAR 91

State the requirement for an annual review of airworthiness. CAR 91

State the requirements for maintenance records. CAR 91

State the requirements for the retention of maintenance records. CAR 91

State the requirements for and contents of a technical log. CAR 91

State the requirements for entering defects into a technical log. CAR 91

State the requirements for clearing defects from a technical log. CAR 91

State the limitations and requirements on a person undertaking ‘pilot maintenance’. CAR 43

State the requirements for conducting a maintenance test flight on an

aircraft without a current airworthiness certificate. CAR 91

State the requirements for acting as a test pilot. CAR 19

State the inspection period for radios. CAR 91

State the inspection period for altimeters. CAR 91

State the inspection period for transponders. CAR 91

State the inspection period for the ELT. CAR 91

Instruments and Avionics
State the minimum instrument requirements for a day VFR flight. CAR 91

State the minimum instrument requirements for a night VFR flight. CAR 91

State the radio equipment requirements for a VFR flight. CAR 91

State the communications and navigation equipment requirements for a VFR over water flight. CAR 91

Equipment
State the equipment requirements for a night VFR flight. CAR 91

State the equipment requirements for flight over water. CAR 91 & 135

State the requirements for indicating the time in flight. CAR 91

State the requirements for emergency equipment. CAR 91 & 135

State the requirements for night flight. CAR 91

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for night flight.

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for a cockpit voice recorder.

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for a flight data recorder.

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for an additional altitude indicator.

State the requirements for an ELT. CAR 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

General Operating Requirements
Describe the requirements of passengers to comply with instructions and commands. CAR 91

Explain the requirements for maintaining daily flight records. CAR 91

Explain the requirements for the carriage of flight attendants. CAR 91

State the requirements for operating an aircraft in simulated instrument flight. CAR 91

State the requirements of a pilot-in-command with respect to the safe operation of an aircraft. CAR 91

Describe the authority of the pilot-in-command. CAR 91

State the requirements for crew occupation of seats and wearing safety belts. CAR 91

State the requirements for the occupation of seats and wearing of restraints. CAR 91

State the requirements for the use of oxygen equipment. CAR 91

State the requirements for briefing passengers prior to flight. CAR 91

State the requirements for familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment. CAR 91

State the requirements for carrying appropriate aeronautical publications and charts in flight. CAR 91

State the requirements for operating on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome. CAR 91

Describe the standard overhead rejoin procedure, and state when it should be used. AIP AD

State the right of way rules. CAR 91

Explain the requirement for aircraft lighting. CAR 91

State the requirements for the pilot of an aircraft, being flown for the purpose of demonstrating eligibility for the issue of an airworthiness certificate. CAR 91

State the requirements for wearing/holding identity documentation in certain areas. CAR 19

General Operating Restrictions
State the restrictions on smoking in an aircraft. CA Act 1990 S65N

State the restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices in flight. CAR 91

State the restrictions on the carriage and discharge of firearms on aircraft.

Explain the restrictions on stowage of carry-on baggage. CAR 91

Explain the restrictions on the carriage of cargo. CAR 91

State the restrictions applicable to aircraft flying near other aircraft. CAR 91

State the restrictions on the dropping of objects from an aircraft in flight. CAR 91

State the speed limitation on aircraft operating under VFR. CAR 91

State the minimum heights for VFR flights under CAR Part 91.

State the restrictions when operating VFR in icing conditions. CAR 91

State the restrictions applicable to operating an aircraft in aerobatic flight. CAR 91

State the restrictions applicable to parachute-drop operations. CAR 91

State the restrictions applicable to aircraft towing gliders. CAR 91

State the restrictions applicable to aircraft towing objects other than gliders. CAR 91

State the restrictions on intoxicating liquor and drugs. CAR 91 & 19

State the restrictions on aircraft noise and engine emission standards. CAR 91

State the restrictions on aircraft sonic booms. CAR 91

General Meteorological Requirements and Restrictions
State the met minima for VFR flight in various airspace. CAR 91

State the restrictions and met minima for Special VFR flight. CAR 91

Air Operations
Air Operations Crew Requirements

State the CAR Part 135 crew qualification and experience requirements.

State the CAR Part 135 flight and duty time limitations on flight crew members.

State the normal minimum rest period required following any duty period. AC119-2

State the maximum number of flight hours that a pilot may fly as crew in an aircraft which carries two pilots on an internal air operation. AC119-2

Air Operations Requirements and Restrictions
State the airworthiness requirements for aircraft used on air operations. CAR 135

State the CAR Part 135 minimum heights for VFR flights.

State the CAR Part 135 operating restriction on single-engine air operations under IFR (SEIFR).

State the restrictions on the carriage of firearms on an aeroplane on an air operation. CAR 91

State the requirement to keep a daily flight record. CAR 135

State the CAR Part 135 requirement for a maintenance review.

State the CAR Part 135 requirement for passenger safety and the carriage of certain passengers.

State the CAR Part 135 restrictions when refuelling.

State the CAR Part 135 restrictions on the manipulation of an aircraft’s controls.

State the CAR Part 135 requirement for helicopter operations over congested areas. (Helicopter candidates only)

State the restrictions on helicopter sling loads on an air operation. CAR 135 (Helicopter candidates only)

Air Operations Meteorological Requirements and Restrictions
State the CAR Part 135 meteorological conditions and requirements for an air operation under VFR.

State the CAR Part 135 meteorological conditions and requirements for an air operation under IFR.

State the CAR Part 135 aerodrome operating minima - IFR flight.

State the CAR Part 135 IFR departure limitations.

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for reduced take-off minima.

State the CAR Part 135 restrictions for IFR procedures.

Air Operations Performance Requirements
State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for takeoff distance.

State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for clearing obstacles

within the net take-off flight path.

State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for landing distance.

State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for landing on wet and contaminated runways.

State the meaning of a performance-class 1 helicopter. CAR Part 1 (Helicopter candidates only)

Flight Planning and Preparation
Flight Preparation

Explain the requirements for the obtaining and considering relevant information prior to flight. CAR 91

Describe the publications and their content that provide operational route and aerodrome information.

Derive operational information from charts and publications that provide route and aerodrome information.

Fuel Requirements

State the fuel reserve required for a day VFR flight. CAR 91

State the fuel reserve required for a night VFR flight. CAR 91

Flight Plans

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for the filing of a flight plan.

State the requirements for the notification of changes to the filed flight plan. CAR 91

State the requirements for terminating a flight plan. CAR 91

State the time search and rescue action would be initiated if a flight plan is not terminated. AIP ENR

Enroute Limitations
State the CAR Part 135 enroute limitations for two engine aeroplanes. Air Traffic Services

Communications
Derive from operational publications, the required radio frequency for communicating with specified ATC units.

Explain the use of aircraft radiotelephony callsigns. CAR 91

State the requirements for making position reports to an ATS unit. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the content of a VFR position report. AIP ENR

State the purpose of Universal Communications Services (UNICOM). AIP GEN

State the purpose of an Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit (AFRU). AIP GEN

State the purpose of Aerodrome and Weather Information Broadcasts (AWIB). AIP GEN

State the meaning of the various light signals from a control tower. CAR 91 & AIP AD

State the communications requirements when TIBA procedures are in force. AIP ENR

Clearances
State the requirements for complying with ATC clearances and instructions. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the requirements for coordinating with an aerodrome flight information service. CAR 91

State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to entering various types of airspace, and ground manoeuvring area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to re-entering controlled airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Separation
Describe the method of passing traffic information using the clock code.

