text:
Dominant group/Sociology/Term test

The two-word term dominant group occurs in about 280 articles on Wikipedia and several times on other WMF projects. Those that appear to be part of sociology are included here. Some of the sentences containing dominant group in these articles may not be attributed (cited or referenced to a source). What would you do?

Below in the sections, including "Dominant group on wikipedia", is a partial list.

Some of these occurrences have a right or wrong answer, but many may be open to debate.

Read through each of the following learning guides, then take the test.

Some of the answers are listed on the 'Discuss' page for this learning resource. Others are awaiting your answers.

Be bold.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Original research
Some hints about original research can be found in original research inquiry or original research.

For evaluating the occurrences of dominant group, here is the associated 'original research' question:

Are any of these uses of dominant group original research or original synthesis?

Attributions
Hints about attribution can be found in this article, dominant group/attribution and copyright.

Should each sentence using dominant group have a reference or citation after it?

Are any of the uses of dominant group plagiarism?

Copyrights
Please keep in mind that the copyright policy on Wikipedia (or any of the WMF projects) is in line with WMF desires to allow others to sell educational materials such as books in countries and political regions that may have a much more restrictive copyright law than the USA where the WMF is located.

This is a learning resource for Wikiversity that you may enjoy with respect to publication in the US. Please refrain from making any actual changes to Wikipedia, or any project, unless and until you are sure these changes are in line with local project policy.

Hints about copyright can be found in this article, "dominant group/attribution and copyright".

As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?

What to do
What would you do if you found each sentence, or for each sentence, on Wikipedia, or any of the WMF projects?

Some hints can be found in this article, dominant group/attribution and copyright.

Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?

Dominant group on wikibooks
Here is a summary list of the test questions.

 * 1) Are any of these uses of dominant group original research or original synthesis?
 * 2) Should each sentence using dominant group have a reference or citation after it?
 * 3) Are any of the uses of dominant group plagiarism?
 * 4) As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?
 * 5) What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity?
 * 6) Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?
 * 7) How would you edit the entry or the current page on Wikipedia or Wikiversity?

Separately, write what you believe about each of these with respect to
 * 1) original research or synthesis,
 * 2) attribution,
 * 3) copyright, and
 * 4) a step by step procedure of what to do if you (or anyone) finds anything similar on Wikipedia or Wikiversity.

The current page is either within the quote, before the quote, after the quote as a reference, or indicated after the reference to the author who contributed dominant group to the page.

 * 1) Per Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication: "These people are what we refer to as the dominant group: white, male, Christian, middle-class, able-bodied, educated, and heterosexual."
 * 2) "People whose cultural identities do not conform to this model are the nondominant groups and have less sociopolitical and economic power.", same as above.
 * 3) "Peggy McIntosh uses the term privilege to refer to the power of dominant groups.", same.
 * 4) "This ethnocentric bias has received some challenge in United States’ schools as teachers make efforts to create a multicultural classroom by incorporating books, short stories, and traditions from nondominant groups." same book, different section: Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication.
 * 5) "Do they bring up different historical periods, varying degrees of sociopolitical power, a variety of relationships to the dominant group?", per Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication.
 * 6) "When a group reclaims a word they are attempting to take it back from the dominant group.", same as immediately above.
 * 7) "If the dominant group has used a word or phrase as an insult then the oppressed group reclaims it for their own, positive meaning.", same as immediately above.
 * 8) From Bilingual Education/Coercive Power and Language: "The civic perspective deals with the expansion of dynasties into new territories, hence, strengthening the boundaries of the states; the ethnic perspective refers to movement in which “leaders of a cultural and linguistic group aimed to provide the group with territory within which they would be the sole and dominant group” (p.46). It is not difficult to assume that in order to be the “sole and dominant group” these leaders would have to override other cultural and linguistic expressions if not by means of violence, then, by legal means, passing laws that could prohibit the practices of other languages."
 * 9) "The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power (whether political or economic) than a dominant group.", from Introduction to Sociology/Race and Ethnicity.
 * 10) "In this process, the minority group sheds its distinctive traits and is absorbed into the dominant group.", same as immediately above.
 * 11) Per Gender and ICT/Taking a Closer Look at Women's Realities: "Thus the dominant group in a society determines the shape and direction of a society’s techno-economic order - and the image of an inventor has almost always been male."
 * 12) From Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 6 - Communication Research: "This research often uncovers assumptions and biases in our language that provide insight into how dominant groups and systems are maintained rhetorically, and how they can be challenged and transformed through rhetoric."
 * 13) "Women (and members of other subordinate groups) are not as free or as able as men are to say what they wish, when and where they wish, because the words and the norms for their use have been formulated by the dominant group, men.", per Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 13 - Gender Communication.
 * 14) "Most of the vocabulary of Hawaiian Pidgin is derived from English, the language of the dominant group.", from Cultural Anthropology/Communication and Language.

Dominant group on wikimedia meta-wiki
Here is a summary list of the test questions.

 * 1) Are any of these uses of dominant group original research or original synthesis?
 * 2) Should each sentence using dominant group have a reference or citation after it?
 * 3) Are any of the uses of dominant group plagiarism?
 * 4) As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?
 * 5) What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity?
 * 6) Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?
 * 7) How would you edit the entry or the current page on Wikipedia or Wikiversity?

Separately, write what you believe about each of these with respect to
 * 1) original research or synthesis,
 * 2) attribution,
 * 3) copyright, and
 * 4) a step by step procedure of what to do if you (or anyone) finds anything similar on Wikipedia or Wikiversity.

The current page is either within the quote, before the quote, after the quote as a reference, or indicated after the reference to the author who contributed dominant group to the page.

 * 1) "Forms of communication that occur in the dominant group of men between the ages of 15-30 and 40-50 can be deterrent for people of other ages or for women.", from Wikimedia Deutschland/2012 Programme Plan.
 * 2) "As long as there is one clearly dominant group things are easier, because all you need is warranties for minorities.", per Language committee/Archives/2007-04.

Dominant group on wikipedia
Here is a summary list of the test questions.

 * 1) Are any of these uses of dominant group original research or original synthesis?
 * 2) Should each sentence using dominant group have a reference or citation after it?
 * 3) Are any of the uses of dominant group plagiarism?
 * 4) As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?
 * 5) What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity?
 * 6) Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?
 * 7) How would you edit the entry or the current page on Wikipedia or Wikiversity?

Separately, write what you believe about each of these with respect to
 * 1) original research or synthesis,
 * 2) attribution,
 * 3) copyright, and
 * 4) a step by step procedure of what to do if you (or anyone) finds anything similar on Wikipedia or Wikiversity.

The current page is either within the quote, before the quote or indicated after the reference to the author who contributed dominant group to the page.

Some hints occur after several of these examples.

