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Toward a theory of corporate governance in China's socialist market economy

Comments appreciated:

NOT FOR CITATION

Corporate Governance in China: An Austrian Perspective

Introduction
There is widespread interest in corporate governance both in the context of the economy of the People's Republic of China and in a global context. This interest is due to a convergence of historical factors. Within the PRC, the effort at restructuring the corporate and financial systems which occupied the Chinese economy during the 1990's, has removed the worst performing companies and produced state-owned enterprises which are mostly profitable (*** cite Goldman report ****). With this phase of economic reform complete, the focus has now turned to making Chinese corporations world class global corporations incorporating the most modern management techniques (*** need to go through State Council report and cite invivdual goals****).

This desire to improve efficency comes at a time in which corporate governance has received increase prominence globally. During the early 2000's, the United States underwent a series of scandals including those of Enron and Worldcomm  (**** cite ****) which greatly increased interest in issues of corporate governance, particularly management accountability to shareholders and institutional efforts insuring corporate responsibility (**** cite *****). This has led to passage of laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley. (*** need to put Sarbanes in more context of corporate goverance ****)

This interest in corporate governance has created healthy debate and dialogue over the role of the corporation, the relationship between the state and the corporation, and what institutions and measures are needed to improve corporate governance. (*** The post-structuralist in me wants to deconstruct the idea of improving corporate governance. A meta-analysis of the role of the corporation would be useful here ****)  In undertaking this discussion, it would be useful to think deeply about the concepts that we are using. For example what constitutes "good corporate governance" or "bad corporate governance"? What is the reason why corporate governance is "good" or "bad" or does this concept even make sense.

To focus this debate, it is useful to create normative models of corporate governance. These models should be consistent with our observed experience, yet provide guidelines for what policies to undertake. Difference between models can be discussed in order to further debate in which future public policy should be. In this paper we propose a model of corporate governance that is based on the concept within Austrian economics of the economic calculation problem. We argue that the notion of economic calculation gives rise to a normative model of corporate governance, and that this model produces results similar to that produced by traditional models in Western economies, but creates some unique outcomes when applied to the socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China.

Corporate governance models
One major difficulty in discussing corporate governance is that there is disagreement as to what the goals of corporate governance are, and what the role of the corporation is in an economy. Corporate governance models can broadly be classified into two groups. (** harvard paper**) The agency model of corporate governance sees the corporation as consisting of managers who act as agents of the shareholders. This definition is associated largely with Anglo-American views of market economies in which there is an active control market for ownership and in which flexibility for corporate forms is encouraged. The stakeholder model of corporate governance, sees the corporation not merely as an agent for the shareholders to maximize profit, but also as an entity with responsibilities to other stakeholders, including the employees and society as a whole. This model of corporate governance is more associated with Germany and Japan, in which corporate forms are more strongly limited, and there is not an active model for control.

Within these two models, the focus of literature in corporate governance Ukraine has been focused on the interactions between several groups. Beale and Means focuses on the interaction between the owners of the corporation and the corporate managers, while La Porte focuses on the interaction between the dominant shareholders and the minority shareholders.

Papers discussing corporate governance must make assertions about the role of the corporation within a wider economy. However, in discussing different corporate models, one must not fall into the trap of automatically asserting these items.

In resolving these differences between different corporate governance models there are a number of alternatives.

The standard model of corporate governance in the West is basied on an "agency model" in which the goal of corporate governance is to have management act according to the will of the investors. (*** look at Roe's paper. This is overly simplified ***)

In 2000, Hansmann and Krankman argued for the "End of History in Corporate Law" and the premise that corporate law would converge on a Anglo-American model of shareholder value maximization. Where this to be the case, a standard definition of corporate governance used with Anglo-American corporations would be applicable. However Hansmann and Krankman's paper was written before the advent of the Enron and Worldcomm scandals which called into question the Anglo-American value of shareholder value maximization. (Suchan 2004)

The existence of multiple stable models of corporate behavior is significant because if there are two different models of corporate behavior in developed economies, the future evolution of the Chinese economy is no longer determined but could evolve in the direction of the Anglo-American model, the German model, or to something that does not resemble any current known corporate model. We believe that this is the case, and the path dependence of the future evolution of the Chinese economy is not predetermined opens the question of how one should evaluate the paths that China could take.

In particular, the agency model is problematic when extended to China's socialist market economy. The Berle and Means approach in which the definition of good corporate governance is to cause management to obey the will of the shareholders leads to incoherence if the dominant or only shareholder is the state. Taken to it's logically conclusion a Berle and Hall definition of corporate governance would imply that the solution to Chinese corporate governance is reimposition of central planning, a conclusion which most would find absurd.

An alternative definition of agency theory would include the interactions between dominant shareholders and minority shareholders, or would eschew agency theory altogether to create a sociological description of the corporation in terms of the interaction between various stakeholders (Aguliera). Although this approach is useful in undertaking comparative studies of corporate governance and for seeing how the corporation interactions with its surrounding environment, a sociological approach has the drawback that it is descriptive rather than normative. While these theories provide a view of how a corporation does work in a given social context, they provide little guidance in understanding how a corporation *should* work, and what changes in the sem ocial or legal environment are desirable.

(***fix****) One could attempt to resolve the question by using empirical data, however this approach has associated problems in that this empirical data makes implicit normative assumptions that can be challenged. For example, data that indicates that coorelates state ownership with shareholder value, often contains the implicit assumption that maximizing shareholder value is the goal of the corporation. Leaving aside the problem of data quality, this notion can be challenged on two grounds. First the notion that the goal of the corporation is to maximize shareholder value is itself a normative judgment which is not universially shared. Second, using internal metrics leads to self-inconsistency. If the markets and the corporate mechanisms are not mature and are unreliable, determining what should be done based on those metrics should also be unrealiable

(***fix****)

Another problem is choosing between the opposing differences in corporate governance. Although the economy of the PRC economy is often modeled as a transitional economy between central planning and market economics, the PRC economy is a hybrid in another sense in that the model for corporations also includes difference between German/Japanese corporate models and Anglo-American models for securities and banking. The PRC is based on a German civil law model and like the corporate law of Germany, the structure of the corporation is fixed by law. However like Anglo-American model, there is no centralized ownership by the banking system.

The hybrid nature of the PRC legal and economic system is the result of both historical and political factors. The historical factors involve the time at which China adopted a legal system and a corporate system. China adopted its legal infrastructure in the 1930's at a time in which the dominant models were Germany and Japan, which had adopted a German based legal system. The crucial decisions regarding corporate restructuring were done in the early 1990's when the United States had just succeeded in winning the Cold War and in which the Japanese model of corporate ownership had come under doubt due to the collapse of the real estate bubble.

In addition to these historical factors, there may be political factors at work in explain the choices made by the PRC government. A flexible corporate law, such as those found in the state of Delaware, requires a skilled and powerful judiciary in order to interpret that law in addition to a need for a substantial body of case law. The lack of pre-existing case law in addition to the lack of desire to create a powerful and independent judiciary capable of creating such a set of laws, may explain the attractiveness of the German model of corporate to the Communist Party of China in that detailed rigid legislation reduces the scope and power of the judiciary.

At the same time, the desire to prevent alternate centers of economic power leads to American models of securities and banking. The suspicion of concentrations of independent economic power which could potentially control or challenge the Party's rule, we argue coincidentally corresponds to American mistrust of concentrations of economic power and suspicion of economic elites controlling the government (Roe, 1994). We argue that this is why the Communist Party has chosen to adopt elements of American economic law such as the Glass-Stegall separation of commercial and securities as well as the prohibition of bank ownership of industry found in the Bank Holding Act of 1956. By adopting an economic model in which capital allocations decisions are made by Adam Smith's "invisible hand" rather than by a identifiable person, the Party removes the possibility of a group of people attempting to control or displace the Party through economic means.

