text:
User:Leutha/Archive 1

 Hello Leutha, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Adambro 20:25, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

SPIR608 Queries
This is the place for your queries.Leutha 15:00, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

message from remi
hi babeRemi arnold 17:23, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Hi
Dear Fabian,

We changed the title of our game, it is "Operation Beria" now. May I kindly ask you to add the page Operation Beria to the design groups (it should be in the category:SPIR608/2011). Also, we tried to create nice infobox for our page, but unfortunately we failed to do so. Can you please have a look at it and edit it if it is necessarily.

Best, "First-Class Students" :)

Thanks
Thank you for your message. I'm interested in not only Ottoman Empire but also with Birtish History (especially Tudors). So, I believe in that I can help you about this area. At the same time, I can help you about wikiversity politics. See you, bye... --Bermanya 22:46, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Hi! "Tudor Origins of the British Empire, Rise of Protestantism" was opened today. Thanks... --Bermanya 15:02, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

e-Portfolio help
Just wanted to say thanks for your info on creating my own e-Portfolio page! Cheers! MichelleK 09:29, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

edit summary
Do you know what an edit summary is? --JWSchmidt 13:23, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

There is no page on it as such, but User:B9 hummingbird hovering mentions it on Lesson Two: Wiki and Wikiversity crashcourse. Harrypotter 14:07, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Why don't you write edit summaries for your edits? --JWSchmidt 17:23, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

I'm not sure whether User:B9 hummingbird hovering's phrase "User:B9 hummingbird hovering" quite captures the nub of the cause. Maybe it's because I'm a wikignome that I don't want to draw attention to what I am doing. If you like I could use the "This is a minor edit" button, if you feel that is appropriate. But if you want to go the whole hog, as it were, if you could produce a little Gnome to share with the community, I'm sure that not only myself, but all the other poor gnomes drawn to wikiversity would be able to play a significant role in developing the community without troubling those in the community more critical of our foibles.Harrypotter 19:47, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you are saying. Are you saying that when you remove content from Wikiversity learning resources you don't want to draw attention to what you are doing? When you remove content from a Wikiversity page, please provide an edit summary that explains why you are removing the content. --JWSchmidt 14:42, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't so much remove content but archive material which has been inactive, sometimes for as much as a year or two. If you feel it would be useful for me to put notes in the edit summary I'll try to remember
 * I am not aware of any time limit on Wikiversity page contents. If you are removing content from Wikiversity learning resources because it is "inactive" then please explain the measures of inactivity that you are using. --JWSchmidt 19:41, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:William Fettes Douglas - The Alchemist.jpg|thumb|right|200px| "This is my retort!" An Alchemist researching into "measures of inactivity"]]Well, I am not aware of any time limit either. Perhaps if you inquire on the Colloquium you can find out if there has been any discussion of this. As regards any "measures of inactivity" perhaps that would be better discussed here: Inactive Pages or here Inactive pages (I'm not sure which would be the most appropriate). For myself, I have not created any such measures. However feel free to propose such measures and see how others respond. As regards myself, please feel free to measure the inactivity present in each of my edits. They can be accessed here: Harrypotter's Edits. However, it may be useful to look at one example. Let's go with British Empire:

These three edits I would not regard as substantive, more like moving around the deckchairs on Marie Celeste Editor Erikgunby was kind enough to add the history tag, which I retained, so no issue there. Editor Faithlessthewonderboy has only made one edit on Wikiversity, and this was it: a reversion of the one edit from IP 169.139.98.194. So my actions in no way impinge there either. So this takes us back to Editor Jade Knight, who made an edit on 19 September 2008, a date rapidly approaching its second anniversary. I'll leave you to calculate the exact number of days which elapsed until 12 August 2010. Of course such a measure would be inadequate on its own without consideration of the content. Obviously well prepared material which had remained untouched for eons could be very useful - just think where we would be without the Rossetta Stone! One heading was nothing more than that, a hallmark of incompleteness. All told the headings had the following number of words:
 * 1) (cur | prev)  16:46, 26 July 2010 Erikgunby (Talk | contribs) (5,046 bytes) (undo)
 * 2) (cur | prev) 13:29, 30 December 2009 Faithlessthewonderboy (Talk | contribs) (5,033 bytes) (Undo revision 496876 by 169.139.98.194 (Talk)) (undo)
 * 3) (cur | prev) 11:57, 27 October 2009 169.139.98.194 (Talk) (4,567 bytes) (→Decline) (undo)

 * 1) Definition: 147
 * 2) English Imperialism as Precursor to British Imperialism: 184
 * 3) Pre-conditions for empire: 66
 * 4) First forays: 0
 * 5) Build up: 73
 * 6) Decline 79

 * Average: 91.5 words

I'm not sure how useful this figure might be in generating a measure of incompleteness, but I feel that incompleteness implies a lack of activity, and where there has not been any edits for XXX days, then if we were to multiply the quotient of incompleteness by this number of days, we might get indices of inactivity. Would this give you the sort of measure your after? Perhaps some could devise a bot to do this with all pages so that we could have the indices of inactivity placed on the talk page, perhaps updated monthly, quarterly, I don't know. . . what would you prefer? The problem I think would come from measuring incompleteness in a way which goes beyond protoscience. This seems to be an area in which you seem to already have considerable knowledge. Why not get cracking and come up with a workable conceptualisation, and then maybe someone far cleverer than me could devise the bot?Harrypotter 20:56, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Since you admit to not knowing what you are doing, I will simply revert all of your unexplained removals of content from Wikiversity learning resources. --JWSchmidt 13:42, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * You might find that highly dysfunctional. I Know exactly what I am doing - it is all recorded in my edits, to which I have referred you. However I have not applied an abstract a priori pseudo-scientific schema, which I regard as inappropriate. Please do not proceed in this fashion. Perhaps you are muddling me up with User:Erkan Yilmaz? Your friend, Leutha 15:42, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Portal:Psychology
Thanks for adding Motivation and Emotion to Portal:Psychology (it has been a rather neglected page). -- Jtneill - Talk - c 04:49, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Hi
Hi, Harry. I'm glad to see you too. I'm happy. I returned from a short vacation. I will start working again tomorrow (About Tudors, Ottomans etc.) Good works. --Bermanya 19:44, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Dittos
Don't know about the appropriateness of this edit, but can't see much harm. Glad you stopped by, guess you could see I was struggling with my page. I have quite a bit of experience on the 'pedia, but things seem to work a little differently in the 'versity. --Ernie.cordell 18:14, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Ottoman Empire course
Hi! New lesson 16th century: Growth of the Empire, Part 2, Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") was opened today. Please read this lesson and answer the quiz. Thanks... --Bermanya 14:18, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Homework
Week V: There is homework this week.

1-) Why were revolts period of Suleiman I?
 * C: People unhappy

2-) Which states were enemy of Ottoman Empire period of Suleiman I?
 * C: Hapsburg, Persia, Hungary

3-) When did Hayreddin Barbarossa become commander of Ottoman navy?
 * C: 1532

Please answer the questions. Good works... --Bermanya 14:33, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Changing username
FYI see Changing_username. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:49, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * 'Tis done; hope you continue to wave your magic wand here 'tho . -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:09, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

m: Talk:Meetup/London/38
Hello! -- KYPark [T] 09:31, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

Ottoman empire course
Hi! New lesson "Height of the Ottoman Empire, Part I" was opened today. Please read this lesson and answer the quiz. Thanks... --Bermanya 21:04, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you. Your work to make Portal:Game design useful for learners and educators is appreciated. -- dark lama  15:49, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

- Hi Leutha. I'm sorry, because I did not see your message on my talk page. I will interested in Anglo-Moroccan alliance, Levant Company, Anglo-Turkish piracy, thank you. I working on Height of the Ottoman Empire now, good works... --Bermanya 17:59, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello Leutha, can you help me about "Ottoman Science in 16th Century" ? For example; Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics, Geometry etc. Thanks... --Berm@nyamessage 01:31, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

mainspace name considerations
Hi, Leutha, thanks for working on the resources for game design.

I noticed, however, that you are creating pages in mainspace that would better be subpages of other pages in the game design area. For example, you have created Voting, but that topic would be quite broad and we will, I believe, have resources on the topic of voting systems, etc., whereas your page is narrow in focus. Could it be a subpage of Game mechanics, such as Game mechanics/Voting? Other pages as well might be moved similarly.

Wikibooks is organized that way, a book is a page in mainspace, and then chapters or subtopics are subpages. It keeps things tidy.... I'd be glad to help, as I can. --Abd 02:08, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

By the way, there is a trick for listing subpages that allows the main page to be moved, with the subpages, and the references stay the same. /Fun/ would create a subpage of your user talk page, but it just would display as "Fun." If the final slash is left out, it would display as "/Fun." So you don't have to list the full pagename for all the elements of game mechanics, you just place a slash before them, or before and after, and they are then referenced properly from the page above. --Abd 02:16, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Yes, it's a good idea. I have start to change some of the pages.Leutha 10:23, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Theoretical word games
One of the links is the APA paper written for my class, and has a section on a re-write of Rogers' theory which is nearly impossible to read but has been prophetic. It is American, or New World, philosophy -- truly love of knowedge (!) and not the crazy death-based stuff to come across after WWII. Our only downside was the bad behavior of Nelson Algren who became "the" American existentialist probably because of his relationship with Simone de Bouvier.

I think the process is just deconstruction and reconstruction with a wiki-bytecode in between to translate it. I deconstructed it to get all the good parts out, but in this case I now think it is way too long. Other people have attempted to rewrite Roger's model by explaining every line, which does not actually help. That has been the tendency I think for most writing about writing--no actual added value, and no critical inquiry.

If you think those two things are good goals, then I think that this deconstruction/reconstruction idea can be applied to all philosophy, such as the differences between objective and subjective. If the reconstruction is actually an assignment for a grade, then I think that students will attack it with gusto.

