text:
Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Thermodynamics/Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing entropy, stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

The second law traces its origin to French physicist Sadi Carnot's 1824 paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, which presented the view that motive power (work) is due to the fall of caloric (heat) from a hot to cold body (working substance). In simple terms, the second law is an expression of the fact that over time, ignoring the effects of self-gravity, differences in temperature, pressure, and density tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world. Entropy is a measure of how far along this evening-out process has progressed.

There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.

Statements of the Law
There are many ways of stating the second law of thermodynamics, but all are equivalent in the sense that each form of the second law logically implies every other form (Fermi, 1936). Thus, the theorems of thermodynamics can be proved using any form of the second law.

The formulation of the second law that refers to entropy directly is due to Rudolf Clausius:

In an isolated system, a process can occur only if it increases the total entropy of the system.

Thus, the system can either stay the same, or undergo some physical process that increases entropy. (An exception to this rule is a reversible or "isentropic" process, such as frictionless adiabatic compression.) Processes that decrease total entropy of an isolated system do not occur. If a system is at equilibrium, by definition no spontaneous processes occur, and therefore the system is at maximum entropy.

Also due to Clausius is the simplest formulation of the second law, the heat formulation:

Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a material at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature.

Informally, "Heat doesn't flow from cold to hot (without work input)", which is obviously true from everyday experience. For example in a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot, but only when electrical energy is added. Note that from the mathematical definition of entropy, a process in which heat flows from cold to hot has decreasing entropy. This is allowable in a non-isolated system, however only if entropy is created elsewhere, such that the total entropy is constant or increasing, as required by the second law. For example, the electrical energy going into a refrigerator is converted to heat and goes out the back, representing a net increase in entropy.

A third formulation of the second law, the heat engine formulation, by Lord Kelvin, is:

It is impossible to convert heat completely into work.

That is, it is impossible to extract energy by heat from a high-temperature energy source and then convert all of the energy into work. At least some of the energy must be passed on to heat a low-temperature energy sink. Thus, a heat engine with 100% efficiency is thermodynamically impossible.

Mathematical Descriptions
In 1856, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius stated what he called the "second fundamental theorem in the mechanical theory of heat" in the following form:

$$\int \frac{\delta Q}{T} = -N$$

where N is the "equivalence-value" of all uncompensated transformations involved in a cyclical process. Later, in 1865, Clausius would come to define "equivalence-value" as entropy. On the heels of this definition, that same year, the most infamous version of the second law was read in a presentation at the Philosophical Society of Zurich on April 24th, in which, in the end of his presentation, Clausius concludes:

The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.

This statement is the best-known phrasing of the second law. Moreover, owing to the general broadness of the terminology used here, e.g. universe, as well as lack of specific conditions, e.g. open, closed, or isolated, to which this statement applies, many people take this simple statement to mean that the second law of thermodynamics applies virtually to every subject imaginable. This, of course, is not true; this statement is only a simplified version of a more complex description.

In terms of time variation, the mathematical statement of the second law for a closed system undergoing an adiabatic transformation is:

$$\frac{dS}{dt} \ge 0$$

where

 * S is the entropy and
 * t is time.

It should be noted that statistical mechanics gives an explanation for the second law by postulating that a material is composed of atoms and molecules which are in constant motion. A particular set of positions and velocities for each particle in the system is called a microstate of the system and because of the constant motion, the system is constantly changing its microstate. Statistical mechanics postulates that, in equilibrium, each microstate that the system might be in is equally likely to occur, and when this assumption is made, it leads directly to the conclusion that the second law must hold in a statistical sense. That is, the second law will hold on average, with a statistical variation on the order of 1/√N where N is the number of particles in the system. For everyday (macroscopic) situations, the probability that the second law will be violated is practically nil. However, for systems with a small number of particles, thermodynamic parameters, including the entropy, may show significant statistical deviations from that predicted by the second law. Classical thermodynamic theory does not deal with these statistical variations.

