text:
Template:Rndpad

0. If amount exceeds - 85 billion or rounding exceeds 100-thousands (< -5) then - this template invokes Template:Rnd & allows scientific - notation for amounts above 85 billion. Otherwise, it rounds - amounts very quicky, using only the 1 subtemplate , - which ensures pad with trailing zeros in decimals (x.x00). - The expansion depth is 4 of the 40 expansion depth limit, - for amounts < 85 billion. - - NOTE L1: The limit to upper rounding is -11 for hundreds of -  billions. The max number to still allow padded end-zeroes -  "000" is 85 billion, due to scientific notation being shown -  for the upper half of the digits when more than 85 billion. -  Numbers >99,999 are split by modulo: {1} round {2} mod 1E5. - - NOTE N2: For smaller numbers & {2} < 1, will use -- template  to pad any trailing decimal zeroes. -- But, for amounts over 85 billion, using  will -  invoke up to 9 subtemplates, among the following: -      Template:Order_of_magnitude (view source) (protected) -      Template:Order_of_magnitude/x (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/- (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/b1 (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/b-1 (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/c6dec0 (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/c8dec0 (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/d (view source) (protected) -      Template:Rnd/e+ (view source) (protected) -  Those subtemplates might exceed the template-nesting limit, -  such as inside nested infoboxes with 3-level nested-if -  expressions (assuming limit of 40 nested if-expressions). - - NOTE F3: The adjustment adds 0.000000001 to fix floor(x). -  The math function floor(x) experiences a bug whenever -  numbers are close to a whole digit, yet floor to 1 less: -   = 2 -   but floor ( (round)/100000) = 1. -  Even though an amount rounded -5 as 200 thousand & divided -  by 100 thousand, shows as "2", floor of that can be "1". -  That is why 1E-9 (0.000000001) is added to fix floor(x). -  Exact: 2 - (180333 round -5)/10E5 = 2.2204460492503E-16 - - NOTE R4: Rounding by a rounded count: Parentheses are used -  around the round-digit count to allow an expression, such -  as "" to be a rounded count. The -  parentheses ensure the "round 0" will apply to 0.5 as 1, -  rather than have 0.5 enter into the nearby calculation, as -   "4.16 round 0.5 round 0" versus "4.16 round (0.5 round 0)". -  Otherwise, the 1st round has precedence: "4.16 round 0.5". - -============================================================= -HISTORY: -11Mar10 Created to round to 10 billion as 10 digits, pad end 0. -11Mar10 Put NOTES comments to explain template coding. -11Mar10 Put HISTORY comments to log major changes. -11Mar10 Changed to use {rnd} when round less than -4. -11Mar10 Changed to round 11-digit form, up to 85 billion. -20Nov10 Changed to allow round -5 up to xx,951,000 of million. -11Jan11 Fixed rounded-up portions >999,999 to use. -11Jan11 Fixed to split digits >99,999 only after rounding. -11Jan11 Fixed to put 5 zeroes if any portion rounds > 99,999. -11Jan11 Fixed to put 5 zeroes if rounding count < -4. -11Jan11 Fixed floor(x) math bug by adding 1E-9 (0.000000001). -16Jan11 Fixed for negative exponents, abs(x) < 0.0000001. -18Jan11 Removed use of {formatnum:} to avoid commas. -19Jan11 Put many parentheses "" to round by an expression. -20Jan11 Put #expr in {rnd/-} parms to cut argument size 60%. -18Feb11 Fixed for whole billions to allow round -6 to -11. -20Feb11 Numbers >99,999 are split by: {1} round {2} mod 1E5. -20Feb11 Fixed rounding bug by: ({1} round {2})+1E-9 mod 1E5. -20Feb11 Fixed whole 100-thousands "00000" by rounding first. -20Feb11 Used quick {doc_short} rather than {documentation}. - -->

title: Template:Rndpad


text:
Template:Rndpad/doc

The rounding routine Template:Rndpad can round up to 85 billion as 11-digit format, with decimals padded by trailing zeroes, when the round setting > -11, but can display scientific notation above 85 billion (8.5E+10) for any number of digits.

Usage

 * → 7.6
 * → 7002
 * → 9730071000
 * → 9730070681.4500
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →

Detailed examples

 * Examples of rounding to each of 6-12 digits:
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →

Technical issues
The Template:Rndpad avoids subtemplates when rounding to whole integer amounts, and uses only one subtemplate, rnd/-, when rounding decimal portions of numbers below 85 billion. In those cases, the internal markup coding is nested only 3 levels deep, of nested-if expressions. However, for numbers over 85 billion, up to 8 subtemplates are invoked, and the nesting level can be more than 12 levels deep. Inside a single page, invoking rndpad uses only 1 level of nesting, so an if-expression could be nested 39 levels deep, and then invoke rndpad as the 40th-level of nesting. However, inside an infobox, the depth-limit message might be announced as "Expansion depth limit exceeded" at 41 levels.

Internally, {Rndpad} uses math function floor(x) or "x mod n" to truncate decimal digits; however, to bypass a system-math bug, the template adds 1E-9 (x+0.000000001) to the amount before using floor(x) or "x mod n". If that math bug is fixed, the result should still calculate correctly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Rndpad/doc


text:
Template:Rnd/e+

× 10 undefined

title: Template:Rnd/e+


text:
Template:Rnd/e+/doc

This is a subtemplate of rnd. It displays large numbers using scientific notation. It takes three parameters. It calls rnd/- with as parameters the significand and the number of decimals of the significand to be displayed, to add trailing zeros.
 * 1) the number to be displayed
 * 2) the precision to which it is to be displayed to
 * 3) the order of magnitude

It's also used by rndnear.

title: Template:Rnd/e+/doc


text:
Template:Rnd/e−

× 10 −

title: Template:Rnd/e−


text:
Template:Rnd/e−/doc

This is a subtemplate of rnd. It displays small numbers using scientific notation. It takes three parameters. It calls rnd/- with as parameters the significand and the number of decimals of the significand to be displayed, to add trailing zeros.
 * 1) the number to be displayed
 * 2) the precision to which it is to be displayed to
 * 3) the order of magnitude

It's also used by rndnear.

title: Template:Rnd/e−/doc


text:
Template:E/doc

The e and 10^ templates are intended to facilitate and make uniform scientific notation numbers. The 10^ template works exactly as described below except that it does not generate a multiplication (“×”) symbol.

Basic usage
To render 3.14 × 10−12, instead of writing 3.14&nbsp;×&nbsp;10&minus;12 you can write 3.14:

Delimitation
The template uses the delimitation logic of the val template. That is, typing 1.2 will produce a delimited exponent (1.2). See  to turn this off.

Text and number recognition
By default, the template recognizes both text and numbers. That is, typing 3.14 will produce 3.14, with the proper minus sign (−), rather than with a hyphen (-). However, typing A will produce A since BC is not a number. In those cases, you need to write A to produce the correct A.

A minus sign also has to be provided for cases like 1.2 (1.2).

Explicit plus sign
To explicitly display the + character, write 1.2 which will produce 1.2.

Forcing text display
To force the template to display the input as text, and forgo the automatic delimitation and the recognition of the hyphen as a minus sign, write 1.2, which will display 1.2 × 10-42342 instead of 1.2. This can also be used as an alternative to explicitly display the plus sign (1.2 gives 1.2), but remember that you also lose delimitation if you do it this way.

title: Template:E/doc


title: Template:Xpd5op3c


text:
User talk:Clarkcj12

 Hello Clarkcj12, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 20:07, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Clarkcj12


text:
Template:Xpd5op3c/doc

Usage
See m:Help:Expansion demo templates.

title: Template:Xpd5op3c/doc


text:
Template:10^

10

title: Template:10^


text: Template:Order of magnitude

title: Template:Order of magnitude


text:
Template:Order of magnitude/doc

Usage
This template calculates the (decimal) order of magnitude of numbers within the ranges 10300 to 10−300 and −10−300 to −10300.

The acceptable input and the output produced are optimised for use in other templates.
 * The hyphen (not a true minus sign) is used for negative numbers.
 * No separator is used for thousands.
 * The template gives 0 for 0. Although, strictly speaking, this is mathematically incorrect it has been designed this way so as to be more useful in other templates.  An important example of this is that when used by convert 0 °C or 0 °F is considered to be on the same order of magnitude as ±1 °C or ±1 °F respectively.

