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This is the bullet template; it looks like this: [ • ]

It works similarly to the HTML markup sequence: [ ], that is, a non-breaking space, a bullet and a normal space.

This template is used when you want a larger bullet than a bold middot [·], but something smaller than an en dash [–] or em dash [—].

This template's use for dotted lists is now deprecated. use Flatlist or  instead; see WP:HLIST.

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The recommended usage is to use no space before the template and one space after the template, like this: Salt Pepper

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 * Salt • Pepper

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 * Salt •
 * Pepper

Incorrect usage
If the template is used slightly wrong, it will, in some cases, still behave well. For instance, if there are no or several spaces after the template, like these examples:

SaltPepper Salt  Pepper

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 * Salt • Pepper

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 * Salt •
 * Pepper

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 * Salt • Pepper

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 * Salt
 * • Pepper

Technical details
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 * The bullet used is.
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Redirects

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Wrap control templates

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 * For further information, see: Line break handling – The how-to guide detailing how to handle line wrapping on Wikiversity.

title: Template:•/doc


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–

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Spaced ndash


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Template:Spaced ndash/doc

This is the spaced ndash template, it looks like this " – ".

It works similarly to the HTML markup sequence " ". That is, a non-breaking space, a short dash (known as an en dash) and a normal space.

This template is used when you want something stronger than a bold middot "·" or a bullet "•", but shorter than an em dash "—". (An en dash is half the width of an em dash).

For horizontal lists use Flatlist or  instead (see WP:HLIST).

Shorter forms
snd, spnd, sndash, and spndash redirect to spaced ndash.

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The recommended usage is to use no space before the template and one space after the template, like this: Salt – Pepper

It will render one space on each side of the dash, like this:
 * Salt – Pepper

A line break will come after one of the dashes, not before, when the spacing is used as suggested, like this:
 * Salt – Pepper –
 * Curry – Saffron

Incorrect usage
If the template is used slightly wrong it will in some cases still behave well. For instance if there are no or several spaces after the template. Like these examples:

Salt – Pepper Salt –   Pepper

Both of them will render exactly as before, with just one space on each side of the dash, like this:
 * Salt – Pepper

And it will still only line break after a dash, like this:
 * Salt –
 * Pepper

But putting one or more spaces before the template will cause problems, like these examples: Salt – Pepper Salt   – Pepper Salt –  Pepper Salt   –    Pepper

Then it will render with two spaces before the dash, and one after, like this:
 * Salt – Pepper

And if it line breaks it might break before the dash, like this:
 * Salt
 * – Pepper

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Technical details
The space before the dash is a non-breaking space. That means it will not line break and will not collapse together with normal spaces that come before the template.

The space after the dash is a normal space. That means it wraps (allows line breaks) and it will collapse together with normal spaces that come after the template to form one single space.

title: Template:Spaced ndash/doc


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Template:Dot size

This template is included in the documetations of above templates.

title: Template:Dot size


text: Template:ISBN

title: Template:ISBN


text:
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Usage
results in:

ISBN 0-7475-3269-9

The idea is to switch from "magic link" syntax to more explicit syntax.

Error checking
This template uses Module:Check isxn to validate the ISBN. If the ISBN is not valid, this subtemplate will still generate the link, and it will add the article to Category:Pages with ISBN errors.

title: Template:ISBN/doc


text:
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ISBN-10:

title: Template:ISBN-10


text:
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ISBN

title: Template:ISBN-13


text: Template:UPC search link

title: Template:UPC search link


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Template:UPC search link/doc

Usage
This template generates a link for finding data about a single publication or other item via its Universal Product Code (UPC). Do not use spaces, dashes or other punctuation, just the numerals in the code. It may be used to implement other templates or directly; in both cases, please be sure that the context makes clear that it provides a link for UPC lookup. This template should not be used if the item has an ISSN or ISBN, in which cases see the "See also" section below for more appropriate templates.

Example

 * Usage:
 * Links to: http://www.searchupc.com/?q=610839147885
 * Renders as:

title: Template:UPC search link/doc


text: Template:ISSN search link

title: Template:ISSN search link


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Template:ISSN search link/doc

Usage
This template generates a link for finding data about a single (print or online) publication via its ISSN. It may be used to implement other templates or directly; in both cases, please be sure that the context makes clear that it provides a link for ISSN lookup.

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text: Template:OCLC search link

title: Template:OCLC search link


text:
Template:OCLC search link/doc

Usage
This template generates a link for searching a single (print or online) publication by its OCLC. It may be used to implement other templates or directly; in both cases, please be sure to make contextually clear that it provides a link to an OCLC search.

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title: Template:OCLC search link/doc


text: Template:OCLC

title: Template:OCLC


text:
Template:OCLC/doc

Usage
This template generates a link for searching a single (print or online) publication by its OCLC Number. Note that up to three parameters may be used, for situations where a unique publication appears more than once on the OCLC website.

 * Example #1
 * Usage:
 * Links to: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22239204
 * Renders as:

 * Example #2
 * Usage:
 * Links to: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46908525 and http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50074837
 * Renders as:

 * Example #3
 * Usage:
 * Links to: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345678, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/98765432 and http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24680975
 * Renders as:

title: Template:OCLC/doc


text: Template:Persondata

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Description
This metadata template provides for automatic data gathering and cataloging. It should be added to biographical articles (only). It must not be added to non-biographical articles, even if an article describes events related to a single individual. See Persondata for the detailed documentation.

title: Template:Persondata/doc


text:
Template:L

[[Category:UNKNOWN]] [[Category:UNKNOWN]]

title: Template:L


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Usage
  is for automatically generating all category tags related to birth and death years, including living people and missing or unknown values. The general DEFAULTSORT can be embedded as well. It should not be used to replace existing DEFAULTSORT and/or category tags.

will generate:

Other cases are handled with options, see below. As with the original, the embedded magic word DEFAULTSORT also applies to all categories on the page, no matter whether the lifetime template is before or after them.

Since the  should occur before the categories, the L template should generally be placed before the first Category tag, for example:

Options
For each option, the default value is displayed in bold and automatically assumed if the field is left blank.

Please note that MISSING results in Categories that are not displayed on the page.

 * 1 (birth)
 * MISSING : when year seems possible to be found.
 * Category:Year of birth missing or Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
 * year of birth : such as "1899" or known approximations such as "1890s" or "19th-century" (note the hyphen).
 * Category:1899 births or Category:1890s births or Category:19th-century births

 * 2 (death)
 * LIVING : living or assumed living people.
 * Category:Living people
 * MISSING : believed dead and year seems possible to be found.
 * Category:Year of death missing
 * year of death : such as "1986" or known approximations such as "1980s" or "20th-century" (note the hyphen).
 * Category:1986 deaths or Category:1980s deaths or Category:20th-century deaths

 * 3 (sortkey)
 *   : should usually never be left blank (especially with Asian names, it is hard to make the difference between a missing sortkey and a sortkey identical to the article name due to a family-first name).
 * Asian name, Honorific prefix (qualifier suffix) : for assertion of sortkey assessment.
 * "Mao, Zedong" - "Kim, Il-sung" - "Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo, Basho" - "Nu, U" - "Wang, Li (politician)"
 * Family name, Given name, Honorific-prefix (qualifier suffix) : for proper sorting.
 * "Newton, Isaac, Sir" - "Karlsson, Ove (sports journalist)"
 * For further details, see Categorization of people.

Most values are case-insensitive ("LIVING" or "LiVinG" work the same), except when it matters (such as century names).

Examples

 * For a living person

or

will give:

 * For a missing birth and living person

or

will give:

 * For a dead person

will give:

title: Template:L/doc


text:
Template:L/sandbox

 * Win
 * align=center|3-0
 * Melvin Guillard
 * TKO (punches)
 * UFC 150
 * August 11 2012
 * align=center|1
 * align=center|0:22
 * Denver, Colorado, United States
 * Win
 * align=center|2-0
 * Jacob Volkmann
 * KO (punches)
 * UFC 146
 * May 26 2012
 * align=center|1
 * align=center|2:03
 * Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
 * Win
 * align=center|1-0
 * Terry Etim
 * Decision (unanimous)
 * UFC 140
 * December 10 2011
 * align=center|3
 * align=center|5:00
 * Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * December 10 2011
 * align=center|3
 * align=center|5:00
 * Toronto, Ontario, Canada

title: Template:L/sandbox


title: Template:Yes2


title: Template:Yes2/doc


text:
Template:User male

Usage

 * DO NOT copy the source of this userbox. Otherwise you risk putting your userpage in a miscategorization.
 * Put this Userbox on your userpage like this:user male

title: Template:User male


text: Template:User math-1

title: Template:User math-1


text: Template:User contrib

title: Template:User contrib


text:
Template:User contrib/doc

Usage

 *   (where N = number of edits)

Or:
 *   (User_name only needed if placed on a different page than your main userpage.)