We argue that the Western "agency concept" of corporate governance is a consequence of a broader definition of corporate governance, which is to set up the corporate institution so that it responds rationally to economic signals. We further argue that in the context of Western economies, our definition of corporate governance reduces to the agency concept of corporate governance, but it does not do so within the context of PRC listed corporations. Finally, we use our definition of corporate governance to suggest avenues for future development in PRC Corporate law.

The economic calculation problem
We begin with the question of what were China's difficulties during the pre-reform period. Before 1978, the economy of the People's Republic of China was organized along a model of socialist central planning with the problems associated with these systems. The basic problem with central planning was first explain my Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises as the economic calculation problem.

The role of the corporation in market economies
Although Austrian economics has a well developed theory explaining the failure of socialist central planning, a theory of the firm is less established. (Klein) Building on recent work which explains the existence of Korean congolmerates, we propose a theory of the firm based on information principles. With small groups of individuals, the amount of information uncertainty is minimized, and planning is possible. At the level of a national economy, the amount of information processing needed to undertake planning makes it impossible. Therefore at some size between that of the individual and a national economy, there is a transition between planning and the market. This makes it possible to speak of the market consistent of "planning units" of different sizes, and we propose that these planning units correspond to corporations in a market economy.

This theory of the firm is similar to that of Coase (1937) which views the firm as transition between management costs and the transaction costs associated with a market. However, unlike Coase, we view the transition as necessary not because of transaction costs, but because of the necessity of economic planning at small scales, and the impossibility of economic planning at large scales.

Between the planned firm and the unplanned market there is an interface at which pricing signals from the decentralized market are transmitted to the centralized firm. We argue that whether this transmission of signals works correctly is dependent on the institutional characteristics of the corporation. The fact that transmission of market signals depends on the institutional characteristics forms the basis for our definition of corporate governance.

Corporate goverance defined
We define corporate governance as establishing mechanisms by which the units of planning with in a market economy response in a economically rational manner to market signals. (Bergof 1995) This definition contrasts with the definitions of corporate governance which define corporate governance as structuring a corporation such that management carries out the will of the shareholders or those that view governance as actors within an institutional framework (Aguilera)

Rationality defined
We define the term rationality as stating that given a set of corporate goals, the corporation will implement policies that will maximize profit within those set of goals, and that the corporation will also act in a manner that does not threaten its long term viability. By choosing this definition of rationality, we are deliberately avoiding the question of what goals the corporation should seek, and therefore avoiding the debates on the corporate social responsibility.

Although these two definitions are different, we argue that in an established market economy such as those in the United States or Britain that these two definitions are consistent with each other. In these economies, large corporations have already institutionally set up such that having management interact with the shareholders in a proper way will cause the firm to act in an economically rational manner.

Compared with agency definition
The advantage of the market signal definition of corporate governance over the agency definition is that it expands corporate governance to include the identities of the shareholders as well as includes the supporting market institutions within the definition of corproate governance. It also expands the remedies involved improving corporate governance to include not only legal remedies, but also those that involve interactions between the shareholders. The problem of overdilution of share power can be solved by combining shareholders into institutional investors, whereas the problem of overconcentration of share power can solved by splitting up the shareholders.

Why corporations exist
The corporation serves as a unit of planning within the context of a market economy. Profits and losses from the corporation can be measured and the net contribution or drain that the corporation has on the economy can be measured. Without additions capital inputs, a corporation which is unprofitable will eventually run out of cash and cease operations. If it is considered socially desirable for the corporation to continue to exist, the amount of social resourced need for the corporation to continue can be measured and decisions can be made accordingly.

With this framework, we see why converting state-owned-enterprises into corporations is useful even in the absence of changes in management. A badly managed corporatized SOE will drain cash and require infusions of cash for it to continue economic activities, and those cash infusions can be measured and rationed. By contrast in a classical centrally planned economy, economic activities which destroy value can be maintained indefinitely. The corporation creates effectively a firewall to insure that economically destructive activities will destroy the corporation before it destroys the entire economy.

The problem of the dominant shareholder
Dominant shareholders can leverage corporate control to undermine market mechanisms.

It is important to note that the objections to dominant shareholders exist regardless of the identity of shareholder is the state actor or is a private actor.

They do not may not exist when the dominant shareholder is merely a shell for diversified owners.

State actors and dominant shareholders
The objections to dominant shareholders for large industrial companies may seem to preclude any form of state ownership. However, this assumes that the state is a unified, monolithic body. While this assumption make hold in some cases such as the Soviet Union or pre-reform China, the view of the state as a unified, monolithic body is questionable within current institutions of the People's Republic of China.

Chinese economic reform has been characterized by decentralization of economic power from the center to the provinces and to localities. This decentralization has led some to characterise the Chinese system as de-facto federalism (cite Qian). Disputes between center and local officials and between provinces are very common (citation). Although the Communist Party maintains a coordinating role, and the center maintains a tight control over the military which is the ultimate guarantor of national unity, these two controls do not create a single unified actor.

This creates the potential for a model of diversified state ownership.

Diversifying ownership in SOE's
The varied number of state actors in the China's socialist market economy allows for a novel way to resolve the problem of the dominant shareholder, by dividing state owned shares among different state actors, and by combining those actors with private actors to insure a diverse set of interests in the corporate governing boards. While these actors may have very different and contradictory interests, they are joined by the desire to see the corporation act in an economically rational manner.

The role of the state
Within our framework, we see that the state can serve three different and conflicting roles:

 * the state as shareholder - in which it transmits market signals to the firm
 * the state as referee - in which it maintains the institutions of the market and adjudicates disputes
 * the state as corrector - in which the state intervenes in the market to correct some failure such as mispricing of externalities or to provide public goods.

In most western economies the state has served the latter two roles as referee and as corrector. However, the idea of the state as a shareholder which is one of many actors transmits market signals has largely not been explored in Western economies, and we argue that this is due to the path dependence of economic development. In the West, large corporations began as private enterprises, and the theoretical justifications for nationalization and state ownership were based on the premise that markets were unable to allocate goods in a socially equitable manner. Hence the idea of state ownership in Western economies has been to view state-owners as anti-thetetical to the market rather than consistent with it.

By contrast the historically development of China has been different. At the start of the reform period, the entire Chinese industrial infrastructure was state-owned, with non-state actors only appearing later. The Chinese state has in addition taken an active role in forming and providing capital to Chinese industry since the Song Dynasty (cite Hills Knownton). As such, arguments that the state should continue to play a role in managing state owned enterprises need not be premised on the idea that the market is inherently bad or that in in an idealized economy, that the state ownership is inherently better than non-state ownership, or even that state actors are better being shareholders than non-state actors. All that is necessary is to point out that China has started out with an environment in which large sectors of the economy are state-owned and that having an efficient environment is not incompatible with the state continuing to act as a shareholder.

In debating this issue, one can see the literature that argues that state owned enterprises are less performant than non-state enterprises. However, this literature is deficient in a number of ways. The first is that is that comparisions between the state sector and non-state sector do not correct for differences in the type of industry, the location of the firm, and the fact that state-owned enterprises were responsible for health and welfare benefits that were not available to non-state. In addition, aggregate comparisons do not distinguish between different types of SOE's, putting small SOE's and large SOE's in the same category despite their different characteristics (see Guo). Finally is that a comparison that shows that state-owned enterprises are not as performant as non-state owned enterprises does not illustrate that non-state owned enterprises are *inherently* incapable of being run as well as private industry. However, despite the fact that Western economies do not formally view the state as shareholder, there are Western institutions in which states do act as shareholders to maximize profits. Examples of these are the state pension funds of California and Michigan or the large endowment funds of public universities (UT Austin). In some cases, these state entities acting

Paradoxes
Our model resolves certain paradoxical elements of Chinese economic reform. The first is involves reconciling the desire to separate ownership from management with the opposition to management buy outs. The separation of ownership from management is intended to prevent non-market signals from interfering with the management of corporation, while a management buyout completely removes market discipline from the operation of the corporation.