Incorrect usage
The input must be an unformatted number, or the template will emit errors:
 * → Expression error: Unexpected = operator
 * → Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character ","
 * → Expression error: Unrecognised word "foo"

title: Template:Order of magnitude/doc


text:
Template:Order of magnitude/x

The purpose of this subtemplate is to correct a rounding error caused by #expr.

title: Template:Order of magnitude/x


text: Template:Xpdoc

title: Template:Xpdoc


text:
Template:Xpdoc/doc

"" [}]

title: Template:Xpdoc/doc


text:
Template:Max/2

2-parameter version

title: Template:Max/2


title: Template:Max/3


text: Template:Min

title: Template:Min


text:
Template:Min/doc

Evaluates and returns the minimum of a list of numeric values (with up to 3 parameters). The parameters can be numeric expressions that will be evaluated. Empty or missing parameters are ignored.

Usage

 * Syntax :
 * 0

 * Examples :
 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0
 * -7 → -7
 * -7 → -7
 * -5 → -5
 * -5 → -5
 * -8 → -8
 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0

title: Template:Min/doc


title: Template:Min/3


text:
Template:Min/2

2-parameter version

title: Template:Min/2


title: Template:Min/4


text:
Template:Min/12

0

title: Template:Min/12


text:
Template:Min/12/doc

Evaluates and returns the minimum of a list of up to twelve numeric values. The parameters can be numeric expressions that will be evaluated. Empty, missing, or skipped parameters are ignored.

 * Syntax :

 * Examples:

title: Template:Min/12/doc


text:
Template:Max/12

0

title: Template:Max/12


text:
Template:Max/12/doc

Evaluates and returns the maximum of a list of up to twelve numeric values. The parameters can be numeric expressions that will be evaluated. Empty, missing, or skipped parameters are ignored.

 * Syntax :

 * Examples:

title: Template:Max/12/doc


title: Template:Max/4


text: Template:Selfref

title: Template:Selfref


text: Template:Hatnote

title: Template:Hatnote


text:
Template:Selfref/doc

Usage
is a template that is used to mark pieces of text and links that wouldn't make sense on mirrors of Wikiversity: see Self-references to avoid.

In most cases, is used to create a disambiguation link to a page in the Wikiversity: namespace from article space; for instance, Objectivity could have a selfref link '  '. When using in this way, use the following format:

When using in this way, the text will be indented slightly and put in italics.

can also be used for any other text which shouldn't appear in mirrors (the mirrors can remove it by blanking in their copy, although not all of them do), without reformatting; to use it like this, place an extra vertical bar at the end of the template inclusion, like this:

or adding the word "inline" after a bar, like this:

This template should not be substituted.

title: Template:Selfref/doc


text:
Template:Precision/2010

Called by

title: Template:Precision/2010


text: Template:Lt

title: Template:Lt


text: Template:Precision/a

title: Template:Precision/a


text:
Template:Precision/a/doc

Usage
The subtemplate is called by precision (the main template page). This main page will have determined whether the input is in the form of a fraction or decimal/integer.
 * For fractional input it returns the base ten logarithm of the numerator.
 * Other wise it determines whether the input is a decimal or integer and calls either precision/1 or precision/0 accordingly.

title: Template:Precision/a/doc


text:
Template:Precision

<!--endexpr# (close paren.) -- -- --NOTES: --   [ These comments are skipped by and not send --     inside formatted Internet pages, only during edit. ] -- --NOTE A1: This template determines the precision of decimals --    by counting the length of the numeric string (in a --     #switch comparing lengths of padded strings), then --    subtracting integer length, minus the decimal point, --    and minus 1 if negative. For integers, 1 place is --    subtracted for each trailing 0 on the integer. --    For fractions, any prior count is cleared x 0, then --    size is logarithm of denominator divided by logn 10: --    (..prior...)*0 + floor(logn denom / logn 10 - .01) + 1. -- --NOTE D2: The check, for whole integers, compares the amount --    versus appending "0" at the end: when the amount is a --     decimal, then the value is unchanged by appending 0 at --     the end: so 5.23 = 5.230 is true, whereas for whole --    integers, it would be: 5 = 50 as false, due to values --    becoming n*10 for integer n. So, for integer n, the --    check rejects: n = n0 as false; hence n is integer. -- --NOTE M3: The magnitude of the integer portion is calculated --    by logarithm of the floor of absolute value (divided by --     natural logarithm of 10 to adjust for e=2.71828*), --    as: ln (floor( abs )+0.99 )/ln10 --    Function floor(x) trims the decimal part, to leave the --    whole count: 0-9 yield 0, 10-19 as 1, 1000-1999 as 3. --    The abs(x) avoids floor of negatives, floor(-0.1)= -1, --    hence using abs(x) ensures -0.1 floors to 0 not -1. --    Near zero, the +0.99 avoids invalid log of 0, but does --    not round-up any decimals, already floored as nnn.00. --    Complexity is 6 operations: floor of abs( {1} ) +0.99 --    then logn div logn10, then floor that logarithm ratio. --    Decimals -1 < x < 1 yield -1, avoiding log 0.001 = -3. -- --NOTE N4: Nesting of if-else and nested templates is kept to --    a minimum, due to the MediaWiki 1.6 limit of 40 levels --    of if-logic for all nested templates used together. --    Template {ordomag} was omitted to avoid 2 more levels --    of nested templates. Template {Precision} had 8 levels, --    and this template was trimmed to only 5 levels. -- --NOTE S5: The #switch is run with "x" prepended in front of --    the amount, otherwise a #switch will compare as numeric --    where 2 would match "2.0" even though "2" is length 1. --    So "x2" won't match "x2.0" in non-numeric comparison. --    The #switch will exit on the first match, so smaller --    lengths are compared first, to avoid extra comparisons --    for more rare, longer numeric strings up to 41 long. -- --NOTE W6: The check for integers with whole end-zeroes uses --    typical n=n/10*10, for each power of 10, where whole --    millions match: --    Previously, {Precision} had tried to use "round" to --     detect end-zeroes but "round" loses precision at -5, --    so, n00000 round -5 differs from n00000 slightly, and --    comparisons to exact rounded amounts failed to match --    some numbers when 6 or more zeroes "n000000". -- --NOTE Z7: The check on zero for any .00000 compares adding 1 --    to the amount, versus appending "1" at the end: if the --    amount is a decimal, then adding 1 will be larger than --    appending 1 at the end: 0.00 + 1 > 0.001, whereas for --    whole zero, it would be: 0+1 > 01 as false, due to the --    value being the same. So, for integer 0, the check --    rejects: 0+1 > 01 as false; hence whole 0 is integer. -- -- WARNING: *** DO NOT DELETE COMMENTS FROM THIS TEMPLATE *** --     Unless these comments are readily available, people --     might tinker with the coding (or rename templates), --     in hopes to clarify operation because these comments --     were not nearby to explain the issues. Having these --     comments only on a doc-page increases the danger of --      explanations no longer matching the current coding. --     UPDATE these comments to match changes to the template. --     UPDATE the HISTORY during major changes (not typos). -- -- --HISTORY: --15Aug10 Created to get precision even if large or negative. --15Aug10 Put NOTES comments to explain template coding. --15Aug10 Put HISTORY comments to log major changes. --18Aug10 Fixed to handle zero: 0 as 0, 0.000 as 3, etc. --04Sep10 Fixed to handle decimals between 0~1 (by round 0). --04Sep10 Updated NOTES to explain the check appending 0 or 1. --03Jan11 Fix integer end-zeroes: 50 as -1, 500 as -2, 5000 -3. --03Jan11 Omit {Order of Magnitude} for 2 levels less nesting. --03Jan11 Omit {Str_len} for 8 fewer levels of 40-nest limit. --03Jan11 Put "noinclude" around all inter-line HTML comments. --03Jan11 Allow fraction "/": floor(ln denom/ln 10 -.01)+1. --08Feb11 Fixed to not count minus sign on negative integers. --08Feb11 Extended to handle integers with 14 end-zeroes "0". --08Feb11 Ordered length-search by most-likely (rarely 1 or 2). --10Feb11 Re-added NOTES/HISTORY to explain logic & changes. --22Jun11 Move to Precision: no need to keep all three. --22Jun11 No rounding up for fractions (i.e. ln denom/ln 10) -- -->

title: Template:Precision


text:
Template:Precision/doc

The Template:Precision determines the precision (as a count of decimal digits) for any amount, large or negative, using a fast algorithm. It can also handle a trailing decimal point (such as "15." or "-41.") or trailing zeroes (such as "15.34000" having precision as 5 decimal digits). For fractional input it returns the base ten logarithm of the numerator.