Describe the situations where Air Traffic Control is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR traffic. AIP ENR

Describe the situations where the pilot-in-command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic. AIP ENR

Describe the normal separation standards applied by ATC. AIP ENR

Describe the situations where the normal separation may be reduced. AIP ENR

State the wake turbulence separation requirements for light aircraft in non- radar environment. AIP AD

Radar Services
Describe the radar services available to VFR flights. AIP ENR

Global Navigation Satellite System

State the equipment required by aircraft within the New Zealand flight information region, using GPS as a primary means navigation system. CAR 19

State the actions required of pilots, using GPS equipment as a primary means navigation system, if system degradation occurs. CAR 19

Airspace; Aerodromes; and Heliports
Altimetry

Explain the altimeter setting requirements for flight under VFR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the altimeter setting to use when QNH is not available prior to takeoff. AIP ENR

Describe QNH zones and state when zone QNH should be used. AIP ENR

Describe the transition altitude, layer and level. AIP ENR

Cruising Levels

State the altitude requirements when cruising VFR within the New Zealand Domestic FIR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Describe situations where ATC may assign cruising altitudes not in accordance with the VFR table of cruising altitudes. AIP ENR

Transponders

State the requirements for the operation of transponders within the New Zealand Domestic FIR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Describe the procedures required of pilots operating transponders. AIP ENR

State the requirements and limitations on an aircraft operating under VFR in transponder mandatory airspace without an operating transponder. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Airspace

State the rules pertaining to operating VFR in the various classes of airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Describe the vertical limits and purpose of control zones (CTR). CAR 71

Describe the vertical limits and purpose of control areas (CTA). CAR 71

State the status and conditions relating to flight in VFR transit lanes. AIP ENR

Describe the status and purpose of a general aviation area (GAA). CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Describe control zone sectors. CAR 71

Describe visual reporting points.

Describe the status of controlled airspace when ATC go off duty. AIP GEN

State the restrictions on operating an aircraft in a restricted area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions on operating an aircraft in a military operating area (MOA). CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a mandatory broadcast zone (MBZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a volcanic hazard zone (VHZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a danger area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a designated low flying zone (LFZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR

State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in VFR special procedures areas (SPA). AIP ENR

State the operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft over or close to temporary hazards/airspace. AIP ENR

Interpret airspace information on aeronautical charts.

Aerodromes and Heliports

Describe the limitations on the use of a place as an aerodrome or heliport. CAR 91

Describe the method of runway designation. AIP AD

Describe the movement area of an aerodrome. CAR 1

Describe the meaning of the various aerodrome ground signals.

Interpret information on aerodrome/heliport charts. AIP GEN & AIP Volume 4

Carriage of Dangerous Goods
State the definition of Class 1 dangerous goods, as laid down in CAR Part 92.

State the definition of Class 2 dangerous goods, as laid down in CAR Part 92.

State the definition of Class 3 dangerous goods, as laid down in CAR Part 92.

Describe the limitation of CAR Part 92 with respect to members of the Police.

Describe the allowance for the carriage of dangerous good for the recreational use of passengers. CAR 92

State the restriction for the carriage of dangerous goods in an aircraft cabin occupied by passengers, or on the flight deck of an aircraft. CAR 92

State the requirements for the carriage of non-dangerous goods in an aircraft. CAR 92

State the requirement for the notification of the pilot-in-command when dangerous goods are carried. CAR 92

State the requirement for a dangerous goods training programme. CAR 92

State the dangerous goods recurrent training programme requirements. CAR 92

Emergencies; Incidents; and Accidents
Responsibilities of Operators and Pilots

State the requirement for the notification of accidents. CAR 12

State the requirement for the notification of incidents. CAR 12

State the extent to which a pilot may deviate from the CA Act or rules in an emergency situation. CA Act 1990 S13A (2)

State the pilot action required following deviation from the CA Act or rules in an emergency situation. CA Act 1990 S13A (6)

Communications and Equipment
State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate an emergency condition. AIP ENR

State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate a loss of communications. AIP ENR

State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate that the aircraft is being subjected to unlawful interference. AIP ENR

Describe the means by which ATC will verify the transmission of an emergency SSR transponder code. AIP ENR

Describe the use of the speechless technique using unmodulated transmissions. AIP ENR

Describe and interpret ground-air visual signal codes. AIP GEN

Describe the procedures for directing a surface craft to a distress incident. AIP GEN

State the procedures for the emergency activation of an ELT. AIP GEN

State the pilot action required following the inadvertent transmission of an ELT. AIP GEN

State the requirements for the operational testing of an ELT. AIP GEN

State the procedures to be followed on receiving an ELT signal. AIP GEN


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New Zealand Pilot License/Flight Navigation General

Subject 18

Fundamentals of Air Navigation
Form of the Earth

Describe the general shape of the earth

Define and identify, on a diagram of the earth, and explain the meaning of the following:

(a) axis and direction of rotation;

(b) geographic poles;

(c) great circles;

(d) small circles;

(e) rhumb lines;

(f) the equator;

(g) parallels of latitude;

(h) meridians of longitude;

(i) Greenwich (Prime) Meridian;

(j) position.

Direction on the Earth

Describe the 360º method of indicating direction.

Describe the earth’s magnetic field.

Define:

(a) magnetic pole;

(b) true north;

(c) magnetic north;

(d) compass north;

(e) the cardinal directions of the earth;

(f) the quadrantal directions of the earth;

(g) true direction;

(h) magnetic direction;

(i) compass direction;

(j) magnetic variation;

(k) an isogonal;

(l) compass deviation;

(m) true bearing;

(n) magnetic bearing;

(o) compass bearing;

(p) relative bearing;

(q) back bearing.

Convert between true, magnetic and compass directions.

Convert between relative, true, magnetic and compass bearings.

Plot and measure tracks and bearings (± 1º) on a current published NZ Aeronautical Chart.

Distance on the Earth

Define a:

(a) statute mile;

(b) nautical mile (nm);

(c) kilometre.

Calculate the conversion between a statute mile, a nautical mile and a kilometre.

Measure distances (± 1nm) on a current published NZ Aeronautical Chart.

Speed

Define:

(a) a knot.

(b) ground speed (GS);

(c) indicated airspeed (IAS);

(d) calibrated airspeed (CAS);

(e) equivalent airspeed (EAS);

(f) true airspeed (TAS).

Explain how TAS is affected by changes in pressure altitude; air temperature; and air density

Position Referencing

Define a:

(a) ground position;

(b) air position;

(c) DR position;

(d) waypoint (WPT);

(e) pinpoint;

(f) fix; and,

(g) position line.

Describe and apply the following position reference methods:

(a) place name;

(b) bearing and distance;

(c) latitude and longitude;

Plot and reference a position (± 0.5 of a minute) on a current published NZ Aeronautical Chart.

Calculate the relative bearing of a position from an aircraft.

Calculate the bearing of an aircraft from a position.

Altimetry

Define:

(a) height;

(b) altitude;

(c) mean sea level (MSL);

(d) ground level;

(e) elevation;

(f) indicated altitude;

(g) calibrated altitude;

(h) true altitude;

(i) pressure altitude (PA);

(j) density altitude (DA);

(k) flight level (FL);

(l) transition altitude;

(m) transition level;

(n) transition layer;

(o) QNH;

(p) QFE;

(q) QNE.

Explain the effect of a change in mean sea level air pressure on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.

State and apply the altimeter setting rules in New Zealand.

Explain and apply the table of cruising levels.

Explain how true and indicated altitudes are affected by changes in air pressure and air temperature.

Principles and Terminology

Define:

(a) *track required;

(b) true and magnetic track;

(c) *wind velocity (W/V);

(d) *wind angle;

(e) *wind correction angle (WCA);

(f) *head/tail wind;

(g) *cross wind;

(h) *true heading;

(i) *magnetic heading;

(j) *compass heading;

(k) *drift (planned & actual);

(l) *track / TMG;

(m) *port;

(n) *starboard;

(o) *dead (deduced) reckoning;

(p) track error (TE);

(q) *closing angle (CA);

(r) estimated time of departure (ETD);

(s) actual time of departure (ATD);

(t) estimated elapsed time (EET) / estimated time interval (ETI);

(u) estimated time of arrival (ETA);

(v) actual time of arrival (ATA).

Explain and apply the 1:60 rule.

Calculate the values marked with an * in Syllabus Item 18.14.2.

Time

Describe the six and ten figure systems of indicating date/time groups.

Explain the relationship between time and longitude.

Convert between arc and time.

Define Local Mean Time (LMT).

Calculate the LMT at a given location.

Define:

(a) Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC);

(b) Standard Time (NZST);

(c) Daylight Time (NZDT);

(d) The International Dateline.

Convert between LMT; UTC; NZST; and/or NZDT.

Twilight

Define:

(a) sunrise;

(b) sunset;

(c) daylight;

(d) twilight;

(e) morning civil twilight (MCT);

(f) evening civil twilight (ECT).

Describe the factors that affect the times of sunrise and sunset (daylight).

Describe the factors that affect the duration of twilight.