 *   : by default, the figure N is displayed with commas separating thousands. Use no to suppress these commas.

 *   : prepends "Wikiversity" with the name of one or more languages. So replacing X with "English" yields "contributions to the English Wikiversity"

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 *   : adds the string "over X of which were to pages that are now deleted". Used to show how many deleted contributions you've made, which doesn't show up in most edit counters.

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 *   : adds the string "on over X distinct pages". Used to show how many contributions have been made to different pages in total. This variable can be seen in the wanabe_kate counter under "number of unique pages". The parameter unique is a synonym for distinct.

 *   : adds the string "as well as uploaded X images". Used to show how many images you've uploaded.

 *   : adds the string "over X of which are still current". Used to show how many of those images that are still current.

 *   : adds the string "and, as a result, may be slightly insane", which was previously featured on the 100,000 edits box.

 *   : adds a link to a query page that gives your total number of edits, including deleted edits. Link displays as (total).

 *   : by default, the text begins "This user has". Use yes to change this to "This bot has".

 *   : changes text to indicate that the number represents logged actions, such as page moves or deletions, rather than other edits.

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Colors are retained from the old edit count templates. To customize, use parameters id-bg, info-bg, border, id-font, and info-font to set the background, font, and border colors. If you want a more customized version, feel free to make a copy in your userspace.

For example,   gives you:

Link destination may also be changed by changing the link parameter:
 *   makes:

 *   makes:

There are various edit counters here. The fast edit counter is here.

Color Reference
For reference, these were the colors used when there were separate edit count templates:

 * The Super contrib meta version will round these numbers automatically.

title: Template:User contrib/doc


text: Template:User contrib SUL

title: Template:User contrib SUL


text:
Template:User contrib SUL/doc

Usage

 *   (where N = number of edits per SUL)

Or:
 *   (User_name only needed if placed on a different page than your main userpage.)

 *   : adds the string "over X of which were to pages that are now deleted". Used to show how many deleted contributions you've made, which doesn't show up in most edit counters.

 *   : adds the string "over X of which were to articles". Used to show how many of your edits you've made in the article namespace.

 *   : adds the string "on over X distinct pages". Used to show how many contributions have been made to different pages in total. This variable can be seen in the wanabe_kate counter under "number of unique pages".

 *   : adds the string "as well as uploaded X images". Used to show how many images you've uploaded.

 *   : adds the string "over X of which are still current". Used to show how many of those images that are still current.

 *   : adds the string "and, as a result, may be slightly insane", which was previously featured on the 100,000 edits box.

 *   : adds a link to a query page that gives your total number of edits, including deleted edits. Link displays as (total).

Colors are retained from the old edit count templates. To customize, use parameters id-bg, info-bg, border, id-font, and info-font to set the background, font, and border colors. If you want a more customized version, feel free to make a copy in your userspace.

For example,   gives you:

Link destination may also be changed by changing the link parameter:
 *   makes:

 *   makes:

This template should use the SUL counter. There are various other edit counters here. The fast edit counter is here.

Color reference
For reference, these were the colors used when there were separate edit count templates:

 * The Super contrib meta version will round these numbers automatically.

title: Template:User contrib SUL/doc


text: Template:Arrow

title: Template:Arrow


text:
Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Behavioural and psychological symptoms

This NPA focuses on dealing with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and responding to unmet needs.

Overview
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), in the context of health care, generally refers to strategies to manage the consequences of unwanted psychological states and behaviour that can result from cognitive deterioration.

Responding to unmet needs is a less commonly used term that emphasises a person centred approach to care and understanding of the person with dementia. This approach suggests that behavioural and psychological symptoms can be better understood and managed by responding to the underlying unmet needs of the person with dementia rather than just by treating of symptoms.

Responding to unmet needs
The term "Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia" (BPSD) has been in use by many scholars and health professionals and probably will continue to be used for quite some time. It carries a connotation that a person with dementia is displaying behaviours that are challenging and need managing. In a narrow sense that is correct, but the terminology does not capture the full picture of what is going on for the person with dementia. A more objective view suggests that the person with dementia may have communication problems, particularly in verbalising his/her concerns or needs (Ward & Vass, 2008). This may result in expressions of fear, pain or loneliness, for example, that look like verbal or physical aggression. The person-centred approach advocates taking the time to know the person, his/her history, health problems, likes and dislikes, retained abilities, social connections and importantly, to respect the person's wishes (Kitwood, 1997).

This of course takes more time initially. But studies have shown that this approach, if implemented in a genuine way, is far more satisfying for the person with dementia and health professionals providing care and actually saves time and energy for everyone (Nay et al., 2009).

Remembering a few important things about dementia will help caregivers as they interact with their care partners (i.e., people with dementia). There are different types of dementia which exert different effects on the brain.
 * Dementia is a loss of brain function that may affect memory, thinking, language, planning and reasoning, social skills and emotional reactions (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
 * All types of dementia are associated with a progressive breakdown or death of neurons or nerve cells in the brain. It may take years for symptoms to develop but the illness progresses over time.
 * The nature and location of the death of neurons varies with the different type of dementia. Therefore the symptoms of dementia may vary according to the area of brain affected and the progress of the condition. See more information about types of dementia.
 * The behavioural and psychological symptoms associated with dementia are not a deliberate attempt by the person to upset others.

With changes to the physiology of the brain, the person with dementia may begin to experience communication problems, such as word finding difficulties, speaking fluently but not making sense (jumbling words), problems understanding what people are saying, especially if they talk too quickly, declining writing skills (although reading skills may be preserved well into the illness), loss of awareness of social skills (e.g., Interrupting or ignoring a speaker and difficulty expressing emotions) (Alzheimer's Australia, 2011).

Along with these difficulties, the person may experience difficulty voicing their needs, confusion about their daily schedule, and social isolation due to changes in friendships.

As many of these behaviours can be traced back to communication problems, such as the person being unable to express physical or emotional needs, a few practical strategies for assisting people with dementia are outlined here, based on Ward and Vass et al. (2008). When assisting a person with dementia:
 * Before addressing the person, approach them from the front, smile, and make eye contact
 * Minimise background noise (e.g., radio or TV by pointing at the appliance and asking, "May I turn this down for a moment?")
 * Identify yourself and use the person’s name (respectfully).
 * Speak in a clear voice with calm tone; no need to shout
 * Keep your sentences short, focusing on one idea at a time.
 * If you need to repeat something, say it in a clear, calm voice. Allow plenty of time for what you have said to be understood.
 * If the person is speaking, give them time to complete their sentence. Smiling and nodding while remaining silent can give them time to think and respond.
 * It can be helpful to use orienting names (e.g., ‘Your son David is ...........’).
 * Hand gestures can supplement the spoken word (e.g., pointing to the dining room or area down the hallway as your destination)
 * Using signs (e.g., toilet symbol on door) as well as words may help the person identify what they want
 * Consider using ‘validation’ rather than ‘reality orientation’. For example, if the person expresses concern about needing to leave to prepare dinner for their schoolchildren (who have now grown up and have their own children or grandchildren), perhaps find a way to reassure them without pointing out they are elderly and incapable of making dinner. Look for the unmet need behind the concern: It is normal after many years of doing an activity,to want to keep our routine, so finding some useful, social activity may fill that need at that time of day.
 * If possible, maintain the person’s routine as much as possible (e.g.. if they showered in the middle of the day, keep that routine. If they liked to go for a walk of an afternoon, take them for a walk or if safe for them to walk alone let them enjoy the garden in their own company or the company of other residents.

It is important to remember that the person with dementia retains his/her feelings even though they may not understand what is being said. So maintain their dignity and self-esteem as you would like for yourself. Your approach when assisting the person with dementia will have a great influence on the effectiveness and quality of their care (Time for Dementia, 2012).

Background and Context of BPSD
There is a wealth of information available about BPSD on the Alzheimer's Australia website under ‘Understanding Dementia and Memory Loss’ and click on Help Sheets, Update Sheets and Tip Sheets. The following points are based on the Changed Behaviours and Dementia section.

There are several factors that influence why we perceive a behaviour as a problem, including the dysfunction, context, and our own response. With regard to the dysfunction, it is important to realise these symptoms are not under the person’s control. Things like:
 * Comorbid illness such as a delirium caused by infection, dehydration, constipation or drug side effect. Delirium can look like dementia, but it has a relatively rapid onset and the condition can be reversed if the cause of the delirium is addressed.
 * Misidentifications of people, places, objects or even self
 * Delusions such as believing one’s belongings are being stolen
 * Hallucinations (seeing people or objects that are not real)
 * Mood symptoms (depression, anxiety, euphoria, apathy)
 * Disorders of ‘neurovegetative’ function (sleep, appetite, sexual expression)
 * Aggression towards others or self-harm
 * Disruptive vocalisations (such as calling out/screaming/repetitive tapping that disturb others)
 * Intense restlessness that leads to a fall and hip fracture in a resident with balance problems
 * Wandering so persistent that the resident is unable to rest, or sit to eat. They may be trying to leave when it is not safe for them to do so, entering other people’s rooms or getting lost.

