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Comparative law and justice/Nigeria

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

<!Justin Corso 16:27, 29 November 2010 (UTC)!>

Basic Information
Nigeria

 * Region: West Africa

 * Population: 140,003,542 as at 2006, estimated by The National Population Commission (NPC)

 * Area Total: 923,770 km2

 * Area Land: 910,770 km 2

 * Capital: Abuja

 * Climate: Varies: equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

 * Major Languages:

 * English (official)
 * Hausa
 * Yoruba
 * Ibo

 * Nigeria’s 2 major religions:

 * Islam
 * Christianity

 * Ethnic groups:(the seven most populous; Nigeria contains over 400 ethnic groups)

 * Hausa and Fulani 29%
 * Yoruba 21%
 * Igbo (Ibo) 18%
 * Ijaw 10%
 * Kanuri 4%
 * Ibibio 3.5%
 * Tiv 2.5%

Rivers and Lakes: "The Niger River and its tributaries—principally the Benue, Kaduna, and Sokoto rivers—drain most of Nigeria. In the northeast, the rivers drain into Lake Chad. Navigation is restricted by rapids and seasonal fluctuations in depth."

PEOPLE: The most populous country in Africa, Nigeria accounts for over half of West Africa's population. Although less than 25% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, at least 24 cities have populations of more than 100,000. The variety of customs, languages, and traditions among Nigeria's 250 ethnic groups gives the country a rich diversity. The dominant ethnic group in the northern two-thirds of the country is the Hausa-Fulani, most of whom are Muslim. Other major ethnic groups of the north are the Nupe, Tiv, and Kanuri. The Yoruba people are predominant in the southwest. About half of the Yorubas are Christian and half Muslim. The predominantly Catholic Igbo are the largest ethnic group in the southeast, with the Efik, Ibibio, and Ijaw comprising a substantial segment of the population in that area. Persons of different language backgrounds most commonly communicate in English, although knowledge of two or more Nigerian languages is widespread. Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, and Kanuri are the most widely used Nigerian languages.

LEGAL SYSTEM REVIEW
 * 1. Political System.

"Nigeria is a federation of thirty six states and a Federal Capital Territory. The Nigerian Constitutions of 1979 and 1999 provide for a House of Representatives and a Senate at the federal level. At the state level, there exists a House of Assembly. The Constitution also provide for a President to be the Nigerian Head of State and  Head of Governmen and for a State Governor in each of the 36 states except for the FCT which is administered by a federal minister.  There are separate federal and state courts and one Supreme Court. Every state is divided into counties generally called local government areas.  Each local government area is administered by a chairman and a council of an average of ten members.  The courts in each state are controlled by the state judiciary.   Each state has a Chief Judge and a commissioner of Justice appointed by the state governor to also act as the State Attorney General. There are essentially two types of Chief Justices: 1) the Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court and 2) the Chief Justice of the Nigerian Federation.
 * 2. Legal System.

Nigeria inherited the English common law tradition. However, since Nigeria has a tripartite judicial system, the common law tradition applies only at the English law (Colonial) based courts. The common law does not apply to the Islamic and customary law courts of Nigeria. Nigerian criminal procedure is based on an adversarial approach with the burden of proof most commonly placed on the accused. The Islamic (Muslim) courts and customary courts use an inquisitorial approach in their criminal procedures."

Brief History
HISTORY: "In the northern cities of Kano and Katsina, recorded history dates back to about 1000 AD. In the centuries that followed, these Hausa kingdoms and the Bornu empire near Lake Chad prospered as important terminals of north-south trade between North African Berbers and forest people who exchanged slaves, ivory, and kola nuts for salt, glass beads, coral, cloth, weapons, brass rods, and cowrie shells used as currency."

"In the southwest, the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo was founded about 1400, and at its height from the 17th to 19th centuries attained a high level of political organization and extended as far as modern Togo. In the south central part of present-day Nigeria, as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, the kingdom of Benin had developed an efficient army; an elaborate ceremonial court; and artisans whose works in ivory, wood, bronze, and brass are prized throughout the world today. In the 17th through 19th centuries, European traders established coastal ports for the increasing traffic in slaves destined for the Americas. Commodity trade, especially in palm oil and timber, replaced slave trade in the 19th century, particularly under anti-slavery actions by the British Navy. In the early 19th century the Fulani leader, Usman dan Fodio, promulgated Islam and brought most areas in the north under the loose administrative control of an empire centered in Sokoto."

Economic Development, Health, and Education
Economy/ Trade: "Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to the high level of petroleum imports from Nigeria, which supply 8% of U.S. oil imports--nearly half of Nigeria's daily oil production. Nigeria is the fifth-largest exporter of oil to the United States. Two-way trade in 2008 was valued at more than $42 billion, an 18% increase over 2007 data. Led by machinery, wheat, and motor vehicles, U.S. goods exports to Nigeria in 2008 were worth more than $4 billion. In 2008, U.S. imports from Nigeria were over $38 billion, consisting predominantly of oil. However, rubber products, cocoa, gum arabic, cashews, coffee, and ginger constituted over $70 million of U.S. imports from Nigeria in 2007. The U.S. trade deficit with Nigeria was $21 billion in 2007. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for U.S. goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the United States. The United States is Nigeria's largest trading partner after the United Kingdom. Although the trade balance overwhelmingly favors Nigeria, thanks to oil exports, a large portion of U.S. exports to Nigeria is believed to enter the country outside of the Nigerian Government's official statistics, due to importers seeking to avoid Nigeria's excessive tariffs.

The United States is the largest foreign investor in Nigeria. The stock of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria in 2006 was $339 million, down from $2 billion in 2004. U.S. FDI in Nigeria is concentrated largely in the petroleum/mining and wholesale trade sectors. Exxon-Mobil and Chevron are the two largest U.S. corporate players in offshore oil and gas production.

In March 2009, the United States and Nigeria met under the existing Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) to advance the ongoing work program and to discuss improvements in Nigerian trade policies and market access. Among the topics discussed were cooperation in the World Trade Organization (WTO), market access, export diversification, intellectual property protection and enforcement, commercial issues, trade capacity building and technical assistance, infrastructure, and investment issues."

Economy "GDP (2008): $183 billion (agriculture 33%; industry 39%; services 28%). Real GDP growth rate (2009): 4.4%. Oil growth: -18%. Non-oil growth: 3%. Per capita GDP (2009): $1,418. Inflation (2009): 11.5%. Natural resources: Oil and natural gas (37% of 2006 GDP), tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc. Agriculture: Products--cocoa, palm oil, yams, cassava, sorghum, millet, corn, rice, livestock, groundnuts, cotton. Industry: Types--textiles, cement, food products, footwear, metal products, lumber, beer, detergents, car assembly. Trade (2007): Exports--$65.5 billion: fuels and mining products (97%); agricultural products (cocoa, rubber, oil, nuts) (2.2%); manufactures (0.8%). Partners--United States (38.3%); European Union (21.8%); India (9.9%); Brazil (6.8%); Japan (4%). Imports--$29.5 billion: machinery; chemicals; transport equipment; manufactured goods (72.3%); agricultural products (23.7%), fuels and mining products (4%). Partners--European Union (33.2%); United States (15.6%); China 7.2%; Korea (2.8%); U.A.E. (2.6%); others (15%). Foreign direct investment (FDI, 2008): 29.5% of GDP. Official development assistance (2006): $11.434 billion. Currency: Naira (150 Naira = U.S. $1 as of March 23, 2010)."

Education: Old Koranic schools are widespread throughout the north, and missionaries brought Western education to the coastal areas as early as the 1830s. Until the 1970s, enrollment in Western-oriented schools was significantly higher in the south. In 1976 free primary education was established throughout Nigeria. Educational facilities are lacking, however, and the adult illiteracy rate remains above 50 percent. By the mid-1980s, some 13.6 million pupils were enrolled each year in primary schools, and more than 3.1 million students attended secondary schools. Under a new educational system introduced in 1982, primary schooling (officially compulsory) takes six years to complete. Secondary schooling is organized in two successive phases of three years each. Western higher education, begun in 1948 with the founding of the University of Ibadan, is found throughout the country. Other major institutions include Ahmadu Bello University (1962), in Zaria; the Obafemi Awolowo University (1961), in Ife; the University of Lagos (1962); and the University of Nigeria (1960), in Nsukka. British-style universities have been augmented by a growing system of American-influenced teachers colleges and technical colleges. In (1993) AISA (American International School Abuja) was established, This school is Private and goes from Pre-school up until 12 grade. The staff at this school come from ten different nations.The word Abuja is the federal capital of Nigeria. Abuja-collage.

