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Personality/Lectures/Dispositional perspectives

About this page

 * This page contains lecturer's notes for a 2nd-year undergraduate tertiary-level unit on "Personality and Individual Differences" at the University of Canberra, 2008. These notes were contributed to (offline) by two key authors - James Neill and Michele Fleming and then converted to wikitext from .doc using OpenOffice.org/Writer, so they still need some tidying up.
 * Feel free to help out and to improve the material, although it may be better to copy the material and then link to and build specific pages.
 * The purpose of this lecture is to introduce and discuss dispositional perspectives of personality, particularly personality types and personality traits, to consider the personality vs. situation debate and the notion of interactionism.

Overview
Sometimes you see the terms “traits” and “dispositions’ used interchangeably. However, the trait perspective is really only a part of the dispositional perspective (albeit the largest part).

Dispositions refer to underlying, relatively stable, characteristic psychological that people carry around with them, that are somehow part of them” (Carver & Scheier, 2000, p.54). Or “a person’s inherent qualities of mind and character”.

The “trait” approach most clearly emphasizes what is known more broadly as the dispositional perspective but another way to approach the concept of dispositions is to consider people as “types” or alternatively to view people’s dispositions in terms of their enduring motivational characteristics that vary in strength from person to person (i.e. their needs and motives). So today we’ll have a look at types as well as traits and we’ll look at peoples needs and motives as though they were specific traits.

Some of the things we’ll consider today are:

 * Types
 * Traits
 * many
 * single
 * essential
 * Situation versus Personality Debate
 * Interactionism
 * Strengths and Limitations

Dispositional perspectives
The dispositional perspective is the most basic, traditional approach to personality. It creates systems for classification and description of characteristics on which:

 * people differ
 * and which individuals consistently display:
 * between situations
 * over time

Two major themes and assumptions
STABILITY of personality i.e. people display consistency in their actions, thoughts, and feelings BETWEEN situations and OVER time. In other words, unpredictability is the exception rather than the rule (i.e. unpredictability doesn’t define the essence of personality).

Note that some psychologists, such as social psychologists, would argue that too much emphasis is placed on the stability of personality. The idea behind this assumption is that YOU ARE THE SAME PERSON YOU USED TO BE AND WILL BE IN THE FUTURE.

2. DIFFERENCES between people. The composition of dispositions varies from person to person. Each person’s personality consists of a pattern of dispositional qualities which form a unique combination in each person.

Types versus Traits
(put in table)
 * Traits are now more in favour than types.
 * categoryCharacterNumber
 * Type discontinuous, discrete,Few qualitative
 * Traitcontinuous, degree,Many
 * quantitative

Types
Type theory aims to classify people into distinct CATEGORIES. i.e. this type or that. Types are regarded as categories that are distinct and discontinuous. e.g. you are one or the other. Male/Female are discontinuous categories.

Ancient Greek Humours
Ancient Greeks (e.g. Hippocrates 400 BC, Galen, 140/150 AD): 4 types of people:

Excess of one of 4 bodily fluids determined personality (put into table)

 * Humor/PersonalityFluidCharacterBig 5
 * Cholericyellow bileIrritableAgreeable
 * Melancholicblack bileDepressed Neurotic
 * SanguinebloodOptimisticOpenness
 * PhlegmaticphlegmCalm Neurotic
 * So, no conscientiousness or extraversion.

Sheldon's Somatotypes
(convert to table)
 * William Sheldon (1940, 1942, cited in Phares, 1991) classified according to body type. He called this a person’s somatotype. An individual is given a rating from 1 to 7 on each of three body types:
 * Body TypeCharacterShape
 * Ectomorphcerebrotonic (quiet, fragile
 * restrained, nonassertive,lean
 * somewhat withdrawn delicatesensitivepoor muscles
 * Mesomorphsomatotonic (active, muscular
 * assertive, vigorous,
 * combative
 * Endomorphviscerotonic (relaxed, plump
 * sociable, comfort-lovingbuxom
 * tolerant, peaceful

Sheldon measured the proportions of hundreds of juvenile delinquent boys and concluded that they were generally mesomorphs (Ornstein, 1993).

Body types have been criticized for very weak empirical methodology and are not generally used in psychology. Type theory in general has been criticized as over-simplistic because it overlooks the multi-dimensional nature of personality.

Types: An update
Having said that however, there is still a lot of interest in Jungian types, as witnessed by the popularity of the MBTI. Some would say that Individual Differences may be qualitative not quantitative. That is that there may be a difference in the qualities that people possess rather than, as trait theory would have us believe, we all possess certain traits it’s just a case of how much or how little we possess (the quantity).

Block (1971) identified 5 personality types among male participants in a study. Now these types were found only to exist in mostly white, intelligent and relatively affluent males. A number of subsequent studies conducted in the 1990s, however seems to bear out three of Block’s 5 identified types.
 * Well-adjusted or Resilient person: adaptable, flexible, resourceful, interpersonally successful
 * Overcontrolling: this is a maladjusted type; uptight, and difficult to deal with ===
 * Undercontrolled: another maladjusted type; impulsive, psooible risky, delinquent or even criminal behaviour; unsafe sex etc.

The Trait Approach
Allport and Odbert (1936) “''Those individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives will eventually become encoded into their language; the more important such a difference, the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word”. ''

This has become known as the lexical approach or hypothesis (lexical = having to do with words or a vocabulary).

What Allport and Odbert did, though, was to go through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, and extracted 17,953 words to describe the way people are psychologically different from each other: personality-describing adjectives that they found describing observable and relatively permanent traits.

e.g. shy, trustworthy, laconic, phlegmatic, kind, conscientious, anxious, etc. all these words describe personality traits Trait approach tries to formalise this and use traits to explain and predict behaviour

Definitions
In general, trait theory assumes that people differ on variables or dimensions that are CONTINUOUS. People are seen to differ in the AMOUNTS or QUANTITIES of a characteristic rather than differ in the QUALITY of their characteristics.
 * Traits are distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person
 * Traits are a readiness to think or act in a similar fashion in response to a variety of different stimuli or situations

Traits: Nomothetic vs Idiographic
However the whole issue of whether a trait exists in all people to a greater or lesser degree is complicated by different views of the trait perspective.

There are two different views as to whether all traits exist in all people. These two views, called the Idiographic and the Nomothetic approach, were named as such by Gordon Allport, often known as the father of personality theory.

 * The Idiographic view emphasizes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and that there are times when it is impossible to compare one person with others. This viewpoint also emphasizes that traits may differ in importance from person to person (cardinal, central and secondary traits). It tends to use case studies, bibliographical information, diaries etc for information gathering.
 * The Nomothetic view, on the other hand, emphasizes comparability among individuals but sees people as unique in their combination of traits. This viewpoint sees traits as having the same psychological meaning in everyone. The belief is that people differ only in the amount of each trait. It is this which constitutes their uniqueness. This approach tends to use self-report personality questions, factor analysis etc. People differ in their positions along a continuum in the same set of traits. Most contemporary psychologists tend towards a nomothetic approach (and the trait approach is often viewed solely as a nomothetic approach these days), but they are aware of how a trait may be slightly different from person to person in the way that it is expressed.

Basic questions
Need to look for the meaning that underlies the trait, rather than simply at the name.
 * What traits are basic/essential to personality?
 * How many are there?
 * How do we find out?
 * Note that labeling of traits is subjective: hence different theorists label similar or same traits using different words.

Allport (1897-1967)
Gordon Allport, as I mentioned is often called the father of personality theory: He was very much a trait theorist and believed in the individuality and uniqueness of the person and that people have consistent personalities. As long ago as 1921, he and his brother Floyd, published a book called Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement.

Allport attempted to blend nomothetic and idiographic perspectives: he called this blend the morphogenic approach.

Allport believed that each person had traits of various types:

 * 1) Individual: traits possessed by one person
 * 2) Common: traits possessed by many people
 * 3) Cardinal traits: One trait that dominates the person
 * 4) Central traits: small number of traits important traits that may affect many behaviours
 * 5) Secondary traits: many consistent traits which are not often exhibited
 * 6) Motivational traits: Very strongly felt traits
 * 7) Stylistic traits: Less strongly felt traits.

Allport believed that through autobiographies, letters and diaries an understanding of an individual’s personality could be gained. He studied 301 letters written by a woman he called Jenny Gove Masterson over a period of 11 years and was able to describe Jenny in terms of 8 traits. He published this a work in 1965 called Letters from Jenny.

The Many Trait Approach

 * Some theorists look at many traits at once when investigating personality. They try to determine which traits are correlated with certain behaviours, thereby gaining understanding of the underpinnings of various behaviours as well as the more general workings of personality. An example of this approach is to look at correlates of different behaviours, such as the ability to delay gratification, political orientation and drug taking as some examples.

