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Petroleum engineering

Welcome to the department of petroleum engineering!

Petroleum Engineering is involved in the exploration and production activities of petroleum as an upstream end of the energy sector. Upstream, refers to the source of the petroleum, the petroleum deposit, usually buried deep beneath the earth's surface supplying flow to consumers as a river supplies the ocean. The diverse topics covered by petroleum engineering are closely related to the earth sciences. Petroleum engineering topics include economics, geology, geochemistry, geomechanics, geophysics, oil drilling, geopolitics, knowledge management, seismology, team building, team work, tectonics, thermodynamics, well logging, well completion, oil and gas production, reservoir development, and pipelining.

It is an increasingly technical profession that involves procuring reserves from places that predecessors deemed too difficult or not economic with the technology of the day or commodity prices. The use of high technology equipment, high speed computers, innovative materials, team management philosophies, statistics, probability analysis, and knowledge management, is usually coupled with the reality of only indirect measurement of most essential facts due to being buried under miles of earth. As such engineers must sometimes develop new techniques from one source to another, and one look at the number of patents held for use in the industry is testimony to the highly technical nature of this field.

As mistakes may be measured in millions of dollars, petroleum engineers are held to a high standard. Deepwater operations can arguably be compared to space travel in terms of technical challenges. Arctic conditions and conditions of extreme heat have to be contended with. High Temperature and High Pressure (HTHP) environments that have become increasingly commonplace in today's operations require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as wide ranging as thermohydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems.

Petroleum engineers must implement high technology plans with the use of manpower, highly coordinated and often in dangerous conditions. The drilling rig crew and machines they use become the remote partner of the petroleum engineer in implementing every drilling program. Understanding and accounting for the issues and communication challenges of building these teams remain just as vital to the petroleum engineer as ever.

The Society of Petroleum Engineers is the largest professional society for petroleum engineers and is a good source of information. Petroleum engineering education is available at dozens of universities in the United States and throughout the world - primarily in oil producing states - but not only top producers.

Petroleum engineers have historically been one of the highest paid engineering disciplines; this is offset by a tendency for mass layoffs when oil prices decline. Petroleum engineering offers a challenging blend of earth sciences, geology, operations, politics, advanced mathematics and the opportunity to risk massive amounts of money. The rewards for successful engineers range from high paying jobs to the opportunities to start oil companies.

Subtopics
Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types:

 * Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
 * Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling both production and injection wells.
 * Subsurface engineers (also known as completion engineers) manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, artificial lift, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment.
 * Production engineers monitor existing wells and work to balance production with the life of the well
 * Petroleum refining that converts crude oil and natural gas to a variety of fuels, lubricants and petrochemical products

Learning materials

 * Introduction to petroleum engineering
 * Introduction to petroleum Refining

Learning projects
Natural gas engineering

title: Petroleum engineering


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Portal:Architectural engineering

An architectural engineer applies the skills of many engineering disciplines to the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and renovation of buildings while paying attention to their impacts on the surrounding environment. In countries such as Canada, the UK and Australia, architectural engineering is more commonly known as Building engineering, building systems engineering, or building services engineering. In some languages, such as Korean, "architect" is literally translated as "architectural engineer".

Major specializations

 * Architecture
 * Structural engineering
 * Construction engineering
 * Construction management
 * Project management
 * Green building
 * Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
 * Plumbing and piping (hydronics)
 * Fire protection engineering
 * Acoustics, noise & vibration control
 * Building power systems
 * Lighting
 * Building transportation systems

Subjects of interest

 * Building construction
 * Energy efficiency, Energy conservation, or Energy demand management
 * Renewable energy
 * Solar energy
 * Green buildings
 * Intelligent buildings
 * Autonomous buildings
 * Indoor air quality
 * Thermal comfort

Coursework
Curricula vary considerably between universities, but the following are often present in ABET-accredited four- or five-year B.S. in architectural engineering degree programs in the U.S.:

 * An introduction to architectural engineering
 * Two courses in English
 * Five courses in mathematics (calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, probability)
 * Two courses in physics
 * One course in chemistry
 * One course in science (e.g., geology, environment, biology)
 * Several courses in humanities/social sciences (e.g., architectural history, sociology)
 * Two courses in architectural design
 * Two courses in building materials and construction

 * Engineering science courses in:

 * Statics and dynamics
 * Strength of materials
 * Structural analysis
 * Basic circuits
 * Thermodynamics
 * Fluid mechanics
 * Heat transfer
 * Engineering economics
 * Computer programming
 * Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)

 * Engineering design courses in:

 * Structures (e.g., steel, concrete, and/or wood design)
 * Construction
 * Power and lighting systems
 * Plumbing and piping systems
 * Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems
 * Senior design project
 * Electives

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Architectural engineering


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Portal:Nuclear engineering

This field of engineering includes the design, analysis, development, testing, operation and maintenance of nuclear fission systems and components, specifically, nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants and/or nuclear weapons. The field can also include the study of nuclear fusion, medical applications of radiation, nuclear safety, heat transport, nuclear fuels technology, nuclear proliferation, and the effect of radioactive waste or radioactivity in the environment.

You are encouraged to find something about this topic that interests you and added to the content, start a learning or research project, or utilize the materials herein.

Coursework
Undergraduate coursework should begin with a foundation in mechanics and dynamics of particle motion, thermodynamics, introductory computer programming, college level physics and chemistry, and a rigorous training in mathematics through differential equations.

Midway through undergraduate training a nuclear engineer must choose a specialization within their field that they will further study. Further coursework in a nuclear engineering program includes but is not limited to fluid mechanics, reactor physics, quantum mechanics, thermal hydraulics, linear circuits, radiation effects, and neutron transport.

Specialization in fission, includes the study of nuclear reactors, fission systems, and nuclear power plants, the primary teachings deal with neutronics and thermal-hydraulics for nuclear generated electricity. A firm foundation in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics in addition to hydrodynamics is a must.

Specialization in nuclear fusion includes electrodynamics and plasmas. This area is very much research oriented and training often terminates with a graduate level degree.

Specialization in nuclear medicine, includes courses dealing with doses and absorption of radiation in bodily tissues. Those who get competency in this area usually move into the medical field. Many nuclear engineers in this specialization go on to become board licensed medical physicists or go to medical school and become a radiation oncologist. Research is also a common choice for graduates.

Courses

 * Radioactivity Basics
 * Introduction to nuclear physics
 * Introduction to engineering

Reviews

 * J.A. Lake. "The Renaissance of Nuclear Energy" (website)
 * C. Schmidt. "The next generation of nuclear power?" (website)
 * http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/
 * Making the World Safe for Nuclear Energy
 * Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
 * Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
 * Onkalo Waste Management Project (Posiva)
 * W. Hannum, G.E. Marsh, G.S. Stanford, Argonne Nat'l Lab, "Advanced Liquid Metal Reactors." 1983-2003. (Fast Neutron Reactors and pyro-metallurgical processing) (SciAm article)

Related news

 * March 2008 MIT tests unique approach to fusion power
 * April 2007 New advances in fusion research potentially made...
 * March 2007 - Company supposedly discovers method to safely dispose of nuclear waste.
 * March 2007 - Interesting article on table top fusion. Did you know that through nuclear fusion, one could extract 200 gallons of gasoline worth of energy from 1 bucket of sea water? (noted in article)
 * March 2007 - Chinese create next generation experimental fusion tokamak reactor.

it:Corso:Ingegneria nucleare

title: Portal:Nuclear engineering


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Ecological engineering

Ecological Engineering is the emerging field of the use of ecological processes within natural or constructed imitation of natural systems to achieve engineering goals. It has also been described as "the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both" (Mitsch, 1998)

The following is submitted by David Del Porto: The term, "ecological engineering," was first coined by the late Dr. Howard T. Odum in 1962. Howard Odum was professor emeritus at the University of Florida, where his work in systems ecology had flourished.