Government
President: Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023)

Government Type:"Federal republic. Independence: October 1, 1960. Constitution: The 1999 constitution (based largely on the 1979 constitution) was promulgated by decree on May 5, 1999 and came into force on May 29, 1999. Subdivisions: 36 states plus Federal Capital Territory (Abuja); states divided into a total of 774 local government areas. Budget (2009): $21.3 billion, of which recurrent expenditures constitute $11.1 billion, capital expenditures $7 billion, statutory transfers $1.1 billion, and debt service $2 billion. Critical sectors--security and the Niger Delta (20%); education (8%); transportation (7%); agriculture and water (5%); and energy (5%). Indebtedness, including federal/state government debt, as percentage of GDP: 3%"

"The 2011 elections present Nigeria with an opportunity to turn the page on the legacy of electoral fraud, political violence and stalled democratic development that has marred the past decade of civilian rule in the country. With its vibrant civil society and increasingly independent legislative and judicial branches of government, Nigeria has the essential ingredients for democracy to take root. However, since the end of military rule in 1999, successive civilian governments have done little to translate the country's immense natural wealth into tangible gains for the majority of Nigerian citizens, more than half of whom subsist on less than a dollar a day. Instability in the oil-rich Niger Delta region, failing infrastructure, the lack of political will to address governance challenges and the continuing nexus of violence, corruption and politics, threaten the development of the country's democratic institutions.

The appointment of a widely-respected new chair of the Independent National Election Commission (INEC) and President Goodluck Jonathan's public assurances that his government will ensure a transparent and credible electoral process have rekindled hope among Nigerians eager to see the end to the poor governance and entrenched corruption at the national, state and local levels in Nigeria. Along with important opportunities, the 2011 electoral process also carries considerable risks. The slow pace of implementation of the new constitutional amendments and the electoral reforms; concerns over INEC's ability to conduct a credible voter registration process; divisive debates over the selection of party candidates; and growing fears that too little time is available to effectively plan, prepare and conduct credible elections in early 2011 have contributed to growing concerns in Nigeria and internationally that another flawed electoral process would lead to further disillusionment with elected government by Nigeria's citizenry and could stoke political violence and endanger prospects for continuing civilian governance."

Government: Federal republic under strong presidential administration,Became parliamentary democracy at independence; under military rule 1966 to 1979, 1983-. Constitution of 1979 amended February 1984. New constitution promulgated 1989 and scheduled to take effect January 1993; provides for three independent branches of government: executive, legislative, judicial. National Assembly dissolved in 1983, had not been reinstated as of mid-1991. Transition to civilian rule scheduled to be completed January 1993.

Administrative Divisions: Thirty six states divided into local councils; Federal Capital Territory of Abuja projected to become partially operational as national capital in 1991 as federal departments transfer from Lagos.

Judicial System: Legal system based on English common law modified by Nigerian rulings, constitution of 1979, legislative enactments, and decrees of military government in effect. Draft constitution of 1989 to take effect at start of Third Republic. Customary and Muslim sharia law recognized in personal status matters. Federal system included Supreme Court, federal courts of appeal, and federal high courts. Supreme Court had original jurisdiction in constitutional disputes.

Politics: In 1989 two political parties established by government: National Republican Convention, slightly right of center, and Social Democratic Party, slightly left of center. Presidential elections scheduled for December 1992. File:Election in Nigeria 1999.jpg

Foreign Relations: Nonaligned; active member of United Nations, Organization of African Unity, Commonwealth of Nations, and Economic Community of West African States. Main principles of foreign policy: noninterference in internal affairs and inviolability of national borders in Africa.

Conducted Elections: "The National Assembly agreed to amend sections of the 2010 Electoral Act to make it lawful to shift next year's elections forward. The Independent National Electoral Commission, (INEC) had voiced its fears that the original January dates which it earlier set for elections into various offices were unrealistic. INEC suggested that if the elections were shifted to April 2010, the additional time would afford adequate arrangements for the polls, including the compilation of a credible voters' register".

Judicial Review
This 36-state federation, a member of the Commonwealth, is Africa's biggest country, with 140 million residents. It has for all practical purposes two legal systems, one in the mainly Moslem north, the other covering the mainly Christian south. This north-south divide dates back into history: there were two separate British colonial territories, Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria, until they were merged in 1914.

Courts and Criminal Law
Judges Appointments and qualifications. Court to get the approval of both Houses of the Legislature. The judges are appointed by the President of Nigeria. The judges must be certified lawyers who have served as judges at the federal or state court levels for a minimum of ten years (Kasumu, 1978). Court/Federal Court of Appeals are appointed by the President of Nigeria with the approval of the Senate. Ten years of experience on the bench is required before a lawyer is appointed judge to this court. appointed by the State Governor. The other judges are appointed in the same manner as the Chief Justice but the appointments have to be made in accordance with the advice of the appropriate Judicial Service Commission. During the military regime (1966-1979), the Chief Justice of the Federal and each State High Court, as well as other court judges, were appointed by the Supreme Military Council after consultation with the Advisory Judicial Committee. During that time, the Nigerian Supreme Court was suspended and the Federal High Court was positioned as the highest court. appointed by the president after consultation with the Advisory Judicial Committee. The judges of all customary courts, including Sharia Courts, are all lay-judges with no formal legal training. The Public Service Commission of each state has the authority to appoint magistrates for the Magistrate Courts. The magistrates are all certified lawyers with at least five years of experience on the bench. The judges of the Area Courts in the Northern States are also appointed by the State's Public Service Commission. appoint persons as presidents or members of a Customary Court upon the recommendation of the Advisory Judicial Committee (Elias, 1972)".
 * "The 1979Constitution requires appointments to the Supreme
 * All the judges of the Federal High
 * The Chief Justice of the state High Court is
 * The judges for the Sharia Court of Appeal are
 * In Bendel, the Chief Justice is empowered to

Key Actors: "Because of Nigeria's role as a regional power, leading oil exporter, and major contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions, foreign governments-including the United States and the United Kingdom-have been reluctant to publicly criticize Nigeria's poor human rights record.

Although US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke out forcefully against endemic government corruption during her August visit to Nigeria, she was unwilling to publicly condemn the serious abuses committed by Nigeria's security forces. The UK government continued to play a leading role in international efforts to combat money laundering by corrupt Nigerian officials. However, in fiscal year 2009 it provided £132 million in aid to Nigeria, including security sector aid, without demanding accountability for Nigerian officials and members of the security forces implicated in corrupt practices or serious human rights abuses"

Role of Judges: "The role and place of the judiciary in the scheme of things are pretty well-known in any system of democratic governance. As I once observed, a political system can be considered as democratic on the basis of the extent to which the judicial arm is permitted to hold the scales of justice over and above the other arms of government…For, if good governance has become a modern day desideratum, human ingenuity is yet to devise a better means of preventing arbitrariness and ensuring social well-being than that of separation of powers, due process of law and independence of the judiciary which, taken together, constitute the hallmarks of a well functioning democratic system.’"

Elected: The Judges in Nigeria are elected by State parties.

Jurys: The only area in Nigeria which has adopted trial by jury is Lagos.

Lawyers: "A lawyer is a member of a versatile, learned and honourable profession. He may be a Judge, a Teacher of Law in a University, a Company Director or Secretary, a Civil Servant, an Office-Holder in any capacity, a Solicitor and Advocate, an Arbitrator entering into negotiations on behalf of his clients. The most popular one in Nigeria is to be a Solicitor and Advocate, preparing documents and appearing in wig and gown before the court of law to defend a client in a civil suit or on a criminal charge." "In Nigeria, the education of a lawyer starts properly at the University. Faculties of Law are to be found in the Universities all over Nigeria. The conditions or qualification for admission to study law are usually as published by the  Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board Act. A prospective lawyer may also chose to study in a foreign University. The content of the course of study leading to the award of a law degree whether from a Nigeria or foreign University must be approved by the Council of Legal Education. Only foreign Universities in common law countries or teaching common law courses are approved by the Council. The Council usually insists that the subjects taken must include Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Law of Contract, Tort, Land Law, Equity & Trust, Commercial Law, Law of Evidence."