PS, thanks for the edit. --JohnBessatalk 23:34, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

I have added the game to the archive I am working on. For myself I have been reading around the Institute of Phenomenalogical Studies which was set up in London. However three Americans played an important part Joe Berke, Leon Redler and Calvin Hernton. All three were influence by Ronnie Laing. It would interesting to see how your reconstruction works when students get the hang of it. I am keen that Versitans should share evaluation of their courses. I have done so with our recent course SPIR608 here. Leutha 10:26, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

ASGELE instructions
Create page - use search

Thank you!
You have a message at the user page of GeoBardRap 02:37, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

University projects
Hi Leutha, if you are interested in helping with university projects, it would be neat to have better links between WV and the Outreach bookshelf for universities; which was mainly written for people using Wikipedia, but is as you noted largely reusable. Times like this I wish cross-wiki transclusion were possible... –SJ + > 05:07, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

welcoming new users
I see that you are welcoming users. Thanks for helping with this. However, it seems you are welcoming users with no contributions. The tradition seems to be to only welcome users when they make an edit that is not vandalism or something inappropriate. I generally welcome people even if all they have done is to try the sandbox or create a user page with maybe their name on it, or something.

It might be interesting to study whether or not new accounts with no edits are more likely to edit if welcomed. I'm just saying that the tradition is to not welcome people on account creation alone, I'm passing it on, what was said to me by an administrator who used to do almost all the welcoming here.... and which I've been following myself.

I find the users by looking at Recent changes and seeing who has a redlink Talk page.... --Abd 23:03, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for that. Yes I see the advantage of not troubling people with a welcome until they have done more than start a page.Leutha 11:28, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Edit summaries again
prior discussion. I see that you still don't use edit summaries. Lack of summaries makes it much more difficult for anyone to follow what you are doing. While nobody is obligated to use summaries, it is considered disrespectful of the time of others, and of the need for transparency, to fail to use them. It takes only moments to add some brief description. For a spelling correction, I'll mark the edit as minor and put "sp" in the summary. Good edit summaries are a mark of an experienced editor. People following Recent Changes and their Watchlist have no clue what you did if you don't provide them a summary, unless they take the time to actually look at the diff. It makes a real difference. --Abd 21:27, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for confirming that edit summaries are optional.Leutha 22:42, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Since at least a couple of users have requested, Leutha, for you to consider greater use of edit summaries, I would suggest this is worth considering, trying out, and getting some feedback about. As far as I'm aware, use of edit summaries isn't policy per se, more of a kind of wikiquette. What do you think? This is sometimes a way this suggestion can be made: edit summary

Editing tip - Using edit summaries

 * Thank you for that. I have tested the prompt and found it very effective. I have also added the information to FAQ/Editing/Edit summary.Leutha 12:30, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Excellent, Leutha, and thanks. I learned some stuff reading that. I was unaware, for example, that one can add multiple section links to an edit summary. Way cool. --Abd 16:38, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

Probationary custodianship
Hi Leutha, Yes, I would be willing and happy to mentor you for probationary custodianship, but would not act as bureaucrat (i.e., another bureaurcrat would need to approve and change the user rights), and please note that it is also a busy time of the year, but I will be around WV working with students on Motivation and emotion and am happy and willing to work with you. Would you like to self-nominate? Sincerely, James. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:00, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi Leutha. "Self nominating" isn't at all unusual or frowned upon around here ;-), though we do need at least something on WV:RFC to officially start a mentorship. Generally the only thing the bureaucrat (probably me in this case) really needs to see is an agreement between a willing mentor and a willing candidate, but the RFC subpage needs to be there for future reference. --SB_Johnny talk 00:34, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for the nudge. My wiki activities had focused on setting up this on Wikipedia just recently.Leutha 08:50, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Mentorship
Congrats, let me know if you need anything! --SB_Johnny talk 08:28, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi Leutha, Sorry I've been flat out, with my head buried in Motivation and emotion and off-wiki realities. So, have just noticed that you're now on probationary custodianship. Fantastic. How much do you know about each of the custodian tools? Would you like to work through trying each of them out? Is there anything else I might be able to do to help out? Sincerely, James. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:09, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Hi James, Thanks. I am currently in Lithuania at a Congress, including some on WV. But will pick up Custodian issues next week.
 * Let's see, I entered this signature by holding down the alt key and entering 126, releasing the alt key, four times: Abd 17:07, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I could also copy and paste the four tildes from any place where it's given, such as here: ~ . Abd 17:09, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * There is also a signature button in the edit toolbar, here it is. It handily inserts two hyphens and four tildes: --Abd 17:12, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * thanks Leutha 10:31, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Resources for Wikipedian Student Organizations
Hi, Leutha.

We're working on some resources for Wikipedian student organizations, including a page creation process to help students promote their activities on Outreach Wiki. We'd love to get your feedback. Check out outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Student_Organizations/Page_Creation_Test_Group for more information, or feel free to ping me at studentclubs at wikimedia dot org if you have questions or comments for us.

Wolliff 23:58, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Fourth Alytus Bienale
This reads like a personal essay or report, it's chatty, etc. I think this would be more appropriate for your user space, at least as it is. What do you think? --Abd 17:53, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comment. I have discussed the matter with some other participants who I was encouraging to get involved with wikipedia, and we have agreed to remove the page.Leutha 10:09, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

 * See also Definitions, a strange page to start with, now with some interesting "definitions" related to the above.

 * Looking at What Links Here from Definitions, what I see is some Unconsideration of naming of pages. Definitions should be a subpage of Some Considerations on the Use of Simulation as a Teaching Method in ELT, and the latter page has been named as if it is an article in a journal or something. We have these structural problems all over, we never set up deep consideration of how to name pages and so we never created guidelines for it, and the result is as could be expected, chaos, which drastically lowers the utility of what's been created. Knowledge is almost useless if disconnected. --Abd 17:59, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

 * In a journal, the linking of an article with a title like that would be through the journal itself, which identifies, by its nature, the topic. If we had a Wikiversity Journal of ELT, for example, then the page name would become ELT/Some Considerations .... etc. Now, if I knew what ELT was, I'd be way ahead of the game.

 * We need active attention to the creation of resources, not to mention going back and cleaning up what has been created in the last five years. --Abd 18:04, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The "interesting definitions" on the former Definitions page -- I moved it -- are at . I'll leave it up to you if this is useful for your notes on the Alytus Bienale. Whoever wrote those was sophisticated. --Abd 18:09, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User:Leutha/Archive 1


text:
User:Marshallsumter/Dominant group/Biology/Term test

The technical or scientific term "dominant group" occurs in about 274 articles on Wikipedia. None of the sentences containing "dominant group" in each article seems to be attributed (cited or referenced to a source). What would you do?

Below in the section "Dominant group on wikipedia" is a partial list.

Some of these occurrences have a right or wrong answer, but many may be open to debate.

Read through each of the following learning guides, then take the test.

Prepare to defend your answers and enjoy this learning resource!

Some of the answers are listed on the 'Discuss' page for the learning resource. Be bold.

Original research
Some hints about original research can be found in the article Original research inquiry or the Wikiversity resource Original research.

For evaluating the occurrences of "dominant group", here is the associated 'original research' question:

Are any of these uses of "dominant group" original research or original synthesis?

Attribution
Hints about attribution can be found in this article, Dominant group/Attribution and copyright.

Should each sentence using "dominant group" have a reference or citation after it?

Are any of the uses of "dominant group" plagiarism?

Copyright
Please keep in mind that the copyright policy on Wikipedia (or any of the WMF projects) is in line with WMF desires to sell educational materials such as books in countries and political regions that may have a much more restrictive copyright law than the USA where the WMF is located.

This is a learning resource for Wikiversity that you may enjoy with respect to publication in the US. Please refrain from making any actual changes to Wikipedia unless and until you are sure these changes are in line with local project policy.

Hints about copyright can be found in this article, "Dominant group/Attribution and copyright".

As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?

What to do
What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity?

Some hints can be found in this article, Dominant group/Attribution and copyright.

Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?

Dominant group on wikipedia
Here is a summary list of the test questions.

 * 1) Are any of these uses of "dominant group" original research or original synthesis?
 * 2) Should each sentence using "dominant group" have a reference or citation after it?
 * 3) Are any of the uses of "dominant group" plagiarism?
 * 4) As each sentence stands, is it a copyright violation?
 * 5) What you would do if you found each sentence (for each sentence) on Wikipedia, or on Wikiversity, or any WMF project?
 * 6) Should you put a notice on a notice board somewhere on either site to let others know what some author or editor did, or didn't do?
 * 7) How would you edit the entry or the current page on the local project?

Separately, write what you believe about each of these with respect to
 * 1) original research or synthesis,
 * 2) attribution,
 * 3) copyright, and
 * 4) a step by step procedure of what to do if you (or anyone) finds anything similar on a WMF project.

The current page is either within the quote, before the quote, or indicated after the reference to the author who contributed "dominant group" to the page.

Some hints occur after several of these examples.

