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User talk:Jane~enwikiversity

Resently,what is really bother me is that i don't know how to improve oral english,so i hope someone can give me some advice

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Hello,

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jane~enwikiversity


text: File:Probability Discussion Distribution Cauchy distribution mechanism.svg


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User:Snævar

I am an admin on is.wikipedia.org. Most of the edits I make here are responses to bot runs, bot flag requests and such on is.wiki.

title: User:Snævar


text: File:Probability Discussion tan.svg

title: File:Probability Discussion tan.svg


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Arduino

Arduino Tutorial Page

Arduinos are used in many different ways in engineering projects.

 * Introduction
 * /Software Install/
 * /ESC Programming/
 * /Analog output/
 * /Motor Control/

Motor Shield Tutorial Page
 * /Four wire stepper test/
 * /Junk pile stepper motor survey/

Monster Motor Shield Tutorial
 * /MonsterMotorShield/

Arduino WiFi tutorial page:
 * Linksprite Diamondback board: Setup and testing
 * ESP8266

Remote Control Pages
 * /RC Toy Hack/
 * /Toy/

LCD Pages
 * /CloverDisplayLtd/ out of a Panasonic Fax Machine

WowWee TriBot conversion to Arduino Control
 * /WowWeeTriBotArduino/

Further readings

 * Wikipedia: Arduino

title: Arduino


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User:Daniel.josifovski/An Insiders Perspective:The Role of Media play in the Business and Politics of sport in Relations to the National Rugby League

 Hi guys! Here is a link to my presentation in YouTube or you can view it on my page! Below you can see the format and transcript of my media presentation Hope you guys enjoy it

D.Josifovski BPS Presentation.

Introduction

This media presentation will discuss issue of the role media play in the business and politics in sport with relations to the National Rugby League also known as the NRL. The reason why this topic has been subjective to this presentation is that over the years the NRL has seen a spate of coverage for the wrong reasons. Many of the reasons are in relation to player behaviors which is tarnishing the image of the game, the clubs and the players themselves. It’s hard to say that the amount of pulling power rugby league has in the media. The fact is rugby league sells newspapers and rates exceedingly well on TV and radio so any rugby league news, especially a scandal will guarantee headlines and media revenue. This has seen the rise of a new breed of sports journalist more akin to being a gossip columnist than a journalist of sport. These young sports journalist have changed perceptions on the game which has given debate that politics in media affect the business of sport.

This presentation will help gain an insight into the actual life of a media personnel within the National Rugby League. Further discussion will highlight the politics of media in the National Rugby League and how media may affect business activity within clubs.

Transcript
I’d like to welcome Ben Pollack the media manager of the Canberra Raiders Rugby League Team who compete in the National Rugby League Competition to assist us in further discussion

Welcome Ben, First of all I’d like to thank you for taking some time away to help us discuss this issue.

1) Can you give us a quick description of your role at the Canberra Raiders

Role of the media manager here at the club is a couple of things. The first thing is servicing the media in regards to player and coaching interviews. It is very important for us as an organisation that we are in the public spotlight as much as we can, mostly for the good sort of things. Particularly the ways players are doing on the field also the good work they do off, obviously that the number one focus. Also looking after the clubs websites and the new social media strategies that we can in place and pretty much anything else media related we have at the club.

2) It’s evident across many of the countries newspapers and news bulletins that Rugby League has attracted a lot of attention over the past few years, do you think that the politics within media outlets on who can sell the biggest story is more of concern than actually concentrating on the game itself.

Definitely, there is huge competition between not only Print outlets but also TV and Radio on who can get the biggest story. You can see the competition not only within the organisations but also internally as well. The Daily Telegraph ( One of the biggest Newspapers in NSW) for instances, a lot of their reporters are in such high competition not only with other papers but with each other that they will go out of their way to try and find the biggest story and it does impact on the way the game is covered. Unfortunately controversy sells more than what good news does. So, the more stories that they can get out there, over something controversial they will get them out there as much as they can.

3) Being the media manager of the Canberra Raiders, do you feel your role is to protect the clubs image?

I don’t think it’s about protecting the image. I think it’s about more about giving a positive image of the club out there. You don’t want to be on the back foot all time trying to put out fires. I think it is important for us to show how good of the club we are and showcase the things like the incentivises we have in the community. We have some really good community based incentivises that go unnoticed a little bit. It will be a focus of ours in the future, promoting those types of things and also giving the players a voice and humanising them a bit. People like to know what players do off the field not just on it. It is important for us(the Canberra Raiders) to get those guys out there and show them that they are people and that they are good people and sometimes it goes unnoticed which is a disappointment.

4) Compared to last year the Raiders had a below average season this year. When clubs seem to be not doing so well, the media tends to point the finger at people and players within the club. Why is this the case?

I think it’s the nature of the beast, when things aren’t going right on the field. Questions need to be answered. Sometimes not only is the fingered pointed at the players but its pointed at the coaching staff, the management of the club, it is pretty unavoidable. I suppose the best thing that you can do from a media perspective is to get out there the positive that the players are doing. Let them know that the guys are putting it in at training they are trying new things at coaching levels as well and we are looking at brining new players and new things to the club at the top level. It is all about giving out as much information as you can but at the same time you need to keep things internal because that it’s not always the case that the public needs to know everything.

5) The NRL has many community incentives to encourage and support Rugby League at grassroots levels, the media tend to let these go unnoticed compared to an issue that has negative impact on the game. Why do you think this is the case?

I don’t know if they rather scrutinise the game it’s just sometimes like I said that those bigger type of off field issues do sell a lot of papers. Sometimes the good work stuff isn’t as interesting to those big news outlets to what the bad stuff is. I think as a game its important for the players and clubs to keep pushing the barrow of the excellent work that they do they in the community. We have seen things like the Ken Stephens medal being brought in, which is a award given to a player who does outstanding community work. They actually have a awards night which is called One Community awards which is a whole night dedicated to what the players do. And at the Raiders level we will be looking at introducing a new award at our presentation next year to recognise the best community involvement by a player within the club. As long as we can keeping pushing these types of incentivises, the good work we do will start to get pick up more.

6) Many Australian players who have been scrutinised in the media and have left the NRL to play there trade in countries such as England, do you think that some of these players are pushed out by the media or is it a business move?

Depends on the circumstances i know that there has been a couple players who have played at this club who have been forced out due to some off field issues. One was Todd Carney who was sacked by the club for a number of off field indiscretions. He actually wasn’t allowed to go to England because he had some legal issues hanging over his head. He was forced to play in a competition in Queensland before coming back to the NRL unfortunately for Todd we can still see him suffer some off field troubles.

The other one was Joel Monaghan who was involved in a disturbing incidents you’d say. He was forced overseas. I think the reason he went was to escape that spotlight (from the media). Players going to England is something to lessen a little bit. I think its a number of factors not only on the way on how the game is going (in Australia) but also the monetary wise it’s not the golden egg that it use to be going over  there playing. I think with things like the new TV rights deal and more money coming into the game we are going to see a lot more players stay here in the NRL which is a good thing because a lot of these guys can go over there too young.

7) Do you think that players in say the Super League in England receive the same amount of attention then our players do or do think the EPL (English Premier League) would overpower the Super League?

There is no doubt that the Premier League Football ( English Premier League (EPL)) competition is their ( the media) number one ticket item when it comes sports news in the UK. For anyone who has been over there and witnessed it, I have been lucky enough to head over there and look at it on how it works. The amount of coverage in England in that competition (EPL) compared to Rugby League it’s really a minnow over there in England. Even hear in Australia you see, the AFL dominate the Victorian market compared to rugby league. The Storm battle hard to find the media space in Victoria. So you just don’t just see it overseas. I think rugby league over there definitely the players i wouldn’t say get away with more because you always encourage them to behave but its definitely not scrutinised heavily what it is here particularly in the Sydney market.

Conclusion
In conclusion of this media presentation. It is evident to say that politics within media plays a role that effects on aspects of business in relations to the National Rugby League. As Canberra Raiders media manager Ben Pollack mentioned that there is huge competition within media outlets whether it is print, TV or radio and who can sell the biggest story.

It is clear say that news reporters are in such high competition and go out of their way to sell the best story and in the case of the NRL, these stories tend to be the ones that involved controversy  rather than noticing the good things that happen in the game. The role of media personnel at club level is a complete contrast to the role of commercial media. As Ben pointed out the role of media at Club level is so give the club a positive image and how well the club is going. It is about giving players a voice not on the field but off the field. Community based incentivises that players do go unnoticed and it’s important that club notices these things to show people that they are good people rather what the commercial media depicts them to be.