 * Example: An interesting study was one in which young children who were rated as being emotionally unstable, disobedient, domineering, aggressive, teasing, fidgety, restless, and susceptible to stress were found nearly a decade later at age 14 years to be using illegal drugs. The implication of using this many trait approach is you can get to have an understanding of what sort of personality underpins a certain type of behaviour (in this case drug-taking). The practical implications of this are that instead of anti-drug campaigns targeted at 14 year olds we should have campaigns at helping problem behaviours and susceptibility to stress at an earlier age.

The Single Trait Approach

 * Much research focuses on a single trait: its origin, nature, and consequences. An example of three single traits that have received wide attention and have been the subject of investigation in hundreds of studies. These are:
 * conscientiousness
 * self-monitoring
 * authoritarianism

Single Trait: Authoritarianism
The personality trait of authoritarianism has been extensively studied for the last 50 years. Much initial research was done as a reaction to the outrages which occurred in Nazi Germany during WWII. Authoritarianism began to be studied in order to try to understand its nature and its origin. Authoritarianism is felt to lie at the heart of racial prejudice. The Authoritarian personality may be described a person who is unthinking and inflexible, is submissive to authority, is aggressive, (in other words they are often worshipful up and contemptuous down) superstitious, fascinated by power, cynical and hostile, and may be sexually repressed.

The origins of authoritarianism have also been studied but the research is extremely difficult to conduct. It is difficult to determine the early childhood experiences of adult authoritarians in any detail and then it is hard to extricate what might be learned attitudes, or down to oppressive parental child-rearing styles or even to some gene being implicated.

The Essential Trait Approach

 * Many psychologists have tried to reduce the many traits to a few essential ones:
 * Murray (1938): 27 “needs”
 * Cattell (1949) (16 traits)
 * Eysenck (e.g. 1967; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968): 3 traits
 * Costa & McCrae (e.g. 1985, 1988; McCrae & Costa, 1986, 1987): 5 traits

Needs: Murray (1893 - 1988)
Exam tomorrow vs Excellent Party tonight  Achievement Need vs Affiliation, or Play Need
 * Henry Murray was active in developing a theory of motivation throughout the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s. Murray was in fact the author of the TAT (which you looked at in tutes last week). He believed that a need is a “potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances… It is a noun which stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur” (Murray, et al. 138, p. 124).
 * A major assumption of Murray’s theory was that behaviour is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium. In other words we have a LACK of something and this drives us. We are dissatisfied and we desire something. Murray classified needs as being either
 * Primary needs (or viscerogenic needs, which are biologically based):
 * food, water, air, sex, avoidance of pain
 * Secondary needs (or psychogenic needs, which either derive from our biological needs or are inherent in our psychological nature):
 * Murray came up with 27, psychogenic needs which he saw as largely unconscious needs: e.g.
 * achievement, recognition, acquisition
 * dominance, aggression, autonomy
 * affiliation, rejection, harmavoidance
 * nurturance, play, cognizance (asking questions of others)
 * The strength of a need depends on how it compares with your other needs rather than how other people rate on that need:
 * Murray believed that whether a need is activated or not can very much depend on the situation (what he called the press). If passing the exam is going to mean passing or failing the whole course and then getting kicked out of home then your Harmavoidance Need and your Achievement needs might come into play and overwhelm your Affiliation or Play needs so you stay at home and study!
 * Murray believed that stronger needs are expressed more often over time and lead to more intense behaviour.

Basic needs

 * Since the 1960s and 1970s the main Needs studies have focused on Achievement, Power, Affiliation and Intimacy.

Need for Achievement (Achievement Motivation) Studied extensively by David McLelland in the 70s.

 * single most researched need
 * desire to do things well, overcome obstacles, to do thing better

high AM  choosing more difficult task than low AM (because they want to find out about their abilities)

Need for Power: studied intensely by David Winter in the 70s

 * desire to have dominance, impact on others, prestige, position, and influence over others

 * concerned about controlling the image of themselves that is portrayed to others

Need for Affiliation: studied by McAdam in the 80s

 * desire to spend time with other people
 * there are thought to be a number of subcomponents: e.g. need for social comparison, need for emotional support, need for positive stimulation, and need for attention from others
 * Need for Intimacy
 * desire to experience warm, close, and communicative exchanges with another person ---> desire to merge self with another
 * need for more one to one interactions
 * higher levels of self-disclosure, more listening
 * correlates .58 with need for affiliation (medium to high correlation)
 * Murray’s Needs’ theory is sometime studied as part of the trait perspective as “needs” are seen as akin to traits. But often you’ll see Needs’ theory studied within the psychoanalytic perspective as it is seen as a DRIVE theory of personality.

Traits: Cattell (1905 - present)
Language is a useful source of information about personality. A quality described by many words is likely to be a more important part of personality. Cattell used this lexical criterion in determining his original list of trait names. He narrowed Allport and Odbert’s (1936) listing of 17,000+ words down to 171 trait names. Cattell collected self-ratings on these words and then conducted factor analysis. He used both observer and behavioural data. The result was his 16 personality factors (16 PF):

Details of 16PF

 * 1) WARMTH: reserved v warm
 * 2) REASONING: concrete reasoning v abstract reasoning
 * 3) EMOTIONAL STABILITY: reactive v emotionally stable
 * 4) DOMINANCE: deferential v dominant
 * 5) LIVELINESS: serious v lively
 * 6) RULE CONSCIOUSNESS: expedient v rule-conscious
 * 7) SOCIAL BOLDNESS: shy v socially bold
 * 8) SENSITIVITY: utilitarian v sensitive
 * 9) VIGILANCE: trusting v vigilant
 * 10) ABSTRACTNESS: practical v imaginative
 * 11) PRIVATENESS: forthright v private
 * 12) APPREHENSION: self-assured v apprehensive
 * 13) OPENNESS TO CHANGE: traditional v open-to-change
 * 14) SELF: group-oriented v self-reliant
 * 15) PERFECTIONISM: tolerates disorder v perfectionist
 * 16) relaxed v tense

Hans Eysenck (1916 -1997)
Eysenck believed initially that all people could be described in terms of two supertraits, which he believed had a biological basis:
 * 1) Introversion-extraversion (continuum of sociability, dominance, liveliness etc).
 * 2) Emotionality-stability (neuroticism) (continuum of upset and distress).

Eysenck’s proposals for a biological basis for these dimensions will be examined in the next lecture.

Psychoticism added later: less researched. This was a predisposition towards becoming either psychotic or sociopathic (psychologically unattached to other people). Also, a tendency to be hostile, manipulative, and impulsive.

EPQ

 * 2nd-order Factor Analysis of the 16PF shows two factors:
 * introversion/extraversion and anxiety. So the underlying factors of Cattell’s scales are very similar to Eysenck’s.

The Big Five
A remarkably strong consensus of what traits are basic has emerged over the last 20 years. Five superordinate factors have emerged and are referred to as the Big Five or the 5-factor model. These five factors are well supported by a wide variety of research.

The early evidence supporting a 5-factor model was first published by Fiske, in 1949. During the 1980s and 90s a vast array of research has combined to support the 5 factors. Not everyone however agrees in the naming of the five supertraits.

The 5-factor model is commonly measured by the NEO by Costa and McCrae (1985, 1988, McCrae & Costa, 186, 1987).

The Big 5 according to the NEO are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Remember OCEAN).

Each Supertrait is measured by 6 facets (or subordinate traits).

Table giving details of the Big Five

Table giving details of the Big Five facet scales

Table of labels used by authors to refer to the big 5% traits.

The last row provides a characterization by Peabody & Goldberg, 1989 of the life domain to which the trait pertains.

Although I said there is quite a degree of consensus about the factors some theorists actually feel that they should be labeled one way or another, ALSO just what a factor looks like depends what measures were included in the study!

Factor 3, as I have it listed here, openness to experience, is probably the factor about which there is the LEAST consensus. Some theorists suggest that this factor is measuring a kind of intellect: the imaginative side rather than the logical side.

Some theorists, such as Eysenck suggest that personality can be explained in as little as three factors, others see the need for one or two more factors than 5. Recently, some theorists have posited that personality is more fully explained by a 6-factor model (Ashton, et al., 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2001). The extra 6th factor that emerges is typically one that revolves around honesty, fairness, sincerity, modesty and lack of greed. It has been named Honesty-Humility by Lee and Ashton, 2004. This addition of a 6th factor represents a major departure from the Big 5 model. The Honesty-Humility factor comprises four facets: sincerity, fairness, modesty and greed avoidance. The 6-factor model has been called the HEXACO model by Lee and Ashton (2004).

