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United States currency/10¢

The dime is a coin worth ten cents, or one tenth of a United States dollar. The dime is the smallest in diameter and the thinnest of all U.S. coins currently minted for circulation. The 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt is featured on the obverse of the current design, while a torch, oak branch, and olive branch covering the motto E pluribus unum are featured on the reverse. Nowhere on the dime is the actual value in cents or dollars stated; the coin is labeled only as "one dime."

Mintage of the dime was commissioned by the Coinage Act of 1792, and production began in 1796. A feminine head representing Liberty was used on the front of the coin, and an eagle was used on the back. The front and back of the dime used these motifs for three different designs through 1837. From 1837 to 1891, "Seated Liberty" dimes were issued, which featured Liberty seated next to a shield. In 1892, a feminine head of Liberty returned to the dime, and it was known as a "Barber dime" (named for coin designer Charles E. Barber). The backs of both of the latter two designs featured the words "ONE DIME" enclosed in various wreaths. In 1916, the head of a winged-capped Liberty was put on the dime and is commonly known by the misnomer of "Mercury dime"; the back featured a fasces. The most recent design change was in 1946.

The composition and diameter of the dime have changed throughout its mintage. Initially the dime was 0.75 inch (19 millimeters) wide, but it was changed to its present size of 0.705 inch (17.91 millimeters) in 1828. The composition (initially 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper) remained constant until 1837, when it was altered to 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. Dimes with this composition were minted until 1966, although those minted in 1965 and 1966 bear the date 1964. Beginning in 1965, dimes also began to be minted with a clad composition of cupronickel; this composition is still in use today.

The term dime comes from the French word disme (modern French spelling dîme), meaning "tithe" or "tenth part," from the Latin decima [pars]. This term appeared on early pattern coins, but was not used on any dimes until 1837.

10¢ Of The United States Of America

 * Value: 0.1 U.S. dollar
 * Mass: 2.268 g (0.0729 troy oz)
 * Diameter: 17.91 mm (0.705 in)
 * Thickness: 1.35 mm (0.053 in)
 * Edge: 118 reeds
 * Composition: 91.67% Cu, 8.33% Ni
 * Years of Minting: 1796–present

Obverse

 * Design: Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Designer: John R. Sinnock
 * Design Date: 1946

Reverse

 * Design: Olive branch, torch, oak branch
 * Designer: John R. Sinnock
 * Design Date: 1946

General History
The first known proposal for a decimal-based coinage system in the United States was made in 1783 by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and David Rittenhouse. Hamilton, the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury, recommended the issuance of six such coins in 1791, in a report to Congress. Among the six was a silver coin, "which shall be, in weight and value, one tenth part of a silver unit or dollar." His suggested name for the new coin was a "tenth."

The Coinage Act of 1792, passed on April 2, 1792, authorized the mintage of a "disme," one-tenth the silver weight and value of a dollar. The composition of the disme was set at 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper. In 1792, a limited number of dismes were minted but never circulated. Some of these were struck in copper, indicating that the 1792 dismes were in fact pattern coins. The first dimes minted for circulation did not appear until 1796, due to a lack of demand for the coin and production problems at the United States Mint.

The original dime, now referred to as the Draped Bust dime, contained no markings to indicate the coin's value. This continued until the issuance of the Capped Bust dime in 1809. The Capped Bust dime bore a "10 C." mark on its reverse. The mintage of the dime during the Draped Bust/Capped Bust period was not regular—the Draped Bust was not minted in 1799 or 1806, while in the period from 1809 to 1820, the Capped Bust was minted only in 1809, 1811, 1814, and 1820. The dime has been minted nearly every year since 1827, although some years have seen extremely limited mintage figures.

In 1837, the dime was altered to incorporate the Seated Liberty design, which had debuted the previous year with the dollar coin. In addition, changes to the dime's diameter and silver content were made. The Seated Liberty dime was minted for 54 years, the longest stretch for any design until the Roosevelt dime reached its 55th year in 2001.

In 1892 the Barber dime debuted, and it lasted until 1916. Of the Barber dime series, the 1894-S is particularly notable; only 24 examples are known to have been struck, of which only nine are known to still exist. One such example sold for US$1.3 million at an auction on March 7, 2005, the most ever paid for a dime in auction.

The Barber dime design was replaced in 1916 by the Winged Liberty Head design, more commonly referred to as the Mercury dime. The figure on the coin's obverse is often thought to be the Roman god Mercury, but is in fact a depiction of Liberty (all other dimes except the Roosevelt dime feature an image of Liberty as well). The Mercury dime is considered to be one of the most visually appealing of all U.S. coins, and is highly sought after by collectors.

The Mercury dime was replaced in 1946 by the Roosevelt dime, designed in honor of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died in April 1945. Although other coins were eligible for an updated design (the design of any coin may be changed without Congressional approval after 25 years), the dime was chosen due to Roosevelt's work in founding the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, even then unofficially known as the March of Dimes, a name it later officially adopted. Although the dime has not undergone any major design changes since its introduction, its composition changed significantly in 1965. The Coinage Act of 1965 removed the silver content from the dime (as well as the quarter and, in 1971, the half dollar), and replaced it with a clad composition of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel. Dimes with the silver composition were minted in 1965 and 1966 but bore the date 1964 to increase mintage figures and prevent hoarding of it. The clad Roosevelt dime is currently in circulation, and no major design changes are planned. An attempt was made by Congressional Republicans in 2003 to replace Roosevelt's image with that of President Ronald Reagan, but this was short-lived.

The reeded edge on the modern dime is a holdover from earlier designs. The reeding was placed on gold and silver coins to discourage counterfeiting and fraudulent use, such as filing down the edges to collect the dust for profit. Currently, none of the coins produced for circulation contain precious metals. However, the continued use of reeded edges on current circulating coinage of larger denominations is useful to the visually impaired. The edge of a modern dime has 118 ridges.

Design History
Since its introduction in 1796, the dime has been issued in six different major types. The name for each type indicates the design on the coin's obverse, the Barber dime excepted.

Draped Bust
The first dime to be circulated was the Draped Bust dime, in 1796. It featured the same obverse and reverse as all other circulating coins of the time, the so-called Draped Bust/Small Eagle design. This design was the work of then-Chief Engraver Robert Scot. The portrait of Liberty on the obverse was based on a Gilbert Stuart drawing of prominent Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham, wife of noted American statesman William Bingham. The reverse design is of a small Bald Eagle surrounded by palm and olive branches, and perched on a cloud. Since the Coinage Act of 1792 required only that the cent and half cent display their denomination, Draped Bust dimes were minted with no indication of their value.

All 1796 dimes have 15 stars on the obverse, representing the number of states then in the Union. The first 1797 dimes were minted with 16 stars, reflecting Tennessee's admission as the 16th state. Realizing that the practice of adding one star per state could quickly clutter the coin's design, U.S. Mint Director Elias Boudinot ordered a design alteration, to feature just 13 stars (for the thirteen original colonies). Therefore, 1797 dimes can be found with either 13 or 16 stars.

Also designed by Robert Scot, the Heraldic Eagle reverse design made its debut in 1798. The obverse continued from the previous series, but the eagle on the reverse was changed from the widely criticized "scrawny" hatchling to a scaled-down version of the Great Seal of the United States. The Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagles series continued through 1807 (although no dimes dated 1799 or 1806 were minted). Both Draped Bust designs were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper.

Capped Bust
The Draped Bust design was succeeded by the Capped Bust, designed by Mint Assistant Engraver John Reich. Both the obverse and reverse were changed extensively. Although the model used for the portrait of Liberty on the obverse has never been named, Mint writer William Ewing DuBois claimed that the model was "Reich's fat German mistress." The new reverse featured a Bald Eagle grasping three arrows (symbolizing strength) and an olive branch (symbolizing peace). Covering the eagle's breast is a U.S. shield with six horizontal lines and 13 vertical stripes. Also on the reverse is the lettering "10C," making it the only dime minted with an explicit indication of its value (subsequent issues are inscribed with the words "ONE DIME").

Capped Bust dimes minted through 1828 are known as the Large type. This is partially due to the fact that they were struck without a restraining collar, which gave them a broader appearance. In 1828, Chief Engraver William Kneass introduced the close collar method of coining (which automated the process of placing reeds on a coin's edge). In addition to standardizing the diameter of coins, the new method allowed the Mint to produce thicker coins. To maintain a standard weight and alloy, the diameter of most coins was reduced. In particular, the dime was reduced in diameter from 18.8 to 18.5 millimeters. This new Capped Bust dime, which began production in 1828, is known as the Small type.

Seated Liberty
The "Seated Liberty" designs appeared on most regular-issue silver United States coinage during the mid- and late-nineteenth century, from 1836 through 1891. The denominations which featured the Seated Liberty design included the half dime, the dime, the quarter, the half dollar, and the silver dollar. Another coin that appeared exclusively in the Seated Liberty design was the twenty cent piece. This coin was produced from 1875 to 1878, and was discontinued because it looked very similar to the quarter. Seated Liberty coinage was minted at the main United States Mint in Philadelphia, as well as the branch mints in New Orleans, San Francisco, and Carson City.

Obverse
The basic obverse design of the Seated Liberty coinage consisted of the figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. In her left hand, she held a pole surmounted by a liberty cap, which had been a pre-eminent symbol of freedom during the movement of Neoclassicism. Although it had fallen out of favor in Europe by 1830, Neoclassicism remained in vogue in the United States until after the American Civil War. Liberty's right hand rested on the top corner of a striped shield with a diagonal banner inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." The shield represented preparedness in the defense of freedom. The date of the coin appeared on the bottom below Liberty.