Ecological engineering, he wrote, is "those cases where the energy supplied by man is small relative to the natural sources but sufficient to produce large effects in the resulting patterns and processes." (H.T. Odum, 1962, "Man and Ecosystem" Proceedings, Lockwood Conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology. Bulletin Connecticut Agric. Station)

Another definition that follows from that relates to ecosystem management by human society (Center for Wetlands, University of Florida) :

"Ecological engineering is the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. It involves the design, construction and management of ecosystems that have value to both humans and the environment. Ecological engineering combines basic and applied science from engineering, ecology, economics, and natural sciences for the restoration and construction of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The field is increasing in breadth and depth as more opportunities to design and use ecosystems as interfaces between technology and environment are explored."

Another definition seeks to use the ecological paradigm to construct ecologies to solve vexing world-class problems, such as pollution:

It is predicated on the belief that the self-organizing order found in stable ecosystms is so universal that it can be applied as an engineering discipline to solve the pressing problems of global pollution, food production and efficient resource-utilization, while providing a high quality of life for all human society. (David Del Porto)

In this definition, the ecological paradigm reveals how to safely utilize the polluting components of unwanted residuals, or "wastes," to ultimately grow green plants that have value to human society, but not at the expense of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Planning, design and construction with the ecological paradigm as a template is the work of ecological engineers.

Ecological engineering is based on the self-designing capacity of nature to take ecosystems to sustainable optimum states. Past engineering approaches overuse fossil fuels and require intensive maintenance because they are out of balance with nature. Ecological engineering solutions rely more on natural energy flows (solar-based) and are often very low maintenance, when done correctly.

Examples of ecological engineering are the restoration of a landscape or the creation of a wetland ecosystem to treat wastewater. In the case of restoring a landscape denuded of all soil by erosion, the ecological engineer would approach the problem not by trucking in tons of soil, he or she would work to establish soil-building organisms to do the work. In the case of wastewater treatment, the conventional engineer would use electricity to pump and aerate the water while dumping in tons of chemicals. The ecological engineer would use the natural assimilative capacity of certain plants and microbes to remove the pollutants of concern in a gravity-flow system.

Coursework

 * Energy Engineering: Renewable energy systems
 * Meteorology
 * Climatology
 * Hydrology
 * Personal Rover Maintenance

Research

 * List of potential Carbon Capture & Sequestration/Reutilization technologies

title: Ecological engineering


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Portal:Environmental engineering

Here is where participants create, organize and develop learning resources for environmental engineering. Environmental engineering is the application of scientific and engineering principles to improve the natural air, water, and/or land resources, to provide healthier water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to unpollute polluted sites.

For your information, the "topic" namespace contains pages that are for management and organization of small academic units at Wikiversity such as departments (see: Topics).

Learning projects

 * See: Learning Projects
 * See: Learning model.

Learning materials and learning projects should be in the main namespace. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Sanitary Engineering

 * Hydrology
 * Drinking water treatment
 * Wastewater treatment

Wikiversity uses the "learning by doing" model of education. We learn by doing.

User descriptive names for learning projects.

Related readings

 * Environmental engineering

Related news

 * November 2008 A green future for scrap iron
 * March 2007 Bacterium could treat PCBs without the need for dredging

title: Portal:Environmental engineering


text: Portal:Automotive Engineering

title: Portal:Automotive Engineering


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Security engineering

Security engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the security and integrity of real-world systems. It is similar to systems engineering in that its motivation is to make a system meet requirements, but with the added dimension of enforcing a security policy. It has existed as an informal field for centuries, in the fields of locksmithing and security printing.

Technological advances, principally in the field of computers, have now allowed the creation of far more complex systems, with new and complex security problems. Because modern systems cut across many areas of human endeavor, security engineers not only need consider the mathematical and physical properties of systems; they also need to consider attacks on the people who use and form parts of those systems using social engineering attacks. Secure systems have to resist not only technical attacks, but also coercion, fraud, and deception by confidence tricksters.

For this reason it involves aspects of social science, psychology and economics, as well as physics, chemistry and mathematics. Some of the techniques used, such as fault tree analysis, are derived from safety engineering.

Other techniques such as cryptography were previously restricted to military applications. One of the pioneers of security engineering as a formal field of study is Ross Anderson.

Sub-fields of security engineering

 * Computer security
 * Physical security
 * Information security
 * Economics of security
 * Locksmithing

Patterns & Practices
The patterns & practices Security Engineering consists of the following activities:
 * Security Objectives
 * Security Design Guidelines
 * Security Modeling
 * Security Architecture and Design Review
 * Security Code Review
 * Security Testing
 * Security Tuning
 * Security Deployment Review

These activities help meet security objectives in the software life cycle.

title: Security engineering


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Portal:Instrumentation engineering

Instrumentation Engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the design and configuration of automated systems using sensors, telemetry and control systems.

Instrumentation engineers usually have degrees in instrumentation engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, or mechanical engineering and sometimes in the newer field of Control engineering/control systems engineering. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability and stability.

Coursework

 * Design and implementation of PLC systems
 * Process Instrumentation

Graduate Elective

 * 3D Printing of Open Source Hardware for Science

title: Portal:Instrumentation engineering


text: Template:Cquote

title: Template:Cquote


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Consilience

Consilience, or the unity of knowledge (literally a "jumping together" of knowledge), has its roots in the ancient Greek concept of an intrinsic orderliness that governs our cosmos, inherently comprehensible by logical process, a vision at odds with mystical views in many cultures that surrounded the Hellenes. The rational view was recovered during the high Middle Ages, separated from theology during the Renaissance and found its apogee in the Age of Enlightenment. Then, with the rise of the modern sciences, the unity gradually was distorted by the increased push in education for academic based specialization in the last two centuries.

Introduction
The word consilience was apparently coined by William Whewell, in The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, 1840. In this synthesis, Whewell explained that "The Consilience of Inductions takes place when an Induction, obtained from one class of facts, coincides with an Induction obtained from another different class. Thus Consilience is a test of the truth of the Theory in which it occurs." The Scientific method has become almost universally accepted as the exclusive method for testing the status of any scientific hypothesis or theory. "Inductions" that arise out of applications of the scientific method are, by definition, the only accepted indicators of consilience.

Modern views understand that each branch of knowledge studies a subset of reality that depends on factors studied in other branches. Atomic physics underlies the workings of chemistry, which studies emergent properties that in turn are the basis of biology. Psychology can no longer be separated from the study of properties emergent from the interaction of neurons and synapses. Sociology, economics, and anthropology are each, in turn, studies of properties emergent from the interaction of countless individual humans. Their limits have constrained history.

Edward O. Wilson
The word had remained shelved until the end of the 20th century, when it was vividly revived in Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, a 1998 book by the humanist biologist Edward Osborne Wilson, as an attempt to bridge the culture gap between the sciences and the humanities that was the subject of C. P. Snow's The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution, 1959. Wilson's assertion was that the sciences, humanities, and arts have a common goal: to give a purpose to understand the details, to lend to all inquirers "a conviction, far deeper than a mere working proposition, that the world is orderly and can be explained by a small number of natural laws." This is the essence of consilience. And in this way, consilience is very similar to reductionism.

A parallel view lies in the term universology, which literally means "the science of the universe." Universology was first advocated for the study of the interconnecting principles and truths of all domains of knowledge by Stephen Pearl Andrews, a 19th-century utopian futurist and anarchist.