As Ben also pointed out, some players in the NRL have been forced out of the league due to scrutiny from the media and a personal monetary move. However escaping to another league is not what it used to be. The business of Rugby League is beginning to involved and more and more money is being injected through TV rights.

It is clear to say that  depending on location of a particular sport will deem the media coverage that it will receive .As the sport of  Rugby League is saturated in the Sydney market media coverage on international and national scale is nothing compared sports such as Soccer in the UK and AFL in Victoria.

I hope this media presentation gives you a insight perspective on the political and business role media play in the National Rugby League


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Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Self-determination theory

Comments
This may be a bit off topic but I just wrote an essay about genocide and I thought it was fascinating that theories of genocide as a human rights issue look at autonomy and how the act of genocide takes away a persons autonomy. Obviously not really where you are going with this chapter but I thought it was a great illustration of how significant autonomy is in our world. EamesA 00:29, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

I found a nice article on the relationship between self determination theory and work motivation if you're interested: Gagné, Marylène, and Edward L. Deci. 2005. "Self-determination theory and work motivation." Journal Of Organizational Behavior 26, no. 4: 331-362. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 31, 2011). Jackson997 03:10, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Great video and presentation - really well done - congratulations - Magnolia

A great article by Edward L. Deci was already mentioned by jackson997 but an updated study was done in 2017 of the application of Self-determination theory in a work place environment. Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 4, 19-43. Thought it might help having a more updated perspective and an example of a case study of the theory being applied in a work place. --U3230861 (discuss • contribs) 03:37, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

--SoSilverLibby (discuss • contribs) 12:12, 24 August 2023 (UTC) I would perhaps consider beginning by introducing the history behind Self Determination Theory i.e. Maslow. I think a brief background on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is essential for understanding motivation towards self determination. Remember that Wikiversity needs to be accessible to the masses!

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:23, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:44, 10 December 2011 (UTC)


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Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Violent video games

Comments
I think this is such a hot topic right now. I have seen lots of debates about violence in movies, video games and TV and whether that can cause more violence in real life. I looking forward to reading more in-depth information about this topic, not just opinions of tv hosts. Outline looks really good EamesA 00:33, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the feedback, thank you EamesA. But yes the debate surrounding violent video games at the moment is so prevelent due to the increase in demand in the industry of violent games. However, this does make it challenging as there is substancial support and opposition for the violent games= aggression hypothesis.

Atice 01 02:20, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Hi there - your chapter looks great so far! Maybe you could include an info box with some details on the R18+ classification? Also, I wondered if you had planned to look at Bandura's social learning theory? This idea of learning through observation is particularly important, I think. I look forward to reading more! ShaunaB 20:55, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey Shauna, thanks for the suggestions. Some good ideas. I originally considered using the social learning theory seperately. However, i thought that it is covered substancially in the GAM part. But upon your suggestion i am reconsidering putting the SLT in its own heading! so thank-you :)--Atice 01 03:46, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Hey there Andrew. Your page looks like it is coming along nicely! Great coverage of theory, and the studies youve included are fantastic. I did this topic for the social psych essay so I love reading what others tihnk on the topic too. I would possibly include some of the theories that support the positive aspects of violent video games :) Fantastic job and look forward to seeing the finished product! Courtney.reis 07:37, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Courtney, thank-you for your feedback, it is very encouraging :). I hope I can do the subject justice. You must have read my mind, because i am currently in the process of making a section about the positive implications of violent games haha. So ill defiently have that up soon! cheers--Atice 01 03:46, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Hi Andrew, your chapter seems to be coming along very nicely. Although lovely and bright, the colours seemed to strain my eyes a little while reading - maybe you could tone the orange and red down a little? Your section on methodological flaws is especially well written. Maybe your introduction could start with a focus question or scenario. Great work :)AngeM 12:47, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey thanks for the comment. with regards to the colours i was just experimenting a bit, just testing the limits of wiki :) But yeah i do agree that red was fairly full-on haha. Thanks for the positive feedback. Im contemplating doing as you suggested and putting in a section at the start about the columbine high school shootings! Atice 01 06:21, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Hi Atice 01, I am really enjoying how your chapter is coming along, the colours are exquisite and the subject is really good too. I'm not sure if you are aware but as Courtney mentioned the psychology students also did an essay earlier on this in social psychology so it may be worth looking at the e reserve for that subject. Other than that I am really enjoying the colours and the boxes with information in them, bravo Atice 01. EssDubz 07:11, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Samuel, thank-you my good sir. Your suggestions are sincerely appreciated, and your opinion valued.I am looking forward to your page xoxo Atice 01 13:58, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Hey Atice01. I have had a read of your text and I must say I really think you write well - it is academic but still in plain language which is easy to digest as the reader. Also, I like how you've included the limitations of the study - you've covered the limitations in specific detail. Hhhmm I may have to improve my chapter in this respect! Well done :-) TabithaJ 08:40, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Wow thanks Tabitha, your comments mean a lot :) Thank you for the positive feedback. I shall write on your page. Although, from what ive already seen i doubt there is anyway it could get much better :) Atice 01 13:58, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Hey Atice. I am loving the link to the Columbine shootings. Personally I know a few gamers who think things like "why should I give up gaming 15 hours a day, it's not harming anyone". The link to the shootings really contextualises the bigger picture - good job! TabithaJ 00:52, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks again for the input Tabitha, your contributions have been helpful :)Atice 01 11:35, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Hey there! A very colourful chapter! I really enjoyed reading your topic. I actually chose the same topic for my social psychology essay this semester. Glad to know I included most of this information in my essay (fingers crossed I do well)!! I like your in depth analysis on the methodological flaws, something I found quite hard to structure during my essay. Good luck with everything :) SKM1501 03:25, 04 November 2011 (UTC)

Sorry forgot to mention...not sure if you are planning on adding this, but I think it will be interesting to mention gender differences that may occur during violent video games. I think most people would have a generalised view on what these may be, it might be help mentioning it somewhere along the chapter. Just an idea! SKM1501 03:28, 04 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey I really do appreciate that you, and everyone else, have put in in helping me with my page. So thank-you. Im glad you enhoyed it. Yeah that definently would be intresting for this topic, however, im currently in a fight against the word limit haha. Nonetheless, your suggestion is valid and will definently be considered. Thanks mate :) Atice 01 12:50, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Hey, It seemed that your section Relevance and Significance of Violent Video Game Debate, seemed better at weighing up of both sides like an introduction, than the Columbine story (as this is the first thing people read), you might want to consider swapping the positions of these. Other than that good work.Mlac 14:20, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey Mlac. your suggestion makes a lot of sense and is very logical. by having the columbine thing first it sort of sways peoples decisions on the topic straight away. Furthermore, it makes the chapter flow better from columbine to supportive theoretical concepts. So thank you heaps. Your suggestion has defienently improved the structure :) hope all is going well for you! Atice 01 12:08, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Hey Atice 01, I had a look and noticed you were yet to add a definition for aggression so i stepped in :) I hope you can use what i have put down in some way, I'll also add the reference to your reference list in case you choose to keep it. Good luck Atice 01 --EssDubz 13:57, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Greatly appreciated EssDubz. Good initative on your part :) Atice 01 15:19, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Colours
I'm keen to check this chapter out - but whadyareckon about toning the colours down? I find the red background, in particular, very hard to read. I'd suggest pale background colours, if any. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:03, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey James thanks for the feedback, i really appreciate any suggestions you have. As i mentioned to Ange above i was just exploring the various possibilities that wikiversity has to offer. but yeah ive defiently made it more simplier/easier to read.

Atice 01 06:21, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Images
Maybe you can find some images to help illustrate this chapter? Check out Wikimedia Commons. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:03, 30 October 2011 (UTC):

 * thanks James. i was focusing on the content first. but now ive done that i defiently think photos will add to the presentation of the page. :) Atice 01 06:21, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Draft feedback
I've had a quick look - here's some comments: Hope this helps. Sincerely, James -- Jtneill - Talk - c 10:41, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Separate opening case study / example from Introduction or Overview. Make sure the Intro explains to the reader the focus questions and what s/he can learn about him/her self via reading this chapter.
 * 2) Beef up self-help focus - Make it clear to a reader esp. in the Intro and Summary what the take-home self-help messages are with regard to VVGs.
 * 3) Quiz description indicates about sexual motivation
 * 4) Critical focus - excellent to see competing sides of the theoretical argument presented. Perhaps a summary table suggesting some of the potential risks and benefits of VVGs could be provided.
 * 5) Supportive Theoretical Explanations - start this section off with an overview of the theories before diving into them; end with a summary which weighs their relative support.

