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Comparative law and justice/Uruguay

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

Basic Information
Uruguay is located in southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil. Uruguay’s capital Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in 1726. Montevideo’s current population is estimated to be 1.34 million. Uruguay is comparable in size to Oklahoma. Uruguay's total population is roughly 3,334,052.

Uruguay currently holds a higher percentage of females than males. According to 2008 statics, 51.8 percent of the Uruguay's population is made up females and the other 48.2 percent of the population is made up of males. Uruguayans age breakdown are as follows: "Ages 0-14 amount for 14% of the population, 15-64 amounts for 63.2%, and 65 and above amounts for 13.7% of Uruguayans population."

Uruguay ranks 90th globally in total land area coming in at 176,220 sq km. According to 2006 statistics Roman Catholic's make up 47.1% of all Uruguayans, 11.1% non-Catholic Christians, 23.2%nondenominational, 0.3% Jewish, 17.2% atheist or agnostic, and 1.1% of other. Although Christianity is practiced by nearly half of the Uruguayans population, Uruguay is a secular country so it doesn't have an official religion. Uruguay's current key ethnic groups are as follows: white 88%, Mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian. (practically nonexistent)

Spanish is Uruguay’s primary language and is spoken by almost all Uruguayans. Uruguay also has a hybrid language called Portunol or Brazilero which is Portuguese-Spanish mix. This first evolved on the Brazilian and Uruguay border. Uruguay’s GDP is ranked globally on three reputable organizations. The three most reputable groups who rank the GDP the most accurately according largest GDP to lowest GDP are International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the CIA. By taking the ranks of all three reputable groups and averaging them, Uruguay ranks 83 on a list of about 185 countries. Uruguay’s GDP per capita according to 2009 estimates is $12,600.

Uruguay primarily relies on foreign sales of wool, hides, and meat products to make up their exports. Uruguay’s major export commodity is surprisingly automobiles. These exports amount for a staggering 68% of their total exports. Uruguay also exports 19% in meat, 9.4% in leather, and 7.2% in rice. Other exports include dairy products coming in at 5.5% and textile yarn at 5.0%. “According to 2000's estimates, Uruguay's imports were distributed among the following categories: consumer goods, 17.4%; food, 9.0%; fuels, 15.4%; industrial supplies, 31.9%; machinery, 16.0%; and transport, 10.4%.” Trade with Brazil and Argentina accounts for about half of Uruguay's trade.

"Infant mortality rate in Uruguay:   total: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births Based on these statistics, if a Uruguayan woman conceives a child, there is 1.132% chance out of every 1000 birth the child will not survive. Country comparison to the world: 150 Based on these statistics, if a Uruguayan woman conceives a child, there is 1.132% chance out of every 1000 birth the child will not survive. Males: 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 9.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)”

"Life expectancy at birth:   Total population: 76.35 years Country comparison to the world: 68 Male: 73.1 years Female: 79.72 years (2010 est.)"

"Literacy:   Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 98% Male: 97.6% Female: 98.4% (2003 est.)"

"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):   Total: 15 years Male: 14 years Female: 16 years (2006)"

Brief History
In the 1500s Spain and Portugal claimed most of central and South America. The territory that is now known as present day Uruguay was once part of The Spanish Empire during the 1500's. Within this time frameThe Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire vastly covered modern day South America. Prior to European settlement, Uruguay was inhabited by indigenous people, the Charrúas people. The territory that is now Uruguay is on the eastern side of the Uruguay River. The major city of Montevideo was not founded until 1624. When development within the Spanish Empire did come, it was as much from a fear that the Portuguese might extend their empire to the banks of the Rio de la Plata and complicate Spanish trade with the interior, as from any attraction of the territory. During the colonial period the territory that is known as modern day Uruguay was known as the Eastern Bank. (Banda Oriental)

Governance

Uruguay is a multiparty presidential representative democratic republic. President of Uruguay makes much of the nation’s decision making and is head of the state and government. Within the Constitution of 1967, which is Uruguay's current constitution, much of the power is designated to the president, but it’s subjected to legislative and judicial checkpoints to disallow absolute power. The President of Uruguay is elected by a majority vote from the people.

Goverment and Elections
Uruguay's authentic name is the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Uruguay’s authentic name is makes it apparent that Uruguay is a constitutional republic. Uruguay is a republic with two legislative houses. Its head of state and government are the president.

The executive power in Uruguay would be held by The President of Uruguay him self. Uruguayans have made it a point to allow the president to hold a tremendous amount of responsibly and power. Cabinet of Uruguay makes up The Council of Ministers, and The Council of Ministers is said to be the primary source to relay information to the President of Uruguay. The General Assembly of Uruguay is held by The Vice President of Uruguay and The Senate of Uruguay. A simple majority vote is the way in which President of Uruguay and The Vice President of Uruguay are elected to five-year terms. In order to qualify to vote in Uruguay, one must be at least thirty-five years of age, native born, and in full possession of one's civil rights. After a period following their election, the President of Uruguay and The Vice President of Uruguay are then sworn in before the two chambers which are, The Chambers of Deputies and the The Chambers of Senators and then finally in front of  General Assembly of Uruguay. The President of Uruguay and The Vice President of Uruguay would then take office in March."

President of Uruguay responsibility consists of publishing laws and then keeping the laws enforced. He is also responsible for informing The General Assembly of Uruguay of proposed improvements and reforms. He would also making any personal objections or suggestions on any bills sent by The General Assembly of Uruguay that cover He also has the power to propose any bill or bills he foresees necessary which would be submitted to both chambers, and also amendments to laws previously enacted. He is also responsible to confer with both civilian and military offices, and ultimately has the power to remove any civil servant or servants he deems necessary only with consent from The Senate.

"The Council of Ministers cabinet ministers are appointed by The President of Uruguay and the president of The Central Bank of Uruguay. A simple majority vote is done by each chamber of the General Assembly to select the cabinet members. In order to qualify as a member you must be native-born citizens in full possession of their civil rights, and at least thirty years of age. The Chamber of Representatives and are able to remove any member of the cabinet at anytime by impeachment but, this must be approved by the Senate."