Punishment
Nigeria: Judicial CP "Anderson (1970) noted that such punishments had to be confirmed by the Emir or district officer before being carried out. He added that it was "important [...] to distinguish the lashes imposed under the Shari'a from any form of corporal punishment permitted under the Criminal Code. The former must be inflicted with a cowhide whip held only between certain fingers of the hand, while the one who inflicts it must also hold some object under his arm throughout. It is clear, therefore, that this punishment at least in modern Nigeria is to be regarded as a disgrace [...] rather than a very severe physical ordeal".

Sharia Law is usually for minor offences, these are possibly always administered in public. The public whippings are to the clothed buttocks or sometimes whipping on the bare upper back. For the more serious offenses the comporal punishment also comes along with a prison senetence,this corpal punishment is strokes of a cane.

Sanctions: The sanctions put on Nigeria by the United States and other nations were, restrictions on travel by government officials and their families and suspension of arms sales and military assistance. Anything sanctions added on after this was because Nigeria failed to gain full certification for its counter narcotics efforts.

Corporal punishment: Yes, Corporal punishment is used in Nigeria. "Both issues are seen as global problems, especially given the fact that despite the 1989 United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child in Africa, as well as other continents, corporal punishment and violence against children still go on uninhibited. Studies show that today's children and youths are subject to such punishments as beatings with sticks, whips or belts, though the physical and psychological injuries and the lasting damage these punishments inflict are well known."

Capital punishment: Yes, Capital punishment is used.

Law Enforcement
Deputy Inspector-General,Assistant Inspector-General, Commissioner ofPolice, Deputy Commissioner of Police, AssistantCommissioner of Police, Chief Superintendent of Police, Superintendent of Police, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Chief Inspector, Inspector,Sub-Inspector, Cadet Sub-Inspector, SergeantMajor, Sergeant, Corporal, Constable, and Recruit.
 * At the head of the Nigerian police force is the Inspector-General.

Training and Qualifications

"Police recruits undergo a six to nine month training session at one of the police colleges located in each of the four geographic regions of Nigeria (north, east, west, and midwest) and the national capital of Lagos. (Editor's note: In 1991, the capital of Nigeria was transferred to Abuja.  Most criminal justice agencies originally located in Lagos have remained there.) Most recruits are expected to have a senior school certificate (high school diploma) in order to be admitted into the Recruit grade of the police force.  However, some recruits have first school leaving certificates (equivalent to an 8th Grade education in the U.S.) or a West African school certificate (equivalent to a high school diploma). Police officer cadets are trained at the Nigerian Police Academy in Lagos.  The length of training at the police academy ranges from one to three years, depending on the cadet's previous level of education. Persons with a university degree such as a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science spend less than three years in training before they are commissioned Assistant Superintendent. Officers of the Nigerian police force were recruited among university graduates until the recent eestablishment of an academy in Wudil, Kano State to trail officers.

Neighbourhood Policing
 * Community Policing Developers (CPD)
 * Community Safety Officers (CSOs)
 * Human Rights Officers (HROs)
 * Community Policing Officers (CPOs)
 * Neighbourhood Watch Officers (NWOs)
 * Vigilante Support Officers (VSOs)
 * Divisional Intelligence Officers (DIOs)
 * Conflict Resolution Officers (CROs)

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
CRIME

1. Classification of Crimes.

classified by the severity of the offense into felonies (very serious) and misdemeanors (less serious). Examples of felonious offenses are armed robbery, arson, auto theft, burglary, child- stealing, counterfeiting, conspiracy, drug offenses, forgery, fraud, kidnapping, murder, rape, smuggling contraband, theft of an object of high value, and treason. All other offenses are considered misdemeanors. The Nigerian police also classify crimes into offenses against persons, offenses against property, other offenses (crimes without victims), and offenses against local ordinances.
 * "Legal classification. Crimes in Nigeria are

seventeen years or older is considered an adult. Persons 12 to 16 years-old are treated as juveniles while 7 to 11 year-olds are considered children. The offenses of both children and juveniles are handled at the juvenile courts. Juvenile courts are generally ad hoc and informally administered. They are presided over by the county magistrate, a layman and a laywoman (Ebbe, 1988).
 * Age of criminal responsibility. Any person

the possession or selling of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Barbiturates and amphetamines are legal drugs which can be purchased as over-the-counter medicines.
 * Drug offenses. Drug offenses in Nigeria include

reports have no records of crimes according to regions, states or cities. However, it is generally known in Nigeria that property crimes are perpetrated more in the Southern states than in the Northern states. This may be due to greater business activity in the South".
 * Crime regions. The Nigerian police annual

 * Whose the victims? There is no report on who gets victimized by crime in Nigeria, although from some information gathered in the prison reports it is known that most of these crimes actually within the same ethnicity. Also, more often than not the males are more likely to be victims and offenders then females.

Homicide rate: 17.70 per 100,000 person

 * "Prisoners

40,447 prisoners		[32nd of 168]

 * Prisoners > Female

1.9%		[113rd of 134]

 * Prisoners > Per capita

33 per 100,000 people		[149th of 164]

 * Prisoners > Pre-trial detainees

63%		[17th of 143]

 * Prisoners > Share of prison capacity filled

101.5%		[89th of 128]

 * Software piracy rate

82%		[19th of 107]"

Family Law
Adoption: "Nigerian adoption laws are complex and the system is not transparent. In general, foreigners who intend to adopt a specific child must first obtain temporary custody of the child (i.e., foster care). Foster care requirements differ from Nigerian state to state, and can be as long as one year before an adoption will be granted. Other states have citizenship or other requirements to adopt. Prospective adoptive parents are advised to obtain more information on adopting in individual states through their Nigerian attorneys or Social Welfare offices for the state where the adoption will take place".

Marriage: Two major types of marriage exist in Nigeria: monogamy, a marriage of one man to one woman, and polygyny, a marriage of one man to two or more wives. In most cultural groups in Nigeria, traditional marriage is usually an arrangement between two families as opposed to an arrangement between two individuals. Accordingly, there is pressure on the bride and bridegroom to make the marriage work as any problem will usually affect both families and strain the otherwise cordial relationship between them. In most Nigerian cultures, the man usually pays the dowry or bride-price and is thus considered the head of the family. Adultery has no punishment for men, but forbidden for women. Marriage ceremonies vary among Nigerian cultures."

Divorce:

Human Rights
"The National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria was established by the National Human Rights Act, 1995 in line with the resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations which enjoins all member States to establish Human Rights Institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights. The Commission serves as a mechanism for the enhancement of the enjoyment of human rights. Its establishment is aimed at creating an enabling environment for extra-judicial recognition, promotion and protection and enforcement of human rights, treaty obligations and providing a forum for public enlightenment and dialogue on human rights issues thereby limiting controversy and confrontation."

Fact: In Nigeria about 70 per cent of those living in poverty are women.

2008 Human Rights report:Nigeria: "The government's human rights record remained poor, and government officials at all levels continued to commit serious abuses. The most significant human rights problems included the abridgement of citizens' right to change their government; extrajudicial killings by security forces; the use of lethal and excessive force by security forces; vigilante killings; impunity for abuses by security forces; torture, rape, and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees, and criminal suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention center conditions; arbitrary arrest and prolonged pretrial detention; executive influence on the judiciary and judicial corruption; infringement on privacy rights; restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and movement; domestic violence and discrimination against women; female genital mutilation (FGM); child abuse and child sexual exploitation; societal violence; ethnic, regional, and religious discrimination; trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitution and forced labor; and child labor."

title: Comparative law and justice/Nigeria


text: Category:Games

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Psychometrics

Psychometrics is the scientific study of psychological measurement, the goal of which is to validly measure differences between individuals and groups in psychosocial qualities such as attitudes and personality. There are two aspects:
 * 1) Developing and testing tools to validly measure psychological qualities (such as knowledge, attitudes and opinions, emotions, cognitions, personality, and so on).
 * 2) Developing a science (theory, methods, and findings) of and about the measurement of psychological qualities.

title: Psychometrics


text:
Reliability

Pre-requisites
Before reading this section, make sure you understand:
 * Correlation

Reliability
In psychological measurement, reliability refers to the reproducibility or consistency of scores from a measure in a particular sample.