Traits: Stable?
Costa, McCrae and Arenberg (1980) conducted a longitudinal study of 460 males aged 17-85 over a 6 to 12 year period. They found correlations of .70+ over time for extraversion and high correlations for neuroticism. Studies generally show decline in E and N as people age and indeed increases in A from 60s to 80s & 90s (Field & Millsap, 1991)

Helson and Moane (1987) studied women from 27 to 43 in their longitudinal study; Helson and Wink (1993) then assessed them at age 52 and found women become more dominant, independent, and self-confident over time

Individual differences in stability/consistency

Situation vs Personality Debate
In 1968, Walter Mischel published a book Personality and Assessment (this book is in fact usually interpreted as arguing that Personality doesn’t exist and can’t be assessed!). Mischel argues that was not actually his point. What he in fact argued was that personality is too variable from one situation to the next to allow individual differences to be characterized accurately in terms if broad personality traits, and furthermore that trait measures don’t predict behaviour as well as many psychologists claim. Thus the person-situation debate was born.

EXAMPLE: Girl very anxious sitting in Doctors, keeps looking at time, screwing up her hanky, jumps whenever a name is called.

Now, is she behaving in that fashion because of her PERSONALITY (highly anxious personality) or because of the SITUATION ( because she’s worried about finding out whether she’s pregnant or not!)?

Does the personality of an individual transcend the immediate situation and moment to provide a consistent guide to his or her actions OR is what a person does completely dependent upon the situation he or she is in at the time?

Pro-situation
1960/1970s, evidence suggested low correlation between personality and behaviour (i.e. personality coefficient of approx. .20 to .40. If you use the common squared correlation method there is an upper limit of only 16% i.e. only 16% of variance in behaviour is explained by personality. So what use are traits if they explain so little of behaviour? And are situational variables better predictors of behaviour!? NO. Situational variables are no better at predicting behaviour than personality variables e.g. .36-.42 (similar upper limit) (Funder & Ozer, 1983)

Pro-personality
Low correlations between personality traits and behaviour do not necessarily prove the value of situational variables (the “cause” of the behaviour may be an unmeasured personality variable!). Bear in mind that there is not a high correlation between situational variables and behaviour.

Lack of ability of traits to predict behaviour is based upon trying to predict specific behaviours e.g. how happy you will be in next week’s lecture versus how happy you will be over the entire year! So much research in the past tried to predict single acts at single times.

Rosenthal and Rubin (1982, as cited in Funder, 2001) claim that we should not consider that a correlation of .40 leads to only 16% of the variance being explained, rather they suggest using the Binomial effect size display (BEFD) which would lead to a correlation of .40 meaning 70% accuracy in predicting behaviour!

People choose situations: that is, personality predisposes peoples’ choice of environment (librarian versus salesperson – VPI).

Interactionism: Interactionist Perspective
Traits and Situations interact to influence behaviour

(How else could it be? - like the genetics vs. environment issue, one cannot exist without the other)

Trait and Situationist perspective are too simplistic: it is more complex than that. Different situations affect different people in different ways. Some situations allow expression of personality; other situations provoke a narrower range of behaviour.

Behaviour = personality x interpretation of the situation

Individual differences in personality-situation consistency: e.g. high and low self-monitors. High self-monitors display less consistency in their behaviour and try to adapt more to the situation.

Research has shown that a trait will show up only in a situation where it is relevant (Kenrick & Funder, 1991). So anxiety may only show up in certain situations. Thus the situation may to a certain extent predict the behaviour but the personality of the individual will predict if and how much anxiety will be shown. And of course some situations bring out the similar behaviours in most everyone whereas some situations will lead to real differences in behaviours.

Some situations allow expression of personality, others provoke narrower range of behaviour Some individuals more consistent

Interactionism
Person-situation debate has lead to more dynamic approach to understanding how personality traits and situations interact to produce a person’s behaviour. INCLUDE QUOTE FROM PHARES (1991, p. 244)
 * Traits do not have a constant influence on behaviour...sometimes trait differences matter a lot, sometimes only a little
 * People display traits by choosing situations, not just by reacting to them

AGAINST

 * Doesn’t explain how or why personality works: naming a phenomenon doesn’t explain it
 * Poor decisions may be made on the basis of trait scores (e.g. diagnosis of someone as in need of institutionalization – more likely to have happened in the past than now).
 * Arbitrary decisions about traits (through factor analysis: what to study and what constitutes a trait)
 * Behaviour is not always consistent: this is a challenge for trait theorists who see traits as consistent over time and place
 * Possibly limited predictive ability: cannot explain why people may behave differently in different situations (though could be due to the way it has been studied)
 * Little explanation for origins of traits: with the exception of Eysenck

FOR

 * Useful description and assessment of personality
 * Some stability across time and situations has been found – element of predictive power (been with my husband for nearly 25 years – glad my husband’s personality doesn’t keep changing!)
 * Although decisions arbitrary, several researchers, using different approaches, coincided in similar views
 * Personality traits useful for research purposes
 * Allows comparison of individual differences & provides an objective, scientific approach
 * Thus, an interactionist perspective is considered important for the future.


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Personality/Lectures

The following lectures and/or lecture notes about personality are available:
 * Dispositional perspectives

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Personality/Types

Human societies have been "typing" people in terms of their physiology and psychology for thousands of years. Typing allocates a person to single, discrete categories and is to be distinguished from the trait approach.

Greek humours
The ancient Greeks considered there to be four types of personality which was determined by excesses of different types of bodily fluids.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Power Generation/Quiz

Be honest to your self, After attempting all Questions click on the Submit button, to View your score and Model Answers. Due to the foregoing please attempt this quiz test Once. Can't understand a specific Question?@undefined.
 * This Quiz test is on Material covered thus far and as follows:
 * Introduction to Power Generation problems.
 * Steam Power Station problems.
 * Hydro Power Station problems.
 * Diesel Power Station problems.
 * Nuclear Power Station problems.
 * Gasturbine Power Station problems.
 * Variable load on power station problems.
 * Generation stations Comparison problems.
 * Select the most correct answer of the four possible answers to each question.
 * A calculator is allowed.

title: Power Generation/Quiz


text:
Power Generation/Quiz/1

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title: Power Generation/Quiz/1


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Power Generation/Formulae/Intro

Guidelines to using this formulae sheet:

This part is a formula sheet and also a condensation of important concepts found in this course. In most countries formula sheets are included as an appendix to an examination paper. At Wikiversity, we include a formula sheet for courses offered in the School of Electrical engineering. Please note the following when using this formula sheet:

 * This formula sheet should not be used as a substitute for what you learn in this course; learn your theory well.
 * Use this formula sheet sparingly, and avoid relying completely on it.
 * Refer to lecture notes when a certain formula is not included here.
 * Formula derivations are not included in this page.
 * If you spot an error, and since this is Wikiversity, after all, do correct it yourself - but only if you have the knowledge to do so.

The formulae included in this page are specifically applicable to this course. It is possible to use them in other courses, provided necessary ammendments and assumptions are stated clearly.

title: Power Generation/Formulae/Intro


text:
Power Generation/Formulae/Formula

 * …for HYDRO powerPLANT_1. WATER, 2.RESEVIOR 3. TERBINE 4. GENETER 5. STEPUP T/F 6. STEPDOWN T/F & 7. POWER DISTRIBUTION MUST NECESSARY
 * …NUCLEAR POWERPLANT_1.REACTER,2.NUCLEAR, 3.CHEMNY 4.STRONG CONCRET LAYER(WALL),& 5.POWER DISRIBUTION,7.NEAR TO LOAD CENTRE

title: Power Generation/Formulae/Formula


text:
Power Generation/Introduction/Intro

Electrical power at work can be seen everywhere you go. In your home, office, entertainment areas and so forth. How is electrical power generated?

This is the first of 8 lectures that will discuss how power stations are used to generate electrical power. After this brief introduction, we look at the 5 (five) different kinds of electric power generating stations.

Lesson Preview
This lesson is an Introduction to electrical power generation. By the end of this lesson, the student is expected to be comfortable with the following:

 * Definition of electric energy
 * Definition of Calorie
 * Energy relationships
 * Calorific values
 * Different sources of energy
 * Electrical energy generation arrangement
 * Basic power station design considerations

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro


text:
Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 1

Electric Energy:
 * The ability of electricity to do work. We use electricity in our day to day activities such as lighting, heating, lifting, etc...

Joule: (J, SI unit of energy)
 * Work done by a force of 1 Newton, to move (unit mass) of anything a distance of 1 meter along the direction of the force.