Quotes

 * "To ask if consilience can be gained in the innermost domains of the circles, such that sound judgment will flow easily from one discipline to another, is equivalent to asking whether, in the gathering of disciplines, specialists can ever reach agreement on a common body of abstract principles and evidentiary proof. I think they can. Trust in consilience is the foundation of the natural sciences. For the material world at least, the momentum is overwhelmingly toward conceptual unity. Disciplinary boundaries within the natural sciences are disappearing, to be replaced by shifting hybrid domains in which consilience is implicit. These domains reach across many levels of complexity, from chemical physics and physical chemistry to molecular genetics, chemical ecology, and ecological genetics. None of the new specialities is considered more than a focus of research. Each is an industry of fresh ideas and advancing technology. Given that human action comprises events of physical causation, why should the social sciences and humanities be impervious to consilience with the natural sciences? And how can they fail to benefit from that alliance? It is not enough to say that human action is historical, and that history is an unfolding of unique events. Nothing fundamental separates the course of human history from the course of physical history, whether in the stars or organic diversity. Astronomy, geology, and evolutionary biology are examples of primarily historical disciplines linked by consilience to the rest of the natural sciences."
 * "Every college student should be able to answer the following question: What is the relation between science and the humanities, and how is it important for human welfare? Every public intellectual and political leader should be able to answer that as well. Already half the legislation coming before the United States Congress contains important scientific and technological components. Most of the issues that vex humanity daily - ethnic conflict, arms escalation, overpopulation, abortion, environment, endemic poverty, to cite several most consistently before us - cannot be solved without integrating knowledge from the natural sciences with that of the social sciences and humanities. Only fluency across the boundaries will provide a clear view of the world as it really is, not as seen through the lens of ideologies and religious dogmas or commanded by myopic response to immediate need. Yet the vast majority of our political leaders are trained exclusively in the social sciences and humanities, and have little or no knowledge of the natural sciences. The same is true for the public intellectuals, the columnists, the media interrogators, and think-tank gurus. The best of their analyses are careful and responsible, and sometimes correct, but the substantive base of their wisdom is fragmented and lopsided."
 * "The mind is not like a wax tablet. On a tablet you cannot write the new till you rub out the old; on the mind you cannot rub out the old except by writing in the new. Beware of the idols of the mind, the fallacies into which undisciplined thinkers most easily fall. They are the real distorting prisms of human nature. Among them, idols of the tribe assume more order than exists in chaotic nature; those of the imprisoning cave, the idiosyncrasies of individual belief and passion; of the market place, the power of mere words to induce belief in non-existent things; and of the theater, unquestioning acceptance of philosophical beliefs and misleading demonstration. Stay clear of these idols, observe the world around you as it truly is, and reflect on the best means of transmitting reality as you have experienced it; put into it every fiber of your being."
 * "Outside our heads there is freestanding reality. Only madmen and a scattering of constructivist philosophers doubts its existence. Inside our heads is a reconstitution of reality based on sensory input and the self-assembly of concepts. Input and self-asembly, rather than an independent entity in the brain - the "ghost in the machine," in the philosopher Gilbert Ryle's famous derogation - constitute the mind. The alignment of outer existence with its inner representation has been distorted by the idiosyncrasies of human evolution, as I noted earlier. That is, natural selection built the brain to survive in the world and only incidentally to understand it at a depth greater than is needed to survive. The proper task of scientists is to diagnose and correct the misalignment. The effort to do so has only begun. No one should suppose that objective truth is impossible to attain, even when the most committed philosophers urge us to acknowledge that incapacity. In particularly it is too early for scientists, the foot soldiers of epistemology, to yield ground so vital to their mission."
 * "On the surface it would seem, and was so reported by the media, that the Rwandan catastrophe was ethnic rivalry run amok. That is true only in part. There was a deeper cause, rooted in environment and demography. Between 1950 and 1994 the population of Rwanda, favored by better health care and temporarily improved food supply, more than tripled, from 2.5 million to 8.5 million. In 1992 the country had the highest growth rate in the world, an average of 8 children for woman. Parturition began early, and generation times were short. But although total food production increased dramatically during this period, it was soon overbalanced by population growth. The average farm size dwindled, as plots were divided from one generation to the next. Per capita grain production fell by half from 1960 to the early 1990s. Water was so overdrawn that hydrologists declared Rwanda one of the world's twenty-seven water-scarce countries. The teenage soldiers of the Hutu and Tutsi then set out to solve the population problem in the most direct possible way. Rwanda is a microcosm of the world. War and civil strife have many causes, most not related directly to environmental stress. But in general, overpopulation and the consequent dwindling of available resources are tinder that people pile up around themselves. The mounting anxiety and hardship are translated into enmity, and enmity into moral aggression. Scapegoats are identified, sometimes other political or ethnic groups, sometimes neighboring tribes. The tinder continues to grow, awaiting the odd assassination, territorial incursion, atrocity, or other provocative incident to set it off. Rwanda is the most populated country in Africa. Burundi, its war torn neighbor, is second. Haiti and El Salvador, two of the chronically most troubled nations of the Western Hemisphere, are also among the most densely populated, exceeded only by five tiny island countries of the Caribbean. They are also arguable the most environmentally degraded."
 * "If the natural sciences can be successfully united with the social sciences and humanities, the liberal arts in higher education will be revitalized. Even the attempt to accomplish that much is a worthwhile goal. Profession-bent students should be helped to understand that in the twenty-first century the world will not be run by those possess mere information alone. Thanks to science and technology, access to factual knowledge of all kinds is rising exponentially while dropping in unit cost. It is destined to become global and democratic. Soon it will be available everywhere on television and computer screens. What then? The answer is clear: synthesis. We are drowning in information, while starving for wisdom. The world henceforth will be run by synthesizers, people able to put together the right information at the right time, think critically about it, and make important choices wisely."
 * "The smart money in eschatology is on Blaise Pascal's wager: Live well but accept the faith. If there is an afterlife, the seventeen-century French philosopher reasoned, the believer has a ticket to paradise and the best of both worlds, "If I lost," Pascal wrote, "I would have lost little; if I won I would have gained eternal life." Now think like an empiricist for a moment. Consider the wisdom of turning the wager around as follows: If fear and hope and reason dictate that you must accept the faith, do so, but treat this world as if there is none other."
 * The complementary instincts of morality and tribalism are easily manipulated. Civilization has made them more so. Only ten thousand years ago, a tick in geological time, when the agricultural revolution began the Middle East, in China, and in Mesoamerica, populations increased in density tenfold over those of hunter-gatherer societies. Families settled on small plots of land, villages proliferated, and labor was finely divided as a growing minority of the populace specialized as craftsmen, traders, and soldiers. The rising agricultural societies, egalitarian at first, became hierarchical. As chiefdoms and then states thrived on agricultural surpluses, hereditary rulers and priestly castes took power. The old ethical codes were transformed into coercive regulations, always to the advantage to the ruling classes. About this time the idea of law-giving gods originated. Their commands lent the ethical codes overpowering authority, once again - no surprise - to the favor of the rulers."

title: Consilience


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Usage
Cquote (for Centered pull-quote) is a template meant for pull-quotes, the visually distinctive text that is already present in the same article.

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title: Template:Cquote/doc


text:
Portal:Dentistry

Hello and welcome to Wikiversity school of dentistry!

Aims:
 * Teach anyone who is interested about dentistry, from the general public, to people interested in a career in dentistry, university students, and graduates
 * Network with others engaged in this aim and have fun

What Wikiversity school of dentistry cannot do is provide you with any formal degree

Learning resources
For a complete list of learning resources visit:
 * Category:Dental school learning resources

Or browse by subject:
 * Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology
 * Endodontics
 * Prosthodontics
 * Fillings
 * Oral and maxillofacial surgery
 * Dental Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
 * Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
 * Biochemistry and Human Physiology
 * Dental Implantology
 * Forensic Dentistry
 * Pediatric Dentistry
 * Periodontic Dentistry
 * Orthodontic Dentistry

Widely-scoped lectures: Research projects:
 * Oral examination
 * Local anesthesia

 * Human teeth

Got any ideas for learning materials? Feel free to add them or to propose a collaboration (visit the school discussion page)

Remember to add the text  to the end of the page on any new resources you create so they will be automatically indexed for readers to browse.

About dentistry
Dentistry is the art and science of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions, diseases, and disorders of the oral cavity, the maxillofacial region, and its associated structures. A dentist is qualified to practice dentistry. In most countries, several years of training in a university (usually 4-8) and some practical experience working with patients is required to become a qualified dentist. The patron saint of dentists is Saint Apollonia, martyred in Alexandria in 249 by having all her teeth violently extracted. On February 9, 1259, she was declared a saint, and since then the 9th of February is the day dentists celebrate as the "Appolonia day."

The first printed textbook in dentistry was Artznen Buchlein, published in 1530 in Germany. Dentistry at that time was performed by laymen, often barbers and blacksmiths. Because of failed treatments related to no or minimal training of the laymen, the Collegium Medicum in Berlin introduced in 1685 the requirement that an examination is taken before a government commission for the actual practicing of dentistry. In 1699 Paris requires that individuals practicing dentistry must have passed a theoretical and practical examination at the College de St. Come. That college is also the first college in the world that offers a university training for future dentists.