Our model also provides a guide that explains why a middle way between the dominant shareholder and the non-dispersed share holder model may be desirable in the Chinese market, but unnecessary in the American market. The goal of corporate governance is to allow for market signals to control the behavior of management. This is not done when there is either one signal shareholder that, short of bankruptcy, can avoid market discipline, nor is this the case when ownership is too widely dispersed unless countervailing mechanisms can be put into practice.

Finally our model may explain the paradox explored by Allen and Jian of how China has such extraordinary growth in the absence of traditional measures of corporate governance. One should note that in the areas of the Chinese economy with especially large economic growth are areas in which the planning constraint is not very highly developed and in which market signals can be translated very quickly into implementation.

China is not a transitional economy
Based on our theoretical framework we argue that China should not be seen as an economy transitioning between socialist and capitalist forms of economy (cite Huang), nor do agree those that would argue that China is in a "trapped transition" (cite Pei). Those views of the Chinese economy assume that that there is a natural progression between a Russian style centrally planned economy and Anglo-American economy to which all economies should naturally converge.

We dispute this picture on two points. First we argue that the People's Republic China has already made the crucial transition between a system in which resources were administratively allocated and one in which resources are allocated by a pricing system. Although there remain some commodities whose price is fixed by the state (namely energy products) most prices are fixed by the market, and this has been the case since the end of the dual pricing system in 1993. As Mainland China has a functional pricing system, we argue that the basic infrastructure needed to solve the economic calculation problem now exists.

Given that the People's Republic of China is a socialist market economy, the question is how do firms behave within this environment. In contrast to those that speak of the "End of the History of Corporate Law" and believe that the world will covergence to an permissive system of corporate law similar to that of Delaware, the fact that corporations have so many different variations across the world, and the fact that the reasons for those variations have to do with accidents of history, lead us to doubt that the economic structure of the Mainland Chinese economy will naturally converge to the Delaware model or any other model.

Comment: Agree that China is not a transition economy. However, it is also incorrect to describe it as a market economy. Major companies remain under the control of government, as do key inputs (energy, resources, capital), which fundamentally distorts pricing. Key long term strategic decisions are out of the hands of the companies which can therefore only effectively control short-term pricing (though collusion is common, again weaking the competitive market assumption). Strategic decisions reflect the compromise solutions of the ruling party, as expressed through items such as industrial policies. Market transactions are more akin to corner vegetable markets than true market-based supply/demand equations, while major decisions reflect government policy objectives. The best label remains "socialist market economy" - China has no other expressed or implicit goal.

Corporate law with Chinese characteristics
Based on the above discussion, we make the following recommendations for the development of law within the People's Republic of China.

Unify corporate law
Clarke argues for a division of law between non-state and state enterprises so that state enterprises. (*** check to see if Clarke actually argues this ***)

We argue that any effort to create a division of law is outweighed by its disadvantages. First by having different corporate laws implies a difference between *state-owned* firms and *non-state owned* firms. This division is undesirable because both state-owned firms and non-state owned firms exist in a single economy with a single market mechanism responsible for the performance of both state-owned and non-state owned firms. Having a legal distinction between the firms makes it easier for the state to impose regulations that benefit either state firms or non-state firms, and this means that the question of economic efficiency would be resolved by political means rather than through the market.

We believe that having a unified corporate law would allow for increased diversity of ownership which would allow each company to have a combination of state and non-state actors acting as owners.

Finally we note the difference between the role of corporations in the English common law and the German civil law tradition from which Chinese corporate law is described. In the common law tradition, the corporate firm is regarded as a natural person whose will comes from the combination of wills from the principles founding the corporation. By contrast the German conception of the corporations is much less flexible and allows creation of corporation only within certain corporate forms. (*** cite ***)

Encourage diversity of ownership
Early Chinese reform was characterized by a "dual track" system (should be able to cite Stiglitz) which divided the economy into a market driven economy and a centrally planned one. By dividing the Chinese economy into these two forms, this dual system allowed the market economy to grow without creating any losers and political opposition in the centrally planned economy.

At this point except for a few commodities, resources are allocated according to the market rather than according to state plan. With the unification of the economy in market forms, we argue that it is now necessary to have standardized corporate forms to allow unification and diversification of ownership. In contrast to Clarke, we do not believe it to be desirable to maintain a split between state-owned and privately-owned corporation, but rather we believe that it is desirable to have a unified corporate law that does not distinguish between state forms and non-state forms.

Diversify state holdings
In contrast to approaches which attempt to solve the problem of the dominant shareholder by legal efforts that protect the minority shareholders, we believe that a better approach would be to diversify state holdings by stock swaps so that there are several unconnected state actors amoung the owners of a corporation. In combination with institutional investors among the non-state shareholders, these formulation should provide effective oversight to insure that market signals are transmitted to the management without distributing share ownership among too many actors.

(Compare and contrast with TSP model of Sujian Guo)

Conclusions
We have proposed a definition of corporate governance which is consistent with the agency definition of corporate goverance in Western economies, but which is expandable to include the special case of the socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China.

In addition this definition leads to some areas of further research. What is the optimum structure of shareholding which will lead to the best transmission of market signals.

References needed
Need a summary of Chinese industrial history - maybe Zelin or Goetzman

Need a summary of Calpers shareholder activism


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Hello, my name is Mathew and I hold a BSAS in Criminal Justice. I am currently pursuing my MS and wish to go on for my PhD as well.

Why I am here
I have joined Wikiversity for several specific reasons:

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B. As a masters student, I work as a Graduate Assistant and will be teaching soon. It would be in my best interest if I could have lesson plans prepared (although I'm sure I'll be using different books by then, and students think they have it bad!). By participating in Wikiversity, I am expanding not only the knowledge of those persons I help, but my own as well.

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Sequences and series

Arithmetic progressions
The difference between any two terms of the series is a constant, called common difference. For example,

2,5,8,11,14,... 1,2,3,4,... -10,-5,0,5,10,... If the first term is denoted by a and common difference by d. then series is given by: a,a+d,a+2d,... Therefore the nthis given by a+(n-1)d

Finding the sum of an arithmetic progression
Let the sum be denoted by S $$S=(a)+(a+d)+(a+2d)+(a+3d)+(a+4d)...+a+(n-1)d$$ also $$S=(a+(n-1)d)...+(a+d)+a$$ Adding these we get $$2S=(2a+(n-1)d)+(2a+(n-1)d)+(2a+(n-1)d)...$$ n times Therefore $$S=n(2a+(n-1)d)/2$$

Geometric progressions
Ratio of any two terms of the series is constant. If first term is denoted by a, and common ratio by r. Then the series is given by:- a,ar,ar2,...ar(n-1) Example:- 1,2,4,8,16,... 1,-2,4,-8,16,...(note here that r is negative)

Finding the sum of a geometric progression
Let the sum be denoted by S S=a+ar+... (i) Multiply the equation by r. rS=ar+ar2... (ii) Subtract (ii) from (i) S(1-r)=a-arn This gives S=a(1-rn)/(1-r) (for r not equal to 1)

When r=1, S=a+a+a+...(to n terms) S=na

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Reading a book? Watching a film? Attending a conference? You can write up and post some thoughts and/or reviews on your activities to Wikiversity, in order to provoke discussion. Describe as best you can what it was about, and what it meant to you - and invite others to comment. You can see an example of this type of work in our reading groups.