Known bugs

 * For numbers in scientific notation, the precision is typically returned as too low by 1 decimal place. Example: 8 → 8 (should be precision as 4 decimal digits, not 3).
 * Large numbers are limited to 11 trailing zeroes, so even larger numbers still report precision as being -11, such as 9 trillion: {{precision|9000000000000}} → -12 (should be: -12).

Technical notes

 * NOTE A1: This template determines the precision of decimals by counting the length of the numeric string (in a #switch comparing lengths of padded strings), then subtracting integer length, minus the decimal point, and minus 1 if negative. For integers, 1 place is subtracted for each trailing 0 on the integer. For fractions, any prior count is cleared x 0, then returns the base ten logarithm of denominator: (..prior...)*0 + (ln denom / ln 10).
 * NOTE D2: The check, for whole integers, compares the amount versus appending "0" at the end: when the amount is a decimal, then the value is unchanged by appending 0 at the end: so 5.23 = 5.230 is true, whereas for whole integers, it would be: 5 = 50 as false, due to values becoming n*10 for integer n. So, for integer n, the check rejects: n = n0 as false; hence n is integer.
 * NOTE M3: The magnitude of the integer portion is calculated by logarithm of the floor of absolute value (divided by natural logarithm of 10 to adjust for e=2.71828*), as: ln (floor( abs )+0.99 )/ln10 Function floor(x) trims the decimal part, to leave the whole count: 0-9 yield 0, 10-19 as 1, 1000-1999 as 3. The abs(x) avoids floor of negatives, floor(-0.1)= -1, hence using abs(x) ensures -0.1 floors to 0 not -1. Near zero, the +0.99 avoids invalid log of 0, but does not round-up any decimals, already floored as nnn.00. Complexity is 6 operations: floor of abs( {1} ) +0.99 then log10x (lnx ÷ ln10), then floor that logarithm ratio. Decimals -1 < x < 1 yield -1, avoiding log 0.001 = -3.
 * NOTE N4: Nesting of if-else and nested templates is kept to a minimum, due to the MediaWiki 1.6 limit of 40 levels of if-logic for all nested templates used together. Template {ordomag} was omitted to avoid 2 more levels of nested templates. Template {Precision} had 8 levels, and this template was trimmed to only 5 levels.
 * NOTE S5: The #switch is run with "x" prepended in front of the amount, otherwise a #switch will compare as numeric where "2" would match "2.0" even though "2" is length 1 so "x2" no longer matches with "x2.0" as non-numeric. The #switch will exit on the first match, so smaller lengths are compared first, to avoid extra comparisons for more rare, longer numeric strings up to 41 long.
 * NOTE W6: The check for integers with whole end-zeroes uses typical n=n/10*10, for each power of 10, where whole millions match: Previously, {Precision} had tried to use "round" to detect end-zeroes but "round" loses precision at -5, so, n00000 round -5 differs from n00000 slightly, and comparisons to exact rounded amounts failed to match some numbers when 6 or more zeroes "n000000".
 * NOTE Z7: The check on zero for any .00000 compares adding 1 to the amount, versus appending "1" at the end: if the amount is a decimal, then adding 1 will be larger than appending 1 at the end: 0.00 + 1 > 0.001, whereas for whole zero, it would be: 0+1 > 01 as false, due to the value being the same. So, for integer 0, the check rejects: 0+1 > 01 as false; hence whole 0 is integer.

title: Template:Precision/doc


title: Template:Precision1


text:
Template:Precision1/doc

precision1 is very similar to precision, but the output range is only 0 to 6. Thus the functionality of is a subset of the functionality of  but the advantage is that the template code is much shorter. It is useful when one has to be cautious of template limits.

title: Template:Precision1/doc


text: Template:Template example row

title: Template:Template example row


text:
Template:Template example row/doc

This template generates a table of examples for use in template documentation.

Usage
It doesn't support named arguments to the example template yet.

title: Template:Template example row/doc


text: Template:TemplatePAGENAME

title: Template:TemplatePAGENAME


text:
Template:TemplatePAGENAME/doc

undefined inserts the name of the template currently being documented. It is equivalent to either {{PAGENAME}} or {{BASEPAGENAME}} depending on whether the currently viewed page is the documentation subpage or the template itself (which presumably transcludes the documentation subpage via template doc).

title: Template:TemplatePAGENAME/doc


text:
Template:Convert/+/-

0

The Template:Convert/+/- (for ranges using "+/-") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|+/-|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|±|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|+/-|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/+/-


text:
Template:Precision/0

Calls either precision/00 or precision/01

title: Template:Precision/0


text:
Template:Precision/01

Called by

title: Template:Precision/01


text:
Template:Precision/00

-(=round-5)-(=round-4)-(=round-3)-(=round-2)-(=round-1) Called by

title: Template:Precision/00


text:
Template:Convert/-

The Template:Convert/- (for ranges using "-") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|-|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|-|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|-|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/-


text:
Template:Convert/3

undefined undefinedundefined undefinedundefined undefined

title: Template:Convert/3


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDunitSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDunitSoff


text:
Template:Convert/test/Adef

empty

title: Template:Convert/test/Adef


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDoutput number onlySoff


text: Template:Convert/Numout

title: Template:Convert/Numout


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutput onlySoff


text: Template:Convert/valout/LoffAonSoff

title: Template:Convert/valout/LoffAonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/test/Aon

This is a testing subtemplate.

title: Template:Convert/test/Aon


text:
Template:Convert/3/doc

The converter Template:Convert/3 will convert 3 amounts at once, allowing a mix of different range words between the 3 amounts. However, all 3 amounts are treated as the same unit type. The output unit must be specified, or put "0" for the default output unit.

Usage

The template has the same parameters as Template:Convert, and so it allows abbreviation abbr=in or abbr=out or abbr=none, wikilinks lk=in or lk=out, and adjective mode adj=on. The separator can also be a semicolon: disp=semi, disp=semicolon, disp=or, disp=comma & disp=b (default parentheses). Using optional parameter "warn=yes" will warn when the separator is an unusual word (other than: to, by, and, or, -, +/-, x, xx or comma).

Examples
The following examples show a mixture of "by" & "x" or "to" in some conversions:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:
 * gives:

 * gives:

The range-words are: to, by, and, or, -, +/-, x, xx & comma. Display types: disp=comma, disp=semi, disp=or, disp=s, disp=2 (or disp=out), disp=# (or disp=number) and disp=b. The results are identical to using Template:Convert for each amount individually.

title: Template:Convert/3/doc


title: Template:In5


text:
Template:In5/doc

The indenter Template:in5 indents text by 5 spaces or the count specified by parameter 1 (range: 1 to 50 spaces).

 * Usage:        <--indents by 5 spaces
 * Usage:            <--indents by 8 spaces
 * Usage:          <--indents by 47

Spaces outside the double braces will add an extra space on either side, such as the 12 spaces inserted by:.

NOTE: The name "in5" was chosen because other names were debated, such as the name "in" being redefined as 6 different uses.

Examples
The following are examples showing larger amounts of spacing:
 * Example 1: xx    yy      zz, produces: xx     yy     zz
 * Example 2: xx    yy      zz, produces: xx     yy     zz
 * Example 3: aa    bb      cc, produces: aa     bb     cc
 * Example 4: "32.0    "  produces: "32.0     "

The example 4 shows the ability to put trailing spaces, such as spaces after a number in a wikitable column (coded as: | 32.0     ). Typical numbers (with "align=right"), in a table column, often appear crowded at the right-hand side, so appending      can improve readability, in tables with lines between columns.

Universal template
This Template:in5 is intended as a universal template, with the same name on all Wikipedia sites. The name "in5" with the digit "5" is unlikely to conflict with other-language Wikipedias. Care must be taken not to name a universal template with a name that would be an awkward or peculiar word in the other languages. However, in some cases, a universal template might need a different name in a few conflicting languages.

Comparison with Template:spaces
There are other templates that insert spaces, although none had allowed 50 spaces. For example, the Template:spaces has had a limit of about 15 spaces (during 2009-2010): Again, using      reliably allows up to 50 spaces at a time.

Performance
Template      generates a mix of and spaces to avoid the space compression done by the MediaWiki parser. Each is stored inside the formatted page (such as seen by the browser option: >View>Source>). The output is optimized to be the shortest possible markup language for spaces, in a variety of different browsers.