The first dental school in the USA, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland on November 3, 1840. In 1867, Harvard Dental School was the first dental school in the USA to affiliate with a university (renamed Harvard School of Dental Medicine in 1940.) Dental Practice includes examination, diagnosis, treatment planning, treatment, and prevention of oral diseases. The dentist with the help of other dental auxiliaries frequently uses X-rays and other equipment to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment planning. Treatment may include filling dental cavities, removing the pulps of teeth (R.C.T or Root Canal Treatment), treating diseases of the gums, removing teeth (Extraction), and replacing lost teeth with bridges and dentures (Dental Plates). Anesthesia is often used in any treatment that might cause pain. Teeth may be filled with gold, silver, amalgam, composite, and with fused porcelain inlays. Dentists treat diseases of the mouth and gums such as trench mouth and Periodontitis. An important part of general dental practice is preventive dentistry. If a dentist examines a patient's teeth at regular intervals, a disease may be detected and treated before it becomes serious. Dentists also demonstrate proper methods of brushing and flossing the teeth. They may advise their patients about what food to eat or to avoid for good dental health. Dentists may also treat teeth with Fluorides or other substances to prevent decay.

In addition to general dentistry, there are nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association and require 2-6 years of residency training after dental school. The specialties are:

 * Dental Public Health (study of dental epidemiology and social health policies),
 * Endodontics (root canal therapy),
 * Oral Diagnosis and medicine [clinical diagnosis and management of lesions affecting the maxillofacial region ,providing the dental management and emergency care  of patients with temporomandibular disorders ,orofacial pain,salivary gland disorders and systemic diseases]
 * Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and often the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases),
 * Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases),
 * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions and facial surgery-- although the scope of OMFS is different to this in other parts of the world),
 * Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (straightening of teeth),
 * Pedodontics (pediatric dentistry; i.e. dentistry for children),
 * Periodontics (treatment of gum disease),
 * Prosthodontics (replacement of missing facial anatomy by prostheses such as dentures, bridges and implants).

Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral surgeon, endodontist, pedodontist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified") registry requirements.

Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentistry (advanced training in clinical dentistry) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization.

Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.

Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.

Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals. Geriatric dentistry is currently a recognized specialty in Brazil, Austrailia and New Zealand.

Veterinary dentistry, a specialty of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals.

School news

 * December 25, 2006 - School founded!

Active participants

 * Since 21 June 2013 with Human teeth. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:53, 26 April 2018 (UTC).

Inactive participants

 * User:Lesion, after 9 August 2014.

Things you can do
Стоматология

title: Portal:Dentistry


text:
Portal:Transport and traffic engineering

Transport engineering (or transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods (transport). It is often considered a sub-discipline of civil engineering.

The design aspects of transport engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and thickness used in pavement, designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway (or track).

Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveler information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure integration. Human factors are an aspect of transport engineering, particularly concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.

Coursework
Transportation engineering is closely associated with other disciplines (please create new appropriate learning resources and link to them):
 * Traffic engineering (transportation) (Wikipedia)
 * Access management
 * Bicycle transportation engineering
 * Traffic calming
 * Walkability
 * Traffic Lighting and Light Pollution
 * Railroad engineering (Wikipedia)
 * Passenger rail terminology
 * Permanent way
 * Mechanical transport
 * Shinkansen
 * Maglev trains
 * Port and harbor engineering
 * Coastal engineering
 * Pilotage
 * Just-In-Time
 * Airport engineering
 * Airports, Air Traffic Control, and Airspace
 * Fire and emergency management/Airport Rescue Fire Fighter
 * If flying were like driving
 * Laws and Regulations of Air Transport
 * Transportation planning (Wikipedia)
 * Fused grid
 * Emergency pedestrian traffic movement
 * Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
 * Transportation and tourism
 * Urban planning (Wikipedia)
 * An example light pollution control ordinance
 * Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System

Additional Learning Resources

 * Fundamentals of Transportation at Wikibooks
 * Transportation Economics at Wikibooks

Research and Learning Projects

 * Compressed air kit car
 * Transport, politics and education
 * Lunar Boom Town:Tourist traffic
 * Alternate fuel fleet vehicles
 * Alternative vehicle use (scooters)


text:
Portal:Textile engineering

Welcome to the department of textile engineering! This is the place intended to facilitate the organization and development of content related to textile engineering.

Textile engineering (TE) or textile technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, textile engineers are given training and experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products.

A textile engineer therefore works with textile materials: fibers, yarns, fabrics, and finishes. Most textile engineers work on product research and development, either improving current textile based products or creating new products. They may also be involved with finding uses for new fibers, yarns, fabrics, or textile finishes.

Divisions
Textile technology and textile chemistry

- Textile Mechanical Engineering

This section focuses on designing and building of machines that produces textile products from fibres, to fabrics (woven and Non-woven Fabric and Geo-textile )

- Textile Chemical Engineering

This section is all about textile chemistry from material and process design

- Textile Material and Fabric Engineering

This section is about all research and used material in technologies in producing textile material from Nano material to fibre.

title: Portal:Textile engineering


text:
School:African studies

Welcome to the Wikiversity School of African Studies.

The School of African Studies is a content development project where participants create, organize, and develop learning resources for African studies.

African studies is the study of Africa, and can encompass such fields as social and economic development, politics, history, culture, sociology, anthropology or linguistics. A specialist in African studies is referred to as an africanist.

A related discipline is Pan-African Studies.

A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain projects for developing learning resources.

Divisions and departments
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the Topic: namespace. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the Naming Conventions.

 * African Music and Dance
 * African Philosophy
 * African History

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
 * Since 25 June 2012 with Libyan history. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 23:46, 27 April 2018 (UTC).

Inactive participants

 * Nannus until 9 March 2007.

School news

 * December 25, 2006 - School founded!
 * 25 June 2012 - lecture Libyan history started!
 * 27 April 2017 - North west African continental shelves started!
 * 10 May 2017 - lecture South east African continental shelves started!
 * 4 October 2017 - South west African continental shelves started!

Things you can do!

 * Clean up Draft:Libyan history and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.
 * Clean up Draft:Agriculture and move it to become a subpage of a supporting main page learning project.

Resources

 * African studies
 * Search for African studies at Wikiversity
 * Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
 * Africa

Related news
March 11, 2007 - Interested parties meet to discuss Africa's industrialization.

title: School:African studies


text:
Social work

Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. Social workers work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities, as members of a profession which is committed to social justice and human rights.

The Social Work Profession
Social work is a human service profession that emerged early in the twentieth century. Today the profession of social work covers a wide variety of social and human service related fields. The primary connection between various forms of social work are the social work code of ethics. This code of ethics seeks to improve human and social conditions and alleviate human distress, suffering, and social problems. Social work is a caring profession that is both client-centered and grounded in sociological, psychological, and ecological approaches to social problems. Social Work seeks to mediate problems between individuals and their environment.

The Goals of Social Work
Social work seeks to enhance social functioning of individuals, groups, families, organizations, communities,and nations.

Social work as a profession focuses on improving service delivery through networking and resource developement. Clinical social workers provide therapeutic and psychiatric services, as well as linkages to resources that bridge the gap between success and failure of clients.

Social workers promote social and economic justice through development of social policy and programs.

Social Work seeks to satisfy basic human needs that are necessary for human physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, and identity growth.

The Definition of Social Work Practice
From Working Definition of Social Work Practice (1958) National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Commission on Practice:

''"The social work method is the responsible, conscious, disciplined use of self in relationship with an individual or group. Through this relationship the practitioner facilitates interaction between the individual and his social environment with a continuing awareness of the reciprocal effects of one upon the other. It facilitates change: (1) within the individual in relation to his social environment; (2) of the social environment in its effect upon the individual; (3) of both the individual and social environment in their interaction." (p. 7) ''

Basic Theoretical Approaches

Empowerment Model - the "Process of increasing personal, interpersonal, and political power so that individuals, families, and communities can take action to improve their situations." (Gutierrez 1994 p. 209)

Strength Based Perspective - Social Work seeks to focus on individual, family, and community strengths and competency. This is in contrast to other professions which focus on deficits or maladaptive functioning (pathology). Focusing on strengths gives people the power to build on what resources they already posses, what skills and competencies they have already mastered to overcome the obstacles they are faced with. (Saleebey, 1992)

Working Collaboratively - Collaborative work requires Social Work to recognize that each client is the expert in their own life. That clients have the most knowlege as to what their needs are, and what resources they need to access. Collaborative work ensures that clients are invested in the outcomes of interventions, by giving them joint responsibility and recognizing their abilities and potential to succeed.