Fantastic chapter - really well done - congratulations - Magnolia

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 09:51, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 08:10, 10 December 2011 (UTC)


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How to make a stirling engine

 * So you want to make a Stirling engine. First things first, DO YOUR HOMEWORK! You can never know too much about how the engine works so start [| now]. The key behind any engine is precision. If energy can escape from any point your engine will be less efficient. Listed bellow are the step by step instructions on how to make your own.

 * 1) Gather up the materials needed.

 * 1) Begin by cutting your tin can exactly in half. You want a nice clean edge that will seal well. If your edge is jagged, rough or not level, go back over it with the metal cutters and metal file and make sure your edge is clean. This will be the main cylinder of your engine.
 * 1) Then Take your beer can and using the exacto knife cut even around the bottom so that there is about a centimeter tall edge. This will be the start of your displacer. Use a compass to find the center of the can. Drill a small hole in the exact center and feed an 8 - 10 cm STRAIGHT (the straighter the better) piece of wire or coat hanger and attach it to the can.
 * 1) Then take a large chunk of Styrofoam and push it down the displacer rod till touches the soda can. Take a marker and trace around the can. Because you want the Styrofoam to just fit inside the edge of the beer can you must remove all parts of Styrofoam that have marker on them. Then use a hot wire device and rotated the block about its center point so that the edges are removed. Then slide the block just inside the can. Once the block is inside the can I set it next to you cylinder and cut it close to half the height of the cylinder.
 * 1) You have now completed the base and displacer of your main cylinder. Next using some sort of hard heat resistant material (plexiglass) draw a circle larger than your soup can using a compass. Mark the point at which the needle pokes the plexiglass. Cut out the circle a round the edges (just for looks :P). Then drill a hole that is exactly the diameter of your displacer arm material. I used used a coat hanger and using my dial calipers measure the diameter to be .196 centimeters. Using a 1/16' drill bit drill a hole so that the arm can just squeeze through and slide freely in and out of it but can not play back and forth. Then towards the edge but not over the outside of the can, drill a large hole through the plexiglass that is the diameter of the inside of your small cylinder (power piston). I used 3/8' drill bit.

title: How to make a stirling engine


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text: File:Probability Discussion Cauchy probability distribution function.svg


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Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sport participation

Overview
It is well known that exercise or physical activity is extremely beneficial for physical and psychological health. Sport is a specific component of exercise/physical activity. What motivates people to play sport? Most people play some sort of sport during their childhood, often as a school requirement, but there is a significant drop off in people playing sport at about 25 years of age (ASC 2010). When almost 50% of people drop out of sport participation, why do some people persist in playing sport for longer than others?

Benefits of lifelong physical activity or sport

Physical

The physical benefits of lifelong physical activity such as sports participation are well documented. These benefits include decreased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes, risk of stroke, colon cancer (Mitchell, 1999; Thurston, 2004; Plante et al, 2007). Other benefits are improved health of muscles, bones and joints as well as improved mobility, coordination and balance reducing the risk of falls resulting in injuries such as hip fractures (Thurston, 2004).

Psychological

Exercise has been shown to have antidepressent and anti-anxiety effects and protects against negative stress outcomes which can lead to enduring resilience against stress (Salmon, 2000; Plante and Rodin, 1990; Fox, 1999) as well as positive mental health outcomes (Biddle et al, 2000 cited in Thurston & Green, 2004), and increased functional capacity (Penedo & Dahn, 2005). Plante and Rodin (1990) undertook an analysis of research into the psychological effects of exercise which showed exercise improves mood, self concept, self esteem, and may improve creativity (Plante & Rodin, 1990; Fox, 1999).

There is evidence that exercise or physical activity can be used effectively as a treatment for depression and anxiety and may improve cognitive function (Fox, 1999). Research has indicated that those who participate regularly in exercise or physical activity are less likely to develop clinical depression (Fox, 1999), specifically for women who do not participate the risk level is twice as high as those who do not (Farmer et al 1988, cited in Fox, 1999).

So the upshot is... exercise, physical activity, and sport are GREAT for you... in fact some form of physical activity is essential for a healthy life.

Theories for physical activity involvement
Scientists and health professionals have been seeking to understand what drives people to undertake physical activity or not and whether participation can be predicted. Three theories stand out as direclty relevant to this topic: Personal Investment Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Self Determination Theory.

Personal Investment Theory has three critical determinants of behaviour: personal incentives, sense of self and perceived options (Maehr and Braskamp 1986 cited in Mitchell and Olds, 1999). When related to an exercise participation context these elements relate to:
 * personal incentives: the identified reasons for involvement such as recognition, mastery, competition, and affiliation;
 * sense of self: perceived competence, self-reliance, and social identity; and
 * perceived options: available alternatives such as television, situational factors perceived as barriers such as time or cost.

According to Azjen and Fishbein's Theory of Planned Behaviour (1980, 2005, cited in Ruby et al 2011), if people expect to enjoy an activity they usually do, however, Ruby et al (2011) found that most people underestimate how much they will enjoy exercise. They concluded that people focus on the beginning of exercise which is usually the unpleasant portion of the activity (Ruby et al 2011). Therefore, if the expected enjoyment can be enhanced by increasing initial positivity about exercise or moving their attention away from the unpleasant beginning, the intention to exercise could be increased.

All beings need to meet basic physiological and psychological needs. A need can be defined as that which is necessary for life, growth and well-being (Reeve 2009). Psychological needs can be divided into three categories: autonomy, competence and relatedness. Automony relates to the ability of participates to choose and make decisions; competence relates to the desire to be effective in the environment, to develop skills and to master optimal challenges; relatedness is the need to develop and maintain close relationships or belong to something, to be accepted and valued (Reeve 2009). Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2008a) notes that all behaviour towards meeting these needs is influenced by either intrinsic (autonomous) or extrinsic (controlled) motivation. Intrinsic motivation relates to doing something purely for enjoyment and results in feelings of competence and self-determination. It can be divided into three categories - to know or learn; to accomplish or task mastery; and to experience stimulation or excitement/fun (Deci & Ryan, 2008b). Extrinsic motivation has been defined as undertaking something as a means to an end rather than for their on sake. Extrinsic motivation can be divided into four categories - external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation (Deci & Ryan, 2008b, Pelletier et al, 1995, Vlachopoulos, 2000). In the two least self-determined categories, participants driven by external regulation undertake exercise to obtain reward or to avoid negative consequences such as criticism and those driven by introjected regulation have internalised the driver but not taken owenership of it. The remaining extrinsic motivation categories are far more self-determined as those driven by identified regulation have not only internalised the driver but value and consider it important and those driven by integrated regulation have fully internalised the extrinsic motivation to such a degree that it is now a part of who they are and the behaviours have become autonomous and self-determined (Deci & Ryan, 2008b; Pelletier et al, 1995, Vlachopoulos, 2000).

In essence the answer to what motivates people to do exercise is found in four questions: What's in it for you? What else is there you could be doing? Do you think you will enjoy it? Do you want to do it or is someone or something "making" you do it?

What is sport?
There are many definitions of sport. It can range from informal activities such as jogging, walking or cycling for fun or transport through to committed professional or Olympic level athletes. In between there are informal sporting or physical activities where friends get together to play games and be physically active, social competitions organised by clubs and associations, and highly competitive competitions organised by clubs, associations and national sporting organisations.

For the purpose of this chapter, the following definitions from the Australian Sports Commission Participation in Exercise, Recreation and Sport, Annual Report 2010-11 have been used:

Physical activity is defined as exercise, recreation or sport including activities that were organised by a club, association or other type of organisation, and those activities that were non-organised, but excludes those activities that were part of household or garden duties, or were part of work (ASC 2010).

Non-Organised physical activity activity for exercise, recreation or sport that was non-organised in full or in part (that is, not fully organised by a club, association or other type of organisation).

Organised physical activity is physical activity for exercise, recreation or sport that was organised in full or in part by (1) a fitness, leisure or indoor sports centre that required payment for participation, (2) a sport or recreation club or association that required payment of membership, fees or registration, (3) a workplace, (4) a school, or (5) any other type of organisation.