Typically,      runs much faster than Template:spaces, generating 1/3 the markup per use (as 72% less text, over 50 fewer characters each time). Also,      allows 50 spaces, whereas      has been limited to 15 spaces during 2009-2010.

title: Template:In5/doc


text: Template:Spaces

title: Template:Spaces


text:
Template:Spaces/doc

Template to produce single or multiple non-breaking spaces (" "s). Uses loop15.

where the optional parameter N is the desired number of consecutive non-breaking spaces (numeric, with a range of 1 to 15).
 * Syntax :

produces a single non-breaking space. You may also use nbsp (which redirects to this template) as a shortcut for a single non-breaking space.

title: Template:Spaces/doc


text: Template:Pad

title: Template:Pad


text:
Template:Pad/doc

Usage
Use pad to insert a horizontally-padding HTML inline. The template takes one unnamed parameter; a width value specified in px, em or ex. The default is 1 em.

Examples
Indenting by 50 pixels (50px): this amount of space.
 * Indenting 50px causes
 * Indenting 50px causes

Width of a year-range (4.8em): Columbus & others.
 * 1492-1540 Exploration by
 * 1492-1540 Exploration by

For 1em and 6em: Produces:
 * This is a 1em padded sentence.
 * This is a 6em padded example.

title: Template:Pad/doc


text: Template:Tag

title: Template:Tag


text:
Template:Tag/doc

This template provides a quick way to mention an XML-style tag in a preformatted way. Mainly used in discussion/help pages.

Usage

 * first parameter — (mandatory) the name of the HTML tag
 * second parameter — what type of tag to display:
 * or  – (default) display a matched pair of open-and-close tags:
 * To suppress the ellipsis which appears between the tags, add an empty content parameter
 * or  – display only the opening tag of an open-and-close pair:
 * or  – display only the closing tag of an open-and-close pair:
 * or  – display a single tag:
 * content= — the text content of the tags
 * params= — any parameters to be included in the opening tag

Examples

 * →
 * →
 * → hello
 * → foo
 * → hello
 * → hello
 * → hello
 * → hello

title: Template:Tag/doc


text: Template:Xtag

title: Template:Xtag


text:
Template:Xtag/doc

Usage
This template adds a formatted MediaWiki parser or extension tag that links to the extension page. The only parameter is the name of the tag.

Parser and extension tags
The MediaWiki software adds elements that look and act like HTML tags. Parser tags are included in MediaWiki whereas extension tags are added by optional software extensions.

 * Parser tags :gallery, nowiki, pre, source

 * Extension tags :categorytree, charinsert, hiero, imagemap, inputbox, math, poem, ref, references, syntaxhighlight, timeline

title: Template:Xtag/doc


title: Template:Loop15


text:
Template:Loop15/doc

Fork of that repeats string up to 15 times.

title: Template:Loop15/doc


text:
Template:Tlb

Explanation
This template is a copy of tlxb except that it uses normal text instead of non-proportional, monospaced text:

I.e., it's a tl-style template-link tag that boldfaces the template name, and accepts parameters. It's main use is in distinguishing between multiple templates with similar names, in documentation, talk page discussions, etc.

The rest of the documentation is for tlx, which works the same way (although it doesn't currently behave sanely when no parameters are given; use tlu instead).

title: Template:Tlb


text: Template:Tlxb

title: Template:Tlxb


text: Template:Tlg

title: Template:Tlg


text:
Template:Tlg/doc

Explanation
( t emplate l ink, g eneral) is a general template for inserting a template link. It can be used to replace or implement any of the more specific  templates, e.g.,  or. Parameters are:
 * : Boldface the text, like for and
 * : Italicizes the parameters, like for
 * : Use a monospaced font, like for and
 * : Use the HTML attribute (usually a monospaced font), like for
 * : Don't insert a template link, like for, , and
 * : Allow linking to arbitrary page (not just template), as with
 * : Put braces inside the link, like for
 * : Add a subst: prefix, like for
 * : Specify alternative surface text for a link, like for

title: Template:Tlg/doc


text:
Template:!(

[

title: Template:!(


text:
Template:Loop/doc

This template is used to produce a simple loop that can repeat up to 150 times. It is not a real loop; it works by conditionally repeating the string. It is a simple version of For loop.

To use it, enter:

If string contains an equals sign, you must put "|2=string" instead of "|string".

Examples:

 * nnnn
 * nnnn

 * testtesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttest
 * testtesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttest

 * (the "2=" must be present)

 * 202420242024
 * 202420242024

title: Template:Loop/doc


title: Template:Xpdop3p3c


text:
Template:Xpdop3p3c/doc

See m:Help:Expansion demo templates.

title: Template:Xpdop3p3c/doc


text: Template:Convert/km

title: Template:Convert/km


text: Template:Convert/mi

title: Template:Convert/mi


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDunitSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDunitSoff


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDunitSon

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDunitSon


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutput onlySon

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutput onlySon


text:
Template:Convert/valout/LoffAonSon

-

title: Template:Convert/valout/LoffAonSon


text: Template:Convert/°C

title: Template:Convert/°C


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDoutput number onlySoffT


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutput onlySoffT


text: Template:Convert/°F

title: Template:Convert/°F


text: Template:Convert/NumoutT

title: Template:Convert/NumoutT


text: Template:Convert/LoffT

title: Template:Convert/LoffT


text:
Template:Convert/roundT0

0

title: Template:Convert/roundT0


text: Template:Convert/LonAoffDunitSoff

title: Template:Convert/LonAoffDunitSoff


text: Template:Convert/LonAonDoutput onlySoffT


text:
Template:Convert/LonT

|

title: Template:Convert/LonT


text:
Template:Convert/2

undefined undefinedundefined undefined

title: Template:Convert/2


text:
Template:Convert/2/doc

The converter Template:Convert/2 will convert 2 amounts at once, allowing any range words/text between the 2 amounts. However, both amounts are treated as the same unit type. The output unit must be specified, or put "0" for the default output unit.

 * Usage: {{convert/2 |5|by|6|m|ft}}
 * {{convert/2 |5|x|6|m|ft}}
 * {{convert/2 |5.5|up to|6|m|ft}}
 * {{convert/2 |15|rarely|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}

The template has the same parameters as Template:Convert, and so it allows abbreviation abbr=in or abbr=out or abbr=none, wikilinks lk=on, lk=in or lk=out, and adjective mode adj=on. The separator can also be a semicolon: disp=semi, disp=or, disp=comma, disp=x & disp=b (default parentheses). Using optional parameter "warn=yes" will warn when the separator is an unusual word (other than: to, by, and, or, -, +/-, x, xx or comma).

The following examples show various separator text, with p=2 to round the precision to 2 decimal places:
 * Examples
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →
 * →

The range-words are: to, by, and, or, -, +/-, x, xx & comma. Display types: disp=comma, disp=semi, disp=or, disp=s, disp=2 (or disp=out), disp=# (or disp=number), disp=x and disp=b. The results are identical to using Template:Convert for each amount individually.

title: Template:Convert/2/doc


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDnumberSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDnumberSoff


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSoff


text:
Template:Convert/pround

0

title: Template:Convert/pround


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSon

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSon


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDnumberSoffT

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDnumberSoffT


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSoffT

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDoutSoffT


text: Template:Convert/LonAonDoutSoffT

title: Template:Convert/LonAonDoutSoffT


text:
Template:Convert/4

undefined undefinedundefined undefinedundefined undefinedundefined undefined {| width=585px style="background:transparent;"
 * The converter Template:Convert/4 will convert 4 amounts at once, allowing a mix of different range words between the 4 amounts. However, all 4 amounts are treated as the same unit type. The output unit must be specified, or put "0" to default.
 * Usage:

The template has the same parameters as Template:Convert, and so it allows abbreviation abbr=in or abbr=out or abbr=off, wikilinks lk=in or lk=out, and adjective mode adj=on or adj=mid. The separator can also be a semicolon: disp=semi, disp=semicolon, disp=or, disp=comma, disp=x (customized), disp=b (default as parentheses) and "disp=output only".