Introduction à la thermodynamique/Deuxième principe de la thermodynamique


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Thermodynamics/Third Law of Thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics is an axiom of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. The most common enunciation of third law of thermodynamics is:

As a system approaches absolute zero of temperature, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

It can be concluded as 'If T=0K, then S=0' where T is the temperature of a closed system and S is the entropy of the system.

The essence of the postulate is that the entropy of the given system near absolute zero depends only on the temperature (i.e. tends to a constant independently of the other parameters).

Overview
In simple terms, the Third Law states that the entropy of a pure substance approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero. This law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the absolute entropy.

A special case of this is systems with a unique ground state, such as most crystal lattices. The entropy of a perfect crystal lattice as defined by Nernst's theorem is zero (if its ground state is singular and unique, whereby log(1) = 0). An example of a system which does not have a unique ground state is one containing half-integer spins, for which time-reversal symmetry gives two degenerate ground states. Of course, this entropy is generally considered to be negligible on a macroscopic scale. Additionally, other exotic systems are known that exhibit geometrical frustration, where the structure of the crystal lattice prevents the emergence of a unique ground state.

Real crystals with frozen defects obey this same law, so long as one considers a particular defect configuration to be fixed. The defects would not be present in thermal equilibrium, so if one considers a collection of different possible defects, the collection would have some entropy, but not actually have a temperature. Such considerations become more interesting and problematic in considering various forms of glass, since glasses have large collections of nearly degenerate states, in which they become trapped out of equilibrium.

Another application of the third law is with respect to the magnetic moments of a material. Paramagnetic materials (moments random) will order as T approaches 0 K. They may order in a ferromagnetic sense, with all moments parallel to each other, or they may order in an antiferromagnetic sense, with all moments antiparallel to each other.

Yet another application of the third law is the fact that at 0 K no solid solutions should exist. Phases in equilibrium at 0 K should either be pure elements or atomically ordered phases.

Introduction à la thermodynamique/Troisième principe de la thermodynamique

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Architect.Adrian

I am an architect running a personal practice in Bucharest, Romania and teaching at the same time in the "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism as a member of the Chair of Technological Sciences.

I am a member of the Romanian Order of Architects (the Bucharest Branch - sorry, no English version yet), the International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and other local scientific organizations.

--Architect 16:52, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Architect.Adrian


text:
User talk:לערי ריינהארט/monobook.js

explanations
→ [ m:wikt:yi:user talk:/monobook.js|uselang=en#explanations] ←

·לערי ריינהארט·T·m:Th·T·email me· 16:54, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

comments
...

title: User talk:לערי ריינהארט/monobook.js


text:
User talk:Architect.Adrian

Welcome
Hello Architect, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Renamed
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title: User talk:Architect.Adrian


text:
Eurolinguistics

Here is a collection of Wikiversity and Wikipedia pages on the topic Eurolinguistics.

Wikiversity pages

 * European Sociolinguistics
 * Eurolinguistics projects in progress: EuroHiT (European Historical Thesaurus), EuroLex (European Lexemes), ECSTRA (European Communicative Strategies) (Europe is defined in a cultural way here, but information that goes beyond Europe in this sense is highly welcome)

Wikipedia pages
as well as
 * Eurolinguistics
 * Alphabetic list of languages in Europe
 * European Charter for Regional or Minory Languages
 * Languages of Europe
 * List of languages in Europe
 * Standard Average European

External platforms on Eurolinguistics

 * EuroLinguistiX (ELiX)

title: Eurolinguistics


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Statistical Mechanics/Probability/General Definitions

Mathematical treatment
In mathematics a probability of an event, A is represented by a real number in the range from 0 to 1 and written as P(A), p(A) or Pr(A). An impossible event has a probability of 0, and a certain event has a probability of 1. However, the converses are not always true: probability 0 events are not always impossible, nor probability 1 events certain. The rather subtle distinction between "certain" and "probability 1" is treated at greater length in the article on "almost surely".

The chance of the opposite of an event P(not A) = 1-P(A), for example the chance of not rolling a six on a six-sided die is 1 - chance of rolling a six = $${1} - \tfrac{1}{6} = \tfrac{5}{6}$$. If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is
 * $$P(A \mbox{ and }B) = P(A \cap B) = P(A) P(B),\,$$

for example if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is $$\tfrac{1}{2}\times\tfrac{1}{2} = \tfrac{1}{4}$$.