The situational context includes, for example:
 * Features of the physical environment can influence our perception of the behaviour (e.g., a facility with a large garden may provide a diversion for a person who walks constantly versus a facility with few outside areas, making it appear the resident is ‘wandering the halls’)
 * The person’s physical attributes (e.g., a frail resident is little threat to others if aggressive)
 * Time of day (e.g., if the behaviour is happening at changeover of shifts when everyone is occupied, it can be inconvenient to stop and help the person)
 * The perceived risk associated with the behaviour (e.g., refusing to take a multivitamin versus refusing to take insulin or an antiobiotic)

Our response to the person and the behaviour can worsen the situation. For example:
 * Being hurried, over-efficient and task-focused while the person is struggling to comprehend what is going on.
 * Being over-reactive and escalating a situation
 * Using a negative emotional tone – sounding commanding or cold
 * Watching and commenting about the person, instead of interacting with them
 * Ignoring the person
 * Laughing at the person
 * Seeing the behaviour as the person

For more information, see the following Alzheimer's Australia presentation, Quality Dementia Care: A Guide to Practice in Residential Aged Care Facilities for all Staff on giving good quality care in a residential care setting.

A Model for Assessment of Unmet Needs
These tips have been gathered from the federally-funded Dementia Behaviour Management Advisory Service Resources website, page http://dbmas.org.au/Want_to_know_more_/Resources1.aspx

Essentials for Becoming a Skilled Observer of Behaviour. Take notice of -
 * A = Antecedents (trigger) to challenging behaviours
 * B = Behaviour that follows
 * C = Consequences of the behaviour, and

 * D = Detailed documentation and discussion

When did the behaviour first appear? Has it always been there or is this a recent development?

 * Beginning last night or been there since they moved in six months ago?
 * Acute onset could indicate a medical reason eg bladder infection causing delirium
 * If it has followed the person from facility to facility you may need to adapt
 * Determine what is the unmet need - Physical? Social?  Environmental? Medical?

What Can You Do?

 * Use Proactive strategies – be especially mindful of undiagnosed pain
 * Attribute the behaviour to brain changes eg sensory loss, comprehension problems
 * Be objective, see the behaviour as a form of communication
 * Be the one to change first
 * Understand the triggers
 * Understand the approach that works best with the individual client
 * Provide opportunities for the person to exercise control and choice in their life

Suggestions to Enhance Care Practice in a Residential Facility
 * A staff member confers with the primary carer to identify the 5 best strategies staff can use to support the resident, assist in communicating needs and to reassure the client.
 * Top 5 Strategies form is placed in the person’s file.
 * To ensure personalized care, a discreet identifying label could be on the top of the bed to remind staff of the Top 5 Strategies.

A Model for Assessing Unmet Needs It is essential to understand a person’s needs and one way to gain this understanding is to use observation and records to see what is going on with the person. One model used by clinicians to guide this process is the ‘CAUSED’ model, standing for:

Communication – when considering challenging behaviours, it is often the case that the person is unable to understand what is happening or to express their needs, leading to frustration and contributing to agitated behaviour.

Activity – does an activity overstimulate the person, causing them agitation or conversely, are they understimulated, leading to boredom and self-stimulation such as calling out?

Unmet Need – remember that behaviour is a form of communication, so challenging behaviour is usually a sign of an unmet need. A common factor in challenging behaviour is undetected pain. So if a person has arthritis, osteoporosis or neuralgia, be aware of longterm pain that may be associated with these conditions.

Story (client’s) – knowing the person’s background or story can often give insight into their present attitudes, preferences or situation that has shaped the person as they are. Many older people of culturally diverse backgrounds may have experienced post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of war or violence. No matter what the person’s culture, it is important to provide culturally-sensitive care that shows respect for their values and beliefs.

Environment – the environment can be under- or over-stimulating, calming or upsetting, welcoming or hostile. See what can be done to make it welcoming and friendly.

Dementia – an illness that affects the client, but does not change the fact that they are a person with a sense of self, beliefs, values and a life history.

Research example
Dealing with the changes in cognition and behaviour that accompany the progression of dementia can prove to be challenging for both the person with dementia and their family carer. The behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can affect up to 90% of those with the condition (Robert, Verhey et al., 2005) and are responsible for much of the suffering experienced by those living with the illness. They can also have a major effect on the decision to go into institutional care. Two factors influencing this decision are:
 * 1) The severity of the person’s symptoms
 * 2) The corresponding ability of the carer to cope.

Bourgeois, Schulz, Burgio and Beach (2002) reported on a study where such factors were addressed. The first intervention group of carers were given training in improving patient behavioural and cognitive functioning. Behavioral training techniques including role play, feedback and observation were used to resolve real-life problems experienced by caregivers.

General principles of behaviour management include correcting sensory impairment, non-confrontation, optimal autonomy, simplification, structuring, multiple cueing, guiding and demonstration, reinforcement, limited choices, optimal stimulation, determining and using over-learned skills, minimising anxiety and using redirection (Zec & Burkett, 2008).

The second intervention group of carers were trained to modify their own psychosocial and emotional responses to caregiving challenges, to reduce their frustration, stress and dysfunctional thoughts; and to increase their physical relaxation, successful problem solving, and pleasant activities (Bourgeois et al., 2002). Specific strategies that have been shown to be successful include developing a daily schedule for the person with dementia, setting aside personal time, coordinating caregiving with others, attending a support group, obtaining individual counselling, hiring professional help, and considering an adult day respite program (Zec & Burkett, 2008).

The third group (control) received an attention placebo, that is, no active skills training but were able to talk to a supportive listener.

The study confirmed the usefulness of training carers in person-centred behavioural change. Carers were highly effective in decreasing problem behaviours, demonstrating maintenance of treatment gains over time. Furthermore, teaching carers to change their own responses to caregiving challenges was effective for the second group. Caregiver mood improved, and emotions such as anger, anxiety, perceived stress and depression decreased over the period of the study. The authors stressed the need to tailor training to the needs of the individual. For example, if the caregiver presents with a physical health risk from lack of exercise, depressed mood, and complaints about the repetitive verbal behavior of the patient, the treatment plan could include structured behavior programs for regular exercise, for increasing pleasant events, and for using a memory aid to reduce the person with dementia’s repetitive behaviour (Bourgeois et al., 2002).

Other researchers emphasise the 3 Rs of repeat, reassure and redirect as a basic strategy for behavioural management. Another widely used strategy is the ABC model (i.e., antecedents, behaviour and consequences) involves identifying the antecedent stimulus conditions and the consequences that may precipitate disruptive behavior so that the environment can be modified in line with the person’s needs (Zec & Burkitt, 2008).

Recently the ABC program Lateline presented a story on the misuse of antipsychotics, particularly in nursing homes, to control challenging behaviours of elderly residents. The story is confronting, and quite sad, and makes a very good argument for avoiding these drugs in the frail patient with dementia. The family members who give their stories, as well as the health professionals who are interviewed, provide salient evidence of harm in the overuse of inappropriate drugs and the benefit of finding alternative solutions. Several of the clinicians point out that taking the time to identify what is concerning the resident and implementing simple social or behavioural solutions works best. Therefore, this page about addressing challenging behaviours which usually turn out to be symptoms of unmet needs of the person with dementia, will continue to feature items that have a bearing on the topic.


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Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Allied health

This NPA focuses on caring for people with dementia through the allied health disciplines.

What is Allied Health
The role of Allied Health (AH) professionals in the care and support of people with dementia and their families is a significant one. AH professionals constitute approximately 18% of the total health workforce; a similar proportion to medical practitioners. However definitions of Allied Health vary, as do groupings of the professions it comprises, and methods of classification Historically AH tended to be defined in terms of exclusion (i.e. any health profession not medical, nursing or dental) but as the range and number of health professions continues to grow AH is now more often described in terms of inclusion. Inclusion is based on a set of key attributes required to be considered an AH profession such as: an appropriate university degree qualification; registration, accreditation or professional association membership; and, a practitioner role that involves restoring and maintaining optimal function

Allied Health as a priority for DTSC
As a priority area for QLD DTSC a small number of AH professions were selected as a specific focus. They include Occupational Therapy, Diversional Therapy, Social Work and now Psychology. These professions though not all universally recognised or acknowledged as AH are some of those most likely to be involved in the care of people with dementia in acute care, community and residential care settings.