"The Legislature also known as the bicameral General Assembly enacted laws and regulates the administration of justice. General Assembly of Uruguay consists of the thirty-member Senate, thirty senators, the ninety-nine-member Chamber of Representatives and the vice president of the republic, who presided over it as well as the General Assembly and had both a voice and a vote in Senate deliberations. The only way a vice president can ever assume presidency, is if the senator heading the list of the party received the most votes in the last election. "

Five year terms are given to members of both legislative bodies by a system of proportional representation. Nineteen administrative subdivisions of the country make up The Chamber of Representatives. Each of these nineteen departments has at least two representatives. The members of the Senate are also elected by the people but, only when the entire country represents a single electoral district. “To qualify to become a member of the General Assembly you must to be a natural born citizen or legal citizens with seven years exercise of their rights. To qualify as a senator you had to be at least thirty years of age, and representatives had to be at least twenty-five years of age."

"The Chamber of Representatives can impeach any member of either chamber, the President of Uruguay, The Vice President of Uruguay, cabinet ministers, judges of the Supreme Court of Justice, or other judges. The Senate is responsible for trying these impeachment cases and can remove or deny a person of a position by a two-thirds vote.

The Senate is in session from mid-March to mid-December. When is session they spend much their time considering nominations for positions, and they also propose removals from office which must be submitted by the executive. This allows the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives to share equal power and duties. Either branch can propose a bill. The bill can only be sent to the executive power to be published, only if both chambers approve the proposed bill. If the president denies any portion of the bill, the General Assembly has to power to approve other portion of the bill."

"The most important duties of the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate are electing the members of the Supreme Court of Justice and the three quasi-judicial autonomous entities which include the Accounts Tribunal, the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, and the Electoral Court. The reason this is such an important duty is because of the tremendous power The Supreme Court ensues."

"The Accounts Tribunal was to report to the appropriate authority all irregularities in the management of public funds or infractions of budgetary and accounting laws. The Accounts Tribunal covered all financial activities of the state organs, departmental governments, and autonomous agencies. The Accounts Tribunal consisted of seven members appointed by a two-thirds vote of the full membership of the General Assembly."

"The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal heards pleas for the nullification of final administrative acts that were considered contrary to law or an abuse of authority made by the administration, state organs, and departmental governments. The tribunal was composed of five judges appointed by the General Assembly for ten-year terms."

The Electoral Court, is a court that oversees all elections and results from election that are related to any party of Uruguayan government. Within the Uruguay Constitution, Section XVIII is what The Electoral Court base law.

The judiciary is headed by The Supreme Court of Justice which is located in Montevideo. They consist of ‘six appellate courts’ which deal with civil matters, criminal matters, and labor matters. The Supreme Court is responsible for preparing budgets for the judiciary, and would then need to submit them to the General Assembly for approval. They are also responsible for proposing all legislation that has any role in the function of courts, they also appoint all judges to the appellate courts, and nominates all judges and all judicial officials. They are the only court that can declare any law passed unconstitutional passé by General Assembly or any court. They also oversee any conflicts that are in connection with diplomats and international treaties. Any issues regarding foreign courts would also be considered the responsibility of The Supreme Court.

A conference that takes place in which consists of the two chambers which are, The Chambers of Deputies and the The Chambers of Senators and also The General Assembly of Uruguay is where the five members of the Supreme Court of Justice are decided and appointed. In order to qualify as a nominee, the individual must be between the age of forty and seventy years old, native-born citizens in full possession of civil rights, “or legal citizens with ten years' exercise of their rights and twenty-five years of residence within the country. They also had to have been a lawyer for ten years or to have been a judge or member of the Public Ministry for eight years.”

All appellate courts are also located in Montevideo, which have “three judges whom are appointed by the Supreme Court of Justice with the consent of the Senate. To be a member, one had to be at least thirty-five years of age, a native-born citizen or legal citizen for seven years, and a lawyer with at least eight years of experience or otherwise engaged in a law-related profession for at least six years. An appellate court judge was obliged to retire by age seventy. These courts did not have original jurisdiction but heard appeals from lower courts. The appellate courts divided responsibilities for civil matters (including matters concerning commerce, customs, and minors), as well as for criminal and labor affairs."

The country holds 224 judicial divisions, each having a justice of the peace court, which is known to be the lowest level of courts. All 224 justices of the peace are elevated by The Supreme Court of Justice for four-year terms. The requirement in order to be elected is, the member must be at least twenty-five years of age, a native-born citizens or legal citizens for two years who is in full possession of all civil rights. “Those who served in Montevideo Department and the capitals and major cities of other departments had to be lawyers; those in rural areas had to be either lawyers or notaries. Their jurisdiction was limited to cases involving eviction, breach of contract, collection of rent, and all small claims commercial and business cases."

Past and present Constitutions
The First Constitution for Uruguay was established 1830 and lasted until 1918. Uruguay became independent on August 27, 1828. The majority of this constitution was formed by the brightest and most powerful intellectuals from the period of the American and French revolution. Within this constitution, its purpose was to divide the government among the executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The sole purpose of dispersing the power between executive, legislative, and judicial powers was to prevent a handful of individuals from holding too much power, much like their current constitution. In this The First Constitution, ThePresident of Uruguay could only hold a term for 4 years, but in Uruguay's current constitution its five years.

The Second Constitution was created in 1918, and was abided until 1933. The largest change within this constitution was the separation or church and state. The second most important change was the new power that was designated to President of Uruguay. He was now responsible for foreign relations, national security, and agriculture, and the National Council of Administration. The formation of the colegiado which took place during this constitution, consisted of nine members. Of those nine members, six were elected from the majority party, and three were elected from the minority party, which again was supposed to help disperse power." Soon after the colegiado was created, it was said that a large amount of corruption and inefficiencies’ became apparent. Since the president and the colegiado members help equal power, many decisions were disagreed upon which made it near impossible to enact laws, which ultimately lead to economic and social crises that swept the country. Marking the end of the second constitution (1933), it led to a presidential coup of 1933. To simply put it, the president used military force and all of his power to assume full control.

The Third Constitution dated from 1933 until 1942. Following the forceful demise of the colegiado, the president found himself limited to absolute due to the shared decision making with the minister. At this time the senate was divided between a group called the Blanco’s and a group called the Colorado’s, which were in fact two long standing prominent political families. The group that received the most and second most votes automatically received 50% of the senate seats, allowing these two families to hold power for a long period of time.