Sport is defined as exercise, recreation or sport that was organised in full or in part by a sport or recreation club or association that required payment of membership, fees or registration. This is distinct from fitness, leisure or sports centres that required payment for participation and excludes all aerobics/fitness participants (ASC 2010).

The regular participation rate (three times a week or more) in any physical activity for exercise, recreation or sport in 2010 was 47.7%. The regular participation (three times a week or more) in club-based sport activities for 2010 was 6.3% or an estimated 1.1 million people (ASC 2010).
 * Sports participation in Australia – are you one in a million?

For males the regular participation rate in club-based physical activity in 2010 was 7.9% and for females it was 4.8% (ASC 2010). This is unlike non-organised physical activity, where the female rate of regular participation (41.5%) exceeds the male rate (35.3%).

Paticipation in club-based activity is highest among those aged 15-24 years of age (17.7%).

Regular club-based participation among females increased between 2001 and 2010. In 2001, it was 3.6% and in 2010 it was 4.8%. The male regular participation rate in club-based activity was at its highest level ever in 2009, when it was 8.6%, and declined in 2010 to 7.9%.

Why do people participate in sport?

There are many motives for exercise including improving physical appearance, health and controlling weight; reducing stress, improving mood and mental performance; improving self-esteem; for centring or time to be alone; competition and identity as well as fun and friendship; (Anderson 2003). The motives for sport are the same as sport is a component of exercise.

Participation in sport can meet the psychological need for for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Participants can choose what sport they play, who they play with, how often they play, and what level of competition they play. Skill development and mastery is encouraged and facilitated through training and competition participation. The social aspect is also very important in the sporting arena. Obviously team sports encourage socialisation but even individual sportspeople have interactions with trainers, officials and other competitors.

Most people start participating in sport as children through school physical education and school sport and through community based sport clubs. Parents are the primary influencers for children playing sport. They are role models, facilitators and interpreters (Dixon et al 2008). If parents demonstrate and promote life-long participation, it will be more likely that children will follow their example (Pelletier, 1995).

But what if your parents don't participate in sport, what might motivate you to do so? Duda (2007) proposed a Goal Perspective Approach which has two components - task involvement and ego involvement. Task involvement relates to playing sport for the mastery of tasks or skills or "can I do it or can I learn it?". Ego involvement relates to perceived competence or "how good am I at it or am I better than others?" Essentially, people play sport because they enjoy learning the appropriate skills to play their chosen sport or because they feel an appropriate level of competence.

This correlates well with Self-Determination theory which relates to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Vlachopoulos et al (2000) note that prolonged involvement in sport is most likely to come from self-determined or intrinsic motivation. Pelletier et al (1995) noted that intrinsic and extrinsic integrated motivation are major drivers for persistence with participation in sport and are related to satisfaction, enjoyment and persistence among other positive affective experiences among athletes (Tsorbatzoudis et al, 2006). Learning skills and then mastering them for the pure enjoyment of it is intrinsically motivated (Deci & Ryan 2008, Pelletier 1995) and as athletes perceive themselves as increasingly competent, they display more self-determined forms of motivation (Pelletier 1995).

Meeting the psychological need for relatedness through socialisation is also an important intrinsic motivation for sport participation.

Click here Sport Motivation Scale to use the Sport Motivation Scale developed by Pelletier et al (1995) to determine your motivation for participating in sport

Why do some people continue to play sport for their lifetime?

Research has shown that the drop out rate for sport participation is about 50% (Dishman 2001 cited in Zahariadis et al. 2002). So, what motivates the other 50%?

Scanlan et al (1993) posited the Sport Commitment Model based on the definition of sport committment as "a psychological state representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation" (Scanlan et al. 1993 pg 1). The model proposes the following as determinants for continued sport participation:
 * sport enjoyment (intrinsic motivation) - increases commitment to sport for both children and elite athletes;
 * involvement alternatives - may lower sport commitment if more attractive alternatives are available;
 * personal investments (intrinsic motivation) - the more time, effort, money invested into a sport will increase the likelihood of greater commitment;
 * social contraints (external or introjected extrinsic motivation) - social pressures, actual or perceived, from others to remain committed to the sport; and
 * involvement opportunities - opportunities available only through continued participation which may be actual (task mastery, social interaction with friends) or virtual (the belief that sport participation is the only way to remain fit) (Scanlan et al 1993).

Deci & Ryan's (2008) self-determination theory suggests that autonomous motivation can predict persistence and adherence to sport particiaption.

Duda's (2007) Goal Perspective Approach indicates that ego involved people i.e. those who are driven by being better than others, will persist with a sport for as long as they feel confident of their ability. Once they begin to doubt their ability they often:
 * choose tasks that are too hard, so they fail and it is not worth doing
 * choose tasks that are too easy, so it is not worth doing;
 * put less effort into the task because it is not worth doing;
 * devalue the task so that it is not worth doing.

Conversely, those people participating in sport who are task oriented i.e. focused on task mastery or are more likely to have an ongoing involvement in sport (Duda 1988 cited in Duda 2001).

In addition to this, the desire to repeat satisfying experiences can also lead to ongoing persistance and participation in sport. Thurston and Green (2004) note that people become 'locked-in' to playing sport not just through enjoyment and being good at sport but through the satisfaction and skills generated, through habitualised behaviour, through being bound by organisational membership and social committment all of which are mutually reinforcing of the desire to continue sport participation (Thurston & Green 2004).

Beltman and Volet (2006) also note that individual participants are constantly weighing up the personal and contextual circumstances over time. This includes things like enjoyment and competence as well as changes in the organisation eg coach, their family, work, or financial situation (Beltman and Volet (2006).

Conclusion
What motivates life-long participation in sport? The answer is found in a few simple questions: What's in it for you? What else is there you could be doing? Do you enjoy it? Do you want to do it or is someone or something "making" you do it? How much have you invested in it? Withdrawal from sport is linked to low perceived competence and less enjoyment of the sporting experience. Intrinsic motivation or integrated regulation extrinsic motivation and a task orientation will make a positive contribution to extended participation in sport.


text:
Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Infidelity

Overview
Monogamy is desired in most cultures and infidelity breaks the monogamous bond. Contemporary Western society values faithfulness within heterosexual relationships. Locker, McIntosh, Hackney, Wilson, & Wiegand (2010) suggest that faithfulness within a relationship is a major factor in relationship commitment and longevity. He also found that couples expressed infidelity as a primary reason to leave a relationship. It is safe to say, that people don’t enter relationships for the sake of being unfaithful. The social concept of monogamy is valued across most cultures, however, the value at times does not exceed the motivation behind unfaithfulness.

This chapter was written, to help understand the motives which drive people to cheat in monogamous relationships. You can better understand yourself and others, whether you may have cheated or been tempted cheat on a partner, or your partner has cheated or been tempted to cheat on you.

Three key theories which can explain the motivations concerning infidelity will be discussed and compared. Applied examples are also provided about how to stay committed and keep your partner interested. Additional links can further help you to empathise with this challenging topic.

Evolution
Evolutionary theory suggests that infidelity is a consequence of a biological drive to enhance reproductive success (RS) (Shakelford & Buss, 1997). This drive is irrespective of socially conceptualised monogamy, meaning that, humans are biologically motivated to mate to produce the best possible offspring. This may involve looking beyond present mating partners to find mates with the best qualities. (Drigotas & Barta 2001).

The parent investment model explains that men and women have differing investment time and energy towards offspring (Shakelford & Buss, 1997). Men provide semen and are not directly attached to offspring. Therefore, men can continually procreate without any consequences. Women, however, invest nine months of prenatal nurturing, a time where the woman is bound to the child.

Evolutionists talk about trade-off that both men and women make when raising children (Van Anders & Watson, 2006). Men will invest in offspring provided the female is the best in their proximity (Digrotas & Barta, 2001). Therefore, the male trades off mating effort for bonding behaviour. However, investment decreases if the possibility of mating with better females arise (Shakelford & Buss, 1997). Women will trade off their bodies for incubation if the male is best to provide and protect (Elmslie & Tebaldi, 2008). These strategies provide gender differences in motives towards infidelity.

Basically, men are more likely to cheat because they are biologically programmed to spread their seed for greater reproductive success (Barta & Kiene, 2005). Women on the other hand may cheat if a male of higher status and power is presented (Shakelford & Buss, 1997). This assumption expresses an opportunity-based motivation, where humans are biologically and instinctively driven to seek the best for themselves and the reproductive success of their off-spring.