Calorie: (cal, SI unit of heat)
 * The amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Kilocalorie (kcal):
 * The amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1 degree Celsius. 1 kcal = 1,000 cal = 4.184 kJ

Fuel:
 * Material that can be burned to release energy (further reading on wikipedia).

Calorific value of fuels:
 * Estimated amount of heat available from fuel.

These definitions are important as they will be used from time to time in this course. The student is encouraged to commit these to memory.

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 1


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Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 2

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. We can simplify the forms in which we encounter energy in our daily life into three forms as follows:

1 Mechanical energy (Measured in N.m → Newton-meter = Joule): 2 Thermal energy (Measured in Cal or KCal → Calorie or Kilocalorie): 3 Electrical energy (Measured in Watt.sec → Watt-second):
 * Ability to move things.
 * Ability to heat things.
 * Ability to use electricity to do work.

All the above forms of energy are interchangable since they can be used to do work and thus can be expressed using the same unit of measurement. The Joule!. The following table summarizes the relationship among energy units

Calorific value of fuels
The following list of external sites shows a comparison of various types of common fuels and their calorific value:

 * 1) Calorific values at wikipedia
 * 2) Calorific values at kaye & labby

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 2


text:
Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 3

The following table shows a comparison of the five most prominent sources of energy and how they measure up against each other.

It must be noted that besides the above energy sources there are some other less used energy sources as follows:

 * Geothermal energy
 * Tidal energy
 * Wave energy

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 3


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Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 4

For electrical energy to be succesfully generated we need an efficient arrangement of the following parts or system.

1. Prime mover:
 * The part of the electrical generating sytem responsible in converting other forms of energy into rotating mechanical energy. eg a steam turbine converts heat energy into mechanical energy.

2. Alternator:
 * The part of the electrical generating sytem responsible for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

These working together in a closed system are called prime mover - alternator combination.

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 4


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Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 5

Electrical energy is the most used form of energy everywhere. As seen in part 3, electrical energy is a result of conversion from other forms of energy that are abundant in nature. Those other forms of energy are usually generated and utilised at will.

Unfortunately, bulk storage of electrical energy for a long duration is not possible yet. This is the fundamental problem in electrical energy generation. Electrical energy must be generated and transmitted to the point of consumption at the instant of demand. this instant is usually less than a second.

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 5


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Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 6

Electric power generating stations are used to provide bulk electric power economically. To achieve this goal careful consideration must be given to the following points when designing a power station: When the above objectives are achieved by a power station design, good and reliable service can be guaranteed to the consumers by the utility company involved. ll
 * 1) Selection and placement of power generating equipment for maximum return from minimal expenditure for the working life of the station.
 * 2) The plant designed must provide cheap; reliable and continous service.

title: Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 6


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Template talk:Deleted for Import

I thought page history could be imported underneath the cut and paste. Why is deletion necessary? Hillgentleman|Talk 15:42, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Deleted for Import


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Power Generation/Steam Power/Intro

Review: Lesson 1

The first Lesson was an Introduction to the principles of Electrical power generation. Here are some points you need to remember from lesson 1.
 * Important electric power generation definitions
 * Different sources of energy
 * Electrical energy generation arrangement

Preview: Lesson 2

This Lesson is about Steam Power station. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson.

 * Basics:
 * Arrangements:

 * Cooling:
 * Location:

 * Efficiency:

Definition, advantages & disadvantages. Components that make up a steam power station. Wet and dry cooling methods. Factors influencing selection of construction site. How efficient this power station is.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Intro


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Template:Request

This template is intended for putting requests on the page Page creation requests. Simply goto the section that you want to put the request and use the syntax to create the request. A bulletted link will be created with a link to the respective Wikipedia article.
 * wp

title: Template:Request


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User:Tirsden

Tirsden initially joined Wikiversity to edit incorrect and inconsistent punctuation on the Drawing page.

Tirsden's real name is Katrina O'Clock. She was born December 21, 1977, in Edmonds, Washington. She has since lived in Australia, Virginia, Colorado, Oregon, and Maryland.

She can be found on the internet by Googling "Tirsden" and is most active at deviantArt. Her home page is Tirsden.com and she has a blog at LiveJournal  and a dream journal  as well.

She likes art, writing, video games, reading, sewing, Dungeons & Dragons, anime, many other things, and drinks a lot of water. Her hero is Vin Diesel and her favorite fictional character is Richard B. Riddick. Her favorite song is "Hide And Seek" by Imogen Heap, and she listens to a lot of techno, rock, metal, and experimental/ambient music. She plays the piano and has origami stars hanging from her ceiling. She is on permanent disability for many things including Bipolar II and Asperger's Syndrome, but finds productive and creative outlets through her various hobbies and shares her work on the internet. She is also laughing at herself as she edits this and her brain rebels against writing in the third person. xD

title: User:Tirsden


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User talk:Tirsden

 Hello Tirsden, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Emesee 19:11, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tirsden


text: User:Dark Mage/Administration

title: User:Dark Mage/Administration


text:
Talk:Learning the basics of French/Au restaurant!

Introducing future tense?
I would hardly think that the 2nd lesson in cursory French in a high school/grammar school would introduce the future before touching upon the present indicative forms of être, avoir, aller, and an introduction to the conjugations of the regular -er verbs. I think there are more words that can be introduced in the vocabulary beyond what is provided here.

--198.179.142.6 19:54, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Texte
Could the text perhaps rather appear with the full index(?) instead of A, G, B as this is a basic lesson and I'm not sure what the French words are.

A(male): Garçon!

Garçon: Bonjour Madame. Bonjour Monsieur.

A(male): Bonjour, je prendrai une omelette aux champignons et une part de tarte au citron.

B(Female): Et moi, le plat du jour et ... vous reste-t-il des poires Belle-Hélène?

Garçon: Oui, il en reste.

B(Female): Alors j'en prendrai une s'il vous plaît!

Garçon: Très bien!

(cette leçon peut être modifiée et/ou allongée - this lesson can be modified and/or extended ) Alabandit 22:14, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Salut Alabandit, thanks for your feedback. I have changed the names to Antoine et Belle. You can input some other names if you like. I also edited in a table (besides better view the time sequence can also be seen). What do you say ? You can always edit wiki pages, just be bold. See you soon, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 07:09, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

I have been having a hard time with the transtations could you maybe include a link to were i could get them M'Rach 21:39, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Vocabulary
Alabandit 22:14, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Thanks for your help. Would you edit it into the learning resource ?
 * for "il en reste" we could use perhaps "there is available" ? "Remains" sounds to me like: all others had it already and here is the rest :-) "Available" is perhaps more neutral ? What do you think ? But keep in mind I am no native French speaker.
 * I am wondering there exist at German and English Wikipedia articles about Poire belle Hélène - but why not in French ? (I mean French cuisine has a good name) Perhaps we could extend material there ? If someone makes it at home, he could make a picture and then add to the Wikipedia articles also. What do you say ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 07:54, 23 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "il en reste" = in this context, "there are still some". "il reste" = "there remain(s)" or "there is/are still".  And there is a mention of "poire Belle-Hélène" at the French Wikipedia: fr:w:Poire, though not an entire article.  The Jade Knight 15:33, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Merci for the infos Jade, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 14:34, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Tenses list
at this point my french is some what none existant. I'm assuming this list reads some thing like this:

There no need to do this for each one but the first one needs to be defined so we know what we dealing with. I am a ware that it is covered better later in this section. Perhaps we could put up a version of this on the page

(I'm literate(with a dictionary) in 4 languages that what i guessed the word list from)

Thanks for all your hard work. Alabandit 22:14, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks again here also Alabandit.
 * Perhaps it may be better for some sections to link to materials from other Wikimedia projects ? E.g. for prendre there exists at Wikibooks: this section. Then we can also bring some attention to there, so it gets extended more and more over time and more projects can use it.
 * Perhaps this can also be done for the tenses ? French/Grammar/Tenses
 * "later in this section": can you give a link please ? See you, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 07:47, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I feel this is very complicated, though conversations and scripts are a good idea to learn from. Would it be possible to get 2 good french speakers to act this out?  I remember learning french at school, we used to recite etre, avoir and 4 other irregular verbs.  With regular verbs, we learned -re -er -ir endings off by heart.  I think starting with things like introducing yourself, your family, the weather, gettin comfortable with conjugation, first in the present, then past and future, is what the first section should be about.
 * Salut, we could ask some French Wikiversity participants to help us. Contacting is possible over fr:Wikiversité:La salle café (a recent request here unanswered) or French Wikiversity chat: fr:Wikiversité:IRC. Let me ask around more in the chat. Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 21:52, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Remember that prendre is an irregular verb, so simply learning the rules of conjugation won't take you the entire way with it. On the other hand, comprendre and apprendre both follow the prendre model. I'd be willing to help with acting/a conversation, though being in the same spot as another user could be an issue for anything video (I'm not in France). The Jade Knight 15:36, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

The choice of the text
Hi, I think the text is a little bit too much complicated for the second lesson of the basic course. The language is very formal and it is not at all the way you would speak in the day to day life. The vocabulary is very difficult in my opinion. Well, I'm French so maybe I am not the best suited for judging the difficulty but when I read it, I really thought the text was not so easy for beginners.