 * 1) "The Establishment is a term used to refer to a visible dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation." Searched over 400 articles on Google scholar out of about 3,800 with keywords such as "dominant group", "the Establishment", "visible", "power", "elite", "authority", and "nation". An association of "the Establishment" and "dominant group" occurs in at least one article.
 * 2) "A minority group refers a social group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power or social status than the dominant group."
 * 3) "Feagin (1984) states that a minority group has five characteristics: (1) suffering discrimination and subordination, (2) physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved by the dominant group, (3) a shared sense of collective identity and common burdens, (4) socially shared rules about who belongs and who does not determine minority status, and (5) tendency to marry within the group."
 * 4) "The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sociological sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power (whether political or economic) than a dominant group."
 * 5) "The term minority is unavoidably associated with the political movements which push for assimilation, in which the minority group sheds its distinctive traits and is absorbed into the dominant group."
 * 6) "[T]o aviod confusion, some authors alternately substitute the terms subordinate group and dominant group for the terms "minority group" and majority group, respectively."
 * 7) "A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is subnormal with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power."
 * 8) "Rather, they are disadvantaged by technologies and social institutions that are designed to cater for the dominant group."
 * 9) "Vellalar amongst Sri Lankan Tamils are a dominant group of formerly agricultural landlord related caste from Sri Lanka that is found amongst all walks of life and around the world as part of the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora. " from the article Vellalar of Sri Lanka.
 * 10) "It refers to the strain in interpretation of feedback between dominant groups and socially stigmatized minority groups. Minority groups find it difficult to interpret the feedback received from dominant groups.  According to this concept, members of stigmatized groups find it challenging to determine whether feedback from dominant groups is based upon their actual behavior or membership in a stereotyped stigmatized group. This can cause stigmatized group members to discredit feedback from dominant group members because of the belief that stereotypes played a part in the overall decision." from the article Attributional Ambiguity.
 * 11) "This compliance-based model gave rise to the idea that tokenism was the reason an individual was hired into a company when they differed from the dominant group."
 * 12) "The social justice model evolved next and extended the idea that individuals outside of the dominant group should be given opportunities within the workplace, not only because it was the law, but because it was the right thing to do."
 * 13) "The plural organization has a more heterogeneous membership than the monolithic organization and takes steps to be more inclusive of persons from cultural backgrounds that differ from the dominant group."
 * 14) "Standpoint theory suggests that marginalized groups bring a different perspective to an organization that challenges the status quo since their socially constructed world view will differ from that of the dominant group. "
 * 15) "Although the standpoint of the dominant group will often carry more weight, a transformational leader will encourage conflicting standpoints to coexist within an organization which will create a forum for sanctioned conflict to ensue."
 * 16) "One of the greatest challenges an organization has when trying to adopt a more inclusive environment is assimilation for any member outside of the dominant group."
 * 17) "Everything from organizational symbols, rituals, and stories serve to maintain the position of power held by the dominant group. "
 * 18) "Extending this concept to diversity inclusion where organizations seek to hire or promote individuals that are not part of this dominant group into management positions, a difficult tension develops between the socially constructed organizational norm and acceptance of cultural diversity."
 * 19) "Hegemony refers to the dominant structure where one group is benefitting over others; however, the dominant group is not "doing" this to the other marginalized groups, all members are a part of actively participating and maintaining the dominant structure. "
 * 20) "Ardener’s 1975 muted group theory also posited that dominant group members formulate a “communication system that support their perception of the world and conceptualized it as ‘’the’’ appropriate language for the rest of society”. ", from the article Co-Cultural Communication Theory.
 * 21) "They noted 4 ways in which the non-dominant groups tend to communicate with the dominant groups.", from the article Co-Cultural Communication Theory.
 * 22) "They asserted also that, “From the perspective of the dominant group, the behaviors in each form of communication are appropriate.", from the article Co-Cultural Communication Theory.
 * 23) "The dynasty resided at Ráith Mór, east of Antrim in the Mag Line area and emerged as the dominant group among the Cruthin of Ulaid." and "In the sixth and seventh centuries the Cruthin were a loose confederation of petty states with the Dal nAraidi emerging as the dominant group in the 8th century.[1]"
 * 24) "Ethnoreligious communities define their ethnic identity neither exclusively by ancestral heritage nor simply by religious affiliation, but often through a combination of both[citation needed] (a long shared history; a cultural tradition of its own; either a common geographical origin, or descent from a small number of common ancestors; a common language, not necessarily peculiar to the group; a common literature peculiar to the group; a common religion different from that of neighbouring groups; being a minority or being an oppressed or a dominant group within a larger community).[citation needed]", from the article Ethnoreligious group.
 * 25) "being a minority or being an oppressed or dominant group within a larger community. For example, a conquered people (say, the inhabitants of England shortly after the Norman conquest) and their conquerors might both be ethnic groups", from the article Ethnoreligious group.
 * 26) "This has often been conceived to be a unidimensional, zero-sum cultural conflict in which the minority's culture is displaced by the dominant group's culture in a process of assimilation.", from the article Acculturation.
 * 27) "Beginning perhaps with Child (1943) and Lewin (1948), acculturation began to be conceived as the strategic reaction of the minority to continuous contact with the dominant group.", from the article Acculturation.
 * 28) "The dominant group unconsciously uses dominant social values to justify and rationalize social oppression, while often lacking awareness or understanding of the ways in which they are privileged on the basis of their social identities. " Google scholar does not have access to this book. It is cited as "[CITATION] Investigating Christian privilege and religious oppression in the United States WJ Blumenfeld, KY Joshi… - 2009 - Sense Publishers". Cannot confirm that inclusion of "dominant group" occurs as quoted from the article Christian privilege
 * 29) "Many overt forms of oppression are obvious when a dominant group tyrannizes a subordinate group; e.g. apartheid, slavery, ethnic cleansing, etc. However, many forms of oppression (and dominant group privilege) are not as apparent, especially to members of dominant groups. " Same as above regarding Google scholar access from the article Christian privilege.
 * 30) "Oppression occurs when the dominant group imposes its cultural norms, values, and perspectives on individuals (Hardiman & Jackson, 1997). " Source "(Hardiman & Jackson, 1997)" is available as pdf and the sentence "Oppression ... on individuals" does not occur in the text, from the article Christian privilege
 * 31) "Other ideas about Christian hegemony relate to the thinking of French philosopher Michel Foucault, who described how dominant-group oppression is advanced through “discourses” (Foucault, 1980). " Cannot confirm use of the phrase "dominant-group oppression" as Google scholar does not have access to Foucault 1980, from the article Christian privilege.
 * 32) "The term is used to describe the ways in which women, and other minority groups, are able to have a much clearer understanding of how the power structure works within a given society because they are not members of the dominant group.", from the article Epistemic advantage.
 * 33) "Uma Narayan points out that while it is in the interest of various subordinate groups to have knowledge of the dominant group, the dominant group does not have the same need.", from the article Epistemic advantage.
 * 34) "Because men are the dominant group in society, the male perception is also dominant. Women’s perceptions and systems of perceiving are seen as less competent.", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 35) "In order to become participating members in society, women must transform their perceptions and models of perceiving into terms of the dominant group", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 36) "Miller (2005) explains that muted group theory also posits that the dominant group in a culture (generally males) controls the various avenues of expression, including things like media outlets, the government and therefore the ways laws and rules are written, and the words that are used to describe the culture (i.e. books, dictionaries, etc).", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 37) "Because the dominant group controls these avenues, their style of expression will be favored. In the United States, for instance, evidence that white European males dominate the culture includes:", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 38) "The ways that the muted groups communicate will not be recognized or understood in the world of the dominant group.", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 39) "Some examples of these acts that members of muted groups can choose from are: emphasizing commonalities and downplaying cultural differences, educating others about norms of the muted group, and avoiding members of the dominant group.", from the article Muted group theory.
 * 40) "As an example, the ethnonym for the ethnically dominant group in Germany is the Germans.", from the article Ethnonym.
 * 41) "The indigenous peoples of Africa are those peoples of Africa whose way of life, attachment or claims to particular lands, and social and political standing in relation to other more dominant groups have resulted in their substantial marginalisation within modern African states (viz., "indigeneity" for the purposes of this article has the narrow definition of "politically underprivileged group who have been an ethnic entity in the locality before the present ruling nation took over power"; see definitions and identity of indigenous peoples)."
 * 42) "Pierre Bourdieu discusses how the practices of dominant groups in society are legitimized to the disadvantage of subordinate groups.", from the article Dumbing down. See Discussion page for answer.
 * 43) "The capital of the district is Rawalakot with the Sudhan tribes being the dominant groups in the district." from the article Poonch District, Pakistan.
 * 44) "The Nupe, traditionally called the Tapa by the neighbouring Yoruba, are an ethnic group located primarily in the Middle Belt and northern Nigeria, and are the dominant group in Niger and an important minority in Kwara State." from the article Nupe people.
 * 45) "In the 1990s he was a member of the dominant group of Slovak humorists (with Stano Radič, Rasťo Piško and others) who appeared in several formats both on TV and radio commenting on political and social life in the country."
 * 46) "Revenge of the cradle refers to when a minority group has a birthrate that is significantly higher than that of the dominant group." from the entry Revenge of the cradle.
 * 47) "The Daju appear to be the dominant group in Darfur from earliest times vying for control with their northern Marrah Mountain rivals, the agricultural Fur people." from the entry Daju people.
 * 48) "Numerically, the Khmer are the dominant group among Cambodians in France, but Cambodians of Chinese descent can also be found among the population; though interethnic marriages between Chinese and Khmers were common in Cambodia and remain so in France, the Chinese they have tended to organise themselves around dialect groups and remain somewhat separate from other Cambodians in France. " from the entry Cambodians in France.
 * 49) "The dominant group in the villages were the Panthay, chiefly Hui migrants from Dali, Baoshan, Shanning, Menghua and elsewhere in southern and western Yunnan." from the entry Panglong.
 * 50) "Master suppression techniques are defined as strategies of social manipulation by which a dominant group maintains such a position in a (established or unexposed) hierarchy."
 * 51) "In sociology, an elite is a group of relatively small size, that is dominant within a large society, having a privileged status perceived as being envied by others of a lower line of order.", from the article elite. There is this, also from 2011: "On state level the only contestants to noticeably influence the bureaucracy is the political elite. In general elites have to be groups of relatively small size, that are dominant within society, having a privileged status perceived as being envied by others of a lower line of order." The following three are from the "View history", has the challenge been met? This example and the following three can be assessed together. I can't find any of these three in a resource accessible by Google scholar of prior date.
 * 52) "In sociology as in general usage, the elite is a group of relatively small size, that is dominant within a large society, having a privileged status perceived as being envied by others of a lower line of order."
 * 53) "In sociology as in general usage, the elite is a hypothetical group of relatively small size, that is dominant within a large society, having a privileged status perceived as being envied by others of a lower line of order."
 * 54) "In sociology as in general usage, the elite (the "elect"; sometimes the French form "élite" is used) is a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys a privileged status which is upheld by individuals of lower social status within the structure of a group." From a master's degree thesis, there is this: "We can define [the elite] in the following way; the elite is a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys a privileged status which is upheld by individuals of lower social status within the structure of a group." Hint: one reference listed is www.en.wikipedia.org.
 * 55) "Insecurity and fear of an unknown future and instability can result in displacement, exclusion, and forced assimilation into the dominant group." Cannot confirm origin, from the former entry Marginalization. The marginalization entry has been redirected to social exclusion.
 * 56) "The individual is forced into a new system of rules while facing social stigma and stereotypes from the dominant group in society, further marginalizing and excluding individuals (Young, 2000)." Cannot confirm origin, do not have access to Young 2000, from the article Marginalization. The marginalization entry has been redirected to social exclusion.
 * 57) "The dominant Group C formula Porsche 962 s by Porsche under the new Group C race car formula that encouraged fuel efficiency.", from 24 Hours of Le Mans.
 * 58) "Including atrocities committed with impunity against communal groups and/or specific groups singled out by state authorities, or by dominant groups, for persecution or repression.", from Failed state.
 * 59) "From an American conservative standpoint, color blindness is generally perceived as an issue of fairness rather than an attempt to provide an advantage to either socially dominant groups or minority groups.", from the article Color blindness (race). The entire section of the article entitled, "Definition" containing "dominant group" has been blanked by a user.
 * 60) "Supporters of affirmative action believe that the perceived injustice to the dominant group is not supported by facts.", from Racism in the United States.
 * 61) "The dominance hierarchy also comes into play, as the offspring of the more dominant group members get preferential treatment." from Chlorocebus.
 * 62) "It is a trend displayed since historical times created by its unique Newari people who continue to be one of the dominant groups in the city.", from Kathmandu.
 * 63) "Those cultures have gained cultural capital and are considered the dominant group among the rest.", from Cultural reproduction.
 * 64) "The dominant group are of European stock, the descendants of colonists, known as colons.", from San Serriffe.
 * 65) "Ascribed statuses are determined by the dominant groups in society and as a result, minorities are often assigned lower statuses.", from Ascribed status.
 * 66) "Social order is maintained by certain rules of expected behavior and dominant group members enforce order through punishment." from Evolution of morality and Evolutionary origin of religions.
 * 67) "Barbudans of Portuguese descent, status differences were based on the varying degrees of assimilation into the dominant group's Anglicized practices.", from Antigua and Barbuda.
 * 68) "These traditions suggest that they were a very populous people and the dominant group in Wisconsin in the century before Nicolet's visit.", from Ho-Chunk.
 * 69) "Barbudans, status differences move along a continuum of varying degrees of assimilation into the Anglicised practices of the dominant group.", from Antigua.
 * 70) "That Afrikaans was first language to two thirds of the people (the dominant group, at 52 percent, were ‘Coloureds’) could have been a significant further factor. " from History of the Northern Cape. The abstract sentence is "In addition, most inhabitants are Afrikaans-speaking (70%), with the so-called coloureds (almost 52%) as the dominant group."
 * 71) "Creoles Today: They are the dominant group in Politics.", from Seychellois Creole people.
 * 72) "Second-generation immigrants: passing as a member of the dominant group.", from Cultural dissonance.
 * 73) "According to some traditions, the Bayar are connected to the Bhar tribes, who were once the dominant group in eastern Uttar Pradesh.", from Bayar caste.
 * 74) "Ricardo Salles said that although his character "evidenced a conservative mind, typical of a dominant group of a socially hierarchical society divided by slavery, there is no reason to deduce based on that he conducted the army without regard to reduce to the maximum the human losses, in battle or by diseases".", from the article Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias. See Answers on Discussion page.
 * 75) Progressive stack: "The theory behind the progressive stack is that people who are part of the majority or dominant culture are generally encouraged to express themselves, while people from minority or non-dominant groups are mostly silenced or ignored."
 * 76) Progressive stack: "In practice, "majority culture" is typically interpreted by progressive stack practitioners to mean white or male or young adult, while non-dominant groups include women, people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, non-white people, and very young or older people.  "
 * 77) Progressive stack: "In meetings that use the progressive stack, people from non-dominant groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, by facilitators, or stack-keepers, urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which racial, age, or gender group they belong to. "
 * 78) "Privilege differs from conditions of overt prejudice, in which a dominant group actively seeks to oppress or suppress another group for its own advantage."