We commonly describe cars, for example, in terms of their reliability. A reliable car is one that starts every time ignition is attempted. An unreliable car doesn't start all the time.

There are several types of reliability that are commonly examined in psychological measurement:
 * Internal consistency (Internal reliability): Correlation amongst the items used in a multi-item measurement scale, providing a sense of whether the items are measuring the "same thing"
 * Test-retest reliability: Correlation between scores on the same measure by the same participants at different times
 * Inter-rater reliability: Correlation between scores by different raters (observers); for observational measures

It is possible to look at other factors that influence the reproducibility of scores. The most fully developed methods for studying these include generalizability theory and item response theory approaches.

Current thinking, as well as the standards (AERA, 2014), emphasizes that reliability is not an intrinsic property of a measure. Reliability refers to the performance of scores observed in a particular sample or setting. When the measure is used with someone similar to the sample used to evaluate the reliability, then the score is likely to perform similarly. When the person is different from the samples used to develop and benchmark the measure, then the scores may not generalize. A spelling test designed for eighth graders may do a good job ranking new eighth graders in terms of spelling performance, but the same test might not show good reliability for 4th graders or college students.

title: Reliability


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Validity

Pre-requisites
Before reading this section, make sure you understand:
 * Correlation

Psychometric validity
Validity, in the context of psychometrics, refers to the extent to which a psychological test measures what it is purported to measure. Validity is commonly discussed in terms of there being three main types:
 * 1) Content validity
 * 2) Construct validity
 * 3) Criterion validity

In classical test theory, validity is limited by reliability - see also reliability and validity for more information.

Theoretical validity
Def. a "quality of a measurement indicating the degree to which the measure reflects the underlying construct, that is, whether it measures what it purports to measure" is called validity.

Reliability
Def.
 * 1) "the ability to measure the same thing consistently" or
 * 2) "(of a measurement indicating the degree to which the measure is consistent); that is, repeated measurements would give the same result"

is called reliability.

title: Validity


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Factor analysis

Factor analysis is a family of multivariate statistical techniques for identifying related clusters of variables (factors). There are two main approaches:
 * 1) Exploratory factor analysis
 * 2) Confirmatory factor analysis

title: Factor analysis


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BCP/Osmorhiza claytonii

Osmorhiza claytonii

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BCP/Osmorhiza claytonii/Logs

2008 Logs

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Recent Logs

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title: BCP/Osmorhiza claytonii/Logs


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2008 Logs

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text: Category:BCP/Flora of Germany

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User:WildeStar

'''Tis the beginning.... i'll be back soon''

title: User:WildeStar


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User talk:WildeStar

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Understanding this template
Is  after the noinclude doing anything in this template? -- Jtneill - Talk 13:44, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
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Remove link to the icon file page
Hi! I think that the icons in project boxes should not link to their file pages, because that will rarely if ever be the intention of a user. Adding "link=" to the File syntax should do the trick. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 14:36, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

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Pulmonology/Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multi system granulomatous disorder affecting predominantly young adults although may affect adults of any age. It is particularly likely to affect the respiratory tract where it may cause mediastinal lymph node enlargement, and granulomatous inflammation of alveoli (air sacs). In a minority of cases it may lead to progressive thickening and fibrosis of alveolar septa, and hence impaired gas exchange. Symptoms of sarcoidosis include cough, dyspnoea (shortness of breath) and occasionally chest pain. Other manifestations of sarcoidosis include granulomatous inflammation of the liver, cardiac conduction abnormalities, painful skin lesions (erythma nodosum), and eye disease (uveitis). Treatment is usually only provided where significant impairment is present. Standard treatment is based on the use of corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone).

title: Pulmonology/Sarcoidosis


text:
Template:Robelbox/theme

 * tan (default)
 * mid green
 * slate blue
 * red
 * mauve
 * yellow
 * mid blue
 * orange
 * grey-green
 * sky blue
 * better mauve
 * light red
 * blue
 * grey

title: Template:Robelbox/theme


text:
BCP/Hieracium

Hieracium

title: BCP/Hieracium


text:
BCP/Hieracium/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 16:10, 27 May 2008 (UTC) (H. pratense/H. caespitosum)
 * --Juan Pisek 16:39, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Hieracium/Logs


text:
BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica

Hyacinthoides hispanica

title: BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica


text:
BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 16:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica/Logs


text:
Dental materials

Dental materials is an important subject for dental students. It mainly deals with the materials used in both practical and laboratory dentistry. It gives an insight about the physical chemical and the mechanical properties of the materials that are used in dentistry. The dental materials may be broadly classified on the basis of their use. They are:
 * 1) impression materials,
 * 2) casting materials,
 * 3) restorative materials,
 * 4) orthodontic bands and wires,
 * 5) cements, bases, varnishes and liners, and
 * 6) waxes.

The components of each class range from polymers to metals. There are many materials under each type of material. The adequate material can be chosen according to the requisites.

Impression materials
An impression is a negative recording of the oral cavity and associated structure in appropriate and accurate dimensions. The material that helps in taking an impression is called impression material. The most common impression material is alginate. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid. Meaning that it cannot return to the sol state after it turns into a gel. The biggest ingredient in alginate is potassium alginate which is found in seaweed. It is also used for a thickening agent in some ice creams.

title: Dental materials


text:
User talk:Manuprasadsen~enwikiversity

 Hello Manuprasadsen, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 17:18, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Dental materials
Well done on sketching out this resource. I've done a bit of tidying up, but feel free to keep sharing your knowledge on Dentistry! -- Jtneill - Talk 17:18, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Manuprasadsen. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Manuprasadsen~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Manuprasadsen~enwikiversity


text:
User:FarmerJohn

I discovered Wikiversity while doing research for a persuasive essay on Wikipedia for school. Like Wikipedia, Wikiversity looks like it has a lot of potential to be a valuable resource for information on the internet.

I plan on adding lessons and activities relating to psychology as I progress through my psychology classes. I've found that once I learn something, the best way to ensure that I remember it and can reproduce the information in a coherent way that's easy for others to understand is to teach what I have learned. Teaching a subject forces you to not only learn it in a way that makes sense to you and fits into your world, but to understand it completely and be able to translate your understanding into words and lessons that have a practical value. Wikiversity provides a perfect opportunity for this.

title: User:FarmerJohn


text:
User talk:FarmerJohn

 Hello FarmerJohn, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 17:45, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to psychology
Look forward to having you around :) - there's plenty of psychology material in need of being added. Let me know if I can do anything. Sincerely, -- Jtneill - Talk 17:47, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:FarmerJohn


text: Category:Psychology templates

title: Category:Psychology templates


text:
User talk:Elliewindsor

 Hello Elliewindsor, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 17:52, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elliewindsor


text:
User:Church of emacs

English: Hi, I am Church of emacs or Tobias, if you prefer my real name. You can find out more about me on my meta user page. See my contributions on this wiki and global account information.

If you want to leave me a message, you can do so at my talk page, but I will probably be able to answer more quickly on my meta talk page.