Describe the factors that affect daylight conditions.

Derive or calculate the MCT and ECT at a given location.

Triangle of Velocities

Identify and label the three vectors of the triangle of velocities.

Using a navigation computer, solve triangle of velocity problems (given four of the six variables):

(a) heading and track (± 2º);

(b) TAS and GS (± 2kts);

(c) wind velocity (± 3º/± 3kts);

(d) drift (±1º).

Aeronautical Maps and Charts
Properties and Principles of aeronautical maps and charts.

Explain the difficulties associated with representing a spherical shape on a flat surface.

List the ideal properties of an aeronautical chart.

Describe the process of creating:

(a) a Mercator projection; and,

(b) a Lambert's conformal projection.

List and explain the properties of:

(a) a Mercator projection; and,

(b) a Lambert's conformal projection.

List and explain the uses of:

(a) a Mercator projection;

(b) a Lambert's conformal projection;

(c) a NZ Visual Planning Chart (VPC);

(d) a NZ Visual Navigation Chart (VNC);

(e) the Aerodrome Chart.

Calculate earth distance and chart distance, given scale and one factor.

Calculate chart scale, given earth distance and chart distance.

Map Reading

Interpret the features and symbols of a NZ Visual Navigation Chart (VNC).

Describe the method of indicating relief on a NZ Visual Navigation Chart (VNC).

Interpret information from Aerodrome Charts and Operational Data pages in the AIPNZ Vol 4.

Circular Slide Rule
Computations of circular slide rules.

Derive or compute TAS, given IAS, pressure altitude and air temperature in degrees Celsius.

Solve mathematical equations:

(a) multiplication (±2%);

(b) division (±2%);

(c) proportion (±2%).

Calculate time, speed, or distance, given two factors.

Calculate fuel consumption, given the burn rate and time.

Calculate fuel burn rate, given the consumption and time.

Calculate fuel endurance, given the fuel quantity and burn rate.

Convert between:

(a) degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius;

(b) nautical miles, statute miles and kilometres (±1%);

(c) metres and feet (±2%);

(d) pounds and kilograms (±2%);

(e) litres, imperial and US gallons (±2%),

(f) a volume of fuel (in litres, imperial or US gallons) and a volume of fuel (in pounds or kilograms). (±2%)

Triangle of Velocities

Using graphs or vector diagrams to solve triangle of velocity problems:

(a) heading and track (± 2º);

(b) TAS and GS (± 2kts);

(c) wind velocity (± 3º/± 3kts);

(d) drift (±1º).

Flight Planning
Route Selection

List the factors to be considered when selecting a VFR cross-country navigation route.

List the factors to be considered when selecting altitudes at which to fly in the cruise.

List the factors to be considered when selecting alternate routes and destination alternates.

Map Preparation

Mark the following on a map:

(a) departure aerodrome, turning points, and destination aerodrome;

(b) tracks;

(c) heading change markings, either 1:60 or driftlines;

(d) ETA amendment markings.

Plan Preparation

Complete a navigation log / flight plan for a VFR cross-country, including

calculating the following values:

(a) top of climb point;

(b) level cruise portion;

(c) top of descent point;

(d) TASs;

(e) tracks;

(f) estimated wind velocities;

(g) estimated temperatures;

(h) headings;

(i) groundspeeds;

(j) distances;

(k) EETs;

(l) ETAs;

(m) fuel consumption rates;

(n) leg fuels.

Fuel Planning

Derive, from an Aircraft Flight Manual, the fuel consumption rate for a given leg.

Calculate the expected fuel burn on a given leg.

Calculate the minimum fuel required on a given VFR cross-country flight.

State the legal minimum fuel reserves required on a VFR cross-country flight.

Calculate the maximum holding time available for a given leg.

Calculate the latest time of departure for a given VFR cross-country flight or a given leg.

Load Planning

Calculate the take-off weight of a given aircraft on a VFR flight.

Calculate the landing weight of a given aircraft on a VFR flight.

Calculate the position of the Centre of Gravity of a given aircraft on a VFR flight.

Calculate the available payload of a given aircraft on a VFR flight.

Visual Navigation Procedures
Flight Management

Describe the techniques and procedures for:

(a) setting heading;

(b) cruise routine / activity cycle;

(c) maintaining a flight log;

(d) turning points;

(e) approaching / rejoining at a destination aerodrome.

Describe the techniques for map reading in flight.

Describe techniques for:

(a) pinpointing;

(b) changing heading to make good the desired track;

(c) changing heading to make good next turning point or destination;

(d) amending ETA.

Estimate and calculate a heading to make good a reciprocal track.

Estimate and calculate an aircraft’s position given bearing and distance from an identified ground position.

Calculate the maximum holding duration overhead an aerodrome prior to diversion to an alternate.

Using a crosswind graph, calculate headwind and crosswind, given reported wind and runway alignment.

Special Procedures

Describe the techniques, requirements, and procedures for:

(a) re-establishing position if lost or unsure of position;

(b) diverting from the pre-planned route;

(c) navigating at low level when forced to do so by bad weather.

(d) amending SARTIMES

Radio Aids in Support of VFR Operations
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

Describe the function of the ADF needle on a fixed card indicator.

Describe the purpose of each control on the ADF control panel.

List the publications and charts that show NDB callsigns and frequencies.

Explain why it is important to check the NDB ident before using an NDB.

Explain what is meant by relative bearing.

Given an aircraft magnetic heading and a relative bearing, calculate:

(a) magnetic bearing to an NDB;

(b) magnetic bearing from an NDB

Describe the track followed by an aircraft experiencing a crosswind when the ADF needle is kept on the 360°R position.

Explain how the ADF can be used to maintain track with drift correction applied:

(a) when tracking to an NDB;

(b) when tracking away from an NDB

Explain the importance of Variation when using a NZ Visual Navigation Chart (VNC) to maintain a track with reference to the ADF.

Identify aircraft position relative to NDB or NDBs.

VOR

Explain the importance of station identification before using the VOR.

List the publications and charts that show VOR callsigns and frequencies.

Describe what is meant by a (VOR) radial.

Explain:

(a) the effect of mountainous terrain on VOR reception;

(b) the means whereby reception can be improved.

Describe how the VOR receiver can be used to:

(a) establish orientation of the aircraft to and from a VOR station;

(b) maintain a required track to a VOR station;

(c) maintain a required track from a VOR station.

State the behaviour of the course deviation indicator (CDI) while the aircraft is off the selected radial, and the HDG °M and OBS selection are:

(a) within 90° of each other;

(b) more than 90° apart.

State the orientation of the CDI while maintaining the required radial when drift correction is being applied.

Identify aircraft position relative to a VOR station or stations.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

State the primary function of the DME.

State or explain:

(a) the effect of mountainous terrain on DME range of reception;

(b) the method whereby range of reception can be increased.

Explain the importance of station identification before using the DME.

Explain how to engage the DME:

(a) when the aid is coupled to a VOR;

(b) when the aid is not coupled to a VOR.

Global Positioning System

Explain the importance of using GPS only to supplement normal visual navigation.

Explain the precautions to be taken when:

(a) inserting data with the keypad;

(b) operating/reading the unit while maintaining a proper lookout;

(c) operating/reading the unit in marginal weather conditions.

State the factors influencing GPS reliability.

Radar

State the two types of radar currently used in New Zealand.

Describe the principle of operation of each type of radar.

Explain what is meant by transponder Mode A and Mode C.

List and explain four radar services that may be available to VFR flights.

Enroute Diversion Calculations
Define:

(a) point of no return (PNR);

(b) equi-time point (ETP).

Calculate:

(a) time and distance to the point of no return (PNR);

(b) time and distance to the equi-time point (ETP).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Southeast Asian Languages/Bahasa Malaysia

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The Bahasa Malaysia Department

Welcome!
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Bahasa Malaysia 1
Bahasa Malaysia 1 is a course offered by the Division of Southeast Asian Languages in which students are introduced to simple vocabulary, phrases, and elementary grammatical structures of the language.

Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federation of thirteen states in Southeast Asia. The country consists of two geographical regions divided by the South China Sea.

The name "Malaysia" was adopted in 1963 when the Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu), Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak formed a 14-state federation. Singapore was expelled from the federation in 1965 and subsequently become an independent country.