Join Wikiversity's BOINC distributed computing teams
Let your screensaver generate some publicity for www.wikiversity.org by doing some scientific computing when you are not using your computer. You can join millions of others tackling some very large tough computational challenges in pursuit of better knowledge of our environment, the universe, or cures for human frailties.

 * Wikiversity's Distributed Virtual Supercomputer Project
 * Wikiversity's Screensaver Project

Advertise and Extend Access to Wikiversity to new People
Please consider donating to Wikiversity through its non-profit organisation, the Wikimedia Foundation. The Wikimedia Foundation operates the servers that Wikiversity and its sister projects (including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, etc) run on. Wikiversity is entirely dependent on funding from personal donations and grants, so anything you can contribute in order to help us sustain our work is deeply appreciated.

title: Wikiversity:Getting involved


text: Category:Assembly language

title: Category:Assembly language


text: Category:Software

title: Category:Software


text:
User:MetaBohemian

Writer, programmer, learner, thinker.

I'm working on the Java programming language lessons, especially the Advanced Java lessons.

Subpages:

 * 2lvlnav (template)
 * Java Outline

title: User:MetaBohemian


text: Category:Advanced Classical Mechanics

title: Category:Advanced Classical Mechanics


text: Category:Classical mechanics

title: Category:Classical mechanics


text: File:Pendulum.png

title: File:Pendulum.png


text: File:Ellipsoid.png

title: File:Ellipsoid.png


text: File:MajorAxis.png

title: File:MajorAxis.png


text: File:Top swing.png

title: File:Top swing.png


text:
Portal:Chinese Finance

This page is intended as a portal to web pointers on Chinese Finance

Discussion on how this page are in the linkedin group for the Chinese Financial Association.

Study Guides

 * Current Topics in Chinese Finance

Researchers in Wikiversity
User:Roadrunner

Blogs

 * http://www.mpettis.com/
 * http://www.chinalawblog.com/
 * http://twofish.wordpress.com/
 * http://blogs.cfr.org/setser
 * http://chinesepolitics.blogspot.com/

Websites

 * http://www.ilib.cn/ - General Chinese journal database
 * http://www.tcfaglobal.org/ - The Chinese Financial Association
 * http://efinance.org.cn/ - E-finance
 * http://www.szse.cn/main/research/Default.aspx - Research bureau of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
 * http://www.hoover.org/publications/clm/ - Chinese Leadership Monitor

News Media

 * www.cs.com.cn - China Securities Journal

title: Portal:Chinese Finance


text:
User:Bartdutch

Hello,

My name is Bart and am living in the UK.

bartdutch@hotmail.co.uk

title: User:Bartdutch


text:
Talk:Urantia United

What is the real point of this article and why is it here? This is apparently a self-serving presentation by a single individual of his massive abridgement of The Urantia Book. Obviously anyone is entitled to play with their copy of the text of the book in any way they like; however, the presentation of this material in this location (complete with references back to the wikipedia Urantia entry) seems to convey an authority that is altogether absent. Since a naive reader of the UB could become terribly confused and misled by this approach, which is not at all representative of the book itself, I believe the article should be qualified to indicate that it in no way represents the conceptual content of the real book, nor does it reflect any generally accepted approach to abridgement. If this is the product of a seriously minded group of readers, rather than a single overly committed individual, that group should make itself known and open its work to discussion. Absent this, the article should be rewritten to emphasize that this abridged text is NOT The Urantia Book, is NOT representative of the contents of The Urantia Book, and is NOT supported by a community of knowledgeable readers of The Urantia Book.

This is not to say that a naive reader may not gain spiritual insight from reading this Reader's Digest version. The selected material is excellent and communicative. But there are very good reasons for not presenting this material in this manner, especially to inexperienced readers. Although it is taken from the Book, this is not very representative of the real Urantia Book. Any why is it in "Wikiversity" anyway? If I receive no replies to this note, I will proceed to edit the entry as I see fit. 68.55.164.69 21:09, 7 January 2007 (UTC)ldmjr@comcast.net

 * Please register a Wikiversity user name and edit the page. By definition, the content of the page is open to discussion. This topic is under the wing of the Wikiversity School of Theology and this applies: "Participants in the Wikiversity School of Theology use rational analysis and argument to discuss, interpret, and teach on any of a myriad a religious topics." --JWSchmidt 21:27, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the comment. I will follow your advice about registering to edit when ready. I have brought the matter to the attention of The Urantia Book Fellowship and prefer to hear from other interested parties before just digging into what's here. There's no guarantee that what I changed would be an improvement since it's just one person's opinion. It is entirely possible the Fellowship will assign one or more people from their Education Committee to explore this in greater depth. Perhaps they would even take a constructive interest in fostering a group that might emerge around this broad topic. (Should one abridge the Book? Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? etc.) 68.55.164.69 23:00, 7 January 2007 (UTC)ldmjr@comcast.net

Urantia Book
We also have a new learning resource, Urantia Book intended to cover the UB in its original unabridged form as a study group and part of School:Theology. CQ 00:38, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

categories
Would it be good to add the categories Theology and/or spirituality to this page? Michael Ten (talk) 17:25, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think it would hurt. I'll add them now, if they're not already there. Xaxafrad (talk) 01:56, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urantia United


text:
Category:Politics

cs:Kategorie:Politika

title: Category:Politics


text: Category:Nonprofit Management

title: Category:Nonprofit Management


text:
User talk:Howeman

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Howeman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Howeman~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Howeman


text:
Cooking

Cooking or cookery is the art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat.

The course
The Cookery course is arranged in three modules:

Module I Basic Concentrates on presenting basic knowledge, techniques and skills in the context of preparing a single menu item or recipe.

Module II Intermediate Progresses to preparing and planning one or two courses and introducing some regional dishes.

Module III Advanced Moves on to provide a wider experience of whole menu planning and more specialised skills.

There are separate courses on safety, hygiene and nutrition which need to be studied either before or alongside the cooking course, as knowledge of these subjects is an essential requisite of good and safe food preparation.

The content of each course Module is presented as a series of named Activity units. These are the lectures such as Art, lessons or sessions. The Activity units are listed in the Introduction to each Module in the order in which they are to be attempted. Each consists of a number of activities and assignments which, taken together, progressively build the skills, knowledge and experience necessary to become competent in the topic.

Preparation
The cooking course assumes no previous knowledge of the topic but entry level skill in basic subject are needed:
 * Arithmetical skills
 * Addition, subtraction, division and multiplication of money, weight, volume, capacity and time.
 * Simple algebra for spreadsheet use.
 * Ratio and proportion.
 * I.T. skills
 * Word processing Copy, paste, save and organise files and folders. Text entry and modification.
 * Databases. Simple entry
 * Web search. Search engines, search terms, saving and logging results.
 * Digital imaging. Download, save. Crop.
 * Wikipedia editing. Text and image entry. Upload and download images
 * Language skills
 * Read with understanding. Abstract and précis salient information. Construct search terms.
 * For practical cooking assignments participants will need access to a workspace with a stove/cooker or hob and oven and the resources to be able to provide themselves with ingredients and some equipment.