Dominant group on wikiquote
Here is a summary list of the test questions.

 * 1) Are any of these uses of dominant group original research or original synthesis?
 * 2) Should each sentence using dominant group have a reference or citation after it?
 * 3) Are any of the uses of dominant group plagiarism?
 * 4) As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?
 * 5) What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity?
 * 6) Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?
 * 7) How would you edit the entry or the current page on Wikipedia or Wikiversity?

Separately, write what you believe about each of these with respect to
 * 1) original research or synthesis,
 * 2) attribution,
 * 3) copyright, and
 * 4) a step by step procedure of what to do if you (or anyone) finds anything similar on Wikipedia or Wikiversity.

The current page is either within the quote, before the quote, after the quote as a reference, or indicated after the reference to the author who contributed dominant group to the page.

 * 1) "The first precondition is exclusion of the victim from the universe of obligation of the dominant group.", from Armenian Genocide.
 * 2) "Such groups are viewed by the dominant group as people who do not belong, to whom nothing is owed, who do not have to be accounted for, and to whom one need not account.", same as above.
 * 3) "Utopia tends to be the tool of social groups seeking ascendancy; while ideology tends to be the tool of dominant groups seeking to assuage their own sense of failing and justify the inadequacy of the status quo." per Karl Mannheim.
 * 4) From Indian Railways: "The dominant group was determined to hold on to remaining power of appointments in India as long as they could. relating to India with the group."

Dominant group on wikisource
There are 12 current usages.

 * 1) "I am sure I understand the purpose of the dominant group of the Senate.", from An Association of Nations.
 * 2) "The dominant group frightfully exaggerates their numbers and power.", per On Questions of Zionist Theory.
 * 3) Per The Age of Innocence/Chapter VI: "Firmly narrowing upward from this wealthy but inconspicuous substratum was the compact and dominant group which the Mingotts, Newlands, Chiverses and Mansons so actively represented."
 * 4) From Skinner v. Oklahoma/Opinion of the Court: "In evil or reckless hands it can cause races or types which are inimical to the dominant group to wither and disappear."

Hypotheses

 * 1) Based on this term test, too many contributors on Wikipedia are performing original research through the use of dominant group.

title: Dominant group/Sociology/Term test


text:
Panspermia/a critique of PANSPERMIA ACCORDING TO HOYLE

(Review Paper) Cited in

Comets Bring Microbial Life
The Hoyle-Wickramasinghe panspermia theory proposes that life on earth was originated approximately 4 billion years ago by comets containing microbial life. Some of the microorganisms continue to be found. Nowadays Panspermia is considered as a serious alternative to life being originated solely on earth.

Methods
Research demonstrated that bacteria can survive the extreme conditions that it endures on space. It can withstand radiation as well as extremely low temperatures. During the 1970’s inorganic dust had properties identical to particles of bacterial composition. These bacteria were primarily found in interstellar dust and can trace the origin of some particles on earth. Replication of these particles is not possible in the interstellar environment; Therefore Hoyle-Wickramasinghe suggested then that microbial life follows the amplification process that stars, comets and planetary systems go through on the cosmic life cycle. Comets are then considered to amplify microbial life during this life cycle that can last a few billion years. .

Results
Microbial life on earth can be dated back to around 3.8 billion years (3.8 Gy) when comets and asteroid were bombarding the earth. This microbial life can be found or earth in new habitats such as geothermal vents, ocean floor, radioactive dumps and Antartic soil. The microorganisms recovered from the Earth’s crust prove that microbial life can survive the pressure of the ocean depths. Recent discoveries continue to support that microbial life was transferred in the cosmic life cycle and therefore transferred to earth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Panspermia/a critique of NASA researchers make first discovery of life's building block in comet

(Review Paper) Cited in

Points Made
NASA scientists discover glycine in a comet. Glycine is the fundamental building block for life. It is used to make proteins in living organisms. Since it was found in a comet, it supports the theory that the life’s ingredients were formed in space and then delivered to earth by meteorites.

Methods
To prove this, NASA scientists sent a spaceship to space to collect comet gas and dust. As the spaceship flew through the material, an aerogel filled grid captured the gas and dust. This captured gas and dust were then shot back to earth for scientists to study how comets are formed and to find the history of our solar system.

Results
After studying the glycine found in the comet, scientists realized that it could be contaminated. To solve this problem, scientists measure the amount of the different isotopes of the carbon within the glycine. Scientists found that the glycine molecules found in space are made up of a higher carbon 13/carbon 12 ratio than on earth. That proves that the glycine found on the comet was from outer space, which proves the theory that the ingredients for life originated in outer space.