Although politically dominated by the Malays, modern Malaysian society is heterogeneous, with substantial Chinese and Indian minorities. Malaysian politics have been noted for their allegedly communal nature; the three major component parties of the Barisan Nasional each restrict membership to those of one ethnic group. However, the only major intercommunal violence the country has seen since independence was the May 13 racial riots of 1969 that occurred in the wake of an election campaign that was dominated by racial issues.

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Lessons

 * Lesson #1 :  Introducing Yourself
 * }


text:
New Zealand Pilot License/Meteorology/Commercial

This content is based on New Zealand Advisory Circular AC61-5 Revision 13, Section 20. Some content may be outdated.

The Atmosphere
State the composition of the Atmosphere.

Explain the presence and importance of water vapour in the atmosphere.

Explain the relationship between water vapour content and atmospheric temperature.

Describe the effect of:

(a) latitude and altitude on water vapour presence;

(b) changes to the state of water on the weather.

Explain the manner in which water vapour is added to, and subtracted from the atmosphere.

Explain:

(a) the process of formation, and characteristics of carbon dioxide;

(b) how oceans and plant life add and subtract carbon dioxide to and from the atmosphere.

Explain: (a) how and where atmospheric ozone is generally formed and where it most commonly accumulates;

(b) the effect of the ozone layer on solar radiation.

Describe the importance and effects of salt, dust and other solid particles in the atmosphere.

Interpret a graph of temperature versus altitude from the earth’s surface to the stratopause, and explain why the shape of the curve is different in the troposphere compared to the stratosphere.

Troposphere
Describe the following features of the troposphere:

(a) approximate vertical extent at low, middle and high latitudes;

(b) average temperature lapse rate;

(c) pressure lapse rate;

(d) molecular mass compared to the total in the atmosphere;

(e) weather and turbulence are awsome

Tropopause
Define ‘tropopause’.

Define ‘insolation’.

Explain how the temperature/pressure lapse rates generally determine the temperature and altitude of the tropopause.

Describe the relationship between tropopause height and tropopause temperature at various latitudes.

Explain why different angles of insolation produce differences in air density, and variations in tropopause height.

Explain the processes of:

(a) insolation and warming of the atmosphere;

(b) absence of insulation and cooling of the atmosphere.

Stratosphere
Describe the following features of the stratosphere:

(a) vertical extent;

(b) predominant means of heating;

Explain why the stratosphere is generally devoid of cloud and weather.

Atmospheric pressure
Define ‘atmospheric pressure’.

State:

(a) the unit of pressure;

(b) the unit of pressure commonly use in meteorology.

Describe the principles of operation:

(a) of the mercury barometer;

(b) of the aneroid barometer.

Define ‘pressure lapse rate’.

Explain the relationship between air temperature and pressure lapse rate.

State the average pressure lapse rate in the lower troposphere and explain how this rate changes at higher altitudes.

Define ‘isobar’.

Define ‘wind velocity’.

State the basic rules that apply to isobars, and explain their use.

Define:

(a) anticyclone (or ‘high’);

(b) depression (or ‘low’);

(c) ridge of high pressure;

(d) trough of low pressure;

(e) col.

With respect to pressure systems, describe:

(a) high and low level convergence;

(b) high and low level divergence.

Explain how subsidence and ascent of air influence the type of weather commonly associated with pressure systems.

Describe the circulation and speed of the wind commonly associated with:

(a) anticyclones and ridges of high pressure;

(b) depressions and troughs of low pressure;

(c) cols.

Identify the general direction of movement of pressure systems in the mid latitudes of both hemispheres.

Define 'diurnal' and 'semi-diurnal' variations, and

(a) describe the semi-diurnal variation of pressure;

(b) state the latitudes where the semi-diurnal variation of pressure has significance;

(c) explain the phenomena often associated with a departure from the semi- diurnal variation of pressure in those latitudes.

Define ‘pressure gradient’.

Explain the:

(a) causes of pressure gradient;

(b) relationship between isobars and pressure gradient.

Describe the meaning and consequences of ‘steep’ and shallow’ pressure gradients.

List the assumed conditions on which the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is based.

Explain the need for, and application of, the ISA for aviation.

Determine the temperature and pressure lapse rates in the ISA.

Given an ISA related temperature at an altitude, convert this to °C ambient, and given an ambient temperature °C at an altitude, convert this to ISA temperature.

Explain why an altimeter requires a subscale adjustment.

Define and apply:

(a) altitude;

(b) height;

(c) QNH;

(e) QFE;

(f) QNE.

Determine altimeter indications, and/or altitude of aircraft, when subscale settings are incorrect.

Temperature and heat exchange processes
Define ‘temperature’.

Identify the effect of changes in temperature on volume, density, state of matter, and gasses.

State the units of measurement of temperature.

State the usual height at which the surface air temperature is measured.

Define ‘radiation’ (as this applies to meteorology).

Explain the effect of emitting or receiving radiation on the temperature of a body or gas.

Explain the relationship between the temperature of an emitting substance and the:

(a) associated electromagnetic energy wavelength/frequency;

(b) type of radiation (spectrum).

Describe the characteristics of solar radiation.

State the atmospheric constituents that absorb, reflect or scatter all, or part of, solar radiation.

Define:

(a) sky radiation;

(b) global solar radiation.

List and explain the three main factors that influence the amount of solar energy received by the earth.

Describe the characteristics of terrestrial radiation.

Explain the relationship between solar radiation, terrestrial radiation and warming/cooling of the atmosphere.

List the substances that absorb terrestrial radiation, and explain the consequence of this absorption on global air temperature.

Define ‘atmospheric window’.

Define ‘energy budget’.

Describe the process of conduction.

Describe the process of convection.

Define ‘sensible heat’.

Define ‘latent heat’.

Describe ‘diurnal variation of surface air temperature’.

Explain the effects of the following factors on the diurnal variation of surface air temperature:

(a) type of surface;

(b) oceans and other large water areas;

(c) water vapour;

(d) cloud;

(e) the wind.

Define ‘specific heat’.

Interpret the curves of the diurnal variation of surface air temperature over a 24 hour period which reflects the factors listed in 20.6.44.

Describe the basic principles and methods through which heat transfer takes place globally.

Describe the main characteristics of the following climates:

(a) oceanic;

(b) maritime;

(c) continental.

Atmospheric moisture

Define:

(a) condensation;

(b) evaporation;

(c) precipitation;

(d) melting;

(e) freezing;

(f) sublimation;

(g) deposition;

(h) adiabatic process;

(i) super saturation.

Describe and explain the condensation process and the main methods through which condensation occurs.

Describe the function of condensation nuclei in the condensation process.

Describe the deposition process.

Describe the evaporation process.

Explain what is meant by ‘partial pressure’ of a gas.

Explain what is meant by ‘saturation vapour pressure of moist air’.

Describe the effect of ice surfaces, and high atmospheric temperatures, on the saturation vapour pressure of moist air.

Explain the function of latent heat in the condensation and evaporation processes.

Describe how temperature, water content of air, the wind, and atmospheric pressure influence the rate of evaporation.

State six processes through which water can alter its state and explain whether

Explain the relationship between density of water, temperature and volume.

Explain what is meant by the terms:

(a) absolute humidity;

(b) humidity mixing ratio;

(c) saturation content;

(d) relative humidity.

Describe the relationship between absolute humidity, air temperature, and relative humidity.

Describe the diurnal variation of relative humidity.

Define ‘dew point’.

Explain how water content and altitude influence the value of the dew point.

Describe the relationship between absolute humidity, air temperature, relative humidity and dew point.

Explain the method of operation of the:

(a) wet bulb/dry bulb hygrometer;

(b) hair hygrometer;

(c) lithium chloride element.

Describe the effect of moisture content on the density of air.

The wind
State the four forces that have a fundamental influence on the wind velocity.

Explain the principle of Coriolis force on moving air.

State the:

(a) variation of the magnitude of Coriolis force with latitude;

(b) direction of Coriolis force relative to the flow of air.

Explain the effect of Coriolis force and pressure gradient on the movement of air relative to the isobars.

Describe the inter-relation between pressure gradient, Coriolis force and centrifugal (cyclostrophic) force on the curvature of the isobars around high and low pressure systems in the Southern Hemisphere.

Define:

(a) gradient wind;

(b) geostrophic wind.

