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User:Eas4200c.f08.aeris.guan/hw1

Purpose and the Big Picture (Aerospace Structures EAS4200C)  The purpose of the class methodology of teaching is to allow for easy access to vast amounts of information while in the process, learn the knowledge that is being archived and presented. By using Wikiversity as a means of infomation exchange, not only can the class benefit from each other by learning from different perspectives in a synergetic approach, the entire engineering population can benefit as well. This approach is similar to the MIT open course ware. It basically provides lecture notes to the general public in a free and organized manner so that information can be shared to the masses. Throughout the semester, the class and the group will learn and develop communication skills, presentation skills, and essential reporting-writing skills. The technical goals of this course includes understanding the structures and components of an aircraft, understanding the mechanics of these components and the derivation of the formulas in which the mechanics can be described, understanding how and why components fail, fracture, and buckle, etc. Preface and Introduction to Aerospace Structures  The book "Mechanics of Aircraft Structures" by C.T. Sun aims to teach students to better understand the mechanics of aircraft structures, formulating the problem, and judging the correctness of the solution. It also exposes the student to an important analysis topic used in engineering for the last three decades: fracture mechanics. This is important because fracture mechanics has been used to study the durability and damage tolerance on aircrafts. The book also introduces the topic of composite materials. Since recently advanced materials have been used in building aircrafts, it is imperative for the student to realize the difference between these new materials from the traditional metallic materials. Since the finite element method is becoming more and more prevalent in the analysis of structures, the book begins to emphasize multi-dimensional stress, strains and their relationships. Also, displacement instead of stress and strain will be used to derive the governing equations of these structures. This teaching methodology will be taught along with the classical plane stress and plane strain concepts taught in mechanics of materials. Aerospace structures include everything from wings to fuselage, from stabilizers to engine casings. Modern aerospace structures are made from various types of materials ranging from metal alloys to composites. Aerospace structures differ from other structures due to the highest demands for performance and light weight. The structure's geometry and material dictate the stresses it can withstand during flight. Analysis of aerospace space structures provides information on areas of critical stress and strain. Analysis methods include the finite element method coupled with knowledge of material failure criteria. Material In aerospace science, the design of the system must be light-weight and strong. It must be light-weight to ultimately improve efficiency. The lighter the aircraft, the less fuel it uses or the more payload it can carry. It must be strong to withstand the rigorous forces and stresses induced on the system during flight. Thus, the materials chosen to build these structures must have high stiffness, high strength, and a high strength to weight ratios. To understand the rationale for using materials with high stiffness, strength, etc., stiffness, strength and strength to weight ratios must be defined. The stiffness of a material is essentially how sensitively the material elastically deforms when stress is induced on it. It is known as Young's Modulus or the Modulus of Elasticity. It is the slope of the stress versus strain line where $$\displaystyle E$$=$$\displaystyle \sigma$$$$\displaystyle \epsilon$$. In this equation, $$\displaystyle E$$ represents Young's Modulus, $$\displaystyle \sigma$$ represents stress (which is force per unit area) and $$\displaystyle \epsilon$$ represents strain (which is the change in length over the original length). Strength is defined as the stress at which the material yields. Yielding is where plastic deformation occurs and the material can no longer return to its original shape. The strength to weight ratio is the ratio of the yield stress to the materials density. The toughness of the material is also an important characteristic. Aircraft structures want to have high toughness as well. Toughness is defined as the ability to resist fracture. High stiffness and high strength materials include steel, titanium, and aluminum alloys. An example of high stiffness and low toughness is glass. Once glass cracks, the crack can easily propagate through the material and thus it has low toughness. Low stiffness and high toughness materials include plastics, nylon, and aluminum as aircraft skin. High stiffness and high toughness materials include fiber reinforced composites like epoxy. Materials are used tot he full capacity meaning that the stresses subject to the material should be close to the yield stress in order to the the aircraft to be more weight efficient. Geometry The design of an aerospace structure is not only subject to the material but also to the geometry of the structure itself. Obviously, geometrical configurations that exhibit strength are required. Structures called monocoques and semi-monocoques are examples of strong geometrical configurations. The monocoque is a "construction technique that supports structural load using an object's external skin" (source:[]). The semi-monocoque is a technique where a something like a structural beam is inserted into a monocoque to prevent buckling. The design is also limited by geometry. For instance, the airfoil of an aircraft must be "chosen according to aerodynamic life and drag characteristics" (source:"Mechanics of Aircraft Structures", C.T. Sun). Aircraft Example "Because of their high stiffness/weight and strength/weight ratios, aluminum and titanium alloys have been the dominant aircraft structural materials for many decades. However, the recent advent of advanced fiber-reinforced composites has changed the outlook" (source:"Mechanics of Aircraft Structures", C.T. Sun.) The F18 Hornet fighter jet is a good example of how and where materials are used on an aircraft. It has aluminum skin since aluminum is fracture tough, steel landing gears, titanium engine casing, stabilator, landing and cockpit gear, and carbon epoxy fuselage, aileron (control surface along the trailing edge of the wing), stabilator and vertical stabilizer. End Lecture 1 material (Wednesday, 9/3/08)

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User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello/HW 1

Homework 1 Material

Homework 1 is an exploration of a MATLAB tutorial written by Kermit Sigmon of the University of Florida.

Lecture Notes
Finite Element Analysis is a method of solving partial differential equations (PDE’s) and integral equations by approximating solutions. The PDE’s and integrals are reduced into less complex equations and solved using common methods. It is typically used in engineering to perform complex computer analysis on materials and designs. The item being analyzed is broken down into a series of matrices and analyzed on a smaller scale. It was first applied to vibration systems in 1943 by R. Courant. Since then it has been used in a wide variety of fields and industries from manufacturing to biomedical research.

The Finite Element Analysis and Design (FEAD) class at the University of Florida, EML 4500, is offered on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday’s this fall. It meets from 3:00-3:50 in the Florida gym beginning on August 25th and ending on December 10th. The class is composed of lectures, group projects, and three exams. These exams are scheduled for Wednesday September 24th, Wednesday October 22nd, and Wednesday December 3rd. These dates are none negotiable and the policy is no make-up exams. A wide variety of material will be covered in class, including but not limited to trusses, beams, solid structures, linear stability, mixed algebra, and design analysis.

The book used in the current fall semester is Finite Element Analysis With Mathematica and Matlab Computations and Practical Applications: Fundamental Concepts by M. Asghar Bhatti and MATLAB software will be used extensively. MATLAB is an integral part of this course. The first assignment for the class is to explore and attempt the University of Florida’s MATLAB primer tutorial, as seen below. It is imperative that students begin the class with a solid foundation in the software that will be used in later analyses.