If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is
 * $$P(A\mbox{ or }B) = P(A \cup B)= P(A) + P(B).$$

For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is $$P(1\mbox{ or }2) = P(1) + P(2) = \tfrac{1}{6} + \tfrac{1}{6} = \tfrac{1}{3}$$.

If the events are not mutually exclusive then
 * $$\mathrm{P}\left(A \hbox{ or } B\right)=\mathrm{P}\left(A\right)+\mathrm{P}\left(B\right)-\mathrm{P}\left(A \mbox{ and } B\right)$$.

Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B), and is read "the probability of A, given B". It is defined by
 * $$P(A \mid B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}.\,$$

If $$P(B)=0$$ then $$P(A \mid B)$$ is undefined.


text:
User talk:Accurimbono

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User talk:Ronald Keith Bolender

Welcome
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title: User talk:Ronald Keith Bolender


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User talk:Streetwalker

Welcome
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User talk:Strangerette

Welcome
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User talk:Marcopolo~enwikiversity

Welcome
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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Marcopolo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Marcopolo~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Marcopolo~enwikiversity


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User talk:Tychin2002

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User talk:Thutruc1208

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User talk:Raystephenson

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title: User talk:Raystephenson


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User talk:Nottobeconcernedabout

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User talk:Utopia~enwikiversity

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Hello Utopia, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Utopia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Utopia~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:10, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Utopia~enwikiversity


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User talk:DrK~enwikiversity

Welcome
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stability
"Let's say I do take advantage of this wiki technology and its convenience by write something profound... but then what's to stop someone else from doing the same thing as me and delete what I just write out of whatever reason - and I in response write again and again every time it is deleted... something tells me this can happen" <-- This is less of a problem than you might expect, but we are exploring ways to protect learning resources from editing, for example, see Page protection templates. Also, all versions of our webpages always remain available. You can point learners to versions of pages that you know are good. A new system is being developed by which the best quality versions of pages can be selected and preferentially shown to wiki users. If you do find that this becomes a problem for you, you can always take content to another wiki that is less open to editing. --JWS 23:13, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called DrK. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name DrK~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:DrK~enwikiversity


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User talk:Dian2day

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User talk:Ronald bolender

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User talk:Drk1983

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User talk:Studious~enwikiversity

Welcome
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Studious. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Studious~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Studious~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Ma7amed89

Welcome
Hello Ma7amed89, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:32, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ma7amed89


text:
User talk:Saravan 3000

Welcome
Hello Saravan 3000, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:32, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saravan 3000


text:
User talk:Aphexer~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Aphexer, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:32, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aphexer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aphexer~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aphexer~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Abhijeetsingh99

Welcome
Hello Abhijeetsingh99, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:33, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abhijeetsingh99


text:
User talk:Dinaesh

Welcome
Hello Dinaesh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:33, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dinaesh


text:
User talk:Mike Field~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Mike Field, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:33, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mike Field. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mike Field~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike Field~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Gantefoer

Welcome
Hello Gantefoer, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:34, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gantefoer


text:
User talk:Kalfat ulayya

Welcome
Hello Kalfat ulayya, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 07:34, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kalfat ulayya


text:
User talk:Teja~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Teja, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 09:47, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Teja. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Teja~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Teja~enwikiversity


text:
User:Thisisa

The person behind Thisisa is, in fact, someone named Sara.

title: User:Thisisa


text:
Wikiversity:Main page learning project/QOTD

Note: "QOTD" means "quote of the day".

This learning project allows Wikiversity participants to explore the content used in which inserts a quote in the Main Page. The quote appears prominently in the top right corner, next to the welcome message. A (discuss) link accompanies the quote. Here is today's quote:

""

Projects and activities.
 * State the exact source of the quotes.
 * Discuss the quotes.
 * Find more quotes.
 * Make Wikiversity pages for each person who is quoted.