Evolutionary theory relies on biological mechanisms to validate and explain the innate drives within humans. Testosterone (T, male sex hormone) can explain males' mate-seeking behaviour, dominance and competitiveness (Goldely, & Van Anders, 2010; Van Anders & Dunn, 2009). Men have acquired these behavioural tendencies to better their chances of survival and reproduction. Higher testosterone increases these behaviours and these behaviours increase testosterone (Digrotas & Barta, 2001).

Males with higher T are more likely to be single, cheat and have a higher sexual drive (Goldely, & Van Anders, 2010). Van Anders and Watson (2006) found that males in relationships had lower T levels than those cheat, were single, and have high sexual drives. Evolutionists would also suggest that men with higher T are biologically driven to compete, and gain higher status (Ganzaga, Turner, Keltner, Campos, & Altemus, 2006). T levels have been recorded higher pre-match, in tennis players who won matches (Van Anders & Dunn, 2009). Neave and Wolfson, (2003) found that football players had elevated T after winning a match than before the game. These effects were stronger if the competitiveness was facilitated in familiar grounds. T and competitive behaviours are also raised in mate seeking situations. Roney, Mahler, & Maestripieri (2003) found that men conversing with women had higher T and displayed “show off” behaviours towards women, if they saw the conversation as an opportunity for sex. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIPOk8kc-h4

Males are not as animalistic as they once were; the mind also influences the factors which T is so closely associated with (Elmslie & Tebaldi, 2008). Not all men with high T cheat and not all men with lower T stay committed (Van Anders & Watson, 2006).

Elevated T has been supported in its advantageous role considering sex, attraction, competition and dominance. However, those with lower T in relationships are also the ones who cheat (Goldely, & Van Anders, 2010). This may be due to the feelings T produce, which motivate men to cheat. Feeling dominant, and “like a man” are some of the things men report on T replacement therapy (McIntyre, et al 2006). Shakelford and Buss, (1997) found that men who committed infidelity were motivated by the need to feel physically desirable and dominant. Therefore, it may be the masculine feelings associated with elevated T that men are after. This need/ feelings based approach can be further supported. As McIntyre, et al. (2006) found, men in relationships in which they had high sexual focused thoughts (those who were simply thinking that infidelity was possible) had higher T levels than those who where ostracised by their partners for having such views.

Not all men with high sexual focus reported infidelities; rather, higher relationship satisfaction was reported when partners understood their high sexual drive. This may be due to less perceived constraint. For example, Rhoades, Stanely and Markman, (2010) found that perceived constraint was negatively related to relationship stability, meaning those who felt less confounded by partners within a relationship, reported more satisfaction and likelihood of continuous commitment towards partners. This exact point is depicted in the 2011 movie “Hall Pass”, where wives gave their husbands the freedom to satisfy sexual drives outside the marriage, only for the men to realise all that they are satisfied with is at home waiting.

Women on the other hand, are conflicted between either better genes or better providing. The evolutionary theory suggests that better gene mates will always prevail in the conflict. However, in contemporary Western society, it is not uncommon to see a woman with an older, wealthier man. An example could be Hugh Heffner, a wealthy senior citizen, known for his sexual prowess. Arguably, a male much younger and fitter would provide better genes than Hugh Heffner, yet many young women find him attractive. Additionally, Elmslie and Tebaldi (2008) found that women with high financial success still wanted a partner with equally high or higher success financially, suggesting that genetics are not the strongest motivators for partner-seeking or infidelity.

According to the evolutionary theory, the woman’s view is passive in mate selection. No biological/hormonal evidence supports their motive, unlike that for men. Although oxytocin is a hormone related to bonding and nurturing, evidently OT is higher in women. Based on this theory, females are also motivated to cheat to better procreate. This would suggest that cheating should not occur once a woman has encountered menopause as they have no chance of reproductive success (Elmslie & Tebaldi, 2008). However, postmenopausal women have admitted infidelity (Locker, et al., 2010). If the biological drive is not there for these women, they may be motivated to cheat by their needs.

Needs
The second theoretical approach is the needs theory. In this approach, one may be more driven to cheat depending on whether their relationship needs are fulfilled (Shackelford, Besser & Goetz, 2008). Relationship therapists argue that infidelity occurs due to a lack of emotional fulfillment within the relationship (Clair, 2005). This can be explained by the investment model of relationships. This model suggests three variables which influence relationship commitment (Digrotas & Barta, 2001). These are: satisfaction (how satisfied one is with their relationship, higher satisfaction, higher commitment); alternative quality (possible alternative partners, better alternative, less committed); investment (one’s losses if the relationship ends). People are more likely to cheat if relationship satisfaction is low, better alternatives present themselves, and if they are not heavily invested in their relationship (Digrotas & Barta, 2001).

The three investment model variables have been consistently supported when asking individuals what motivated them to cheat (Shackelford, Besser & Goetz, 2008; Drigotas & Barta, 2001). Le, Korn, Crockett and Loving, (2010) found that these factors involved in relationship commitment (satisfaction, alternative quality, investment) predicted physical infidelity when couples where separated for a three month period. Those lower on needs satisfied were less invested and turned to alternative people to satisfy needs.

The investment model explains what motivates people to cheat. People are driven to seek satisfactory relatedness, affiliation and companionship (Clair, 2005). Problems with this needs theory is that it assumes people weigh up satisfaction, alternatives and investment in a rational manner (Digrotas & Batra, 2001). However, not all people are rational and people in the same circumstances can think or behave differently (Clair, 2005). One could have great satisfaction and realise the losses they may face if they cheat. However, given a particular situation where a person is seduced or in proximity of a better alternative, one may not bring relationship satisfaction and investment to mind fast enough to resist cheating (Barta & Kiene, 2005). This model heavily relies on the perceptions of one’s relationship, with little emphasis on individual differences (Digrotas & Barta, 2001). This does not mean that unfulfilled needs don’t drive people to commit infidelity. Rather, more should be considered regarding the unique differences between people (Orzeck & Lung, 2004). For example, two people could be equally satisfied and invested in their relationships, but why does one person cheat if they love their partner the same amount? Nevertheless, all people have needs and for people to feel fully satisfied with their relationships, it is understandable that people seek those who best satisfy their needs. After all, the person you find could be the one with whom you spend your life.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WYHDfJDPDc

Personality
Two people within a relationship could have very different views and moralities reflecting their individual differences. Looking at how individual differences influence infidelity, researchers have studied the big five personality traits. The big five factors are: Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness

Barta and Kiene, (2005) found, those who reported infidelity were more likely to measure high on extraversion, openness, neuroticism and low on agreeableness and conscientiousness. Whisman, Gordon, & Chatav (2007) further supports Barta and Kiene’s results by finding similar correlates between the five factors and infidelity. Shmitt, (2004) tested the big five among 10 world regions. Irrespective of culture or nationality, people who admitted cheating were more likely low on agreeableness and conscientiousness.

Personality can give insight into what characteristics contribute to the likelihood individuals commit infidelity. However, the personality traits do not provide understanding of direct motivations underlying one's drive to cheat (Barta & Kiene, 2005). The less conscientious individual could simply be motivated to do as he/she desires, regardless of others, whilst the less agreeable people may be motivated to rebel against compliance. The neurotic could feel vulnerable and anxious if their partner is not constantly around, therefore motivating them to seek comfort from another, outside of the relationship

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REB2c3pSohw

Barta and Kiene (2005) investigated the relationships between people’s motives for infidelity and their personality. They found neglect to be a motive of those high in neuroticism (feeling vulnerable within the relationship). Extraverts, particularly women, endorsed a dissatisfaction motive which could relate to extraverts needs for sensation seeking and social excitement. Lastly, those who had a combination of low agreeableness and high neuroticism endorsed anger (noncompliance and vulnerability) as their motive for infidelity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RUSRxTpI80

Depending on individual differences, people can be motivated by needs, emotions or revenge. These motivations have been described by those questioned on what would motivate someone to cheat. Shackelford and Buss (1997) asked participants to think of reasons why one may cheat. Participants endorsed anger, dissatisfaction, neglect, revenge and vulnerability as motives behind infidelity. What is further interesting about personality is that out of the theories discussed, personality is the only one which can reverse the results. Meaning that, a partners’ personality can influence a person to cheat. Supporting this, Shackelford, et al, (2008) questioned, whether or not a partners’ low agreeableness and conscientiousness influences a person’s likelihood of cheating in the following year of marriage. They found that, the respondents who rated their partners low on agreeableness and conscientiousness where less satisfied with their marriage and self-reported more likelihood to cheat.