A large portion of the course will be used to encourage group work and utilize cooperative learning techniques. Students will submit reports containing a summary of the week’s lecture notes and a problem or two exemplifying the theories explained in lecture. Wikiversity software will be used to submit the assignment. This is advantageous to the student in several ways. First, it will allow the student to learn a new form of communication /idea sharing or allow a student already familiar with Wikiversity to gain a better understanding of the software. A second advantage is that is accessible from any place that has an internet connection. This allows students to contribute to the group project at any time and allows all group members to oversee the final report. It also allows the instructor to see the individual contributions of each group member and ensures that all members are participating.

To submit a report each group member must create an individual Wikipedia account. From there work can be uploaded to individual pages or the group page and can be accessed by all. In addition to the principles of cooperative learning, Wikipedia allows for the communication of ideas across a larger community. This community comprises the entire global network of internet users, thus refining the education and knowledge pool of the human race. The standards for Wiki use allow each member of this global community to observe and reflect on the previous efforts of singular contributions and internalize these principles when formulating their own additions to this incredible wealth of electronic knowledge. A pitfall to this open-source and easily accessible framework is that it can become subject to vandalism. To curb the occurrence of this unfortunate phenomenon, the history for each page is recorded and can be used to override the vandalized version whenever necessary. It is the ultimate goal that the Wikipedia and Wikiversity interface will be used with noble intentions with the idea of a modern categorical imperative in place, hence providing a unique tool to communicate knowledge to the rest of mankind for the greater good of the world. It is this modern categorical imperative that is at the heart of Professor Loc Vu-Quoc's vision of the power of Wikipedia and Wikiversity.

For additional resources related to the course, Professor Vu-Quoc's course website offers its own wealth of helpful information including exam dates.

Chapter 4 of the textbook Finite Element Analysis With Mathematica and Matlab Computations visits the Finite Element Method approach to understanding trusses, beams, and frame systems. Often, engineers and other problem solvers are faced with statically indeterminate systems. In other words, using standard knowledge of statics and mechanics of materials will not be able to understand these systems. The Finite Element Method is a different way of understanding these systems with the use of matrix algebra. Basically, the method rather than analyzing the system as a whole, parts of the system are analyzed separately. This chapter first treats plane truss systems. Unlike beams and frames, trusses are only subjected to axial loads. It is assumed that they are elastic bars that are deformable.

When faced with a problem dealing with truss systems, it is important to clearly understand the background of the problem and what is being asked. Diagrams are especially useful in visualizing the problem when they are properly labeled. Starting with the entire system itself, a clearly and properly marked global free body diagram (FBD) is necessary. Included in this diagram would be the global coordinate system, loads, reactions, degrees of freedom, and labels for each node and member of the system. Examples of degrees of freedom are the known, fixed degrees of freedom and constraints, or the unknown, often displacements. It is standard to label the global nodes using numbers with circles encircling the numbers. The members of the system should be labeled with numbers encircled by triangles. From this, one can determine whether or not the system is statically indeterminate.

Once the system has been determined statically indeterminate, one may proceed with Finite Element Analysis. Since the members of the system will be analyzed separately, element free body diagrams should be created for each of the members of the system. This process also has its own standard labeling method. Although the nodes should already have been labeled encircled by circles, labeling the local nodes encircled with a square helps clarify the diagram. The reactions, loads, and degrees of freedom should be written the same except for the global nodes that experience the loads, once should choose one member of the system that undergoes the load while the other member doesn't. The local coordinate system may be the same as the global coordinate system, or one may be chosen to further simplify the problem.

Recalling back to fundamental physics, the equation that describes the force (F) of a spring with a spring constant (k) where one end is fixed and the other goes through a displacement (x) is F=kx. However, this single equation can not describe the motion of a spring where both ends are not fixed. This is a statically indeterminate system, therefore the Finite Element Method must be used. The motion of this scenario can be described

$$\begin{Bmatrix} F_1 \\ F_2 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} k & -k \\ -k & k \end{bmatrix}\begin{Bmatrix} d_1 \\ d_2 \end{Bmatrix}$$

where Fi is the force of node i=1,2, k is the stiffness matrix, and di is the displacement of node i=1,2. This can also be applied to truss systems in a similar manner. However many degrees of freedom determines the size of the matrix. In the spring scenario, there were two degrees of freedom creating a 2X1 force matrix, a 2X1 displacement matrix and a 2X2 stiffness matrix. In truss systems that are unconstrained the stiffness matrix will be of dimensions mXn, where m is the number of unknown displacement degrees of freedom and n is the number of both known and unknown degrees of freedom. Once the known degrees of freedom are eliminated the force and displacement matrix will be mX1, and the stiffness matrix will be mXm. For consistency purposes, the element stiffness and force matrices will be situated in the global coordinate system. Once the stiffness and displacement matrices are established, one may calculate the reactions (the unknown forces).

Entering Matrices
Matrices can be introduced into MATLAB as exampled in the following statements:

M = [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]

or

M = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1]

where both result in the MATLAB output of

M =

1    0     0     0     1     0     0     0     1

To reference an entry within the introduced matrix, entering a command such as the following will result in that entry being displayed:

M(1,2)

results in

ans =

0

This corresponds to the element found in the first row and second column.

If, for example, M(2,2) was entered, the result would be

ans =

1

Matrix Operations, Array Operations
For Matrix Operations, the following commands can be used:

For Array Operations, addition and subtraction are implicitly performed on corresponding matrix elements. Note that these operations must be performed on matrices of the same dimension. However, for the operations of multiplication, power, left division, and right division, element-wise operation is not implicit. MATLAB allows these operations to be performed element-wise by introducing a period before the operator as in the following example:

[1 -1 2 4; 9 1 0 0] .* [5 2 -4 6; 0 1 3 8]

resulting in

ans =

5   -2    -8    24     0     1     0     0

as opposed to the matrix multiplication operator *

[1 -1 2 4; 9 1 0 0] * [5 2 -4 6; 0 1 3 8]

resulting in

??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.

This result occurred because the matrices were not of the proper corresponding dimensions that would allow the multiplication operation to be performed.

Statements, Expressions, and Variables; Saving a Session
MATLAB is considered an expression language as its assignment of values to variables can be written as

variable = expression

Expressions here are defined as operators, functions, values, or variable names themselves. MATLAB will store these assigned values to the specified variable for later reference. If a variable name is not explicitly entered, MATLAB will default to assigning the expression values to the temporary variable ans.

A statement is typically entered on a single line and ended by hitting return or enter. However, statements are able to continue to additional lines provided three or more periods are entered, as in the following example:

EDU>> A = 5

A =

5

which is equivalent to

EDU>> A =... 5

A =

5

Further, multiple statements can be entered onto a single line if separated by commas or semicolons as in the following example:

EDU>> B = 6, C = -1; D = B

B =

6

D =

6

EDU>> C

C =

-1

As seen above, if the last character of a statement is a semicolon, that particular statement does not print to screen. Here, the variable C required explicitly typing C to confirm its variable assignment.