Due to the placement on our main page these QOTD discussions that are linked from the Main Page are frequent targets for test edits, vandalism, and spam. Therefore, the mainspace resource pages redirect to the talk page to prevent editing by unregistered users in a searchable mainspace page. The talk pages are open to anyone editing. For many this might be their first time editing on a wiki. This project is to encourage discussion of the quote but it is also a kind of sandbox for introducing newcomers to collaborative editing.

See also Knowledge, Education and Learning.

Older discussions from this page can be found in the archive.

Currently used quotes
Quotes are no longer included on the main page.

New quote suggestions
This project is inactive.

Formerly used quotes
(older discussions from this section can be found in the archive.)

Related resources

 * Quote of the Day
 * Generating dynamic content with MediaWiki
 * QOTD Quote Of The Day computer service


text:
User:Daniel Gaudry

Daniel Gaudry ph. D. 9 Avenue Calmels 92270 BOIS COLOMBES FRANCE daniel@dgaudry.com

title: User:Daniel Gaudry


text:
Mathematical Methods in Physics/Wave equation

v=λf


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-Round Corners.css

/* round corners on Mozilla and others */ .pBody                                { -moz-border-radius-topright:1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright:1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a { -moz-border-radius-topleft:1em; -moz-border-radius-topright:1em; }
 * 2) content                              { -moz-border-radius-topleft:1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft:1em; }

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-Round Corners.css


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-Round Corners

Round Corners: Provides more rounded corners for anyone who uses mozilla-based browsers, like firefox.

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-Round Corners


text:
Talk:Econometrics

I'm putting as much material on here as I can, later I'll parse what needs to be moved to another page or to references, and organize the data a little better.Aaronchall 21:07, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Econometrics


text:
User:Prawstho

Peter Rawsthorne, M Ed IT, B. Tech
 * 1) http://www.rawsthorne.org
 * 2) http://www.wikieducator.org/User:Prawstho

title: User:Prawstho


text:
User talk:Prawstho

Welcome
Hello Prawstho, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 21:56, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Peter: Welcome to Wikiversity! I'm assuming that you may have come over after the note I left on your user page on WikiEducator re: the course on OERs that Teemu is developing. (I'm brent on WikiEd by the way)... Countrymike 10:20, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Re:getting a development space
ping, Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  21:22, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Creating a Development Environment
hey was looking at this and i like the idea we do need some guides for this

prob is we will need both windows and linux guides    i can help with the c++   php/html/mysql  dev environments for windows

there are a lot of languages that will need dev environments. User:Eadthem, 02:00, 14 March 2008

Thank you!
Thank you Prawstho for creating the blogline channel and thegoogle group. --Teemu 17:39, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prawstho


text:
User talk:Daniel Gaudry

Welcome
Hello Daniel Gaudry, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 21:57, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Gaudry


text:
User talk:Thisisa

Welcome
Hello Thisisa, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 21:57, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thisisa


text:
User talk:Zqrcpr

Welcome
Hello Zqrcpr, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 21:57, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zqrcpr


text: Template:Anchor

title: Template:Anchor


text:
File:Alideniz SBTDS Script.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script

title: File:Alideniz SBTDS Script.pdf


text: File:Zon sorrow and loneliness.ogg

title: File:Zon sorrow and loneliness.ogg


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Intro

Fluid mechanics is a study of the properties, behavior, stresses and motions of materials in the liquid and gaseous states.

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Intro


text: File:Zon Stealth.ogg

title: File:Zon Stealth.ogg


text: File:Zon fun walking.ogg

title: File:Zon fun walking.ogg


text: Template:Fluid Mechanics/box-header

title: Template:Fluid Mechanics/box-header


text: Portal:Fluid mechanics/box-header

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/box-header


text: File:Zon Flying little butterfly.ogg

title: File:Zon Flying little butterfly.ogg


text: Portal:Fluid mechanics/box-footer

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/box-footer


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Departments

 * The School of Engineering
 * The School of Hydrology
 * The School of Marine Sciences
 * The School of Meteorology
 * The School of Physics and Astronomy
 * Aeronautical engineering
 * Aerospace engineering
 * Automotive engineering
 * Biochemical engineering