The glycine that was found on the comet could have originated from inside the comet when UV light hit the molecular precursors and caused them to react forming the amino acid. Researchers have concluded that this provides some of the best evidence that the precursors for life may have originated from outer space.


text:
Panspermia/A Critique of Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions – Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments.

(Review Paper) Cited in

Lichens Die After Re-Entry
After attaching the bacteria and lichens to the space shuttle, their growth rate, ability to germinate and their activity was analyzed. The bacteria had died and the lichens had survived in space. However, when the lichens attempted to re-enter the earth's atmosphere, they died as well

Methods
They attached the bacteria and lichen to the space shuttle and protected them only by a thin glass layer (it was otherwise fully open to space). The lichen and bacteria were exposed to space for 10 days. They then analysed the lichen’s and bacteria’s ability to germinate, their growth rate and their activity after 10 days in space.

Results
When the lichens were exposed to outer space their cortex made them resistant to space. In contrast, the bacteria died right away. When the lichens re-entered the earth’s atmosphere they did not survive. This does not support the idea that bacteria originates from space.


text:
A critique of The microbiologist looks at panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in

Panspermia doesn't account for similar biolog y
If there were organisms here on earth from outer space they would be simple, standout, and have characteristics easily recognizable.

Methods
A sample was taken of microbial isolates from 41km above the earth's surface. This was done in order to prevent contamination from terrestrial microbial isolates. Each sample was identified independently and all of the sample organisms were common to the earth's soil.

Results
Since the sample of organisms taken from above the earth's surface were similar to modern ecology found on the earth it can be determined that they did not originate from space. This is because logically we can deduce that the evolutionary path of organisms in space or from other planets would be significantly different from that of the organisms we find in modern times. This disproves the Panspermia hypothesis that organic material continues to come to earth from space. The organisms found 41km above the earth's surface can be found to be from the earth originally, possibly from volcanic output or other organic processes.


text:
Panspermia/A Critique of Biological evidence against the panspermia theory

(Review Paper) Cited in

Points Made

 * To provide life on earth the micro-organisms would have to be as complex as known prokaryotes today

 * The micro-organism could not have been a progenote that came to earth as the progenotes are still in an evolutionary stage and could not live through the journey to the earth.

 * There is strong evidence suggesting that the ancestors of bacteria are progenotes

 * the split genes are independent, with ancestral traits that would be domain specific, meaning they could only survive within a certain terain

 * The progenote will not be able to survive due to its inability to adapt in a new environment (i.e. earth)

Methods
An analysis of the lifespan and evolution of the progenotes and the prokaryotes is compared to the theory of panspermia. The panspermia theory suggests that small micro-organisms came to the earth through the cosmos. This was studied in terms of the characteristics of both the progenotes and prokaryotes and their evolution stage to discover which one could survive the travel through the earth's atmosphere.

Results
In order for the panspermia theory to be valid the organisms that would have traveled to earth would have had to be complex in nature (not progenotes) in order to survive the journey. But, based on our modern theory of genetic code, progenotes were the ancestors to modern bacteria. If progenotes are ancestors to the bacteria we know today, and progenotes could not have survived the extreme traveling conditions. Therefore, the theory of panspermia via meteorites is not valid.

Throughout the research by Massimo Di Giulio the analysis seems to make logical sense; however, there are some areas that may have not been investigated completely. Giullio states that the progenotes would not have survived the travel to earth as they are not fully evolved micro-organisms. This research does not fully examine if progenotes today are equal to progenotes four billion years ago. There is little evidence of the genetic coding of progenotes from years ago. Assumptions can only be made that progenotes were/are equivalent to those tested on today. How can one explain or quantify that these conclusions are correct if there is a knowledge deficit of ancient progenotes? Perhaps progenotes from years ago were micro-organisms with different characteristics that would have survived the journey to earth. Therefore, I would conclude that there is a level of uncertainty in this research that would need further investigation.

Consider that Earth conditions may have been harsher than conditions today and perhaps the progenotes that we are studying at present are not necessarily the same make-up as the progenotes from billions of years ago. Evolution may have changed the progenote to adapt to better conditions as life formed on Earth. Consider as well the study conducted by A.K. Pavlov et all that proves, using a vacuum,some bacteria can survive very harsh conditions. The bacteria are heated to very high temperatures, simulating the same conditions that would occur in travel from Mars to the Earth. The research in the study suggests that there is a possibility that progenotes may have been able to survive the trip from space and land on Earth to finish the evolution cycle and create the first including s of life billions of years ago.


text:
Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on Panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in


text:
Panspermia/a critique of Evidence against Biological Grains in the Interstellar Medium

(Review Paper) Cited in

Points Made
1. There is a possibility that false results were found when scanning for biological material in interstellar medium

2. The ratios of certain elements in the interstellar medium are inadequate to produce some organic compounds

3. We do not know enough about the interstellar medium yet to make accurate statements about the composition and nature of the interstellar medium.

Methods
1. To find hydrocarbons in the medium, substances that absorb waves of length 3.0-3.5 micrometers were scanned. This is the range that most organic compounds absorb.

2. A sample of interstellar dust was taken and analyzed. Abundances of various elements were measured from that sample.

Results
1. The wavelength range of 3.0-3.5 micrometers is not exclusively absorbed by biological substances. For example, water and ammonia also absorb in that range.

2. The ratios of phosphorus and carbon do not support the kinds of life that is said to be in the interstellar medium. For the amount of E. Coli that is said to be in space, 100 times more phosphorus would need to be present.

3. Because we have not explored the interstellar medium as intensively and as in-depth as we have explored many other areas of natural science, we cannot be certain about exactly which elements/compounds can be found out there, as well as the nature of the medium (e.g. radiation levels, temperatures).


text:
Panspermia/a critique of Panspermia—true or false?

(Review Paper) Cited in

Points Made
For the theory of Panspermia to be true the organisms must first leap from their hosting planets onto a carrier with a similar environment as the planet of origin. Then the cells must reach the earth before the harmful cosmic rays can kill them. Then survive entering the Earth's atmosphere and the impact of landing. No host that is capable of fitting the above requirements is in existence, therefore Panspermia cannot be possible.

Methods
Nasa has been collecting matter from within our own atmosphere as well as large amounts of terrestrial dust. .

Results
With the dust that NASA found, it was concluded that the particles from the dust in our atmosphere originated on Earth. This proves that Panspermia is invalid.


text:
Panspermia/a critique of Stardust Findings -Implications for Panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in

Microorganisms Potentially formed from Hot and Cold Stardust
If microorganisms are successful in surviving the extreme "mixing" process of early solar nebula and lands on earth, then life is already present in the material.

Methods
In January 2004 a spaceship called Stardust flew through a comet and collected cometary dust. .

Results
The cometary dust was analyzed and it was discovered that some of the dust such as Olivine, Calcium Aluminum Inclusions (CAIs), were formed at high temperatures (above 2000 K); and other dust particles, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), were formed in low temperatures (below 40 K). This concludes that "mixing" may have occurred between the hottest and coldest regions of the solar nebula, which could have potentially created microorganisms. .


text:
Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in

Points Made
Regardless of the appropriate conditions, such as water, nutrients and the fact that the dormant spores will grow, creating a potential for panspermia, the environments (threats of vacuums and radiation) in which the spores are growing in are too harsh for further development. Therefore, panspermia can not exist.

Methods
The article tested their hypothesis by taking different strains of DNA repair capacity to find out the role of DNA repair in the survival after exposed to space. This was done by testing different soils against space spores mixed with clay, red sandstone, meteorite, simulated soil and martian meteorite zagami.

The also included glucose to help the survival of the DNA in the space vacuum.

The way the DNA was exposed to space was in these 3 different ways- 1) Artificial Meteorites 2) Mixed up layers 3) Shadow layers

The other way DNA was exposed in space was 1) Inside layers 2)Unprotected outside layers.

Results
This experiment concludes that if cluster bacteria spores are embedded in a substance such as clay or rock, where it is protected against UV radiations and solar rays, there is a slight chance the spores may survive. However, a single spore bacteria attached to microm-sized grains will not survive in space as there is not sufficient protection for growth.

This is consistent with the article "Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions" in that the bacteria could not survive in atmospheric conditions. If bacteria cannot survive in space, life on earth could not have evolved through the idea of panspermia.


text:
Panspermia/A critique of Panspermia—true or false

(Review Paper) Cited in

Panspermia is not reproducible
Scientists Wickramasighe and Bhargava conducted a cryosampler experiment to prove or dismay the theory of Panspermia. Sixteen samples were collected from the cryosampler at various altitudes and split between the two scientists to prove the proposed theory. Wickramasighe stated to have detected microorganisms present from the cryosampler samples. However, Bhargava was unable to produce the same results. This is possibly a fluke that Wickramasighe found any living microorganisms. When asked to reproduce the same results, Wickramasighe declined.