Reverse
The basic reverse design of Seated Liberty coins depended on the denomination. The size of half dimes and dimes necessitated a smaller array of elements. On these coins, the reverse consistently featured a wreath around the words "HALF DIME" or "ONE DIME". Before 1860, this wreath consisted of laurel leaves, a traditional Neoclassical image, but beginning that year, the wreath was enlarged and was filled not only with leaves, but also traditional American agricultural products, such as corn and wheat. On quarter, half dollars, and silver dollar coins, the reverse featured a central eagle about to take flight, with a striped shield upon its breast. The eagle clutched an olive branch of peace in its right talons and a group of arrows in its left talons. Above the eagle around the rim were the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and below the eagle around the rim lay the coin denomination. Beginning in 1866 the coins featured a ribbon with the motto "In God We Trust" above the eagle.

Stars
When the first Seated Liberty half dimes and dimes appeared in 1837, the obverse contained no stars. The next year, the coins featured thirteen six-pointed stars around the rim, commemorating the original thirteen colonies.

Drapery
The Seated Liberty coins featured a few minor design changes over the years. Around 1840 (the exact date depends upon the denomination), extra drapery was added to Liberty's left elbow.

Arrows and rays
This 1853 Seated Liberty Quarter features both arrows and rays. This 1853 Seated Liberty Quarter features both arrows and rays.

In 1853 and 1873, the U.S. Mint changed the weight of each denomination of silver coins. Both times, arrows were added to the coins on each side of the date. These were removed from coins in 1856 and 1875, respectively. In 1853, the mint also placed rays around the eagle on the reverse of half dollars and quarters, a feature which endured for that one year only.

Legend and Mintmarks
In 1860 the U.S. Mint eliminated the stars on the obverse of Seated Liberty half dimes and dimes, replacing them with the legend "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," which had previously appeared around the wreath on the reverse of the coins. Before this time, half dimes and dimes minted in New Orleans and San Francisco had featured their mintmarks inside the wreaths. Afterwards, the "O" and "S" (and, later, the "CC" for Carson City) mintmarks were located below the wreath next to the rim. On quarters, half dollars, and silver dollars, the mintmarks were always placed below the eagle but above the coin currency on the reverse.

Barber
Liberty Head ("Barber") designs appeared on United States minor silver coinage (the dime, quarter, and half dollar) from 1892 to 1916. They derive their common name from their designer, Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber.

Origins
In 1887, Mint Director James P. Kimball included a statement in his annual report to the United States Congress requesting a coinage redesign. He proposed a process whereby distinguished artists would be invited to participate in the design process, and, in 1890, the United States Department of the Treasury asked ten eminent American artists to submit design proposals for minor silver coinage. However, this plan proved unworkable when the artists made financial demands that the Treasury was unwilling to meet. The next effort was a contest open to the public, but none of the designs submitted in this manner were satisfactory to the Mint. Ultimately, it fell to Charles Barber to create new designs for silver coinage. He did so, and the designs were first placed into production in 1892.

Obverse
The basic obverse design of the Barber silver coinage consisted of a Liberty head with a cap and wreath. This figure was inspired both by classical Greek and Roman models and by the designs of various 19th-century French coinage. The word "LIBERTY" appeared on the headband in incuse; since it wears relatively quickly in circulation, it is often used by numismatists to help determine the condition of circulated coins. The Liberty head is flanked by six stars on the left and seven on the right, and the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" appears above it. The date is centered below the figure.

Reverse
There were two basic reverse designs on Barber coinage. The dime featured a wreath of American agricultural products with the words "ONE DIME" in the center. The mint mark, if any, was positioned below the wreath. This reverse design differed little from that of the old Seated Liberty dime.

On the quarter and half dollar, a heraldic eagle, similar to that featured on the Great Seal of the United States, is the central design element, with "QUARTER DOLLAR" or "HALF DOLLAR" and the mint mark (if any) located beneath it. As on the Great Seal, the eagle carries a banner in its beak reading "E PLURIBUS UNUM", and the amount of the motto visible is helpful to numismatic graders in determining the condition of circulated specimens. A field of 13 stars (the same number as on the obverse, representing the 13 original American colonies) appears above the eagle, and on the top edge, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" is inscribed.

Collectible Barber Coins
Although the Barber series contains few mint marks or other aberrations, the 1894-S Barber Dime is one of the most valuable coins ever produced by the United States. Only 24 were produced. Of those, only nine remain, one of which sold for $1.9 million in 2007.

Winged Liberty Head (Mercury)
Although most commonly referred to as the Mercury dime, the coin does not depict the Roman messenger god. The obverse figure is a depiction of Liberty wearing a Phrygian cap, a classic symbol of liberty and freedom, with its wings intended to symbolize freedom of thought. Designed by noted sculptor Adolph A. Weinman, the Winged Liberty Head dime is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful U.S. coin designs ever produced. The composition (90 percent silver, 10 percent copper) and diameter (17.9 millimeters) of the Mercury dime was unchanged from the Barber dime.

Weinman (who had studied under Augustus Saint-Gaudens) won a 1915 competition against two other artists for the design job, and is thought to have modeled his version of Liberty on Elsie Kachel Stevens, wife of noted poet Wallace Stevens. The reverse design, a fasces juxtaposed with an olive branch, was intended to symbolize America's readiness for war, combined with its desire for peace. The fasces would later become a symbol of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's Fascist National Party, leading some to criticize the dime's design.

The 1916-D issue of only 264,000 coins is highly sought after, due largely to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the dimes struck at Denver in 1916 carried the pre-existing Barber design. Thus, the 1916-D is worth up to thousands of dollars if it is in relatively fine condition. Many coins in this series exhibit striking defects, most notably the fact that the line separating the two horizontal bands in the center of the fasces is often missing, in whole or in part; the 1945 issue of the Philadelphia Mint hardly ever appears with this line complete from left to right, and as a result, such coins are worth more than usual for uncirculated specimens. No dimes bear the dates of 1922, 1932, or 1933. A valuable variety is an overdate, where 1942 was stamped over a 1941 die at the Philadelphia mint. A less obvious example from the same years is from the Denver mint.

Of particular interest to numismatists is the condition of the horizontal bands tying together the bundle on the fasces, on the coin's reverse. On well-struck examples, separation exists within the two sets of bands (known as Full Split Bands). Coins exhibiting this feature are typically valued higher than those without it.

Roosevelt
Soon after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in April 1945, legislation was introduced by Virginia Congressman Ralph H. Daughton that called for the replacement of the Mercury dime with one bearing Roosevelt's image. The dime was chosen to honor Roosevelt partly due to his efforts in the founding of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (later renamed the March of Dimes), which originally raised money for polio research and to aid victims of the disease and their families. The public had been urged to send in a dime to the Foundation, and by Roosevelt's death, the Foundation was already popularly known as the "March of Dimes."

Due to the limited amount of time available to design the new coin, the Roosevelt dime was the first regular-issue U.S. coin designed by a Mint employee in more than 40 years. Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock was chosen, as he had already designed a Mint presidential medal of Roosevelt.[20] Sinnock's first design, submitted on October 12, 1945, was rejected, but a subsequent one was accepted on January 6, 1946.

The dime was released to the public on January 30, 1946, which would have been Roosevelt's 64th birthday. Sinnock's design placed his initials ("JS") at the base of Roosevelt's neck, on the coin's obverse. His reverse design elements of a torch, olive branch, and oak branch symbolized, respectively, liberty, peace, and victory.

Controversy immediately ensued, as strong anti-Communist sentiment in the United States led to the circulation of rumors that the "JS" engraved on the coin was the initials of Joseph Stalin, placed there by a Soviet agent in the mint. The Mint quickly issued a statement refuting this, confirming that the initials were indeed Sinnock's. Perhaps to avoid further controversy, when Sinnock designed the Franklin half dollar two years later, he used his full initials: JRS. (Stalin's middle name was Vissarionovich.)

Another controversy surrounding Sinnock's design involves his image of Roosevelt. Soon after the coin's release, it was claimed that Sinnock borrowed his design of Roosevelt from a bas relief created by African American sculptor Selma Burke, unveiled at the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington D.C. in September 1945. Sinnock denied this, claiming that he simply utilized his earlier design on the Roosevelt medal.

With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the composition of the dime changed from 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper to a clad "sandwich" of copper between two layers of an alloy of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel. This composition was selected because it gave similar mass (now 2.27 grams instead of 2.5 grams) and electrical properties (important in vending machines)—and most importantly, because it contained no precious metal.

Soon after the change of composition, silver dimes (as well as silver quarters and half dollars) began to disappear from circulation, as people receiving them in change hoarded them (see Gresham's law). Although now rare in circulation, silver dimes may occasionally turn up in customers' change.

Starting in 1992, the US Mint re-introduced silver coins in its annual collectors sets. This included a 90 percent silver proof Roosevelt Dime, Washington Quarter(s) and Kennedy Half Dollar, a series that continues today.