Maybe it would be better if we could keep this dialog for a more advanced lesson or at list modify it to make it easier, using more common vocabulary and more common expression. With this text, we can feel that we are in a very expensive restaurant with very well educated people. Why not change it to an average restaurant with average food and average people? It would keep the idea of the restaurant which is good while providing a more accessible dialog.

Albane69 16:16, 2 December 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Project management/Experimental self communication/Critical thinking and self communication/Goal setting

Might this be more appropriate in the main namespace? Emesee 20:37, 11 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity:Wikiversity Day/2008/Major events and trends

Things that dramatically changed Wikiversity in its 2nd year of life.

 * 1) Down: vandalism.
 * 2) Up: use of Wikiversity as a haven for trolls and troll-hunters on the run from Wikipedia
 * 3) trolls ? :-)
 * 4) Lol, just stopped in to say hi!
 * 5) Alongside: the sandbox server.
 * 6) In front: new Main Page

 * 1) Way out: Mascot contest
 * 2) In: User:jtneill joined Wikiversity as custodian and educationalist.


text: Template:User WikiGnome

title: Template:User WikiGnome


text:
Topic talk:Social theory

Interesting quote:

"Meanwhile, he also said changes in technology drive changes in the economy and thus changes in society." Emesee 00:02, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Social theory


text:
Talk:Open source software

"Meanwhile, Shuttleworth said he hopes to see the industry move to an environment of "permission-free development," where developers are free to jump in and write code off of core open-source projects without seeking permissions." Emesee 00:04, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Open source software


text: Template:Imbox

title: Template:Imbox


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Template:Non-free media rationale

Related resources

 * Fair use

title: Template:Non-free media rationale


text: Template:Non-free media

title: Template:Non-free media


text:
Template:Non-free

Non-free Copyrighted material  true This is the non-free meta-template.

It should be transcluded into every known non-free image copyright tag. It categorises images that are tagged with those copyright tags into a category, thus allowing a machine-readable list of all non-free media to be created. It should not be used directly.

title: Template:Non-free


text: User:Steven Walling

title: User:Steven Walling


text: Template:Non-free Macintosh software screenshot


title: File:Screen1.png


text: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part2

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part2


text:
Talk:Optimal classification

The computer program GUI is being remove until it is updated since is clearly shows the provision for the sub-scheme Dr. Rypka elected to use for columns above K=3. The provision for a sub-scheme with today's personal computer capacity is somewhat misleading and the program must be updated to reflect the absence of a sub-scheme use or apparent need. Freshman 12:46, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed truth table value title and highest logic value displayed. Freshman  19:54, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Optimal classification


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part1

Introduction: Steam/Thermal Power station

A steam/thermal power station uses heat energy generated from burning coal to produce electrical energy. This type of power station is widely used around the world.

This power station uses the Rankine cycle. This is the cycle of the steam produced in the boiler, then taken to the Steam turbine (prime mover). From the turbine the steam is cooled back to water in the Condenser, the resulting water is fed back into the boiler to repeat the cycle.

Because of the abundance of fuel (coal), this kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as base load power stations. This is because steam power stations are slow to start and can not be used to cater for peak loads that generally occur for a short duration.

These power stations (together with nuclear power stations) are kept running very close to full efficiency for 24 hours a day (unless they are being maintained). They have typical life of 30 to 40 years (although most governments have reduced this number to 35 years).

Pros & Cons: what this power station presents

Future generations will have to learn to depend less and less on this type of electricity generating power station, due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels (coal and oil). As other types of power stations become more efficient it should be possible to completely abandon the use of this type of power station.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part1


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part3

This is the conventional cooling method used in most steam power stations. Steam of very high purity is cooled inside the condenser and is returned to the boiler(Rankine cycle).

The condenser itself uses cold water and employs the principle of heat exchange. As the cool water is returned to the boiler, the hot water in the condensor is pumped to the cooling tower. Here water is sprayed and thus falls down to the water pond under the cooling tower. As the water falls it is cooled by the natural cold air. The cooled water is pumped back to the condenser, and the cycle is repeated. This method uses a lot of water through evaporation.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part3


text:
User talk:Lizbennett

Well done
Good job on setting up your account,. Let me know if I can do anything as you go along. 'Official' Wikiversity welcome below. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 13:27, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 Hello Lizbennett, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 13:27, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

Re:multimedia
If you like you can enrich wikis also with this - it is not just text here: media only at Wikiversity you can find here: Category:Media - there is much more at commons:Category:Media types. And I am sure that media uploads can also be done on a login-restricted server on your university (I'd ask James about that if I were you), Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 12:29, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lizbennett


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4

This is the more preffered Cooling method which is now being implemented in most new Steam power stations. Steam is circulated inside a radiator-like heat exchanger and is cooled by the natural cold air blown (naturally or using draught fans) between pipes of the heat exchanger. The cooled/condensed steam is returned to the boiler(Rankine cycyle).

This method greatly decreases water wastages through evaporation by almost 84% of the wet cooling method. It is called Direct dry cooling since the condenser has been eliminated completely. This method is favored where water is scarce.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4


text:
BCP/Lycopus virginicus

Lycopus virginicus

title: BCP/Lycopus virginicus


text:
BCP/Lycopus virginicus/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny talk 13:41, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 08:57, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Lycopus virginicus/Logs


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4A

The first Indirect Dry cooling method is called Wet cooled condenser.

Here the condenser is still used to cool steam that is pumped back to the boiler. The hot water from the condensor is then pumped to Heat exchangers in the cooling tower and natural ventilation is used to cool the water which can then be pumped back to the condenser. Notice that water consumption here is double that consumed in the direct dry cooling method.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4A


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4B

The second Indirect Dry cooling method is called Jet cooled condenser.

Here the exhaust steam leaving the low-pressure turbine condensed by a jet spray of cold water. the resulting hot water collected is through heat exchangers in the cooling tower. The cooled water is sent back to the boiler. Notice that water consumption is equal to the previous cooling method.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4B


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part5

The following is a list of factors that influence the selection of site for constructing a Steam power station:

1. Supply of fuel: 2. Availability of water: 3. Transportation facilities: 4. Cost & type of land: 5. Distance from populated areas: 6. Nearness to load centers:
 * The station must be located close to coal mines to reduce transportation cost of fuel.
 * The station must be located near a river bank or canal for continous water supply.
 * The station must be well connected to major transport routes eg Rail or Road.
 * The land must have a good bearing capacity for heavy equipment and yet be cheap enough to purchase.
 * The station must be located as far away from populated areas as possible due to air pollution.
 * In order to reduce the transmission cost the plant should be located near load centers.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part5


text:
Power Generation/Steam Power/Part6

This type of power station has very high energy losses due to great heat loss in the boiler and condensor. the following equation is used to calculate power station efficiency:

Thermal efficiency $$= \frac{Mechnical_.energy_to_.turbineshaft}{Heat_.of_.coal_.combustion}$$

the above can be re-written as follows:

$${\eta}_{thermal} = \frac{Mechnical_.energy}{Heat_.of_.coal}$$

The above generally works out to ±30% for steam power stations.

you can further calculate overall efficiency as follows:

$${\eta}_{overall} = \frac{Heat_.equivelence_.of_.Electric_.power_.output}{Heat_.of_.coal_.used}$$

the above can be re-written as follows:

$${\eta}_{overall} = {\eta}_{Electrical} \times {\eta}_{Thermal}$$

The above generally works out to ±29% ( 1% loss at the generator ) for steam power stations.

title: Power Generation/Steam Power/Part6


text:
User:David Shankbone

My photography
Comments on how this page currently looks should be directed to my talk page.