''This user page was created with a template. If you find any mistakes (spelling/grammar/bad style errors), please do not hesitate to contact me. You are also welcome to fix them yourself. Thanks.''

de:User:Church of emacs

title: User:Church of emacs


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Petunia

This category is for articles listed under "BCP/Genus/Petunia"

title: Category:BCP/Genus/Petunia


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Strelitzia

This category is for articles listed under "BCP/Genus/Strelitzia"

title: Category:BCP/Genus/Strelitzia


text:
User talk:Trevjs~enwikiversity

 Hello Trevjs, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! -- Terra 18:36, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Trevjs. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Trevjs~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:08, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trevjs~enwikiversity


text:
Category:BCP/Family/Cannabinaceae

This category is for articles listed under "BCP/Family/Cannabinaceae"

title: Category:BCP/Family/Cannabinaceae


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Lepidium

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Lepidium


text: Category:User knowledge-it-2

title: Category:User knowledge-it-2


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Festuca

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Festuca


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Cercis

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Cercis


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Perovskia

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Perovskia


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Lavandula

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Lavandula


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Erica

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Erica


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Ceratostigma

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Ceratostigma


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Sicyos

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Sicyos


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Ornithogalum

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Ornithogalum


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Lathyrus

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Lathyrus


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Eremocarpus

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Eremocarpus


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Cerastium

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Cerastium


text:
Category:BCP/Family/Polygalaceae

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title: Category:BCP/Family/Polygalaceae


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Senecio

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Senecio


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Oenothera

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Oenothera


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Itea

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Itea


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Erechtites

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Erechtites


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Buxus

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Buxus


text:
Category:BCP/Family/Asteraceeae

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title: Category:BCP/Family/Asteraceeae


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Securigera

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Securigera


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Ocimum

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Ocimum


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Ipomoea

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Ipomoea


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Eranthis

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Eranthis


text:
Category:BCP/Genus/Buddleja

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title: Category:BCP/Genus/Buddleja


text:
Category:BCP/Family/Pinaceae

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title: Category:BCP/Family/Pinaceae


text:
Category:BCP/Family/Asparagaceae

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title: Category:BCP/Family/Asparagaceae


text: Category:Creative writing

title: Category:Creative writing


text: Category:User knowledge-eng-2

title: Category:User knowledge-eng-2


text: Category:User knowledge-phil-3

title: Category:User knowledge-phil-3


text:
Category:Indo-Iranian languages

This category is for articles listed under "Indo-Iranian Languages"

title: Category:Indo-Iranian languages


text: Category:Self-organization

title: Category:Self-organization


text:
Category:Computer books

This category is for articles listed under "Computer books"

title: Category:Computer books


text: Category:User knowledge-eng-3

title: Category:User knowledge-eng-3


text:
User:Machete97

Unified login is finally publically available now. Go and merge your accounts.

title: User:Machete97


text: Category:Foreign language learning

title: Category:Foreign language learning


text: Category:Strategic studies

title: Category:Strategic studies


text:
Category:Buddhist Studies

This category is for articles listed under "Buddhist studies"

fr:Catégorie:Bouddhisme pt:Categoria:Budismo

title: Category:Buddhist Studies


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Wikimedia Mailinglists


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Computers


text:
Category:Mathematical theorems

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title: Category:Mathematical theorems


text:
Category:Global warming

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title: Category:Global warming


text: Category:Medical School Program

title: Category:Medical School Program


text:
Category:Area studies

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title: Category:Area studies


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Wikibooks


text:
Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Canada

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title: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Canada


text: Category:International business

title: Category:International business


text: Category:Fire and emergency management

title: Category:Fire and emergency management


text: Category:Social work

title: Category:Social work


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/United States


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Belgium


text:
Category:Wikipedians interested in astrology

This category is for user's listed under "Wikipedians interested in astrology"


text:
Category:User que

Quenya is a constructed language created by J. R. R. Tolkien. For more information see the Tolkien languages department of the School of Language and Literature.

title: Category:User que


text: Category:Social networks

title: Category:Social networks


text: Category:Cosmology

title: Category:Cosmology


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/United Kingdom


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Austria


text: Category:Jewish studies

title: Category:Jewish studies


text: Category:Stem cells

title: Category:Stem cells


text:
Category:Continental philosophy

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title: Category:Continental philosophy


text:
Category:Wikipedians by instant messenger

This category is for user's listed under "Wikipedians by instant messenger"


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Switzerland


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/2008 US Presidential elections


text: Category:History of science

title: Category:History of science


text: User:TarHippo

title: User:TarHippo


text:
User:Tarun2k

Hi, you can find me at wikipedia. Cheers Tarun2k 20:21, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Tarun2k


text:
User:Duiarmia~enwikiversity

Hi!

PROJECTS IM IN :

 * 1) Bloom Clock
 * 2) Networked learning
 * 3) Historical Introduction to Philosophy

title: User:Duiarmia~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Duiarmia~enwikiversity

HI!

Welcome to the Bloom Clock!
Hello, Duiarmia, and thanks for signing up as a contributor to the Bloom Clock!

To get started, all that you need to do is keep your eyes open for flowers on plants growing outdoors. Then, depending on how well you know plants, you can either try to find the plant using the global keys, or just check the master list where plants are listed by their scientific names.

Assuming you find a log page for the plant you saw, all that you need to do is click [edit] above the list of signatures, and add *~ on a new line below the last signature and above the line that begins with, which will make your signature appear on the profile page.

If you don't find a log page, just add an entry for the plant to the Master List using. Someone can then show you how to create a profile and log page for the plant.

If you don't know the name of the plant you saw, try asking on Bloom Clock/Unknown Plants using the template there. Photographs are very helpful, but if you don't have a digital camera, just give the best description you can and hopefully someone can identify it for you.

After you've logged 10 or more plants as flowering for your location, another bloom clock contributor will help you set up the categories and templates used to construct a key for your region, and try to match up your region to the global keys.

If you have any questions, ideas, or need something explained, please feel free to leave a message on my talk page, and I'll get back to you as soon as I can!--SB_Johnny | talk 22:59, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

History
Hey there. I noticed that you created a project about the Alibamu. Are you interested, perhaps, in getting involved at the School of History? I know that the Department of North American History is currently developing a course on US History you might be able to help with. The Jade Knight (d'viser) 11:48, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Duiarmia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Duiarmia~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Duiarmia~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Tarun2k

 Hello Tarun2k, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 21:36, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tarun2k


text:
User talk:TarHippo

 Hello TarHippo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 21:37, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:TarHippo


text:
User talk:Machete97

 Hello Machete97, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 21:37, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Machete97


text:
BCP/Orobanche uniflora

Orobanche uniflora

title: BCP/Orobanche uniflora


text:
BCP/Orobanche uniflora/Logs

2008 Logs

 * --Jomegat 23:34, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:18, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:42, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:26, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:27, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Orobanche uniflora/Logs


text:
BCP/Potentilla canadensis

Potentilla canadensis

title: BCP/Potentilla canadensis


text:
BCP/Potentilla canadensis/Logs

2008 Logs

 * --Jomegat 00:26, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:05, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:19, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:46, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:29, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 21:28, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:13, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 18:42, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 12:00, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 23:01, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:25, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:19, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:26, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:18, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Potentilla canadensis/Logs


text: User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Projectboxes

title: User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Projectboxes


text:
User talk:Robert Elliott/RETestPage

To what could this be renamed in order to give users better context? --Remi 03:56, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robert Elliott/RETestPage


text:
Primary mathematics

Course Contents
Note: a copy of some of the following pages initially was created from Wikibooks, but the content will start to diverge to take the two different audiences into account. See Import.

Numbers and Operations

 * Numbers
 * Adding numbers
 * Subtracting numbers
 * Multiplying numbers
 * Dividing numbers

Pre-Algebra

 * Negative numbers
 * Powers, roots, and exponents
 * Fractions
 * Working with fractions
 * Percentages
 * Factors and Primes
 * Method for Factoring
 * Proportions

Measurement and Geometry

 * Polygons and Area
 * Angles, see also: Angles
 * Solids

Advanced topics

 * Probability
 * Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
 * Boolean logic

title: Primary mathematics


text:
Talk:Electric Circuit Analysis/Simple Resistive Circuits

Could this learning resource do without all the (what some might label) relatively complex formatting? --Remi 04:17, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Personally I think the "complex" formatting is very helpful in organising and presenting learning material in a very productive way. and also optimum screen space usage. The student can easily follow the logic build up to important theories.But I wrote/formatted this resource so I will obviously defend it. I would however like to hear an expansion of your point, maybe i missed it completely... :-) .Thuvack 15:06, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * In theory, it could be made easier for editors to make edits if something was changed. But, oh well. :) Things do flow nicely as they are... --Remi 15:44, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

multiplication convention
This page uses a star to indicate multiplication, but I think it might be better to use a dot. In mathematical convention the star usually denotes convolution and the dot multiplication.75.82.133.73 02:06, 5 January 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Strength of materials/Lesson 1

like course numbering, instead of naming pages blablabla/Lesson 1 should the "lesson 1" be replaced with whatever the lesson is actually about, and in this case it would be "Stress and strain" --Remi 04:18, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strength of materials/Lesson 1


text:
User:AtlantisEndevour

AtlantisEndevour: User of Wikipedia, deviantART, The Pirate Bay, and many, many more.