Explain how stability, wind strength and surface roughness affect the friction layer near the earth's surface.

Describe the vertical variation of wind speed and direction in the friction layer.

Describe the diurnal variation of the surface wind in the Southern Hemisphere.

Define:

(a) backing of the wind;

(b) veering of the wind.

Describe the change in wind velocity when climbing out of, or descending into, the friction layer.

With regard to the rotating cup anemometer:

(a) describe the principle of operation;

(b) state the function it performs;

(c) state the usual height at which the surface wind is measured.

State the approximate wind strength indicated by a 25-knot windsock when at 30°, 45°, 75°, and 90 degrees from the vertical.

Describe how an approximate wind direction can be determined from:

(a) ripples on water;

(b) wind lanes on water;

(c) wind shadow.

State Buys Ballot’s law.

Describe the application of Buys Ballot’s law on determining areas of high and low pressure, and on establishing possible errors in altimeter reading.

Define ‘wind shear’.

Describe the effect of vertical and horizontal wind shear on aircraft operations.

Stability of air
Explain how the adiabatic process affects the temperature of rising and descending parcels of air.

Define: (a) stable air;

(b) unstable air;

(c) neutrally stable/unstable air.

Describe the weather characteristics of:

(a) stable air;

(b) unstable air.

Describe how stable and unstable air affect flying conditions.

State the two main factors that determine whether air will be stable or unstable.

Describe what is meant by ‘environment lapse rate (ELR)’.

Using graphs:

(a) describe steep and shallow ELRs;

(b) define and describe ‘inversion’ and ‘isothermal layer’.

Define ‘adiabatic process’.

Define ‘dry adiabatic lapse rate’ (DALR).

State the value of the average DALR.

Interpret graphs comparing the DALR against altitude and temperature, and identify the temperature changes in rising and descending parcels of unsaturated air.

Comparing ELR against DALR, explain how the stability or instability of rising and descending 'dry' air can be determined.

Define ‘saturated adiabatic lapse rate’ (SALR).

State the value of the average SALR.

Explain why the SALR steepens with altitude.

Comparing ELR against SALR, explain how the stability or instability of rising and descending saturated air can be determined.

Explain what is meant by:

(a) ‘absolute stability’;

(b) ‘absolute instability’;

(c) ‘conditional stability (or instability)’.

Explain what is meant by ‘super adiabatic lapse rate’.

Define ‘rising condensation level’.

Given environment temperatures, dew points and mountain crest elevation:

(a) calculate the lifting condensation level or dew point;

(b) determine the stability of air;

(c) determine the type of cloud, if formed;

(d) determine the cloud top, if possible.

Define ‘convective condensation level’.

Given an ELR and dew point:

(a) determine the convective condensation level;

(b) calculate the required surface temperature to produce cumuliform cloud;

(c) determine, if possible, cloud top height.

NOTE: The given factors and the required answers in 20.12.40 and 20.12.44 may be interchanged to present similar problem solving exercises.

Describe: (a) convective stability; (b) diurnal variation of stability.

20.14 Local winds

20.14.2 Describe the sea breeze process, and describe typical: (a) timing of the occurrence; (b) average strength of the wind; (c) horizontal and vertical extent; (d) associated cloud development; (e) associated precipitation; (f) effect on air temperature over the land; (g) effect on the pressure gradient; (h) associated wind shear problems; (i) associated turbulence.

20.14.4 Describe the pseudo sea breeze.

20.14.6 Describe the land breeze process. Page 59 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 58 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.14.8 With regard to the land breeze process, explain the: (a) timing of the occurrence; (b) average strength of the wind; (c) most likely season for the occurrence.

20.14.10 Describe the katabatic and anabatic wind processes.

20.14.12 With regard to katabatic and anabatic winds, explain the: (a) timing of each occurrence; (b) effect of the force of gravity; (c) strength of the winds; (d) effect of adiabatic warming and cooling; (e) effect of moist valley air on cloud/fog formation.

20.14.14 Define: (a) gusts (or gustiness); (b) squalls.

20.14.16 Describe the fohn wind process.

20.14.18 With regard to the fohn wind, given environment temperatures, dew points and mountain crest elevations: (a) determine the cloud base on the windward side; (b) determine the cloud base on the lee side; (c) determine the temperature at a stated lee side datum.

NOTE: The given factors and the required answers in 20.14.18 may be interchanged to present similar problem solving.

20.14.20 Describe the flight conditions associated with the fohn wind.

20.14.22 Describe the mountain wave (standing or lee wave) process.

20.14.24 Explain the factors that affect wavelength of mountain waves.

20.14.26 Explain the factors that affect amplitude of mountain waves.

20.14.28 Describe: (a) the action of rotor zones with mountain waves; (b) the cloud formations often associated with mountain waves; Page 60 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 59 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (c) the flight conditions associated with mountain waves.

20.14.30 Explain the rotor streaming process.

20.14.32 Describe the flight conditions associated with rotor streaming.

20.16 Inversions

20.16.2 Define ‘inversion’.

20.16.4 Explain the effect of inversions on: (a) formation and development of cloud; (b) visibility; (c) turbulence; (d) relative humidity and dew point; (e) stability of air.

20.16.6 Describe flight conditions in the presence of inversions.

20.16.8 Explain the factors involved with a: (a) radiation inversion; (b) turbulence inversion; (c) subsidence inversion; (d) frontal inversion.

20.18 Cloud

20.18.2 Describe the basic cloud formation process.

20.18.4 Describe: (a) the main causes which can produce rising air, and formation of cloud; (b) the relationship between stability of air and cloud type.

20.18.6 List two processes that can provide/enhance buoyancy of air.

20.18.8 List the factors that determine the rate at which falling waterdrops evaporate below cloud, and describe the variants of each factor.

20.18.10 Describe the relationship between air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, water content of cloud, and cloud base.

20.18.12 List the vertical dimensions of the three main cloud layers: Page 61 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 60 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (a) in mid latitudes; (b) in tropical latitudes.

20.18.14 Name, and describe the appearance and characteristics of: (a) high cloud; (b) middle cloud; (c) low cloud.

20.18.16 Describe conditions to be expected with each type of cloud with respect to: (a) turbulence; (b) icing; (c) precipitation.

20.18.18 Explain the formation and development of artificial cloud.

20.18.20 Explain what is meant by ‘okta’.

20.18.22 In terms of cloud amount, explain the meaning of: (a) SKC; (b) FEW; (c) SCT; (d) BKN; (e) OVC; (f) fracto.

20.18.24 Describe how cloud and cloud base are reported.

20.18.26 Describe the principle of operation, and operational effectiveness of the: (a) cloud searchlight; (b) laser ceilometer.

20.18.28 Explain the main processes that contribute to cloud dispersal.

20.20 Precipitation

20.20.2 Describe the basic principles of water drop growth through: (a) the Bergeron process; (b) coalescence (or fusion). Page 62 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 61 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.20.4 Identify the factors that affect the rate of fall of water drops.

20.20.6 Describe the following types of precipitation: (a) rain; (b) drizzle; (c) snow; (d) sleet; (e) hail.

20.20.8 Describe the character of precipitation: (a) continuous; (b) intermittent; (c) showers.

20.20.10 Describe the rate of precipitation: (a) light; (b) moderate; (c) heavy.

20.22 Visibility

20.22.2 Define (meteorological) ‘visibility’.

20.22.4 Explain what is meant by ‘transparency of air’.

20.22.6 Explain whether illumination from the sun or moon have an effect on visibility.

20.22.8 Describe the effects of the following on visibility distance: (a) precipitation; (b) fog or mist; (c) haze; (d) smoke; (e) sea spray.

20.22.10 Describe the following factors affecting visibility range: (a) colour background; (b) white-out; Page 63 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 62 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (c) sunlight and moonlight.

20.22.12 Explain the factors involved in ‘slant range’.

20.22.14 Define ‘Runway Visual Range (RVR). 20.22.16 Explain the effect of altitude on visibility.

20.22.18 Describe the principle of operation of the Handar visibility sensor.

20.24 Fog

20.24.2 Define ‘fog’.

20.24.4 Describe the principle of formation, required meteorological conditions, factors affecting extent of, timing, and dispersal of: (a) radiation fog; (b) advection fog; (c) valley fog; (d) upslope fog; (e) cold and warm stream fog; (f) steaming fog; (g) frontal fog.