Your contributions and donations can help make Wikinews better!

title: User:David Shankbone


text: User:Akrabbim

title: User:Akrabbim


text:
Wikiversity:Community Portal/Layout 0.5/Introduction

The Community Portal is the central place to find out what's happening on Wikiversity. Learn what tasks need to be done, what groups can be joined, and get or post news about recent events or current activities.
 * New to Wikiversity? see Introduction to Wikiversity.
 * See the help page for documentation, or ask a question for assistance.
 * The Colloquium is Wikiversity's main discussion forum.
 * For vandalism, or other custodian (admin/sysop) tasks, you can request custodian action.
 * Is something missing? Request it.


text:
User:TimVickers

My main userpage is Tim Vickers on the English Wikipedia.

title: User:TimVickers


text:
Wikiversity:Community Portal/Layout 0.5/Community Board

 Post your Wikiversity related news and announcements here! New portals, collaborations, and Learning projects seeking contributors. New initiatives, proposals, discussions, or article drives, and current maintenance requests.


text:
User:Alexwikigirl

'''A Law school student in search of something more logic in this universe than war and genocides, and till I figure the truth out of it, I'll still be here on the Wikipedia, Editing.. :D'''

I'm Laila, 21 years old, love to hang out with my over million friends and love NESCAFE a lot... Love swimming and bla bla bla,

The most important thing to know about me is:

1- I don't like backstapping.

2- I love HONESTY.

3- If u want to ask a question, then ask.

4- I'm Aries and that's my horoscope.

5- I never cheat or hate someone( unless for reasonable doubts)

6- Life is too long, so u ought to have a lot of experiences to survive.

7- That's my lucky number, and my birthday: 7 April...

I volunteered in Wikimania 2008, and that's why i'm here....

title: User:Alexwikigirl


text:
User talk:Alexwikigirl

 Hello Alexwikigirl, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 00:00, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack(Russell). I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

title: User talk:Alexwikigirl


text:
User talk:Steveprutz

Hi. Check my account on Wikipedia first. I do not usually look at this page. Steveprutz 00:02, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steveprutz


text:
BCP/Potentilla norvegica

Potentilla norvegica

title: BCP/Potentilla norvegica


text:
BCP/Potentilla norvegica/Logs

2008 Logs

 * Jomegat 02:36, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 20 August, 2008
 * Jomegat 01:00, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 17:57, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 16:31, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:22, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:54, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 04:02, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Potentilla norvegica/Logs


text:
BCP/Prenanthes

Prenanthes

title: BCP/Prenanthes


text:
BCP/Prenanthes/Logs

2008 Logs

 * Jomegat 02:59, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 01:16, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 23:54, 23 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:08, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 21:45, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 22:46, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 20:07, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * Jomegat 22:53, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 03:52, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 19:44, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Prenanthes/Logs


text:
BCP/Leontodon autumnalis

Leontodon autumnalis

title: BCP/Leontodon autumnalis


text:
BCP/Leontodon autumnalis/Logs

2008 Logs

 * Jomegat 03:17, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 20 August, 2008
 * Jomegat 23:36, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 17:58, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 01:18, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 01:07, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:53, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Leontodon autumnalis/Logs


text:
User talk:Jenny O/Assessment reflections

I would be interested to hear other people's comments on student research participation as an item of assessment. Jenny O


text:
Talk:Power Generation/Steam Power/Part2

Page set up
I wanted to wrap as much of the text to the right of the picture as possible. I will be creating PDF versions of each page once completed, and I need to save space. How can we achieve this? --Thuvack | talk 06:31, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * One must remember that some users have smaller screens. On the whole, cramming too much stuff in horizonally isn't a user-friendly thing to do. Don't let a layout concept overshadow the educational value of the resource. Just my opinion. --McCormack 11:36, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I Agree, i did not take smaller screens into consideration. I will change this page just before completion.I want to keep it for now though. I tested the Hydro power station page on a smaller screen and it looked fine (Not best I doubt anyone ever gets best view of the internet on small screens), So i will leave those alone. In general is there some sort of layout guidelines to be followed when creating pages here at wikiversity? --Thuvack | talk 12:23, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Power Generation/Steam Power/Part2


text:
Power Generation/Hydro Power/Intro

Review: Lesson 2

The previous Lesson discussed the steam power station. Here are some points you need to remember from lesson 2.
 * Schematic Arrangement of steam power station.
 * Types of cooling sytems for a steam power station.
 * Location & Efficiency of steam power station.

Preview: Lesson 3

This Lesson is about Hydro Power station. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson.

Definition, advantages & disadvantages. components that make up a steam power station. Factors influencing selection of construction site. Overview & comparison to Hydro-power station.
 * Basics:
 * Arrangements:
 * Location:
 * Pumped storage scheme:

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Intro


text:
Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part1

Introduction: Hydro Power station

A hydro power station uses potential energy of water at high level for generating electrical energy.

This power station is generally located in hilly areas where dams can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be obtained. This kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as peak load power stations. This is because they can be started and stopped easily and fast.

Operation

The water from the dam is lead to the water turbine through the penstock. Here the hydraulic energy of water is converted to rotational mechanical energy by the turbine. The turbine is connected to the generator through the turbine shaft and hence mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by the generator.

Pros & Cons: what this power station presents

Future generations will want to depend more on this type of electricity generating power station (and other renewable energy sources), due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels(Coal). There are a number of construction projects currently underway for this kind of power station around the world.

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part1


text: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part2

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part2


text:
BCP/Monarda fistulosa

Monarda fistulosa

title: BCP/Monarda fistulosa


text:
Open science/Links

Tag content!
Let's collect content regarding open science by tagging it in the web! Please use the tag "openscientists" (plural) in your social bookmarking account, on flickr, youtube, whatever...

 * delicious links tagged with "openscientists"
 * CiteULike references tagged with "openscientists"

Collection of Links
Alternatively, you can add links here:

 * Principles for Open Science at sciencecommons.org
 * Interview with Christian Spannagel about Open Science (German)
 * What's Science 2.0? on spreadingscience.com
 * Corpus callosum: 1st edition of open science round-up on shirleywho.wordpress.com
 * Open Anthropology
 * FriendFeed Science 2.0 room

title: Open science/Links


text:
BCP/Monarda fistulosa/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny talk 09:45, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Monarda fistulosa/Logs


text:
User talk:Jenny O/Tutorial reflections

Comments are welcome Jenny O

title: User talk:Jenny O/Tutorial reflections


text: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part3

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part3


text:
Template:Absent

This user is currently not attending Wikiversity.

Parameter:
 * until - a text that describes a date or event until which the user is absent.

title: Template:Absent


text:
Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part4

Below are equations used for calculations involving this kind of power station:

Weight of the water head:

$$W = ( Volume \times density )= V{\rho}$$ (in Kg) ... Equation 3.1

The potential energy of the water head:

$$E_{potential} = mgh$$(in Joules) ... Equation 3.2

Thus the equivelent electrical energy will be:

$$E_{Electrical} = \frac{E_{potential}}{36\times 10^5_.J}$$(in kWh) ... Equation 3.3

Electrical enegry can also be expressed as:

$$E_{Electrical} = \frac{WH{\eta}_{overall}}{(3600.sec \times 1000)}$$(in kWh) ... Equation 3.4

Where:
 * m = mass (in Kg)
 * g = constant ≈$$9.8m.s^{-2}$$
 * h/H = water head height (metres)
 * ρ = density of water ($$m^3$$)

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part4


text:
Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part5

Below are furhter equations used for calculations involving this kind of power station:

Gross plant capacity (G.C):

$$G.C = \frac{E_{potential}}{sec}$$ (in Watts) ... Equation 3.5

The firm capacity (F.C) will therefore be:

$$F.C = G.C \times {\eta}$$(in Watts) ... Equation 3.6

Thus the yearly gross out put:

$$Y.G.O = F.C \times 8760Hrs$$(in kWh) ... Equation 3.7

We can also estimate the volume of flow per annum:

$$V_{annum} = Catchment_.Area \times Annual_.Rainfall \times Yield_.Factor$$

(in kWh) ... Equation 3.8

Where:
 * η = Efficiency
 * m = mass (in Kg)
 * g = constant ≈$$9.8m.s^{-2}$$
 * h/H = water head height (metres)
 * ρ = density of water ($$m^3$$)

title: Power Generation/Hydro Power/Part5


text:
Introduction to Computers/History

Course Navigation

History of the computer. The computer is a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. It was designed in the 19th century.

Recommended Reading

 * History of computing
 * History of computing
 * History of computing hardware

Notable History
Computers were initially large machines that could fill entire rooms. Some were operated using large vacuum tubes that formed the basis of today's transistors. In order to operate such machines, punch cards were used as the input. Fundamentally, this is still the same way that computers operate today with binary code. One of the first such examples of a computer that operated based on punch cards was the Jacquard Loom. In 1833, Charles Babbage invented his difference engine, an early calculator. Although it was never fully created, the ideas in its design formed the theoretical foundation for later computers. He succeeded his design of the difference engine with the more complicated the analytical engine. This is the first known instance of someone conceptualizing and attempting to design a machine which could store and process numbers. Regrettably, this engine never saw completion either, however the conceptual framework of the machine was also incredibly influential.