Additional things to note with MATLAB are that variables are case-sensitive and that the commands who and whos can be used to list the currently defined variables. Using the variables in the above examples, typing whos results in:

Name     Size                    Bytes  Class A        1x1                         8  double array B        1x1                         8  double array C        1x1                         8  double array D        1x1                         8  double array Grand total is 4 elements using 32 bytes

Entering eps outputs the unit roundoff for your computer, while pressing CTRL-C or CTRL-BREAK will stop a runaway computation.

If a MATLAB session is saved using the save command, it will preserve the values of the variables in a file called matlab.mat. Using the load command upon reentering MATLAB, the defined variables and their respective values will reappear.

Matrix Building Functions
MATLAB includes the following intrinsic functions for construction of matrices: Each of these functions requires the specification of matrix row and column dimensions unless the matrices are assumed square.

For example, specifying a square matrix M, the operation diag(M) results in the generation of a vector consisting of the diagonal of M.

M = [5 4 3; 1 0 9; -1 2 3]

M =

5    4     3     1     0     9    -1     2     3

such that diag(M) results in

ans =

5    0     3

If diag(diag(M)) is entered the result is

ans =

5    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     3

Matrices can also be built from "blocks". If M is the same as above and N = [M, zeros(3,2); zeros(2,3), eye(2)] is entered, the result is the following 5 x 5 matrix

N =

5    4     3     0     0     1     0     9     0     0    -1     2     3     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0     0     1

For, While, If -- and Relations
FOR It is possible generate a vector using a FOR loop in MATLAB as in the following example where 5 is the specified vector dimension

x = []; for i=1:5 x=[x, i^2] end

resulting in

x =

1

x =

1    4

x =

1    4     9

x =

1    4     9    16

x =

1    4     9    16    25

It is also possible to generate the same vector in reverse order by typing the following

x=[]; for i=5:-1:1 x=[x,i^2] end

resulting in

x =

25

x =

25   16

x =

25   16     9

x =

25   16     9     4

x =

25   16     9     4     1

WHILE

The WHILE loop can also be used in MATLAB to perform a repeated action so long as the condition within the WHILE loop remains true. The following example demonstrates the implementation of a WHILE loop:

n = 0; while 2 ^ n < 5 n = n + 1; end n

resulting in

n =

3

IF

MATLAB also uses the IF statement which allows an action to occur if a specified condition is satisfied. The following example demonstrates the implementation of the IF statement:

n = - 1; if n < 0 m = 10; m end

resulting in

m =

10

Relations

MATLAB makes use of the following relational operators:

It is important to realize that "=" and "==" are not equivalent, as "=" is used in an assignment statement while "==" is used in a relation.

It is also possible to connect or quantify relations using the following logical operators:

When relations are used on scalars, the scalar takes on either the value of 1 or 0 depending on whether the specified relation is true or false as in the following examples:

3 < 5

ans =

1

3 > 5

ans =

0

3 == 5

ans =

0

3 == 3

ans =

1

Relations can also be applied to matrices of the same dimensions. The matrix takes on values of 1's and 0's as elements if the element-wise relationship is either true or false. This is seen in the following example:

a = rand(5), b = triu(a), a==b

a =

0.8147   0.0975    0.1576    0.1419    0.6557    0.9058    0.2785    0.9706    0.4218    0.0357    0.1270    0.5469    0.9572    0.9157    0.8491    0.9134    0.9575    0.4854    0.7922    0.9340    0.6324    0.9649    0.8003    0.9595    0.6787

b =

0.8147   0.0975    0.1576    0.1419    0.6557         0    0.2785    0.9706    0.4218    0.0357         0         0    0.9572    0.9157    0.8491         0         0         0    0.7922    0.9340         0         0         0         0    0.6787

ans =

1    1     1     1     1     0     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0     0     1

Note that the values in matrix a were randomly selected; however, given that b is a function of a, the final matrix generated will always be the same unless matrix a contains 0's in its lower triangular section.

Scalar Functions
MATLAB has intrinsic functions that can operate directly on scalars or will operate element-wise on matrices. These functions are:

The following examples illustrate the use of these functions:

sin(pi/2)

ans =

1

asin(pi)

ans =

1.5708 - 1.8115i

exp(2)

ans =

7.3891

abs(-4)

ans =

4

round(4.5)

ans =

5

cos(0)

ans =

1

acos(pi)

ans =

0 + 1.8115i

log(2.7183)

ans =

1.0000

sqrt(100)

ans =

10

floor(3.6)

ans =

3

tan(.7071)

ans =

0.8545

atan(.7071)

ans =

0.6155

rem(100,7)

ans =

2

sign(-100)

ans =

-1

ceil(2.1)

ans =

3

Vector Functions
MATLAB also includes functions which operate directly on vectors. When applied to a matrix, they operate on each column resulting in a row vector with the results of the column by column operation. To apply vector functions to the rows of a matrix, it is necessary to take the transpose of the matrix so that the rows and columns are effectively swapped. Taking the transpose again will result in the matrix reverting back to its original orientation.

Examples of vector functions within MATLAB include:

As an example, to find the maximum value of the entries within a specified matrix, the use of the vector function max(max(n)) can be used where n is the following matrix:

n=rand(3)

n =

0.2760   0.1626    0.9597    0.6797    0.1190    0.3404    0.6551    0.4984    0.5853

such that max(max(n)) results in

ans =

0.9597

If max(n) is entered, the result is the column by column maximum values. This is observed in the following row output:

ans =

0.6797   0.4984    0.9597

Matrix Functions
Intrinsic in MATLAB are the following matrix functions:

MATLAB functions can have single or multiple output arguments as seen in the following examples:

a = magic(4)

a =

16    2     3    13     5    11    10     8     9     7     6    12     4    14    15     1

y = eig(a)

y =

34.0000   8.9443   -8.9443    0.0000

This is a column vector containing the eigen values for matrix a.

For the same matrix a, entering [U,D] = eig(a) will result in a matrix U with its columns as the eigenvectors of matrix a and a diagonal matrix D whose diagonal values are the eigenvalues of matrix a. This is seen in the following:

[U,D] = eig(a)

U =

-0.5000  -0.8236    0.3764   -0.2236   -0.5000    0.4236    0.0236   -0.6708   -0.5000    0.0236    0.4236    0.6708   -0.5000    0.3764   -0.8236    0.2236

D =

34.0000        0         0         0         0    8.9443         0         0         0         0   -8.9443         0         0         0         0    0.0000

Command Line Editing and Recall
The left and right arrow keys can be used to move the cursor and the Backspace key can be used to delete a character. On a PC, hitting the Home key will position the cursor at the beginning of the command line, while the End key will position it at the end of the line.