Since 1946 the Roosevelt dime has been minted every year. Through 1955, all three mints, Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco produced circulating coinage, and the latter two since that date. Beginning in 1968, San Francisco produced only proof coinage. Through 1964 "D" and "S" mintmarks can be found to the left of the torch. From 1968, the mintmarks have appeared above the date. None was used in 1965–67, and Philadelphia did not show a mintmark until 1980 (in 1982, an error left the "P" off a small number of dimes, which are now valuable). To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the design, the 1996 mint sets included a "W" mintmarked dime made at the West Point Mint. With a coinage of 1,457,000, they are not particularly scarce.

In 2003, a group of conservative Republicans in Congress proposed removing Roosevelt's image from the dime, and replacing it with that of President Ronald Reagan, although he was still alive. Legislation to this effect was introduced in November 2003 by Indiana Representative Mark Souder. Amongst the more notable opponents of the legislation was Nancy Reagan, who in December 2003 stated that, "When our country chooses to honor a great president such as Franklin Roosevelt by placing his likeness on our currency, it would be wrong to remove him." After President Reagan's death in June 2004, the proposed legislation gained additional support. Souder, however, stated that he was not going to pursue the legislation any further.

From 1796 to 1837, dimes were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper, the value of which required the coins to be very small to prevent their intrinsic value being worth more than face value. The composition was altered slightly in 1837 with the introduction of the Seated Liberty dime; the silver content was increased to 90 percent, while the copper content was reduced to 10 percent. To maintain the intrinsic value of the new dime, its diameter was reduced from 18.8 millimeters (0.740 inch) to its current figure of 17.9 millimeters (0.705 inch).

With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the dime's silver content was removed. Dimes from 1965 to the present are composed of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel. Starting in 1992, the U.S. Mint began issuing Silver Proof Sets annually, which contain dimes composed of the pre-1965 standard of 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. These sets are intended solely for collectors, and are not meant for general circulation.

-km 23:48, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

More from km

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title: United States currency/10¢


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Talk:Chemicals/Reactions/Oxidation numbers

=Practice Questions= I added practice questions. Please feel free to expand them, edit the formatting, etc. in order to best fit people's needs. Mathboy965 01:13, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Subpage move
Oxidation numbers are usually used in balancing oxidation-reduction chemical reactions. This page might be a good candidate to be a subpage of chemical reactions. But, this page was deleted for no content in 2010 or 2011. Instead, there is the page Chemical Reaction. One possible way to proceed is to move Chemical Reaction to Chemical reactions, then move Oxidation numbers to Chemical reactions/Oxidation numbers. Comments, criticisms, questions welcome. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 22:51, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing/Vapor Phase Epitaxial Film Growth

Homoepitaxy
Homoepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with only one material. In homoepitaxy, a crystalline film is grown on a substrate or film of the same material. This technology is applied to growing a more purified film than the substrate and fabricating layers with different doping levels.

Heteroepitaxy
Heteroepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with materials that are different from each other. In heteroepitaxy, a crystalline film grows on a crystalline substrate or film of another material. This technology is often applied to growing crystalline films of materials of which single crystals cannot be obtained and to fabricating integrated crystalline layers of different materials. Examples include gallium nitride (GaN) on sapphire or aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) on gallium arsenide (GaAs).

Examples
$$GaAs$$ on $$AlAs$$

$$Ge_xSi_{1-x}$$ on $$Si$$

$$GaAs$$ on $$Ge$$

$$Au$$ on $$NaCl$$

Surface Reconstruction
Surface reconstruction refers to the process by which atoms at the surface of a crystal assume a different structure than that of the bulk. Surface reconstructions are important in that they help in the understanding of surface chemistry for various materials, especially in the case where another material is adsorbed onto surface.

Basic Principles
In an ideal infinite crystal, the equilibrium position of each individual atom is determined by the forces exerted by all the other atoms in the crystal, resulting in a periodic structure. If a surface is introduced to the system by terminating the crystal along a given plane, then these forces will be altered, changing the equilibrium positions of the remaining atoms. This is most noticeable for the atoms at or near the surface plan, as they now only experience interatomic forces from one direction. This imbalance results in the atoms near the surface assuming positions with different spacing and/or symmetry from the bulk atoms, creating a different surface structure. This change in equilibrium positions near the surface can be categorized as either a relaxation or a reconstruction.

Relaxation refers to a change in the position of entire layers of atoms relative to the bulk positions. Often this is a purely normal relaxation: that is, the surface layers move in a direction normal to the surface plane, usually resulting in a smaller-than-usual inter-layer spacing. This makes intuitive sense, as a surface layer which experiences no forces from the open region can be expected to contract towards the bulk. Most metals experience this type of relaxation. Some surfaces also experience relaxations in the lateral direction as well as the normal, so that the upper layers shift become shifted relative to layers further in to minimize the positional energy.

Reconstruction refers to a change in the two-dimensional structure of the surface layers, in addition to changes in the position of the entire layer. For example, in a cubic material the surface layer might re-structure itself to assume a smaller two-dimension spacing between the atoms as lateral forces from adjacent layers are reduced. The general symmetry of a layer might also change, as in the case of the Pt (100) surface which is reconstructed from a cubic to a hexagonal structure. A reconstruction can affect one or more layer at the surface, and can either conserve the total number of atoms in a layer (a conservative reconstruction) or have a greater or lesser number than in the bulk (a non-conservative reconstruction).

Reconstruction due to Absorption
Relaxations and reconstructions often occur for atomically clean surfaces in vacuum, in which the interaction with another medium is not considered. However, reconstructions can also be induced or altered by the adsorption of other atoms onto the surface as the interatomic forces are changed. These reconstructions can assume a variety of forms as the interactions between different types of atoms are taken into account, but some general principles and dependencies can still be identified.

The reconstruction of a surface with adsorption can be said to be dependent on the following factors:

 * The composition of the substrate and of the adsorbate
 * The coverage of the substrate surface layers and of the adsorbate, measured in monolayers
 * The ambient conditions (i.e. temperature, gas pressure, etc)

Composition plays an important role in that it determines the form that the adsorption process takes, whether by relatively weak physisorption through van der Waals interactions or stronger chemisorption through the formation of chemical bonds between the substrate and adsorbate atoms. Surfaces which undergo chemisorption generally result in larger reconstructions than those which undergo physisorption, as the breaking and formation of bonds between the surface atoms alter the interaction of the substrate atoms as well as the adsorbate.

Example 1: Gold
A very well-known example of surface reconstruction occurs in silicon, a semiconductor commonly used in a variety of computing and microelectronics applications. With a diamond-like face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice, it exhibits several different well-ordered reconstructions depending on temperature and on which crystal face is exposed.

When Si is cleaved along the (100) surface, the ideal diamond-like structure is interrupted and results in a 1x1 square array of surface Si atoms. Each of these has two dangling bonds remaining from the diamond structure, creating a surface which can obviously be reconstructed into a lower-energy structure. The observed reconstruction is a 2x1 periodicity, explained by the formation of dimers which consist of paired surface atoms, decreasing the number of dangling bonds by a factor of two. These dimers reconstruct in rows with a high long-range order, resulting in a surface of filled and empty rows. LEED studies and calculations also indicate that relaxations as deep as five layers into the bulk are also likely to occur.

The Si (111) structure, by comparison, exhibits a much more complex reconstruction. Cleavage along the (111) surface at low-temperatures results in another 2x1 reconstruction, differing from the (100) surface by forming long pi-bonded chains in the first and second surface layers. However, when heated above 400 C this structure converts irreversibly to the more complicated 7x7 reconstruction. In addition, a disordered 1x1 structure is regained at temperatures above 850 C which can be converted back to the 7x7 reconstruction by slow cooling.

The 7x7 reconstruction is modeled according to a dimer-adatom-stacking fault (DAS) model which was constructed by many research groups over a period of 25 years. Extending through the five top layers of the surface, the unit cell of the reconstruction contains 12 adatoms as well as two triangular subunits, nine dimers and a deep corner hole which extends to the fourth and fifth layers. This structure was gradually inferred from LEED and RHEED measurements as well as calculation, and was finally resolved in real space by Binnig, Rohrer, Gerber and Weibel as a demonstration of the STM which was developed by Binnig and Rohrer at IBM's Zurich Research Laboratory. The full structure with positions of all reconstructed atoms has also been confimed by massively parallel computation.

A number of similar DAS reconstructions have also been observed on Si (111) in non-equilibrium conditions in a (2n+1)x(2n+1) pattern, and include 3x3, 5x5 and 9x9 reconstructions. The preference for the 7x7 reconstruction is attributed to an optimal balance of charge transfer and stress, but the other DAS-type reconstructions can be obtained under conditions such as rapid quenching from the disordered 1x1 structure.

Low Energy Electron Diffraction
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique used to characterize the structures of surfaces.

Instrumentation
Usually, LEED experiments are performed in an Ultra high vacuum environment and are often supplemented by Auger Electron Spectroscopy for identifying surface constituents. An ion Gun is often used for surface cleaning. A LEED instrument usually consists of an Electron Gun, a Detector System and Data acquisition system.

Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization methods that rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples the bulk of the sample due to the geometry of the system. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) is also surface sensitive, but LEED achieves surface sensitivity through the use of low energy electrons.