Client Centered Approach -  Client Center approach seeks to focus on the needs of clients and to let their needs and abilities guide social work practice. Client centered approach ensures that interventions are collaborative and individualized. Client Centered Approach seeks to empower the individual to direct the invervention and assess what resources they need.

Person-In-Environment - Social Work seeks to recognize both the client (person), their environment, and the interaction between them. Coined by Florence Hollis (1964) Person-In-Environment (PIE) or "the person-in-the situation" stresses a person's physical, social, and psychological realities as well as the social realities that both define and limit that person. Social Workers seek to examine both the personal, and the social aspects of all 'Problems' be they social problems, or personal ones. Most intervention happens at the individual level, while system approaches to problem solving seek mainly to improve individual functioning.

 EcoSystems Approach - Similar to Person-in Environment Ecosystems approach seeks to intervene at a level of systems. Developed in the 1970's and 1980's Ecosystems approach seeks to identify and improve ecological conditions. This approach was developed by Meyer, Germain and Gitterman, and Maluccio.

Meyer (1988): The paradigm on ecosystems "considers environmental variables as interrelated and reciprocal with the person variables, and therefore environmental intervention must be included among the treatments of choice." (p.287)

Germain (1979): "In an ecological view, [social work]practice is directed at improving transactions beweeen people and environments in order to enhance adaptive capacities and improve environments for all who function within them" (pp. 7-8)

Clinical/Direct Practice

 * Aged care - referral to aged care services, including community services or residential aged care placements
 * Assessment and diagnosis
 * Brief therapies
 * Case management
 * Clinical supervision
 * Counselling
 * Crisis intervention
 * Family therapy/Family interventions
 * Group work/group therapy
 * Employee assistance programs
 * Psychosocial and psychoeducational interventions
 * Psychotherapy
 * Relationship/interpersonal counseling

Community practice

 * Community organizing
 * Community development
 * Community economic development
 * Community education
 * International development
 * Management
 * Mediation
 * Neighborhood development
 * Policy advocacy
 * Policy analysis
 * Political social work
 * Program development
 * Program evaluation
 * Research
 * Social planning

Subtopics

 * Aging or gerontology
 * Anti-poverty
 * Income assistance
 * Job training/placement
 * Child welfare
 * Adoption
 * Child abuse
 * Foster care
 * Disability services
 * Family planning
 * Food bank programs
 * Health and wellness
 * Hospital social work
 * Housing and homelessness
 * Immigrant and refugee services and supports
 * Juvenile and criminal justice
 * Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered supports
 * Mental Health
 * Religious and spiritual settings
 * Substance abuse
 * School social worker
 * Violence prevention
 * Women's Issues
 * Slums

title: Social work


text:
Wikiversity:Sponsored projects

Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of both "hard" science and technology, and social science. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most developed countries is between 1.5% and 3% of GDP; Sweden is the only country to exceed 4%.

Most research funding comes from two major sources, corporations (through research and development departments) and government (primarily carried out through universities and specialised government agencies). Some small amounts of scientific research are carried out (or funded) by charitable foundations, especially in relation to developing cures for diseases such as cancer, malaria and AIDS.

In the OECD, around two-thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10% respectively by universities and government, although in poorer countries such as Portugal and Mexico the industry contribution is significantly less. The US government spends more than other countries on military R&D, although the proportion has fallen from around 30% in the 1980s to under 20%. Government funding for medical research amounts to approximately 36% in the U.S. The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities. Similarly, with some exceptions (e.g. biotechnology) government provides the bulk of the funds for basic scientific research. In commercial research and development, all but the most research-oriented corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialisation possibilities than "blue-sky" ideas or technologies (such as nuclear fusion). One of the most famous exceptions is the innovation-favouring environment of the 1970s at Xerox Parc, where various ideas including the computer mouse were developed. Similarly, IBM's research into quantum computing has been going on for some years, and it will likely be some years more before it yields commercialisable technology.

You can start the Wikiversity research grant division.

title: Wikiversity:Sponsored projects


text:
Criminal Justice

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Participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this project, you can list your name here (this can help small projects grow and the participants communicate better).
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

{| style="width:65%;"
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Project news

 * 23 April 2017 - Major overhaul begun
 * 6 January 2007 - Project founded!
 * }

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Resources

 * Commons category
 * Human Trafficking - a crime
 * www.mastersincriminaljustice.com
 * }
 * }

title: Criminal Justice


text:
Wiktionary

What is Wiktionary?
Wiktionary is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. Unlike standard dictionaries, it is written collaboratively by volunteers using wiki software, allowing articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the Web site. The project's name is a portmanteau of the words wiki and dictionary. Like its sister project Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of Wiktionary's language editions provide definitions and translations of words from many languages, and some editions offer additional information typically found in thesauruses and lexicons.

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Wiktionary

 * Lexicon
 * Translation

title: Wiktionary


text:
Wikiquote

See Wikiquote for more information

What is Wikiquote?
Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. It is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Based on an idea by Daniel Alston and implemented by Brion Vibber, the goal of the project is to produce collaboratively a vast reference of quotations from prominent people, books and proverbs, and to give details about them.

Initially the project was created in English, but in July 2009, more languages were added.

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Wikiquote
QOTD -
 * I support the collaboration between Wikiversity and Wikiquote. Both wikis are stable and could fit a perfect match together. Both wikis are small. Wikiquote has four active admins (soon to be 5), and more than 15 active contributions, while Wikiversity has two active admins, two major contributors, and more than 20 contributors (with class projects). --Goldenburg111 20:40, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I support collaboration between the two sites and would be happy to assist this wherever possible.--Rubbish computer (discuss • contribs) 02:16, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Wikiquote


text:
Wikibooks

Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of free content books. Wikibooks is a Wikimedia project that was started on July 10, 2003 with the mission to create a free collection of open-content textbooks that anyone can edit. Since its founding, volunteers have written over 35,000 modules in a multitude of textbooks.

What is the difference between Wikibooks and Wikiversity?
Wikibooks hosts textbooks. Wikiversity does not host textbooks. Wikiversity started at Wikibooks, but later evolved into a separate project. Wikiversity is for types of learning resources that are not hosted by other Wikimedia projects. Wikiversity is exploring ways to use wiki technology to support learning communities.

 * "...the idea here is to also host learning communities, so people who are actually trying to learn, actually have a place to come and interact and help each other figure out how to learn things. We're also going to be hosting and fostering research into how these kinds of things can be used more effectively." (source)

How can Wikiversity and Wikibooks complement each other?
Wikiversity participants can learn about a topic and then use what they have learned to improve textbooks at Wikibooks or encyclopedia articles at Wikipedia. Helping make textbooks and encyclopedia articles are just two types of learning activities. Many other types of learning activities are being explored at Wikiversity. Take a look at Category:Learning activities.

Many Wikiversity schools, divisions, departments and learning resources have a "Wikibooks" section that links directly to relevant subjects at Wikibooks. See Wikiversity and Wikibooks services for more ways to help Wikiversity and Wikibooks complement each other.

Ideas for classroom use
Several classes at brick-and-mortar University have utilized Wikibooks for a "real world" class. For example Ethnomedicine was created in a vigorous and rather astonishing fashion. It facilitated both the learning of the individuals of the class, and also made valuable information available for others to use.

You could create a syllabus for your class here at Wikiversity, and then have students create a book as a study or homework tool over at Wikibooks. All of this content would be available for the free use by others at a later date. You can use the protected course template to ensure pages for your students remain consistent with your intentions for the duration of the course.

Wikiversity is still rather new, and you are encouraged to be creative in the ways that you utilize Wikibooks and Wikiversity for your learning goals.