The Fourth Constitution dated from 1942 until 1951. In 1939, an electoral law was passed which made to help disallow the formation of coalitions from forming a party that would ultimately endanger the existing two party system, which didn't function well either. During this constitution Independent Nationalists were now allowed to participate as a new political party too. The Fourth Constitution was submitted and "approved by 77 percent of the electorate. As amended on November 19, 1942, the constitution retained the presidency, restored the General Assembly, implemented strict proportional representation in the Senate, and abolished the mandatory co-participation imposed by the 1934 constitution for ministries and boards of autonomous entities."

The Fifth Constitution existed from 1951 until 1967. In 1952 the colegiado was put back into effect and yet again abolished due to the lack of control the president wanted.

The Sixth Constitution dated from 1967 to present. This article consists of sixty-five articles that were primarily enacted to protect the rights of citizens. “The document provided for freedom of religion, thought, speech and press, peaceful assembly and association, collective bargaining, movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration and repatriation, respect for political rights, and the inviolability of property and privacy. The constitution did not provide for a state religion, although Roman Catholicism predominated, or for capital punishment.” Under this constitution existed two forms of citizenships, One being natural born, and the other being legal, which was defined as individuals with at least three years' residence Uruguay who have had family in Uruguay, or five years' residence for those without family within Uruguay's. The constitution also gave the right to free primary and secondary education.

A copy of the Uruguay’s constitution can be found at this source.

Courts and Criminal Law
In order to become a lawyer and practice law within Uruguay, the individual must first obtain a degree of law and social sciences from the the University of the Republic. Within Uruguay it takes approximately six years to obtain a degree of law. It’s required that you must at least be “twenty-one years of age, listed in the Register of Lawyers maintained by the Supreme Court of Justice, not be under indictment for a crime penalized by corporal punishment, and not have been convicted of a crime.” In 1980 a public defender system was created to assist citizens who could not afford representation in the court of law. These public defenders are appointed by the president and the minister of justice.

Under the The constitution individuals have the right to a fair trial. Defendants have a presumption of innocence. Juries are not used in Uruguay. The majority of trials are made up of written arguments to the judge, which rarely makes it public. Those who do not have a lawyer are rewarded one at the states expense. Defendants also have the right to consult with an attorney. There are three parties that have access to all documents to the partial written recorded, and those individuals consist of the judge, prosecutor, and defense attorney. All defendants have a right of appeal. The law extends these rights to all citizens.

Punishment
If an individual person violates Uruguay's laws, they are subject to arrest or imprisoned. Penalties for trafficking of humans or trafficking illegal drugs have severe penalties in Uruguay. These offenders typically face long jail sentences and heavy fines.

Corporal punishment is banned in Uruguay as of November 2007. The name of this law in Uruguay is “Proyecto de Ley Sustitutivo – Prohibición del castigo físico.” The death penalty was abolished in 1907 under the constitution.

Law decree N° 14.294, Art. 31: “Whoever is in possession of a minimal quantity, destined for personal consumption, will be exempted from punishment.” Uruguay has never criminalized the possession of drugs for personal use. There is no quantity limits on the amount of drugs one can conceal. The judge is the sole determinant of what the intent of the drugs were for. If in fact the judge rules that the drugs found where for personal consumption, there would be no sanctions put in place.

Prisons

Uruguay holds 6,947 in total prisoners. This is based on a population of 3.6 million. The prison  population rate (per 100,000 of national population) is 193. Prisoners in Uruguay remain in crowded cells up to twenty-three hours or more each day. Pre-trial detainees are held together with convicted prisoners.

Uruguay is known for having extremely poor prison conditions. Uruguay prisons lack maintenance and therefore age and deteriorate much faster than most prisons. Uruguay officials do allow human rights groups to monitor prison conditions. Many human rights groups complain that food is scare and most of the time unsanitary. Bedding and clothing are scarce and of poor quality. Due to fund restrictions and space restrictions, medical care, recreation, and training areas are also poor. .

These prisons are overcrowded due to continued stiff minimum sentencing matrix. “A high rate of recidivism and the arrest of a large number of first time offenders countered the early release program begun in 2005. The overcrowding caused sanitation, social, and health problems in the major facilities. Renovations began on the maximum security prison, Libertad, and according to the government's prison monitoring agency, the government repaired 800 prison cells. The government also began construction on cells for approximately 200 additional prisoners throughout the prison system. The government continued to hold some prisoners in modified shipping containers; these cells lacked running water and posed sanitation problems.” These facilities also suffer from major corruption and understaffing.

Uruguay prisons hold female and male prisoners in separate facilities. There are very few prisons in Uruguay that do imprison males and females in the same facility but imprison the two in different areas. In general, overall prison conditions tend to be significantly better for female prisoners than for male prisoners.".

In Uruguay, most juvenile offenders are placed in halfway houses that focus on rehabilitation. These facilities allow for residents to leave without restrictions, and also provided for educational opportunities vocational opportunities.

Law Enforcement
Uruguayan law enforcement has increased the numbers of patrol cars in residential areas. Uruguay has also increased uniformed police officers on foot in areas where criminal activity is centralized such as in the capital Montevideo. “Uruguayan patrol cars are clearly marked and equipped with cellular phones, with the phone numbers conspicuously painted on the vehicles.”

In 1829, The National Uruguay Police was formed and created as a subsidiary to The Ministry of Interior. Much like the United States, each Department is headed by a Police Chief. These police officers are appointed by President of Uruguay. Under Article 173 of the Constitution of Uruguay, President of Uruguay also has the power to remove any police chief he chooses at any time. The National Police of Uruguay are categorized as Montevideo Police, Interior Police, National Traffic Police, and National Corps of Firemen. Each of those four have their own separate administrations and operating agencies. For example, the Montevideo Police are separated into five operational and administrative divisions such as Investigation, Security, Support services, Intelligence, and Legal affairs.

“The Interior police are given the responsibility of coordinating activities of the police forces of each department. The national Traffic police are given the responsibility of controlling traffic on the road ways of Uruguay while the National Corps of Firemen were assigned the responsibility of fire prevention.” Under the taxonomy of types of police structures,Uruguay would fit under the Decentralized Multiple Coordinated System.