Atomistics of Epitaxial Growth

 * Absorb
 * Desorb
 * Diffuse
 * Attach
 * Cluster
 * Reflect

Adatom Diffusion, Absorption, and Desorption
$$D_{SD} = D_0 \exp \left ( \frac{- \Delta G_{SD}^*}{kT_{sub}} \right )$$

$$J = -D \frac{\partial C}{\partial x}$$

Adatom residence time

$$\tau = \tau_0 \exp \left ( \frac{\Delta G_{a/d}^*}{kT_{sub}} \right )$$

Desorption-Limited Regime

$$D_{SD} = D_0 \exp \left ( \frac{-\Delta G_{SD}^*}{kT_{sub}} \right )$$

$$\tau = \tau_0 \exp \left ( \frac{\Delta G_{a/d}^*}{kT_{sub}} \right )$$

$$\delta_{de} \approx (\tau_0 D_0 )^{1/2} \exp \left ( \frac{ \Delta G_{a/d}^* - \Delta G_{SD}^*}{2 kT_{sub}} \right )$$

Adatom Diffusion Distance: Adatom-Clustering-Limited Regime

$$\delta_{ad} \approx \sqrt {D_{SD} \tau_{ad} }$$

$$\tau_{ad} = N_0 / F_{dep}\;$$

$$\delta_{ad} = \frac{N_0^{1/2} D_0^{1/2} \exp \left ( \frac{-\Delta G_{SD}^*}{2kT_{sub}} \right )}{F_{dep}^{1/2}}$$


text:
Configuration Management

Configuration Management is concerned with all things having to do with building and deploying well tested, reproducible software builds. This is important because software is deployed in a cycle, and the uptake of this cycle can vary widely and can mean that features that are currently deployed in the field have been significantly changed or rewritten by developers, meaning that bugs found in the field will require developers to revisit old code.

We will examine a few tools which help in this process.

Apache Ant will be the first tool we will look into.

title: Configuration Management


text:
User:LogicalFallacy

LogicalFallacy here, providing bad reasoning to those everywhere. The Logic Department in the PhilosophySchool can thank me for that.

"I thought I was wrong, but I was mistaken." ;-)

The Logical Fallacy of the day is

"False-Dilemma Fallacy"

Form Either % or ~

Not % Therefore, ~ (When there are more options than just        % and ~ )

Example

It's either 2+2=3( % )or 2+2=60( ~ )

2+2 does not equal 3(Not % )so 2+2 must =60( T )

title: User:LogicalFallacy


text:
Talk:Existentialism

Alrighty then!
My first order of bussiness is to add links to the page, thereby letting people have direct information on Existentialism. Then I will compose a reading list. Does anyone have any ideas to contibute to the Department?

About that link, "a great essay on existentialism"
I just read it through, and it comes across as rather biased in my opinion. Has some good information, but seems to get into some mud-slinging at points, which in some cases I think may mislead readers. An example would be her assertion that existentialists such as Sartre and Nietzsche "completely dropped" morality (failed to discuss it in any sort of constructive way) - I can't recall specific entries in Nietzsche's work, but I read (just a day ago) on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy about Nietzche's discussion of various forms of morality being suited to different individuals depending on their situation. This is far from utter neglect. I would suggest either removing the link or renaming it to something like "An argument for theistic existentialism as opposed to atheistic existentialism" or "why theistic existentialism is WAY better than atheistic existentialism."

-Wilsol 75.72.185.8 08:57, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Existentialism


text:
User talk:LogicalFallacy

Welcome
Hello LogicalFallacy, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:20, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:LogicalFallacy


text:
User:Paul W

Paul Wilkinson

Employment
Since 2000, I have been head of corporate communications at BIW Technologies, a UK-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) business active in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) and property markets.

Writing
I have contributed to several books on ICT, collaboration and construction, and wrote Construction Collaboration Technologies: The Extranet Evolution, published by Taylor & Francis in 2005. I also blog regularly at www.extranetevolution.com.

Industry activity
Work with Constructing Excellence seems to take up a lot of my time. I am a Collaborative Working Champion, sit on the Building & Estates Forum steering group, am a committee member of the CE Surrey Club, and represent BIW in the Network of Construction Collaboration Technology Providers (NCCTP), where I am the 2008 marketing chairman. I was also a member of the working group that produced a report on ICT and Automation for the National Technology Platform in late 2007.

title: User:Paul W


text:
User talk:Docsearls

Welcome
Hello Docsearls, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 11:18, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Docsearls


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Reminders/February, 2008

Hello. I'm writing because you requested a reminder about progress on Wikimedian Demographics. For the time being these will be about once per month.

Speaking of reminders, it turns out the template question isn't the most efficient way of coming up with a mailing list. If you want to recieve this message on another of your talk pages (or don't want them at all), please edit the list on Wikimedian Demographics/Reminders.

To update on progress so far, there have been somewhere around 50 respondents over the past month, with more trickling in slowly but steadily. There are 7 major surveys (or 12, depending on how you count them):
 * 1) The basic survey (about your participation in Wikimedia)
 * 2) The "geography" surveys (actually 6 of those, for each inhabited continent)
 * 3) The Operating System survey (still stubby)
 * 4) The Wikipedia survey
 * 5) The Commons survey
 * 6) The US presidential elections survey
 * 7) The sexuality and relationships survey

Only the geography surveys have had any major modifications since being originally posted (more countries were added to those).

Several new surveys have been discussed at Talk:Wikimedian Demographics, as well as other places within Wikiversity. A few that might be ready sometime in February include:
 * A survey about Women in Wikimedia
 * A survey about Wikibooks
 * A survey about Wikiversity
 * A survey about administrative issues (including cross-wiki topics such as CheckUser and "global blocking")
 * A survey about environmental issues
 * A survey about religion
 * A survey about international trade

If you have ideas for more surveys, please share them on Talk:Wikimedian Demographics. Thanks for your participation thus far, and we hope to see you soon! ~


text:
User talk:Hubert80

Welcome
Hello Hubert80, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 12:57, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:Mip v3.jpg
Please provide a license template and source for this image. Thanks.– Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 22:50, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hubert80


text:
User:Jackzilla23

Hello
Hi my name is Luke. I live in Tennessee. I'm in High School. Things I like to do.
 * Play Rugby
 * Skateboard
 * Listen to Music
 * Riding my bike

title: User:Jackzilla23


text:
Weather station

A weather station is a facility with instruments and equipment to make observations of atmospheric conditions in order to provide information to make weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. This learning project will describe how to install and operate an automated or personal weather station.

Typical weather stations have the following instruments:
 * Thermometer for measuring temperature
 * Barometer for measuring barometric pressure
 * Hygrometer for measuring humidity
 * Anemometer for measuring wind speed
 * Wind vane for measuring wind direction
 * Rain gauge for measuring precipitation

An automated weather station also includes a data logger to record the measurements from the instruments. The readings can then be transferred to a computer or uploaded to a website.

The Personal Weather Station page at the Weather Underground website has a list of links for the hardware and software needed for a personal weather station. It also describes how to upload weather data from your station to be included in the website. The Citizen Weather Observer Program is another means of sharing weather data.

Resources

 * Wireless weather stations

title: Weather station


text:
User talk:Bhoomaksha

Welcome
Hello Bhoomaksha, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:44, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bhoomaksha


text:
User talk:Weillechner

Welcome
Hello Weillechner, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:45, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:TanteEmmaPipeline.png
Please provide a license template and source for this image. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 22:56, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weillechner


text:
User talk:Jackzilla23

Welcome
Hello Jackzilla23, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:45, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jackzilla23


text:
User talk:Paul W

Welcome
Hello Paul W, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:46, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paul W


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing/Evaporative Deposition

Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Molecular beam epitaxy takes place in high vacuum or ultra high vacuum (10−8 Pa). The most important aspect of MBE is the slow deposition rate (typically less than 1000 nm per minute), which allows the films to grow epitaxially. However, the slow deposition rates require proportionally better vacuum in order to achieve the same impurity levels as other deposition techniques.

In solid-source MBE, ultra-pure elements such as gallium and arsenic are heated in separate quasi-knudsen effusion cells until they begin to slowly sublimate. The gaseous elements then condense on the wafer, where they may react with each other. In the example of gallium and arsenic, single-crystal gallium arsenide is formed. The term "beam" simply means that evaporated atoms do not interact with each other or any other vacuum chamber gases until they reach the wafer, due to the long mean free paths of the atoms.

During operation, RHEED (Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction) is often used for monitoring the growth of the crystal layers. A computer controls shutters in front of each furnace, allowing precise control of the thickness of each layer, down to a single layer of atoms. Intricate structures of layers of different materials may be fabricated this way. Such control has allowed the development of structures where the electrons can be confined in space, giving quantum wells or even quantum dots. Such layers are now a critical part of many modern semiconductor devices, including semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes.

In systems where the substrate needs to be cooled, the ultra-high vacuum environment within the growth chamber is maintained by a system of cryopumps, and cryopanels, chilled using liquid nitrogen or cold nitrogen gas to a temperature close to 77 kelvins (−196 degrees Celsius). However, cryogenic temperatures act as a sink for impurities in the vacuum, and so vacuum levels need to be several orders of magnitude better to deposit films under these conditions. In other systems, the wafers on which the crystals are grown may be mounted on a rotating platter which can be heated to several hundred degrees Celsius during operation.