 * 1) "Before European settlement, galaxias were the dominant group of native freshwater fish in New Zealand, and, along with the Percichthyidae, one of two dominant groups of native fish freshwater in south-eastern Australia." : cannot find support for this use of "dominant group" on Google scholar.
 * 2) "Euenantiornithes is a superorder of Cretaceous birds. They are considered to contain the more advanced taxa of the Enantiornithes, the dominant group of birds during the late Mesozoic." "Enantiornithes is the dominant group of Mesozoic birds (Chiappe and Witmer, 2002; Hou et al., 2003)."
 * 3) "The course of evolution has been changed several times by mass extinctions that wiped out previously dominant groups and allowed other to rise from obscurity to become major components of ecosystems.", from Paleontology.
 * 4) "When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one.", from Paleontology. The statement is followed by [83][84].
 * 5) "When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one.[18][181]", from Evolutionary history of life.
 * 6) From Shaochilong, "Shaochilong is the youngest known Laurasian allosauroid suggesting that basal tetanurans not tyrannosaurids, were still the dominant group of large-bodied theropods in Laurasian during the Mid-Cretaceous and that the rise of tyrannosaurids as the dominant group of large terrestrial predators was sudden and confined to the very end of the Cretaceous.": cannot find reference for this use of dominant group in this context using Google scholar, editor may have used "dominant group" as a synonym for largest group.
 * 7) "When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one.[15][16]", from Extinction event.
 * 8) "The dominance hierarchy also comes into play, as the offspring of the more dominant group members get preferential treatment." from Chlorocebus.
 * 9) From evolutionary history of plants, "The dominant groups today are the gymnosperms, which include the coniferous trees, and the angiosperms, which contain all fruiting and flowering trees."
 * 10) "A subclass of the Osteichthyes, the ray-finned fishes Actinopterygii, have become the dominant group of fishes in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species." from prehistoric fish. "[I]t was suggested that 'the actinopterygians (which is the dominant group of fish at the present time with more than 20 000 species) responded to selection pressures by selective enlargement of parts of the brain that enabled a species to occupy an adaptive niche with special success' (Jerison 1973)."
 * 11) From Saltasaurus, "In the Cretaceous Period, sauropods in North America were no longer the dominant group of herbivorous dinosaurs, with the duck-billed dinosaurs, such as Edmontosaurus becoming the most abundant. However, on other landmasses such as South America and Africa (which were island continents much like modern Australia) sauropods, in particular the titanosaurs continued to be the dominant herbivores."
 * 12) "Their presence as the dominant group in the Western Cape led to this plant community being referred to as the Fynbos (Afrikaans, 'fine bush') community [1]", from Restionaceae.
 * 13) Per Evolution of reptiles: "The archosaurs became the dominant group during the Triassic period, developing into the well-known dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as well as crocodiles and phytosaurs."
 * 14) "Staghorn corals are the dominant group of reef builders.", from Acroporidae.
 * 15) "Perhaps the magpie-geese were one of the dominant groups of Paleogene waterfowl, only to become largely extinct later.", per Magpie Goose.
 * 16) From Frankel (horse): "The colt more than lived up to the lofty expectations on the Rowley Mile by delivering one of the most dominant Group One performances in racing history."
 * 17) Per Reptile: "The archosaurs became the dominant group during the Triassic period, though it took 30 million years before their diversity was as great as the animals that lived in the Permian.[35]" See number 13 above.
 * 18) "The dominant group are the methanogens, particularly Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae.[10]", per Human microbiome.
 * 19) From Lake Kivu: "Diatoms are the dominant group in the lake, particularly during the dry season episodes of deep mixing."
 * 20) "Nonetheless, lichen can certainly withstand harsher conditions than most vascular plants and although they have slower colonization rates, do form the dominant group in alpine regions.", from Pedosphere.
 * 21) "Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsers right through the Oligocene." from Odd-toed ungulate.
 * 22) "Around the Paleogene-Neogene boundary (some 25 mya), barn-owls were the dominant group of owls in southern Europe and adjacent Asia at least; the distribution of fossil and present-day owl lineages indicates that their decline is contemporary with the evolution of the different major lineages of typical owls, which for the most part seems to have taken place in Eurasia.", per Owl.
 * 23) From Phylogeny of insects: "And today the neopterous insects (those that can fold their wings back over the abdomen) are by far the most dominant group of insects."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Ancient Egyptian vocalization project/Numbers


text:
User talk:Fthomas137

 Hello Fthomas137, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 06:42, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Wireless Weather Stations and acceptable backlinking
The purpose of this page appeared to be advertising, hence it has been deleted. You are welcome to contribute educational material. Sincerely, James. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 06:42, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It really depends on what you want to write about to know which wiki your content may be most appropriate for - e.g., Wikipedia doesn't currently have an article about Wireless weather stations, but such an article would need to encyclopedic (not in first person, for example) and use primary sources. Here at Wikiversity, the mission is to provide educational material e.g., you could share what you've learnt about how to monitor weather conditions, or explain to others how to monitor weather observations. But there is no reciprocal link program and it is highly unlikely that if the primary motivation is link exchange, that it would be worth your time and effort creating and posting content for Wikiversity. In that case, you might try a wiki like Wikia instead. Does that help? Sincerely, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 00:03, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I am going to undelete the page, but right now the link to your site isn't quite solid, so I'll remove that for now. The site itself seems to be a bit spammy, i.e., afflicted with very visible spam. Nevertheless, you may link to the site on your user page, as your personal web site. Let me encourage you to develop Wireless weather stations (our tradition is to use sentence case) as an educational resource. Certain kinds of specific and helpful links may be allowed. Since you have a conflict of interest, ask me or the community before adding links to your personal site, other than putting a simple link on your user page. --Abd 15:42, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * In undeleting the file, I moved it to the new name and did some copy editing. It's still written in first person, which may not be the best for an educational resource, that page might be developed to be more general and less personal, with, perhaps, a personal testimony or experience as a subpage. Ask me! Thanks for contributing to Wikiversity. --Abd 15:50, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fthomas137


text:
User:U3017146/Rock climbing in the summer Olympic Games, aiming too high?

Rock climbing is a sport which boasts participants worldwide, exhibits national and internationally sanctioned competitions, is recognised by the International Olympic Committee and as yet is not one of the sports included in the current summer Olympic Games schedule. On a local scale the sport of rock climbing has dramatically risen in popularity in the last decade with the introduction of the Canberra Rock Squad and the development of the second Canberra Indoor Rock Climbing Centre located in Hume. The creation of Sport Climbing Australia in 2005 was a milestone development for the sport of competition rock climbing nationally. Sport climbing Australia is the ‘peak body for the sport of competition climbing in Australia’ (Sport Climbing Australia, 2007). On an international scale rock climbing has evolved rapidly into not only a competitive sanctioned sport but also a business. More recently in 2007 the UIAA agreed to pass the governance of sport climbing to an independent body thus allowing the creation of the International Federation of Sport Climbing, IFSC (UIAA, 2007). This move cemented rock climbing as a business worldwide and allows a bright future for the development and expansion of the sport worldwide. In the rock climbing community there is the age old debate over traditional rock climbing versus the bolting of cliffs and the question ‘is climbing plastic at an indoor facility really rock climbing?’ These debates have been discussed for decades with no clear consensus, although convincing arguments have been delivered for either side. In December 2007 the International Olympic Committee granted ‘provisional recognition’ to the IFSC making it part of the Olympic Movement and officially classifying sport climbing as a ‘sport’ (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). In February 2010 the IOC granted ‘definitive recognition’ to the IFSC welcoming the sport climbing into the Olympic organisation [(International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). These steps are bringing sport climbing even closer to becoming included in the summer Olympic Games programme.

Introduction
The sporting industry is a powerful and expansive industry in which the Olympic Games play a significant role in the aspirations of many athletes. Rock climbing is a sport which boasts participants worldwide, exhibits national and internationally sanctioned competitions, is recognised by the International Olympic Committee and as yet is not one of the sports included in the current summer Olympic Games schedule. This paper will examine the evolution of rock climbing as a sport on a local, national and international scale with use of specific examples to illustrate. Rock climbing as a business in Australia has rapidly increased in the last decade, from the development of new facilities to state competition teams and the establishment of Sport Climbing Australia, the governing body of sport rock climbing in Australia. The politics of classifying rock climbing as a sport are complex and its roots run deep into history concerning debates over traditional rock climbing, the bolting of cliffs and disputes as to whether indoor rock climbing can really be classified as rock climbing. The inclusion of rock climbing as a sport on the summer Olympic Games programme will be addressed specifically focusing on the current milestones that have been achieved in this endeavour so far.

Local scale - Canberra, ACT
On a local scale the sport of rock climbing has dramatically risen in popularity in the last decade with the introduction of the Canberra Rock Squad and the development of the second Canberra Indoor Rock Climbing Centre located in Hume. The Canberra Rock Squad is the elite level athletes training at Canberra Indoor Rock Climbing Centre in Mitchell and competing regularly on a national scale (Canberra Indoor Rock Climbing, 2011). The athletes of the Canberra Rock Squad initially began competing in the New South Wales bouldering series in 2001 and have progressed to additional national competitions in all disciplines of seed climbing, Lead and bouldering. The Canberra Rock Squad sent its first competitor to the World Youth Championships in 2004 in Edinburgh, Scotland and has had competitors in the championship each year with the exception of 2007.

National scale - Australia
Rock climbing as a business in Australia has rapidly increased in the last 10 years, from the establishment of new facilities to state and international competition teams as well as the establishment of Sport Climbing Australia. The creation of Sport Climbing Australia in 2005 was a milestone development for the sport of competition rock climbing. Sport climbing Australia is the ‘peak body for the sport of competition climbing in Australia’ (Sport Climbing Australia, 2007). As a business Sport Climbing Australia has developed many fundamental documents including a constitution, strategic plan and code of ethics. Various policies regarding national and international rankings, competition selection and membership structure have also been developed by the organisation. More recently a significant milestone was reached for sport climbing in Australia, Sydney indoor Climbing Gym at St Peters, sister gym of the new world-class Villawood site, hosting the World Youth Championships in 2008 with the president of the International Federation of Sport Climbing labelling the competition the best he had attended (Sport Climbing Australia, 2007).