Born, August 14, 1990 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.

title: User:AtlantisEndevour


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Template:PDFlink

PDF

title: Template:PDFlink


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User:KRISTIAN~enwikiversity

PERAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEMBANGUN SDM DALAM KERANGKA REPUBLIK INDONESIA Oleh : Kristian Sirait

Pendidikan adalah proses menciptakan ilmu, pola pikir, akhlak dan moral Sumber daya manusia. Perkembangan pendidikan sangat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan suatu negara dalam segala aspek, baik Ekonomi, Sosial, Politik, Budaya, Pertahanan keamanan, teknologi dan aaspek yang lainnya. Inilah peran penting dunia pendidikan dalam berkembangnya suatu negara yang ini Negara Republik Indonesia. Juga dalam membentuk pola pikir, akhlak dan perkembangan teknologi sangat dibutuhkan peran penting Pemerintah dalam mengembangkan dan mendukung proses dan perkembangan pendidikan Nasional yang ada di Republik Indonesia kita tercinta ini. Pola pikir dan akhlak berpengaruh penting dalam hubungan toleransi kehidupan antar RAS dan SARA dalam hidup bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara, juga perkembangan teknologi yang kian pesat dari berbagai bidang teknologi, yang juga penting dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dengan menggunakan teknologi yang mutakhir, dan berbagai sektor teknologi yang ada, telekomunikasi, penerbangan, dan lainnya. Jadi dari segala bidang pendidikan mempunyai peran penting dari setiap bidang pendidikan yang ada. Aagama mendidik kerohanian masyarakat, PPKn mendidik moral dan etika, bahasa mendidik tutur kata dan sopan santun dalam berbicara, matematika dan teknik mendidik suatu ilmu pasti dengan logika dan teknologi. Tak salah bila disini saya simpulkan bahwa berkembangnya suatu negara sangat berpengaruh pada sumber daya manusianya yang dimana terbentuk dalam dunia pendidikan yang adad baik formal dan nonformal. Pentinglah kiranya pemerataan pendidikan dalam membentuk SDM yang berkualitas, berakhlak, dan berbudi pekerti yang luhur untuk membangun Negara Republik Indonesia kita tercinta ini. Upaya memajukan pendidikan haruslah didukung oleh masyarakat Indonesia secara menyeluruh dan juga aparat Pemerintah yang berwenang dalam hal ini Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Kita memang bisa berbangga dengan juaranya duta pendidikan Indonesia dalam kejuar aan Olimpiade Pendidikan Internasional dalam bidang fisika, komputer, dan Biologi dan semoga dunia pendidikan Indonesia bisa lebih berjaya lagi dari prestas-prestasi yang sudah diraih, dan lebih berguna dalam upaya Membangun Negara Republik Indonesia. Jayalah dunia Pendidikan Indonesia Pengamat dunia pendidikan Nasional Anggota Aliansi Pendidikan Indonesia 1999-2002 Ketua senat mahasiswa Universitas Surapati2005-2006 KRISTIAN SIRAIT http://kristiansirait.slide.com/ http://k12345t.blogs.friendster.com/relation/

title: User:KRISTIAN~enwikiversity


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User talk:Crochet.david

Picture I uploaded
Hello, you contacted me about my picture copyright license. I am new in here. The picture I have uploaded is me, it is owned by me. I took that picture last week myself, and then uploaded it on Facebook and here. Well, I have edited the page you mentioned. Go back and see if I was in a right track. Thanks--Mildlywild 17:23, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Bloom Clock
Hi David... not sure what you're looking for exactly, but here's the basics:

The Bloom Clock was the first research project started on the English Wikiversity in August, 2006. The aim of the project is to collect bloom time data for as many plants as possible from as many regions as possible. Participants contribute by simply recording what plants they saw flowering on a particular day in a particular part of the world by signing the logs (using four tildes), and adding templates to the profile pages marking a plant as blooming during a particular month in that region.

During 2007 we began organizing these into regional keys (see, e.g., Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania), which can help people unfamiliar with plants to identify something they saw (and hopefully add data as well). For 2008, we are trying to come up with "global keys" that can match seasons to calander months in particular regions (see Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate for progress so far).

Aside from simply making the identification keys and creating a global language for bloom time, the data will also be matched to plant pests and diseases for agricultural uses (see Phenology). --SB_Johnny | talk 11:23, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

correcting my links
Hi Crochet.david Thanks for correcting my links and showing me the right way to make links.

Noura 16:25, 23 June 2008 (UTC)NouraRaslan

Request addition to bot
I have a suggestion for enhancing your bot. Currently there is a problem that any changes made by your bot obscure the previous change from the watchlist. The ArchiveBot solves this issue by adding the user name and timestamp for the previous modification to the current edit summary. Therefore, I would like to request the same addition to your bot.

Here's an excerpt from my watchlist showing a comparison of output from both bots:

 * 12 August 2009

 * (diff) (hist) . . b English Language Reference Desk; 10:51 . . (-1,119) . . ArchiveBot (Talk | contribs) (Archived 1 section to English Language Reference Desk/Archives/2009 - last edit by User:ArchiveBot (8/11/2009 12:50:15 PM))

 * 11 August 2009

 * (diff) (hist) . . mb School:Physics/Help desk; 19:34 . . (-5) . . Crochet.david.bot (Talk | contribs) (Robot: Correcting and improving links wiki)

Thanks, StuRat 20:04, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

as per...
what? (no redirects to user space from main namespace) Thanks. Emesee mobi 07:42, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Vous pouvez me dire ce que vous avez essayé à faire, et je pourrais traduire, si la langue est une problème. The Jade Knight (d'viser) 12:40, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Cette page, qui fait parti de l'espace de nommage principal (main), contient une redirection vers cette page qui est dans l'espace de nommage User. Ceci n'est pas logique puisque l'espace de nommage principal (main) ne doit contenir que des articles "encyclopédiques". C'est pour cela que j'ai proposé la suppression de cette page.
 * This page, which in the main namespace, is a redirection to this page which is in the User namespace. This is not logical because main namespace should contain only " encyclopedic " articles. That is why I proposed the deletion of this page. Crochet.david 13:22, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Note of thanks
Dear Mr Crochet, I saw your assistance here. Now i know how to refer to wikipedia pages easily. :-) Red1 21:50, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Thanks again for your assistance Mr. Crochet and I appreciate the value of image copyright and protection from my entry in December 2007. I appreciate and agree with your editing of the file and also your tireless energies to keep Wikiversity such a user-friendly exercise and resource. Joel Lamoure 14:32, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

You're really from France? I am new at Wikiversity and I have already met two other users from Germany and another from Pakistan. Topeka 15:49, 20 February 2011 (CST)

My Pictures
Hello, you contacted me about the pictures I uploaded. I can safely say that I have created them myself using paint and nothing but paint. I am very new to wikipedia so I am not clear how to act when it comes to copyright issues. I only care about the science part. I'll try to fix the issues.
 * When you upload a file, select a correct licence in the list.Crochet.david 18:39, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

upload, clovis man
I am unable to confirm the precise license of 'clovis man'. Myself, I am no longer linking it in any page. my recommendation is too delete it. Sorry for the inconveniance I caused. --Jolie 12:56, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * To tell a delete resquet add   in the image's page. After, a sysop will done it. Crochet.david 20:03, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Images
'''I AM THE IMAGE HOLDER THAT THERE WERE SOME ISSUES WITH THE COPY RIGHT MATERIAL. PLEASE FOLLOW THIS LINK ''' [].