Molecular beam epitaxy is also used for the deposition of some types of organic semiconductors. In this case, molecules, rather than atoms, are evaporated and deposited onto the wafer. Other variations include gas-source MBE, which resembles chemical vapor deposition.


text:
User:Atomodream

ATOMODREAM

HI fRIENDS ! I AM ABHINAV VERMA ............. I REALLY DONT KNOW ABOUT MORE THIS SITE EVEN I DIDNT GET NAME OF THIS SITE ..ITS MY FIRST VISIT  .......... I DONT KNOW HOW COULD IT HELP ME BUT I SAW ITS ALL FUNCTIONS MOST OF THEM I COULDNT UNDERSTAND BUT SOME I LIKED I........ NOW I FEEL I THINK IT WOULD HELP A LOT LOT HELP IN MY FILMMAKING CAREER .......... FRIENDS ! I WANT TO BE A GREAT FILM MAKER, I DONT KNOW ABOUT OTHERS PEOPLE'S DREAM AND AIM IN FILM LINE WHEN I WAS THINKING ABOUT FILMY CAREER. .... I SAW IN FILNM LINE NOT ONLY FILM LINE EVERY LINE HAVE A LOT OF COMPITITIONS AND NECK CUT TROUGH COMPITITIONS BUT I AM NOT LOSER AND I HAVE A LOT OF CONFIDENCE AND I CAN MAKE MY CAREER IN ANY FIELD I HAVE THAT CONFIDENCE WITHIN MY HEART BUT FRIENDS ! REALLY I HAVE NO SOURCE AND RESOURCE AND MONEY ..... I TRIED TO TAKE ADDMISSION IN ONE YEAR COURSE AFTER COMPLETION OF MY MBA BUT FEES WAS 2 LACS RUPEES FOR ONE YEAR .. I COULDNT EFFORT SUCH FEES BUT I TRIED FOR LOAN BUT I  COULDNT GET IT CAUSE NO ONE GIVE LOAN FOR FILM LINE CAREER...  OR I HAVE LACK OF  INFORMATIONS BUT REALLY ITS A BIG STEP HAPPENED IN MY LIFE........ BUT I CANT ACCEPT MY WEEKNESS AND I MADE NEW PLANS AND NEW HOPES IN MY LIFE AND SEARCHED SOME DIRECTORS AND I THINK EVERYBODY CAN GIVE U A MORALE SUPPORT EVEN SOME OF THEM DONT LIKE TO GIVE A MORALE SUPPORT............  BUT STILL NOW I M TRYING FOR MY CAREER AND I STILL HERE IN SAME POSITION IMPROVEMENT IN MY CONFIDENCE ONLY BUT  ONEDAY I WOULD MAKE A GREAT DIRECTOR LIKE RAJ KAPOOR AND WOULD SHOW TO ALL WORLD MY FEELINGS FOR THIS WORLD AND WHO AM I ? AND WHY I BORN IN THIS WORLD ? I WANT TO BRING A REVOLUTION IN THIS WORLD. AND I KNOW ITS A SO TOUGH AND DIFFICULT BUT NOT IMPOSSIBLE........ YOU KNOW...... FILMY CAREER ........ I DIDNT CHOOSE FOR ME GOD CHOOSE FOR ME........ AND I WANT TO GO IN SOCIAL WORK LINE LIKE A MADAR TERESA BUT  I HAD TO COME IN THIS LINE AND THINK ABOUT THIS LINE AND RAW AND I NEED A GURU WHO MAKE ME A DIAMOND AND A SUPERNATURAL POWER OF THIS WORLD ......  I AM SEARCHING TO MY GURU IN THIS WORLD WITH OUT GURU 'S KNOWLEDGE I WOULDNT DO ANYTHING IN THIS WORLD AND IT WILL HAPPEN ONE DAY ..... EVERYTHING WILL HAPPEN ONEDAY IN THIS WORLD AND I WANT TO LIVE FOR OTHER AND FOR YOU AND ALL AND WANT TO SPREAD A FLOW OF FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS IN THIS WORLD THAT EVERYBODY THINK ABOUT OTHERS FIRST AFTER THAT HIMSELF........... I HAVE NO CORRECT WORLD TO EXPLAIN MY FEELINGS CAUSE I HAVE A LOT OF MYSTERIOUS THING AND EVERYTHING IS LIKE A TRAP............ OHHHHHHHHHHHHH SO SORRY I  FORGOT AT ALL. YA I DONT KNOW HOW CAN I OPERATE THIS SITE SO PLEASE TELL ME AND HOW CAN TAKE MORE TO MORE BENEFIT FROM THIS SITE ... I AM IN DELHI ,DOING JOB IN GURGAON AND I AM PLANNING FOR LEAVING THE JOB BUT I CANT ........ ANYBODY CAN GIVE ME A JOB IN MY SAME FIELD (FILM LINE) MY CONTACT NO. 09990061412 ............. THANKS fOR READING AND FIVING YOUR VALUABLE TIME......... GOOD DAY AND GOOD LUCK  TC .....

title: User:Atomodream


text:
User talk:Atomodream

HIIIII DOST CAN YOU HELP ME? I AM FREASHER AND I NEED OF ALL OF YOU ......... I AM INDIAN AND I AM IN INDIA AND PLEASE CALL ME +91,9990061412 hOW CAN I BE GREAT FILM MAKER?

title: User talk:Atomodream


text:
Early Childhood Mathematics Education

 * /Language of mathematics/
 * /Beginning Processes/
 * /Number/
 * /Patterns and algebra/
 * /Early Childhood Measurement/
 * /Chance and Data/
 * /Space/

 * /Questioning/
 * /Assessment for learning/
 * /Standardised assessment/
 * /Interactive teaching for learning/
 * /Instructivist teaching/
 * /Grouping of students/
 * /Pace/

title: Early Childhood Mathematics Education


text:
Numbers

Number Concepts

 * /Natural numbers elementary/ Positive counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, ...
 * /Counting/
 * /Number line with positive numbers/
 * /Numeration/
 * /Decimal numeration/
 * /Addition and subtraction of positive whole numbers/
 * /Multiplication and division of positive whole numbers/
 * Exponents
 * Expressions
 * Order of operations
 * Evaluating expressions
 * /Rounding and estimating/
 * /Integers/ Positive and negative whole numbers and zero: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
 * /Negative numbers/
 * /Number line with negative numbers/
 * /Addition of positive and negative whole numbers/
 * /Subtraction of positive and negative whole numbers/
 * /Multiplication and division of positive and negative whole numbers/

title: Numbers


text:
Early Childhood Mathematics Education/Early Childhood Measurement

 * Length
 * Mass
 * Area
 * Volume


text:
Early Childhood Mathematics Education/Space

 * ../Shape and line/
 * ../Location, direction and movement/
 * ../Inch and centimeter/


text: File:Example.gif

title: File:Example.gif


text: File:Free-software-badge.png

title: File:Free-software-badge.png


text:
User talk:Ewingb

Welcome
Hello Ewingb, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 01:55, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ewingb


text:
User:BiP Spring 2008

BiP Spring 2008 -- Glossary of Terms: Addendum

Please post your definitions for the terms listed below:

Initial Public Offering (IPO): IPO is the first stock prices with the number of shares when a private company decides to go public in order to expand their capital by attracting investors. (John Park)

Earnings per Share (EPS): EPS is a ratio used in share valuations. It shows how much of the company's profits, after tax, each shareholder owns. It is calculated by dividing a company's earnings by the number of outstanding shares. [Raymond Lee]

Economic Liberalization: Refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities. [Tiffany Lin]

Market Capitalization: AKA market cap. Market capitalization is a measure of the total market value of a company. Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current market price. [Jackson]

Cognitive Dissonance [Han Ma]: Psychological state in which one experiences uncomfortable tension from two or more simultaneous conflicting thoughts. Psychological conflict resulting from incongruous beliefs and attitudes held simultaneously [Han Ma].

Triple Bottom Line [Han Ma]: A spectrum of values and criteria, expanded from the original 'Bottom Line,' for measuring the success of an organization or corporation. The Triple Bottom Line includes: Environment, Social, and Revenue/Profit [Han Ma].

Normative Ethics [Han Ma]: A branch of philosophy concerned with classifying actions as right or wrong. Normative ethical theories include Consequentialism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics [Han Ma].

Utilitarianism [Han Ma]: A form of consequentialism, utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of a course of action is determined by the overall contribution to the happiness derived from such action (utility) [Han Ma].

Consequentialism [Han Ma]: Idea that the morality in a course of action depends on the consequences of such action. In other words, a consequentialist determines whether an act is moral depending on the final outcomes [Han Ma].

Deontology [Han Ma]: Opposed to consequentialism, deontology is an approach to ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of the actions themselves, emphasizing duties and rules, rather than on that of the outcomes/consequences [Han Ma].

Virtue Ethics [Han Ma]: Rivaling deontology and consequentialism, virtue ethics is an approach to ethics that emphasizes the virtues or moral contrast in an action [Han Ma].

Structured Finance [Han Ma]: Structured finance encompasses all advanced private and public financial arrangements that serve to efficiently refinance and hedge any profitable economic activity beyond the scope of conventional forms of on-balance sheet securities (debt, bonds, equity) in the effort to lower cost of capital and to mitigate agency costs of market impediments on liquidity. In other words, it is a broad term to describe a sector of finance created to help transfer risk using complex legal and corporate entities [Han Ma].