Methods
To determine if Panspermia can exist in space, the scientists utilized various elements (such as dirt, water, etc) from the earth to conduct the experiment. They created a balloon-like object called a Cryosampler to lift into the atmosphere and ultimately create a simulation of a comet.

Another experiment conducted to disprove the theory of Panspermia suggests that once bacteria and lichens exit the atmosphere, one of two events occur; bacteria is unable to survive while lichens are able to. Once the shuttle re-enters the atmosphere, the lichens burn up with no possibility of survival. This helps prove that bacteria is unable to survive in space. Therefore, Pansperima does not exist.

Results
To determine if Panspermia can exist in space, Bhargava conducted the same experiment as Wickramasighe and was unable to produce the same results. To prove his theory wrong, Bhargava requested that Wickramasighe reproduce his findings. This request was declined thus causing a possible controversy and/or cover up of existence of Panspermia.

Being able to reproduce an outcome to an experiment is a logical way to prove a theory. If Wickramasighe and his team are not willing to reproduce their findings, it can only be concluded that they do not have a valid argument. Thus, disproving the theory of Panspermia.


text:
Panspermia/A Critique ofWhy Do Some People Reject Panspermia?

(Review Paper) Cited in

Go Panspermia!
Panspermia or abiogenesis? Did life migrate here through space or begin on Earth ?

Methods
Experiments have been conducted involving microbial content being sent into space on rocks and on the exterior of rockets which survived launch and landing. Something to remember is that rocks and metals conduct heat to a different extent. Too much heat may be harmful to this life however; microbes are able to survive extreme conditions. Microbes have also been put to the test with exposure to space, survival under impact shock, and survival of high speed impacts. These laboratory experiments showed that microbes could be grown from blown off pieces of rock after high speed impact events.

Results
Panspermia and abiogenesis are both difficult to prove. If life started from abiogenesis there still remains limited proof as to where, in space or on earth, non-life turned into life.


text: Category:Seal (discrete mathematics)

title: Category:Seal (discrete mathematics)


text:
Panspermia/A Critique of The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.

(Review Paper) Cited in

Humans are made from stars
20 different atoms make up all living material. They include atoms that are found in steller nucleosynthesis. Steller nucleosynthesis is a nuclear reaction that takes place in the stars. We can make the conclusion that we are made up of atoms from the stars.

Bacteria has shields
Microorganisms are able to survive/thrive in ultraviolet light.

 * If life from other planets were entering Earth's atmosphere, the ultraviolet radiation would actually alter the organisms genetic makeup. There are some cells that may be able to survive this exposure, though it is unlikely that most would withstand the journey through the atmosphere, as well as the impact of landing.

Additionally, after microorganisms reach temperatures of 10-30K, they can remain in a freeze-dried state until they find a new surface environment to sustain and replicate themselves in; such as comets or planets.

Other planets show signs of life
Various planets, including Mars and Venus, are showing signs of life in water and clouds on the planets surface.

Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life
Stratospheric air shows signs of bacteria which is above the atmosphere free from aerosoles from the earth.

Humans are made from stars
The atoms that are found in stellar nucleosynthesis include oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen and carbon. These atoms are found in all living organisms. They are crucial in the composition of living material. .

Bacteria has shields
The microorganisms are surrounded by mantles, which is a growth that protects the bacteria. In outer space bacteria is shielded by thick molecular clouds. Thermophiles are microorganisms that flourish at high temperatures and do well in UV lighting.

Other planets show signs of life
Dirk Schulze-Makuch found that 30 miles above the surface of the clouds in Venus there are chemical signs of life. He found hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, and most notably carbonyl sulphide. Carbonyl sulphide is difficult to produce by inorganic chemistry and is commonly considered to be a sign for living organisms.

Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life
Samples of air was obtained in sterilized stainless steel cylinders and fitted with valves that could be open and shut at on command from the ground. The cylinders were carefully opened and the collected air that was above the boundary of the atmosphere. This air was tested because it ensures that no aerosols from below would be present. Evidence for the presence of viable cells was discovered and the detection was made using a fluorescent dyes which are only taken up by the membranes of living cells.

Results
The small amount of bacteria needed to maintain life in the galaxy and experiments such as the stratospheric collection experiment continue to confirm astronomical data that verifies the existence of microbial life.

 * A Critique of the results from The Universe: A cryogenic habitat for microbial life.


text:
Talk:Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention/Answers

Is the last answer suppose to .03 W instead of 30 W? Tmroberson92 05:16, 25 January 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Mathiflip

MSc in engineering: construction from Lessius Mechelen Campus De Nayer, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium, 2012

BSc in engineering: construction from Lessius Mechelen Campus De Nayer, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium, 2011

title: User:Mathiflip


text:
User:Semaphor/TAO/tmp

 * Module "Web conferencing" und "Virtual classrooms"
 * "E-Learning environments", Alex.
 * durchlesen und ggf. um konkrete Empfehlungen/weitere Details ergänzen.
 * "Kalte Zeiten" (http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/TAO/Online_learning_activities).
 * Einleitungskapitel (drei Module)
 * Handbuchstruktur ??!
 * Navigation
 * Kategorien

Maßnahmen:
 * Startseite
 * Zielgruppen ansprechen
 * Mehr Informationen: zum Projekt und zu Wikiversity
 * Bilder, Gestaltung
 * Zwei Ziele:
 * Austausch, Lernen und Dokumentation in oder durch Wikiversity
 * Leitfaden
 * Bilder: Lizenzen; Links / Semantik zu wenig genutzt; wenig Dynamik bei der Interaktion; Sprachbarrieren, Begrifflichkeiten.
 * Nutzen aufzeigen, win-win- ....

 * ToDos
 * #CoP
 * Brainstorm??

title: User:Semaphor/TAO/tmp


text:
User:Semaphor/TAO/Draft 1

Welcome to the work space of the project TAO!

TAO is both a placeholder for the Chinese ideograph 道 (Pinyin: ), meaning way or method, and an acronym for Third Age Online. The main target of the project is to highlight the ways in which the access of older persons to the opportunities offered by online communities can be facilitated. At the same time, the project aims to profit from the growing number of older persons to advance charitable projects of online communities. - Learn more about the project by checking out its official website.

As part of our project we are planning to use Wikiversity as a platform to...

{|
 * - valign="top"
 * width="50%"|

Set up a community of practice
A Community of practice with various stakeholders from different backgrounds around the topic "e-inclusion of older people in the web 2.0 era", with a special focus on online communities and online collaboration.

People from this community can take part in the activities of the project playing all kinds of different roles.
 * width="50%"|

Develop a handbook
A Handbook for online communities and operators of community platforms, containing effective strategies for an improved inclusion of older people in online communities and online social networks.

ToDo Description of the players focusing on the handbook.
 * }

 ''ToDo Following the general description above here are some hints to be given to the visitor how to go on. E.g.:''
 * Never edited a Wiki(-pedia, -versity) page?
 * Participant of an Activity?
 * Want to work on the project? Or first engage with the community?

Learning and Research Activities
Throughout various learning and research activities we are gathering, generating, transferring, testing, and documenting the know-how that is relevant for our purpose. By documenting the results of our learning and research activities we are possibly also generating the content of the handbook. In the Wikiversity context all ways of approaching the topic can be called "Activity".

The learning and research activities presently under development can be found on the subpage TAO/Activities.

Community of Practice
The people engaging in the various learning and research activities around the project TAO form our community of practice. It is made up of our multidisciplinary project team, comprising both researchers and practitioners, complemented by a series of other stakeholders. You are welcome to join us if you are interested!

Handbook
The handbook is our target output. It is the place where the know-how gathered and validated throughout our project is formalized and presented in a "distilled" form, ready for use by interested members of online communities as well as platform operators.

TAO/Handbook - general and conceptional thoughts on the handbook.

TAO/Handbook/Table of contents - just a draft.

TAO/Handbook/Target audience

Working on Wikiversity and this project: tips, technical issues

 * TAO/Media files and licenses - pointers and basic information on generating media beyond text.
 * TAO/Languages - information about how to handle the different language versions of this project.

 * TAO/Overview - list of pages belonging to of in focus of the project (us it to not loose the overview).
 * TAO/Templates - collection of templates, which are recommended to use.

title: User:Semaphor/TAO/Draft 1


text:
User talk:Semaphor/TAO/Draft 1

Other possible Icons...
--Simon Lüke 14:17, 25 January 2012 (UTC) ... for "Community":
 * My Choice: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Community_Help.png
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Graduate.svg

... for "Handbook":
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Litchar.png

first impression

 * auf den 1. Blick sah es zu überfüllt aus ->summarized translation: too cowded on first impression.
 * true, also from my point of view. but i think we can leave that as it is right now an split the contents into futher pages in a later phase ot the project. --Simon Lüke 15:30, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
 * und das tao logo passt enicht zu dem Bunten, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat + Identi.ca 22:42, 1 February 2012 (UTC) ->summarized translation: tao logo doesn't fit the colorful rest.
 * also true :-) but so far i couldn't find better suiting icons and the tao logo is already defined. i think we'll also discuss this in the meeting tomorrow. --Simon Lüke 15:30, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Semaphor/TAO/Draft 1


text: User:Lilcasa

title: User:Lilcasa


title: File:Iea.s12.sec5.djvu


title: File:Iea.s12.sec4a.djvu


text:
Dominant group/Language

Both language and linguistics can be subject to a dominant group. But, is dominant group as a two-word term a subject of language or linguistics? Most two-word terms like "net income" are usually quite limited in fields of application.