In 2012, the QLD DTSC conducted a national survey to identify the key dementia education and training needs of Diversional Therapists, Occupational Therapists and Social Workers. Results summaries for each profession are available on the new Allied Health resource page in the DTSC website. The survey results were also presented as a poster at the Dementia Collaborative Research Centres Forum in Brisbane in 2013.


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Regions/Astronomy

Any considerable and connected part of a space or surface studied in astronomy is an entity in regional astronomy.

Regions
Def. any "considerable and connected part of a space or surface; specifically, a tract of land or sea of considerable but indefinite extent; a country; a district; in a broad sense, a place without special reference to location or extent but viewed as an entity for geographical, social or cultural reasons" is called a region.

Galactic-Center region
At the top of this article is a composite image. "In celebration of the International Year of Astronomy 2009, NASA's Great Observatories -- the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory -- have produced a matched trio of images of the central region of our Milky Way galaxy. Each image shows the telescope's different wavelength view of the galactic center region, illustrating the unique science each observatory conducts."

"In this spectacular image, observations using infrared light and X-ray light see through the obscuring dust and reveal the intense activity near the galactic core. Note that the center of the galaxy is located within the bright white region to the right of and just below the middle of the image. The entire image width covers about one-half a degree, about the same angular width as the full moon."

X-ray astronomy
“From August 23 through September 24, 2003, the INTEGRAL Observatory conducted a deep survey of the Galactic-Center region with a record-breaking sensitivity at energies above 20 keV.”

At right is an image of the Galactic central region using the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

"X-rays detected by Chandra expose a wealth of exotic objects and high-energy features [Figure 3 (bottom frame of poster)]. In this image, pink represents lower energy X-rays and blue indicates higher energy. Hundreds of small dots show emission from material around black holes and other dense stellar objects. A supermassive black hole -- some four million times more massive than the Sun -- resides within the bright region in the lower right. The diffuse X-ray light comes from gas heated to millions of degrees by outflows from the supermassive black hole, winds from giant stars, and stellar explosions. This central region is the most energetic place in our galaxy."

The second image at right is a "400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several Chandra images of the central region of our Milky Way galaxy ... [It] reveals hundreds of white dwarf stars, neutron stars, and black holes bathed in an incandescent fog of multimillion-degree gas. The supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy is located inside the bright white patch in the center of the image. The colors indicate X-ray energy bands - red (low), green (medium), and blue (high)."

Visual astronomy
"Although best known for its visible-light images, Hubble also observes over a limited range of infrared light [Figure 2 (middle frame of poster)]. The galactic center is marked by the bright patch in the lower right. Along the left side are large arcs of warm gas that have been heated by clusters of bright massive stars. In addition, Hubble uncovered many more massive stars across the region. Winds and radiation from these stars create the complex structures seen in the gas throughout the image.This sweeping panorama is one of the sharpest infrared pictures ever made of the galactic center region."

Infrared astronomy
"Spitzer's infrared-light observations provide a detailed and spectacular view of the galactic center region [Figure 1 (top frame of poster)]. The swirling core of our galaxy harbors hundreds of thousands of stars that cannot be seen in visible light. These stars heat the nearby gas and dust. These dusty clouds glow in infrared light and reveal their often dramatic shapes. Some of these clouds harbor stellar nurseries that are forming new generations of stars. Like the downtown of a large city, the center of our galaxy is a crowded, active, and vibrant place."

Radio astronomy
At right is a radio image of the central region of the Milky Way galaxy. The arrow indicates a supernova remnant which is the location of a newly-discovered transient, the bursting low-frequency radio source GCRT J1745-3009.

Active galactic nucleus
"This [visual] image [at right] from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the most detailed made to date, shows the bright core of the galaxy and the innermost parts of its spiral arms. Messier 100 has an active galactic nucleus — a bright region at the galaxy’s core caused by a supermassive black hole that is actively swallowing material, which radiates brightly as it falls inwards." Bold added.

"Messier 100 is a perfect example of a grand design spiral galaxy, a type of galaxy with prominent and very well-defined spiral arms. These dusty structures swirl around the galaxy’s nucleus, and are marked by a flurry of star formation activity that dots Messier 100 with bright blue, high-mass stars."

"The galaxy’s spiral arms also host smaller black holes, including the youngest ever observed in our cosmic neighbourhood, the result of a supernova observed in 1979."

"Messier 100 is located in the direction of the constellation of Coma Berenices, about 50 million light-years distant."

"This image, taken with the high resolution channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys demonstrates the continued evolution of Hubble’s capabilities over two decades in orbit. This image, like all high resolution channel images, has a relatively small field of view: only around 25 by 25 arcseconds."

The visual data is centered at 555 nm (blue), the visual + infrared is in green, and additional infrared centered at 814 nm is red.

At lower right is a "[c]olour-composite image of the central 5,500 light-years wide region of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097 [45 million light years away], obtained with the NACO adaptive optics on the VLT. More than 300 star forming regions - white spots in the image - are distributed along a ring of dust and gas in the image. At the centre of the ring there is a bright central source where the active galactic nucleus and its super-massive black hole are located. The image was constructed by stacking J- (blue), H- (green), and Ks-band (red) [infrared] images. North is up and East is to the left. The field of view is 24 x 29 arcsec2, i.e. less than 0.03% the size of the full moon!"

Galactic halo
"The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has produced this beautiful image [at right] of the globular cluster Messier 56 (also known as M 56 or NGC 6779), which is located about 33 000 light years away from the Earth in the constellation of Lyra (The Lyre). The cluster is composed of a large number of stars, tightly bound to each other by gravity."

"Astronomers typically infer important properties of globular clusters by looking at the light of their constituent stars. But they have to be very careful when they observe objects like Messier 56, which is located close to the Galactic plane. This region is crowded by “field-stars”, in other words, stars in the Milky Way that happen to lie in the same direction but do not belong to the cluster. These objects can contaminate the light, and hence undermine the conclusions reached by astronomers." Bold added.

"A tool often used by scientists for studying stellar clusters is the colour-magnitude (or Hertzsprung-Russell) diagram. This chart compares the brightness and colour of stars – which in turn, tells scientists what the surface temperature of a star is."

"By comparing high quality observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope with results from the standard theory of stellar evolution, astronomers can characterise the properties of a cluster. In the case of Messier 56, this includes its age, which at 13 billion years is approximately three times the age of the Sun. Furthermore, they have also been able to study the chemical composition of Messier 56. The cluster has relatively few elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, typically a sign of stars that were born early in the Universe’s history, before many of the elements in existence today were formed in significant quantities."

"Astronomers have found that the majority of clusters with this type of chemical makeup lie along a plane in the Milky Way’s halo. This suggests that such clusters were captured from a satellite galaxy, rather than being the oldest members of the Milky Way's globular cluster system as had been previously thought."

"This image consists of visible [blue, centered at 606 nm] and near-infrared [red, centered at 814 nm] exposures from Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is approximately 3.3 by 3.3 arcminutes."

At lower right the "NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows a compact and distant globular star cluster that lies in one of the smallest constellations in the night sky, Delphinus (The Dolphin). Due to its modest size, great distance and relatively low brightness, NGC 7006 is often ignored by amateur astronomers. But even remote globular clusters such as this one appear bright and clear when imaged by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys." The visual portion is centered at 606 nm (blue), a visual + infrared is green, and the infrared is centered at 814 nm (red).

"NGC 7006 resides in the outskirts of the Milky Way. It is about 135 000 light-years away, five times the distance between the Sun and the centre of the galaxy, and it is part of the galactic halo. This roughly spherical region of the Milky Way is made up of dark matter, gas and sparsely distributed stellar clusters." Bold added.

"Like other remote globular clusters, NGC 7006 provides important clues that help astronomers to understand how stars formed and assembled in the halo. The cluster now pictured by Hubble has a very eccentric orbit indicating that it may have formed independently, in a small galaxy outside our own that was then captured by the Milky Way."

"Although NGC 7006 is very distant for a Milky Way globular cluster, it is much closer than the many faint galaxies that can be seen in the background of this image. Each of these faint smudges is probably accompanied by many globular clusters similar to NGC 7006 that are too faint to be seen even by Hubble."

"This image was taken using the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys, in a combination of visible and near-infrared light. The field of view is a little over 3 by 3 arcminutes."

Local Void
"NGC 6503 sits at the edge of a giant, hollowed-out region of space called the Local Void. The Hercules and Coma galaxy clusters, as well as our own Local Group of galaxies, circumscribe this vast, sparsely populated region. Estimates for the void’s diameter vary from 30 million to more than 150 million light-years — so NGC 6503 does not have a lot of galactic company in its immediate vicinity."

The Local Void is a vast, empty region of space, lying adjacent to our own Local Group. The Local Void is now known to be composed of three separate sectors, separated by bridges of "wispy filaments". The precise extent of the void is unknown, but it is at least 150 million light years across and may have a long dimension of up to 70 Mpc (230 million light years). The Local Void also appears to have significantly fewer galaxies than expected from standard cosmology.