The up and down arrow keys can be used to move through previous commands. A previous command can be recalled, edited and executed over again. For example, typing

a=rand(8)

in the command line yields:

a =

0.8909   0.8143    0.3517    0.3804    0.5688    0.1656    0.2290    0.1067    0.9593    0.2435    0.8308    0.5678    0.4694    0.6020    0.9133    0.9619    0.5472    0.9293    0.5853    0.0759    0.0119    0.2630    0.1524    0.0046    0.1386    0.3500    0.5497    0.0540    0.3371    0.6541    0.8258    0.7749    0.1493    0.1966    0.9172    0.5308    0.1622    0.6892    0.5383    0.8173    0.2575    0.2511    0.2858    0.7792    0.7943    0.7482    0.9961    0.8687    0.8407    0.6160    0.7572    0.9340    0.3112    0.4505    0.0782    0.0844    0.2543    0.4733    0.7537    0.1299    0.5285    0.0838    0.4427    0.3998

Rather than having to move between MATLAB and the editor, the line can be directly recalled yielding a new set of random numbers:

a =

0.2599   0.8693    0.4018    0.9027    0.7803    0.5752    0.6491    0.6868    0.8001    0.5797    0.0760    0.9448    0.3897    0.0598    0.7317    0.1835    0.4314    0.5499    0.2399    0.4909    0.2417    0.2348    0.6477    0.3685    0.9106    0.1450    0.1233    0.4893    0.4039    0.3532    0.4509    0.6256    0.1818    0.8530    0.1839    0.3377    0.0965    0.8212    0.5470    0.7802    0.2638    0.6221    0.2400    0.9001    0.1320    0.0154    0.2963    0.0811    0.1455    0.3510    0.4173    0.3692    0.9421    0.0430    0.7447    0.9294    0.1361    0.5132    0.0497    0.1112    0.9561    0.1690    0.1890    0.7757

Submatrices and Colon Notation
Using “Colon notation” in MATLAB allows for both the generation of vectors and the referencing of submatrices. This along with subscripting by integral vectors are tools that allow the user to cut down on the use of loops, which slows the program and makes it harder to read.

For example, typing in something as simple as:

x=[0.0:0.2:4.0]'; y=sin(x); [x y]

produces a table of sines:

ans =

0        0    0.2000    0.1987    0.4000    0.3894    0.6000    0.5646    0.8000    0.7174    1.0000    0.8415    1.2000    0.9320    1.4000    0.9854    1.6000    0.9996    1.8000    0.9738    2.0000    0.9093    2.2000    0.8085    2.4000    0.6755    2.6000    0.5155    2.8000    0.3350    3.0000    0.1411    3.2000   -0.0584    3.4000   -0.2555    3.6000   -0.4425    3.8000   -0.6119    4.0000   -0.7568

To access particular submatrices of a matrix, colon notation can be used as follows:

x(1:3,1)

produces the first three entries in the first column:

ans =

0   0.2000    0.4000

A single colon refers to an entire row or column: x(:,2) refers to the second column of x, for example.

Integral vectors such as: x(:,[1 2]) includes columns 1 and 2 of x as subscripts.

To replace columns of a matrix, typing: x(:, [1 2]) = B(:,1:2) overwrites the first and second column of x with the first and second column of B producing:

x =

0.4868   0.2305    0.4359    0.8443    0.4468    0.1948    0.3063    0.2259    0.5085    0.1707    0.5108    0.2277    0.8176    0.4357    0.7948    0.3111    0.6443    0.9234    0.3786    0.4302    0.8116    0.1848    0.5328    0.9049    0.3507    0.9797    0.9390    0.4389    0.8759    0.1111    0.5502    0.2581    0.6225    0.4087    0.5870    0.5949    0.2077    0.2622    0.3012    0.6028    0.4709    0.7112

When x is and n-vector typing:

x=x(n:-1:1)

produces:

x =

0.4468   0.4359    0.4868

Entering:

y=fliplr(x) and y=flipud(x’)

yields:

y =

0.4868   0.4359    0.4468

and y=flipud(x) flips the matrix vertically.

M-Files
M-files are sections of MATLAB code that are saved to a disk for later use. M-files have the file extension “.m” at the end of their file name. M-files can be created using the built in editor or a word processor such as Notepad.

M-files are broken up into two different categories, script files and function files.

Script Files Script files consist of a series of statements. When a script file is called within MATLAB the commands within that script file are executed, changing the values of any variables called in the sequence. A script file can execute other M-files, including itself, within its code.

Function Files Function files can be used to extend the capability of MATLAB. User created functions can be added by saving the file to the MATLAB directory. The following is an example of a simple function file.

function r=mod(a,d) % r=mod(a,d). If a and d are integers, then % r is the integer remainder of a after % division by d. If a and b are integer matrices, % then r is the matrix of remainders after division % by corresponding entries. Compare with REM. r=a-d.*floor(a./d);

The MATLAB statement r = mod(20,3) would call this function, assuming it has been saved to a disk file, and assign 20 and 3 to the variables a and d, respectively, in the function. Variables in a function are by default local variables, so the previous statement would not change the values of variables a or d in the global MATLAB interface, only in the function itself. Functions can have multiple outputs, as in the following example:

function [mean, stdev] = stat(x) % STAT Mean and standard deviation %     For a vector x, stat(x) returns the %     mean and standard deviation of  x.     %      For a matrix x, stat(x) returns two row vectors containing, %     respectively, the mean and standard deviation of each column. [m n] = size(x); if m == 1 m = n;    % handle case of a row vector end mean = sum(x)/m; stdev = sqrt(sum(x.^ 2)/m - mean.^2);

With this function file saved, the statement [mn, dev] = stat(q) would call the stat function and assign the standard deviation of vector q to the global variable dev, and the mean of vector q to the global variable mn. MATLAB function are either built in or saved as M-files. To discover the type of file, built in or user-created, simply command type functionname.

Text Strings
To enter a text string into MATLAB, simply surround the string with single quotes. An example of this is:

string1 = ‘this is a text string’

This statement assigns the text “this is a text string” to the variable string1. To display a given text string the MATLAB function disp is used. For example:

disp (‘this string will be shown’)

The MATLAB function error is used to display a text string that explains to the user that an error has been committed and aborts the M-file.

To prompt the user to enter data, the function input is used. For example the statement

iter = input('Enter average test score: ')

would cause MATLAB to display the text asking for a number until the user has entered in data.

Managing M-files
MATLAB makes it possible to easily edit or add M-files while remaining in the MATLAB user interface. The symbol ! is used to denote a command concerning directory files. To edit any existing M-file, use the command !ed. For example, the statement

!ed stat.m

would open the MATLAB file editor with the code for the function stat. In many cases, it is preferable to run the editor and MATLAB running simultaneously, with the application not in use suspended in the background.