Dominant group
Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

 * 1) Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
 * 2) Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
 * 3) Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
 * 4) Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
 * 5) Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
 * 6) Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 7) Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
 * 8) Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
 * 9) Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
 * 10) Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
 * 11) Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
 * 12) Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
 * 13) Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
 * 14) Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
 * 15) Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 16) Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
 * 17) Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
 * 18) Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
 * 19) Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
 * 20) Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
 * 21) Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 22) Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Languages
Def. "[a] form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing system" is called a language.

Applied linguistics
Def. "[t]he scientific study of language" is called linguistics.

"I first argue that the cultural dichotomy promoted in the applied linguistics literature is constructed by discourse that reflects and creates particular power relations in which the dominant group defines the subordinate group as the exotic Other."

Ethnolinguistics
Def. the "field of linguistic anthropology which studies the language of a specific ethnic group" is called ethnolinguistics.

"But surely we can remark that in spite of dominant group control and manipulations, subordinate group members do make themselves aware of powerful moments in their own history."

Relative synonyms
The term dominant group appears to be used to identify entities of importance. The relative synonyms of dominant group fall into the following set of orderable pairs:

'Orderable' means that any synonym from within the first category can be ordered with any synonym from the second category to form an alternate term for "dominant group"; for example, "superior class", "influential sect", "master assembly", "most important group", and "dominant painting". "Dominant" falls into category 171. "Group" is in category 61. Further, any word which has its most or much more common usage within these categories may also form an alternate term, such as "ruling group", where "ruling" has its most common usage in category 739, or "dominant party", where "party" is in category 74.

Interlingual communication
“When intelligibility is non-reciprocal, the language or dialect spoken by the culturally dominant group, or the language or dialect with the greater functional value, seems to be the preferred medium for interlingual communication.”

Language dominance
“In addition, most inhabitants are Afrikaans-speaking (70%), with the so-called coloureds (almost 52%) as the dominant group.”

Def. a "[l]anguage spoken by the dominant social group, or language that is seen as the main language of a country" is called a dominant language.

Def. the "[m]ost powerful social group of the country due to population (numerical majority), economics (wealth) and/or politics (power)" is called the dominant group.

Def. the "[l]anguage and culture of the dominant group" is called the mainstream.

The mainstream "[o]ften refers to schools designed for members of the dominant group that do not meet the needs of linguistic minorities".

"Textbooks and lessons focus on the language and culture of the dominant group."

"Teachers who come from the dominant language society may consider the learners “slow”."

A search of the UNESCO website produces 126 documents containing at least one use of dominant group each, including the glossary definition above.

Linguistic assimilation
"They also do it by forcibly moving children from one group (indigenous or minority) to another group (the dominant group) through linguistic and cultural forced assimilation in schools." "Through glorification, the non-material resources of the dominant groups, including the dominant languages and cultures, and maybe specifically English, are presented as better adapted to meet the needs of 'modern', technologically developed, democratic post-industrial information-driven societies - and this is what a substantial part of ESL (English as a Second Language) ideology is about."

Linguistic conflict
"A reliability test with another study (Jakobsen 1996a, 1996b) produced correlations from 0.78 (the size of the linguistic dominant group) to 0.95 (the size of the religious dominant group)."

Linguistic imperialism
"Early in Linguistic Imperialism Phillipson makes the distinction between core English-speaking countries, in which the dominant group consists of distinction native speakers of English. e.g.. Britain and the USA (Kachru’s ‘inner’ circle) and periphery-English countries."

Linguistic prehistory
"Such a relationship may just as well result in the adoption of the dominant group's language as a lingua franca without significant pidginisation."

Multi-word verbs
"Monosyllabic or disyllabic verbs with the accent on the first syllable are the dominant group, and those are usually Germanic (Anglo-Saxon or Norse) elements (Bolinger 1971:175; Fraser 1976:13f: Live 1965:430)."

مهيمن مجموعة
(العربية)
 * 1) "اللغة التايلندية هي اللغة الوطنة والرسمية لتايلند، واللغة الأم للشعب التايلندي، المجموعة العرقية المهيمنة في تايلند."
 * 2) .البرماويون هي المجموعة العرقية المهيمنة في بورما ، تشكل حوالي 68 ٪ (30000000) من السكان."
 * 3) "بحلول القرن الثامن، أصبحت السلاف المجموعة العرقية المهيمنة على سهول أوروبا الشرقية ."

dominante Gruppe
(Deutsch)
 * 1) "Der Standpunkt einer untergeordneten Gruppe ist vollständiger, weil diese mehr Grund hat, eine dominante Gruppe zu verstehen, und weil sie weniger Interesse hat, den Status quo aufrechtzuerhalten."
 * 2) "Ursprünglich gab es nur die Wa-sha-she, die in der Mythologie und der Stammesgeschichte der Osage stets eine dominante Gruppe bildeten."
 * 3) "Allerdings ist auch hier wieder, wie in den Internatsgeschichten, die Anpassung an die dominante Gruppe (die bürgerliche Gesellschaft) der einzige Weg zur Integration."

Grupo dominante
(Español)
 * 1) "En las ciencias sociales se describe como autoodio, identificación con el grupo dominante, etc., el sentimiento de rechazo que siente el individuo, perteneciente a un grupo social de bajo estatus, ante características propias consideradas inferiores a las de los grupos dominantes." "El punto culminante de un proceso de autoodio sería la completa asimilación del individuo al grupo dominante."
 * 2) "Los Tai son cualquier miembro del grupo dominante del Sureste Asiático."
 * 3) "La población de la región en aquel entonces estaba compuesta por etnias bálticas, eslavas, finesas; entre estos el grupo dominante eran los de la Rus."

Groupe dominant
(Français)
 * 1) "Les querelles linguistiques ou atteintes aux langues peuvent être des tentatives de sujétion de l'homme en imposant des paradigmes, comme dans le cas de la langue ou des expressions d'un groupe dominant."
 * 2) "Dans cette situation, la soumission d'un groupe est justifiée par le groupe dominant par la soi-disant incapacité du groupe dominé à s'autogérer. Des caractéristiques négatives du groupe dominé comme une faible intelligence, la paresse, la pauvreté, et des qualités intrinsèques du groupe dominant comme la bienveillance sont soulignées afin de participer à ce mythe de légitimation."
 * 3) "Ces régimes présentent la caractéristique commune d’afficher une idéologie officielle explicitement raciste et d’avoir institutionnalisé dans la loi une hiérarchie présentée comme naturelle et indépassable entre le groupe dominant et le groupe dominé."

Gruppo dominante
(Italiano)
 * 1) "L'impero è inoltre in genere caratterizzato da una ideologia imperiale, cioè dell'ideologia fondante dell'architettura del sistema imperiale, spesso connotata di caratteri di egemonismo ed universalità, sulla base della quale si modellano i meccanismi di controllo politico, sociale, religioso ed economico del gruppo dominante sui gruppi dominati."
 * 2) "Di solito le persecuzioni sono rivolte a comprimere un movimento politico o religioso o a eliminare un gruppo etnico o sociale, economicamente, politicamente o tecnologicamente inferiore a un gruppo dominante che si ritiene superiore culturalmente."
 * 3) "Per questo motivo la cooptazione si ritrova spesso in regimi aristocratici od oligarchici, dove rappresenta uno strumento di perpetuazione del ristretto gruppo dominante."