THANK YOU
 * This information not need to be say to me, but need to add the correct licence with the correct licence template as indicate in your talk page.Crochet.david 16:02, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Olin Sustainability Course Plan
Do you know how to put the images right into the article itself? That would be ideal. The media approach worked for the first two images, but not the third. I'm not exactly sure why, but the third is the only one not in the /commons folder (though I did get it from wikipedia).
 * I've changed the wiki code to put the media file correctly, but the third is not on common, so, to use the third in this wiki, it must be transfered in commons. Crochet.david 17:30, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Wiktionary links
Thankyou for editing the Wiktionary links on my page, I wondered how to do it, but I didn't know where to look for the information and the external links worked so I went with them.--Graeme E. Smith 17:42, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Crochet David Bot
Your bot, was recently used to change categories, on one of my projects, yet it is claimed to be an interwiki link bot. Are the categories interwiki?--Graeme E. Smith 14:08, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Which category ?Crochet.david 16:25, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It changed Artificial Consciousness to Artificial consciousness--Graeme E. Smith 18:03, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, as has been requested on this page

Affiliation Lines in an Article
Hi, recently you changed the Affiliation Lines in an Article I was writing into links. I changed them back, but included a nowiki tag to indicate that they are really text rather than links. I probably should have done that in the first place, but hadn't realized it was necessary.--Graeme E. Smith 21:51, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

bot use
Are you running a bot through this account? --JWSchmidt 17:13, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No, my bot account is User:crochet.david.bot.Crochet.david 19:20, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * When you are rapidly adding templates to many pages do you look at the pages? For example, did you look at the information provided by the uploader at File:Vb ide.gif? Was the template you added to that page really appropriate? --JWSchmidt 20:55, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes. There was no response from the previous application which is more than one year. This notice will remind the user when they next login or receive a mail by configuring the preferences. In addition, the banner now placed in the file will allow deletion without problem, because now everyone knows that there is a problem of source and/or licenses and for how long. Crochet.david 17:09, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
 * "problem of source and/or licenses" <-- what is the problem in this particular case? --JWSchmidt 17:19, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No license indicate (with the appropriate template to properly categorize the file).Crochet.david 17:40, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, it is better
Thank you. Pdfpdf 04:26, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Category User de-1
Sorry I deleted the iw links. That must have happened when creating the equivatent category for Afrikaans. G RUNNEN O VERLEG 18:53, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

deletion
Are you running a bot from this account? Are you notifying editors when you are trying to delete their image contributions to Wikiversity? --JWSchmidt 20:13, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
 * No, this account is a human account. I notice the user once time if it not add the licence indication of a serie of image as User:DanAV25 (see the point 4 of the user talk message for the copyright problem).Crochet.david 20:22, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
 * A this time, 335 files have yet to receive this template, and 880 files have already received, making a total of 1215.Crochet.david 20:35, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Image:MG0684 102064640.PNG
All the images in Optimal Classification are released under the CCASAL and the GFDL or the GNU licenses. Please remove the tag unless your intent is to vandalize the article. Freshman 04:10, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * So you can put the good template in the good place and remove the alerte message on each image you have upload.Crochet.david 18:04, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright statements
So what are the choices for image licenses / copyright status tags on Wikiversity? If this were Commons, I would use. --Una Smith 19:39, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
 * So why don't you upload on Commons in this way ? Crochet.david 19:53, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Because I doubt the image would be of any interest to anyone, except on the Wikiversity page on which I use it. --Una Smith 01:51, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikimedia Commons is not only used by the wiki of the Wikimedia Foundation. But to all over that select Wikimedia Commons as shared directory. So, for more a thousand wikis.Crochet.david 06:51, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * My question remains: how exactly am I supposed to tag the images I upload here?  --Una Smith 01:52, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * This tag is not in Wikiversity template, so use Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons is the Wikimedia Foundation project for receive all media.Crochet.david 06:51, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Erroneous edit
Thanks for robotting around but I had to remove one of your edits. --fasten 21:31, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Here is another one that didn't lead to intended result: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Assistant_teacher_program_for_asylum_seekers#Mentoring
 * The link was displayed as numbered references before your edit and became an internal reference afterwards. For numbered links it may be important to preserve the appearance of the link, otherwise the result may look chaotic. --fasten 07:54, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
 * If you want to not that a bot change a page, add nobots
 * Here is yet another one: n:en:de:... . The change was made to Assistant_teacher_course/Teachers'_handbook/Classroom_management --fasten 09:58, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
 * = . Crochet.david 15:22, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Same problem again: The bot changed into commons:File:Pilingual_Primer.pdf in Post-information society/Frequently asked questions. The numbered link was meant to be short, of course. The new link is not short. Could you fix the bot to create internal links that are as short as numbered links? --fasten 19:02, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Bot : Fixed character encoding
This bot is breaking code examples, eg. Web Design/The Structure of HTML (Revision 19:03, 9 February 2010) and Web Design/What is HTML (Revision 10:54, 2 January 2010). I fixed those two, but I haven't thoroughly checked the rest of the Web Design pages. Can you please reverse any changes similar to these that are left over? Xhva 11:54, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

OK. I'm sorry. I want to invite to history of ottoman empire course only. Good works... --Bermanya 19:58, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Simulations and Gaming Archive
Hi, thought you might be interested in this: Portal:Simulation and Gaming Archive! Leutha 09:37, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

When you need custodial action here.
I moved your fulfilled request on the Colloquium to Request custodian action, which is the best page to use at this point to gain general custodial attention, where discussion is not needed. Just a note re optimization, your contributions here are, as SBJ said, appreciated. Thanks. --Abd 18:56, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

edits of Crochet.david on is.wikipedia
I find your edits on is.wiki unusual. It is quite obvious that every single one of your contributions on is.wiki are bot edits on a human account. I think you allready know that it is expected that contributors create a sepreate account for bots (and bot edits). This will have to get fixed, one way or another.--Snaevar 17:57, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Bot inactivity
Thank you for your many productive contributions! The bot flag for User:Crochet.david.bot is now set to expire[] for this account on 2 May 2019 per inactivity. "The bot flag may be removed after 2 or more years of bot inactivity. The bot operator will be notified on their talk page and the flag will be re-granted if the operator expresses an interest in resuming bot activity." Bots Please ping a crat if you would like to become active again and the flag will be immediately restored. I do hope you will consider continuing participation here. --mikeu talk 23:44, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crochet.david


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Arch/quiz2

Knowledge Check 1
Read the following questions and select the best answer. When you are finished making your selection, click the "Submit" button.

{What colour is a Frog: - RED - WHITE - BLUE + GREEN
 * type=""}

{His favourite meal is Insects. + True - False
 * type=""}

{Frogs croak. + True - False
 * type=""}

{ The most famous frog is: + Kermit - Gordon - Stuart - Reg
 * type=""}

title: Arch/quiz2


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BCP/Rumex

Rumex

title: BCP/Rumex


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BCP/Rumex/Logs

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:00, 28 May 2008 (UTC) (probably R. obtusifolius)

title: BCP/Rumex/Logs


text: Category:Science as religion

title: Category:Science as religion


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Gender

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between and from masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e. the state of being male, female or intersex), sex-based social structures (including gender roles and other social roles), or gender identity.

Gender studies is a field for interdisciplinary study devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis. This field includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies and LGBT studies.

A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on their actual or perceived sex. These are usually centered on opposing conceptions of femininity and masculinity, although there are myriad exceptions and variations. The specifics regarding these gendered expectations may vary substantially among cultures, while other characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures. There is ongoing debate as to what extent gender roles and their variations are biologically determined, and to what extent they are socially constructed.

Readings

 * Gender
 * Gender studies
 * Gender role

Resources

 * Gender and Sexual Minorities in Appalachia
 * Gender and Representation of Asian American Women

title: Gender


text: Category:Psychology resources

title: Category:Psychology resources


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Template:Survey research and design in psychology

==Usage== ==What it shows== Lectures | Tutorials | Assessment
 * A navigation bar template for transcluding on Survey research and design in psychology pages


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User:Tomholloway

This is my self-introduction
I am a retired IBM Systems Engineer now active in the international organisation for retired (but not retiring) people which is known as The University of the Third Age, a completely voluntary body. I am webmonger to the main international activity website - and advise on setup of websites and wikis (of which we have many).

We run international email projects for interactive learning, the most current can be found at

As part of my duties I run a monthly newsletter service - Signpost - and the archive can be found at

I live in India for six months of every year and have only recently found my way to Wikiversity, but I am keen to take part at any level that might be useful to the community at large, especially where it might help with rural development in South-East Asia.