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
"The International Forensic Technologies (FTI) group has conducted a study that shows Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay as being the 3 safest countries in Latin America. FTI grades countries based on the level of insecurity according to a matrix. This information is sourced from police records and NGO's. The matrix grades safety according to a numerical order with 1 being the safest and 5 being the un-safe. All three countries Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay all receive level 2 of insecurity."

Crime in Uruguay tends to surround tourists locations. With that being said, petty crimes occur on a regular basis in Montevideo. Crimes are centralized in the more developed and popular areas. The most popular petty crimes are pick pocketing, grand theft auto, armed robberies, and street robberies. Home robberies are said to be on the rise in higher income neighborhoods."

Uruguay crime statics and ranks

“Assaults 10,544 [24th of 49]

Burglaries 11,184 [26th of 38]

Car thefts 4,517 [24th of 46]

Death penalty > Abolition date 1,907 [62nd of 64]

Drug offences 857 per 100,000 people [37th of 46]

Gun violence > Homicides > % homicides with firearms 35.2941  [10th of 32]

Gun violence > Homicides > Firearm homicide rate > per 100,000 pop. 2.5172  [11th of 32]

Gun violence > Homicides > Overall homicide rate > per 100,000 pop. 7.1321  [16th of 32]

Kidnappings 8 kidnappings [35th of 39]

Murders 217 [23rd of 49]

Murders committed by youths 36 [49th of 73]

Murders with firearms 109 [14th of 36]

Police 18,173 [28th of 47]

Prisoners 7,100 prisoners [81st of 168]

Prisoners > Per capita 209 per 100,000 people [36th of 164]

Rapes 303 [31st of 50]

Robberies 10,282 [14th of 47]

Software piracy rate 69% [42nd of 107]

Total crimes 134,010 [25th of 50]"

"Between 1998 and 2000, according to INTERPOL data, the rate of murder decreased from 8.47 to 6.67 per 100,000 population, a decrease of 21.3%. The rate for rape increased from 9.7 to 10.78, an increase of 11.1%. The rate of robbery increased from 138.06 to 195.15, an increase of 41.4%. The rate for aggravated assault increased from 119.51 to 128.83, an increase of 7.8%. The rate for burglary increased from 62.46 to 323.92, an increase of 418.6%. The rate of larceny decreased from 1164.09 to 554.28, a decrease of 52.4%. The rate of motor vehicle theft decreased from 137.43 to 126.12, a decrease of 8.2%. The rate of total index offenses decreased from 1639.72 to 1345.75, an increase of 17.9%."

One of the main issues surrounding police reporting in Uruguay is the lack of reporting. It is said that battered women report abuse ¼ of the time, and of this ¼, 20% are reported by the courts. Another major issue is ¾ of the victims do not report the abuse because they felt it could not solve their problem. Uruguay's Civil Law system is based on Spanish Civil Law.

"Oriental Republic of Uruguay (1967) at Art. 26 states: ‘the death penalty shall not be applied to anyone.’ Article 26 is included under Section II, ‘Rights, Duties and Guarantees’."

Family Law
Civil marriage was first recognized In 1837. The divorce rate in Uruguay has steadily increased 1 per 10,000 population in 1915 to 14 per 1,000 in 1985."

Uruguay is the first Latin American country to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. It has been said that adoption in Uruguay is very strict and also very slow, making it one of the harder Latin American countires to adopt from.

The divorce rate in Uruguay is 2.01%. In comparison to the United States which is 4.1%, Uruguay is roughly half the rate of the US. 2004 Uruguay 14300.00

Uruguay divorce rates

"2003 Uruguay 14003.00 1995 Uruguay 5710.00  1985 Uruguay 4144.00  1970 Uruguay 2927.00"

According to these statics, the number of divorces in Uruguay has grown 5 times its amount from 1970 to 2003.

Uruguay marriage rates

"2006 Uruguay 12415.00 2005 Uruguay 13075.00  1995 Uruguay 17504.00  1985 Uruguay 22276.00  1970 Uruguay 23668.00"

According to these statistics, Uruguay marriages have nearly decreased by 50% between 1970 to 2005.

The majority of Uruguayans are baptized and get married in churches, considering 60% of them are Roman Catholic. The legal age of marriage for both male and female is 18. The legal age to have sex for both female and male is 15.

Article 264.

(Illegal Marriages)

"The former case of bigamy, using violence or deceit, contract a marriage void, settling or mediating other impediments shall be punished with imprisonment from three to twenty four months in prison." This means that in the case that a person or couple is found to have performed an illegal marriage, the marriage will immediately be voided, and will be punished by 3 to 24 months in prison. This marriage could also be deemed illegal if the person is already lawfully married, yet goes through with another marriage.

In Uruguay when a parent passes away, the child will inherit 50% of that parent’s property by law. If it's jointly owned by husband and wife, the child or children will inherit 25% of the total property value in the case of a death of a parent. In the case the opposing parent refuses to give up a share of the estate, the court will over rule, and grant the child or children their share.

Human Rights and Social Inequalities
The Uruguay Constitution gives all individuals the right to a fair trial. Defendants have the benefit of a presumption of innocence as well.

Some Afro-Uruguayan minorities are currently facing an increased amount of societal discrimination. It also has been documented that continuous violence against women occurs on a normal basis. "

Since prostitution is legal for persons over the age of 18, (generally speaking about woman) it's no wonder woman are continuously discriminated against and become sex victims on a regular basis. There has been a number of documented cases where minors have been found engaging in prostitution and forced labor."

Individuals with HIV/AIDS have been known to be discriminated against based on documented cases.

“Although same-sex couples are now allowed to enter civil unions as of January 1st 2010, there are still occasional reports of nonviolent societal discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Uruguay has also been the first Latin American country to allow same-sex adoption."

"Within Uruguay, laws do prohibit all forms of trafficking in persons, but the country has been known for frequent sources of persons, transit point, and infrequently a destination for trafficked persons."

In Uruguay, your civil liberties are protected which include freedom of speech, internet freedom, Academic Freedom and Cultural Events, Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, freedom of religion and freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, repatriation and also included is protection of refugees.