20.26 Fronts and depressions

20.26.2 Define ‘synoptic observation’.

20.26.4 Describe the Polar Front theory.

20.26.6 Define ‘airmass’.

20.26.8 List the airmass categories.

20.26.10 Describe each type of airmass and explain the likely weather conditions in New Zealand during warm and cold airstream advection.

20.26.12 Describe the concept of vorticity & associated convergence/divergence relating to weather systems.

20.26.14 Explain the characteristics of: (a) mid latitude depressions; (b) polar depressions.

20.26.16 Identify the manner in which fronts are shown on weather maps. Page 64 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 63 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.26.18 Describe the: (a) cold, warm, stationary, occluded front; (b) wind and weather sequence associated with each type of front; (c) movement of fronts and pressure systems.

20.26.20 Describe the factors associated with: (a) orographic depressions; (b) the heat (or thermal) low.

20.28 Thunderstorms

20.28.2 Explain the conditions to be met for the development of thunderstorms.

20.28.4 Describe the: (a) three stages of thunderstorms; (b) regeneration of thunderstorms.

20.28.6 List the types of thunderstorm, and describe the: (a) characteristics and development of each type; (b) hazards associated with thunderstorms; (c) precautions that can be taken by pilots to avoid or lessen the effects of thunderstorms.

20.28.8 Describe the processes involved in the formation of hail.

20.28.10 Explain the origin and development of tornadoes, and state the main hazards.

20.30 Icing

20.30.2 Explain the process of freezing and melting.

20.30.4 Define latent heat of fusion.

20.30.6 Describe the process involved in the formation of: (a) clear (translucent or glaze) ice; (b) rime (opaque) ice; (c) hoar frost; (d) freezing rain.

20.30.8 Explain the dangers (to aircraft) from ice accretion associated with the processes in 20.30.6 (a) - (d). Page 65 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 64 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.30.10 Explain the factors, which influence the rate of ice accretion.

20.30.12 Describe the following de-icing/anti-icing methods: (a) mechanical; (b) fluid; (c) thermal.

20.30.14 Explain the process of carburetor icing.

20.30.16 State the maximum temperature range in which carburetor ice can form.

20.30.18 Explain how the accretion rate of carburetor icing is governed by: (a) moisture content of air; (b) throttle setting.

20.30.19 Describe the method commonly used in light aircraft to combat carburetor ice.

20.30.20 Explain: (a) the process of engine intake icing for piston and turbine engine aircraft; (b) the methods commonly used to combat intake icing.

20.30.22 Explain the: (a) likelihood of ice accretion in the 10 main cloud types; (b) type of ice to be expected in these cloud types; (c) altitudes relative to the freezing level where rime or clear ice can be expected in the cloud types.

20.30.24 List the three classifications of icing and describe their effect on aircraft.

20.32 Turbulence

20.32.2 Define ‘turbulence’.

20.32.4 Describe the cause(s), factors involved and techniques commonly used to avoid or minimise: (a) thermal turbulence; (b) mechanical turbulence, small-scale and large-scale; (c) wind shear turbulence; (d) wake turbulence.

20.32.6 Explain the characteristics of: Page 66 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 65 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (a) light turbulence; (b) moderate turbulence; (c) severe turbulence.

20.34 Tropical meteorology

20.34.2 State the approximate latitude limits applicable to tropical meteorology.

20.34.4 In broad terms, describe the tropical Hadley cell.

20.34.6 Explain what is meant by: (a) horse latitudes; (b) doldrums.

20.34.8 Differentiate between the equatorial trough and the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ).

20.34.10 Describe the: (a) seasonal location of the equatorial trough and ITCZ; (b) typical weather in an active and inactive ITCZ.

20.34.12 Explain the origin, common location and associated weather of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).

20.34.14 With regard to the trade winds, describe the: (a) origin and mechanics (of the trade winds); (b) approximate latitudinal and vertical limits; (c) seasonal location and direction; (d) commonly associated weather; (e) winds and weather usually experienced above the trade winds; (f) topographical influences (on the trade winds).

20.34.16 Define ‘monsoon’.

20.34.18 With regard to wet monsoons, describe the mechanics involved.

20.34.20 State the: (a) major global monsoon regions; (b) season during which the Australian monsoon is generally present.

20.34.22 List the requirements for the formation and development of tropical cyclones. Page 67 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 66 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.34.24 Explain the requirement for thermal energy in the development of tropical cyclones, and state the two main sources of this energy.

20.34.26 With regard to tropical cyclones, describe the horizontal and vertical extents, pressure and wind velocity tendencies, and other associated factors during the: (a) formative stage; (b) immature stage; (c) mature stage; (d) decaying stage.

20.34.28 Describe the weather conditions associated with tropical cyclones.

20.34.30 With regard to the Southern Oscillation, describe the principles of the Walker Circulation.

20.34.32 Explain the factors involved when the ENSO index results in the: (a) El Nino events; (b) La Nina events.

20.34.34 Describe how the El Nino and La Nina events influence the weather in New Zealand.

20.34.36 Describe what is meant by ‘streamline analysis’.

20.34.38 Explain how isotachs and streamlines can be used to determine wind velocity.

20.34.40 Describe how areas of high and low pressure, convergence/divergence, and cols are depicted on streamline analysis charts.

20.36 The General Circulation

20.36.2 Explain what is meant by “The General Circulation”.

20.36.4 Describe what is meant by “high zonal index” and “low zonal index” and explain their effects on the movement of weather systems in the troposphere.

20.36.6 State the common locations in the southwest Pacific Ocean where ‘blocking anticyclones’ tend to form.

20.36.8 Describe the characteristics of a blocking anticyclone.

20.36.10 Describe the weather in the east and west of New Zealand when a blocking anticyclone has formed to the immediate east of the country.

20.38 Hazardous meteorological conditions

20.38.2 Describe the effects on climbing and descending flight paths when low-level wind shear is experienced. Page 68 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 67 Sub Topic Syllabus Item

20.38.4 Explain the mechanics of a downburst.

20.38.6 Explain the mechanics of a microburst.

20.38.8 Explain the effects of downbursts and microbursts on aircraft operations.

20.38.10 Explain the effect of ice accretion on aircraft performance.

20.38.12 Differentiate between anti-icing and de-icing.

20.38.14 With regard to the rate of ice accretion, explain the effect of: (a) airspeed (including helicopter rotor rpm); (b) shape of aircraft components.

20.38.16 Explain why it is not advisable to operate aircraft in areas affected by volcanic ash.

20.38.18 Describe the adverse effects of reduced visibility during VFR flight.

20.38.20 Identify four actions that could be taken by a pilot to reduce or avoid the effects of turbulence.

20.38.22 Identify the three main types of aquaplaning.

20.38.24 Describe the effects of aquaplaning during landing.

20.40 New Zealand climatology

20.40.2 Describe the effects of latitude, oceanic surroundings and topography on the climate of New Zealand.

20.40.4 Describe the effect of latitude and topography on cold fronts traveling over New Zealand.

20.40.6 In general terms, describe cloudiness, gustiness and turbulence at various parts of New Zealand during typical: (a) northwest wind regimes; (b) northeast wind regimes; (c) southwest wind regimes; (d) southeast wind regimes.

20.42 Meteorological services, reports and forecasts

20.42.2 Assess and interpret information presented on mean sea level analysis and prognosis weather charts covering the Southwest Pacific region.

20.42.4 Describe the general principles of operation of automatic weather stations and associated equipment including the modern visibility sensor and laser ceilometer


text:
New Zealand Pilot License/Flight and Aircraft Performance

This resource is about Subject 22 of the New Zealand Pilot License.