To see the files saved in your set MATLAB directory, the command dir is used to list all files saved to that folder. The command what displays only the M-files saved in that folder. To change the working directory, use the command chdir. To delete an M-file, use the command delete. As noted all these commands should be preceded by a ! to avoid system confusion.

Comparing Efficiency of Algorithms
To determine the efficiency of an algorithm within MATLAB, two measures can be employed. The function flops keeps track of the number of floating point operations performed in an algorithm. The command flops(0) resets this count to 0. The other measure is the total elapsed time to execute a task. The function etime(t2,t1) gives the time elapsed between two times. The function clock gives an extremely accurate gauge of the current time. To measure the time to perform the function stat the following command could be used.

t = clock; [mn, dev] = stat(q) time = etime(clock,t)

The measure of flops is considered much more accurate as the time required to complete a task depends greatly on the number of processes currently running on the system.

Output Format
Using the format command the user can change the format of the displayed output. Here are some choices with data from the help command:

Hardcopy
In order to obtain a hardcopy one's work, the easiest command to use is diary filename. This will begin writing everything that appears on the screen until the command diary off is entered. The command diary on will resume writing. This file can be viewed later and printed. The diary command will not record graphics.

Graphics
A user can plot different types of graphs using the primary commands plot, plot3, mesh, and surf. The plot command is used for creating linear x-y plots, such as a sine curve or an exponential. To graph a sine wave from -pi to pi a user can enter the following command: x = -pi:.01:pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y) It is possible to plot multiple curves on the same graph by adding more arguments into the parentheses, like so: x = -pi:.01:pi; y1 = sin(x); y2=cos(x); plot(x,y1,x,y2) Changing the color and linetype of the lines being plotted is also possible by adding arguments into the plot command. For example: x = -pi:.01:pi; y1 = sin(x); y2=cos(x); plot(x,y1,'b--',x,y2,'y:') Will produce a sine curve with a blue dashed line and a cosine curve with a yellow dotted line. Graphs can be labeled by the following commands: The hold command will allow the next plot to be superimposed on top of the old plot until the command "hold off" is used. To save a graph the command print filename is useful. It will automatically save as a *.ps PostScript file unless a file extension is specified. Adding to the command, print -append filename, one can add multiple images to the same image file. A 3-D line plot can be displayed with the command plot3(x,y,z) by including 3 vectors of the same size. A mesh plot or a surface plot can be displayed with the commands mesh(x) or surf(x). Shading on surfaces can be controlled with the "shading" command. The commands "set(1)" and "gca,set(ans)" can be used to control properties of graphs.

Sparse Matrix Computations
In the event that a user must perform many calculations with matrices containing a large amount of zeros, the "sparse" command can be used to ignore the zeros and save time and storage space. With matrix B containing a large amount of zeros, matrix S can save space by entering the command S = sparse(B). The process can be reversed by entering the command B=full(S).

The function spdiags can create a sparse banded matrix by specifying diagonals.

Individual Contributions
The following links include the individual contributions by group members responsible for portions of the MATLAB tutorial or course notes. The remaining members were responsible for checking the presented material for coherency, rhetoric, and aesthetics. The contributions of the team leader can be found by following the history records of this page.

User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.butler/HW 1 21:28, 17 September 2008 (UTC) user:Eml4500.f08.bottle.barnes/HW1 Braden Barnes Eml4500.f08.bottle.barnes 20:23, 17 September 2008 (UTC) User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.ranto/HW_1_My_section Eml4500.f08.bottle.ranto 15:23, 17 September 2008 (UTC) User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.loschak User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello/HW 1  Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello 06:16, 17 September 2008 (UTC) Eml4500.f08.bottle.brockmiller 21:15, 17 September 2008 (UTC) Eml4500.f08.bottle.loschak 07:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello/HW 1


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.team.guan

hw1 2-bar trusses hw2 hw2part2 hw3 hw4 10/13 Matlab part 10/1 hw fixed 9/26 hw fixed hw5 space trusses 10/8 hw fixed 10/13 hw fixed 10/15 hw fixed 10/17 hw fixed hw6 11/7 hw6 11/10 hw6 11/14 hw7

title: User:Eml4500.f08.team.guan


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.team.guan/hw1

Purpose and the Big Picture (FEA EML4500)  The purpose of the class methodology of teaching is to allow for easy access to vast amounts of information while in the process, learn the knowledge that is being archived and presented. By using Wikiversity as a means of infomation exchange, not only can the class benefit from each other by learning from different perspectives in a synergetic approach, the entire engineering population can benefit as well. This approach is similar to the MIT open course ware. It basically provides lecture notes to the general public in a free and organized manner so that information can be shared to the masses. Throughout the semester, the class and the group will learn and develop communication skills, presentation skills, and essential reporting-writing skills. The technical goals of the course include understanding matrix algebra and how it applies the finite element method, understanding the derivation of the governing equations of the structures or systems being analyzed, developing skills that allow the student to formulate processes to obtain solutions and judge the accuracy of those solutions, and giving insight into advanced topics such as axisymmetric solid elements and nonlinear analysis. Preface and Introduction to Finite Element Analysis  The book "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications" by M. Asghar Bhatti strives to explain and teach the mechanical aspects of the finite element method and give satisfactory explanations for theoretical questions. It will answer questions like "Why are rotational degrees of freedom defined for the beam and the plate elements but not for the plane stress and truss elements?" and "What is wrong with connecting corner nodes of a planar four-node element to the midside nodes of an eight-node element?". It provides ample computational details and examples that compliment the abundant theoretical background. Essentially, it aims to teach with a "balance of theory, generality, and practical applications of the finite element method" (source: "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications" ,M. Asghar Bhatti). In addition, since the finite element method entails lots of tedious and sometimes impossible calculations by hand, the book offers extensive use of MATLAB and Mathematica to perform these calculations. What is finite element analysis? It is a "numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations (PDE) as well as of integral equations" (source:[]). This method has various applications varying from "heat flow, stress analysis, fluid flow, and analysis of structural frameworks" (source: "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications" ,M. Asghar Bhatti). Applications in current issues include the search for more oil. Finite element analysis can be used to locate oil reservoirs and provide a means to drill there and tap those resources. A more everlasting example of using finite element analysis would be a simulation of the weather pattern on Earth. The class will learn by understanding the fundamentals of the FEM through carefully derivation of the stiffness matrix. In the process, linear algebra techniques and concepts like matrix inversion and matrix transposes, eigenvalue problems, matrix determinants, etc. will be solidified. Also, the class will gain insight into the elements that are being assessed such as trusses, beams, aerospace structures, etc.

title: User:Eml4500.f08.team.guan/hw1


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.wiki1.aguilar/Lecture 1

Notes for lecture 1???