The right to vote in Uruguay is given to every individual person over the age of 18 years. You must be a legal citizen, and must be registered at the Electoral Court and get a Civic Credential which enables this individual to cast a vote.

title: Comparative law and justice/Uruguay


text:
Comparative law and justice/Egypt

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

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Basic Information
The Country of Egypt has the 16th largest population in the world, of 78,866,635 this also makes it the 3rd most populated its Continent. This number is broken down with 33% falling between the ages of 0 and 14 (male 13,308,407/female 12,711,900), 62.7% falling between the ages of 15 and 64 (male 25,138,546/female 24,342,230), and 4.3% being older then 65 years old (male 1,546,774/female 1,818,778).

It Is located in the South East Hemisphere having a climate of a desert which consist of heavy heat,dry summers and moderate winters. It lies on the north east part of Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula. The total area of egypt is 1,001,450 sq km, 995,450 sq km of this area is land, only 6,000 sq km is water.

Egypt is known for its capital city of Cairo which has a population of 15,750,000. This city lies on the Nile river which was the bases of this cities growth, in its early years. Mainly due to the fact that the rest of the country is made of desert.

The Country of Egypt is very concentrated in its Religious and Ethnic background. 90% of the population Is Muslim most of which are Sunni Muslims, the rest are broken down between Coptic (9%) and Christian (1%). Parallel to this is the concentration of Ethnicity, in Egypt 99.6% of the people are Egyptian, the other 0.4% is broken down as other. Because the ethnic group of Egyptian is so heavy in Egypt the main language spoken is Arabic, it is the official language of the country and is know by the bulk of the population. The other two languages that are spoken mainly by the educated class are French and English.

Brief History
History: "The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/"

Economic Development, Health, and Education
Health and Edu. Infant mortality rate: total: 27.26 deaths/1,000 live births Life expectancy: total population: 72.12 years Male : 69.56 years Female : 74.81 years Literacy rate: total population: 71.4% male: 83% female: 59.4%

The Economic Development of Egypt Relies on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad. These things keep Egypt a economically well of country, though its Nile based culture is becoming strained due to a growing population and the fast pace of this age. The Gross Domestic product of Egypt is $469.8 billion, broken down per capita is %6,000.

Key industries of the country include: food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, and light manufactures. The Imports are machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, and fuels. The Exports consist of:crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food.

Governance
The country of Egypt is a Republic based on three separate branches(Executive, Parliament, and the Judiciary). There are 454-member legislature also know as the People's Assembly, elected for a five year term, with 10 deputies appointed directly by the President. The People's Assembly nominates the President who is confirmed by popular referendum for a six-year renewable term. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President.

The ruling law is The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt which is based on three basic principals "Peace through Freedom, Arab Unity, National Development and Freedom." This was adopted September 11, 1971 and amended in 1980, 2005 and 2007. This is Egypts 4th constitution since the deceleration of the republic and is known as the "Permanent Constitution".

Egypts first constitution was instated in 1965 after the overthrow of King Farouk, a monarch.

Courts and Criminal Law
In Egypt the style of trial is Inquisitorial. The role of the judge is to make the decision of guilt or innocence. The President appoints all judges upon recommendation of the Higher Judicial Council, a constitutional body composed of senior judges and chaired by the president of the Court of Cassation. The judicial system is based on the Napoleonic tradition; hence, there are no juries. IN this style of law the role of the lawyer is more passive as in comparison with an adversarial trial. Another function of this style of trail is the presumption of innocents of the accused, the main point of this style of trail is an investigation to find truth.

Punishment
The total prison population in Egypt is 80,000 prisoners. In Egypt the criminal codes can be broken up into three main categories of crime: contraventions which are minor offenses such as lying to an officer, operating without a license ect. Then there are misdemeanors which are punishable by imprisonment or fines such as petty theft, simple assault and trespassing.Finally their are felonies or capital crimes these are the highest form of crime and are punishable by penal servitude or death these include murder, manslaughter occurring in the commission of a felony, arson or the use of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. http://www.photius.com/countries/egypt/national_security/egypt_national_security_crime_and_punishment.html. Though Convictions for capital crimes occur few actually result in execution, in fact the average rate of execution in eygpt per year is about 5 people http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39980. Though capital punishment is rarely used there are two styles of execution the first is hanging, which is used for civilians. The second is the firing squad, which is specifically used for soldiers.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt

"Prison conditions and conditions in detention centers remained poor. Prison cells remained overcrowded, with a lack of medical care, proper hygiene, food, clean water, and proper ventilation. Tuberculosis was widespread; sexual and other abuse, especially of juveniles in adult facilities, was common, and guards brutalized prisoners.http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119114.htm"

Law Enforcement
The type of legal system upheld in Egypt is Centralized Multiple and uncoordinated. The country's law enforcement is organized by the Ministry if the interior and broken down in to four branches on the national scale.

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
The Crime rates in Egypt are low but continue to grow. Common crimes in this country consist of drug trafficking (mainly of cannabis), money laundering, fraud, corruption, and black market crime. A big one of the crimes of the list previously mentioned is corruption, the corruption of government officials in Egypt has cost the country many thing one of which is an accurate report of the crime rate. Sources holding information on crime rates in Egypt are not very centralized and consist heavily of reports of terrorism and some drug trafficking from near countries.

Family Law
In the country of Egypt marriage is a contract concluded by mutually consenting parties of marriageable age, men being a minimum of 18 and women being the age of 16. Women cannot enter a marriage without the legal consent of a guardian such as her father or another elder male in the family. The brides father and the husband discuss the terms of the marriage including the (muqaddam)which is an advance portion of the dowry and a mu'akhar, the remaining portion of that dowry that is payed upon divorce or death. This process is very male oriented and for the most part the wife will make little to no decisions in the contract.http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11887/section/4

If a couple is divorced in Egypt it must be done by the man, if a women does try to divorce her husband she must choose between a protracted fault-based divorce that allows them to retain their financial rights (when the authorities are able to enforce alimony and child-support payments) or a divorce predicated on the abandonment of their rights (khul`).http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11887/section/4. If there are children involved in the divorce Sharia law primarily favors the mother when the child is under the age of 15."If the mother loses her presumptive custody the courts recognize an order of preference of alternate adult custodians with priority given to the mother’s family in the following order: maternal grandmother or great-grandmother; paternal grandmother or great-grandmother; maternal aunt; paternal aunt; maternal niece; paternal niece.  Only if these relatives do not exist, will the right of custody shift to a male"http://www.international-divorce.com/egypt_child_abduction.htm. As far as visitation goes it depends on the willingness of the custodial parent.