Within the motivational research on infidelity, there is a lack of a multi-dimensional model which explains all the variables which could contribute. Batra and Kiene (2005) conceptualised a model involving personality, perceived opportunity, relationship satisfaction, and sex drive. To date this model has not been tested or manipulated in anyway. Infidelity research still focuses on the rate at which cheating occurs and relationships break-up. More needs to be considered in terms of motives and the three theories discussed should be simultaneously analysed.

Staying committed
Driven to seek the best – If evolutionary theory contributes one solid argument that relates to today, it is that people are programmed to seek the best opportunity or partner. Understand that a single person did not make the rules, if it is true that we are driven toward what we perceive as best, we should not be ashamed of that. After all, a perceived better opportunity maybe in front of one’s face (possibly a one night stand) nevertheless, a person nowadays has the opportunity to take time out and weigh up what really is best. The drive may be in us all, we all may feel arousal towards another outside our relationship. But this arousal does not mean that we are inclined to act. The drive shows that we can be aroused, which is essential for relationships. Drives can be redirected, manipulated and withheld, so if your view of infidelity is negative but you question yourself because you feel arousal towards a non partner, don’t be ashamed, take a second to think and possibly redirect arousal toward your partner.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GotD97oc30

T is key
If the main drive for men is Testosterone (important for mating and competition) and men feel more masculine with higher levels of T, then the direction of this drive may be the key. Based on the research within the discussion of evolutionary – T theory; we now know that:
 * 1) higher T levels makes men feel more masculine and dominant
 * 2) T levels rise when competition or perceived sexual opportunities are present
 * 3) men take T to feel “like a man”
 * 4) Today’s man has the cognitive functioning to think before acting on impulse.

With this, what could a woman do to reduce the possibility of man acting on biological drives by cheating?

If increased T is what makes a man feel good and T increases success in mating and competition, it is T that a partner could target. Roney, et al. (2003) concluded that men who perceived conversations with women as a sexual opportunity showed increased T levels and displayed competitive behaviours. The perceived opportunity increased competitiveness. If you as the partner provide novel sexual interactions to be perceived as sexual opportunities, it is likely that your partners’ innate competitiveness will emerge, further elevating T. Frisby (2009) found, couples engaging in sexually flirtatious behaviour did so to maintain excitement within the relationship. One male participant commented that flirting provided feelings of competitiveness. Gonzaga et al (2010) found, biologically, sex hormones such as T are increased when couples engage in sexually flirtatious behaviour.

Considering you are the source of such feelings and T spikes, your partner will be more likely to act out his sexual desires with you. If Increased T facilitates men feeling masculine, the increases you encourage will be attributed to you, meaning, your partner will attribute you to feeling “like a man”. Therefore you, rather than an outside partner, will be seen as not only the competition (encouraging your partner to gain) but, also the one who facilitates feelings of masculinity.

Wear RED! Red, is a colour that has empirically shown associations with lust, sexual desire and romance and increased T (Neave & Wolfson, 2003). In the name of attraction, Elliot and Niesta, (2008) found that men rated women more attractive when wearing red, however, the men were unaware of the red being the effect.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt2YIpZWBqA

Get in-touch with your masculine side
As suggested by evolution theory:
 * 1) women are motivated to cheat by the potential partners’ characteristics rather than their own characteristics
 * 2) these particular characteristics are, dominance, good genetics, strength and high social status
 * 3) within the parental investment assumption, women are motivated to seek these characteristics to assure security and protection whilst the woman is pregnant
 * 4) because of their high investment in reproduction, women are more selective than men.

If women are more selective in the mating game, looking for a male with the highest status, providing/protecting qualities, then this is what men could work on to lessen the chances of their partner going astray. Even with the difference in opportunities for women to have high social status and providing qualities. Buss (1994) asked occupationally highly successful women what their mate preferences were and what qualities the desired in men. He found that all the women preferred men who have high status, intelligence, and income. Gangestad, Simpson, Cousin, Graver-Apgar and Christensen (2004) found that, in terms of mate preference, women preferred men who were dominant and assertive, however, also caring and considerate. Men, carefully consider how to acquire these skills in effort to keep female partners faithful.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFJ3VKnwmJw&ob=av2e

Neediness
It is normal for people to weigh up situations in order to avoid pain and gain satisfaction. Ask yourself, were you satisfied at one point in the relationship? Would it be right to assume that if satisfaction was there, that it can be regained? How would one find the answer to this question?

Clair (2005) suggests, when people weigh up costs and benefits related to relationships and infidelity, they do question why they aren’t satisfied anymore within their relationship. She goes on to say, that those couples facing relationship troubles best sustain commitment through communication. Allen, Rhoades, Stanely & Markman (2010) found that dedication to the relationship was a strong predictor of relationship stability. If you feel dedicated to the relationship, however, unsatisfied, talk to your partner about your thoughts and feelings. Elmslie and Tebaldi (2008) found that one’s rationalisations and free will can overcome biological urges and impulses. Therefore, one can choose to abstain from temptation and express needs to his/her partner before infidelity occurs.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WYHDfJDPDc

Male motive
Men cheat through the need of sex. Males are more likely to interpret partner communication in a sexual desire way. If men talk lust, they respond to lust (Elliot & Niesta, 2008). Otto, et al. (2008) found that men reported great satisfaction and intrigue towards their partners if they flirted with teasing of sexual fantasy and willingness. One man reported “I met the girl of my dreams (laughs)! I feel marvellous. If I met a girl like that, about her I would feel absolutely marvellous.” These men also rated the sexually assertive women most satisfying in sexual encounters.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Ha80ZaecGkQ

Cuddles and bubbles
Women are more likely to cheat to satisfy emotional needs related to bonding and care. Frisby (2009) found that men who conveyed romance through sexual communication did so to assure their partner that they are desired and “the only one”. Women also said that the romance was what got them in the mood for sexual intercourse. Women seek the closeness and intimacy that comes with sex (Clair, 2005). Learn to be more attentive to your partners’ emotional needs. Don’t neglect her, especially straight after sex (Ganzaga, et al., 2010).

Mention of these sex differences in needs, does not imply that these needs are stringent and only apply to each sex exclusively. Women to seek male typical needs as men also seek female typical needs (Frisby, 2009). Rather, men’s brain cells fire quickest when sex is mentioned and women appreciate a cuddle (Ganzaga, et al, 2010). Make her say...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3dISGg6vDg&ob=av2e

Summary
Each model of infidelity shares the agreement of a cost–benefit analysis. Therefore, people will be more satisfied and less likely to cheat if the benefits of the relationship outweigh the costs. Each person within the relationship has influence on this analysis. If you don’t want your partner to stray, do what is in your power to lessen the chances.

People reading this may disagree as they feel their giving enough and they shouldn’t have to go out of their way to lessen the chances of infidelity. Their partner should be morally strong and care about them even if they’re not being the person they first met. This is understandable, of course your partner should display those qualities and this paragraph does not intend to say that your partner will be unfaithful, rather, make it easier for him/her to be motivated to come home to you at night. After all, if you as the partner have power struggles (low on agreeableness/conscientiousness) about satisfying your partner the best you can… ask yourself, why are you with them if they’re not worth the effort? Furthermore, if you value yourself, you should take the time out to better what you can to be the best male/female or the only option leaving no better alternative. This is not just to keep your partner, but to be the best within any situation of life. be the best YOU can be!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGt4DOl411o


text:
Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Eating and emotion

Introduction

 * What is emotional eating?
 * An emotional eater is defined as someone who overeats in response to a negative emotional experience (Denise, Ridder & Adriaanse, 2009; Koball et. al., 2011). Emotional eaters are often unaware of their overeating, and are unable to distinguish between hunger and emotional arousal.

 * How is emotional eating different to binge eating?
 * The difference between a binge eater and an emotional eater is the way they respond to stress. For an average non emotional eater, stressful situations have been proved to decrease appetite (Jones et. al., 2008), however, an emotional eater will not show this type of physiological response (van Strien, 2010), and turn to food as comfort or distraction.