Examples
The examples show a mixture of "by" & "x" or "to" or "rarely" (etc.) in some conversions:
 * {{convert/4 |5|by|6|or|7|by|8|m|ft}}    gives:
 * {{convert/4 |5|x|6|x|7|up to|8|m|ft}}gives:
 * {{convert/4 |7|to|8|,|9|or|10|km|mi}}gives:
 * {{convert/4 |7|to|8|not|9|to|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}    gives:
 * {{convert/4 |7|to|8|to|9|to|10|km|mi|adj=on}}    gives:
 * {{convert/4 |5|to|6|rarely|7|to|8|m|ft}} →
 * {{convert/4 |5|x|6|by|7|-|8|m|ft}}→
 * {{convert/4 |10|-|20|, summer|25|-|30|°C|F|disp=or}} →
 * {{convert/4 |11|-|13|-|15|-|17|°C|F|disp=semi}}    gives:
 * {{convert/4 |40|-|50|-|60|-|70|°F|C|lk=on }}gives:
 * {{convert/4 |45|-|55|rising to|65|-|75|°F|C|lk=out}}    gives:

 * gives:

The range-words are: to, -, and, or, by, +/-, x, but slash ("/"), comma, or anything is allowed. Display types: disp=comma, disp=semi, disp=or, disp=output only, disp=output number only, disp=x and disp=b. The numeric results are identical to using Template:Convert for each amount individually.

Common problems
Note the name of this template is "convert/4" and omitting the suffix "/4" can cause the error message: " Template loop detected: Template:Convert/x". Be sure to put a range-word (such as "x") between each of the 4 amounts, to avoid error " Convert/4 - Invalid parameter 2 ".

The 4 amounts, with 3 range-words, are followed by a unit-code (such as "m") as the 8th parameter. The output unit-code can be "0" as the 9th parameter, to allow the default output unit to be triggered.
 * }

title: Template:Convert/4


text:
Template:Convert/x

0

The Template:Convert/x (for ranges using "x") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|x|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|x|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|x|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/x


text:
Template:Convert/to(-)

0

title: Template:Convert/to(-)


text:
Template:Convert/to

0

The Template:Convert/to (for ranges using "to") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|to|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|to|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|to|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/to


text:
Template:Convert/test/Avalues

This is a testing subtemplate.

title: Template:Convert/test/Avalues


text:
Template:Convert/test/Aoff

This is a testing subtemplate.

title: Template:Convert/test/Aoff


text:
Template:Convert/test/Amos

This subtemplate is for testing.

title: Template:Convert/test/Amos


text: Template:Convert/sqft

title: Template:Convert/sqft


text:
Template:Convert/test/A

empty

title: Template:Convert/test/A


text: Template:Convert/LoffAvaluesDbSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAvaluesDbSoff


text: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDxSoffT

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDxSoffT


text:
Template:Convert/to/AonSoff

to

title: Template:Convert/to/AonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDbSoff

0

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/LoffAoffDorSoff

or

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDorSoff


text: Template:Convert/plural

title: Template:Convert/plural


text:
Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoffT

0

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoffT


title: Template:Convert/-0


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffSoff


text: Template:Convert/out

title: Template:Convert/out


text:
Template:Convert/LinAoffDbSoff

|

title: Template:Convert/LinAoffDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/-/AonSoff

The Template:Convert/-/AonSoff displays a range of numbers with en-dash "–" and the unit symbol abbreviation (if any), else it displays the unit name, as singular or plural for the 2nd amount. An example of a unit which has no unit symbol is the unit acre, which always shows either "acre" or "acres". This template is used to show either the input range numbers or the output range numbers, which might contain commas or x10 notation.

title: Template:Convert/-/AonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/x/AoffSoff

by

title: Template:Convert/x/AoffSoff


text:
Template:Convert/±/AoffSoff

±

title: Template:Convert/±/AoffSoff


text: Template:Convert/Dual/Loff

title: Template:Convert/Dual/Loff


text: Template:Convert/Dual/prnd

title: Template:Convert/Dual/prnd


text: Template:Convert/Dual/rnd

title: Template:Convert/Dual/rnd


text:
Template:Convert/x/AonSoff

×

title: Template:Convert/x/AonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/±/AonSoff

±

title: Template:Convert/±/AonSoff


text: Template:Convert/K

title: Template:Convert/K


text: Template:Convert/L

title: Template:Convert/L


text:
Template:Convert/to/AoffSoff

to

title: Template:Convert/to/AoffSoff


text: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAmosDbSoff

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAmosDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAnoneDbSoff

0

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAnoneDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/-/AoffSoff

The Template:Convert/-/AoffSoff displays a range of two numbers separated by an en-dash "–" followed by the unit name, as singular or plural for the 2nd amount. If the 2nd amount is a negative number, then spaces are added around the en-dash, as " – " (see: WP:DASH).

This template is used to show either the input range numbers or the output range numbers, which might contain commas or x10 notation. Optional parameters {amt1} & {amt2} could be used for numeric tests of the results, as passed with formatted results {1} and {2} from {{Convert/Dual/rnd}}, {{Convert/Dual/prnd}}, etc.

title: Template:Convert/-/AoffSoff


text: Template:Convert/and/in

title: Template:Convert/and/in


text:
Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoff2

0

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoff2


text:
Template:Convert/and

0

The Template:Convert/and (for ranges using "and") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|and|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|and|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|and|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/and


title: Template:Convert/and/frn2


text:
Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoff2

0

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoff2


title: Template:Convert/and/fra2


text:
Template:Convert/check

This page is used to ensure that all conversions are working correctly.

Test of convert/sandbox
12 st

18.4 C

100 mi

100 mi

6 mi 6 mi

 * Levee Trail - is a 3.6 mi trail running along

 * Levee Trail - is a 3.6 mi trail running along

 * Levee Trail - is a 3.6 mi trail running along

33 mi

33 mi

14 mi

322 yd

cm to feet and tenths of an inch: 172 cm
 * 45.75 in
 * 46.00 in
 * 46 in

Ounces issue: 31.103 g 31.103 g 31.103 g

title: Template:Convert/check


text: Template:Convert/check top

title: Template:Convert/check top


text:
Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSon

-

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSon


title: Template:Convert/m2


text: Template:Convert/sround

title: Template:Convert/sround


text: Template:Convert/kg

title: Template:Convert/kg


text: Template:Convert/lb

title: Template:Convert/lb


text: Template:Convert/mpgus

title: Template:Convert/mpgus


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffF

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffF


text:
Template:Convert/foutmreg

mile per US gallon

title: Template:Convert/foutmreg


text: Template:Convert/L/100 km mpgimp

title: Template:Convert/L/100 km mpgimp


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/LonAonDbSoffT

0 |

title: Template:Convert/LonAonDbSoffT


text:
Template:Convert/proundT0

0

title: Template:Convert/proundT0


text: Template:Convert/°R

title: Template:Convert/°R


text: Template:Convert/m/s

title: Template:Convert/m/s


text: Template:Convert/ft/s

title: Template:Convert/ft/s


text: Template:Convert/LoffAnoneDbSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAnoneDbSoff


text: Template:Convert/mph

title: Template:Convert/mph


text: Template:Convert/km/h

title: Template:Convert/km/h


text: Template:Convert/kn

title: Template:Convert/kn


text: Template:Convert/st

title: Template:Convert/st


text: Template:Convert/and/lb

title: Template:Convert/and/lb


text: Template:Convert/yd

title: Template:Convert/yd


text: Template:Convert/cm

title: Template:Convert/cm


text: Template:RailGauge

title: Template:RailGauge


text:
Template:RailGauge/doc

Purpose
This template consolidates all of the rail transport track gauge specifications into one standard notation, providing options for listing either metric or imperial units first, for linking the unit abbreviations and for listing (and optionally linking to) the most common name for the specific gauge where applicable.

Usage
This template is designed for ease of use. The syntax is as follows:

The only required parameter is the gauge specification; the applicable values are listed below. The,   and   parameters are optional.

For example, to display the notation for the standard gauge measurement with the alternate name and both the alternate name and measurement labels linked to the applicable articles:

produces:

Parameters
Gauge specification values:

Optional parameters:

Templates with invalid or missing parameters are categorised in category:Pages with incorrect use of RailGauge template.

title: Template:RailGauge/doc


text: Template:RailGauge/metric

title: Template:RailGauge/metric


text: Template:RailGauge/imperial

title: Template:RailGauge/imperial


text:
Template:Convert/ftin

This subtemplate converts to feet and inches.

title: Template:Convert/ftin


text: Template:Convert/LoffAonSoffAnd

title: Template:Convert/LoffAonSoffAnd


text: Template:Convert/outAnd

title: Template:Convert/outAnd


text:
Template:Convert/And0

0

title: Template:Convert/And0


text: Template:Convert/prand

title: Template:Convert/prand


text:
Template:Convert/And1

0

title: Template:Convert/And1


text: Template:Convert/in

title: Template:Convert/in


text: Template:Convert/g

title: Template:Convert/g


text: Template:Convert/oz

title: Template:Convert/oz


text: Template:Convert/ozt

title: Template:Convert/ozt


text: Template:Convert/oz ozt

title: Template:Convert/oz ozt


title: Template:Convert/multi2LoffAonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/scale

0

The Template:Convert/scale allows a custom scale formula to be used to convert a unit into another unit. The general conversion formula is: y = a·x + b   or   y = a·(x+offset) + b.