Social Inequality
===Human Rights Human rights in Egypt has been a problem since 1967, since then the government has been in an almost continued state of emergency not allowing the citizens to change the system. In the section of human rights Egypt has had all around low rankings according to freedom house;the Political rights were at 6, civil liberties at 5, and an average of 5.5,Religious Freedom placed Egypt as partly free at 5, and the lowest ranking was economic freedom placed Egypt at a 1.65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt.

"The government's respect for freedoms of press, association, and religion declined during the year, and the government continued to restrict other civil liberties, particularly freedom of speech, including Internet freedom, and freedom of assembly, including restrictions on nongovernmental organizations.http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119114.htm"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Comparative law and justice/Egypt


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Comparative law and justice/Switzerland

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

Brief History
Swiss confederation founded in 1291. Gained its independance from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. The confederation was replaced by a centralized federal government in 1874. Switzerland did not become a member of the United Nations untill 2002. Switzerland is now a democratic country being lead by the Swiss Federal Council. Switzerland is mainly occupied by a population of mainly German and French descent. Among the many languages spoken, the official languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Almost half of the population is Roman Catholic. The other half is mainly Protestant, with a 4.3% of unspecified religion. There is an average of 15 years of school for students.

Economic Development, Health, and Education
http://www.swixmed.com/en/healthcare-in-switzerland.html

title: Comparative law and justice/Switzerland


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Dominica
Great job! -- Jtneill - Talk - c 10:57, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jtejada 3464


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User talk:Jgiugliano 2384

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User talk:Joisemg

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title: User talk:Joisemg


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User talk:Mbridges

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title: User talk:Mbridges


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User:Devourer09/Employment

This page will be to organize and collect resources pertaining to my personal employment but also resources that can hopefully be used in general for anyone seeking employment. I hope to eventually create an employment learning resource if one has not already been created.

Type of job
I think having a job that is 20 hours a week would be ideal for a student. It would be ideal if I worked 3 days out of the week and 2 of the days were 8 hours shifts and then the last day would be 4 hours. I would need to be making around $12.50 an hour to match what I was previously making. I would like the hours to be during the day also. All this criteria meets basic bank teller job requirements so that Is why I plan to target banks for employment.

Strategy
My strategy will be to:

 * Get a volunteer job
 * Go to the Texas Workforce Commission office and talk to them
 * Apply at banks

Volunteer job
The volunteer job will be helpful because they are easier to obtain because the employer views the volunteer as free labor. Hopefully I can find a technical job with computers to demonstrate my high competence with computers.

Related links

 * Volunteer oppurtunities

Texas Workforce Commission
The Texas Workforce Commission I hope will be able to find employers that want to find me. Hopefully they can hook me up with a job and then find me a job in my relevant field.

Related links

 * Texas Workforce Commission official site
 * Unemployment benefits handbook
 * Unemployment benefits application
 * Address and phone number
 * Work In Texas homepage
 * Different ways to make an income

Places I'm applying at

 * Wells Fargo
 * Chase
 * Point Bank
 * UNT

title: User:Devourer09/Employment


text:
User talk:Jvillanova 9533

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 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

title: User talk:Jvillanova 9533


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User talk:Prince denison

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Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Jonathan B's Journal

Jonathan Barlow PHI 331 (September 2nd, 2010)

Perhaps my first entry is too fragmented, I wrote this one in very much of a free-form writing style.

Journal Entry #1

“One must imagine Sisyphus happy.” This is what Camus tells us.

The land Ethic is nothing new to me, having read it before, I find myself once again reaffirming past ideas and truths. Of course, we must treat the natural world around us as we treat our human neighbors. Its not property of someone, even though the fences and walls and no trespassing signs will have you think otherwise. I remind myself, daily, that we are part of nature, no matter what these four concrete walls around me imply. Our nicely squared off buildings, our right angles, and straight lines are monuments against the natural world. The built environment is trash.

Although, myself included, we all rely on this separation. Whether it is my apartment, my car, or a tent, we put a veil between ourselves and the wilderness. This reminds me of a story. Its as when Edward Abbey throws an empty beer can out his car window while driving down a desert road. Faced with this hypocritical act, he affirms that it’s the road that shouldn’t be there. If there was no road, than there would be no opportunity to litter. We’re all hypocrites.

I ponder on a question posed to the class by the Professor – between a rabbit and a child, which do you save? For many this is easily answered. “Save the child”, of course, says the Professor and the class echoes this sentiment. Yet is it really that simple? Is that not a selfish thought? I try to think in terms of equality – both are animals, both living, breathing creatures. In terms of the environment is the right choice not the rabbit? A rabbit won’t grow up to consume and destroy its surrounding world. To exhaust the natural resources of the world is a human element. To live and die with as little impact as possible. I would save the child; the instinct of kinship is too strong in me. The scales of life are still tilted and the pyramid is still very much tiered. We’re all still hypocrites. The rabbit is not our brother or sister. It is a distant cousin, easily disregarded. Easily. Without second thought – for most of us. Is this right? Is there even an answer to this conundrum? Is Sisyphus, rolling that boulder up that mountain for eternity, really happy?


text:
User talk:Kd8cpk

 Hello Kd8cpk, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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title: User talk:Kd8cpk


text:
Limit (mathematics)/Limits

What are limits?
Limits are a way to calculate the value that a function approaches. For instance, we could calculate the value of the function f(x) as x approaches 2. Just as easily we can calculate the value of f(x) as x approaches 20, -2, π, 0, or even ∞.