22.2.2: Units of measurement
State
 * (a) the International System (SI) units for length, mass, time, temperature (K

and °C);
 * (b) the derivation of the SI units for force, pressure, power, and the non-SI

units;
 * (c) foot, nautical mile, knot and horsepower.
 * 22.2.4

Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities; and
 * (a) explain and or apply vector addition and subtraction;
 * (b) demonstrate understanding and ability to resolve vector diagrams or

problems.
 * 22.2.6

Define speed, velocity and acceleration.
 * 22.2.8

Describe Newton’s three laws of motion; and
 * (a) explain inertia;
 * (b) differentiate between mass and weight;
 * (c) state the value of the acceleration caused by the earth’s gravity; and
 * (d) define momentum.
 * 22.2.10
 * Describe motion on a curved path; and
 * (a) differentiate between centripetal force and centrifugal reaction;
 * (b) explain the factors affecting centripetal force and rate of turn.
 * 22.2.12
 * Describe the trig functions for the sine, cosine and tangent of an angle.
 * 22.2.14
 * Describe the moment of a force, and the moment of a couple.
 * 22.2.16
 * Describe the conditions required for translational equilibrium and for

rotational equilibrium.
 * 22.2.18
 * Explain the meaning of centre of gravity (centre of mass).
 * 22.2.20
 * Explain the meanings of work, power and energy; and describe kinetic energy

and potential energy.
 * Page 71

Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 70 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.2.22 Interpret simple graphs.

22.4: The Atmosphere
22.4.2 Explain the air density, and describe the effect of temperature, pressure and humidity on atmospheric density. 22.4.4 Describe the normal changes in pressure, temperature and density with increased altitude in the atmosphere. 22.4.6 State the ISA sea-level pressure and temperature conditions, and the approximate lapse rates in the lower atmosphere. 22.4.8 Describe the approximate altitude bands in which atmospheric pressure and density are reduced to 75, 50 and 25% of their normal sea level values. 22.4.10 Explain the meaning of density altitude (DA) and, in broad terms, the effect of pressure, temperature and humidity on DA and thus aerodynamic and engine performance. 22.4.12 Explain the term viscosity, when related to air.

22.6: Basic Aerodynamic Theory
22.6.2 Describe the terms freestream static pressure, dynamic pressure (including the term ½ρV²) and total (or pitot) pressure. 22.6.4 Explain the principle of airspeed indication, and indicate the relationship between indicated, calibrated, equivalent and true airspeeds (IAS, CAS, EAS, and TAS). 22.6.6 With respect to aerofoils, describe the meanings of the following terms: section, leading edge, trailing edge, chord, chord line, thickness, thickness/chord ratio, camber. 22.6.7 Distinguish between high-lift, general purpose (GP) and high-speed aerofoil sections. 22.6.8 Define relative airflow and angle of attack (α). 22.6.10 State Bernoulli’s theorem in simple terms, and describe streamline flow, turbulent flow, and the application of Bernoulli’s theorem to the streamline flow around an aerofoil. 22.6.12 Describe a venturi and explain venturi effect. 22.6.14 Explain the changes to the airflow and pressure distribution around a typical aerofoil in a low- subsonic speed airflow as α is increased from the zero-lift angle to beyond the stalling angle. 22.6.16 Explain the terms upwash and downwash in an airflow. 22.6.18 Explain the term centre of pressure (CP); and describe typical movement of Page 72 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 71 Sub Topic Syllabus Item the CP with increasing angle of attack (α). 22.6.20 Define the total aerodynamic reaction force (TR) of an aerofoil; 22.6.22 Describe how TR varies with increasing angle of attack (α). 22.6.24 Define the TR components lift and drag.

22.8: Lift
22.8.2 Identify the factors affecting lift (low-subsonic speed airflow). 22.8.4 State the lift formula, and the three basic functions contained within it. 22.8.6 Describe the meaning of the term, coefficient of lift (CL). 22.8.8 Given a typical CL versus α curve for a GP-type aerofoil, identify: (a) the zero lift angle; (b) the angle for maximum CL (CLmax). 22.8.10 Explain the meaning of a high CLmax. 22.8.12 With respect to the CL curve, describe the effect of: (a) increased camber; (b) surface roughness (e.g. contamination). 22.8.14 Describe three-dimensional flow over a wing and explain how wingtip and trailing edge vortices are formed. 22.8.16 Explain the effect of induced downwash on α. 22.8.18 Define aspect ratio (AR) and describe the effect of AR on CL.

22.10: Drag
22.10.2 Identify and explain the components of total drag. 22.10.4 Explain the term boundary layer. 22.10.6 Describe: (a) laminar boundary layer flow; (b) turbulent boundary layer flow; (c) transition point. 22.10.8 Explain skin-friction drag and state the factors affecting it. Page 73 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 72 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.10.10 Explain form drag and state the factors affecting it. 22.10.12 Describe the effect of streamlining in reducing form drag. 22.10.14 Describe interference drag and the measures for reducing it. 22.10.16 Explain the origin of induced drag; and (a) list the factors affecting it; (b) explain typical measures for reducing it. 22.10.18 State the meaning of the term coefficient of drag (CD); and describe the main features of a typical curve of CD versus α. 22.10.20 State the drag formula, and the three basic functions contained within it. 22.10.22 Describe typical curves of induced drag, all other drag, and total drag versus IAS in straight and level flight. 22.10.24 From information provided or a diagram identify the speed for minimum drag and maximum lift/drag ratio. 22.10.26 Distinguish between graphs for CD and total drag. 22.10.28 Explain a typical graph for lift/drag (L/D) ratio versus α. 22.10.30 Explain from a typical graph the most efficient angle of attack, the zero lift position, and the stalling angle.

22.12: Lift Augmentation
22.12.2 Explain the basic purpose of lift augmentation devices. 22.12.4 Explain the basic principles of trailing and leading-edge flaps. 22.12.6 Explain the effects of lowering trailing edge flap on; CL, CD, L/D ratio, CP movement, angle-of-attack and nose attitude. 22.12.8 Distinguish between the effects of lowering leading-edge flap on angle-of- attack, nose attitude and movement of the CP with those of trailing-edge flap. 22.12.10 Given a description or diagram identify the main types of trailing-edge flap and compare their relative performance (in generating lift and drag). 22.12.12 Given a description or diagram identify the main types of leading-edge flap. 22.12.14 Explain the basic principles of slats and slots. 22.12.16 Explain the effect of operating leading-edge slats on CL, stalling angle and nose attitude. Page 74 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 73 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.12.18 Show understanding of the theory of spoilers and give examples of their use.

22.14: Flight Controls
22.14.2 Identify the three aircraft axes, movement about those axes, and primary flight controls. 22.14.4 Explain how control in pitch, roll, and yaw is achieved. 22.14.6 Identify and explain: (a) the secondary effect of aileron; (b) adverse yaw and methods used to counteract it; (c) the secondary effect of rudder. 22.14.8 Describe the effects of airspeed and slipstream on control effectiveness. 22.14.10 Explain the basic principles of trim tabs, and describe the correct method of using trim controls. 22.14.12 Explain the reason for aerodynamic balancing of control surfaces. 22.14.14 Describe the main methods for achieving control balance. 22.14.16 Differentiate between a balance tab and an anti-balance tab. 22.14.18 Explain the purpose for mass balancing. 22.14.20 Describe and explain flexural and torsional flutter. 22.14.22 Describe the methods of providing mass balance.

22.16: Stalling and Spinning
22.16.2 Explain the stalled condition of an aerofoil. 22.16.4 Explain basic stall speed and relate it to the lift formula. 22.16.6 Describe typical symptoms and other indications of the approach to the stall. 22.16.8 Describe the changes in the airflow over the wing, movement of the CP, and aircraft attitude as the point of stall is reached. 22.16.10 Explain the standard recovery from the stalled condition. 22.16.12 Describe how the following factors affect stalling speed: (a) aircraft weight; (b) load factor; (c) power; Page 75 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 74 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (d) altitude; (e) the use of flaps and slats; (f) contamination of the wing surfaces. 22.16.14 Describe the conditions which encourage a wing-drop at the stall. 22.16.16 Explain the design measures taken to reduce the tendency for wing-drop. 22.16.18 Explain the caution against using aileron near or at the stalling angle. 22.16.20 Describe the standard technique for recovery: (a) from a stall which has resulted in a wing-drop; (b) at the onset of the stall. 22.16.22 Explain the process of autorotation (leading to the spin). 22.16.24 Describe the characteristics of the upright spin, and explain: (a) the instrument indications which confirm the fact and direction of a spin; (b) the difference between the spin and spiral dive; (c) the standard recovery technique.