The Milky Way sits in a large, flat array of galaxies called the Local Sheet, which bounds the Local Void. The Local Void extends approximately 60 megaparsecs, beginning at the edge of the Local Group. It is believed that the distance from Earth to the centre of the Local Void must be at least 23 Mpc.

The size of the Void was calculated due to an isolated dwarf galaxy located inside it.

The Void may be growing and the Local Sheet, which makes up one wall of the void, is rushing away from the void's centre at 260 kilometres per second.

"Fresh starbirth infuses the galaxy NGC 6503 [at right] with a vital pink glow in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy, a smaller version of the Milky Way, is perched near a great void in space where few other galaxies reside."

The Local Void is surrounded uniformly by matter in all directions, except for one sector in which there is nothing.

The Milky Way's velocity away from the Local Void is 270 kilometres per second (600,000 mph).

"This new image [at right] from Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys displays, with particular clarity, the pink-coloured puffs marking where stars have recently formed in NGC 6503's swirling spiral arms. Although structurally similar to the Milky Way, the disc of NGC 6503 spans just 30 000 light-years, or just about a third of the size of the Milky Way, leading astronomers to classify NGC 6503 as a dwarf spiral galaxy."

"NGC 6503 lies approximately 17 million light-years away in the constellation of Draco (the Dragon)."

"This Hubble image was created from exposures taken with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys. The filters were unusual, which explains the peculiar colour balance of this picture. The red colouration derives from a 28-minute exposure through a filter that just allows the emission from hydrogen gas ([H-alpha,] F658N [, 658 nm]) to pass and which reveals the glowing clouds of gas associated with star-forming regions. This was combined with a 12-minute exposure through a near-infrared filter (F814W) [814 nm], which was coloured blue for contrast. The field of view is 3.3 by 1.8 arcminutes." A combination of H-alpha and infrared is also used and is green in color.

While "the Milky Way is surrounded by other galaxies and cosmic structures, our galaxy also sits at the edge of a large, empty region."

The "motion of 18,000 galaxies [was measured] to develop a map that shows the boundaries between where matter is present and where it is absent in order to outline the edge of the Local Void."

The "Milky Way, our largest neighboring galaxy Andromeda and smaller surrounding galaxies deviate from the speed of expansion by 1.3 million mph (600 kilometers per second)."

"Galaxies tend to move towards denser areas in the universe, pulled by the gravity of surrounding bodies in space, while moving away from the less populated regions. Therefore, [...] at least half of this deviation is a combination of the gravitational tug by the Virgo Cluster, a nearby cluster of galaxies, and the expansion of the Local Void as it grows emptier while the universe continues to expand."

H I region
An H I region is an interstellar cloud composed of neutral atomic hydrogen (H I), in addition to the local abundance of helium and other elements.

The degree of ionization in an H I region is very small at around 10−4 (i.e. one particle in 10,000). The temperature of an H I region is about 100 K, and it is usually considered as isothermal, except near an expanding H II region.

SIMBAD contains some 8,542 entries of the astronomical object type 'HI' (H I region, otype='HI').

These regions are non-luminous, save for emission of the 21-cm (1,420 MHz) region spectral line. Mapping H I emissions with a radio telescope is a technique used for determining the structure of spiral galaxies.

At right is a sky plot of all astronomical objects in the SIMBAD database within the ±2° error circle of the X-ray source Centaurus XR-4. The HI regions are symbolized by blue triangles.

H II regions
An H II region is a large, low-density cloud of partially ionized gas in which star formation has recently taken place.

Visual astronomy
"This unique image shows AB7, one of the highest excitation nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), two satellite galaxies of our own Milky Way. AB7 is a binary star, consisting of one WR-star — highly evolved massive star - and a mid-age massive companion of spectral type O. These exceptional stars have very strong stellar winds: they continuously eject energetic particles — like the "solar wind" from the Sun — but some 10 to 1,000 million times more intensely than our star! These powerful winds exert an enormous pressure on the surrounding interstellar material and forcefully shape those clouds into "bubbles", well visible in the photos by their blue colour. AB7 is particularly remarkable: the associated huge nebula and HeII region indicate that this star is one of the, if not the, hottest WR-star known so far, with a surface temperature in excess of 120,000 degrees ! Just outside this nebula, a small network of green filaments is visible — they are the remains of another supernova explosion."

The blue features are from He III, the green from O III, and the red are from H I.

Infrared astronomy
At right is an image from the European Southern Observatory.

"These images of the NGC 3603 region were obtained in three near-IR filter bands (Js [blue], H [green] and Ks [red]) with the ISAAC instrument at the ANTU telescope at the VLT at Paranal. NGC 3603 is located in the Carina spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of about 20,000 light-years (6-7 kpc). It is the only massive, galactic "HII-region" (so denoted by astronomers because part of its hydrogen is ionized) in which a central cluster of strongly UV-radiating stars of types O and B that ionize the nebula can be studied at visual and near-infrared wavelengths. This is because the line-of-sight is reasonably free of dust in this direction; the dimming in near-infrared radiation due to intervening matter between the nebula and us is only about a factor of 2 (compared to 80 in visible light). The total mass of the hot O and B stars in NGC 3603 is over 2,000 solar masses. Together, the more than fifty heavy and bright O stars in NGC 3603 have about 100 times the ionizing power of the well-known Trapezium cluster in the Orion Nebula. In fact, the star cluster in NGC 3603 is in many respects very similar to the core of the large, ionizing cluster in the approximately eight times more distant Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. An important conclusion of studying this region is that there are lots of sub-solar mass stars in NGC 3603. Contrary to several theoretical predictions, these low-mass stars do form in violent starbursts. The overall age of stars in the contraction phase that are located in the innermost region of NGC 3603 was found to be 300 000 to 1 000 000 years. The counts clearly show that this cluster is well populated in sub-solar mass stars."

Molecule forming regions
The “[w]arm molecular envelope of M giants and Miras [is] a new molecule forming region”

At right is a "[c]olour-composite annotated image of part of the Galactic Plane seen by the ATLASGAL survey, divided into sections."

"The total size of the image is approximately 42 degrees by 1.75 degrees."

"Some of the most prominent features visible in the image are (from left to right, top to bottom):"

 * "Messier 20 (the Trifid Nebula): A nebula containing an open cluster of stars as well as a stellar nursery. The name “Trifid” refers to the way that dense dust appears to divide it into three lobes at visible wavelengths."

 * "Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2): One of the largest clouds of molecular gas in the Milky Way, this dense region lies close to the Galactic Centre and is rich in many different interstellar molecules."

 * "Galactic Centre: The centre of the Milky Way, home to a supermassive black hole more than four million times the mass of our Sun. It is about 25 000 light-years from Earth."

 * "NGC 6357: A diffuse nebula containing the open cluster Pismis 24, home to several very massive stars."

 * "NGC 6334: An emission nebula also known as the “Cat’s Paw Nebula”."

 * "RCW 120: A region where an expanding bubble of ionised gas about ten light-years across is causing the surrounding material to collapse into dense clumps that are the birthplaces of new stars."

 * "The Norma Arm: The region of somewhat brighter emission extending over about 10 degrees on the right-hand side of the image corresponds to the position of the Norma Arm, one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way."

Infrared astronomy
In the image at the top of the "Molecular forming regions", the submillimetre-wavelength data is "overlaid on a view of the region in infrared light, from the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) in green and blue."

Submillimeter astronomy
In the image at the top of the "Molecular forming regions", "the ATLASGAL submillimetre-wavelength data are shown in red". The wavelength used is 870 µm.

Nuclear transition regions
Def. “the energy range from 10 keV to about 100 MeV, where nuclear-transition lines are expected” is called a nuclear transition region.

Dusty regions
"Arp 220 [at right] appears to be a single, odd-looking galaxy, but is in fact a nearby example of the aftermath of a collision between two spiral galaxies. It is the brightest of the three galactic mergers closest to Earth, about 250 million light-years away in the constellation of Serpens, the Serpent. The collision, which began about 700 million years ago, has sparked a cracking burst of star formation, resulting in about 200 huge star clusters in a packed, dusty region about 5,000 light-years across (about 5 percent of the Milky Way's diameter). The amount of gas in this tiny region equals the amount of gas in the entire Milky Way Galaxy. The star clusters are the bluish-white bright knots visible in the Hubble image. Arp 220 glows brightest in infrared light and is an ultra-luminous infrared galaxy. Previous Hubble observations, taken in the infrared at a wavelength that looks through the dust, have uncovered the cores of the parent galaxies 1,200 light-years apart. Observations with NASA s Chandra X-ray Observatory have also revealed X-rays coming from both cores, indicating the presence of two supermassive black holes. Arp 220 is the 220th galaxy in Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies." Bold added.