Why would anyone need limits?
There are a number of reasons that someone might want to use limits:
 * 1. To find the values of functions with asymptotes or missing points
 * 2. To calculate the slope of a point in calculus
 * 3. To prove derivatives in calculus

Notation
The notation of a limit function is fairly simple:

 * $$ \lim_{x \to p}f(x) = L $$

This says limit (lim) of f(x) as x approaches p is L.  Usually f(x) is substituted with the contents of the function like so:
 * $$ \lim_{x \to p}x^2+2 = L $$

Properties
$$\lim_{x \to \alpha}(f(x)+g(x))=\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x)+\lim_{x \to \alpha}g(x) $$

$$\lim_{x \to \alpha}(f(x)-g(x))=\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x)-\lim_{x \to \alpha}g(x) $$

$$\lim_{x \to \alpha}(f(x)\cdot g(x))=\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x)\cdot\lim_{x \to \alpha}g(x) $$

$$\lim_{x \to \alpha}(f(x) / g(x))=\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x) /\lim_{x \to \alpha}g(x) $$

$$\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x)^{g(x)}=\lim_{x \to \alpha}f(x)^{\lim_{x \to \alpha}g(x)} $$

Sample Problem Set #1
Let's say we have the function $$f(x)=x^2$$. If we want to find the limit as x approaches 4, then:
 * $$ L = \lim_{x \to 4}x^2+2 $$

Using two properties of limits:
 * $$ \lim_{x \to p}x+b = \lim_{x \to p}x + \lim_{x \to p}b$$

and
 * $$ \lim_{x \to p}x^2 = (\lim_{x \to p}x)^2$$

Our problem becomes:
 * $$ L = (\lim_{x \to 4}x)^2 + \lim_{x \to 4}2$$

If we think about the graph of y=b, then we know that the y value never changes. Which means that at any point on that line, we can expect y to be equal to b. So, for any number b:
 * $$ \lim_{x \to p}b = b$$

For us, this means that:
 * $$ \lim_{x \to 4}2 = 2$$

title: Limit (mathematics)/Limits


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User:Egm6321.f10.team2.dube/HW2

=Problem 1: Verify Mdx+Ndy=0 is general N1_ODE=

Given
In general form a N1_ODE can be written as follows:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$M\left ( x,y \right )dx+N\left ( x,y \right )dy=0 \displaystyle$$ (1.1)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Find
Show Eq1 has a general form.

Solution
We can write Eq as

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$M\left ( x,y \right )+N\left ( x,y \right )\frac{dy}{dx}=M\left ( x,y \right )+N\left ( x,y \right )y^{'}\displaystyle$$ (1.2)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Now let consider about general form as follows :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$P\left ( x \right )y{}'+Q\left ( x \right )y=R\left ( x \right )\displaystyle$$ (1.3)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

You can see from the lecturer notes from the 10-2

If we divide both sides with P(x);

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$y{}'+\frac{Q(x)}{P(x)}y=\frac{R(x)}{P(x)}\displaystyle$$ (1.4)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Then we can say that ;
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\bar{N}(x,y)=1\displaystyle$$ (1.5)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\bar{M}(x,y)=\frac{Q(x)}{P(x)}y-\frac{R(x)}{P(x)}\displaystyle$$ (1.6) So we concluded that
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\bar{M}(x,y)+\bar{N}(x,y)y{}'=0\displaystyle$$ (1.7)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Another example for this porblem we can give in book that it says in the page 511 for the Variables Separable kind of differential equations.

It is shown as :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$g(y)\frac{dy}{dt}=f(t)\displaystyle$$ (1.8)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

To solve this ;

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\int g(y)\frac{dy}{dt}=\int f(t)\displaystyle$$ (1.9)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\int g(y)dy=\int f(t)dt\displaystyle$$ (1.10)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

We can rearrange this

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$g(y)\frac{dy}{dt}-f\left ( t \right )=0\displaystyle$$ (1.11)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

And again

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\bar{N}(t,y)=g(y),\bar{M}(t,y)=-f(t)\displaystyle$$ (1.12)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\bar{N}(t,y)\frac{dy}{dt}+\bar{M}(t,y)=0\displaystyle$$ (1.13)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

By showing this now we can say that for every type first order nonlinear differansial equations can be written in this type by some arrangements.

=Problem 2 : Show why Eq 7 in page (7-1) is first order and non linear=

Given
Eq 7 in page 7-1
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\left ( 4*x^7+sin(y) \right )+\left ( x^2*y^3 \right )\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x}=0 \displaystyle$$ (2.1)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Find
Show why the equation above is first order and non linear

Solution
Since we define our first order differential $$F\left ( x,y,y{}' \right )=0$$ there must be only first degree differential of dependent variable in the function.If we look at the example we can notice that there is only first degree differential of dependent variable multiplied by N(x,y) so we conclude that this is first order differential equation.

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$F\left ( x,y \right )=\left ( 4*x^7+sin(y) \right )+\left ( x^2*y^3 \right )\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x}=0\displaystyle $$ (2.2)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$F\left ( x,(\alpha u+\beta v) \right )=\left ( 4*x^7+sin(\alpha u+\beta v) \right )+\left ( x^2*(\alpha u+\beta v)^3 \right )(\alpha \frac{\mathrm{d} u}{\mathrm{d} x}+\beta \frac{\mathrm{d} v}{\mathrm{d} x})=0\displaystyle $$ (2.3)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$F\left ( x,\alpha u \right )+F\left ( x,\beta v \right )=\left ( 4*x^7+sin(\alpha u) \right )+\left ( x^2*(\alpha u)^3 \right )\alpha \frac{\mathrm{d} u}{\mathrm{d} x}+\left ( 4*x^7+sin(\beta v) \right )+\left ( x^2*(\beta v)^3 \right )\beta \frac{\mathrm{d} v}{\mathrm{d} x} \displaystyle $$ (2.4)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$F\left ( x,\alpha u \right )+F\left ( x,\beta v \right )\neq F\left ( x,(\alpha u+\beta v) \right )\displaystyle$$ (2.5)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

=Problem3:Plot Homogeneous Solutions And Show independence=

Given

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$y_{H}^{1}(x)=x\displaystyle $$ (3.1)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$y_{H}^{2}(x)=\frac{x}{2}*log\left ( \frac{(1+x)}{(1-x)} \right )-1 \displaystyle $$ (3.2)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Find
Plot $$ y_{H}^{1}(x)$$and$$y_{H}^{2}(x)$$ for visual introduction.