International scale
On an international scale rock climbing has evolved rapidly into not only a competitive sanctioned sport but also a business. It was internationally in France that the first organised rock climbing competitions began in the 1940’s (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). The first indoor rock climbing centres emerged in the early 1980’s and the first indoor event occurred in 1986 in Lyon, France, paving the way for a new era of competition climbing (Zimmerman, 2008; International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). In 1997 the International Council for Competition Climbing, ICC, was developed within the UIAA, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Association. More recently in 2007 the UIAA agreed to pass the governance of sport climbing to an independent body thus allowing the creation of the International Federation of Sport Climbing, IFSC (UIAA, 2007). This move cemented rock climbing as a business worldwide and allows a bright future for the development and expansion of the sport. The IFSC states that ‘more than 45 countries regularly participate in the official calendar, that includes not only World, Youth, Continental Championships, World Cups, Continental circuits, but also many other high profile International competitions’ (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). In 2009 the UIAA held 1.3 million paying members worldwide thus strengthening the notion of rock climbing as a business and proving that rock climbing is a sport that is growing in popularity in all countries around the world (UIAA, 2007).

The politics of rock climbing as a sport

In the rock climbing community there is the age old debate over traditional rock climbing versus the bolting of cliffs and the question ‘is climbing plastic at an indoor facility really rock climbing?’ These debates have been discussed for decades with no clear consensus, although convincing arguments have been delivered for either side.

Traditional rock climbing versus bolting cliffs
The preference over traditional rock climbing or bolted cliffs for sport climbing is a personal decision and is surrounded by years of heated political debate in the rock climbing communities worldwide.

 * ‘there are bolts alongside perfectly adequate traditional belay cracks, bolts and chains at the top of climbs where robust trees exist and ladders of bolts that both enable the climbing of blank walls and the protection of featureless or unprotectable climbs ‘ (Climbing Australia, 2011)

Traditional rock climbing (pictured), or more commonly known in the climbing world as Trad, typically involves the placement of equipment including nuts and hexes into weaknesses in the rock such as cracks (Schuster et al, 2001). The equipment used in traditional climbing is used as a means of protection rather than to aid a person in climbing higher. Traditional rock climbing allows the climber to choose their own route, however, there is heavy emphasis on the safety aspect namely the integrity of the equipment being used as well as safe gear placements (Reid, 2011). Many traditional rock climbers discern that traditional rock climbing is a ‘much richer form of rock climbing’ as it requires extensive amounts of forethought in placing equipment whilst attempting a route (rock climbing.com, 2011). The bolting of cliffs provides fixed protection for sport climbers on an outdoor cliff (pictured). Some climbers believe that bolting a cliff makes it more accessible to the general public as well as those too inexperienced and who lack the necessary equipment to undertake rock climbing in the traditional form (Climbing Australia, 2011). According to Schuster et al (2001) ‘bolts are an advancement in technology that allowed climbers to place gear where gear could not be placed in the past’. This advancement in technology has allowed the development of many new rock climbing areas with an abundance of routes that would not be able to be climbed the traditional way. The bolting of cliffs has now become a norm in the climbing community and can be labelled as somewhat of a modern take on the traditional ideology of rock climbing.

Is climbing plastic really rock climbing?
Whether it’s climbing routes or bouldering indoor rock climbing has taken on an identity of its own. Indoor rock climbing involves the construction of artificial walls and the placement of colour-coded artificial hand and foot holds to develop climbing routes (Climbing Australia, 2011). The political debate over the authentically of indoor rock climbing is an age old debate since the development of the first indoor rock climbing gyms in the late 1980’s (Zimmerman, 2008). Many traditional rock climbers discern that indoor rock climbing is not true rock climbing as you can clearly see the route and the size/shape of the holds (rockclimbing.com, 2011). These climbers view indoor rock climbing as an easy option that does not meet the rough terrain and serenity of traditional outdoor rock climbing (rockclimbing.com, 2011). On the other hand indoor rock climbing poses less risks to the climber and is ideal for those individuals starting out in the sport (ABC of rock climbing, 2011). Indoor rock climbing allows the climber to lead, top-rope and boulder much like the outdoors but with the added protection of large mats and in general less weathered equipment. Indoor gym provide the shelter to the climber to be able to train year-round with no threat from the weather conditions and in a controlled environment (ABC of rock climbing, 2011).

Rock climbing as a sport on the summer Olympic Games schedule
The development of the IFSC in 2007 created an international body for the government of sport climbing worldwide. This was a major milestone in the recognition of rock climbing in its endeavours to be classified as a sport. In December 2007 the International Olympic Committee granted ‘provisional recognition’ to the IFSC making it part of the Olympic Movement and officially classifying sport climbing as a ‘sport’ (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011).For a sport to make it onto the Olympic Programme the IOC has made the following statement:

 * ‘A sport first has to be recognised: it must be administered by an International Federation which ensures that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter. If it is widely practised around the world and meets a number of criteria established by the IOC session, a recognised sport may be added to the Olympic programme on the recommendation of the IOC's Olympic Programme Commission’ - (International Olympic Committee, 2009).

It is clear that sport climbing is well on its way to becoming part of the Olympic Movement satisfying two main criteria in the IOC’s statement above; the international governing body of the sport is the IFSC and it is a sport which is practised worldwide with the inclusion of developing countries as members of the IFSC (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). In February 2010 the IOC granted ‘definitive recognition’ to the IFSC welcoming the sport climbing into the Olympic organisation (International Federation of Sport Climbing, 2011). These steps are bringing sport climbing even closer to becoming included in the summer Olympic Games programme. Sport climbing is now one of the 8 sports along with wushu, karate, roller sports, softball, baseball, squash, wakeboarding that have been shortlisted to be included in the 2020 summer Olympic games programme (Rockclimbing.com, 2011). The final decision is to be announced by the IOC in Buenos Aires in 2013 (Rockclimbing.com, 2011).

Conclusion
This paper has examined the business and politics in the sport of rock climbing and the prospective inclusion of the sport into the summer Olympic Games programme. Rock climbing has been discussed as a business from a local scale through to a national and international level and its evolution and growth as a sport highlighted. The political debates over traditional rock climbing versus the bolting of cliffs have also been discussed as has the age old question ‘is climbing plastic really rock climbing?’ To conclude this paper explored the milestones that have been achieved so far in the inclusion of rock climbing as a sport in the summer Olympic Games programme with it now being shortlisted as an option in the 2020 Olympic Games. It is evident that the business and politics of the sport of rock climbing run deep into history and the sport has grown and developed onto many various forms with worldwide participation strong in every aspect.


text:
User talk:Daniel.josifovski/Australian Football:The Political Past and the Business Future

Copy editing
Hi Daniel, good job so far, sketching out the essay. I did some copy editing up until the section "Business Failures". You'll notice I've inserted quite a number of (REF) calls. You don't have to get them all, but try to get as many as you can. You are telling a very interesting story about the history of soccer in Australia, and the refs would kind ruin the flow, but they're needed for the claims to fact you're making. Given the sensitivity of the subject, you might need to pay extra attention to the references. Keep going. I'm enjoying watching the development. Leighblackall 09:07, 10 October 2011 (UTC)


text:
Digital culture

Course - Digital Culture
This e-course was supported by the European Union through the European Social Fund

 * Contents
 * Introduction
 * Objectives
 * Learning outcomes
 * Structure
 * Key readings and references
 * Tools and how to start
 * Facilitator and contacts

Introduction
Digital Culture stands for the contemporary phase of communication technologies, one that follows 19th-century print culture and 20th-century electronic broadcast culture, and that is deeply amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, personalised technologies and digital images. The emergence of digital culture is usually associated with a set of practices based on the ever more intensive use of communication technologies. These uses imply more participatory behaviors on the user side, an ever more visually riched environment and connection features that excel personal dimensions. Digital culture stands first of all for the changes brought about by the emergence of digital, networked and personalized media in our society and the passing from communication phases centered on print and broadcast media, to more personalized and networked media, that use digital compressing and processing capacities at their core. The consequences of such processes in societal terms and the means via which media technologies transform our modes of interaction and representation, broadly constitute what is called “digital culture”. www

Objectives
The main objective of the course is to promote the acquisition of theoretical competences on the subject of digital culture. Nowadays society is more than ever immersed in a flow of technological innovations that shape our interactions and mediate our access to things and to other individuals. In this subject we will basically discuss why and how the future will be digital and fragmented. Objectives are: to understand the nature of the changes underpinning both social and technological transformations, with a special emphasis on the consequences of those for the individual and society. Other objectives include the acquisition of theoretical and empirical information on the subject of digital culture and its implications for the study of media and computing.

Learning outcomes
To understand the role of digital culture in current society; to relate digital culture with media culture; to understand the basis of activity theory; to understand the role and nature of social capital theory. Other outcomes include the acquisition of competences on the analysis and interpretation of key texts on the history and evolution of media theory and digital culture issues.

Structure

 * 1) What is digital culture
 * 2) Digital culture and media technology
 * 3) Media and culture
 * 4) The nature of digital culture
 * 5) The changing media environment
 * 6) Technology and society: social capital and network theories
 * 7) Question about digital culture.

Key readings and references

 * Gere, C (2002), Digital Culture, London: Reaktion Books
 * J. McCarthy & P Wright (2004), Technology as experience, MA: MIT press.
 * Jan Ll. Harris and Paul A. Taylor (2005) Digital Matters, Theory and culture of the matrix, London: Routledge
 * Kittler, F & Ogger, S (2001) “Perspective and the Book” Grey Room, No. 5. (Autumn, 2001), pp. 38-53.
 * Kressel, H (2007), Competing for the future. How digital innovations are changing the world, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
 * Levinson, P (1999), Digital McLuhan: a guide to the information society, London: Routledge.
 * Mitchell, W.J.T (2008), “Addressing media”, MediaTropes eJournal Vol I (2008): 1–18

title: Digital culture


text:
1000 Songs/Shepherd of Eager Youth (Clement of Alexandria)

Shepherd of Eager Youth (Clement of Alexandria)

1000 Songs

Text
Shepherd of eager youth, guiding in love and truth through devious ways; Christ our triumphant King, we come thy Name to sing and here our children bring to join thy praise.