Over time computers became more and more powerful, with the introduction of the ubiquitous microprocessor driving forward development. Gordon Moore, one of the co-founders of Intel, invented Moores law, which predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on an integrated circuit inexpensively doubled every 2 years. This law has held true to a certain degree, and it can be seen in motion every day with the introduction of more and more powerful microprocessors and larger hard drives and memory modules.

Notable Computers
Here are some computers that came and went in the history of computing. Some modern examples are also shown here.

Z1
The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1935 and first built in 1936. It was a binary electrically-driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched tape.

ENIAC
A behemoth of a machine weighing 27 tonnes, ENIAC stood for Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer. Originally planned for use in calculating artillery firing tables, on completion in 1946 its first tasks were to perform calculations for hydrogen bomb design. The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes and a punch card mechanism. Working out the programming on paper took weeks, and performing the necessary wiring took days. The ENIAC saw service until October 2, 1955.

Altair 8800
A microcomputer design from 1975, the Altair is considered to have started the personal computer revolution. It was the target of Microsoft's first product: a programming language called Altair Basic. The computer was sold as a kit requiring assembly by the user, although pre-assembled kits could be bought for a higher price. The Altair defied sales forecasts by selling thousands instead of hundreds to computer hobbyists, accelerating a growing hacker culture.

Commodore 64
An 8 bit computer introduced in January 1982, the Commodore 64 rose to become the best selling personal computer of all time. Office productivity tools such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases were available, but due to its advanced graphics and audio systems, along with the inclusion of a cartridge slot, the Commodore was seen as a gaming device rather than a productivity tool, with over 20,000 games released, and even game development environments such as the Shoot'Em-Up Construction Kit.

Macintosh
First introduced by Apple in 1984, the Macintosh was the first popular computer to use a mouse and graphical user interface (GUI) rather than a command line interface, and was initially used primarily as a desktop publishing tool.

The Macintosh is famous for its 1984 advertisement, which can be viewed here.

IBM PC
The granddaddy of all current personal computers, the IBM PC was introduced in 1981. It was capable of running 3 different operating systems at launch, the most popular being PC DOS. Because of its success, many manufacturers were encouraged to create clones with the same feature set as the PC, which we use today as our computers.

Podcast
Check out this podcast for more information on the history of Computers.

https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/charles-edge/the-history-of-computing

The history of computers is a long one.

Images
Course Navigation

title: Introduction to Computers/History


text: Template:Introduction to computers/header


text:
Power Generation/Diesel Power/Intro

Review: Lesson 3

The previous lesson was about the hydro power station. The student is expected to remember the following from the lesson 3: Definition, advantages and disadvantages. Components that make up a hydro-power station. Factors influencing selection of construction site. Overview and comparison to hydro-power station.
 * Basics:
 * Arrangements:
 * Location:
 * Pumped storage scheme:

Preview: Lesson 4

This Lesson is about diesel power stations. The student is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson: Definition Components that make up a diesel power station. How this station compares with other types
 * Basics:
 * Arrangements:
 * Advantages and disadvantages:

title: Power Generation/Diesel Power/Intro


text:
Introduction to Computers/Computer types

Course Navigation

Supercomputer

Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive computers. Their huge processing power mean they can be used for complex applications such as predicting protein folding patterns (something really really complex). They're normally used to solve very complex science and engineering problems. Supercomputers get their processing power by taking advantage of parallel processing; they use lots of CPUs at the same time on one problem. A typical supercomputer can do up to ten trillion individual calculations every second.

Example Supercomputers:
 * K Computer
 * Columbia
 * Jaguar

Further reading on supercomputers.

Mainframe

They come second to super computers. They have the following features:
 * they are larger in size compared to other computers
 * Have larger capacity and are more powerful in terms of processing speed

Server

Similar to mainframes in that they serve many uses with the main difference that the users (called clients) do their own processing usually. The server processes are devoted to sharing files and managing log on rights.

A server is a central computer that contains collections of data and programs. Also called a network server, this system allows all connected users to share and store electronic data and applications. Two important types of servers are file servers and application servers.

Workstation

Workstations are high-end, expensive computers that are made for more complex procedures and are intended for one user at a time. Some of the complex procedures consist of science, math and engineering calculations and are useful for computer design and manufacturing. Workstations are sometimes improperly named for marketing reasons. Real workstations are not usually sold in retail.

The movie Toy Story was made on a set of Sun (Sparc) workstations

Perhaps the first computer that might qualify as a "workstation" was the IBM 1620.

The Personal Computer or PC

PC is an abbreviation for a Personal Computer, it is also known as a Microcomputer. Its physical characteristics and low cost are appealing and useful for its users. The capabilities of a personal computer have changed greatly since the introduction of electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single individual. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after about 1975. Early personal computers generally called microcomputers, sold often in kit form and in limited volumes and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. By the late 1970s, mass-market pre-assembled computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, home computers were developed for household use, offering some personal productivity, programming and games, while somewhat larger and more expensive systems (although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes) were aimed for office and small business use. Today a personal computer is an all rounded device that can be used as a productivity tool, a media server and a gaming machine. The modular construction of the personal computer allows components to be easily swapped out when broken or upgraded.

Microcontroller

Microcontrollers are mini computers that enable the user to store data, do simple commands and tasks, with little or no user interaction with the processor. These single circuit devices have minimal memory and program length but can be integrated with other processors for more complex functionality. Many such systems are known as Embedded Systems. Examples of embedded systems include Smartphones or car safety systems.

Microcontrollers are important, they are used everyday in devices such as appliances and automobiles.

Course Navigation


text:
Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part1

Introduction: Diesel Power station

A Diesel power station(also known as Stand-by power station) uses a diesel engine as prime mover for the generation of electrical energy.

This power station is generally compact and thus can be located where it is actually required. This kind of power station can be used to produce limited amounts of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as emergency supply stations.

Operation

The diesel burns inside the engine and the combustion process moves a fluid that turns the engine shaft and drives the alternator. The alternator in turn, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

This type of electricity generating power station will probably be used a long time into the future, due to a need for reliable stand-by electrical source for emergency situations.

However, diesel power plants emit green house gases that pollute the environment and also require frequent servicing.

title: Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part1


text:
Introduction to Computers/Hardware and software

Course Navigation

Hardware and software are crucially important elements of computers. They are interconnected- without software, the hardware of a computer would have no function. Likewise, without hardware, software would be useless.

Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. A computer's hardware can also referred to as the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the CPU, motherboard, keyboard, monitor, and the mouse. Most of a computer's hardware is internal, meaning that it exists within the case of the computer. For example, the CPU is an internal element- the user cannot interact with it directly. On the other hand, the mouse is considered external hardware, as it exists outside of the computer's case. A computer's hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the most important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of even more smaller parts that power and control the computer.

Hardware is a physical entity. The computer's hardware is comprised of the tools that the machine uses to execute tasks and programs, also known as software.

Software
Software be described as a collection of routines, rules, and symbolic languages that direct the functioning of the hardware.

Software is capable of performing specific tasks, as opposed to hardware which only perform mechanical tasks that they are specifically designed for. Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major groups:
 * 1) System software:  Helps run computer hardware and computer system. Computer software includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, and more.
 * 2) Programming software: Software that assists a programmer in writing computer programs.
 * 3) Application software: Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks.

The term "software" is sometimes used in a broader context to describe any electronic media content which embodies expressions of ideas such as film, tapes, records, etc. Software is the electronic instruction that tells the hardware of a computer to do a task, and how to do it.

Firmware

Firmware is a type of software, built in to an element of the hardware, that determines how that piece of hardware handles input and output.

It is the embedded code (program) for the hardware so the hardware can perform functions specifically designed for that device. Every device has inbuilt firmware. That gives the device the ability to perform its work. There are lots of devices that use a screen and buttons. These devices consists of firmware that instruct the device to perform certain functions on given commands.

Examples are of firmware include the programming on video cards and sound cards. Both of these components can only execute functions relating to video and sound, respectively, because this is what they were programmed to do.

Firmware can be explained as programming instructions that are stored in a read-only memory and can only be used by connecting them with software.

It is used so that each part of the hardware of a computer can operate efficiently.

Course Navigation


text:
Introduction to Computers/Basic operations

Course Navigation

Input
Input is whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.

 * http://winplanet.webopedia.com/TERM/I/input.html

Output
Output is anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.