At lower right is a "glowing emerald nebula seen by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope ... Named RCW 120, this region of hot gas and glowing dust can be found in the murky clouds encircled by the tail of the constellation Scorpius. The ring of dust is actually glowing in infrared colors that our eyes cannot see, but show up brightly when viewed by Spitzer's infrared detectors. At the center of this ring are a couple of giant stars whose intense ultraviolet light has carved out the bubble, though they blend in with other stars when viewed in infrared."

"The green ring is where dust is being hit by winds and intense light from the massive stars. The green color represents infrared light coming from tiny dust grains called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These small grains have been destroyed inside the bubble. The red color inside the ring shows slightly larger, hotter dust grains, heated by the massive stars."

"This bubble is far from unique. ... Spitzer has found that such bubbles are common and can be found around O stars throughout our Milky Way galaxy. The small objects at the lower right area of the image may themselves be similar regions seen at much greater distances across the galaxy."

"RCW 120 can be found slightly above the flat plane of our galaxy, located toward the bottom of the picture. The green haze seen here is the diffuse glow of dust from the galactic plane."

"This is a three-color composite that shows infrared observations from two Spitzer instruments. Blue represents 3.6-micron light and green shows light of 8 microns, both captured by Spitzer's infrared array camera. Red is 24-micron light detected by Spitzer's multiband imaging photometer."

Star-forming regions
A star-forming region is a region of the celestial sphere within which predominately very young stellar objects (YSOs) are located and their formation is likely occurring.

A discovery by the Herschel Space Observatory infrared telescope, in conjunction with other ground based telescopes, determined that black patches of space in certain areas encompassing a star formation are not dark nebulae but actually vast holes of empty space.

“The exact cause of this phenomenon is still being investigated, although it has been hypothesized that narrow jets of gas from some of the young stars in the region punctured the sheet of dust and gas, as well as, powerful radiation from a nearby mature star may have helped to create the hole.

This is a previously unknown and unexpected step in the star-forming process.

Reds
At right is an image of the star-forming region NGC 3582 taken primarily using red astronomy (red is colored red and H-alpha also colored red). Infrared is in blue and combined infrared + red is in green.

"The image reveals giant loops of gas ejected by dying stars that bear a striking resemblance to solar prominences."

Infrareds
At top right "is a near-infrared, colour-coded composite image of a sky field in the south-western part of the galactic star-forming region Messier 17. In this image, young and heavily obscured stars are recognized by their red colour. Bluer objects are either foreground stars or well-developed massive stars whose intense light ionizes the hydrogen in this region. The diffuse light that is visible nearly everywhere in the photo is due to emission from hydrogen atoms that have (re-)combined from protons and electrons. The dark areas are due to obscuration of the light from background objects by large amounts of dust — this effect also causes many of those stars to appear quite red. A cluster of young stars in the upper-left part of the photo, so deeply embedded in the nebula that it is invisible in optical light, is well visible in this infrared image. Technical information : The exposures were made through three filtres, J (at wavelength 1.25 µm; exposure time 5 min; here rendered as blue), H (1.65 µm; 5 min; green) and Ks (2.2 µm; 5 min; red); an additional 15 min was spent on separate sky frames. The seeing was 0.5 - 0.6 arcsec. The objects in the uppermost left corner area appear somewhat elongated because of a colour-dependent aberration introduced at the edge by the large-field optics. The sky field shown measures approx. 5 x 5 arcmin 2 (corresponding to about 3% of the full moon). North is up and East is left."

Stellar active regions
A stellar active region is "[a] localized, transient volume of [a stellar] atmosphere in which plages, [star]spots, faculae, flares, etc., may be observed. Active regions are the result of enhanced magnetic fields; they are bipolar and may be complex if the region contains two or more bipolar groups."

A stellar active region on a star's surface can form a bright spot which intensifies and grows. An active region may have a coronal portion.

Most stellar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured.

Active regions are highly dynamic sources of explosive events.

[Flickerings, brightenings, small explosions, bright points, flares and mass eruptions are observed very frequently, especially in active regions.

"Plages are formed in the inner parts of flux loops emerging from below. ... In the early stages of active region growth the appearance of the group is symmetric, while a few days later the f spot may disappear, leaving an extensive plage."

"[M]ajor changes in active regions only take place in the following ways:
 * 1) [starspot] formation and break up;
 * 2) flux outflow from [starspots];
 * 3) new flux emergence; and
 * 4) magnetic reconnection."

The interconnections of active regions are arcs connecting zones of opposite magnetic field, in different active regions. Significant variations of these structures are often seen after a flare. Some other features of this kind are helmet streamers—large cap-like coronal structures with long pointed peaks that usually overlie sunspots and active regions. Coronal streamers are considered as sources of the slow solar wind.

Most coronal mass ejections originate from active regions on a star's surface. Near a stellar maxima a star such as the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near stellar minima there is about one CME every five days.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Dominant groups occur more often in regional astronomy than other astronomies.

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User:Herr Beethoven

Hello, my name is David. I also go by the screen-name "Klavierspieler" elsewhere.

 * I play piano and, formerly, 'cello. I also have a fair understanding of music theory. I currently attempting to learn German.

 * I will probably spend most of my time in the Music area of Wikiversity.

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Draft:Original research/Control groups

In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s). In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

For the conclusions drawn from the results of an experiment to have validity, it is essential that the items or patients assigned to treatment and control groups be representative  of the same population. In some experiments, such as many in agriculture or psychology,  this can be achieved by randomly assigning items from a common population to one of the treatment and control groups.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

Groups
Def. a "subset of a culture or of a society" or a "number of things or persons being in some relation to each other" is called a group.

The concept of a group or the concept of two or more individuals "being in some relation to one another" may be an inherited trait of all mammals, not just humans.

Controls
"After antituberculous treatment, 29 % remained positive for immune complexes, a frequency similar to that in a group of racially matched clinic controls (35%)."

"Results had a normal distribution, so comparisons were made between values before and after therapy using Student's paired t tests. Unpaired t tests were used to compare clinic controls with patients with TB."

As the concept of controls may have originated from the concept of controllers, the key to understanding dominant group may be solely understanding the manifestation of dominance.

Def.
 * 1) a "state of being [...] of prime importance; supremacy",
 * 2) being "in a position of power, authority or ascendancy over others", or
 * 3) a "property of [an entity] such that it suppresses the expression of [another entity]"

is called dominance.

As hominins are capable of egalitarianism, the manifestation of dominance may not be inherent to hominins.

Scientific controls
"A scientific control augments integrity in experiments by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about such variables. In a controlled experiment, two virtually identical experiments are conducted. In one of them, the treatment, the factor being tested is applied. In the other, the control, the factor being tested is not applied. For example, in testing a drug, it is important to carefully verify that the supposed effects of the drug are produced only by the drug itself. Doctors achieve this with a double-blind study in a clinical trial: two (statistically) identical groups of patients are compared, one of which receives the drug and one of which receives a placebo. Neither the patients nor the doctor know which group receives the real drug, which serves both to curb researchers' bias and to isolate the effects of the drug."

Null groups
A null group is a group to which no treatment is applied. For example, in self-diffusion studies using a radio tracer, tracer is applied to at least two specimens, one that remains at room temperature and pressure and the second which is placed in an experimental apparatus, undergoes a temperature elevation to a specific value where it remains for a period and is subsequently lowered back down to room temperature. Thin sectioning of both samples provides an opportunity for comparison. The specimen at elevated temperature should show much greater penetration of the radio tracer into the material, while the specimen at room temperature should show little or none.

"Lewis rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery with direct intramyocardial injection of replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus encoding [hepatocyte growth factor] HGF ([number of individuals, n] n=10) or empty null virus as control (n=9), and animals were analyzed after six weeks. Pressure-volume conductance catheter measurements demonstrated significantly preserved contractile function in the HGF group compared with Null control animals as measured by maximum developed [left ventricle] LV pressure (79±5 versus 56±4 mm Hg, [probability] P<0.001) and maximum dP/dt (2890±326 versus 1622±159 mm Hg/sec, P<0.01). Significant preservation of LV geometry was associated with HGF treatment (LV Diameter HGF 13.1±0.54 versus Null 14.4±0.15 mm P<0.01; LV wall thickness 1.73±0.10 versus 1.28±0.07 mm P<0.01). Angiogenesis was significantly enhanced in HGF treated animals as measured by both Von Willebrand’s Factor immunohistochemical staining and a microsphere assay. [Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling] TUNEL analysis revealed a significant reduction in apoptosis in the HGF group (3.42±0.83% versus 8.36±1.16%, P<0.01), which correlated with increased [B-cell lymphoma 2] Bcl-2 and [B-cell lymphoma-extra large] Bcl-xL expression in the HGF animals."