Thou art our holy Lord, the all-subduing Word, healer of strife. Thou didst thyself abase that from sin's deep disgrace thou mightest save our race and give us life.

Thou art the great High Priest; thou hast prepared the feast of heavenly love; none calls on thee in vain, thee who didst not disdain help in thy mortal pain, help from above. Ever be thou our guide, our Shepherd and our pride, our staff and song; Jesus, thou Christ of God, by thy perennial word lead us where thou hast trod, make our faith strong.

So now, and till we die, sound we thy praises high and joyful sing; let all the holy throng who to thy church belong, unite and swell the song to Christ our King.

Author
Clement of Alexandria wrote the text to Shepherd of Eager Youth circa A.D. 200. It is probably the first Christian hymn whose author is known.

Translations/Challenges
Originally written in Greek, Shepherd of Eager youth was first translated into English by Henry Martyn Dexter in 1846

"Eager" a (from 4235 /práos, "before, in front of" and 2372 thymós, "passion") – properly, "before-passion" referring to someone who is already being willing, i.e. an eager disposition which is pre-inclined (already "ready and willing")

There is also the small issue of much old English in the text, (thou, thee, thy, dost, etc.). This can be easily remedied by replacing the old english with more modern pronouns. Thus this hymn text could be easily adapted to fit a modern worship scenario, as is demonstrated below.

Editor's Choice
Andrea Ullom, Rebeka Drew, Matthew Christie, Bryan Meese

Shepherd of tender youth,

guiding in love and truth

Through devious ways;

Christ, our triumphant king,

We come your name to sing

And here our children bring

To join your praise

You are holy Lord,

The all-subduing Word,

Healer of strife.

You give us life

You are the great High Priest;

You have prepared the feast

Of holy love;

And in our mortal pain

None calls on You in vain; Our pleas do not distain;

Help from above.

Holy Lord, holy Lord, holy Lord

(You give life)

Giver of life.

Music
Here is a recording of the new setting. Shepherd of Eager Youth

Tune
Shepherd of Eager Youth is most often sung to the tune "Olivet" by Lowell Mason.

Alternate tunes can be found here

Editor's Choice
Although OLIVET is somewhat less familiar than the other tune options mentioned above, it fits the text best.

Author biography
Clement of Alexandria


text:
1000 Songs/Sunset to Sunrise Changes Now (Clement of Alexandria)

Sunset to Sunrise changes now (Clement of Alexandria)

1000 Songs

Author
The author of this Hymn is Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 - c. 215 AD).

Translations/Challenges
English

Tune
This Hymn is arranged to the tune Kedron. The lyrics themselves are in Long Meter.

Arrangements
A traditional arrangement can be found here, along with lyrics and music available for download.

Author biography
Born Titus Flavius Clemens, Clement was a Greek philosopher in the city of Alexandria. His birthplace is debated, either being from Egypt or Athens, but scholars agree he was born to rich pagan parents. He lived out most of his life in Alexandria, however he fled the city in 202 AD after facing persecution in Egypt. He wrote many books, but is said to have little theological influence other than teaching Origen. At one point in time, he was listed as a Saint; however Pope Clement VIII had his name dropped from the list citing that his life and writings were not significant enough to warrant his position on the sainthood list any longer.

Author's circumstances
Clement was a scholar and a writer. He wrote many scholarly books late in life, as most of his writings seemed to have stemmed from the persecution he faced in Alexandria c. 202 AD. The hymn itself is dated anywhere from c. 170-200 AD. This would have been while Clement was still teaching in the Alexandrian schools.


text:
1000 Songs/O Gladsome Light of the Father Immortal (anon)

O Gladsome Light of the Father Immortal

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Oxyrhynchus hymn fragment

Oxyrhynchus hymn fragment

1000 Songs

Author
Although the author of this particular papyrus fragment is unknown, it was likely written by someone who was in Oxyrhynchus at the same time as authors of the other Oxyrhynchus papyrus fragments, such as Alcaeus.

Translations/Challenges
The original language of this hymn is Greek. The brackets denote reconstructed areas of the text.

Spoken: [Σε Πάτερ κόσμων, Πάτερ αἰώνων, μέλπωμεν] ὁμοῦ, πᾶσαι τε Θεοῦ λόγιμοι δο[ῦλο]ι. Ὅσα κ[όσμος ἔχει πρὸς ἐπουρανίων ἁγίων σελάων.]

Sung: [Πρ]υτανήω σιγάτω, μηδ' ἄστρα φαεσφόρα λ[αμπέ]

Spoken: σθων, [ἀπ]ολει[όντων] ῥ[ιπαὶ πνοιῶν, πηγαὶ]

Sung: ποταμῶν ῥοθίων πᾶσαι. Υμνούντων δ' ἡμῶν [Π]ατέρα χ' Υἱὸν χ' Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα, πᾶσαι δυνάμεις ἐπιφωνούντων· Ἀμήν, Ἀμήν. Κράτος, αἶνος [ἀεὶ καὶ δόξα Θεοὶ δωτῆρι μόνῳ πάντων] ἀγαθῶν· Ἀμήν, Ἀμήν."

A literal translation from Greek to English would read:

.. Let it be silent

Let the Luminous stars not shine,

Let the winds (?) and all the noisy rivers die down;

And as we hymn the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,

Let all the powers add "Amen Amen"

Empire, praise always, and glory to God,

The sole giver of good things, Amen Amen

Editor's Choice
Let the world be silent

Let not the stars shine their lights

Calm the winds, silence the rivers

Let all praise the Father, the Son and the Holy spirit

Let all sing together Amen, Amen.

Let kings bow, and God receive the glory!

The sole giver of good things, Amen Amen.

Tune
The original tune is in a Gregorian chant-like style, with all in unison.

The music is recorded in an archaic fashion above the lines of text on the Papyrus. This article appears to be in hypolydian mode with a final on the second scale degree, although in a more practical sense, one could argue that it truly functions in mixolydian, going outside of that range by just one note.

Arrangements
There are few arrangements of the song. Many sing the original with the chant transposed up an octave so it can be sung by men and women in comfortable ranges.

Historical setting
This hymn was found with many other fragments of Papyrus in the ancient town of Oxyrhynchus. The document found in 1918 and published four years later.

Oxyrhynchus was a town down the river from Cairo where the current site of el-Bahnasa lies. The town is named after a fish that is believed to have eaten the penis of Osiris, the god of the dead.

title: 1000 Songs/Oxyrhynchus hymn fragment


text:
1000 Songs/The Lord abides upon my head like a crown (ode 01)

The Lord abides upon my head like a crown (ode 01)

1000 Songs

Text
"The Lord abides upon my head like a crown and I shall never be apart from Him. Woven for me is a crown of truth, and it has caused Your branches to blossom within me. For it is unlike a withered crown, which fails to bloom. But Your presence shines over my life, and your crown has blossomed upon my head. Your fruits are full and perfect, filled near to bursting with Your salvation." http://www.scriptoriumnovum.com/o.html

Translations/Challenges
Original translation-http://www.theodesproject.com/faq Syriac(Aramaic)

Translations- Greek, English http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/odes.html#

Editor's Choice
English

Background
James H. Charlesworth has commentary on the Odes of Solomon including early use of the odes in teaching, Coptic translations, and an estimated date of origin.

Author biography
Solomon's life

Cultural setting
Solomon


text:
1000 Songs/Lord Jesus Think on Me (Synesius of Cyrene)

Lord Jesus think on me (Synesius of Cyrene)

1000 Songs

Author
Synesius of Cyrene.373A.D-414A.D. Was a Greek bishop, and born of wealthy descent. Wrote Several hymns.

Translations/Challenges
The most common translation found today is the Hymn #320 from then Lutheran Hymnal. Hymn #320 was translated from the orignial text by Synisius by a man named Allen W. Chatfield. The music was composed to by William Daman. The title of this translation was called, "Mnoheo Christe", and was first published in the "Psalter".

Editor's Choice
"Mnoheo Christe"

Author biography
Syneius of Cyrene was bron in 373A.D. and died in 414 A.D. living only to be 41 years old. He was a Greek Bishop forPtolemais. While being a bishop he also worked some of his life as a tax collector which didn't help him with his social status in the community. He later became a Christian and devoted his time to his writings. To read more visit: Synesius of Cyrene.


text:
1000 Songs/Light is arisen upon the just (Ephriam of Syria)

Light is arisen upon the just (Ephrem of Syria)

1000 Songs

Text
The text of Light is arisen upon the just was written by Ephriam of Syria. It is a Syriac hymn originally written in the Syriac Language,a dialect of Middle Aramaic. The poem in its entirety forms an acrostic spelling "Jesus Christ" in it's original language. A common translation of the hymn is provided below, but there are others that do exist.

Translations/Challenges
Light is arisen upon the just And joy for those who are broken-hearted Jesus Our Lord the Christ Has appeared to us from the bosom of His Father; He has come to deliver us from darkness, And to illumine us with his resplendent light

Background
Ephriam of Syria or Ephrem the Syria (spelled either way), was born circa A.D. 306 in the town of Nisibis (present day Turkey). Christianity was illegal in the Roman Empire until the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313, put forth by Constantine I. Ephrem became an educator and a deacon in Nisibi, and as part of his educational duties began writing. He is accredited for starting the School of Nisibis. Over 400 writings of Ephrem's are still in existence today, and it is plausible many of his works have been lost or destroyed throughout the years.


text:
1000 Songs/The Pearl (Ephriam of Syria)

The Pearl (Ephrem of Syria)

1000 Songs

Author
The author,Ephraim of Syria, lived from 306-373. He was a famous theologian and poet from the land of Osrhoene, which is now the location of Urfa, Turkey. As a contemporary of Athanasius, Ephraim approached Biblical commentary from a poetic standpoint. Thus, even his commentaries on Scripture are written poetically.