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello/Week 1 Notes

'''Lecture Notes from Week 1 of EML4500: Monday 8/25, Wednesday 8/27, and Friday 8/29          Outline''' - Overview of Class and Objectives o What is FEA? - Important Dates o Exams - Materials o Book o MATLAB o Tutorials Including First Assignment - Group Projects o Format o Benefits of Wikipedia and Wikiversity o How to Submit Information - Ethics and Philosophy of Wiki use o Collaborative Techniques o Vandalism o Modern Categorical Imperative

Finite Element Analysis is a method of solving partial differential equations (PDE’s) and integral equations by approximating solutions. The PDE’s and integrals are reduced into less complex equations and solved using common methods. It is typically used in engineering to perform complex computer analysis on materials and designs. The item being analyzed is broken down into a series of matrices and analyzed on a smaller scale. It was first applied to vibration systems in 1943 by R. Courant. Since then it has been used in a wide variety of fields and industries from manufacturing to biomedical research.

The Finite Element Analysis and Design (FEAD) class at the University of Florida, EML 4500, is offered on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday’s this fall. It meets from 3:00-3:50 in the Florida gym beginning on August 25th and ending on December 10th. The class is composed of lectures, group projects, and three exams. These exams are scheduled for Wednesday September 24th, Wednesday October 22nd, and Wednesday December 3rd. These dates are none negotiable and the policy is no make-up exams. A wide variety of material will be covered in class, including but not limited to trusses, beams, solid structures, linear stability, mixed algebra, and design analysis.

The book used in the current fall semester is Finite Element Analysis With Mathematica and Matlab Computations and Practical Applications: Fundamental Concepts by M. Asghar Bhatti and MATLAB software will be used extensively. MATLAB is an integral part of this course. The first assignment for the class is to explore and attempt the University of Florida’s MATLAB primer tutorial, as seen below. It is imperative that students begin the class with a solid foundation in the software that will be used in later analyses.

A large portion of the course will be used to encourage group work and utilize cooperative learning techniques. Students will submit reports containing a summary of the week’s lecture notes and a problem or two exemplifying the theories explained in lecture. Wiki software will be used to submit the assignment. This is advantageous to the student in several ways. First, it will allow the student to learn a new form of communication /idea sharing or allow a student already familiar with Wikipedia to gain a better understanding of the software. A second advantage is that is accessible from any place that has an internet connection. This allows students to contribute to the group project at any time and at their personal convenience while allowing all group members to oversee the final report. It also allows the instructor to see the individual contributions of each group member and ensures that all members are participating. To submit a report each group member must create an individual Wikiversity account. From there work can be uploaded to individual pages or the group page and can be accessed by all.

In addition to the principles of cooperative learning, Wikipedia allows for the communication of ideas across a larger community. This community comprises the entire global network of internet users, thus refining the education and knowledge pool of the human race. The standards for Wiki use allow each member of this global community to observe and reflect on the previous efforts of singular contributions and internalize these principles when formulating their own additions to this incredible wealth of electronic knowledge. A pitfall to this open-source and easily accessible framework is that it can become subject to vandalism. To curb the occurrence of this unfortunate phenomenon, the history for each page is recorded and can be used to override the vandalized version whenever necessary. It is the ultimate goal that the Wikipedia and Wikiversity interface will be used with noble intentions with the idea of a modern categorical imperative in place, hence providing a unique tool to communicate knowledge to the rest of mankind for the greater good of the world. It is this modern categorical imperative that is at the heart of Professor Loc Vu-Quoc's vision of the power of Wikipedia and Wikiversity.

For additional resources related to the course, Professor Vu-Quoc's course website offers its own wealth of helpful information including exam dates.


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.gravy.mmm

HW1
Lecture 1

Matlab Tutorial

HW2
HW2

HW3
HW3

HW4
HW4

Euler cut method
ECM

HW5
HW5

HW6
HW6

HW7
HW7

title: User:Eml4500.f08.gravy.mmm


text:
User:EAS4200C.Fall08.Team12.Watlington.VG

Concept of Displacement
adafd

Strain
Strain in an axial member is defined as
 * $$\ \epsilon=\frac{\Delta L}{L}=\frac{\ell -L}{L}$$

where $$\ \Delta L= u_1-u_0$$ is the total change in length of the member. In the event of nonuniform strain, this equation equals the average strain in the member.

Strain at a Point
Given two points with the following displacements $$\ u_0=u(x_0)$$  and   $$\ u_1=u(x_0 + \Delta x) $$,

one can solve for the difference in displacement by

$$\ \Delta u=u_1-u_0 $$.

Therefore, the strain $$\ \epsilon $$ can be determined by $$\ \epsilon=\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{\Delta u}{\Delta x}=\frac{du}{dx} $$.

The displacement function is given by

Rigid Body Motion
Rigid body motion is defined by translation or rotation of a body in which no strain is induced.

During translation:

$$\ u=u_0=constant $$

$$\ v=v_0=constant $$

$$\ w=w_0=constant $$

During rotation:

$$\ u=-\alpha y $$

$$\ v=\alpha x $$

$$\ w=0 $$

Stress
For an axial member, stress $$\ \sigma $$ is defined as $$\ \sigma=\frac{P}{A} $$.

The stress vector t is defined as $$\ t=\lim_{A \to 0}\frac{\Delta F}{\Delta A} $$.

As t is a vector, it is made up of three components which are denoted by $$\ \sigma_xx, \tau_xy, \tau_xz $$ on the $$\ x $$ face, ... on the $$\ y $$ face, and ... on the $$\ z $$ face.


text:
User:CraigWilliam/mypersonalsandbox

Woo! A Sandbox!

And guess what! A Sub-sandbox!

title: User:CraigWilliam/mypersonalsandbox


text:
User:CraigWilliam/mypersonalsandbox/sub-sandbox

This sandbox is being used to work out my ideas on how I would organize a Wikiversity.

Craigiversity
Global Launchpad

Wikiversity
For the English and American speaking folk.

Be sure to enroll in the Wikiversity New Student Orientation Course!

Colleges and Departments

 * Arts and Sciences
 * Art History
 * Physics
 * German Languages (In collaboration with Wikiversität)
 * Psychology
 * Mathematics
 * Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Computer Science
 * Applied Mathematics
 * Professional Studies
 * Business
 * Journalism
 * Etc,
 * Etc...

Course Catalog

 * By College
 * By Department
 * By Course Level
 * Advanced Course Search

Wikiversität Kraig
Für die Personen, die Deutsch sprechen.

Fachbereiche

 * Biologie
 * Psychologie
 * Physik
 * Englisch (In Zusammenarbeit mit Wikiversity)
 * Veterinärmedizin

Kurse

 * usw.