Organization of Wikibooks
Textbooks at Wikibooks are broken into 8 major subjects, which are then further subdivided into more specific subjects in a hierarchical manner. Each subject page corresponds to a different subject area such as mathematics, computer science, or history. Books on Wikibooks are also organized into alphabetical, Dewey-Decimal, and Library of Congress classification categories, which may be browsed independently from the subjects.

Books for children from birth until age 12 are located in Wikijunior, a sub-project of Wikibooks. Wikijunior books encompass material from all subjects, and are specifically written for children. Some Wikijunior books are intended to accompany a classroom learning atmosphere, but many books are useful for at-home learning between parent and child.

WikiMediaFoundation Labs

 * MediaWiki to Latex converter for Wikibooks - by Dirk Hünniger (Wikibook-Manual)
 * Input: Wikibook URL
 * Output: PDF-Document of the Wikibook
 * Please create PDF books with less than 500 pages only and consider to install the tool on your own Linux computer (if possible) to leave the server capacity on wmflabs-Server for people that do not have ability to install the MediaWiki converter on their own computer.

title: Wikibooks


text:
Wikisource

What is Wikisource
Wikisource collects and stores in digital format previously published texts; including novels, non-fiction works, letters, speeches, constitutional and historical documents, laws and a range of other documents. All texts collected are free of copyright, either because this has expired or because the text has been released under a GNU Free Documentation License. Texts in all languages are welcome, as are translations.

Wikisource does not host "vanity press" books or documents produced by its contributors.

Collaborative Projects between Wikiversity and Wikisource

 * New Testament Greek and Bible

title: Wikisource


text:
Commons

A Commons, in the broad sense, refers to resources that are collectively owned or shared by all. On the Internet, such resources are typically media that carry free copyright licenses and open standard formats.

 * /Examples for health/

What is Wikimedia Commons?
The Wikimedia Commons (also called "Wikicommons", or just "commons") is a repository of free images, animations, audio, video and other multimedia files. Like Wikiversity, it is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. It provides a common media resource repository to all the various Wikimedia sister projects in any language.

The media files on the Commons can be used on all other Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use such as for printing, presentations or other websites. All of the content is either in the public domain or released under free copyright license such as Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike license.

Almost all Images and other media that appear on Wikiversity are embedded here from the Wikimedia Commons.

Other Commons repositories

 * The Internet Archive - a very large range of historic and contemporary media, both from organisations and independents.
 * The Free Music Archive - A very large range of free music and sounds, mostly contemporary and by independents, but some historic and all genres covered. Careful with licenses that restrict comercial or derivative use
 * Youtube Creative Commons - A large and rapidly growing collection of video licensed Creative Commons Attribution. CCBy is the most flexible license but be certain it's being legitimately applied. People are free to apply the license but Youtube has only automatic procedures for checking the content.
 * Flickr Creative Commons - A very large collection of images published on Flickr with a Creative Commons license. Avoid Non Commercial and No Derivative licenses, and be certain the license is legitimate. Flickr users are free to apply a license, but Flickr has no process that verifies the legitimacy of the license
 * Flickr Commons - This is the section of Flickr that Institutions such as National Libraries, The Smithsonian, Powerhouse Museum, The Australian War Memorial and more.... However, many of the institutions licences restrict copyright to private use so be sure to check the rights of each institution

title: Commons


text:
Wikispecies

Link to any subpages this page might have

What is Wikispecies?
Wikispecies is a project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that anybody can edit. It is an open, free directory of species.

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Wikispecies

School:Agriculture:
 * Animal husbandry
 * Plant and soil science
 * Arboriculture

Biology learning projects:
 * Endangered species
 * The Bloom Clock Project

title: Wikispecies


text:
Wikinews

Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikinews allows anyone to report news on a wide variety of subjects. Its mission, as stated on the main page of the English version, is to "create a diverse environment where citizen journalists can independently report the news on a wide variety of current events".

Unlike other Wikimedia sister projects, Wikinews contents are mostly available under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 or later.

Contents

 * Wikinews/How to write a Wikinews article

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Wikinews
Wikiversity and Wikinews services:
 * Wikinews and Wikipedia services
 * Reports
 * Wikimania

title: Wikinews


text:
Meta

What is Meta?
Meta, or Wikimedia's Meta-wiki, at http://meta.wikimedia.org, is a wiki-based web site that is auxiliary to all the Wikimedia Foundation projects. This includes wikipedia, wikiversity, wikibooks, wiktionary, and wikiquote.

First created as Meta-Wikipedia in November 2001, it now serves several distinct roles:

 * 1) Discussion and formulation of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia, and in particular policy discussion.
 * 2) A forum for personal essays relating to a wikimedia project that are not necessarily NPOV.
 * 3) A place to organise and prepare content, to discuss interlanguage co-ordination issues.
 * 4) A place to coordinate the development process.
 * 5) A help guide to using the MediaWiki software.

Meta currently serves as one of the major avenues of discussion for Wikimedians including Wikipedians, the others being the mailing lists, the IRC channels, and the talk pages of individual articles and users. Meta is an independent and autonomous project from the English language Wikipedia and thus has its own policies and customs, which often differ from those here. Also until the arrival of single login, you will need to create another account at Meta.

Originally focused on the English language version of Wikipedia, Meta has, since its upgrade to Wikipedia's custom MediaWiki software, become a multilingual discussion forum used by all Wikimedia language communities.

Projects for collaboration between Wikiversity and Meta-Wiki

 * Help with User survey - help needed with creating software for this research project

title: Meta


text:
File:GarageBand Musical Typing Menu.jpg

Mad Max - Getting started with GarageBand

title: File:GarageBand Musical Typing Menu.jpg


text:
File:GarageBand Musical Typing.jpg

Mad Max - Getting started with GarageBand

title: File:GarageBand Musical Typing.jpg


text:
User:Kenneth Chimezie Nwanoro

I will subsenquently write small articles in my field of study.

I have chosen Mechanical engineering as a field study because of the following reasons:

Initially, when I was an extramural, I do not have any knowledge about the Mechanical engineering as a field, though

I attended a science high school where we were thought some science subjects like Mathematics, Biology, Physics, chemistry and

Geography. I developed an interest in the field of science because then people used to view science students as being brainy and

genius, with such elevated charisma and reputation, I personally pay much attention science subjects like Chemistry, Physics and

Mathematics. During this period, I have not made any attempt or thought of what I will be In future because my parents being more of

conservatives always wanted me to choose whatever I want to be in my life. Then, after my high school, it was down on me that it’s

high time I select a particular career and a professional career in that case. On writing my entrance exam into the University in my

country, I chose to study Engineering, and then the question that arises was what kind of engineer? I decided with within me that I

am very good in Chemistry and that it will be of great help for me to study petroleum and gas engineering, also another reason is

that since my country has large deposits of Crude oil and natural gas, the job will be lucrative. But due to the problem that many

young students often face, I could not manage to get through into the University because its highly competitive due to the fact that

there are limited Universities when compared to millions of applicants each year. Because of this failure to gain entrance into one

of the best Universities in my country, I once again gave a thought over what I really want to be. As a young man, its sometimes hard

and depressing even stressful to make a choice of such nature but after painstakingly examining different fields in Engineering, I

finally shout! Eureka, “Mechanical engineering is the most suitable for me”. I have discovered a profession with the broadest

knowledge in every aspect of human Endeavour. And the following are the reasons why I think I have at last made the best choice.

1.	To adapt in every situation: Since mechanical engineering is one the broadest field that involves the application of physical principles for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. I think it will help me to achieve my goals of contributing my quota in shaping the world of technology and ability to work any where irrespective of my background in that particular field. 2.	Since I like science subject, Mechanical engineering is the best option to deepen my knowledge in the mysteries of science and scientific theories that govern the universe. 3.	And also to be successful, famous and influential if I eventually manage to invent or manufacture something useful to human being.