Tom Holloway

title: User:Tomholloway


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User:Julijane

 * Welcome on my user page. My home project is German wikinews.

title: User:Julijane


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User talk:Tomholloway

 Hello Tomholloway, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 12:34, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack(Russell). I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

 * ping, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) PS: Tag a learning project with completion status !! 23:33, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Tom, I got your message. Welcome to Wikiversity! Don't worry about editing in the right place - just start off editing, and we'll be happy to show you all the conventions that are used here. --HappyCamper 04:13, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tomholloway


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Boundary Value Problems/3-D Spherical/Legendre's equation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre_polynomialsLegendre_polynomials


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Boundary Value Problems/Bessel's equation

Bessel's Equation is a differential equation that occurs quite often in science and engineering. The Bessel's equation will occur in the solution of BVPs and is part of the classical solution process.Therefore is handled here as a topic of special interest. Using power series as a form for a solution of the differential equation results in solutions of a polynomial form called Bessel polynomials

Return To Main Page of Boundary Value Problems


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User talk:Poetlister

 Hello Poetlister, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 13:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

Welcome back
There was an RfD filed over your translation project, someone should have notified you, I'd think. Non-Wikiversitans, even if very sophisticated as to, say, Wikipedia policy, often have no clue as to what we are about. This is a radically inclusive environment, much more like academia than reductionist publications. See. Be nice. There isn't a snowballs' chance that this will be deleted, my opinion. But we do occasionally have a little weird politics, like all wikis. I'll be watching. Good luck. --Abd 03:54, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Refiled at the same link. The discussion of 'how to translate' and biography are fine; the duplication of wikisource work is out of scope. –SJ + >
 * In addition to my response on the RfD page, I dropped Sj a note explaining how Wikiversity and Wikiversity resources differ greatly from page concepts at other WMF wikis. --Abd 18:27, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

astronomy
Hello, thought you might be interested in Observational astronomy. --mikeu talk 12:58, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * An interesting activity for meteor observing might be to encourage Visual Meteor Observation. I plan on using a wide field of view digital camera to record meteors as I've previously described at SkyCam/Testing. --mikeu talk 16:22, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

new learning project
I mentioned the idea that we could start a learning project at Wikiversity and explore the truth about Wikimedia participants: Edit using your real name. I think that page should be part of the initiative from the WMF Board for Openness. --JWSchmidt 16:55, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Could use a statistician
I'm wondering if you'd like to co-author a study that would be kind of fun? -- Thekohser 17:41, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

RFC
An RFC on a global ban for you has been opened on Meta. You are invited to respond there. –SJ + > 17:46, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * A proper notice, but too late, suggesting that Poetlister comment after a large number of very hostile comments have come in is like asking him to walk outside, please, where the firing squad is assembled and waiting. Normally, users are noticed about process concerning them immediately, so that they may immediately respond before the "jury" has spoken. Many users who comment early on will never again look at the process. In fact, normal dispute resolution process would be to ask a user to cease problematic activity before even starting community process like RfC.

 * Still, Poetlister is not blocked on meta, and should be allowed to comment if he chooses. However, this user is only active at Wikiversity, and should not have to defend that activity in some other venue. The meta RfC is entirely in the wrong place, where Poetlister will find himself surrounded by an active body of users out to prevent him from editing here based on allegations about activity elsewhere. Sj, I strongly urge you to act to seek close of that RfC as premature, that if there is a problem with Poetlister editing Wikiversity, such problems should always be addressed on the involved wiki. Only if a true global problem emerges should it be addressed globally, and even there, tradition is strong that local wikis can opt out of global "solutions." There is no global problem, the only global activity around Poetlister, shown in any of the evidence, is old, and the true problems are very old.

 * Poetlister, if you do comment at meta, I suggest you carefully avoid defending yourself. Instead, present your willingness, if this is the case, to answer questions about your past, ancient and recent, openly and honestly, without defense or self-justification, and without attacking those who have criticized you. What happened happened, just let it be that, so that everyone can move on. If you are tempted to counterattack, sit on your hands or something. If you are asked a question that you don't choose to answer, say so, do not be evasive. Do not even attack the question as improper. Just say no, i.e, "no comment," or whatever is appropriate. Let others defend you, if that is to happen. (If it doesn't happen, shame on the community.) If users err in the defense, correct them as well. "Thanks for AGF, but I done wrong."

 * Whatever argument you present in your defense will just make you look worse, unless it is matter-of-fact and necessary. Just the facts. --Abd 18:20, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Poetlister elected to not respond at meta, and, from the history that I have reviewed, that may have been a rational decision. It would simply have increased in volume an already-disruptive process, without changing the result at all. --Abd 16:40, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Global lock of Poetlister accounts
Per global ban discussion at meta, Poetlister has been globally locked. This means that Poetlister cannot edit any WMF wiki using the linked SUL account with that name. The local account may be used if it is delinked, which requires a bureaucrat, and has been done with prior global bans. If anyone wishes to contact him, the email function works. --Abd 16:37, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Due to the above described lock, Poetlister has been unable to correct and improve Averages. He did the work at, and requested my assistance at bringing this to Wikiversity. As he is a user in good standing here, I am assisting without specific review of the material, but I will review any changes to the page. He could have made the same changes himself as an IP editor, with disclosure of his identity.) I thank him for his work on behalf of Wikiversity. --Abd 14:40, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Many thanks.--Poetlister 12:01, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

I've blocked your alternate account pending consensus to allow you to bypass the global lock. --SB_Johnny talk 22:03, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I am opening up Poetlister1 for communication, changing the redirect. Poetlister1, being blocked, cannot now edit this page. I will copy the comment here to that talk page. --Abd 22:14, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Abd. I hadn't thought of that! --SB_Johnny talk 22:15, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Your alternate account, Poetlister1
This note is to confirm that I've verified, with you personally, based on email contact with known Poetlister email address (as may be reached through the Wikiversity interface), that you are Poetlister1, confirming that the edits Poetlister1 made to connect these accounts were actually made by you, and you are responsible for Poetlister1 edits.

I will also confirm, for possible interest of stewards responding to a request to lock Poetlister1, that you are editing with my understanding and consent as a Wikiversity administrator, and that I am watching your edits to ensure that there is no disruptive behavior. I'll confirm as well that I have seen no disruption from you at Wikiversity at all, since you began editing here. You are an editor in good standing here, and welcome as that. --Abd 21:41, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poetlister


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Boundary Value Problems/Series Solutions

In your Calculus course you were introduced to Power Series and the representation of certain types of functions using Taylor series.

$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infin} \frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!} (x-a)^{n}\,,$$ where n! is the factorial of n and f(n)(a) denotes the nth derivative of f evaluated at the point a; the zeroth derivative of f is defined to be f itself and (x − a)0 and 0! are both defined to be 1.

If the Taylor series converges to $$ f(x) $$ we write $$ f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infin} \frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!} (x-a)^{n}\,,$$

Return to Boundary Value Problems


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User:Vvb900

Vivienne

Geography: Southeast US

Hobbies: Reading, Scrapbooking and Ice Skating

Positons Held: Technical Writer, Editor, Photographer, Trainer, Print Model

title: User:Vvb900


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User talk:Vvb900

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) PS: Tag a learning project with completion status !! 15:46, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 Hi! Our name is Vicky-Verity. We are twins and are Wikiversity mascots. We think Wikiversity is a great place to learn and make friends (when we aren't sleeping). Leave us a message!

 Hello Vvb900, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) PS: Tag a learning project with completion status !! 15:46, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome and hello to the mascots ( and what adorable mascots they are!) vvb900

title: User talk:Vvb900


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User talk:Kufajack

young man, now tell me where you get your skill from? you must have gotten them from a Foreign land, you speak too tight to be african man

confirmed African

title: User talk:Kufajack


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User talk:Hoogli

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) PS: Tag a learning project with completion status !! 15:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack(Russell). I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

 Hello Hoogli, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;

 * [ Ask] a question or discuss Wikiversity issues at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) PS: Tag a learning project with completion status !! 15:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoogli


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Category:Cybernetics

This category is for articles listed under "Cybernetics"

title: Category:Cybernetics


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Category:Automation

This category is for articles listed under "Automation"

title: Category:Automation