クレッグの大学
日本語を話します.


text:
User:Eas4200c.f08/Introduction

aircraft design goals: want aircraft to be light, yet strong

aircraft materials: high stiffness, high strength, light weight

two aspects of a structure: geometry and material

 * geometry of aircraft construction: monocoque (single-shell design, thin-shell structures), semi-monocoque (stiffened shell structures)

 * design of aircraft geometry also limited by aerodynamic consideration, such as lift and drag of airfoil

 * want aircraft materials be used to full capacity (to avoid having more weight than is useful)

 * optimize aircraft materials: replace aluminum and titanium by fiber reinforced composites, save 30% to 40% in weight

suggested contribution: the above figure is not clear; it is not easy to distinguish various gray shades. find a better figure showing the structure of an aircraft and the material used in each part. $$\displaystyle \bigstar$$

 * 50% of Boeing 787 is made of composites.

suggested contribution: find a picture of this aircraft. $$\displaystyle \bigstar$$

= Further reading =

Sun (2006), pp.1-2.

monocoque / semi-monocoque : informative wikipedia article with figures, history, links to different specific airplanes built, applications other than aircraft. archived article

T. C. Wittenberg, T. J. van Baten and A. de Boer, Design of fiber metal laminate shear panels for ultra-high capacity aircraft, Aircraft Design Volume 4, Issues 2-3, June-September 2001, Pages 99-113.

suggested contribution: write a short wiki article on fiber metal composite. Discuss the difference with Metal matrix composite. $$\displaystyle \bigstar$$

Lecture plan

Dr. Vu-Quoc

title: User:Eas4200c.f08/Introduction


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello

 Hello Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 15:44, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Subpages and weekly notes
I think you meant to make your notes into a subpage of your user page. I've moved the page and corrected the links for you. Does this make sense? Putting it in other words, don't preface you pages with "en.wikiversity.org". Just do it the way I did it. Ask me if still in doubt. --McCormack 15:46, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Thanks, that is what I meant to do.

- Travis

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.bottle.vitello


text: User:Dark Mage/Userboxes/Main

title: User:Dark Mage/Userboxes/Main


text:
User:Eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth

=EAS4200c: Aerospace Structures - Class Notes=

HW 1
See Homework 1 Report

HW 2
See Homework 2 Report

Lecture 13 - 9/24/08
Exam 1

Exam Solution

Lecture 17 - 10/03/08
Works Cited

Sun, C.T. Aerospace Stuctures, 2006

=Contributing Team Members HW 3=

See Team Contributions

title: User:Eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth


text:
Talk:Mesoscopic Physics/Mesoscopic Physics Glossary

To user 'Hillgentleman':

Comment: Your edits on study guide: mathematical mesoscopic physics

Thank you 'Hillgentleman', for your efforts. However, you seemed to change the structure by introducing a lot of links to sub-pages. This is not how it was intended to be, so I undid your changes in this regard (sorry for the work you invested into that...). I moved your Lie group definition to the glossary, where the defined terms should go (as explained in the text). I hope you understand. The point is to have a long list of brief definitions, just the way you did it for Lie group, and to list them all alphabetically in the glossary.

Thank you,

Floriam --FlorianMarquardt 16:06, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The links are not to subpages; they are to independent learning resources, to be created in the future. Don't be bothered by the internal links.  In my opinion, the wikilinks would encourage interactions and speed up content creation in many ways, and in the end it would also benefit your project.   So, the more of them the better it is. Hillgentleman|Talk 16:29, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

To link or not to link
I understand. Wouldn't it then, however, be better to try and link to Wikipedia entries most of the time? Otherwise I see the danger of this becoming a kind of parallel Wikipedia. Of course, there may be some more general topics, like Differential geometry, where someone will finally produce a study guide or course etc. on Wikiversity. But if you create many many such links in advance, I don't know whether it will be very useful. And it might be distracting for a user if most of the links are actually dead. (Or if he doesn't realize that and finds himself very often suddenly on a new page in the edit mode).

Of course, we will also maybe add a few subpages, but these will contain more extended definitions geared towards the needs of the specific audience we have in mind (so these wouldn't fit in Wikipedia or as general wikiversity entries and my general arguments don't apply...).

How about attaching all the links you would like to see to a more general page (like mathematics per se), rather than to this rather very specialized topic of mathematical mesoscopic physics? You might even think of setting up a general mathematics glossary?

Best regards, --FlorianMarquardt 17:06, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I see your point. Here are my reasonings/personal opinions:-) A newcomer may not know that a red link point to a page to be created.  But a experienced reader or editor would not be confused.   As to whether the links would become useful, I am following the "incremental" principle in wiki:WikiDesignPrinciples.  A link which you don't find useful may be useful to someone else; and if you don't find it useful you may simply ignore it.  Redlinks are often stimulate content growth; there are wikiversitians and wikipedians who would happily create new resources when they see redlinks.   It is the personal taste/choice of the participants (in particular, You :-) on whether we want to point to wikipedia or wikiversity; the reason I point them to wikiversity was, again, to stimulate creation of learning projects: e.g. the learning project on the concept of a manifold can help wikiversitians understand what a manifold is. Hillgentleman|Talk 17:22, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Well, OK, as long as it doesn't interfere with the general, easily printable structure and any project-specific subpages we might create, I do not bother. However, in cases where I would think a Wikipedia link to be useful, I'd prefer to insert that one, instead of a redlink (here the usefulness to our end-users would trump the idea of helping to extend wikiversity). --FlorianMarquardt 17:25, 7 September 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:EAS4200C.F08.AERO.CLK04D

 Hello EAS4200C.F08.AERO.CLK04D, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:17, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:EAS4200C.F08.AERO.CLK04D


text:
User:A-team~enwikiversity

I have no idea if this is what we're supposed to do

I think it is.... And here are some notes that i did in word with some graphics I did in paint, Feel free to edit or change anything, I did this so we could get an idea of what stuff will look like...

I also think we should do in intro. for our group. Like our names and emails at least.

A-Team
Welcome to the A-Team's homepage!

On this page you will find links to the Syllabus, Exam Schedule, and the Lecture Notes for EML4500 (Finite Element Analysis and Design), which is taught by Dr. Vu-Quoc.

Please enjoy browsing our homepage and thank you for visiting!