Finally, I have chosen Mechanical engineering as my field of study because of the reasons listed above and also because I see mechanical engineering as the most promising career for me. Also I am now a student in a university in one of the European countries studying mechanical engineering.

title: User:Kenneth Chimezie Nwanoro


text:
File:Guitar sound velocity 70.ogg

Mad Max - Getting started with GarageBand

title: File:Guitar sound velocity 70.ogg


text:
File:Guitar sound velocity 100.ogg

Mad Max - Getting started with GarageBand

title: File:Guitar sound velocity 100.ogg


text:
File:Guitar sound velocity 127.ogg

Mad Max - Getting started with GarageBand

title: File:Guitar sound velocity 127.ogg


text:
Mad Max - Creating the sound of fear without Symphony Orchestra

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | Creating the sound of fear with just GarageBand

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Do you have Jam Pack: Symphony Orchestra
If you have Jam Pack: Symphony Orchestra, you can go to the next page and create the sound of fear with a single musical note.

If now, I will show you how to create this sound using the sounds built into GarageBand 3.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Right
When
 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Left

 * The most useful feature of GarageBand
 * GarageBand

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

Right
When
 * Velocity is very much like volume
 * }

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Left

 * The simplest way to add notes
 * To create

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Right
When
 * GarageBand has its quirks
 * }

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The Next Page

 * Once you have your computer and GarageBand and Jam Pack : Symphony Orchestra and you have learn how to use GarageBand, you are ready for your first assignment. You must create the "Sound of Fear".
 * Page 5: List of moods and actions for you to work on.

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


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Mad Max - Creating the sound of fear with Symphony Orchestra

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
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 * style="width: 50%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
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Do you have Jam Pack: Symphony Orchestra
If you have Jam Pack: Symphony Orchestra, you can go to the next page and create the sound of fear with a single musical note.

If now, I will show you how to create this sound using the sounds built into GarageBand 3.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Right
When
 * }

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Left

 * The most useful feature of GarageBand
 * GarageBand

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" |

Right
When
 * Velocity is very much like volume
 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Left

 * The simplest way to add notes
 * To create

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 100px;" |

Right
When
 * GarageBand has its quirks
 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The Next Page

 * Once you have your computer and GarageBand and Jam Pack : Symphony Orchestra and you have learn how to use GarageBand, you are ready for your first assignment. You must create the "Sound of Fear".
 * Page 5: List of moods and actions for you to work on.

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Russian Revolution/Extra pages

 * 1) Russian Revolution

 * The Bolsheviks

title: Russian Revolution/Extra pages


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 * bgcolor="#ffeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" | [[Image:Nuvola apps kalarm.png|24px]] Pop Quiz - GarageBand with symphony orchestra  - 2 points [[Image:Nuvola apps kalarm.png|24px]]
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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 2: Creating the sound of joy with GarageBand and symphony orchestra sounds - 6 points
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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 3: Creating additional moods for motion pictures with rhythm  - 6 points
 * }

 * }


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Pathology

Pathology derives from pathos (disease ) and logos ( study ). Literally meaning "the study of disease". Pathology emphasized four aspects of the disease process. These are the cause (etiology), the mechanism of development (pathogenesis), the alterations of structure and forms (morphology) and functional alterations (pathophysiology). Due to advances and increased complexity of medical sciences, pathology has many branches as clinical medicine. For academic purposes, Pathology has been divided in general and systemic (organ) pathology. Modern pathology has its origin in the cellular studies carried out by the German doctor Rudolf Virchow. After Virchow, cellular adaptations and changes secondary to disease processes have been the main study subject of this medical science.

Resources

 * Open Pathology Project
 * Pathology
 * Fibrosis

title: Pathology


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1

YOUNG PERSON: That was a great movie ...

DOLLY OUT

2

DOLLY OUT

3

YOUNG PERSON (cont): But I don't understand one thing.

4

OLD PERSON: Hum... What's that?

5

YOUNG PERSON: I don't understand how anyone can be 'seduced by the dark side'.

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OLD PERSON: What computer do you use at home?

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YOUNG PERSON: A Macintosh.

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OLD PERSON: But what computer does your father use at work?

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YOUNG PERSON: Seduced by the dark side!

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YOUNG PERSON: That was a great movie ...

2

DOLLY OUT

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YOUNG PERSON (cont): But I don't understand one thing.

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OLD PERSON: Hum... What's that?

5

YOUNG PERSON: I don't understand how anyone can be 'seduced by the dark side'.

6

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OLD PERSON: What computer do you use at home?

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YOUNG PERSON: A Macintosh.

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OLD PERSON: But what computer does your father use at work?

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YOUNG PERSON: Seduced by the dark side!

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The End

 * }


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US States/North Carolina/Facts and information

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern United states. It was one of the original thirteen colonies and now borders Virginia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia.

Size: 52,669 square miles (28th in country)

Nickname: Tar Heel State -- the origin is clothed in mystery, but it probably evolved from the fact that during the Colonial period, the colony’s chief exports were tar, pitch and turpentine.

Origin of Name: North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, from the Latin “Carolus.”

Song: “The Old North State” by Judge William Gaston

Rock: Granite

"State Bird": Cardinal

"Highest point": Mt. Mitchell-6684'above sea level

Vegetable: Sweet Potato

• The oldest town in the state is Bath, incorporated in 1705.

• On January 15, 1795, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was the first state university in the country to open its doors for students.

• The first silver mine in the country was the Silver Hill Mine, which opened in 1833 about 10 miles from Lexington.

• Putt-Putt Golf(also known as mini golf) was invented in Fayetteville.

• The first forestry school in the United States was established in Transylvania County in 1898 by Dr. Carl A. Schenck.

• The first abbey cathedral in North America was Belmont Abbey – located in Belmont, North Carolina – established by a papal edict in 1910.

• Babe Ruth hit his first professional home run in Fayetteville on March 7, 1914.

• The Tar Heel State has more paved miles of road than any other state in the United States – over 78,000 miles.

• The first state-supported institution to emphasize the performing arts was the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem.

• Millions of years ago, the area was home to 50-foot-long alligators, and huge megalodon sharks roamed the waters.

• The New River, which runs through Ashe County, is the oldest river in North America and second oldest in the world.

• More than 120 species of trees are found in North Carolina – more than can be found from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean.

• North Carolina boasts more than 200 waterfalls, including the highest on the East Coast: the 411-foot-high, two-tiered Whitewater Falls in Transylvania County.

• North Carolina has 1,500 lakes 10 acres or more in size and 37,000 miles of fresh water streams.

• There are more than 1.2 million acres of national forest land in the Tar Heel State.

• Blackbeard, America’s most famous pirate, established a residence and married his 14th wife in Bath, NC, in 1718.

• At around 500 million years old, the North Carolina Uwharrie Mountains are the oldest in the nation and among the oldest in the world.

• Cape Hatteras lighthouse, built of brick in 1870, is 208 feet tall, making it the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States. It is said that North Carolina is a "valley of humility between two mountains of conceit".


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US States/South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the southeastern United States. It was one of the original thirteen colonies and now borders North Carolina and Georgia. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in the Civil War, and the bombardment at Fort Sumter off its coast marked the opening of hostilities in that conflict.

Contents

 * /Historical/ - Historical sites associated with statehood.
 * /21st century/ - Auto industry

title: US States/South Carolina


text:
Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran)

This project is for Arabic language learners, trying to learn the language of Arabic.

Subjects
For your suggestions, please contact me on our project's offical facebook page! Learn Arabic
 * 1) /History of Arabic/
 * 2) Diacritical marks
 * 3) /Alphabets/
 * 4) /Writing Practice 1/Connect Characters to get words!/
 * 5) /Reading Practice 1/Simple Sentences/
 * 6) /Reading Quran (Basics)/
 * 7) /Sentences/
 * 8) /Numbers/
 * 9) /Tenses/
 * 10) /Pronouns/
 * 11) /Negative and Interrogative/
 * 12) /Demonstratives/
 * 13) /Quiz/

title: Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran)


text:
C Programming/Flow Control

Objective

 * Familiarise yourself with control structures.
 * Learn how to use  statements.
 * Learn how to use the  statement.
 * Learn how to use the  loop.
 * Learn how to use the  loop.
 * Learn how to use the  loop.

if ... else
This structure lets the program perform one of two actions, depending on the value of an expression. Its basic structure is:

If a branch contains only one statement, the  are optional. You can use an  without an accompanying.