Processing
The processor is the brain of a computer. It's also called the "CPU" (Central Processing Unit) and it is a microchip.

Processing refers to the actions the CPU takes in response to input to produce the appropriate output.

Storage
A computer's storage is the location where the computer preserves data for later use. It is also known as the computer's memory. Examples include RAM, hard disks, or removable memory sticks.

 * see also storage heading under processor

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_%28computing%29

Course Navigation


text:
Data sizes and speeds

Course Navigation

Supplemental Course Navigation Pre. - Supplemental Page << Numeral systems Next - Supplemental Page >> Data Coding and Information Decoding

This is a lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science This is a lesson in the course Computing Fundamentals

Names for different sizes of data
When choosing a new computer we come across terms such as "300GB hard drive" and "500MB download", and to the uninitiated, this can be somewhat disconcerting. These numbers represent amounts of data. Data in a computer is represented in a series of bits. A bit is the smallest form of data that a computer can store and process. Every bit exists as one of two values, 0 or 1. Since the birth of computers, bits have been the language that control the processes that take place inside that mysterious box called your computer. In this article, we look at the very language that your computer uses to do its work.

Bit
A bit is a binary unit, simply a 1 or a 0. A true or a false. It is the most basic unit of data in a computer. It's like the dots and dashes in Morse code for a computer. Bits are machine readable.

Nibble
A nibble is 4 bits. One hexadecimal digit is one nibble in size.

Byte
In computer science a byte is a unit of measurement of information storage, that equals '8 bits', can be used to represent letters and numbers.

For example, the number 01000001 is 8 bits long, and represents the letter A in 8-bit encoding.

Word
Unfortunately the term "word" has two definitions.(1) The word size for a computer is the number of bits that the central processing unit (CPU) of a particular computer can handle at one time. These word sizes range from a nibble to more than 128 bits. (2) Word size = 16 bits (or two bytes). This second definition was pretty much driven by all of the people that were writing software to be used to program computers.

KB
A kilobyte, or KB, is a unit of data that equals 1024 bytes, or 210. This is not to be confused with the decimal kilo which means 1000 or 103. The difference is because the term was coined by computer scientists. Powers of 2 do not fit into 1000 neatly, therefore using the decimal system in binary computing would be computationally wasteful.

MB
A megabyte, or MB, is a unit of data that equals 1,048,576 bytes, or 220. This is equal to a kilobyte squared, 10242.

GB
A gigabyte, or GB, is a unit of data that equals 1,073,741,824 bytes, or 230. This is equal to a kilobyte cubed, 10243. Because of the difference between computer metrics and decimal metrics, storage devices are usually advertised with gigabytes presented as 1 billion bytes rather than 1.07 billion bytes, thereby understating their true capacity. This explains why there are inconsistencies when comparing the actual size of a hard drive to the presented size.

TB
A terabyte, or TB, is a unit of data that equals 1,099,511,627,776 bytes, or 240. This is equal to a kilobyte to the fourth power, 10244, being approximately one trillion bytes, or 1024 gigabytes. Consumer storage devices are often measured in terabytes.

PB
A petabyte, or PB, is a unit of data that equals 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes, or 250. This is equal to a kilobyte to the fifth power, 10245, or roughly one quadrillion bytes. Large data centers, such as those operated by Google, can handle petabytes of data every day. Microsoft stores on 900 servers a total of approximately 14 petabytes. Cisco Systems predicts "the global Internet networks will deliver 12.5 petabytes every 5 minutes in 2016."

Measurements of Data Speed
Data transfer speeds can be measured in bits per second, or in bytes per second. A byte is (generally) 8 bits long. Network engineers describe network speeds in bits per second, while web browsers usually measure a file download rate in bytes per second. A lowercase "b" usually means a bit, while an uppercase "B" represents a byte. In networking, metric prefixes (e.g. kilo, mega, and giga) refer to their decimal, not binary meaning.

bps
Known as bits per second, bps was the main way of describing data transfer speeds several decades ago.

Kbps
Kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. The quality of compressed audio files (e.g. MP3s) are typically measured in Kbps.

Mbps
Megabits per second, or 1,000,000 bits per second. Internet service providers usually measure their Internet connectivity in Mbps.

Gbps
Gigabits per second, or 1,000,000,000 bits per second. Modern local area networks, Internet infrastructure, and consumer Internet connections in some countries can operate at these speeds.

Supplemental Course Navigation
Pre. - Supplemental Page << Numeral systems

Next - Supplemental Page >> Data Coding and Information Decoding Course Navigation

title: Data sizes and speeds


text:
User:Benja

A scientist is an open problem's way to make more open problems.

title: User:Benja


text: Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part3

title: Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part3


text:
Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part4

If heat produced by _X kg of oil = Y KCal   (where 1kWh = 860 KCal)

Then we can derive the overal power plant efficiency as:

$${\eta}_{overall} = \frac{860KCal}{Y KCal} \times 100$$ (in %) ... Equation 4.1

Then the engine efficiency becomes:

$${\eta}_{engine} = \frac{\eta_overall}{\eta_alternator} \times 100$$(in %) ... Equation 4.2

Where:_ $${\eta}_{alternator}$$ is specified by manufacturer

title: Power Generation/Diesel Power/Part4


text:
User:Gears is awesome

Hi. This is the ultimate Gears of War fan. GO MARKUS FENIX!!!!!!!!!!

title: User:Gears is awesome


text:
Talk:Filmmaking Basics/Formatting the Script

What a joke. It's an ad for Macintosh. I thought this was a filmmaking course, but apparently all it teaches you to do is buy FrameForge. YAWN. Comment added by User:76.5.159.167

 * Perhaps you could be constructive and suggest some open source software that does the job just as well? --McCormack 17:00, 13 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity:Community Portal/Layout 0.5/To Do

Wikiversity is growing. However, at this early stage many areas are stubs, or otherwise need attention. If you like, go ahead, be bold, and jump right in. --

Things to do

 * Help with the migration of Wikiversity pages from Wikibooks
 * Create and add content to pages on the requests page.
 * other open tasks

Learning projects

 * Bloom Clock
 * Wikiversity the Movie
 * Astronomy Project
 * Human Genetic Uniqueness Project
 * IRColloquium
 * Learning to learn a wiki way
 * Wikiversity Concepts Project

Custodian work

 * Import - to move Wikiversity pages from Meta and Wikibooks
 * Request custodian action - for page deletion, protection, user blocking and undoing all those
 * Category:Candidates for speedy deletion - monitor for requests for speedy deletion of pages.

Time Dependent

 * Translators needed for Wikiversity Beta discussions.

Ongoing
Not sure where to report a certain type of problem with article content? If it exists, it's probably listed at Maintenance.
 * Learning Projects encourage active learning.
 * Organization of Wikiversity
 * Plan for featured content - show off Wikiversity's finest
 * Policies - for proposed policies and discussion about those
 * Wikiversity mission - help refine Wikiversity's mission statement
 * Wikiversity Local Live - Real life meetings for nearby Wikiversity participants by location


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Wikiversity:Community Portal/Layout 0.5/Resource

Wikiversity is "staffed" by a small number of volunteers. Here are some of the most general; for more specific departments, check the appropriate page below. See also the Wikiversity department directory. -

Help

 * Wikiversity help - Browse help pages
 * Where to ask questions
 * Help desk - Ask a question about anything.

Editing

 * The Manual of Style guidelines and tutorial
 * How to edit a page
 * How to contribute to Wikiversity
 * How to add content
 * How to improve materials
 * How to produce great material
 * A list of template messages
 * The list of images that have been uploaded to Wikiversity
 * What special pages are
 * Tools for editing

Policies and guidelines
Wikiversity has some policies, guidelines, conventions, and traditions. This is a brief sampling of some of the most important. Policies and guidelines apply both to materials, and how to work with fellow editors. For easy access, the shortcuts to the pages are also listed.

Resources
New user information Welcome! · New user tutorial · Sandbox · Help · What Wikiversity is not · Glossary · Account benefits Ways to communicate Discussion pages · Mailing list ( Wikiversity-l Please subscribe to the list or view the archives ) · IRC Chat · User pages · Surveys · Custodians' noticeboard · Requests for feedback · Meetups Community support groups and programs Welcoming committee · Wikiversity awards program · Barnstars · Common Procedures Featured content · Good content · Requests for feedback · Deleting a page ( full policy ) · Moving a page ( naming policies ) · Protecting a page ( full policy ) · Reverting a page · Custodian nominations m· Category-based access to administration How to resolve conflicts Stay cool! · Be nice to newcomers · Community information About Wikiversity · About Wikimedia · Wikischolars · Donations · Administrators · Babel · Culture · Related communities