支配集団
(日本語)
 * 1) "そしてまずイデオロギーの概念をユートピアの概念と一般的に区別して、前者を社会における支配集団の現状維持を認める虚偽意識、後者を被支配集団の現状超越的な虚偽意識であると考える. "
 * 2) "宇文泰は武川鎮出身の者たちを集めて軍団を作り、西魏の支配集団を武川鎮出身の者で固めた. "
 * 3) "支配集団ないし指導者と指導者に奉仕する政党は、イデオロギーと同一化し、これを政策の基盤として利用したり、操作したりして政策を正当化する. "

Dominerende gruppe
(Norwegian, bokmål)
 * 1) "Men med opptil 400000 individer per m² jordoverflate er de en dominerende gruppe leddyr i terrestriske økosystemer, i noen tilfeller overgår de selv middene i antall." In English this is close to, "But with up to 400,000 individuals per square meter land surface are the dominant group of arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems, in some cases exceeds the number of mites in itself."
 * 2) "Styret ble stadig mer opptatt av Fagopposisjonens virksomhet og 2/2 1913 var ungsosialistene med på å danne Kristiania fagoppositionsgruppe, som representerte en ren syndikalistisk linje. Her ble de en dominerende gruppe. På Fagopposisjonens stiftelsesmøte stilte de med flere typisk syndikalistiske forslag." This is close to "The Board became increasingly concerned Trade Union Opposition business and 2/2 1913 ungsosialistene helped to create the Kristiania fagoppositionsgruppe, representing a pure syndicalist line. Here they were a dominant group. The Trade Union Opposition inaugural meeting they asked several typical syndicalist ideas."
 * 3) "Den nåværende utbredelsen er bare en liten rest fra tidligere tidsperioder, da Haglidae var en dominerende gruppe." "The current distribution is only a remnant from earlier eras, when Haglidae was a dominant group."
 * 4) "Gress spredte seg til disse områdene og ble en dominerende gruppe." "Grass spread to these areas and was a dominant group."
 * 5) "I mange avleiringer fra Tertiær-perioden er medlemmene i denne familien de vanligste av alle insekter, men det er uklart om dette skyldes at de var en dominerende gruppe i denne perioden eller bare at de hadde masseforekomster (som er ganske vanlige hos nålevende arter) på steder der sjansen var stor for at de skulle bli bevart som fossiler." This translates close to "In many deposits from the Tertiary period, the members of this family, the most common of all insects, but it is unclear whether this is because they were a dominant group in this period or just that they had lots of instances (which are quite common in living species) on places where the chances were high that they should be preserved as fossils."

доминирующей группы
(Русский)
 * 1) "Новая эпоха в хип-хопе характеризуется также тем, что в хип-хоп мэйнстриме нет доминирующей группы артистов, как в начале 90-х, когда наибольшую популярность имели рэперы Калифорнии. "
 * 2) "В христианских и исламских странах, лицам не доминирующей религии зачастую предписывалось носить значки, шапки, колокольчики и другие предметы одежды, которые отличали бы их от членов доминирующей религиозной группы ."
 * 3) "Некоторые конфликты с другими нигерийскими национальностей привело к тому что игбо стало доминирующей этнической группой в Восточной Нигерии вышедщей из Нигерии для создания независимого государства Биафра, что привело к Гражданской войне в Нигерии (6 июля 1967 — 15 января 1970)."

Thống lĩnh nhóm
(Tiếng Việt)
 * 1) "Retsudō thống lĩnh nhóm mật thám gọi là "Kusa" rải rác khắp toàn quốc nhằm quan sát mọi động tĩnh của các Daimyō."
 * 2) "Với một tay còn lại, Quân trở về quê thống lĩnh nhóm thanh niên khoảng 10 đối tượng, có độ tuổi từ 16 đến 23, suốt ngày lang thang trộm cắp."

Baskın grubu
(Türkçe)
 * 1) "Diyatomların diğer fitoplankton türlerine göre baskın grubu oluşturdukları gözlenmiştir."
 * 2) "Paleozoiğin bir diğer baskın grubu da dallı bacaklılardı."

主要群体
(文言)
 * 1) "这三个主要群体，但其中的细节还不太清楚. "
 * 2) "打口主要群体是青少年，他们已经成人，社会负担和年岁的增长使他们大多冷落了曾让自己迷恋的打口. "
 * 3) "“咖啡店闲谈”是指退休的年长者或在咖啡店的工作人士聚集在咖啡店里闲话家常，谈论内容多半关于時事新闻、国家政治和办公室政治，或者是各种生活相关的景象，如电视剧和饮食等，当中以年长男性为主要群体. "

Public language
"In some cases, only the language of the dominant group may be found on outside public signs, whereas the weaker language may coexist with the dominant language on signs inside state and private buildings."

"Given that it is the dominant language group that can most effectively control the state apparatus regulating the language of public signs, one can consider the relative position of competing languages in the linguistic landscape as a measure of how the dominant group treats the linguistic minorities inhabiting the given territory".

Wikibooks examples
"Most of the vocabulary of Hawaiian Pidgin is derived from English, the language of the dominant group."

Wikipedia examples
"Most often, the vocabulary comes from the dominant group and the grammar from the subordinate group, where such stratification exists."

"The schwa vowel /ə/ does not alternate but may trigger harmony as if it belonged to the dominant group."

Later writers followed Speke in arguing that they had originally migrated as pastoralists and had established themselves as the dominant group, having lost their language as they assimilated to Bantu culture.

"Each group must learn to speak the language of the dominant group yet may also derive social benefits from retaining the original dialect when interacting with fellow group members."

"Two dominant groups spoke the PEA-A R-Dialect, i.e., the Munsee-dominant Wappinger (or Wampano), and the Quinnipiac-dominant Quiripi (sometimes spelled Quiripey)."

"The reasons for this pattern of L1 attrition probably lie in a situation where the persecuted minority had the same L1 as the dominant majority, and the L1 thus became associated with elements of identity of that dominant group."

Wikiversity examples
In Cameroon,
 * 1) "Categorized by 3 dominant groups; indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%.[8]", and
 * 2) ""Customary law is based upon the traditions of the ethnic group predominant in the region and is adjudicated by traditional authorities of that group. Accordingly, particular points of customary law differ depending upon the region and the ethnic group where a case is being tried. In some areas, traditional courts reportedly have tried persons accused of some offenses, such as practicing witchcraft, by subjecting them to an ordeal, such as drinking poison. Customary courts may exercise jurisdiction only with the consent of both parties to a case; either party has the right to have any case heard by a national rather than a customary court, and customary law is supposed to be valid only when it is not "repugnant to natural justice, equity, and good conscience." However, many citizens in rural areas remain unaware of their rights under civil law and have been taught since birth that customary laws form the rules by which they must abide. Consequently, traditional courts remain important in rural areas and serve as an alternative for settling disputes. Their authority varies by region and ethnic group, but they often are the arbiters of property and domestic disputes and may serve a probate function as well. Most traditional courts permit appeal of their decisions to traditional authorities of higher rank".[24]"

In Feinburg, Walter (1998) Common schools uncummon identities. national unity and cultural difference.,
 * 1) "A second question is concerned with whether memories, interpretations and norms advanced through a common national identity can reflect the experiences of different groups rather than the dominant economic, racial, gender and social class groups.",
 * 2) "The multiculturalists disagree with the separation between cultural and public spheres and argues that the school culture tends to reflect that of the dominant group, while other cultures are marginalized into the private sphere – that, if the assymetry of power between different cultures are not taken into account and dealt with in school (21). ", and
 * 3) "This view is partly grounded on the belief that the nation-state, as the foundation of public education, is arbitrary and mainly a tool for dominant groups to remain in power (33)."

Per Reading log McRuer, Tatum, Hjörne & Säljö,
 * 1) "Tatum claims that when the areas where a person is member of the dominant and/or advantaged group the categories is usually not mentioned or highlighted.", and
 * 2) "Connected with the dominant groups is the conception of power: "For example, Blacks have historically been characterized as less intelligent than Whites, and women have been viewed as less emotionally stable than men. The dominating group assign roles to the subordinates that reflect the latter’s devalued status, reserving the most highly valued roles int the society for themselves. Subordinates are usually said to be innately incapable of being able to perform the preferred roles. To the extent that the targeted group internalizes the images that the dominant group reflects back to them they may found it difficult to believe in their own ability."(p. 23)".

From NAU-POS254-Radical challenges to Enlightenment Ideologies,
 * 1) "A second feature is that the group believes they are being mistreated or oppressed by a more dominant group."

In Motivation and emotion/Book/Toxic workplace,
 * 1) "‘Symbolic violence’, first termed by French sociologist Pierre Bordieu, (cited in Clegg 1989) developed the context of psycho-social workplace behaviour whereby dominant groups legitimised their domination."

Hypotheses

 * 1) There is at least one older or extinct language that has no word(s) for a dominant group.

title: Dominant group/Language


text:
Cardboard boats

Design

 * There is free software for hull design here. Need to install windows xp mode to run it.
 * Lots of build pictures and video are below

Operate
A typical competition involves races and parades. In some competitions, the rhythm is to race the boat in pairs, carry it back to the starting line and race again in tournament. In other competitions, everyone pushes off the shoreline at once.

There is usually a MC making announcements and a panel of judges that are continuously commenting on the boats. The judges typically start with a narrative supplied (or not supplied) by the builders. The judges run around the docs organizing the races.

The races identify the fastest boat through heats like a swimming meet. After all races, there is typically a demolition derby. Announcements at the end give out awards in other categories .. most dramatic sinking, most futile, most dramatic sinking, best of a theme, judges awards, etc.

Demo
Presentation

Next Steps

 * Build established boat designs using corrugated fiberboard
 * Use old fiberglass forms to build corrugated fiberboard boats
 * Develop questionnaire for those requesting a boat be built that focuses on how the people want to get wet.
 * 1) bad engineering
 * 2) bad planning
 * 3) demolition derby
 * 4) planned failure mechanism
 * 5) unknown planned failure mechanism

title: Cardboard boats


text:
Dominant group/Lexical definition

A lexical definition is usually a dictionary definition and "is either true or false."