 * Usage: {{convert/scale|3.5|ins|outs|a=2|b=1}} →
 * {{convert/scale|10.0|www|zzz|a=6.70|b=0.5}} →
 * →

The formula has x as the number from parameter 1, where the scale factor is a (default a=2.0), the original offset amount is parameter offset=0.0, and the final shift is parameter b=0.0 (or add=0.0).

The parameters are:
 * - the amount to convert (can have a fraction: 2+3/4)
 * - the literal input unit name or symbol
 * - the literal output unit name or symbol
 * a (or f) - the scale factor (default: a=2.0)
 * offset  - the initial offset amount (default: offset=0.0)
 * b (or add) - the final shift amount (default: add=0.0)
 * r    - the rounding amount (default: same precision as {1} )
 * sep    - separator text between input unit & output amount (default: "" parentheses)

The basic formula is a linear conversion, scaling the amount from parameter 1.

title: Template:Convert/scale


text: Template:Convert/mm

title: Template:Convert/mm


text: Template:Convert/USgal

title: Template:Convert/USgal


text:
Template:Convert/and/AonSoff

and

title: Template:Convert/and/AonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/and/AoffSoff

and

title: Template:Convert/and/AoffSoff


text: Template:Convert/acre

title: Template:Convert/acre


text: Template:Convert/ha

title: Template:Convert/ha


text: Template:Convert/km2 sqmi

title: Template:Convert/km2 sqmi


title: Template:Convert/m3


text: Template:Convert/cuft

title: Template:Convert/cuft


title: Template:Convert/multi2LonAonSoff


text: Mobile Web Applications/Badges

title: Mobile Web Applications/Badges


text: File:WhiteBadgeMobi.png

title: File:WhiteBadgeMobi.png


text:
User:Rob Hurt

Hey, I'm Rob. I'm studying neuroscience at Emory University, and I expect to graduate in 2015. I hope to become a trauma surgeon someday. I contribute to whatever articles I can. That's pretty much it....

title: User:Rob Hurt


text:
User talk:Rob Hurt

Just post whatever here....

title: User talk:Rob Hurt


text:
Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/May 2012

Reviving Highschool Help Forum - HHF
Please find the link here: Highschool Help Forum

Hello!

I had started the highschool help forum on Wikviersity a few years ago and then departed after creating the basic forum structure.

However, I feel that it can be started again, but instead of a forum, it could be used as a means to generate more learning materials. Here's how:

 * 1) Contributors like me post exercise questions and problems related to Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology
 * 2) Other editors can contribute by posting tutorials on solving those problems.

There might be several objections raised to this - most prominent being that we do not want Wikiversity to be the go to website for copying solutions to homework questions. That is not the purpose of the project.

The purpose can be defined as follows:
 * 1) The discussions on the questions can be good guidelines on what to THINK while solving those problems
 * 2) A way of collecting the experience of teachers and using recent literature on pedagogy and education to create high quality learning materials - as opposed to mere solutions.
 * 3) Several gems of problems that are discovered along the way can be used for extensive discussions, making them rather long, standalone learning materials that teach students the related principles through inquiries and deductive reasoning rather than explaining them the same in text form.
 * 4) A repository of problems that can be reused in Wikibooks and at other places

Here is the problem::
 * 1) Where do I find fellow contributors?
 * 2) How can I invite contributors from wikipedia and wikibooks over here?
 * 3) How best can the project be maintained so that anyone who stumbles upon them can start contributing straightaway!

--Dharav talk 06:40, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Some other problems to address:
 * How is this different from Help desk
 * How is this different from Wikipedia:Reference desk
 * How is this different from asking questions on the discussion page for any page at any project?
 * -- dark lama  11:14, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I couldn't understand your questions. Could you restate them? Just in case they were rhetorical, I have three answers to my questions before. Please clarify. --14.139.160.4 05:24, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * People can get answers for their questions by asking on the help and reference desks, and basically by asking on any article/book/resource related to the subject their question is about. The questions and answers can be used to help improve articles/books/resources. I think people will want to know why they should ask/answer questions at Highschool Help Forum when they can ask/answer questions somewhere more prominent, more established and sees more participation. -- dark lama  15:24, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * One of the major problems with Wikiversity at the moment is that most of the tasks that should be done here are accomplished instead on other WMF projects with more participation...--Claritas (talk) 17:12, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Book creator broken??
I am trying out book creater. I have selected all pages I needed to create the book here, but I cant get to export and save the pdf version of the book. I get the following error message:

"The file you are trying to download does not exist: Maybe it has been deleted and needs to be regenerated."

Can some one have a look at this for me? is it a bug? --Thuvack | talk 12:33, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

 * See 36950. Same problem was noticed at Wikibooks. -- dark lama  13:16, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks man. I will follow developments there. I have had numerous requests for a pdf version of Electric circuits Analysis. I want to test the book creator and see what comes up, other wise I will have to do page by page, merge and then upload.--Thuvack | talk 16:28, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I am sure that this book would be highly sought after, as I believe it is matured enough to be a student companion. How do I get it to PediaPress? How does PediaPress work and will proceeds go towards advancement of Wikiversity or the general Mediawiki fund? --Thuvack | talk 16:58, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Checkout http://pediapress.com - basically, create a book using the tool on a WMF wiki and then do a print order with pediopress. Some portion of profit goes to WMF. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 19:26, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Petition: Require free access over the Internet to scientific journal articles arising from taxpayer-funded research
Wikiversity users may be interested in voting for this petition to the USA government - https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/petitions/%21/petition/require-free-access-over-internet-scientific-journal-articles-arising-taxpayer-funded-research/wDX82FLQ -- Jtneill - Talk - c 19:26, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Export
There are loads of goodies in wikipedia that we need to bring hear. Someone Export it all.--Deathlaser (talk) 16:35, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * You mean bring here? --Haplology (talk) 16:57, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikimedia Garbage Detail; one would need normally someone with admin access to restore those + bring here, if wanted. But it's perhaps also doable before: e.g. in deletion discussions contributors could be made aware of WV as a learning environment. Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat + Identi.ca 11:10, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Notability
A lot of the stuff on wikiversity is not notable, has little neutrality, has "I" in it and doesn't have refs!--Deathlaser (talk) 16:39, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikiversity does not require resources be notable. Every Wikimedia project has its own ideas and perspectives of what neutrality means. Wikiversity participants are free to define what perspectives are worth exploring in a resource. Other perspectives can be explored in other resources. Wikiversity participants are free to use any writing style for resources, including a first-person narrative. I think Wikiversity is lax about the inclusion of references, and sometimes references are not possible like when doing original research. -- dark lama  02:15, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Deathlaser has a point that we could improve the average quality of the site by having a bonfire of the garbage...--Claritas (talk) 18:38, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Not a bonfire - just label for quality more clearly. Actually, the problem with Wikiversity can be understood by clicking on "Recent changes" at left - doing it just now, it goes back three hours.  You have the equivalent of something like half a dozen editors working on the site, at least for that period.  There's only so much you can do. Wnt (talk) 19:36, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I encourage you to do research and present to the Wikiversity community an objective thesis about quality, and what is and isn't garbage. An objective thesis about quality might be productive in igniting support for a bonfire. I agree with Wnt, there is only so much that can be done, but you can help by volunteering to improve the quality of resources yourself, identifying and labeling for quality, and perhaps encourage people to think more about quality by using discussion pages to initiate discussions about specific things that might help improve the average quality of the site. I would like to see the clarification templates used more frequently when resources are vague or thin on details to encourage quality improvements through precision and inclusion of specific details. -- dark lama  20:22, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Indeed, there are boxes one could use: e.g.
 * Help:Resources by completion status (though my opinion is: a learning resource is never finished...)
 * Help:Resources by quality (who decides what this term "quality" really means?)
 * Learning resources (which some call pages) should be seen as a process which is not yet finished... Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat + Identi.ca 11:19, 28 May 2012 (UTC)


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Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Celastrol

"An under-researched drug,which shows considerable promise."