Risk factors to overeating

 * Comfort and Distraction?
 * There are certain kinds of moods that result in binge eating. Emotional eating often occurs to provide comfort and distraction from negative psychological distress (Evers, de Ridder & Marieke, 2010). Stice, Presnell & Spangler (2002) hypothesised that depression and low self esteem or inadequacy cause overeating, when compared with fear, anxiety and anger. Their study found that emotional eating predicted the onset of binge eating, which they suggested may be the reason that people decide to eat to change or improve their emotions. Negative emotions such as depression often precede the onset of binge eating (Tanofsky-Kraff et. al., 2007), however once the binge eating episode is over, there may be some feelings of guilt, another negative emotion, which may help maintain the overeating habit. Jones et. al. (2008) suggested that emotionally damaging situations, such as hurting someone’s feelings, increases emotional eating rather than physically threatening situations. Overweight youths who receive criticism or ridicule from parents are more likely to experience loss of control eating due to the negative emotion felt after the disapproval (Tanofsky-Kraff et. al., 2007) As well as depression and all other negative emotions, boredom is a reason for people to eat when not hungry. Koball et. al. (2011) studied boredom and emotional eating. Their study replicated many previous findings that they discussed and their results showed that boredom was one of the most common reasons for emotional eating. Johnson and Wardle (2005) suggested that individuals with depression were more likely to overeat than non depressive people, strengthening the argument that negative emotions cause overeating.

Dieting is seen to be a major risk factor for overeating. This is because restricting the intake of calories often becomes too much for someone, which often results in overindulging in foods high in fat. When dieting, an individual relies on cognitive control rather than the physiological cue of feeling hungry to distinguish when food is to be consumed (Stice, Presnell & Spangler, 2002). Restraint theory suggests that limiting dietary intake can cause individuals to both lose control by overeating (Ganley, 2002), but could also decrease ones ability to distinguish physiological cues of feeling hungry to psychological cues such as being bored or depressed (Johnson & Wardle, 2005). Emotional eating is caused by restriction of dietary intake, and when failing to stick to the strict rules of a low calorie diet, could cause psychological distress or end up with someone losing control of their restrictions, and breaking the food rules worse than before the diet began. Heatherton and Polivy (2002, as cited in Johnson & Wardle, 2005), suggests that failed dieting causes increases in psychological distress which, as mentioned previously, has been linked with causing overeating. One of the worst feelings experiences after straying from the restrictions of a diet is guilt. Feeling guilty after a decision that seemed correct at the time, can be extremely emotionally damaging for a person, especially when a person considers themselves to be perfectionists. Perfectionists hold themselves and others around them to very high standards in all aspects of their lives. If a perfectionist is restricting themselves to stringent dietary constraints, the disappointment they have for themselves if the restrictions aren’t maintained could be excessive and lead to eating disorders. Sherry and Hall (2009) studies whether perfectionism plays a role in affecting binge eating, which they found, had a positive relationship. During a bout of dieting and restricting calorie intake, Johnson and Wardle (2005) found links with increased stress.
 * Dieting

When a person is stressed, regular routine and habit may change due to the extra strain in their life. What causes stress is different for everyone, whether for psychological, biological or external reasons, but it’s the way that a person deals with their stress that’s important. Psychometric theory suggests that when stress increases, appetite decreases (Jones et. al., 2008), however this isn’t always the case. In some cases, individuals who are considered emotional eaters are unable to distinguish the difference between hunger and negative emotions, so when a person experiences any negative emotions, stress included, there is the potential for overeating (Evers, de Ridder & Marieke, 2010). Jones et. al. (2008) suggested that a person’s stress may adversely affect their health. They found that stress causes women to choose foods to snack on that are higher in energy and fat, because they are often seen as easy and quick options for a meal. Not only does snacking increase during stressful times in a persons life, Jones et. al. (2008) found in their study that a decrease in structured main meals during the day occurs. They suggest that the disruption in food intake habits causes the more frequent snacking, which decreases a persons ability to determine when they are actually hungry.
 * Stress

Eating disorders
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a psychological disorder where by a person participates in episodes of binge eating on a regular basis. They often feel out of control when eating and use food as an outlet, as a distraction, or to provide comfort when feelings of negative emotions are present. To be diagnosed with BED you need to fall within specific guidelines made by the Forth Edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). The DSM-IV suggests that a person with BED has impaired control or obvious distress over eating, with no compensatory behaviours that follow it such as self induced vomiting, excessive exercise or fasting, which are characteristics of other types of eating disorders. It is noted in the DSM-IV that someone with BED will begin to eat in private due to embarrassment over the amount being consumed, as well as the negative emotions such as guilt or depression that are felt after a binge. The following link is a video of a person who suffered from BED from the age of 14, and being at her worst in college. She now speaks out to make the community aware of her problems with BED, in a hope that others who feel the same will seek help. Binge Eating Disorder Video (10 min., video)
 * Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

In contrast with BED, Bulimia Nervosa provides compensatory methods after the initial binge episode to prevent weight gain. These methods may include self induced vomiting, laxative abuse or misuse, use of diuretics, excessive exercise or fasting. An individual with Bulimia Nervosa may harbour one, some or all of these methods in an effort not to gain weight after a binge.
 * Bulimia Nervosa

Quiz
This quiz has no right or wrong answer. It has purely been designed to determine how individuals see themselves in regards to their control over food. When completing this quiz, answer according to which option best applies to you. On completion of this quiz, your score is derived by the amount of questions you answer that put you in the 'out of control' category. A higher score may indicate greater impaired control over eating choices.

{How do you feel when you look into the mirror? + I frequently think about my weight and I feel guilty when I eat something bad. - I think about my appearance, but it doesn't make me feel unhappy. - I worry about my appearance, and I often feel disappointed. - I don't think about my size or weight.
 * type=""}

{When choosing food to eat: - I feel good because I always choose something healthy and nutritious. - I sometimes choose the food I crave, which is generally food high in fat and sugar. + I feel like a failure because I have chosen the wrong food, so to mask the guilt I eat more. - I am usually pretty good at choosing healthy food, but I have bad days.
 * type=""}

{When you're bored, how likely are you to turn to food? + I always eat when I'm bored, but distract myself so I don't think about eating. - I find a way to occupy myself other than using food. - I tend to graze continuously throughout the day when I have nothing better to do. - I eat when I'm bored occasionally, however I wouldn't consider it a habit.
 * type=""}

{After eating too much - I don't feel guilty or regretful at all. - I may feel sick, but it doesn't last long. + I always feel so guilty that I often engage in compensatory behaviour such as vomiting or excessive exercise. - I sometimes feel regret for overindulging.
 * type=""}

{When dieting - I am pretty strict, but I have a few bad days. - I never stray, it's a lifestyle choice, not a diet. - I have a binge every now and then, but I will be good for the rest of the week. + I feel like a failure when I have strayed, and often end up eating more.
 * type=""}

{After a meal I feel + like I've eaten too much and i feel uncomfortably sick. - like I am content and I feel satisfied. - like I could eat more, but I don't need to. - like I've eaten a bit too much, but I feel ok.
 * type=""}

{When I have an impulse to eat - I can stop after I have had enough. - Sometimes I feel an urge to eat that I cannot control. + I have no ability to control the urges I have to eat and end up eating too much. - I often have urges to eat too much, but I find it easy to control myself.
 * type=""}

{Which of the following most applies to you + I only ever eat when I'm by myself, because I feel like I won't be able to control myself and get embarrassed. - I eat the same amount when I'm with other people and when I'm by myself. - I only eat a small amount in front of people because I feel embarrassed. - I often don't order the food I'd really like to eat when with other people because I am aware that I have a few problems with food choices.
 * type=""}

{How often do you eat - I have three square meals a day plus a snack or two. - Three square meals, nothing more. + I eat many different meals per day, but may also have days where I skip some too. - I tend to graze on small meals throughout the day.
 * type=""}

{Are there different circumstances in life when your appetite changes? - If I exercise more than usual, sometimes I snack a bit more during the day. + Food makes me feel better, or forget about the problems I am having, whether I am stressed or upset about something. - I eat similar amounts of food daily, my daily calorie intake is generally very stable. - I like structure, I eat the same thing every day.
 * type=""}

 * If you scored between 7-10:
 * A score between 7 and 10 suggests that you may have little control over what you eat. You may be considered a binge eater, or someone who easily overindulges in food to compensate for negative emotions. Eating when bored, or when feeling sad or depressed may be a sign that you use food as a comfort mechanism. Continue to monitor your food choices, try not to turn bad choices into bad habits!