An example of if ... else in action:

Statement 2 can be an if statement, which can be used to create an if ... else if ... else structure, e.g:

switch ... case ... default
The switch statement will go to one of several locations, depending on the value of an expression. The last example can be written using a switch statement as:

A few notes:
 * The control statement (in this example the variable ) has to have integral type (character, short integer, integer bit-field, all of these signed or not, or an object of enumeration type); integral promotion will ensure the type is either   or.
 * The  statement ensures execution does not fall through to the next statement.
 * Control passes to the  label if none of the other case constants match the value of the control expression; if there is no   statement, none of the sub-statement of the switch is executed.

for loops
The  statement has the format:

is usually variable initialization;  is the condition that keeps the loop active, usually a relational expression;   is usually an increment or decrement of one or more variables. If the loop contains only one statement, the  are optional. Here is an example of the for loop in action:

,, and   can be omitted since these are optional. When  is omitted, the condition is assumed permanently true. Although you can omit parts of a for statement, you'll still need to separate the omitted parts with a semicolon.

while loops
A  loop has the following format:

is evaluated. If it is true (non-zero) the body of the loop, the, is executed;   is then re-evaluated and if true the body is executed again. Only when  is false (zero) will   be skipped and the loop terminated. If the loop contains only one statement, the  are optional.

do ... while loops
This is the format of the  iteration statement:

is executed repeatedly as long as  evaluates to anything but zero. If the loop contains only one statement, the  are optional. Here is an example of a do...while loop in action:

This will loop repeatedly, asking for input, until either  or   is entered. Note: A do...while loop is guaranteed to run at least once.

title: C Programming/Flow Control


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Equations

The Basic Definition
An equation is basically a math statement with an equal sign in the middle, for instance:
 * $$2(4) = \frac {32}{4} $$

In algebra, equations often include variables:
 * $$7 + a = b$$
 * $$6 + 10 = x$$
 * $$x = y$$

We are often asked to simplify or solve them.

Equations: simplifying & solving
They are similar but completely different things.

Simplifying Equations
Simplifying equations involves cutting out as much as possible so it can make the most sense and give the same message with the least amount of trouble (and typing, for that matter). To simplify an equation, we do as many steps as we are able with the information we have.

This problem can be simplified by combining like terms.
 * $$2a + 3a - b + 6 = c + c + d$$
 * $$5a - b + 6 = 2c + d$$

This problem can be simplified by combining like terms and using the Basic Laws of Algebra.

 * $$8(a - b) + 2(a + 3b + b)= 6a + 2(a + 4) + b$$

First we do any math we can within the parentheses. In this case, we can combine like terms.
 * $$8(a - b) + 2(a + 4b) = 6a + 2(a + 4) + b$$

Next we do any multiplication or division, using the distributive property.
 * $$ 8a - 8b + 2a + 8b = 6a + 2a + 8 + b$$

This leaves us with more like terms to combine.
 * $$ 10a = 8a + 8 + b$$

Solving Equations
For more detail, see Solving equations.

Solving an equation means finding out the value of a variable. This is a simple one, if you combine like terms by adding 3 + 7, which equals 10, then you get: You have just solved for x.
 * $$x = 3 + 7$$
 * $$x = 10$$

Many equations are more complex than this and can't be solved simply by combining like terms. We often must use the properties of equality to isolate the variable so we can get the solution. To isolate x, we must add 3 to both sides of the equation. -3 + 3 = 0, so x will be isolated as the -3 is canceled out. We combine like terms to find the value of x.
 * $$x - 3 = 7$$
 * $$x - 3 + 3 = 7 + 3$$
 * $$x = 10$$

In some problems, we will not be able to determine the value of the variable, but if told to solve for it, we can still isolate it. With the following problem, we can't find the value of x without knowing the value of y, which added to x makes 32. To isolate x, we subtract y from both sides of the equation. y - y = 0, so x will be isolated as the y on the left side is canceled out.
 * $$x + y = 32$$
 * $$x = 32 - y$$

Let's try solving for "b" in the more complex simplifying example above. It started out as: We simplified it to: We want to isolate b, so first we'll move the 8a out of the right side of the equation. Now we'll remove the 8.
 * $$8(a - b) + 2(a + 3b + b)= 6a + 2(a + 4) + b$$
 * $$ 10a = 8a + 8 + b$$
 * $$10a - 8a = 8 + b$$
 * $$ 2a = 8 + b$$
 * $$ 2a - 8 = 8 - 8 + b$$
 * $$ 2a - 8 = b$$

How can we be sure this is right? We can "plug in" a value for either of the variables and solve the other. Since we've isolated for b already, let's pick a value for a. Let's say a stands for 4. We substitute it in the problem.
 * $$ 2(4) - 8 = b$$
 * $$ 8 - 8 = b$$
 * $$b = 0$$

Once we have a possible solution set, we can check our work by going back to the original problem and plugging in both numbers:
 * $$8(4 - 0) + 2(4 + 3(0) + 0)= 6(4) + 2(4 + 4) + 0$$
 * $$8(4) + 2(4)= 6(4) + 2(8)$$
 * $$32 + 8= 24 + 16$$
 * $$40=40$$

This is true. This does not mean, of course, that $$b = 0$$ in the problem $$ 2a - 8 = b$$. b could equal 0, but only if a equals 4. Without knowing the value of a, we cannot solve for b further than $$ 2a - 8 = b$$

title: Equations


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Portal:Archaeology/Introduction

Archaeology is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.

The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies. It is considered in North America to be one of the four sub-fields of anthropology.

title: Portal:Archaeology/Introduction


text:
Trigonometry/Functions

 * See also Trigonometry/Polar for an approach that is useful for -∞<θ<∞

Fundamental trigonometry functions
There are six trigonometric functions in Trigonometry: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.

 * [[Image:TrigTriangle.svg|200px]]

Sine

 * Sine θ is the length of the leg opposite θ over the length of the hypotenuse: $$\sin\theta=\frac{opp}{hyp}$$

Cosine

 * Cosine θ is the length of the leg adjacent to θ over the hypotenuse: $$\cos\theta=\frac{adj}{hyp}$$

Tangent

 * Tangent of θ is the length of the leg on the opposite side of the triangle from the angle θ over the length of the leg of the triangle adjacent to the angle θ: $$\tan\theta=\frac{opp}{adj}$$

These three can be memorized by use of the name of the princess "Soh Cah Toa," meaning:
 * "sine-opposite-hypotenuse
 * cosine-adjacent-hypotenuse
 * tangent-opposite-adjacent".

The remaining ratios are reciprocals of the previous ratios:

Cotangent

 * Cotangent θ is the reciprocal of tangent θ: $$\cot\theta=\frac{adj}{opp}$$

Secant

 * Secant θ is the reciprocal of cosine θ: $$\sec\theta=\frac{hyp}{adj}$$

Cosecant

 * Cosecant θ is the reciprocal of sine θ: $$\csc\theta=\frac{hyp}{opp}$$

Other considerations

 * Since the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side, $$opp < hyp\,$$ and $$adj < hyp\,$$
 * If we divide both sides of each of these inequalities by the positive number $$hyp\,$$, we get $$\frac{opp}{hyp} < \frac{hyp}{hyp}\,$$ and $$\frac{adj}{hyp} < \frac{hyp}{hyp}\,$$ or $$\sin \theta \leq 1\,$$ and $$\cos \theta \leq 1\,$$

Quiz

 * Trigonometry/Functions/Quiz

Other resources

 * Reading: Trigonometric_Functions (Wikipedia)
 * Videos:
 * Basic Trigonometry (Youtube)
 * Basic Trigonometry II (Youtube)

 * Trigonometry/Functions/Flash cards

title: Trigonometry/Functions


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User:JoeyMoeller

Hi, I'm Joey. I joined wikiversity on dec 26, 2006. I live in a desert. I'm only sixteen. I'm very interested in learning and the truth. My favorite subjects are mathematics, chemistry, all forms of physics, foreign language, psychology, nuerology, history, anthropology and music. My first language is English, but i also know Spanish fairly well, and I've recently started learning German. I have no intention to ever stop learning new languages. I listen to heavy metal, classical, and some jazz. My email is joemoe2@msn.com.

title: User:JoeyMoeller


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Template:Contact your instructor: Mad Max

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]


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Template:Contact your instructor: Filmmaking

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this filmmaking class is Robert Elliott. You can email me by @undefined.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]


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