"There were ten patients with complete remissions with intensive treatment [for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. The most common subgroup within the complete responders were patients with cells that were nonexpressive (null) and were classified by Lukes-Collins criteria as the large, noncleaved follicular center cell variant. Currently there are seven patients remaining in complete remission, five of whom have been in continuous disease-free remission for more than two years (total survival 34+−42+ months) following cessation of all treatment."

"Of those five [long term survivors], four were in the null group and four were classified as large non-cleaved. The actuarial survival curve for all null patients is characterized by a rapid initial decline and a subsequent plateau, which contains four of the long survivors."

Placebo groups
Treatment applied to the group consists of a placebo so that no change is expected.

Positive groups
Treatment is applied to this group to produce an expected change, even though the change may not be a standard change.

Standard groups
"Mean nitrogen intakes (15.6 vs 9.0 gm/day) and nitrogen balances (-2.2 vs -6.6 gm/day) measured in the first 20 patients were significantly greater in the supplemented group than in the standard group (p = 0.05)."

"Results: 25 patients were excluded from analysis (8 in the standard group because relevant data were not recorded; and 17 in the transumbilical group in 4 of whom relevant data were not recorded, and 13 for technical reasons)."

"Those who had transumbilical cholecystectomy had significantly lower pain scores (p < 0.05) and required significantly less analgesia during the first 24 hours (p < 0.05) than those who had standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy."

Randomized groups
Different experimental treatments are distributed to groups randomly to reduce systematic errors.

Blind groups
Some or all information regarding the treatment is withheld from group members.

Double-blind groups
Some or all information regarding treatments is withheld from participants and experimenters.

Wait-list groups
The group members receive treatment after the treatment group so as to serve as a control group during the study. A wait-list group is an afflicted group that receives treatment within the access to treatment window.

Planetary sciences
"Dramatically different are a control group of 13 Aten/Apollo/Amor objects selected from noncometary orbits."

Colors
"Black-haired individuals were only encountered in the control group, whereas light blond and red hair color were over represented in the melanoma group. The distribution of the different eye colors (brown, gray, green, and blue) was not different between the melanoma patients".

Minerals
"The bone mineral content was, on average, greater for the cross-country runners than for the control group (Table 2, Figure 1)."

"The cross-country runners and the controls were of similar body size, mean body height 176 and 176 cm, and mean body weight 73 and 75 kg,respectively."

Control group theory
Def. "(in an experiment or clinical trial) a group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated" is called a control group.

Def. "any group used as a control in a statistical experiment, esp a group of patients who receive either a placebo or a standard drug during an investigation of the effects of another drug on other patients" is called a control group.

Def. "in a test or trial, a group that does not receive the new treatment being studied and which is compared to the group that does receive the new treatment" is called a control group.

Def. "[a] group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment" is called a control group.

Def. "(in an experiment) [t]he group of test subjects left untreated or unexposed to some procedure and then compared with treated subjects in order to validate the results of the test" is called a control group.

Dominant group does not occur in any of the above dictionaries.

Dominant group
Control group is a synonym for dominant group.

A dominant group may prefer that subordinate groups, slaves (or representatives of same) be used as members of the treatment group to test a possible new treatment so that the lives or wants of the dominant group are not in jeopardy, especially where failure is a significant possibility.

Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general. As control group is a synonym for dominant group, testing control groups versus each hypothesis may benefit the overall effort to understand dominant group.

 * 1) Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
 * 2) Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
 * 3) Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
 * 4) Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
 * 5) Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
 * 6) Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 7) Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
 * 8) Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
 * 9) Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
 * 10) Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
 * 11) Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
 * 12) Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
 * 13) Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
 * 14) Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
 * 15) Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 16) Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
 * 17) Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
 * 18) Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
 * 19) Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
 * 20) Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
 * 21) Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 22) Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Entities
"Invasive mucinous carcinoma of the ovary (mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer [mEOC][a separate entity requiring specific treatment]) is a histologic subgroup of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)."

"The study group consisted of all patients with advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III or IV) mEOC treated with a first-line platinum-based therapy on the Gynecology Unit of the Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) in London, United Kingdom, between September 1992 and January 2001. For each case, two controls with advanced non-mEOC undergoing first-line platinum-based therapy were randomly chosen from the unit's database. Controls were matched for date of diagnosis and stage of disease, in this order of priority."

"The median age was 58 years (range, 32 to 76 years) for the study group and 60 years (range, 26 to 76 years) for the control group; this difference was not statistically significant. Nineteen percent of patients with mEOC and 13% of patients in the control group had stage IV disease; this difference was not statistically significant. The percentage of patients who were optimally debulked by surgery (< 2 cm of macroscopic disease) was similar in both the cases and the control group."

Gamma rays
"Because of the larger number of pulsars in this study it is possible to do a thorough population study of pulsars in this energy range [100 MeV to 10 GeV] by dividing the pulsars into a candidate group (high Ė/d2) and a control group (low Ė/d2)." Bold added. Specifically, "[s]ince such a large number of pulsars are involved in this study, it is possible to divide them into two groups: one containing the least likely candidates, which we will call the "control" group and the group of best candidates (called the "candidate" group). The division is made by means of the gamma-ray pulsar model-indpendent parameter Ė33/d2kpc, where Ė33 is the rotational energy loss rate of the star in units of 1033 ergs s-1 and dkpc is the distance to the source in kiloparsecs."

Cosmogony
"The cognitive theory of the young Steiner is at one and the same time an ontology and a cosmogony—a regression to the pre-modern naive movement of universal realism. Its aim is to show man his task and position in the universe through a process of self-reflection and to ensure that through the thought process [...] man is able to achieve something which he once owed to a belief in revelation, namely the satisfaction of the mind.6"

"Steiner’s cosmogony takes the basic form of the gnostic myth: man must lose his worldliness and slavish dependence on material things so that the soul and the world can rise up to self-redemption and fuse once again with the divine spiritual origins which both bear within them. Modern man lives on the fourth planetary phase of development of the earth that entails an experience of individuation and the respiritualization of the individual."

"An earlier quantitative survey of former German pupils of the Rudolf Steiner schools (born in the year 1940/41) revealed significant differences between this group and a control group in the following areas: higher geographical and social mobility; more pronounced leisure activities in the areas of reading, interest in art, practice of a musical instrument and ability in craftwork; and an interest in further training.21"

Biology
Test plant fertilizer by giving it to only half the plants in a garden: the plants that receive no fertilizer are the control group, because they establish the baseline level of growth that the fertilizer-treated plants will be compared against. Without a control group, the experiment cannot determine whether the fertilizer-treated plants grow more than they would have if untreated.

Geography
"This paper constitutes an argument for the use of quasi-experimental control group methods as a measurement technique to study economic and spatial structural change. The essence of such methods is the careful identification of a control group--a set of places whose economic development enables measurement of what would have happened in the place under study without the phenomenon or policy being studied."

"A group of places where something did not occur (no treatment) can be selected nonrandomly to be a control group for a place or places where something did occur (treatment)."

Archaeology
"Nearly 10,000 years ago, the rise of farming paved the way for large settlements in a swath of the Middle East — and might have protected one such settlement from certain parasites."

Fossilized "faeces [...] unearthed in modern-day Turkey at a site called Çatalhöyük, which is often referred to as an early town [were analyzed]."

"First occupied in 7100 BC, the site now provides a key record of the transition to settled life."

Eggs "from whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), a parasite that causes malnutrition, [were found] in two human poos from the site. Whipworm is spread by food and water contaminated with infested faeces."

"Other sites from Çatalhöyük’s time period hosted a broad range of parasite species, including some that are transmitted from animals to humans. But at Çatalhöyük itself, researchers found only whipworm. This parasite was also common at sites occupied later than Çatalhöyük, such as Bronze- and Iron-age settlements."

"Çatalhöyük’s infrastructure and cultural practices, such as farming, might have reduced the risk that residents would contract parasites from animals, while promoting the risk of parasites that spread from human to human."

The control group: "Other sites from Çatalhöyük’s time period hosted a broad range of parasite species, including some that are transmitted from animals to humans."

The treatment group: "The densely packed houses in the early settlement of Çatalhöyük ([in the image on the right]) might have encouraged the spread of whipworm."

Geology
"[T]he northern outcrop area where stratigraphic control is very good, provided the control group to determine whether each of the four beds carries a unique chemical fingerprint".

"Control groups provide a qualitative means of examining the completeness of the record and thus the validity of crocodilian patterns."

"In this study, noncrocodilian vertebrates provide a broad-based control group; thus, the absence of crocodilians at a vertebrate locality is considered to reflect environmental factors (including climate) and not just to be an artifact of collection or taphonomic biases."

"Cases [are] correctly classified within the control group of felsic igneous (Group 1), intermediate igneous (Group 2), and marie igneous (Group 3)."

Laws
"[G]ains for people of color come when such a gain would advance the interests of society's control group and do not impose too great a cost on other whites in a position to resist them."