Background
Celastrol is a form of quinone methide, It is a plant-derived triterpene used in Chinese medicine, which is extracted from the root bark of an ivy-like, creeping plant called Triperygium wilfordii (TW) that is indigenous to Southern China. Extracts of the plant have had a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for treating fever, chills, edema and joint pain, conditions commonly associated with inflammation. It works by suppressing microglial cell activation, the release of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β by human macrophages and monocytes, and the production of nitric oxide (NO) by iNOS.

Research
2005

Cleren et al evaluated this drug, which is derived from a perennial creeping plant belonging to the Celastraceae family.

''Mice were treated with celastrol before and after injections of MPTP, a dopaminergic neurotoxin, which produces a model of PD. A 48% loss of dopaminergic neurons induced by MPTP in the substantia nigra pars compacta was significantly attenuated by celastrol treatment. Moreover, celastrol treatment significantly reduced the depletion in dopamine concentration induced by MPTP.''

2007 Corson and Crews reviewed a number of traditional medicines:-

"Although not yet tested as a single agent in humans, celastrol has shown promise as an anti-inflammatory compound in animal models of arthritis, lupus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease It also has antiproliferative effects against numerous cancer cell lines."

2009

Faust et al reported on a series of tests on fruit flies.

"In the present study, a Drosophila DJ-1A model of PD was used to test potential neuroprotective drugs. The drugs applied are the Chinese herb celastrol, the antibiotic minocycline, the bioenergetic amine coenzyme Q10 (coQ10), and the glutamate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo[f]-quinoxaline (NBQX). All of these drugs target pathogenic processes implicated in PD, thus constitute mechanism-based treatment strategies. We show that celastrol and minocycline, both having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, confer potent dopaminergic neuroprotection in Drosophila DJ-1A model, while coQ10 shows no protective effect. NBQX exerts differential effects on cell survival and brain dopamine content: it protects against DN loss but fails to restore brain dopamine level."


text:
User:W:Jedd Raynier (leftovers)/Tutorial trash 3

Jedd Raynier's Tutorial Wizard

Bung! Now you're here, let me introduce to you how my tutorial works.

The process
The tutorial will be all about the main policies and guidlines of Wikipedia. Once you're done, you may choose an option to take the test or end the tutorial.

The links
Only click on links that are inside the green box, or if you want to go through this tutorial in succession, click on the "Back" or "Next" buttons.

Enjoy!


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Co-Enzyme Q10

Background
Co-Enzyme Q10 is also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q and CoQ10 and is found in all eukaryotic cells, where it forms a key component of the metabolism of oxygen into Adenisone TriPhosphate (ATP) by mitochondria.

Research
1999

Schults et al found that oral CoQ10 protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in one-year-old mice treated with MPTP.

2002

Schults et al took 80 subjects with early PD who did not require treatment for their disability and made a random assignment to placebo or coenzyme Q10 at dosages of 300, 600, or 1200 mg/d.

The progress of their PD was measured over 16 months. The adjusted mean total UPDRS changes were +11.99 for the placebo group, +8.81 for the 300-mg/d group, +10.82 for the 600-mg/d group, and +6.69 for the 1200-mg/d group. The conclusion was that the administration of CoQ10lows down the progresssion of PD.

2003

Schults  reviewed the evidence that CoQ10 can slow the functional decline in PD.

2004

Schults et al assessed the optimum level of CoQ10 that could be tolerated. They gave increasing doses to 17 patients together with a stable dosage of Vitamin E (apha-tocopherol). and measured the corresponding levels in serum.

The results suggested that a dosage of 2400 mg/day (with vitamin E/alpha-tocopherol 1200 IU/day) is an appropriate highest dosage to be studied.

2007

Galpern and Cudkowicz make the case for treating neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease with CoQ10, which is safe and well tolerated.

2008

Cleren et al established a number of benefits of CoQ10 in animal models.

1.	Administration in the diet resulted in significant protection against loss of dopamine (DA), which was accompanied by a marked increase in plasma concentrations of CoQ10.

2.	Neuroprotection was stablished against MPTP -induced loss of DA using both CoQ10, and reduced CoQ10.

3.	They found neuroprotective effects against DA depletion, loss of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons and induction of alpha-synuclein inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

2009

Faust et al reported on a series of experiments on fruit flies:-

"In the present study, a Drosophila DJ-1A model of PD was used to test potential neuroprotective drugs. The drugs applied are the Chinese herb celastrol, the antibiotic minocycline, the bioenergetic amine coenzyme Q10 (coQ10), and the glutamate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo[f]-quinoxaline (NBQX). All of these drugs target pathogenic processes implicated in PD, thus constitute mechanism-based treatment strategies. We show that celastrol and minocycline, both having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, confer potent dopaminergic neuroprotection in Drosophila DJ-1A model, while coQ10 shows no protective effect. NBQX exerts differential effects on cell survival and brain dopamine content: it protects against DN loss but fails to restore brain dopamine level."


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User:Jedd Raynier/Tutorial/Part 1

A series of Jedd Raynier's Tutorial Wizard

First stop:The Five Pillars

What are the Five Pillars?
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia contain the five fundamental principles by which Wikipedia operates.

The Five Pillars, in full detail

 * [[file:BluePillar.svg|47px|alt=First pillar|]] Wikipedia is an encyclopedia.
 * It incorporates elements of general and specialized encyclopedias, almanacs, and gazetteers. Wikipedia is not a soapbox, an advertising platform, a vanity press, an experiment in anarchy or democracy, an indiscriminate collection of information, or a web directory. It is not a dictionary, a newspaper, or a collection of source documents; that kind of content should be contributed instead to the Wikimedia sister projects.

 * [[file:GreenPillar.svg|47px|alt=Second pillar|]] Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view.
 * We strive for articles that document and explain the major points of view in a balanced and impartial manner. We avoid advocacy and we characterize information and issues rather than debate them. In some areas there may be just one well-recognized point of view; in other areas we describe multiple points of view, presenting each accurately and in context, and not presenting any point of view as "the truth" or "the best view". All articles must strive for verifiable accuracy: unreferenced material may be removed, so please provide references. Editors' personal experiences, interpretations, or opinions do not belong here. That means citing verifiable, authoritative sources, especially on controversial topics and when the subject is a living person.

 * [[file:YellowPillar.svg|47px|alt=Third pillar|]] Wikipedia is free content that anyone can edit, use, modify, and distribute.
 * Respect copyright laws, and do not plagiarize sources. Non-free content is allowed under fair use, but strive to find free alternatives to any media or content that you wish to add to Wikipedia. Since all your contributions are freely licensed to the public, no editor owns any article; all of your contributions can and will be mercilessly edited and redistributed.

 * [[file:OrangePillar.svg|47px|alt=Fourth pillar|]] Editors should interact with each other in a respectful and civil manner.
 * Respect and be polite to your fellow Wikipedians, even when you disagree. Apply Wikipedia etiquette, and avoid personal attacks. Find consensus, avoid edit wars, and remember that there are almost 4 million articles articles on the English Wikipedia to work on and discuss. Act in good faith, and never disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Be open and welcoming, and assume good faith on the part of others. When conflict arises, discuss details on the talk page, and follow dispute resolution.

 * [[file:RedPillar.svg|47px|alt=Fifth pillar|]] Wikipedia does not have firm rules.
 * Rules in Wikipedia are not carved in stone, as their wording and interpretation are likely to change over time. The principles and spirit of Wikipedia's rules matter more than their literal wording, and sometimes improving Wikipedia requires making an exception to a rule. Be bold (but not reckless) in updating articles and do not worry about making mistakes. Prior versions of pages are saved, so any mistakes can be corrected.

title: User:Jedd Raynier/Tutorial/Part 1


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Template:Why don't you

 * Why don't you (verb)?
 * Why don't you ?

It means "I suggest that you ."

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Category:Suggestions

These are TESOL resources concerning expressing suggestions in English.

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Category:Expressions by communicative function

These are a collection of TESOL resources about expressions in English with certain communicative functions.


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Mobile Web Applications/Ch01/evidence

Be sure to include with your MediaWiki signature ~ (four tildes will insert your signature with date/time stamp). Put this signature against all your evidence entries.