Dominant group, as a two-word term, does not occur in a common language English dictionary.

But, as a term, it does occur in at least one specialty dictionary and in several others as a part of definitions for specialty terms.

When it does occur in a context, dominant group indicates original research as use of the term comes from the application of specific tests within the concept embodied by the term.

Dominant group
Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

 * 1) Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
 * 2) Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
 * 3) Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
 * 4) Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
 * 5) Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
 * 6) Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 7) Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
 * 8) Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
 * 9) Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
 * 10) Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
 * 11) Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
 * 12) Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
 * 13) Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
 * 14) Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
 * 15) Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 16) Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
 * 17) Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
 * 18) Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
 * 19) Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
 * 20) Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
 * 21) Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 22) Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Lexicology
Def. "[t]he part of linguistics that studies words, their nature and meaning, words' elements, relations between words including semantic relations, words groups and the whole lexicon" is called lexicology.

Def. "[t]he meaning of a word in actual usage by speakers of a certain language" is called a lexical definition.

Def. "[a] descriptive definition specifying one of the commonly used meanings of the defined term" is called a dictionary definition.

Dictionaries
Def. "a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society." is called a dominant group, occurs in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.

Dominant group does not occur in "A Dictionary of the English Language: in which The Words are deduced from their Originals, Explained in their Different Meanings, and Authorised by the Names of the Writers in whole Works they are found" by Samuel Johnson from 1797 digitized by Google.

Dominant group does occur in "The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Supplement" on page 550, "Dominant group. See subdominant ✭group. There is described Kirby's entomology classification from 1826.

A Google books search using "Dictionary "dominant group"" yields "About 4,500 results". In nearly all of these dominant group is within a definition of another term or its description.

Precising definition
"A precising definition is a definition that extends the lexical definition of a term for a specific purpose by including additional criteria that narrow down the set of things meeting the definition." The precising definition is usually aimed at the definiens. For Mosby's Medical Dictionary definition of dominant group this is "a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society."

An attempt at a precising definition might be "a social group that in all cases are stony meteors". Independent of verb plurality "are" versus "is", the latter "definition" regarding "stony meteors" clearly contradicts the idea of a "social group". This suggests that the 'meteors' definition (if it can be called that) is a stipulative definition: "a type of definition in which a ... currently-existing term is given a specific meaning for the purposes of ... discussion in a given context." Similar to stipulative definitions are "[t]heoretical definitions, used extensively in science". A theoretical definition "gives the meaning of a word in terms of the theories of a specific discipline."

The use of dominant group in the 'meteors' article does not contradict the 'majority' usage of social psychology, but is obviously at odds with "a social group", or at least the "social" portion. Further, the term's use in the 'meteors' article does seem to contradict the earliest uses of dominant group in sociology (aristocratic classes, 1923) but not necessarily the earliest in psychology (1930).

Ecology
Def. “[u]nder the many conditions of life which this world affords, any group which is numerous in individuals and species and is widely distributed, may properly be called dominant" [a dominant group]. [Letter 110. To W.H. Harvey, August, 1860]

Entomology
Def. groups of insects whose geographical distribution "extends to the tropics, [but] fall short of the polar circles" are called dominant groups.

History
For Mosby's Medical Dictionary definition there is the use of "a social group". As a specific discipline this suggests either sociology or psychology. From social psychology is "[o]n our use of the term, a dominant group need not be a numerical majority (although it often will be)." This article is published in the "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" dated August 2005.

Eight editions of Mosby's Medical Dictionary have occurred, but only the more recent seven (1987 - 2nd to 2009 - 8th) are accessible by either Google scholar or a full web search using Google. Of these, dominant group is defined in and additionally occurs within another term's definition in the 8th edition only.

This suggests but does not confirm that the definition in Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition (2009), is a precising definition of the term as used in 2005, where "a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society." "need not be a numerical majority (although it often will be)."

"[A] precising definition does not [contradict the lexical definition]." That is the case above.

Although the exact wording of some earlier definition of dominant group from either sociology or psychology has not been found, it seems likely from chronology that it includes "need not be a numerical majority (although it often will be)." in some meaningful or implicit way.

Political sciences
For the 1700s, a couple of dominant group relative synonyms in bold have appeared in print:

"Even the actual promoters of the most important interests of mankind have seldom anticipated, in idea, the progressive consequences of their own plans."

"For the impression of the commercial arts is often conspicuous in the upper departments of life, before it reaches those of inferior condition; but the circle gradually widens." Neither word dominant nor group appears in the text of Dunbar's book from 1780, digitized by Google.

An early occurrence in the 1800s in bold of a dominant group relative synonym is from 1820:

"There was a violent war party, who wished all the resources of the State to be placed at the disposal of the national government; there was a peace party, composed of members of both parties, determined to put every obstacle in the way of the administration; while the Federalists generally regarded the declaration of war as an act of tyranny, and the measures of the dominant party as an infringement of State rights."

The earliest use of dominant group is in the following quote:

“The fact that a group is egoistic and dominant proves that it is well formed and that it approaches the make-up of a man.”

So far in the ongoing timeline and radiance exploration, the second earliest sociological use of dominant group occurs in the article "Art in a Democracy" from 1923: "It is but natural that when aristocratic ideals should impose themselves upon any polity the art of that polity should reflect the taste, the culture, the ways of life, and the very being of the dominant classes." and “At any rate, here is confirmation of the thesis that art voices the will of the dominant group in society.”

For the earliest discovered psychology article (1930), "a member of [the dominant group] will excel submissive persons in academic endeavors."

Neither of these uses of the term precisely excludes "need not be a numerical majority (although it often will be)." , but appear to be additional precising definitions or may be stipulative or theoretical definitions of some other definition.

In searching titles at url=http://www.jstor.org, the term "majority" has its earliest occurrence in 1672, "psychology" in 1800, "sociology" in 1845, and dominant group in 1877. For combinations, dominant group + majority, the earliest occurrence is in 1877, dominant group + psychology is 1884, dominant group + sociology is 1897, dominant group + majority + psychology is 1912, and dominant group + majority + sociology is 1912. The last two combinations occur in the same article: "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, With Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro" in the American Journal of Sociology. Dominant group appears on page 756 and majority appears on 741. "Majority" appears to refer to the majority of Poles in Pozen, Poland, while dominant group appears to refer to the majority in the United States relative to immigrants and "the Negro" (minorities). This usage tends to confirm but does not indicate that dominant group, majority, psychology, and sociology are associated in 1912.

If confirmed from additional sources, the association of these four terms suggests that the more recent usage for non-majority groups may be a precising on this undiscovered earlier definition to possible dominant minority groups. The earlier usage, then, involves a majority.

Psychology
"[A] group is dominant if it possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power."

Def. a group that "possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power" is called a dominant group.

Sociology
"For purposes of this analysis, I define a dominant ethnic group as the ethnic group in a society that exercises power to create and maintain a pattern of economic, political, and institutional advantage, which in turn results in the unequal (disproportionately beneficial to the dominant group) distribution of resources."

Def. "the ethnic group in a society that exercises power to create and maintain a pattern of economic, political, and institutional advantage, which in turn results in the unequal (disproportionately beneficial to the dominant group) distribution of resources" is called a dominant ethnic group.

From the Dictionary of Medical Sociology, "Conflict theory claims that a true consensus about social norms and values does not exist; rather, a society's norms and values are those of the dominant group and are imposed by them on the less privileged in order to maintain their advantage." Bold added.

At least two scientific terms benefit from the use of dominant group in the Dictionary Of The Social Sciences,
 * 1) "culture, dominant the culture of the dominant group in a society." and
 * 2) "group, minority 1. group having a radial or cultural distinctiveness leading to a self-definition or definition by others of alienage with resulting lower esteem and discrimination by dominant group."

Term uses
"The dominant group in all cases are stony meteors." The article is entitled, "On the composition of meteors". The phrase "in all cases" refers to various meteor showers experienced here on Earth.

The 'meteors' article, published in 1958, states "stony meteors, i.e. 68 p.c." "among all the 217 meteors". The abbreviation "p.c." is for "per cent" or "per centage". Here there is commonality between some early sociological or psychological definition of dominant group as a majority and as a majority of meteors.

Hypotheses

 * 1) As a two-word term of limited popularity, dominant group is unlikely to occur is a language dictionary.

title: Dominant group/Lexical definition


text:
University of Florida/Egm4313/s12.team7

Useful Links
EGM4313: Intermedia Engineering Analysis - Course Information EGM4313: Wikiversity Homepage EGM4313: Course Lectures Online LaTex Editor Advanced Wiki Editing Guide

Reports
Report 1 Report 2 Report 3 Report 4 Report 5 Report 6 Report 7

title: University of Florida/Egm4313/s12.team7


title: File:R1-1Given.png