Readings

 * Cooking
 * Cookbook

Curriculum
Here, we will list some basic cooking terms. Make sure to review and master these terms before you proceed to move along with this course.
 * Grease - Spread a thin layer of unsalted shortening in a pan
 * Baste - Brush or pour liquid over food as it cooks
 * Pare - Cut a very thin layer of peel from fruit or vegetable
 * Simmer - Bubbles form slowly and break before they reach the surface
 * Boil - Bubbles constantly rise to the surface and break
 * Drain - Remove excess liquid by pouring it off into a colander
 * Cut-in - Mixing shortening and flour
 * Grate - Rub food on a grater to make very fine particles
 * Whip - Beat very rapidly with a beater, mixer, or wire whisk.
 * Beat - Use a spoon, wire whisk, rotary beater, or mixer until the mixture is smooth.
 * Mix - Stir different food together
 * Chill - Refrigerate food until its cold
 * Brown - Cook food briefly until its surface turns brown
 * Fold in - Very gentle way to combine foods
 * Garnish - Decorate a food
 * Puree - Put food in a blender so it becomes a smooth thick mass
 * Toss - Tumble a mixture
 * Cream - Combining shortening and sugar
 * 3 cuts
 * Slice - Cut into thin flat pieces
 * Chop - Cut food into small irregular pieces
 * Mince - Cut until the food pieces are as small as possible

Subpages

 * /Introduction/
 * /Pasta/
 * /Rice/
 * /Roux/

Related Learning Projects

 * Food Service Sanitation
 * Nutrition
 * Food & Beverage Control
 * Menu Planning
 * Note: It is suggested that a student of cookery develop at least a limited proficiency in French.

title: Cooking


text:
User:NachoDork~enwikiversity

There are two reasons that I am named NachoDork.

 * I love Nachos.

 * I am a dork.

title: User:NachoDork~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:NachoDork~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called NachoDork. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name NachoDork~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:NachoDork~enwikiversity


text: Category:Urban Studies and Planning

title: Category:Urban Studies and Planning


text: User talk:Saleheen

title: User talk:Saleheen


text:
Portal:Game design

Content development
Development of learning resources related to Game Design is taking place at the School of Game Design.

Разработка компьютерных игр

title: Portal:Game design


text: Category:Adobe Photoshop

title: Category:Adobe Photoshop


text: Category:Software applications

title: Category:Software applications


text:
Category:Human anatomy

Human anatomy may be subdivided into: gross anatomy & embryology(developmental anatomy) Gross anatomy is divided into following branches: Anatomy of Head , Anatomy of Neck , Anatomy of Upper limb , Anatomy of lower limb , Anatomy of Abdomen , Anatomy of Pelvis , Anatomy of Thorax , Neuroanatomy

title: Category:Human anatomy


text: Category:Craft Arts

title: Category:Craft Arts


text:
Motion in a straight line

Position
First, we will talk about one of the most basic concepts of physics, position. There are many ways to express the position of a point particle, one of the simplest and most well known way being the Cartesian Coordinate System. In a Cartesian Coordinate System, the position of a particle is expressed as an ordered pair, the x-coordinate, a y-coordinate in a two or three dimensional space, and a z-coordinate in a three dimensional space.

 * $$ P = (x, y, z) \,$$

The point (0, 0, 0) is commonly known as the origin. The x, y, and z axes pass through the origin at right angles to create the foundation for point-plotting.

Displacement

 * $$\mathbf{d} = \Delta \mathbf{r} =  \mathbf{r}_2 - \mathbf{r}_1  $$

Velocity
The velocity is defined to be the rate of change of position with respect to time. For now, this basic definition should hold. Just knowing the basic definition of velocity should be enough to answer many of the problems we will investigate later. The SI unit for velocity is the meter/second. This should not surprise you as the SI unit for length is the meter and the SI unit for time is the second.

Since velocity is the rate of change of position, one can conclude that

 * $$\Delta x = vt \,$$

And since

 * $$\Delta x = x_f - x_o \,$$

 * $$x_f = x_o + vt \,$$

We have just derived a basic formula to calculate the position of an object given the initial position, a constant velocity, and the time elapsed.

There is a significant difference between velocity and speed. Velocity is a vector - It has two pieces of information: a magnitude and a direction. Speed is the magnitude of velocity, a scalar value. An important example of this distinction is centripetal acceleration. Since the definition of acceleration is a change in velocity, there can be a change in speed, direction or both. In centripetal acceleration, the speed of a particle in uniform circular motion (such as a weight attached to a string swung above one's head) does not have to change, though since its direction is constantly changing it experiences acceleration.

Examples
1. If point x has an initial position at 0 and travelling with constant velocity 3 m/s, find the position at 7 sec. Answer: To solve this problem, simply use the formula we derived earlier
 * $$x_f = x_o + vt \,$$
 * $$x_f = 0 m + 3 m/s(7 sec) \,$$
 * $$x_f = 21 m \,$$

Speed
Speed is the magnitude of velocity. It is a scalar quantity (i.e., not a vector). The direction of the particle does not influence its speed. For example, a particle traveling east at 10 meters per second has the same speed as a particle traveling west 10 meters per second; however, these two particles would have opposite velocities because they are traveling in opposite directions.

Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is the derivative of velocity over time, as well as the second derivative of position over time.

Momentum
Momentum is mass times velocity. Momentum is always conserved, this is known as Conservation of Momentum.

 * $$\mathbf{p} = m \mathbf{v} \,$$

Force
According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, force is mass times acceleration. Force is commonly confused with momentum. The SI unit of force is the newton.

 * $$F = ma \,$$

Suppose a car with a mass of 200kg is accelerating at 5 m/s/s. Since F = ma, you can calculate the force to be 1000 Newtons

However, if same car had a constant velocity of 5 m/s, the force is 0N because the car is not accelerating.

Constant Velocity

 * $$v = (x_f-x_o)/t\,$$

Constant Acceleration

 * $$a = a(t) = a_0 \,$$

 * $$v = v(t) = v_0 + a_0 t \, $$

 * $$x = x(t) = {1 \over 2}(v_0 + v(t)) t \, $$

 * $$x = x(t) = x_0 + v_0 t + {1 \over 2} a_0 t^2 \, $$

title: Motion in a straight line


text: Category:Pomology

title: Category:Pomology


text:
Talk:Basic cardiac anatomy

Merge
Anatomy of the heart merged with Basic cardiac anatomy. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 19:18, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

vertical section of human heart
foraman ovale is hole in internal saptam present naturally infents and closes during birth

title: Talk:Basic cardiac anatomy


text:
Gravity

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton devised a formula to determine the gravitational force between any two given bodies.

"Any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly porportional product of the masses of the two bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them."

$$F=G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}\,$$

Where

$$F\,$$= gravitational force $$(N)$$ $$G\,$$= gravitational constant $$(6.67 \cdot 10^{-11}\frac{N \cdot m^2}{kg^2})$$ $$m_1\,$$= mass of the 1st body $$m_2\,$$= mass of the 2nd body $$r\,$$= distance between the center of object 1 and center of object 2

Earth's gravity
To understand what is going on, one should be clear about the concept of mass. So what is mass? Nothing but one of the properties of any particle. Then what are the other properties? There are many other properties that have been discovered by scientists. Some of these are Mass, Electric charge, Strangeness, Spin, etc.

Everything in the universe is a collection of particles. And some particles couldn't exist without others. Whatever we see (or can't see) is just a collection of particles. Earth is also a collection of particles, as is a stone. By Newton's Law, both of these should attract each other with a force of magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between their centers.

Take that stone. It's attracted toward earth's center with a constant force as neither mass nor distance changes. You can now see what happens if you throw a stone away from the center of earth. The stone is attracted toward the center with variable force as the distance changes. The distance between centers is ( radius of earth + distance of stone from ground + radius of stone ). The mean radius of Earth is 6731.0 kilometers.

If we compare the radius of the earth to the height and radius of the stone, we'll find those to be negligible. But only if we've guessed a suitably large value. Calculate the force between the earth and the stone by substituting into the above equation.

We know that force applied is the product of mass and acceleration (F=M*a). Force between the earth and the stone is the equivalence of the equations (F = m*a = G*M*m/r^2 ). Now we will find the acceleration of the stone toward center as G*M/r^2 which we denote as 'g', the acceleration due to gravity. It can be considered constant at the height to which one can toss a stone.

Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy can be expressed as

 * $$P.E. = \frac{Gm_1m_2}{R_f} - \frac{Gm_1m_2}{R_o}\,$$

/Commentary/
Comments, Essays, and discussion may be found on the subpage.

title: Gravity


text: Category:B Splines

title: Category:B Splines


text:
Talk:Toward a theory of corporate governance in China's socialist market economy

Other notes
http://www.russianeconomy.org/

http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(iqqcxuy2eukql1452hz0fr45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,7,10;journal,7,27;linkingpublicationresults,1:104612,1

TODO
Read J. Qian to make sure I understand the history of corporate governance

Read the Austrian economic journals to see if I'm reinventing an idea that they have and

 * See Dulbecco - Toward an Austrian Theory of the Firm - http://www.gmu.edu/rae/archives/VOL12_1_1999/3_dulbecco&garrouste.pdf

Read world bank report - China's Management of Enterprise Assets: The State As Shareholder

Read http://www.cg.org.cn/

To talk to
Need to talk to Peter G. Klein http://www.dass.missouri.edu/faculty/pklein/papers/

Question
Clarke criticizes the Chinese company law has being inflexible, but the more I read, the more it seems that this is a product of the German characteristics of Chinese law.

China is not a "socialist market economy", it's still a dictatorial regime.
Does the term "human rights" ring a bell for you? 66.249.205.187 17:47, 11 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
Observational astronomy/Extrasolar planet

This learning project will study extrasolar planets. It is very difficult to directly detect planets orbiting distant stars. There are, however, a number of indirect methods. The first activity here will focus on the radial velocity method. Later, another activity will be created that uses the transit method.

Activity
In this activity you will use a computer program called the Systemic Console to examine radial velocity data for stars known to have one or more planets. The goal is to figure out the planetary configuration that best fits the observational data and look for additional planets. The Systemic website contains detailed instructions on how to participate. Here is an overview of the steps involved:

 * First, read the introductory pages at Armchair Planet Hunting and What is Systemic?

 * Then, follow the instructions to install the Downloadable Console.

 * After the software is installed, start the program and go through the steps described in the three part tutorial:
 * Console Tutorial #1
 * Console Tutorial #2
 * Console Tutorial #3

 * At this point you should pick a few different stars and try to find the planetary system that is the best fit to the data. A good fit will have a low ChiSq value in the console.

Uploading your results is an end in itself and will help the Systemic project progress. Here at Wikiversity we will concentrate on trying to find the best fit for a small number of the stars in the database. Later, we will be studying exoplanets that are known to transit. So, we'll begin by looking at a few of these systems. If you are going to continue, please sign your name under Active Participants at the talk page.

 * Choose HD189733 from the Real Star pulldown menu in the Systemic Console. Try to find a planetary system that best fits the data.  Some other systems to try are:
 * HD 209458 (Note: for this star there are two datasets. Try both HD 209458 and HD209458_B06K in the Systemic Console.  How do the results compare?)
 * TrES-1
 * WASP-1
 * XO-1


text: Template:FlowControl

title: Template:FlowControl


text: Category:Computer Architecture

title: Category:Computer Architecture


text:
User:Rayc/monobook.js

document.write('<'+'script type="text/javascript" src="' + 'http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:MichaelBillington/ircform.js' + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><'+'/script>');

title: User:Rayc/monobook.js


text:
User:Fatpenguin~enwikiversity

Please tell us about yourself. (Erase this and write here!) Robert Elliott 04:06, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Fatpenguin~enwikiversity


text:
User:Rayc/monobook.css

div.Boxmerge, div.NavFrame { margin: 0px; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.Boxmerge div.NavFrame { border-style: none; border-style: hidden; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccccff; position:relative; } div.NavFrame p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavFrame div.NavContent { font-size: 100%; } div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position:absolute; top:0px; right:3px; font-weight:normal; font-size:smaller; }

title: User:Rayc/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Fatpenguin~enwikiversity

 * Dear Fat Penguin,

 * If you have any questions, you can @undefined Robert Elliott 04:14, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fatpenguin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fatpenguin~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fatpenguin~enwikiversity


text: File:Quizworks.PNG

title: File:Quizworks.PNG


text: Category:Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture


text:
File:Wikiuniscreenplay.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script

title: File:Wikiuniscreenplay.pdf


text: Category:Problem solving

title: Category:Problem solving


text: Category:Algorithms

title: Category:Algorithms


text:
Category:Spanish

Take a look at the Spanish Portal and also remember about Spanish Sign Language, Mexican Sign Language, as well as other related Sign Languages.

title: Category:Spanish


text:
Category:Recruitment

Pages for Recruitment of new editors for wikiversity

title: Category:Recruitment


text: Category:One Laptop Per Teacher

title: Category:One Laptop Per Teacher


text: Category:Communication

title: Category:Communication


text: Category:Writing Center

title: Category:Writing Center


text: Category:Grants

title: Category:Grants


text: Category:People

title: Category:People


text: Category:Caribbean

title: Category:Caribbean


text:
Project management/Project audit

 * Main Page -->  Practical Arts and Sciences  -->  School of Project Management  -->  Project Management - A course in Project Management based on Mindmaps

title: Project management/Project audit


text:
Project management/Introduction

 * Main Page -->  Practical Arts and Sciences  -->  School of Project Management  -->  Project Management - A course in Project Management based on Mindmaps

00 PROJECT MANAGEMENT - An Introduction to what follows
The following Project Management (in short PM) pages headline numbered from 00 (= this page) to 100:

 * Is based on the visual concept of MIND MAPS, a method to visualize information in a brain-user-friendly way
 * Is a work in progress, i.e. sometimes even a referenced page may not exist yet
 * Sometimes shows the same subject from different angles, e.g. the first lessons
 * Originates from personal experience of using PM for some decades
 * Combines ideas of different schools of thought in the area of PM, partially covered in the bibliography (still to come)
 * Transcends occasionally the usual structure of PM to include, among others, ideas covered under the term “soft sciences”
 * Are used in teaching projects at University level and also for post graduate / Master courses
 * Are to be dealt with the way of Supermarket Shopping: Take what is suitable and leave the rest away!

Franz Kies 14:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Project management/Introduction


title: File:Wikiversity80x15c.jpg


text:
User:Mystictim/Sandbox

Experiments with wikimedia structure and pressentation
[//javascript:window.open('', 'newwin', 'height=250,width=250,toolbar=no,scrollbars='+scroll+',menubar=no') popup]

User:Mystictim/Sandbox/Originalpage User:Mystictim/Sandbox/Forkpage

title: User:Mystictim/Sandbox


text:
Category:Learning activities

Please help this project
Please help this project by adding this category to Wikiversity articles. The first step is to work through this alphabetical list checking for learning activities. This has been completed up to Webdesign.

Which pages should be included?
This category is for pages containing specific learning activities that require visitor participation. Please don't include pages that only require reading or general requests for improvements as this applies to every page on Wikiversity by default. Also please don't add this category to project descriptions, general descriptions of learning activities, guides and how-tos, as these are reference materials and should have their own separate category. See Category talk:Learning activities for further clarification.

title: Category:Learning activities


text:
User talk:Bodymod87~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bodymod87. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bodymod87~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bodymod87~enwikiversity


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Category talk:Learning activities

Why is this category needed?
This category is mainly concerned with the development of learning materials at Wikiversity. Learning activities are an important part of these materials. It would be useful to know where these learning activities are, if they have been completed and how popular they are. This information can then be used to develop any uncompleted learning activities, improve or promote the unpopular activities and encourage all learning materials to adapt the best learning activities. This would help in drawing up lists of work that needs doing at Wikiversity and places where learners could participate in developing these materials.