Translations/Challenges
English:

HYMN I.

On a certain day a pearl did I take up, my brethren; I saw in it mysteries pertaining to the Kingdom; Semblances and types of the Majesty; It became a fountain, and I drank out of it mysteries of the Son. I put it, my brethren, upon the palm of my hand, That I might examine it: I went to look at it on one side, And it proved faces on all sides. I found out that the Son was incomprehensible, Since He is wholly Light. In its brightness I beheld the Bright One Who cannot be clouded, And in its pureness a great mystery, Even the Body of Our Lord which is well-refined: In its undivideDness I saw the Truth Which is undivided. It was so that I saw there its pure conception, The Church, and the Son within her. The cloud was the likeness of her that bare Him, And her type the heaven, Since there shone forth from her His gracious Shining. I saw therein his Trophies, and His victories, and His crowns. I saw His helpful and overflowing graces, And His hidden things with His revealed things. It was greater to me than the ark, For I was astonished thereat: I saw therein folds without shadow to them Because it was a daughter of light, Types vocal without tongues, Utterances of mystery without lips, A silent harp that without voice gave out melodies. The trumpet falters and the thunder mutters; Be not thou daring then; Leave things hidden, take things revealed. Thou hast seen in the clear sky a second shower; The clefts of thine ears, As from the clouds, They are filled with interpretations. And as that manna which alone filled the people, In the place of pleasant meats, With its pleasantnesses, So does this pearl fill me in the place of books, And the reading thereof, And the explanations thereof. And when I asked if there were yet other mysteries, It had no mouth for me that I might hear from, Neither any ears wherewith it might hear me. O Thou thing without senses, whence I have gained new senses! It answered me and said, "The daughter of the sea am I, the illimitable sea! And from that sea whence I came up it is That there is a mighty treasury of mysteries in my bosom! Search thou out the sea, but search not out the Lord of the sea! "I have seen the divers who came down after me, when astonied, So that from the midst of the sea they returned to the dry ground; For a few moments they sustained it not. Who would linger and be searching on into the depths of the Godhead? "The waves of the Son are full of blessing, And with mischiefs too. Have ye not seen, then, the waves of the sea, Which if a ship should struggle with them would break her to pieces, And if she yield herself to them, and rebel not against them, Then she is preserved? In the sea all the Egyptians were choked, though they scrutinised it not, And, without prying, the Hebrews too were overcome upon the dry land, And how shall ye be kept alive? And the men of Sodom were licked up by the fire, And how shall ye prevail? "At these uproars the fish in the sea were moved, And Leviathan also. Have ye then a heart of stone That ye read these things and run into these errors? O great fear that justice also should be so long silent!" "Searching is mingled with thanksgiving, And whether of the two will prevail? From the tongue The incense of praise riseth Along with the fume of disputation And unto which shall we hearken? Prayer and prying from one mouth, And which shall we listen to? "For three days was Jonah a neighbor in the sea: The living things that were in the sea were affrighted, Saying, 'Who shall flee from God? Jonah fled, And ye are obstinate at your scrutiny of Him!'" HYMN II.
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Whereunto art thou like? Let thy stillness speak to one that hears; With silent mouth speak with us: For whoso hears the stammerings of thy silence, to him thy type utters its silent cry concerning our Redeemer. Thy mother is a virgin of the sea, though he took her not: She fell into his bosom, though he knew her not; She conceived thee near him, though he did not know her. Do thou, that art a type, reproach the Jewish women That have thee hung upon them. Thou art the only progeny of all forms Which art like to the Word on High, Whom singly the Most High begot. The engraven forms seem to be the type of created things above. This visible offspring of the invisible womb Is a type of great things. Thy goodly conception was without seed, And without wedlock was thy pure generation, And without brethren was thy single birth. Our Lord had brethren and yet not brethren, Since He was an Only-Begotten. O solitary one, thou type exact of the Only-Begotten! There is a type of thine in the crown of kings, Wherein thou hast brothers and sisters. Goodly gems are thy brethren, With beryls and unions as thy companions: May gold be as it were thy kinsman, May there be unto the King of kings A crown from thy well-beloved ones! When thou camest up from the sea, that living tomb, Thou didst cry out, Let me have a goodly assemblage of brethren, relatives and kinsmen. As the wheat is in the stalk, So thou art in the crown with princes: And it is a just restoration to thee, as if of a pledge, That from the depth thou shouldest be exalted to a goodly eminence. Wheat the stalk bears in the field; Thee the head of the king upon his chariot carries about. O daughter of the water, Who hast left the sea, wherein thou wert born, And art gone up to the dry land, wherein thou art beloved: For men have loved and seized and adorned themselves with thee, Like as they did that Offspring Whom the Gentiles loved And crowned themselves withal. It is by the mystery of truth that Leviathan is trodden down of mortals: The divers put him off, and put on Christ. In the sacrament of oil did the Apostles steal Thee away, and came up. They snatched their souls from his mouth, bitter as it was. Thy Nature is like a silent lamb in its sweetness, Of which if a man is to lay hold, He lifts it in a crucial form by its ears, as it was on Golgotha. He cast out abundantly all His gleams upon them that looked upon Him. Shadowed forth in thy beauty is the beauty of the Son, Who clothed Himself with suffering when the nails passed through Him. The awl passed in thee since they handled thee roughly, As they did His hands; And because He suffered He reigned, As by they sufferings thy beauty increased. And if they showed no pity upon thee, Neither did they love thee: Still suffer as thou mightest, Thou has come to reign! Simon Peter showed pity on the Rock; Whoso hath smitten it, is himself thereby overcome; It is by reason of Its suffering That Its beauty hath adorned the height and the depth. HYMN III.
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Thou dost not hide thyself in thy bareness, O pearl! With the love of thee is the merchant ravished also, For he strips off his garments; Not to cover thee -- (thy clothing is thy light, thy garment is thy brightness, O thou that art bared!) Thou art like Eve who was clothed with nakedness. Cursed be he that deceived her and stripped her and left her. The serpent cannot strip off thy glory. In the mysteries whose type thou art, Women are clothed with Light in Eden. Very glistening are the pearls of Ethiopia, as it is written, Who gave thee to Ethiopia of black men. He that gave light to the Gentiles, Both to the Ethiopians and unto the Indians did His bright beams reach. The eunuch of Ethiopia upon his chariot saw Philip: The Lamb of Light met the dark man from out of the water. While he was reading, the Ethiopian was baptized And shone with joy, and journeyed on! He made disciples and taught, And out of black men he made men white. And the dark Ethiopic women became pearls for the Son; He offered them up to the Father, as a glistening crown from the Ethiopians. The Queen of Sheba Was a sheep that had come into the place of wolves; The lamp of truth did Solomon give her, Who also married her when he fell away. She was enlightened and went away, But they were dark, as their manner was. The bright spark which went down home with that blessed [Queen], Held on its shining amid the darkness, Till the new Day-spring came. The bright spark met with this shining, And illumined the place. There are in the sea divers fishes of many cubits, And with all their greatness they are very small; But by thy littleness the crown is made great, Like as the Son, by whose littleness Adam was made great. For the head is thy crown intended: For the eye thy beauty, For the ear thy goodliness. Come up from the sea, thou godliness to the dry land, And come and sojourn by the [seat of] hearing. Let the ear love the word of life as it loveth thee! In the ear is the word, And without it is the pearl. Let it as being warned by thee, By thee get wisdom, and be warned by the word of truth. Be thou its mirror: The beauty of the Word in thine own beauty shall it see: In thee it shall learn how precious is the Word on High! The ear is the leaf: The flesh is the tree, And thou in the midst of it are a fruit of light, And to the womb that brings forth Light, Thou art a type that points. Thee He used as a parable of that kingdom, O pearl! As He did the virgins that entered into it, five in number, Clothed with the light of their lamps! To thee are those bright ones like, thou that art clad in light! Who would give a pearl to the daughter of the poor? For when it hangs on her, it becomes her not. Gain without price that faith, all of which becomes all the limbs of men. But for no gold would a lady exchange her pearl. It were a great disgrace If thou shouldst throw thy pearl away into the mire for nought! In the pearl of time Let us behold that of eternity; For it is in the purse, or in the seal, or in the treasury. Within the gate there are other gates with their locks and keys. Thy pearl hath the High One sealed up as taking account of all. HYMN IV.
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The thief gained the faith which gained him, And brought him up and placed him in paradise. He saw in the Cross a tree of life; That was the fruit, He was the eater in Adam's stead. The fool, who goes astray, Grazes the faith, as it were an eye, By all manner of questions. The probing of the finger blinds the eye, And much more doth that prying blind the faith. For even the diver pries not into his pearl. In it do all merchants rejoice Without prying into whence it came ; Even the king who is crowned therewith Does not explore it. Because Balaam was foolish, A foolish beast in the ass spoke with him, Because he despised God Who spoke with him. Thee too let the pearl reprove In the ass's stead. The people that had a heart of stone, By a Stone He set at nought, For lo, a stone hears words. Witness its work that has reproved them ; And you, ye deaf ones, Let the pearl reprove to-day. With the swallow and the crow did He put men to shame ; With the ox, yea with the ass, did He put them to shame ; Let the pearl reprove now, O ye birds and things on earth and things below. Not as the moon does thy light fill or wane ; The Sun whose light is greater than all, Lo! of Him it is that a type is shadowed out in thy little compass. O type of the Son, One spark of Whom is greater than the sun! The pearl itself is full, for its light is full ; Neither is there any cunning worker who can steal from it ; For its wall is its own beauty, Yea, its guard also! It lacks not, since it is entirely perfect. And if a man would break thee To take a part from thee, Thou art like the faith which with the heretics perishes, Seeing they have broken it in pieces and spoiled it : For is it any better than this To have the faith scrutinized? The faith is an entire nature That may not be corrupted. The spoiler gets himself mischief by it: The heretic brings ruin on himself thereby. He that chases the light from his pupils Blinds himself. Fire and air are divided when sundered. Light alone, of all creatures, As its Creator, is not divided; It is not barren, for that it also begets Without losing thereby. And if a man thinks that thou art framed [by art] He errs greatly; Thy nature proclaims that thou, as all stones, Art not the framing of art; and so thou art a type of the Generation Which no making framed. Thy stone flees From a comparison with the Stone [which is] the Son. For thy own generation is from the midst of the deep, That of the Son of thy Creator is from the highest height; He is not like thee, In that He is like His Father. And as they tell, Two wombs bare thee also. Thou camest down from on high a fluid nature; Thou camest up from the sea a solid body. By means of thy second birth Thou didst show thy loveliness to the children of men. Hands fixed thee, when thou wast embodied, Into thy receptacles ; For thou art in the crown as upon the cross, And in a coronet as in a victory ; Thou art upon the ears, as if to fill up what was lacking ; Thou extendest over all. HYMN V.