Proxy: It is a document that a company provides, required by the SEC, to inform the investors about the matters regarding the status of the company so the investors can make informed decisions. [Jackson Yang]

Parochialism [Han Ma]: Being provincial, being narrow in scope, or considering only small sections of an issue. Parochialism can relate directly to culture and economics in regard to a local culture or geographic area's government making decisions based on personal relationships instead of uniformity. Leading to governmental corruption and deterring real economic health and outside investment, parochialism reinforces an insular society and economy, many times detrimental the citizens who are the willful victims of parochialism. [Han Ma]

Shares Outstanding (Float): Stock currently held by investors, including restricted shares owned by the company's officers and insiders, as well as those held by the public. Float is the total number of shares publicly owned and available for trading. The float is calculated by subtracting restricted shares from outstanding shares. [Tiffany Lin]

Par Value: The nominal dollar amount assigned to a security by the issuer. For an equity security, par value is usually a very small amount that bears no relationship to its market price.[Raymond Lee] 'Has anyone researched how "par value" applies to the prices of bonds and debt-related securities? [Professor Wosnitzer]'

Capital MarketsThe capital market refers to the stock market and the bond market in which companies and the government raise long-term funds. [Seo Yeong Hwang]

Curriculum Vitæ (C.V.) [Han Ma]: A résumé. [Han Ma]

Debt: Money, goods, or services owed by an individual, firm, or government to another individual, firm, or government. [Ayla Schermer]

Equity: The financial value of an asset after all debts associated with that asset are paid off. [Ayla Schermer]

Capital Structure: It refers to the way a corporation organizes the constituents of its liabilities (equity, debt, and hybrid securities) in order to finance said corporation’s assets. [Candace Singh]

Syndicate: refers to a group of individuals or organizations combined in a joint effort to undertake a specific duty, transaction, or negotiation; more commonly referred to in the business world as a group of capitalists and bankers joined together to carry out a project that requires large resources of capital [Lu Wang]

World Trade Organization Established in 1995 and currently consisting of 151 members, the WTO is responsible for the development and policing of the multilateral trading system along principles concluded under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In addition, it provides the resources and legal status for the resolution of trade disputes through independent panels. Failure of a member country to accept it's ruling subjects it to trade sanctions. (Bannock, Baxter, and Davis 2003) [Elijah Emen]

International Monetary Fund (IMF): An international organization that focuses upon the stabilization of exchange rates and facilitation of world trade. Founded in 1945, the IMF is comprised of 185 nations that contribute to a pool of funds which can be lent to troubled economies. The IMF often comes under criticism for its "conditionalities" that are automatically imposed if a nation borrows funds; critics perceive the organization's success as narrow and its set of preconditions as self-serving. [Gillian Kemmerer]

World Bank: An international bank that offers monetary funds and loans to developing nations with the goal to reduce poverty. [Brian Lee]

National Debt: The sum of all federal deficits. A federal deficit occurs when the government spends more in a fiscal year than it receives. [Candace Singh]

Price mechanism The mechanism that sends prices up when demand is in excess and prices down when supply is in excess. The mechanism is not controlled from a central authority, but by the disparate decisions made by independent agents. The importance of the price system is: (a) that it serves as a means of rationing limited supplies among consumers, and (b) that it signals to producers where money is to be made and thus what they ought to be producing. (Bannock, Baxter, and Davis 2003) [Elijah Emen]

Perfect competition The most competitive market imaginable. A model of industrial structure in which many small firms compete in the supply of a single product. Three primary features characterize a perfectly competitive industry: (a) there is a multitude of firms (buyers and sellers) that are all too small to have any individual impact on market price, resulting in marginal revenue and price being equal; (b) all firms aim to maximize profit, and (c) firms can costlessly enter and exit the industry. Output is maximized and price minimized but products traded are usually homogeneous. (Bannock, Baxter, and Davis 2003) [Elijah Emen]

First-mover The first entrant in a particular market segment. The first-mover can gain an advantage in several ways including patent protection, greater market share, and control of resources. The first-mover may be at a disadvantage due to risk, costs of initial marketing and public education, costs of research and development that may benefit second-movers, and vulnerability to displacement and supersession by second-movers. (Liebermann and Montgomery 1988 & 1998) [Elijah Emen]

Central Bank The bank that authorizes a national monetary policy. It is in charge of creating a uniform currency, stabilizing the country's money supply, overseeing foreign exchange and gold reserves, and creating an established interest rate. [Annie Gao]

Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve, often referred to as The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States. [Seo Yeong Hwang] Established in 1913, it is composed of twelve regional Reserve banks, twenty-five branches, and eleven offices controlled by a board of governors constitutionally and financially independent of Congress. As a central bank it determines monetary policy: the regulation of money supply by trading securities on the open market, setting banking reserve requirements, and setting short term interest rates. It is an influential force in controlling inflation, maximizing employment, minimizing shocks, and supervising banking practice and management (e.g. applications for merger). (Bannock, Baxter, and Davis 2003) [Elijah Emen]

Trade Deficit: An economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country's imports exceeds its exports. A trade deficit represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.[Tiffany Lin]

Bullish market [Jackson]: Most indexes (S&P, Dow...) are on the climb and the prices of the stock market in general is expected or currently going up. [Jackson]

Bearish market [Jackson]: Opposite of a bull market. Stock market is labeled bearish usually when most stock indexes (S&P, Dow) go down more than 15%. [Jackson]

Correction [Jackson]: Usually a drop of at least 10% in a stock, bond, commodity or index. A correction is temporary decline that interrupts the general up-trend of the market. Most investors and experts consider corrections to be quite innocuous in the long run. [Jackson]

Tariffs: Taxes set on imported goods. They are often used to increase government revenue, protect industries from foreign competition, and prevent certain goods from being imported completely.

Treasury Bonds: Government bonds that serve as a debt financing instrument of the government and usually mature in a long period of time (10 to 30 years). They are traded on the liquid secondary markets and are often representative of long term interest rates in general. [Garth Englund]

Blue Chip [Jackson]: It refers to a very well-run, financially sound, and most often nationally known company. These are usually the firms that have steady growth rates and are reliable even in times of economic downturns. Examples include IBM and Proter & Gamble. Interestingly, Enron was once considered a blue chip company. [Jackson]

venture capital business [Jerina Martinaj]: Investment company that invests its shareholders' money in developing firms that are potentially profitable. [Candace Singh]

Free Trade [Candace Singh]: In its pure form, it refers to the sales of goods or services that are made between countries and are not restricted by any government regulation which may include but is not limited to tariffs, quotas, and taxes. [Candace Singh]

GDP Gross Domestic Product. Measure in currency units of total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a nation, excluding international investments, incomes, or products and services. (Sachin Shukla)

gross margin A company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold. [Tiffany Lin]

inflation A result in loss of purchasing power of money caused by growth of the amount of money in circulation and highly increasing demand. It is reflected in a rise in prices without a proportionate increase in value of the things purchased. (Sachin Shukla)

Class A Shares (Katerina Gonzalez): A classification of common stock that may be accompanied by more or less voting rights than Class B shares. Although Class A shares are often thought to carry more voting rights than Class B shares, this is not always the case. Companies will often try to disguise the disadvantages associated with owning shares with less voting rights by naming those shares "Class A", and those with more voting rights "Class B". (Katerina Gonzalez)

Class B Shares (Katerina Gonzalez): A classification of common stock that may be accompanied by more or less voting rights than Class A shares. Although Class A shares are often thought to carry more voting rights than Class B shares, this is not always the case. Companies will often try to disguise the disadvantages associated with owning shares with less voting rights by naming those shares "Class A", and those with more voting rights "Class B". (Katerina Gonzalez)

Leveraged Buyout (LBO) [Arjun Sirrah]: A method of acquisition which entails using a significant amount of borrowed money in the form of bonds and loans, thus allowing companies to make large acquisitions without using very significant amounts of capital. Often, the assets of the company being acquired are used as collateral for the loans in addition to the assets of the acquiring company. Often there is a ratio of approximately 70% debt to 30% equity; although the amount of debt can reach as high as 90% to 95% of the total capitalization. [Arjun Sirrah]

Credit Default Swap [Jackson Yang]: The buyer of a credit swap receives credit protection, whereas the seller of the swap guarantees the credit worthiness of the product. By doing this, the risk of default is transferred from the holder of the fixed income security to the seller of the swap. [Jackson Yang]

as per Professor Sylla:

"Sixes" Sometimes called "Sixes of 1790" and "Original Sixes," "Sixes" were a type of bond which provided 6 percent annual interest rate, initiated as a part of Alexander Hamilton's monetary reform. It was redeemable at the pleasure of government, and government paid its interest quarterly. The total of 30 million dollars worth of "Sixes" was issued. The United States Government converted the interest rate to 8% in 1796 for purposes of retirement of 2 percent per annum. "Sixes" were fully redeemed in 1818. [Sung H. Kang]

"Threes": When Alexander Hamilton proposed the legislation to assume the states' debt, "Threes" were one of the three types of bonds issued to help the federal government. "Threes" paid 3 percent annually in quarterly installments. A total of $19.7 million worth of bonds were issued. They were redeemable at the discretion of the government, but were not fully redeemed until 1832. [Vivek Pandya]

"Louisiana 6's": Six percent treasury bonds maturing in a 15 year period. ($11.25 million in Louisiana 6s were used by Thomas Jefferson to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France. [Garth Englund]

"Tripe Bottom Line" Reporting: captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success; economic, environmental and social. (Carol Ann Peterson)

"Fundamentalism": The term "fundamentalism" was originally coined to describe a narrowly defined set of beliefs that developed into a movement within the US Protestant community in the early part of the 20th century. These religious principles stood in opposition to the modernist movement and espoused the strict adherence to and faith in religious "fundamentals". [Seo Yeong Hwang]