How can these goals be achived?
This will give four groups:
 * 1) By categorising all pages with learning activities on them.
 * 2) By creating a subcategory for  Completed learning activities.
 * 3) By creating another subcategory for the  Popular learning activities.
 * Completed and Popular (In both categories)
 * Completed and unpopular (only in Completed category)
 * incomplete and Popular (only in Popular category)
 * unpopular and incomplete (in neither category).

The complete and popular pages will look after themselves, Completed and unpopular pages will need improvements or publicising, the incomplete and popular pages should look after themselves as they are being developed, the final group of unpopular and incomplete learning activities will need individual attention. As the list of Learning activities is quite short it will be easy to add these subcategories to the appropriate pages. Mystictim 19:32, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Types of learning activities
I assume this means an activity other than just reading.
 * Some Wikiversity learning projects call upon participants to read something and then edit one or more Wikiversity webpages. Example: Darwinism as religion.

 * Some learning projects ask participants to do an activity outside of Wikiversity and then describe it on a Wikiversity page. Example: Introduction to GarageBand.

 * I've now scanned all the pages A-H Mystictim 00:29, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * User:Mystictim, I'm still not sure what you think is an "activity" since your selection process seems to reject things that I think are learning activities. What do you think of this: A Hands-On Introduction to Game Design and Production Processes? --JWSchmidt 20:38, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If it has specific activities for people to do then I'd tag it. On a quick scan I can't see any specific learning activities. However if you think it's worth tagging go ahead. Mystictim 19:32, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

links from Wikipedia
We should make sure that all of these pages have links to them from Wikipedia. w:Template:Wikiversity can often be added to the "see also" section of Wikipedia articles. --JWSchmidt 23:41, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Why is there no chemistry?!
If any subject would benefit from this resource, it's chemistry! Especially organic chemistry would helpful here.

title: Category talk:Learning activities


text: Category:Demography

title: Category:Demography


text: Category:Emergency medical responder (EMR)


text: Category:Condensed Matter Physics

title: Category:Condensed Matter Physics


text: Category:Databases

title: Category:Databases


text: Category:Christianity

title: Category:Christianity


text: Category:Cancer

title: Category:Cancer


text: Category:Developmental biology

title: Category:Developmental biology


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Talk:Learning the Basics of French/Lesson:Introducing Yourself/3

I thought this one would be about age so that they could learn avoir?--66.238.170.34 17:47, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I concur, this material can be used for a later lesson.--Elatanatari 00:06, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Make it so?

 * Yes

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: Cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

Simple Conversation
Here is a sample conversation:

Marc and Jeanette have just met.

Marc: Bonjour. Je m'appelle Marc. Et toi?

Jeanette: Bonjour, Marc! Moi, je m'appelle Jeanette. Quel âge as-tu?

Marc: J'ai seize ans, et toi?

Jeanette: J'ai dix-sept ans.

Marc: Oh lala, J'ai un rendez-vous, à demain!

Jeanette: À demain.

G: The verb avoir
"Avoir" can be translated as "to have".

Expressing Age
Avoir is used to express age.
 * Tu as quel âge? - How old are you? [lit: You have what age?]
 * J'ai trente ans. - I'm thirty (years old). [lit: I have thirty years]

Expressing Age
Avoir is used to express age.
 * Tu as quel âge? - How old are you? [lit: You have what age?]
 * J'ai trente ans. - I'm thirty (years old). [lit: I have thirty years]


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Talk:El Salón de Clase quizl

What is this? --JWSchmidt 19:07, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a quiz, or half of a quiz actualy. Look at Talk:El Salón de Clase quizI--Rayc 23:49, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Salón de Clase quizl


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Motion in two dimensions

Experiments show that motion in two perpendicular directions are independent - one does not affect the other. The classic demonstration of this is shooting a ball horizontally toward a falling light bulb. If they both go at the same time from the same height, the ball can't miss the bulb. The key to understanding this is that the horizontal motion of the ball does not affect its vertical motion. The vertical motions of the ball and light bulb are identical.

River Crossing Problem
Consider a boat being rowed straight across a river. The speed of the boat is 2 m/s while the speed of the river is 3 m/s. The river is 200 m wide.

a) How long will it take to cross the river?  The motion across the river is independent of the motion downstream, so we just do   d = vt   200 = 2t which solves to t = 100 s.

b) How far does the boat get carried downstream while crossing the river?  d = vt = 3(100) = 300 m.

Projectile Motion
When gravity is the only force acting on an object, the object is considered to be a projectile. Projectiles can be any object such as bullets, footballs, or humans. It is standard practice when analyzing projectile motion to separate the two dimensional problem into two one dimensional problems, analyze the motion in the horizontal direction, analyze the motion in the vertical direction, and then combine the results.

Consider a baseball thrown at an angle of 30 degrees above horizontal and an initial speed of 15 m/s. Find the maximum height, time of flight and horizontal distance of flight.

Inclined Planes
On a ramp, the interesting directions are along the ramp and straight into the ramp. The gravitational force (weight) is straight down, but we must separate it into a component along the ramp (F parallel or F[sub]//[/sub]) and a component into the ramp (normal force, Fn). Consider a box with mass 100 kg on a ramp. The coefficient of friction between the ramp and the box is 0.1. With what acceleration will it slide along the ramp?

title: Motion in two dimensions


text: Category:Preschool

title: Category:Preschool


text: Category:Film

title: Category:Film


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Tuba

The tuba is the largest of the low-brass instruments and is one of the most recent additions to the modern symphony orchestra, first appearing in the mid-19th century, when it largely replaced the ophicleide.

An orchestra usually has a single tuba (though having 2 or 3 is not uncommon), serving as the bass of the brass section, though its versatility means it can double as reinforcement for the strings and woodwinds, or increasingly as a solo instrument.

Various concerti have been written for the tuba by numerous notable composers, including Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Gregson, John Williams, and Bruce Broughton. Tubas are also used in wind and concert bands and in British style brass bands; in the latter instance both E ♭ and BB ♭ tubas are used and are normally referred to as basses.

Tubas are found in various pitches, most commonly in F, E♭, CC, or BB♭ in "brass band" pitching. The main bugle of BB♭ tubas is approximately 18 feet long, while CC tubas are 16 feet, E♭ tubas 13 feet, and F tubas 12 feet in tubing length without adding any valve branches. Tubas are considered to be conical in shape as from their tapered bores, they steadily increase in diameter along their lengths.

A tuba with its tubing wrapped for placing the instrument on the player's lap is usually called a tuba or concert tuba. Some have a bell pointing forward as opposed to upward, which are often called recording tubas because of their popularity in the early days of recorded music, as their sound could more easily be directed at the recording instrument. When wrapped to surround the body for marching, it is traditionally known as a hélicon. The modern sousaphone is a helicon with a bell pointed up, and then curved to point forward.

Bass clef music for tuba is usually in concert pitch, therefore tubists must know the correct fingerings for their specific instrument. However, traditional brass band parts for the tuba are in the treble clef, usually a ninth above the sounded note, to facilitate fingering interchangeability with other brass band instruments. Consequently, the tuba is generally treated as a transposing instrument when it is written for in the treble clef, but not in the bass clef.

The CC tuba is the common professional instrument in the United States and is used as the default instrument in American orchestras. In the United Kingdom, the E♭ tuba is the default professional instrument, though many will supplement it with the CC tuba in orchestral applications for big works. In Europe, the F tuba is the common default instrument in orchestras, though American practice is taking hold in some European orchestras. In Germany, Austria and Russia in particular, orchestral tuba players will use a BB♭ tuba when extra weight is desired. In military or concert bands and brass bands, the BB♭ tuba is preferred because its intonation better matches that of other wind instruments in B♭ or E♭. Players of the E♭ tuba often find themselves in demand from brass bands, where they read treble clef music pitched in E♭, as well as orchestras where they read music in the bass clef at concert pitch (C).