Peter Rawsthorne (talk) 19:53, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Peterrawsthorne/Badges/MWA#Chapter_1:_Building_a_mobile_web_page_with_HTML5

David Rawsthorne (talk) 03:11, 18 August 2012 (UTC)
http://books.bit.bc.ca

title: Mobile Web Applications/Ch01/evidence


text: TESOL/Recommending places

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User:Grnphrog

{{langlevel|Spanish|A1|Lesson 1|Spanish Wikibook}

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User:Grnphrog/Spanish

{{langlevel|Spanish|A1|Lesson 1|Spanish Wikibook}

title: User:Grnphrog/Spanish


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User:Peerathep

Hey My name is Peerathep Paratpoomikul My Nickname is Yuth I study in Mahidol University My Major is Film Production

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User:Maureen09

Pre-med student and lover of history & philosophy.

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User:Shift 11202

I'm just a Physics student using this page to extend my knowledge of the topics we're studying

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Mental health and the internet

A meta-analysis based on 40 studies (43 independent samples, 21,258 participants) found a very small, negative relationship between internet use and indicators of mental health including depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction (r = -0.05; Huang, 2010 ). The effect of all moderators, including type of Internet use, indicator of well-being, quality of Internet use measure, and participant age and gender were insigniﬁcant. Future investigations should consider the possible sources of these differences.

title: Mental health and the internet


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Talk:Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Hot Topics

I suggest we start a list of topics here that could be elaborated into Hot Topics.

 * BBC News: "Range of brain diseases could be treated by single drug".  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-17952797. Protein misfolding disease cause a similar disruption of the protein translation mechanism which can be 'switched back on'.
 * Source: Moreno, Julie A., Helois Radford, Diego Peretti, Joern R. Steinert, Nicholas Verity, Maria Guerra Martin, Mark Halliday, et al. “Sustained Translational Repression by eIF2[agr]-P Mediates Prion Neurodegeneration.” Nature (May 6, 2012). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11058.html.

Droflet (talk) 10:52, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

What do we Know? (Suggestions for Hot Topics)
The following was added to the resource page by User:Reverett123. I have moved them here and shall explain the reasons for doing this and give as much help as possible on his/her talk page at User_talk:Reverett123

Droflet (talk) 11:45, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

. What Do We Know?

II. Systems Interacting in Parkinson’s Disease

A. Immune System B. Endocrine System C. Gastrointestinal System D. Central Nervous System E. Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Cytokines

III. The Path of Progression of PD

A. Predisposing Factors B. Initiating Triggers

IV. Ongoing Processes

A. Oxidation B. Excitotoxicity C. Mitochondrial Failure D. Neuronflammation and Microglia E. Stress and the HPA F. Autoimmunity

V. Time Periods Related to PD

A. Preconception B. Prenatal C. Prepuberty D. Puberty E. Young Adult F. Mid-Life G. Senior

VI. External Factors and PD

A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) B. Pathogens C. Ultrafine Particulates D. Toxins E. Epigenetics

VII. Internal Factors and PD

A. Alpha-Synuclein B. Blood Brain Barrier C. Circadian Rhythms D. Constipation E. Electrolytes and Ion Channels F. Genetics G. Metabolic Factors and Nutrition

VIII. Treatment, Repair, and Cure

A. Therapeutics B. Neurogenesis C. Symptoms

IX. Miscellany

A. Historical View of PD B. Homeostasis C. Related Disorders D. Rhythmic Disruption


text:
User:Erkan Yilmaz/observations/2012 May

observations from Erkan Yilmaz for 2012 May

You are invited to add your comments (e.g. but my perception of this issue is different) - please sign anything you add (howto Signature).

hosting your wiki/blog with a good speed-availability (e.g. on gitorious, github)
started a small howto on gitorious: your wiki/blog on gitorious
 * though the "no cost"-option comes with a price: you can not post everything you want, see the TOS there
 * it's by no means a new idea, but it's a nice + quick way if you want to just put content out there

see also:
 * federation (in form of e.g. micro blogging, federated wiki, ...)

title: User:Erkan Yilmaz/observations/2012 May


text:
The Devil

The Devil is supposed to be a supernatural being who is the source of all evil.

The popular concept of the Devil is a mixture of several different sources.

Etymology
"Devil" comes from the Greek "Diabolos", an accuser or slanderer. It is a totally different concept from "demon", which comes from the Greek "daimon", a deity. In the Bible, the word "devils" reflects the Greek "daimon", and is better translated as "demons".

Satan in the Old Testament
In the Old Testament, the name used is "Satan", the Adversary. He was in no sense a "fallen angel", but an integral part of the Heavenly Court, whose function was to denounce people as wicked and to test them to see if they would transgress if tempted. He appears in I Chron. 21, Psalms 109:6, Zechariah 3:1-2 and especially Job 1 & 2.

'''I Chron. 21:1''' "And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel." He tempts David, causing him to sin by having a census. Compare the parallel passage: II Sam 24:1 "And again the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he moved David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah." Here, God himslf has caused David to transgress, rather than getting Satan to do it.

Psalms 109:6 "Set thou a wicked man over him: and let Satan stand at his right hand." It is a double curse on his enemy that the wicked should have power over him.

Zechariah 3:1-2 "And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand plucked out of the fire?" Here Satan is in Heaven, seeking to accuse Joshua of something but God is unwilling to accept any criticism of Joshua.

Job 1:6-12 "Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them. And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.  And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil?  9 Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought?  10 Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side?  Thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land.  But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face.  And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD."

Here Satan is with the sons of God. When God praises Job, Satan denounces him, and God then invites Satan to test him. The story continues in Job 2:1-7.

"Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD. And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.  And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause.  And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life.  But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse thee to thy face.  And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life. So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown."

Lucifer and Isaiah
Another key passage is Isaiah 14:12-15.

 * "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: 14 I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit."

This has been interpreted as a description of an angel Lucifer who tried to get above his station and was cast down to hell. However, the context clearly reveals a different meaning. Verse 4 shows that the passage in fact refers to the King of Babylon. "That thou shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased!" Traditionally, he is taken to be Tiglath-pileser III, who came to the throne in 729. Also verses 16-17 refer to a man, not a celestial being: "16 They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners?"

"Lucifer" the light-bearer refers to the morning star, hence "son of the morning". Nebuchadnessar's power is being likened to the bright star that fades into invisibility as the Sun rises.

The book known as 2 Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch contains a section quoted below which apparently confirms the story of the fallen angel. However, this book exists in various forms, and this section appears in a manuscript known as R, which has a much longer text than other versions and probably reached its present form only between the second half of the 13th and early part of the 16th century, so it has little historical value.

 * "And one from out of the order of angels, having turned away with the order that was under him, conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to my power. And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless."

Lucifer and Ezekiel
Another passage, Ezekiel 28:13-19, seems to refer to some being who dwelt in the Garden of Eden and was expelled.

 * "Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.  Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee.  By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.  Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.  Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.  All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more."

Yet the previous verse reveals that this is a reference to the King of Tyre:

 * "Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty."

Tyre, being a wealthy and luxuriant area, is likened to the Garden of Eden.

The New Testament
As noted above, references to "devils" should be to "demons". However, there are many references to Satan and the Devil.

Luke 10:18 "And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven." sounds like confirmation of the fallen angel story, but it could also mean that Satan is in heaven and sometimes descends from there like a bolt of lightning.

Revelation 12:7-10 says "And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, and prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.  And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night."

This passage leaves open many questions. Why was there a war between angels? If God had wanted to get rid of Satan, he could of course have done so. Is this a past event or a prediction of the future? The passage does not say that Satan and the angesls went to Hell, only down to Earth. However, it does clearly state that the Devil is Satan and that he deceives people.

The Devil even tries but fails to tempt Jesus: Matthew 4:1-11 "Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred.  And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.  But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.  Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, and saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.  Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.  Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; and saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him."

However, this seems to be divinely ordered; note the opening sentence of the passage "led up of the Spirit ... to be tempted of the devil."

The God Pan
In Greek mythology, Pan was a goat-god, with horns, a beard, pointed ears, very hairy legs, a tail and cloven hooves instead of feet. All of these characteristics have been attributed to the Devil, although no early references to the Devil describe his appearance. Pan was a popular god in the Middle East; the place where the River Jordan rises was regarded as sacred to him (hence its name banias). This may have led the early Christians to literally demonise him.

title: The Devil