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) [Lisa Phan]:Exchange Traded Funds (or ETFs) have been available in the US since 1993 and in Europe from 1999. The idea of ETFs is to put funds and stock exchange trading into one product. Traditionally, funds or cash and stock exchange investments have been carefully kept apart to reflect liquidity issues. An ETF is a pool fund invested with a stated investment objective, for example, a tracker fund for the energy sector or geographical area. Shares owned in this fund by investors are in turn traded on an exchange.[Seo Yeong Hwang]

Closed-End Fund [Lisa Phan]: A closed-end fund is more closely related to a stock than to a conventional mutual fund. It is a publicly traded investment company that is traded like a stock on a stock exchange. [Paul Katsnelson]

Mutual Fund [Lisa Phan]: company that allows many investors to combine their money which is used to invest in a predetermined stock. The fund manager is in charge of investing the money. [Jerina Martina]

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) [Lisa Phan]: The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. It is a United States government agency responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry/stock market. Christopher Cox is the current chairman of the SEC. He was appointed by President George W. Bush. [Eldar Slobodyan]

Securities Act of 1933 A federal piece of legislation enacted as a result of the market crash of 1929. The legislation had two main goals: (1) to ensure more transparency in financial statements so investors can make informed decisions about investments, and (2) to establish laws against misrepresentation and fraudulent activities in the securities markets. [Tiffany Lin]

Sarbanes-Oxley Act United States corporate reform legislation enacted in 2002 following a number of corporate and accounting scandals. The act outlined standards, responsibilities, and penalties regulating corporate governance and financial disclosure. In addition, it created a new regulatory agency for the accounting industry: the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. [Elijah Emen]

Securities Exchange Act of 1934: a law governing what is and is not legal in the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures). Contrasted with the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates these original issues, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the secondary trading of those securities between persons often unrelated to the issuer. (Carol Ann Peterson)

Backdating: Backdating is the practice of marking a document with a date that precedes the actual date, because the option value is higher if the exercise price is lower, executives prefer to be granted options when the stock price is at its lowest. Backdating allows executives to choose a past date when the market price was particularly low, thereby inflating the value of the options. [Gabrielle Low]

"EBIT" - Earnings before interest and taxes (John Park)

GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Standards)- (Mr Boggle referred to it as GAA Principles) the term that applies to all the broad concepts and detailed practices to be followed in preparing and distributing financial statements. It includes all the conventions, rules, and procedures that together comprise accepted accounting practice. (John Park) Correction: GAAP actually stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, which is why it is GAAP, not GAAS. That is also why Mr Bogle said "principles," not "standards." (Harrison Rodriguez)

Interim Periods - the time spans established for accounting purposes that are less than 1 year (John Park)

International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)- an international body established to develop, in the public interest. a single set of high-quality, understandable. and enforceable global accounting standard (John Park)

Stock Option [Lisa Phan]: A privilege, sold by one party to another, that gives the buyer the right to buy or sell a stock at an agreed-upon price within a certain period of time. Stock options are often an incentive used for long-term retention. [Ayla Schermer]

Index Fund [Lisa Phan]: Mutual funds that attempt to copy the performance of a stock market index. The most common index fund tries to track the S&P 500 by purchasing all 500 stocks using the same percentages as the index. [Raymond Lee]

Insider Trading [Lisa Phan]: Insider trading occurs when someone makes an investment decision based on information that is not available to the general public. [Raymond Lee]

Economies of Scale [Paul Katsnelson]: An increase in production efficiency that results from an increase in the quantity of goods or services being produced or offered. Since fixed costs are spread over a larger number of goods, businesses that achieve economies of scale generally see a drop in the average cost per unit produced. [Paul Katsnelson]

Bond market [Annie Gao]: A financial market where people can buy or sell debt securities as bonds, which the issuer must pay back with interest.[Annie Gao]

Revolving door [Annie Gao]: A political concept describing the rotation between or the simultaneous holding of jobs in an industry and jobs in government related to that industry, creating a conflict of interest. [Annie Gao]

Think tank [Annie Gao]: An organization that oversees research and advocates a certain issue, influencing government policy. Think tanks are usually non-profit and obtain funds from private donors. [Annie Gao]

Soft Incentives [Tiffany Lin]:

Externaility [Ayla Schermer]: An unforseen or unintended consequence of an economic activity that is experienced by unrelated third parties. Externalities can be either positive or negative. [Ayla Schermer]

Hurdle Rates [Ayla Schermer]: The minimum amount of return that a person requires before they will make an investment in something. In other words, the rate of return that will get someone "over the hurdle" before investing their money. [Ayla Schermer]

Monopsony the market condition that exists when there is one buyer (Carol Ann Peterson).

Subprime Mortgage type of mortgage that is normally made out to borrowers with lower credit ratings. As a result of the borrower's lowered credit rating, a conventional mortgage is not offered because the lender views the borrower as having a larger-than-average risk of defaulting on the loan. Lending institutions often charge interest on subprime mortgages at a rate that is higher than a conventional mortgage in order to compensate themselves for carrying more risk (Carol Ann Peterson).

Vertical Integration [Paul Katsnelson]: A vertically integrated company is one that has expanded its business to produce a range of goods or services along the same production path. The Carnegie Steel company, which controlled its own mills, mines, and ships, is an example of a vertically integrated company. Benefits from vertical integration may include economies of scale, economies of scope, and the reduction of threat from powerful suppliers. [Paul Katsnelson]

Democracy- The etymology is the "rule of the people" or the majority rules. It assumes equality among everyone and can take many different forms. (Micah Timen, Daniel Redlich, Anthony Allen, Chase Matthew)

Communism- A form of government that seeks to dissolve the class system in order to eliminate the gap between the upper class and lower class. It establishes social equality through the distribution of wealth and abolishes the principle of private property. Instead, most aspects of communal life are under government ownership. (Alex Lazar, Ben Funk, Leslie Kim, Ambica Buddhavarapu)

Fascism- A form of government that deals with imposing state control over all aspects of life such as political, social, cultural, and economic, by a strong, single-party government. A brutal milita enforces the laws and they even engage in torture and execution if citizens don't cooperate. Citizens ruled under a fascist government have very limited freedom. Fascism eliminates “class struggle,” and instead replaces it with “class collaboration.” It promotes nationalism and tries to unify the people of the country, eliminating conflicts between people. (Bilal Memon, Herman Singh)

Socialism- A form of government that incorporates aspects of both communist and capitalist governments. Its goal is to ensure the commonwealth basic necessities such as food, clothing, housing, health care, free education, recreation, and transportation. Although socialism is envisioned as a successful system that would benefit the economy, in practice it doesn't necessarily work in a large-scale economy. Scholars have noted that the distribution of goods and services becomes increasingly difficult with a larger economy. (Pranav Ahuja, Katherine Araujo, Riddhima Hinduja, Teresa Tran)

Strike Price [Jerina Martinaj]: Price at which you can exercise a contract. Usually it refers to stock and index options. [Jerina Martinaj]

Hedge Fund [Jerina Martinaj]: A group of private investors combine their money together in a portfolio that is to be managed in hopes of generating a large profit. It's similar to a mutual fund, yet unlike a mutual fund, the investors are allowed to operate with less regulations. [Jerina Martinaj].

short-dated paper[Jerina Martinaj]: A document due in a short period of time (ex: short term loan)[Katerina Gonzalez]

Commercial paper [Katerina Gonzalez]: An unsecured, short-term loan issued by a corporation, typically for financing accounts receivable and inventories. It is usually issued at a discount reflecting prevailing market interest rates. [Katerina Gonzalez]

EBITDA [Mingzhou Lin]: Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. EBITDA is a non-GAAP metric that can be used to evaluate a company's profitability. [Mingzhou Lin]

Amortization [Mingzhou Lin]: Write-off of an intangible asset investment over the projected life of the assets. [Mingzhou Lin]

Management Buyout [Mingzhou Lin]: A type of acquisition through which a part or sometimes whole of a company is acquired by existing managers. [Mingzhou Lin]

Leveraged Buyout [Mingzhou Lin]: An investor acquires some or majority of a company 's equity via borrowed money or debt. [Mingzhou Lin]

Corporate Charter [Gabrielle Low]: The charter bestows rights to the company from the government. It describes things like the purpose of the company or place of business. Companies are formed around the grounds set in the document. It can also be called articles of incorporation. [Gabrielle Low]

WACC [Tony Tianyuan Song]: Weighted Average Cost Of Capital, A calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. All capital sources - common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt - are included in a WACC calculation. Basically it is the composition of equity and debt of a compnay, i.e., its capital structure. [Tony Tianyuan Song]

Discounted Cash Flow [Tony Tianyuan Song]: Commonly known as DCF. A valuation method used to estimate the attractiveness of an investment opportunity. There are many variations when it comes to what you can use for your cash flows and discount rate in a DCF analysis. Despite the complexity of the calculations involved, the purpose of DCF analysis is just to estimate the money you'd receive from an investment and to adjust for the time value of money. [Tony Tianyuan Song]

Retailers[Seo Yeong Hwang]: A business that sells products or services to consumers for personal or family use. It is the final business in the distribution channel and links manufacturers with consumers. [Gabrielle Low]

Loans default[Seo Yeong Hwang]: Loans default occurs when one does not make a payment when due or does not comply with the promissory note’s other terms. [Andy Choung]