Group Members:

 * Joseph Rieth         Arcbum08@ufl.edu
 * XXXXXXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX@ufl.edu
 * XXXXXXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX@ufl.edu
 * XXXXXXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX@ufl.edu
 * XXXXXXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX@ufl.edu
 * XXXXXXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX@ufl.edu

Lecture Notes:

Syllabus:

Exam Schedule:

title: User:A-team~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.blue.d

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.blue.d, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:50, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.blue.d


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aeris.guan

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.aeris.guan, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:52, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

a question for you
Thanks for uploading Image:Stressstrain123.JPG to Wikiversity. Could you take the time to provide some information about the source of the image? Did you make the image? Do you have any preference for how to license the image? is that you assumed it would be available under the GFDL. --JWSchmidt 04:57, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

File:Naca1jin.JPG
We appreciate your effort to contribute to Wikiversity. This work appears to be a copy of http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/MECE356/drag/CFD_Images.html. If you have permission or can get permission from the copyright owner soon to release the work freely under CC-BY-SA 3.0, please comment to that effect at, and we may be able to accept the work. Otherwise you may need to consider rewriting the content in your own words. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page or the Wikiversity community at the Colloquium. Thank you. mikeu talk 18:42, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aeris.guan


text:
User talk:CraigWilliam

 Hello CraigWilliam, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:53, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Re: Trying to understand the psychology pages' hierarchy
Also welcome by me - about above: I guess you could also write a msg to User:Jtneill. Perhaps he didn't see the msg yet. See you, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 18:11, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:CraigWilliam


text:
User talk:A-team~enwikiversity

 Hello A-team, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:53, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called A-team. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name A-team~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:26, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:01, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:A-team~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
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 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:54, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

from mainspace to subpage
Greetings! I have found a page - User"eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth/HW1, which was (probably) mistakenly put into main namespace. You probably wanted to make it a subpage of yours, maybe already done at User:eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth/HW1. If the transfer process is already done, please notify me, that I could delete the page with the spelling error from the main namespace. Thx! --Gbaor 08:18, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Page deleted. Thank you for cooperation :) --Gbaor 07:23, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.team12.hepsworth


text:
User talk:Skyler

I added a comment to your request to learn Pitkern on the Language participants list. Figured I'd let you know in case you weren't watchlisting. The Jade Knight 16:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Skyler


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.lee

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.aero.lee, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.lee


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.lulz.strack

 Hello Eml4500.f08.lulz.strack, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:56, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.lulz.strack


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.wiki1.aguilar

 Hello Eml4500.f08.wiki1.aguilar, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:56, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.wiki1.aguilar


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.ZYX.fahrney

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.ZYX.fahrney, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:57, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.ZYX.fahrney


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.C

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.aero.C, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:57, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.C


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.team.guan

 Hello Eml4500.f08.team.guan, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:58, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.team.guan


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.strods

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.aero.strods, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:58, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero.strods


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.gravy.mmm

 Hello Eml4500.f08.gravy.mmm, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:59, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.gravy.mmm


text:
User talk:EAS4200C.Fall08.Team12.Watlington.VG

 Hello EAS4200C.Fall08.Team12.Watlington.VG, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:59, 3 September 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08

 Hello Eas4200c.f08, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:01, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

link to talk:Eml4500
Please see the two requests at talk:Eml4500. --JWSchmidt 16:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.alpha.smith~enwikiversity

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.alpha.smith, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:03, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eas4200c.f08.alpha.smith. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eas4200c.f08.alpha.smith~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:Eas4200c.f08.aero6.behnke

Hi, I am Marlana.

title: User:Eas4200c.f08.aero6.behnke


text: Category:Food

title: Category:Food


text:
User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero6.behnke

 Hello Eas4200c.f08.aero6.behnke, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:54, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eas4200c.f08.aero6.behnke


text:
User talk:EML4500.fall08.A-team.morford

 Hello EML4500.fall08.A-team.morford, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:54, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:EML4500.fall08.A-team.morford


text:
User talk:EAS4200C.F08.WIKI.A

 Hello EAS4200C.F08.WIKI.A, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:EAS4200C.F08.WIKI.A


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.echo.mott

 Hello Eml4500.f08.echo.mott, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

=Discussion/Comments=

 * Post here. --Eml4500.f08.echo.mott 17:49, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.echo.mott


text: Category:Nature

title: Category:Nature


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.echo.mott

=Team Page=

title: User:Eml4500.f08.echo.mott


text:
User:Eml4500.f08.jamama.jan*

Hi, I've created another account

title: User:Eml4500.f08.jamama.jan*


text:
User talk:Kelcy

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your goals with the laptop project. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 18:15, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 Hello Kelcy, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 18:15, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 Hello , we are the Baah and Bahh twins and we'd both like to welcome you to Wikiversity. While you sit back and explore Wikiversity, enjoy some of our fresh goat milk. You can help us learn by creating new learning resources or help us by improving the guided tours and other exploration tools. We look forward to seeing you around. Baaaahbye for now.

title: User talk:Kelcy


text:
User talk:Eml4500.f08.jamama.jan*

Hmmm...

title: User talk:Eml4500.f08.jamama.jan*


text:
User talk:Hillgentleman/20080903160202

I have replied on the said page.
20080903184130 --Hillgentleman|Talk 18:41, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment: In brief, Wikilinks are good.
 * reply[]

What links here

title: User talk:Hillgentleman/20080903160202


text:
User:CraigWilliam/Ideabox

Psychology-related Ideabox: User:CraigWilliam/Ideabox/Psychology

title: User:CraigWilliam/Ideabox


text:
User:CraigWilliam/Ideabox/Psychology

School of Psychology Restructuring
My ideas for the structure of the Psychology School:

After looking around at other Wikiversity pages and reading the Naming_conventions page, it seems that the Portal:Psychology, Topic:Psychology, and Psychology pages are out-of-place/redundant. Perhaps, we could redirect these to School:Psychology just like the School of Linguistics does for their page? I think this may also eliminate confusion for those who happen upon our similar-yet-different psychology sites as they currently stand.

So, as I understand the naming conventions described in the Naming_conventions page, it seems that the general hierarchy surrounding Psychology could be similar to as follows:

 * enWV namespace
 * Portal:Psychology → Redirect to School:Psychology
 * Portal:Social_sciences
 * School:Psychology
 * Topic: Psychology → Redirect to School:Psychology
 * /Psychology → Redirect to School:Psychology
 * Topic: Department/Division of General Psychology
 * Course - Introduction to Psychology
 * Course - Introduction to Statistics
 * Course - History of Psychology
 * Topic: Department/Division of Clinical Psychology
 * Course - Psychopathology
 * Course - Theories of Psychotherapy
 * Topic: Department/Division of Cognitive Psychology
 * Course - Memory, Perception, and Learning
 * Topic: Institute of Cognitive Science
 * Course - Artificial Intelligence
 * Links to - Department of Cognitive Psychology; School of Philosophy; School of Computing; School of Linguistics; etc
 * Topic: Etc,
 * main namespace: etc, etc...

-- CraigWilliam 18:45, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Comments, Criticisms, Suggestions?
What say you?:

title: User:CraigWilliam/Ideabox/Psychology