 * If you scored between 4-6:
 * A score between 4 and 6 suggests that you occasionally may lose control over your eating habits, but generally are able to limit the indulges. If you tend to use food as a cure for boredom, try to find some new and exciting hobbies to engage in, to prevent you from turning to the pantry. Limit your snacking to healthy and nutritious snacks, once or twice a day. Be careful not to fall into any worse habits and increase your score above 6.

 * If you scored between 0-3:
 * Congratulations, you have great control over your urges to eat bad food. You stick to healthy and nutritious foods, and don't turn to food as a means of comfort or distraction. You love structure in your diet and maintain a level amount of daily calories taken per day. Well done, the strength you show in controlling your food intake is harder than you think!

Note: This quiz was adapted from the Binge Eating Scale. The test has 16 questions and gives an estimate of where you lie on the Binge Eating Scale. To take the original questionnaire, see external links.

Summary
Overeating is a response overeaters use as a means of comfort and distraction. Feelings of depression, low self esteem and inadequacy are all factors that may cause overeating. Emotionally damaging situations, such as hurting a person’s feelings, increases emotional eating more than physically threatening situations. Children who are overweight often receive ridicule or criticism from parents may turn to emotional eating in an attempt to feel better about themselves.

Dieting is a major risk factor for overeating. When a person restricts their calorie intake, it often results in overindulging in foods high in fat. The reason dieting is often unsuccessful is that rather than physiological cues of hunger to determine when to eat, cognitive control is required to determine when food is allowed to be eaten. Overindulging often occurs due to the feelings of failure felt by straying from the strict dietary guidelines.

Stress disrupts regular routine and habit, which causes extra strain and pressure on a person’s life. Causes of stress are different for everyone, however dealing with stress explains alot about a person. The average person who does not eat for emotional support has a decreased appetite when stress is increased. Emotional eaters are unable to distinguish the difference between hunger and negative emotional arousal, which means that stress is an risk factor for emotional eating.

Emotional eaters are not clinically diagnosed as having eating disorders such as BED or Bulimia Nervosa, however the bad choices that emotional eaters make can easily turn into bad habits, and eventually into eating disorders.

In regards to eating, our emotions play a huge role. Not only is emotional eating caused by depressive moods, boredom, stress and dieting, the episode of emotional eating itself causes psychological distress, along side feelings of guilt and regret. The act of emotional eating turns into a huge spiral of bad choices and negative feelings. A person often feels too embarrassed to share their problems with other people, and end up eating in secret. Doctors are always available to help in situations like these, however admitting to yourself that there is a problem is usually half of the battle.


text:
User:Bilby/Guide to uploading files

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title: User:Bilby/Guide to uploading files


text: File:DR vs SPR.jpg

title: File:DR vs SPR.jpg


text:
VHDL programming in plain view

Flip Flop and Latch

 * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
 * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
 * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
 * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])

Versions of VHDL

 * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
 * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])

Data

 * DataType.1.A ([[Media:VHDL.DataType.1.A.20120118.pdf|pdf]])
 * DataObject.1.A ([[Media:VHDL.DataObject.1.A.20120118.pdf|pdf]])
 * StdPackages.1.A ([[Media:VHDL.StdPackages.1.A.20120118.pdf|pdf]])
 * Data.4.A.Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20120711.pdf|pdf]])

Signals & Variables

 * Signal.1.A Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
 * Signal.2.A Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
 * Signal.3.A Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])

Structure

 * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
 * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
 * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])

Function

 * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
 * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
 * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

Package
go to [ Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]

title: VHDL programming in plain view


title: File:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111027.pdf


text:
User:Gzen92

Gzen92 (fr.wikiversity.org)

title: User:Gzen92


text: Achievement motivation

title: Achievement motivation


title: File:CORDIC.VHDL.1.A.20111027.pdf


text: Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Growth through adversity/Header


text:
User talk:WikiDict

Thank you for experimenting with the page Wikiversity:Users on Wikiversity. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. Ruy Pugliesi ◥ 13:21, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:WikiDict


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger

feedback
Hi - just a quick note. Think the images (esp. 1st one) are excellent. Re the structure, looks like it would work. One thing though, you mention at the beginning that anger has its uses so I wonder if the section heading about Why Shouldn't I be angry is too limiting - what's healthy/what's not? Something's happening to your references too - a dot point caught in the middle. Know it's still a work-in-progress (like everyone's) but hope that helps. Jeanette 13:52, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Hi! Looks good with the page layout (I really like the anger image too!). Some really good headings - seems like it will have a good balance between biological and cognitive theory and practicals in how to 'deal with it'. I wonder if there are any good youtube clips etc you could link to about how to deal with it as well? I'm doing forgiveness so will be putting a link to your page to help cover the aspect of anger within forgiveness! Naomi 11:15, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Hi!, your page looks good. Just wondering will you be talking about how drugs and alcohol can make you angry? and also perhaps something about societal views? page looks good looking forward to reading more about it..)Rednoodles 01:26, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Link to shame?
Hi Not sure if this is helpful. But I did end up talking (briefly) about anger in the shame chapter. It's towards the end of the "Does experiencing shame have any benefits?" section. You may want to link to my chapter (was going to link 2 yours once it's finished). One of the things I find interesting (based on what I'm reading in your draft so far is that the physiological changes for anger and shame do seem to overlap). I'm thinking of the flushed face, the increased heart rate kind of thing, although shame does tend to encourage withdrawal rather than approach. & yes, I am a complete psych geek to keep reading ppl's wiki chapters after all the assessments have been handed in. Good luck with it. :) Regards Jeanette 10:02, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Fixed your references
Hey fixed your references to the standard format & twiddled with some typos I spotted. Hope that makes me helpful, not an interfering busy body. Just revert to previous if you don't like the way they've turned out. :) Jeanette 10:11, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * re fixed your references
 * Saw you got rid of the fixes I did to your reference list early on - hope changing back didn't cause you any hassles. :) Jeanette 06:09, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Comments
Comment by Magnolia - Ian, you are really doing well on this - keep going and I look forward to reading the completed chapter - well done so far

Rfoster 05:59, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:12, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/Anger


title: File:DigitalDesign.20111024.pdf


title: File:DigitalDesign.20111027.pdf


text: File:DigitalDesign (HW).20111027.pdf

title: File:DigitalDesign (HW).20111027.pdf


text:
User talk:Windowsfileextensiondll

No promotional content, please
Hello, the pages that you recently created seem to be advertisements or otherwise promotional. This is not acceptable on any Wikimedia wikis, and such content will be removed on sight. If you persist in this unacceptable behaviour, your account may be blocked and/or the domain(s) blacklisted. Thank you, Mathonius 14:35, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Windowsfileextensiondll


text:
User talk:Adityajoardar9

 Hello Adityajoardar9, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Adityajoardar9


text:
User talk:Carlo.bottai

 Hello Carlo.bottai, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 14:55, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Carlo.bottai


text:
User talk:Gzen92

Gzen92 (fr.wikiversity.org)

title: User talk:Gzen92


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Stress and emotional health

Comments
The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is really good to determine what the main predictors of stress is. Miz.mira 20:06, 27 October 2011 (UTC) There is an adult and non adults version.

Really like the chapter so far, its great that you've covered how/why stress is essential in life. There are a few things with referencing that need to be altered, just with authors that appear between sentences and the year following each author. Good use of picutres and a quiz, particularly like the diagram at the beginning of the chapter. U3033746 01:50, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks Guys :)

Hi West S, the page is looking amazing. I think you have done really well to explain all the processes in a concise yet informative way. I was worried that there would be a lot of cross-over between our topics, but you have done a great job at narrowing down on the aspects of well-being. Congrats on finishing the page - well done! :) (Psych 125 22:13, 2 November 2011 (UTC))

Your chapter is looking really good - each section and accompanying diagrams allow for an easy read. I noticed a few in-text references that need to be accompanied by a year of publication. I like that you ended with a quiz and included a case study. Maybe your title up the top of the page could read bigger? Great work :) AngeM 22:56, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Hi Shelly, Great chapter, I was just thinking do you want to add a little more on cortisol and that it can be easily tested at home, which can give an individual a instant reation of what the stressors may be. user:u990911 3 november 2011 (UTC) This is a really great chapter - and it links well with my Toxic Workplace chapter - well done - Magnolia

Rfoster 05:03, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:52, 11 December 2011 (UTC)


title: File:Pea1.f11.mtg32.djvu