22.18: Straight and Level Flight
22.18.2 Explain the four forces acting and the conditions required for steady straight and level flight. 22.18.4 For a conventional aeroplane configuration, describe: (a) the lift/weight and thrust/drag couples; (b) pitching moments and the tailplane stabilising moment; (c) pitching moments caused by power changes, undercarriage and flap extension. 22.18.6 Explain the power and attitude relationships at various airspeeds in straight and level flight. 22.18.8 For unaccelerated level flight: (a) state the power required formula (power = drag x TAS); (b) explain the difference between the drag curve and the power required curve; (c) distinguish between the minimum drag speed and the minimum power speed. Page 76 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 75 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.18.10 Given typical power available and power required curves, explain: (a) the maximum and minimum speeds for level flight; (b) the effects of increased weight and altitude.

22.20: Climbing and Descending
22.20.2 Identify the forces acting in a steady climb. 22.20.4 Given typical power required and power available curves, explain: (a) how a curve of excess power available (EP) can be derived; (b) where the speeds for maximum rate of climb, and maximum angle of climb occur on the EP curve. 22.20.6 State what the Vx and Vy speeds are and differentiate between these speeds and the normal climb speed. 22.20.8 Define absolute ceiling and service ceiling. 22.20.10 Explain the factors affecting climb performance (power applied, airspeed, flap and/or undercarriage extension, weight, altitude, temperature, manoeuvring, and wind - in relation to net flight path). 22.20.12 Identify the forces acting in a glide and a steady power-on descent. 22.20.14 Explain the connection between L/D ratio, glide angle, airspeed and gliding range. 22.20.16 Describe the effect of: (a) weight on glide angle and best glide speed; (b) wind on net flight path.

22.22: Turning
22.22.2 Explain how the required turning (centripetal) force is generated. 22.22.4 Define load factor. 22.22.6 Describe how load factor increases with bank angle. 22.22.8 Explain the connection between load factor and percentage increase in stalling speed. 22.22.10 Explain the factors affecting rate and radius of turn. 22.22.12 Explain the conditions for a maximum rate/minimum radius turn. 22.22.14 Explain the effect of wind during: Page 77 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 76 Sub Topic Syllabus Item (a) a constant-bank turn; (b) a constant-radius turn around a ground feature. 22.22.16 In climbing and descending turns, describe: (a) the effect on rate of climb/descent; (b) the tendency to overbank/underbank. 22.22.18 Describe the forces acting during a manoeuvre in the looping plane; and 22.22.20 Identify the factors affecting the radius of a looping manoeuvre. 22.22.22 Describe design manoeuvre speed (Va) and explain the features of a typical V- n (or V-g) diagram.

22.24: Propellers
22.24.2 Define blade face, blade angle, pitch (or helix) angle, helical twist, angle of attack. 22.24.4 Describe the forces acting on a propeller blade; the rpm/airspeed relationship; and the most effective blade sections. 22.24.6 Explain how propeller pitch affects efficiency at different speeds. 22.24.8 Explain the purpose of the constant-speed (variable pitch) propeller. 22.24.10 Describe in broad terms the operation of the constant speed unit (CSU) with changes in power setting and airspeed. 22.24.12 Describe the correct procedure for handling manifold pressure and propeller controls. 22.24.14 Describe the forces acting on a propeller when: (a) windmilling; (b) feathered; (c) in reverse thrust. 22.24.16 Explain propeller centrifugal and aerodynamic twisting moments. 22.24.18 Describe asymmetric blade effect. 22.24.20 Explain the terms power absorption and propeller solidity.

22.26: Stability
22.26.2 Explain static stability and dynamic stability. 22.26.4 Differentiate between stability and controllability. Page 78 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 77 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.26.6 Define longitudinal stability and explain: (a) the action of the tailplane in maintaining longitudinal stability; (b) wing pitching moments; (c) the effect of CG position. 22.26.8 Define directional stability and explain the factors affecting it. 22.26.10 Define lateral stability and explain the factors affecting it (dihedral, shielding, wing position, keel surface/fin area, sweepback). 22.26.12 Explain the requirement to match lateral and directional stability. 22.26.14 Explain the conditions of spiral instability, dutch roll, and snaking. 22.26.16 With respect to stability and control on the ground, explain: (a) the importance of CG position; (b) the differences between nosewheel and tailwheel configurations; (c) handling of controls in strong crosswinds. 22.26.18 For a single-engine propeller aircraft, explain the factors affecting swing on take-off. 22.26.20 Describe cross-wind take-off and landing techniques. 22.26.22 Explain ground effect, and relate it to take-off and landing.

22.28: Asymmetric Flight
22.28.2 Explain the consideration involved in coping with asymmetric thrust/drag and reduced power. 22.28.4 Explain the factors affecting yawing and rolling moments. 22.28.6 Define critical engine. 22.28.8 Recall immediate actions and techniques for identifying the failed engine. 22.28.10 Explain the three modes of constant-heading asymmetric flight. 22.28.12 Define Vmca and Vmcg.

22.30: Range and Endurance
22.30.2 Define specific air range (SAR) and specific fuel consumption (SFC). 22.30.4 State the general conditions for achieving maximum SAR. 22.30.6 Explain the airframe and engine considerations of flying for range (piston engine). Page 79 Advisory Circular AC 61-1.5 Revision 13 15 December 2006 CAA of NZ 78 Sub Topic Syllabus Item 22.30.8 Apply performance tables or graphs from an aircraft manual to determine best SAR under given conditions. 22.30.10 Define flying for endurance and differentiate between range flying and endurance flying (piston engine). 22.30.12 State the factors affecting endurance and explain practical endurance flying techniques.

22.32: Performance
22.32.2 Define: (a) Take-off distance required (TODR), take-off safety speed, and screen height (or barrier); (b) Take-off distance available (TODA) and clearway; (c) Take-off run available (TORA); (d) Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) and stopway; (e) Gradient and gross and net flight paths; (f) Landing distance available (LDA), landing distance required (LDR) and landing threshold; (g) Dry, wet, and contaminated (in relation to runway surface); (h) Drift down. 22.32.4 Explain the factors affecting take-off and landing performance. 22.32.6 Given an elevation, QNH and ambient temperature, calculate pressure altitude and density altitude. 22.32.8 Express an ambient temperature as a deviation from ISA temperature (and vice versa). 22.32.10 Demonstrate an ability to use wind-component graphs, and to apply runway slope and surface correction factors. 22.32.12 Demonstrate an ability to calculate take-off and landing performance in accordance with CAR Part 135 Subpart D using representative aeroplane take- off and landing performance charts (P-charts). 22.32.14 Demonstrate an ability to calculate en-route engine inoperative performance using a representative single-engine service ceiling graph.


text:
Southeast Asian Languages/Bahasa Indonesia

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The Bahasa Indonesia Department

Welcome! Selamat Datang!
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Bahasa Indonesia 1
Bahasa Indonesia 1 is a course offered by the Division of Southeast Asian Languages in which students are introduced to simple vocabulary, phrases, and elementary grammatical structures of the language.

Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a nation of 17,508 islands in the South East Asian archipelago, making it the world's largest archipelagic state. With a population of over 200 million, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation. Indonesia is the world's third largest democracy after India and the USA. Its capital is Jakarta and it shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia.

The Indonesian Archipelago, home of the Spice Islands, has been an important trade destination since Chinese sailors first profited from the spice trade in ancient times. Indonesia's history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to the archipelago by its wealth of natural resources; Indian-influenced Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished, Muslim traders who spread Islam in medieval times, and Europeans during the Age of Exploration, who fought for monopolization of the spice trade. Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for over three centuries; however, the nation declared its independence in 1945, which was internationally recognized four years later. Indonesia's post-independence history has been turbulent, with political instability and corruption, periods of rapid economic growth and decline, environmental catastrophe, and a recent democratization process.

Indonesia is a unitary state consisting of numerous distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups spread across its numerous islands. A shared history of colonialism, rebellion against it, a national language, and a Muslim majority population help to define Indonesia as a state. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in diversity", derived from Old Javanese), reflects the amalgamation of a myriad cultures, languages, and ethnic groups that shape every aspect of the country. Sectarian tensions, however, have threatened political stability in some regions, leading to violent confrontations.

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Lessons

 * Lesson #1 : How to pronounce the sounds in Bahasa Indonesia?
 * Lesson #2 :  Introducing Yourself
 * Lesson #3 :  Counting
 * Lesson #4 :  What is this?
 * Lesson #5 :  Names of the Days
 * }