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O gift that camest up without price for the diver! Thou laidest hold upon this visible light, That without price rises for the children of men: A parable of the hidden One That without price gives the hidden Dayspring! And the painter too paints a likeness of thee with colors. Yet by thee is faith painted in types and emblems for colors, And in the place of the image By thee and thy colors is thy Creator painted. O thou frankincense without smell, Who breathest types from out of thee! Though art not to be eaten, Yet thou givest a sweet smell unto them that hear thee! Though art not to be drunk, Yet by thy story, a fountain of types art thou made unto the ears! It is thou which art great in thy littleness, O pearl! Small is thy measure and little thy compass with thy weight; But great is thy glory: To that crown alone in which thou art placed, there is none like. And Who hath not perceived of thy littleness, how great it is; If one despises thee and throws thee away, He would blame himself for his clownishness, For when he saw thee in a king's crown he would be attracted to thee. Men stripped their clothes off and dived and drew thee out, O pearl! It was not kings that put thee before men, But those naked ones who were a type of the poor And the fishers and the Galileans. For clothed bodies were not able to come to thee; They came that were stript as children; They plunged their bodies and came down to thee; And thou didst much desire them, And thou didst aid them who thus loved thee. Glad tidings did they give for thee: Their tongues before their bosoms did the poor [fishers] open, And produced and showed the new riches among the merchants: Upon the wrists of men they put thee as a medicine for life. The naked ones in a type saw thy rising again by the sea-shore; And by the side of the lake they, The Apostles of a truth, Saw the rising again of the Son of thy Creator. By thee and by thy Lord the sea and the lake were beautified. The diver came up from the sea and put on his clothing; And from the lake too Simon Peter came up swimming on his coat; Clad as with coats, with the love of both of you, were these two. And since I have wandered in thee, pearl, I will gather up my mind And by having contemplated thee, Would become like thee, In that thou art all gathered up into thyself; And as thou in all times art one, One let me become by thee! Pearls have I gathered together that I might make a crown for the Son In the place of stains which are in my members. Receive my offering, not that Thou art shortcoming; It is because of mine own shortcoming that I have offered it to Thee. Whiten my stains! This crown is all spiritual pearls, Which instead of gold are set in love, And instead of ouches in faith; And instead of hands, let praise offer it up to the highest! HYMN VI.
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Would that the memory of the fathers would exhale from the tombs; Who were very simple as being wise; And reverend as believing. They without cavilling searched for, and came to the right path. He gave the law; The mountains melted away; Fools broke through it. By unclean ravens He fed Elijah at the desert stream; And moreover gave from the skeleton honey unto Samson. They judged not, nor inquired why it was unclean, Why clean. And when He made void the Sabbaths, The feeble Gentiles were clothed with health. Samson took the daughter of the aliens, And there was no disputing among the righteous; The prophet also took a harlot, And the just held their peace. He blamed the righteous, And He held up and lifted up their delinquencies: He pitied sinners, And restored them without cost: And made low the mountains of their sins: He proved God is not to be arraigned by men, And as Lord of Truth. That His servants were His shadow; And whatsoever way His will looked, They directed also their own wills; And because Light was in Him, Their shadows were enlightened. How strangely perplexed are all the heretics by simple things! For when He plainly foreshadowed this New Testament By that of the Prophets, Those pitiable men rose, as though from sleep, And shouted out and made a disturbance. And the Way, wherein the righteous held straight on, And by their truths had gone forth therein, That [Way] have these broken up, because they were besotted: This they left and went out of; Because they pried into it, it fell, and was lost. Of the pearl they made a stone, that they might stumble upon it. O Gift, which fools have made a poison! The People were for separating Thy beauteous root from Thy fountain, Though they separated it not: Teachings estranged Thy beauty also from the stock thereof. By Thee did they get themselves estranged, Who wished to estrange Thee. By Thee the tribes were cut off, And scattered abroad from out of Zion, And also the teachings of the seceders. Bring Thyself within the compass of our littleness, O Thou Gift of ours. For if love cannot find Thee out on all sides, It cannot be still and at rest. Make Thyself small, Thou Who art too great for all, Who comest unto all! By this would those who wrangle against our Pearl be reproved; Because instead of love, Strife has come in and dared to essay to unveil thy beauty. It was not graven, Since it is a progeny which cannot be interpreted. Thou didst show thy beauty among the objects To show whereto thou are like, Thou Pearl that art all faces. The beholders were astonied and perplexed at thee. The separatists separated thee in two, And were separated in two by thee, Thou are of one substance throughout. They saw not thy beauty, Because there was not in them the eye of truth. For the veil of prophecy, Full as it was of the mysteries, To them was a covering of thy glistering faces: They thought that thou wast other [than thou art], O thou mirror of ours! And therefore these blind schismatics defiled thy fair beauty. Since they have extolled thee too much, Or have lowered thee too much, Bring them to an even level. Come down, Descend a little that height of infidelity and heathendom; And come up from the depth of Judaism, though thou art in Heaven. Let our Lord be set between God and men! Let the Prophets be as it were His heralds! Let the Just One, as being His Father, rejoice! That Word it is which conquered both Jews and Heathen! Come, Thou Gift of Holy Church, stay, rest in the midst of Her! The circumcised have troubled Thee, In that they are vain babblers, And so have the [false] doctrines in that they are contentious. Blessed be He that gave Thee a good company which bears Thee about! In the covenant of Moses is Thy brightness shadowed forth: In the new covenant Thou dartest forth: From those first Thy light shineth forth unto those last. Blessed be He that gave us Thy gleam As well as Thy bright rays. HYMN VII.
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As in a race saw I the disputers, The children of strife, [Trying] To taste fire, To see the air, To handle the light: They were troubled at the gleaming, And struggled to make divisions. The Son, Who is too subtle for the mind, Did they seek to feel: And the Holy Ghost Who cannot be explored, They sought to explore with their questionings. The Father, Who never at any time was searched out, Have they explained and disputed of. The sound form of our faith is from Abraham, And our repentance is from Nineveh and the house of Rahab, And ours are the expectations of the Prophets, Ours of the Apostles. And envy is from Satan: The evil usage of the evil calf is from the Egyptians. The hateful sight of the hateful image of four faces is from the Hittites. Accursed disputation, that hidden moth, is from the Greeks. The bitter one read and saw orthodox teachings, And subverted them; He saw hateful things, And sowed them; He saw hope, And he turned it upside down and cut it off. The disputation that he planted, Lo! it has yielded a fruit bitter to the tooth. Satan saw that the Truth strangled him, And united himself to the tares, And secreted his frauds, And spread his snares for the faith, And cast upon the priests the darts of the love of pre-eminence. They made contests for the throne, To see which should first obtain it. There was that meditated in secret and kept it close: There was that openly combated for it: And there was that with a bribe crept up to it: And there was that with fraud dealt wisely to obtain it. The paths differed, The scope was one, And they were alike. Him that was young, and could not even think of it, Because it was not time for him; And him that was hoary and shaped out dreams For time beyond; All of them by his craftiness did the wicked one persuade and subdue. Old men, youths, and even striplings, aim at rank! His former books did Satan put aside, And put on others: The People who was grown old Had the moth and the worm devoured and eaten and left and deserted: The moth came into the new garment Of the new peoples: He saw the crucifiers who were rejected and cast forth as strangers: He made of those of the household, pryers; And of worshippers, they became disputants. From that garment The moth gendered And wound it up and deposited it. The worm gendered in the storehouse of wheat, And sat and looked on: And lo! the pure wheat was mildewed, And devoured were the garments of glory! He made a mockery of us, And we of ourselves, since we were besotted! He sowed tares, And the bramble shot up in the pure vineyard! He infected the flock, And the leprosy broke out, And the sheep became hired servants of his! He began in the People, And came unto the Gentiles, that he might finish. Instead of the reed which the former people made the Son hold, Others have dared with their reed to write in their tracts That He is only a Son of man. Reed for reed does the wicked one exchange against our Redeemer, And instead of the coat of many vineyard, wherewith they clothed Him, Titles has he dyed craftily. With diversity of names he clothed Him; Either that of creature or of a thing made, when He was the Maker. And as he plaited for Him by silent men speechless thorns that cry out, Thorns from the mind has he plaited [now] by the voice, as hymns; And concealed the spikes amid melodies That they might not be perceived. When Satan saw that he was detected in his former [frauds]; That the spitting was discovered, and vinegar, And thorns, nails and wood, Garments and reed and spear, Which smote him, and were hated and openly known; He changed his frauds. Instead of the blow with the hand, by which our Lord was overcome, He brought in distractions; And instead of the spitting, Cavilling entered in; And instead of garments, Secret divisions; And instead of the reed, Came in strife to smite us on the face. Haughtiness called for rage its sister, And there answered and came envy, And wrath, and pride, and fraud. They have taken counsel against our Redeemer As on that day when they took counsels at His Passion. And instead of the cross, A hidden wood hath strife become; And instead of the nails, Questionings have come in; And instead of hell, apostasy: The pattern of both Satan would renew again. Instead of the sponge which was cankered with vinegar and wormwood, He gave prying, the whole of which is cankered with death. The gall which they gave Him did our Lord put away from Him; The subtle questionings, which the rebellious one hath given, To fools is sweet. And at that time there were judges against them, Lo, the judges are, as it were, against us, And instead of a handwriting are their commands. Priests that consecrate crowns, Set snares for kings. Instead of the priesthood praying for royalty That wars may cease from among men, They teach wars of overthrow, Which set kings to combat with those round about. O Lord, make the priests and kings peaceful; That in one Church priests may pray for their kings, And kings spare those round about them; And may the peace which is within Thee become ours, Lord, Thou that art within and without all things! The St. Pachomius Orthodox Library, May 1995. This document is in the public domain. Copying it is encouraged.
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title: 1000 Songs/The Pearl (Ephriam of Syria)