Show that we can not derive $$ y_{H}^{1}(x)$$ from multiplying $$y_{H}^{2}(x)$$ with $$\alpha$$

Solution
For plotting we define the interval of x between -1 to 1 to avoid imaginary parts of $$y_{H}^{2}(x)$$

 Matlab Code:

Since for any X

$$ y_{H}^{1}(x)-\alpha*y_{H}^{2}(x)=x-\alpha *\frac{x}{2}*log\left ( \frac{(1+x)}{(1-x)} \right )-1\neq 0 $$ we can sat that $$ y_{H}^{1}(x) $$ and $$ y_{H}^{2}(x)$$ are independent homogeneous solutions.

=Problem 4=

Given

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \phi (x,y)=x^{2}y^{3/2}+log(x^{3}y^{2}) \displaystyle $$ (4.1)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Find
$$ F(x,y,{y}')=\frac{\partial \phi (x,y)}{\partial x} \displaystyle $$, verify that $$ F(x,y,{y}') \displaystyle $$ is an exact non-linear ODE and invent three more non-linear ODE's

Solution
$$ F(x,y,{y}')=\frac{\partial \phi (x,y)}{\partial x}=M(x,y)+N(x,y){y}' \displaystyle $$

where:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ M=\frac{\partial \phi }{\partial y} \displaystyle $$ (4.2) and
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ N=\frac{\partial \phi }{\partial x} \displaystyle $$ (4.3) Solving for M and N we get:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ M=2xy^{3/2}+\frac{3}{xlog10} \displaystyle $$ (4.4)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ N=\frac{3}{2}x^{2}y^{1/2}+\frac{2}{ylog10} \displaystyle $$ (4.5) Plugging into the equation we get:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ F(x,y,{y}')=(2xy^{3/2}+\frac{3}{xlog10})+(\frac{3}{2}x^{2}y^{1/2}+\frac{2}{ylog10}){y}' \displaystyle $$ (4.6) In order for an equation to be an exact N1-ODE the following 2 conditions must be satisified:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Condition 1
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ M(x,y)+N(x,y){y}'=0 \displaystyle $$ (4.7) Condition 2
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ M_{y}(x,y)=0=N_{x}(x,y) \displaystyle $$ (4.8)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

For condition 1:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ M(x,y)+N(x,y){y}'=0 \displaystyle $$ (4.9) Using $$ M(x,y) \displaystyle $$ and $$ N(x,y) \displaystyle $$ from above we can plug in and we find:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ (2xy^{3/2}+\frac{3}{xlog10})+(\frac{3}{2}x^{2}y^{1/2}+\frac{2}{ylog10}){y}'=0 \displaystyle $$ (4.10) For Condition 2:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \frac{\partial M(x,y)}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial N(x,y)}{\partial x} \displaystyle $$ (4.11)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \frac{\partial M(x,y)}{\partial y}=3xy^{1/2} \displaystyle $$ (4.12)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \frac{\partial N(x,y)}{\partial x}=3xy^{1/2} \displaystyle $$ (4.13) Therefore:
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \frac{\partial M(x,y)}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial N(x,y)}{\partial x}=3xy^{1/2} \displaystyle $$ (4.14) and $$ F(x,y,{y}') \displaystyle $$ is an exact N1-ODE.
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Three exact N1-ODE's

 Example 1

Let's consider following equation:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\phi \left ( x,y \right )=\frac{x^{2}}{y^{3}}-\frac{1}{y}+c \displaystyle $$ (4.15)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=M(x,y)=\frac{2x}{y^{3}}\displaystyle $$ (4.16)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=N(x,y)=\frac{y^{2}-3x^{2}}{y^{4}}\displaystyle $$ (4.17)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Providing second condition of exactness :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial N\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial M\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=\frac{-6x}{y^{4}}\displaystyle $$ (4.18)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Now we can write :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=\frac{2x}{y^{3}}dx+\frac{y^{2}-3x^{2}}{y^{4}}dy=0\displaystyle $$ (4.19)  Example 2
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Let's consider following equation:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\phi \left ( x,y \right )=e^xsiny \displaystyle $$ (4.20)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=M(x,y)=e^xsiny\displaystyle $$ (4.21)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=N(x,y)=-e^xcosy\displaystyle $$ (4.22)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Providing second condition of exactness :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial N\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial M\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=-e^xcosy\displaystyle $$ (4.23)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Now we can write :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=e^xsinydx+-e^xcosydy=0\displaystyle $$ (4.24)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 Example 3

Let's consider following equation:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\phi \left ( x,y \right )=x^{1/2}lny \displaystyle $$ (4.25)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=M(x,y)=\frac{x^{-1/2}lny}{2}\displaystyle $$ (4.26)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial \phi \left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=N(x,y)=\frac{x^{1/2}}{y}\displaystyle $$ (4.27)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Providing second condition of exactness :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\frac{\partial N\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial M\left ( x,y \right )}{\partial y}=\frac{x^{-1/2}}{2y}\displaystyle $$ (4.28)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

Now we can write :

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=\frac{x^{-1/2lny}}{2}dx+\frac{x^{1/2}}{y}dy=0\displaystyle $$ (4.29)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *

 * }

=References=

title: User:Egm6321.f10.team2.dube/HW2


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Sexual motivation

Quote
wot no quote? - no worries either ways, but I thought the quote was quite apt :-) cheers, Privatemusings 01:06, 17 September 2010 (UTC) course I would think that, having popped it in!
 * I left a note here as well :-) Privatemusings 10:15, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Feedback
I've had a quick over the draft so far. Here's some comments hopefully to help you along. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 06:58, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Overall, I like the structure and scope.
 * 2) I've added some initial project boxes
 * 3) I tweaked some of the heading levels
 * 4) Introduction
 * 5) Good, friendly introduction.
 * 6) Maybe add a second paragraph that fleshes out some focus questions and/or explains the structure/content for the chapter (tell the reader what is ahead).
 * 7) Maybe consider psychoanalytic/psychoanalysis perspectives
 * 8) Maybe consider sexual motivation across cultures
 * 9) Might be interesting to report some Australian statistics if they're available e.g., http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/sexstatistics/
 * 10) Physiology of Sexual Motivation
 * 11) Maybe mention that people with paralysis still experience sexual arousal.
 * 12) APA style
 * 13) For subsequent citations within a paragraph, don't include the year e.g., Kaplan (1979), but the only Kaplan.