Liquidity Crisis[Seo Yeong Hwang]: It occurs when a business lacks cash that is required to meet debt, pay for costs or to continue to grow. One response to a liquidity crisis is to "trade through". Through delaying payment of creditors, issuing bonds, making additional loands, selling assets or encouraging more promt payment from customers, companies hope to find the additonal cash flow needed. [Gabrielle Low]

Main Street vs. Wall Street[Seo Yeong Hwang]: Main Street symbolizes the interests of small businessmen (shops and retailers) whereas Wall Street symbolizes the interests of corporate capitalism. [Andy Choung]

Write-down[Seo Yeong Hwang]: A write down is often a result of the subprime crisis at financial institutions. It is very similar to a "write-off". One similarity is that in both, the loaned money has no chance of being recovered. A write-down reduces the value of the loan on the balance sheet. [Gabrielle Low]

Run-on-the-bank[Seo Yeong Hwang]: Run-on-the bank happens when there is a panic and a large number of customers of a bank withdraw their money because they believe or fear that the bank will soon become insolvent. This in its self, may cause the bank to become insolvent. As a result, the bank may face bankruptcy. [Gabrielle Low]

One-shot dilemmas[Gabielle Low]:Its a social dilemma that arises among parties in which one is faced with the chance to cheat or take part in other opportunistic activities. This can hinder otherwise beneficial business interactions among groups.[Jerina Martinaj]

Redlining [Annie Gao]: A form of discrimination in which people of a certain area, usually because the majority of residents are of a certain race, are denied or forced to higher rates for insurance, health care, jobs, etc. [Annie Gao]

World Economic Forum [Annie Gao]: A place where business leaders, politicians, intellectuals, and journalists meet annually to speak about significant social and economic issues. [Annie Gao]

Energy Security [Gabrielle Low] The idea that a country is vulnerable because of it's energy (oil, natural gas, coal etc.) needs. Things like a significant increase in energy prices, suspension or termination of supply by an oligopoly or monopoly supplier, cartel or country can cause multiple effects on a country's economy and politics. Also included is the idea that a country might support a country that supports terrorism becuase it buys a large amount of oil from it. [Gabrielle Low]

AFL-CIO [Mingzhou Lin] Acronym for American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations. AFL-CIO is the largest federation of labor unions consisting of 54 national and international unions. As of 2006, there are over 9 million members. AFL-CIO officially merged in 1955; however, AFL dated back to 1886, during post-American Civil War Reconstruction. [Mingzhou Lin]

United Nations Global Compact [Annie Gao]: A campaign urging businesses to be sustainable and socially responsible, and to report on them. The Global Compact offers a setting in which governments, businesses and labor, and activist organization can connect and have discussions. [Annie Gao]

Floating Interest Rate [Tony Tianyuan Song]: An interest rate that is allowed to move up and down with the rest of the market or along with an index. This contrasts with a fixed interest rate, in which the interest rate of a debt obligation stays constant for the duration of the agreement. [Tony Tianyuan Song] Cats And Dogs [Tony Tianyuan Song] A slang term referring to speculative stocks that have short or suspicious histories for sales, earnings, dividends, etc. The origin for this term may have stemmed from the use of "dog" to refer to an underperforming stock. [Tony Tianyuan Song]

Globalization [Seo Yeong Hwang]Globalization in its literal sense is the process of globalizing, transformation of some things or phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and functioning together. [Seo Yeong Hwang]

Outsourcing [Seo Yeong Hwang] Outsourcing is subcontracting a process, such as product design or manufacturing, to a third-party company. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of labor, capital, technology and resources. [Seo Yeong Hwang]

audit [Gabrielle Low] the examination by an independent third party of the financial statements of a company or any other legal entity (including governments), resulting in the publication of an independent opinion on whether or not those financial statements are relevant, accurate, complete, and fairly presented. [Gabrielle Low]

CDO [Gabrielle Low] Is similar in structure to a collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) or collateralized bond obligation (CBO). CDOs are different from CMOs and CBOs in that they are different types of debt and credit risk. For CDOs the debt is often referred to as 'tranches' or 'slices'. Each slice has a different maturity and risk associated with it. [Gabrielle Low]

Mark to Market[Jerina Martinaj]: the act of assigning a value to an asset based on the current market price. [Jerina Martinaj]

Brown-nose someone who adds terms to the glossary for participation points without actually having checked the original glossary for the class, which already includes terms such as IMF, triple-bottom line, World Bank, monopsony, economies of scale, etc. Also, LBO is on the list twice. Is anyone actually reading this?

Hedging [Gabrielle Low]:Hedging against investment risk means strategically using instruments in the market to offset the risk of any adverse price movements. In other words, investors hedge one investment by making another that has a negative correlation with the first. [Gabrielle Low]

Mark to Market Accounting [Tiffany Lin]: The act of assigning a value to a position held in a financial instrument based on the current market price for that instrument or similar instruments. [Tiffany Lin]

"Value Added Tax (VAT)" [Matthew Pfalzer]: A tax placed on the value that a transaction generates, i.e. a sales tax. [Matthew Pfalzer]

Oversight: management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group (Carol Ann Peterson)

title: User:BiP Spring 2008


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User talk:BiP Spring 2008

Post Questions or Comments about the Glossary of Terms to Your Colleagues

title: User talk:BiP Spring 2008


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File:Mashenka seduced by the dark anim.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script


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User:Wkc3

Hello, my name is Bill Cupp. I live in Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, and I am a Surgical/Trauma/Neuro Intensive Care RN. I have an Associate of Science Degree from Purdue at Fort Wayne and I am pursuing my Bachelor's degree. I have also worked on a Neurological Medical/Surgical floor, and as a CNA in a long-term care facility.

In my spare time I enjoy playing and listening to many styles of music.

title: User:Wkc3


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Portal talk:Nursing

Collaboration with other schools
Would anyone in the school of nursing like to start collaborating on projects that apply to both of our disciplines, such as physiology and anatomy pages? What I am suggesting is that the school of biology should to consider working with other schools on departments that cross disciplines. For example:

 * The schools of biology, medicine, dentistry, nursing and pharmacy could develop the department of Physiology into a department which offers a course within the school of biology as well as modules within the other mentioned courses

Similar things could work between the school of nursing and these schools with regards to other departments. This would not only lighten the load for all concerned but could also expedient the completion of our individual projects making th Life Sciences Portal a very happy place :)

Any Comments??? Go raibh mile maith agaibh 23:40, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Nursing


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User talk:PhysicsMANIA

Welcome
Hello PhysicsMANIA, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu talk 05:58, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:PhysicsMANIA


text:
Czech Language/Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
Unlike many western-European languages, and like most other slavic tongues, Czech does not usually make much use of personal pronouns. This is primarily because the information that pronouns convey (person, plurality & gender), is already carried by other parts of speech. They are nonetheless useful for emphasis, and in those cases where there may be confusion.

Third Person
This is where things get interesting.

jeho/něho are stressed forms though ho cannot carry stress. The same is true for the rest:

 * Viděl jsi ho?
 * Neviděl jsem ho.
 * Jeho jsem viděl, ne ji.

N- forms are used after prepositions. Ho and jej are synonymous - ho is more common, especially in speech.

The underlined pronouns  ho  and  tě  are clitics and can only be used in the second position unless pushed further right by a higher priority second-place item, such as the verb particle.

 * Vidíte ho ? "Can you see him/it?"

See Czech declension for a fuller discussion

Interrogative Pronouns

 * co = what
 * čí = whose
 * jaký = what kind
 * kde = where
 * kdo = who
 * kdy = when
 * kolik = how many/much
 * který/jenž = which

title: Czech Language/Pronouns


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Signal Processing/Time Domain

The most common representation of signals and waveforms is in the time domain. However, most signal analysis techniques work only in the frequency domain. The time domain representation of a typical Continuous-time Signal is $$s(t)$$ and that for a typical Discrete-time signal is $$s[n]$$.

title: Signal Processing/Time Domain


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User talk:Wkc3

Welcome
Hello Wkc3, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:38, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wkc3


text:
User talk:Raghav vs

Welcome
Hello Raghav vs, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:39, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raghav vs


text:
Digital signal processing

Books

 * Understanding Digital Signal Processing, 2nd edition, Richard G. Lyons, 2004. Free online edition available.

 * The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing By Steven W. Smith, Ph.D. Free online version and downloadable PDF chapters.

 * Signal Processing for Communications, Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli. Free online edition and PDF.

Two books by Martin Vetterli (EPFL), Jelena Kovacevic (CMU), Vivek K Goyal (MIT). Free PDFs:
 * Foundations of Signal Processing,
 * Fourier and Wavelet Signal Processing

A collection of DSP books by Julius O. Smith III, Stanford University:
 * Mathematics of Discrete Fourier Transform
 * Introduction to Digital Filters
 * Physical Audio Signal Processing: for Virtual Musical Instruments and Digital Audio Effects
 * Spectral Audio Signal Processing

The Theory and Technique of Electronic Music by Miller Puckette, creator of Pure-Data and Max.

Courses

 * Coursera: Intro to DSP (four parts), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland.

 * Digital Signal Processing, MIT, 1987. Archived course. Video lectures, PDF slides, solutions to exercises.

title: Digital signal processing


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User:Prasad.madduri

This site is under construction hotmail

title: User:Prasad.madduri


text:
User talk:Prasad.madduri

Welcome
Hello Prasad.madduri, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 09:22, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

User page
If you wish to make a user page for yourself, the best place is User:Prasad.madduri. I have moved your edits to this page for you. --McCormack 09:22, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prasad.madduri