text:
1000 Songs/Only-begotten Son and Word of God

Only-Begotten Son and Word of God

1000 Songs

Text
Only Begotten Son, and Word of God, Immortal Who didst vouchsafe for our salvation to take flesh of the Holy Mother of God and ever Virgin Mary, and didst without change become man, and wast crucified, Christ our God, and by death didst overcome death, [Being One of the Holy Trinity, and glorified together with the Father and the Holy Ghost, save us.]

 * Translation by John Brownlie in Hymns of the Apostolic Church, 5th series (Paisley: Alexander Garner, 1909), 37.

Author
Byzantine|Emperor Justinian I] (483-565)

Translations/Challenges
I found an English translation in "A Survey of Christian Hymnody" by William J. Reynolds

Editor's Choice
Click here to see the score

Author biography
Emperor|Justinian I]

Historical setting

 * Fourth and Fifth Centuries

 * Troparion - the earliest type of Byzantine hymn; a single-stanza prayer in response to the psalms.

 * "Only Begotten Son, and Word of God" is the most famous example of troparion hymnody.

Cultural setting

 * Fourth and Fifth Century Roman Empire

 * 330 A.D. Emperor Constantine moved the seat of Government to Byzantium. This Divided the Church as well as the empire into Eastern and Western areas.

 * Byzantine hymnody was born out of this split.

 * Influenced by Jewish and Syrian tradition, this was an acapella monophonic chant which was mainly diatonic and followed the rhythm of the text.


text:
1000 Songs/Save the world, O Savior (Romanus)

Save the world, O Savior (Romanus)

1000 Songs

Author
St. Romanus

Editor's Choice
Save the world, O Saviour. This is why you have come. Straighten your whole universe. This is what you have shone on me and on the priests and on all creation. See the priest, whom you have shown the light of your face, fall down before you and offer you gifts, useful, upright, and yearning to see you. For I have need of them, since I am about to run to Egypt and flee with you and for you, my Lord, my Guide, my Maker, my Redeemer, a little Child, God before the ages.

Romanus wrote over 1,000 hymns (kontakion) consisting of 18 to 24 metrical stanzas (verses). This text comes from the 24th verse of his work known as the Nativity of Christ

Author biography
Very little is known about Romulus (also known as "Romulus the Melodist" or "Romulus the Singer"). He lived throughout the 6th Century, was born a Syrian, and served as a deacon in the church of Beirut.

Author's circumstances
Romanus was known as a poor reader. One night as he was sleeping in the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos (Mary, Mother of God), he saw the Most Holy Theotokos in his dream. She handed him a scroll and said "take the paper and eat it." In his dream, Romanus took the scroll, ate it, and when he woke up he immediately began chanting his famous Kontakion of the Nativity of Christ.

Historical setting
Romulus lived during the reign of Emperor Anastasius I and possibly Emperor Justinian. Durring the reign of Anastasius I, Romulus moved to Constanople, which was one of the largest cities in Eastern Rome after Constantine moved the Capital of Rome from the city of Rome to Constantinople. However, this was a rather flux period for Rome after the alleged "fall of Rome" in 476, filled with many influences and invasions from Germanic tribes.


text:
1000 Songs/The Day of Resurrection (John of Damascus)

The day of Resurrection (John of Damascus)

1000 Songs

Author
John of Damascus (c. 676 – 749) is perhaps one of the most important Greek hymnists.


text:
1000 Songs/Come ye faithful raise the strain (John of Damascus)

Come ye faithful raise the strain (John of Damascus)

1000 Songs

Author
John of Damascus (c. 676 – 749) is perhaps one of the most important Greek hymnists.

Translations/Challenges
The Hymn, Come Ye Faithful, Raise the Strain, was originally written in Greek. The lyrics of the hymn have been derived from a text of the Eastern Orthodox Canon. The Canon consists of nine odes, the first of which this hymn comes from, based on the Ode of Moses found in Exodus 15:1-19. The text was translated to English in 1888 by John Mason Neal, a hymnist from England.

Editor's Choice
See the full text here.

Tune
The tune most known today is the St. Kevin Tune, composed by Arthur Seymour Sullivan in 1872. Several other variations of the texts tune also exist, such as Ave Virgo Virginum by Johann Roh, Spring of Souls by Ludwig Lindeman, and Chestnut Hill by William Merrill.

Arrangements
The St. Kevin tune can be heard here.

The sheet music is found here.

Author biography
John of Damascus, also known as John Damascene lived from circa 676 – 749. He gets his name from his place of birth, Damascus.

Author's circumstances
John of Damascus was born into a wealthy family. He received a strong education, advancing his skills in music as well as theology. Upon his father’s death, he assumed the position of an official at the caliphate court. John, becoming a wealthy man himself, had felt the call to give up his wealth and decided to live as a monk at an Eastern Orthodox Monastery, Mar Saba. John spent his entire life there and became well known for a lot of his writings, as well as his hymns. Come, Ye Faithful, Raise the Strain and The Day of Resurrection are among his most famous hymns written as Eastern Orthodox monk.

Historical setting
Historically, monasteries have had great importance.

Cultural setting
Throughout the Dark Ages, society did not place very much importance on education, but writings as well as music have been preserved because of the existence of the monasteries. John of Damascus, as well as other monks, served in his monastery to develop and preserve the liturgy of the church.


text:
1000 Songs/Trisagion Hymn (John Chrysostem)

Trisagion Hymn (John Chrysostem)

1000 Songs

Author
St. John Chrysostem – 347-407

Translations/Challenges
The Trisosgion Hymn: was originally written in Greek but it has been translated into Elizabethan and Modern English.

Author's circumstances
Author biography/Author's circumstances: John Chrysostem was a man that was devoted to living a life after Christ. He grew up in a good moral home with his mother and sister even after his father’s death. Those morals stuck with Chrysostem throughout his life and helped to make an impact in the world.


text:
1000 Songs/Let all mortal flesh keep silence (St. James)

Let all mortal flesh keep silence (liturgy of St James)

1000 Songs

Text
The text of this song is derived from the "Prayer of the Cherubic Hymn" from the Litany of St. James, written in the 4th Century (Σιγησάτο παρα σὰρξ βροτεία), and typically used as part of the Eucharist ceremony. It was translated from Greek to English by Gerard Moultrie, 1864. The Greek original is also found in the Liturgy of Saint Basil.See Translation by Gerard Moultrie For more information on Gerard Moultrie, click here or here. For the wikipedia entry on this song, click here.

Editor's Choice
Let all the earth stay silent, And with fear and trembling stand; Think of nothing earthly minded, For with blessing in His hand, Christ our God to earth descendeth, Our full homage to demand. King of kings, yet born of Mary, As of old on earth He stood, Lord of lords, in human clothing, In the body and the blood; He will give to all the faithful His own self for heavenly food. Rank on rank the host of heaven Spreads its vanguard on the way, As the Light of light descendeth From the realms of endless day, That the powers of hell may vanish As the darkness clears away. At His feet the six wingèd seraph, Cherubim with sleepless eye, Veil their faces to the presence, As with ceaseless voice they cry: Alleluia, Alleluia Alleluia, Lord Most High!
 * Editors note: I simply changed some of the more archaic words to phrases easier to understand in this time period.

Music
"Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence" first appeared in Lyra Eucharistica and The English Hymnal in 1906, with the tune PICARDY, arranged by Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Background
By Sir Edward Bairstow

Cultural setting
video by Consortium


text:
User talk:MarineCorpsVet

 Hello MarineCorpsVet, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:MarineCorpsVet


text:
1000 Songs/Praise the Lord Praise God in his sanctuary Ps 150

Praise the Lord Praise God in his sanctuary Ps 150

1000 Songs

Editor's Choice

 * 1) Praise ye the LORD. Praise God in his sanctuary: praise him in the firmament of his power.
 * 2) Praise him for his mighty acts: praise him according to his excellent greatness.
 * 3) Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp.
 * 4) Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs.
 * 5) Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals.
 * 6) Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise ye the LORD.

 * http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=psalm%20150&version=KJV

Author's circumstances
This book is a great example of how we should all be at the end of our lives. The Psalmist went through all sorts of struggles and pains that we all face. But, at the end of this great book, what does he do? He ends with praise and adoration to his Heavenly Father. He knew that above all else, God deserves to be praised in every circumstance. It does not matter who you are or where you have been. God wants His people to praise Him everyday not because we have to, but rather, because we want to.