The lowest pitched tubas are the contrabass tubas, pitched in C or B♭; (referred to as CC and BB♭ tubas respectively, based on a traditional distortion of a now-obsolete octave naming convention). The BB♭ is almost exclusively used in brass bands because the other instruments are usually based on B♭. The CC tuba is used as an orchestral instrument in the U.S. because they are perceived to tune more easily with other orchestral instruments, but BB♭ tubas are the contrabass tuba of choice in German, Austrian, and Russian orchestras. Many younger players start out with an E♭ tuba, and the BB♭ tuba is still the standard adult amateur instrument in the United States. Most professionals (and those trained or training to be professionals) in the U.S. play CC tubas, but most also are trained in proficiency of all four pitches of tubas.

The next smaller tubas are the bass tubas, pitched in F or E♭ (a fourth above the contrabass tubas). The E♭ tuba often plays an octave above the contrabass tubas in brass bands, and the F tuba is commonly used by professional players as a solo instrument and, in America, to play higher parts in the classical repertoire. In most of Europe, the F tuba is the standard orchestral instrument, supplemented by the CC or BB♭ only when the extra weight is desired. In the United Kingdom, the E♭ is the standard orchestral tuba.

The euphonium is sometimes referred to as a tenor tuba (the only practical difference lies in the presence of vibrato, which is traditional for euphonium, but is to be avoided on parts scored for tenor tuba), and is pitched one octave higher (in B ♭) than the BB ♭ contrabass tuba. The "Small French Tuba in C" is a tenor tuba pitched in C, and provided with 6 valves to make the lower notes in the orchestral repertoire possible. The French C tuba was the standard instrument in French orchestras until overtaken by F and C contrabass tubas since the Second World War. The term "tenor tuba" is often used more specifically, in reference to B ♭ rotary-valved tubas pitched in the same octave as euphoniums. Examples include the Alexander Model 151, which is a popular instrument among tuba players when the use of the tenor tuba is appropriate. One much-debated example of such application for orchestral tuba players in the U.S. is the Bydło movement in Ravel's orchestration of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition.

Playing technique
At the basic level, playing a tuba is similar to playing a euphonium. For the time being, therefore, you may wish to make use of these euphonium lessons:

Euphonium Lesson 1 - Embouchure and breath Euphonium Lesson 2 - First notes

quiz
{The tuba first appeared in the modern symphony orchestra in the ________ century. + mid-19th - 18th - 20th - 17th
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The tuba was introduced to the modern symphony orchestra in the mid-19th century.
 * Incorrect. The tuba was not present in the 18th century orchestra.
 * Incorrect. The tuba was already a part of the orchestra before the 20th century.
 * Incorrect. The tuba was not present in the 17th century orchestra.

{The tuba replaced the ________ in the orchestra. + w:ophicleide - w:sousaphone - w:hélicon - trumpet
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The tuba largely replaced the ophicleide in the orchestra.
 * Incorrect. The sousaphone is a type of tuba, not what the tuba replaced.
 * Incorrect. The hélicon is another type of tuba.
 * Incorrect. The trumpet is a different brass instrument and was not replaced by the tuba.

{In British style brass bands, tubas are referred to as ________. + basses - euphoniums - horns - trumpets
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! In British style brass bands, tubas are commonly referred to as basses.
 * Incorrect. The euphonium is a different instrument.
 * Incorrect. Horns are different from tubas.
 * Incorrect. Trumpets are a different type of brass instrument.

{The main bugle of BB♭ tubas is approximately ________ feet long. + 18 - 16 - 13 - 12
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The main bugle of BB♭ tubas is approximately 18 feet long.
 * Incorrect. This is the length for CC tubas.
 * Incorrect. This is the length for E♭ tubas.
 * Incorrect. This is the length for F tubas.

{A tuba with its tubing wrapped for placing on the player's lap is traditionally known as a ________. + w:hélicon - w:sousaphone - tuba or concert tuba - recording tuba
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. The hélicon is wrapped to surround the body for marching.
 * Incorrect. The sousaphone is a type of helicon with a bell pointed up and then curved forward.
 * Correct! A tuba with its tubing wrapped for placing on the instrument on the player's lap is often called a tuba or concert tuba.
 * Incorrect. Recording tubas have a bell pointing forward.

{In the United States, the ________ tuba is the common professional instrument. + CC - BB♭ - E♭ - F
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The CC tuba is the common professional instrument in the United States.
 * Incorrect. The BB♭ tuba is not the default professional instrument in the U.S.
 * Incorrect. The E♭ tuba is the default professional instrument in the United Kingdom.
 * Incorrect. The F tuba is the common default instrument in European orchestras.

{The euphonium is sometimes referred to as a ________ tuba. + tenor - bass - contrabass - alto
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The euphonium is sometimes referred to as a tenor tuba.
 * Incorrect. The bass tuba is different from the euphonium.
 * Incorrect. The contrabass tuba is the lowest pitched tuba.
 * Incorrect. The alto is not a term used for the euphonium.

Links

 * Tuba on Wikipedia
 * University of Kentucky Tuba-Euphonium Studio (click on "Pedagogical Material and Information")

title: Tuba


text: Category:Fire and Emergency Management

title: Category:Fire and Emergency Management


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Template:Placeholder

This page is a placeholder for a learning project or other resource under development. To get involved, please participate at    :

title: Template:Placeholder


text:
Template talk:Placeholder

This template is part of the Templates learning project to create a quick and easy tag for a future resource. It is designed to provide a very temporary placeholder for a project, program, practicum or other entity. An appropriate use of this template is to commit to at least a title or handle for which an individual or group has a settled plan to develop in the future.

Like all Wikiversity learning objects, this template is not a claim to any sort of "ownership" (like for example, planting a National flag on the Moon). You may add to, link to, object to, show support for, question the validity of, &... anything else you want to do with or about the placeholder. This is a wiki, after all!

Have fun with this template!

title: Template talk:Placeholder


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User talk:Robert Elliott/Homework - Thumbnail Storyboard

This page needs to be placed in a category. --JWSchmidt 22:44, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

How to deal with orphan pages?
This page is an orphan page. (Translated: This is "a mistake".)

How to I mark a page that I wish would disappear? Robert Elliott 02:13, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Take a look at Requests for Deletion; it explains how you can use Template:Delete. Just indicate that the page is no longer needed and a custodian will delete it. --JWSchmidt 02:50, 9 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:MrDolomite

'''MrDolomite is inactive on. Contact via Special:Emailuser/MrDolomite.'''

title: User:MrDolomite


text: Category:Structured Query Language

title: Category:Structured Query Language


text: Category:Ancient Greek Language

title: Category:Ancient Greek Language


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User:MetaBohemian/2lvlnav

== Usage ==

 * User:MetaBohemian/2lvlnav calls the template
 * project specifies the name of the project
 * subdivisionTerm specifies the term for the first level (e.g., "Lesson," "Subtopic," etc.)
 * prevSubdiv specifies the name of the previous subdivision
 * nextSubdiv specifies the name of the next subdivison
 * prev specifies the name of the last page
 * next specifies the name of the next page

You must include project/lesson links yourself!

Example
The code

produces

Credit
This template was largely based on Template:1lvlnav; that is, I copied the code and modified it for second-level navigation.

title: User:MetaBohemian/2lvlnav


text:
User:Saleheen

Saleheen 02:44, 9 January 2007 (UTC)Mohammed Saleheen

title: User:Saleheen