Mathematics
"Matched sampling is a method for selecting units from a large reservoir of potential controls to produce a control group of modest size that is similar to a treated group with respect to the distribution of observed covariates."

"Many educators believe that [computer-based education] CBE is the panacea for education because of the education theories used in the development of the computer. The demands of World War II helped to accelerate the development of the computer. ... In most of the meta-analyses in this study, the h statistic was used to measure the effects of CBE on instructional time and was calculated by dividing the instructional time required of the experimental group by the instruction time required of the control group."

Medicine
In some medical studies, where it may be unethical not to treat patients who present with symptoms, controls may be given a standard treatment, rather than no treatment at all. Another alternative is to select controls from a wider population, provided that this population is well-defined and that those presenting with symptoms at the clinic are representative of those in the wider population.

Psychiatry
"Relative to a control group of students studying literature, autism occurred significantly more often in families of students in the fields of physics, engineering, and mathematics."

Clinics
A "clinic control group of 20 (12 M, eight F) TB contacts or recent immigrants to Brent. (Mean age 34 years (range 18-70); Indian 16 (80%), Caucasian three (15%), and Negro one (5%).)"

"Patients with intra- and extra-thoracic disease both had similar amounts of complexes. Similarly, age, sex, and race had no influence on their presence, though they were present in the sera of 7/20 (35 %) of the clinic control group, comprising largely recent immigrants to this country [England]."

Laboratory
"A laboratory control group of sera from 80 laboratory and medical personnel was used to define the normal limits for the presence of immune complexes."

"The amounts of Clq, IgG, and IgM in the precipitate were measured directly by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), and the presence of IgA was determined by double diffusion. The values were compared initialy with those obtained in this test from the laboratory control group. To study the effect of serum immunoglobulin levels on the amount of precipitated immunoglobulin 217 sera from patients with a variety of diseases were studied."

"After therapy, levels of Clq, IgG, and IgM complexes were similar to those in both the laboratory and clinic control groups."

"There was a significantly higher frequency of circulating immune complexes in the control group drawn from the Chest Clinic patients. They were matched for race with the patients studied and in so far as racial origin was concerned they differed significantly from the subjects who comprised the laboratory controls."

"The levels in the treated and clinically cured patients came down not to the normal level for the laboratory control group but to the normal level for our local population."

Hypotheses

 * 1) A control group can be used to study control groups.

title: Draft:Original research/Control groups


text: Category:Resources last modified in June 2012


text:
Mathematical biophysics

Mathematical biophysics is a subfield of both biophysics and mathematical biology focusing of physical and physico-chemical mechanisms involved in physiological functions of living organisms, as well as the molecular structures supporting such physiological functions.

The earlier stages of mathematical biology were dominated by mathematical biophysics, that was then described as the application of mathematics in biophysics, often involving specific physical/mathematical models of biosystems and their components or compartments.

Specific research areas of current interest in mathematical biophysics are, for example:

 * Complex systems
 * Quantum biophysics and biochemistry
 * Automata theory,
 * Cellular automata,
 * Tessellation models
 * complete self-reproduction, * chaotic subsystems of organisms,
 * Relational biology and organismic theories.

A published monograph that included 390 references to peer-reviewed articles in mathematical and computational biophysics by a large number of authors is currently available for download as an updated PDF

Syllabus
A syllabus of studies in mathematical biophysics at the university level may include a combination of courses, such as:

 * Molecular biophysics,
 * Photosynthesis and photosythetic mechanisms
 * physico-chemical models of nerve conduction
 * Muscle contraction mechanisms
 * Quantum physics,Quantum mechanics, Quantum field theory
 * Quantum biophysics
 * Quantum biochemistry
 * Quantum genetics
 * Molecular spectroscopy: FT-IR, FT-NIR, NMR,EPR, VCD, FCS, FCCS
 * X-ray diffraction and Electron microscopy
 * Biostatistics, Graph theory, Algebraic topology
 * Biocybernetics,
 * Nonlinear dynamic systems,
 * Nonequillibrium thermodynamics,
 * Statistical mechanics
 * Bioinformatics
 * Radiological imaging: MRI, CT, PET
 * Nuclear medicine

title: Mathematical biophysics


title: User:Noopur28


text: User:Hisham

title: User:Hisham


text: User:Nitika.t

title: User:Nitika.t


text: User:Shiju

title: User:Shiju


text: File:Sampling.6.B.Prefilter.20120601.pdf


title: File:QuadTree.20120601.pdf


text:
Talk:Extraterrestrial life/Astrobiology

are there any college students intrested in astrobiology around?

title: Talk:Extraterrestrial life/Astrobiology


text:
User:Bci21

User:Bci21 page at Wikiversity

Front Page

 * My sandbox

Portals

 * Portal:Mathematics
 * Portal:Physical Sciences

 * Département de Biophysique--Biophysics

 * Project Mathematics
 * Project Quantum Physics & Physics

''Vous voulez demander de l'aide sur une leçon ? Posez votre question dans sa page de discussion.Aidez Wikiversité et les autres projets à grandir en adhérant aux associations Wikimedia.''

A List of Articles Initiated/Generated on Wikiversity by user Bci21

 * Topic:Category theory
 * Category Theory/Projects
 * Category Theory
 * Category
 * Introduction to Category Theory
 * Morphism
 * Exact sequence
 * Exact additive category
 * Commutative property
 * Abstract relations
 * Abelian category
 * Abelian group
 * Niels Henrik Abel
 * Groupoid
 * Noncommutative
 * Yoneda lemma
 * Applied mathematics
 * Applied Category Theory
 * Topic:Applied Category Theory
 * Category of Metabolic-Replication Systems
 * Biomathematics
 * Complex Systems Biology
 * Systems Biology
 * Computational complexity theory
 * Noncommutative geometry
 * Physical Mathematics
 * Département:Logique quantique|fr:Quantum Logics
 * Natural sciences
 * Relational biology
 * Theoretical physics
 * Quantum physics
 * Quantum Algebraic Topology
 * Momentum
 * Quasicrystals and Paracrystals
 * Topic:Quasicrystal
 * Biophysics
 * Topic:Photosynthesis
 * Mathematical biophysics
 * Topic:Physical Biochemistry
 * Quantum biochemistry
 * Quantum genetics
 * Department:Genomics and Bioinformatics
 * fr:Département:Médecine nucléaire|Department of Nuclear Medicine
 * MRI-->IRM (Imagerie par résonance magnétique)

Recommended Reading

 * Category theory

 * Lawvere & Schanuel. (1997). Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521010608

 * B.C. Pierce (1991) Basic Category Theory for Computer Scientists MIT Press. ISBN 0262660717. (Short and concise introduction.  Probably not enough exercises for most people to really learn it from.)

And requiring somewhat more:
 * Lawvere & Rosebrugh. (2003). Sets for Mathematics Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521478170 (set theory axiomatized through category theory, for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduates; more advanced and then Lawvere & Schanuel.  Starts fairly easy but seems to get harder.)

 * Awodey, Steven (2006) Category Theory (Oxford Logic Guides 49) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198568614 (very elegant, from what AA has seen of the no-longer-available downloadable pdf version, but perhaps a bit demanding for teacherless beginners with modest talent).

 * Mac Lane, Saunders (September 1998). Categories for the Working Mathematician. Springer. ISBN 0-387-98403-8.

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this department, you can list your name here (this can help small departments grow and the participants communicate better; for large departments a list of active participants is not needed).

Category:Category theory Category:Biophysics Category:Quantum physics Category:Nanoscience

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title: User:Bci21


text:
Talk:Biophysics/Introduction

=New comments first=

 * There are some serious problems with the proposed merger. The page called Topic:Biophysics reads as a personal student page, which is fine for the student(s) contributing to the latter topical page, whereas the page Biophysics has the significantly different goal of establishing and presenting a new, International Department of Biophysics Project with novel Biophysics courses voluntary web instructors and students, as well as major resources; it would also be linked to the Wikiversity website in French with the appropriate title of Departement de Biophysique with broadly similar goals as the page Biophysics with which it is currently linked. This new, international project would be building upon, and extending, the experience with PPS--the Principles of Protein Structure, an international, web-based course initiated and organized by the Deaprtment of Crystallograpphy at Birkbeck College in London. The mismatch between the goals and especially the syntax of the two websites suggested to be merged is too great to allow a successful merger, unless the Topic:Biophysics were to become a subsection of the article Biophysics with the new title of :

Biophysics Students, or Biophysics Department
, that is, only by voluntary agreement with the initiator and current contributors to the Topic:Biophysics page as it exists now. Bci21 (talk) 15:47, 3 June 2012 (UTC) As there is now significant added content to this entry the hidden stub category should be removed together with the "little content" template. Bci21 (talk) 16:07, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biophysics/Introduction