 * Biomedical engineering
 * Chemical engineering
 * Ecological engineering
 * Energy and Energy Efficiency Engineering
 * Environmental engineering
 * Fire protection engineering
 * Genetic engineering
 * Geological engineering
 * Geotechnical engineering
 * Industrial engineering

 * Materials science and engineering
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Mechatronics engineering
 * Metallurgical Engineering
 * Nuclear engineering
 * Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture
 * Petroleum engineering
 * Sanitary engineering
 * Test engineering

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Departments


text: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Subjects

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Subjects


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Quotes

"At each stage I reach a balance, a conclusion. At the next sitting, if I find that there is a weakness in the whole, I make my way back into the picture by means of the weakness (I re-enter through the breach) and I reconceive the whole. Thus everything becomes fluid again." — Henri Matisse, quoted by Tériade in "Minotaure"

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Quotes


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Learning projects

 * EEN-U3-1000 Wave Energy Generation Learning Project
 * EEN-U4-3100 Vessel Design Learning Project
 * EEN-U4-3200 Tidal Control Learning Project
 * EEN-U4-3300 Battle Damage Learning Project
 * EEN-U4-3400 Benthic Mining Learning Project
 * EEN-U4-3500 Artic Habitat Learning Project


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Featured learning resource

 * Continuum mechanics - Peruse this marvelous course!!
 * Fluid mechanics for MAP - This course is given within the Master Degree Program in Advanced Materials and Processes (MAP) at FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg
 * Microfluid mechanics
 * Aerodynamics - This is an attempt to establish a graduate level Aerodynamics course.
 * Fluid Mechanics for Mechanical Engineers - This material is prepared for the Mechanical Engineering students of Ozyegin University


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Division news

Division fully remodeled on December 30, 2007!!!

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Division news


text:
Template:Fluid mechanics/Participants

 * Add your name...

title: Template:Fluid mechanics/Participants


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/WikiProjects

 * Topic:Computational fluid dynamics is in dire need of an instructor!
 * Rheology is a lost art form that needs resurrection.

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/WikiProjects


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Books

 * Wikibooks:Fluid Mechanics

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Books


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Discussion forum

Any topic will do...

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/Discussion forum


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Things you can do

 * 1) Continue Organizing!!
 * 2) Flesh out topics where needed!!
 * 3) Begin a Learning Project page and brainstorm problems to solve!
 * 4) Develop content for Learning Resources!


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/External links

 * iMechanica - the web of mechanicians
 * MIT Course Materials On-line

title: Portal:Fluid mechanics/External links


text:
Portal:Fluid mechanics/Research projects

None Yet. Future Projects could be:
 * Meteorological Evaluation of Jet-Stream Fluctuations due to Climate Change


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Thermodynamics/Chemical Equilibrium

In a chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the chemical activities or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time. Usually, this would be the state that results when the forward chemical process proceeds at the same rate as their reverse reaction. The reaction rates of the forward and reverse reactions are generally not zero but, being equal, there are no net changes in any of the reactant or product concentrations. This process is known as dynamic equilibrium.


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Statistical Mechanics/Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. It produces very accurate results within these domains, and is one of the oldest and largest subjects in science and technology.

Besides this, many related specialties exist, dealing with gases, liquids, and solids, and so on. Classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity for objects moving with high velocity, approaching the speed of light. Furthermore, general relativity is employed to handle gravitation at a deeper level. In physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of study in the science of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws governing and mathematically describing the motions of bodies and aggregates of bodies. The other sub-field is quantum mechanics.

The term classical mechanics was coined in the early 20th century to describe the system of mathematical physics begun by Isaac Newton and many contemporary 17th century workers, building upon the earlier astronomical theories of Johannes Kepler, which in turn were based on the precise observations of Tycho Brahe and the studies of terrestrial projectile motion of Galileo, but before the development of quantum physics and relativity. Therefore, some sources exclude so-called "relativistic physics" from that category. However, a number of modern sources do include Einstein's mechanics, which in their view represents classical mechanics in its most developed and most accurate form. The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz, and others. This is further described in the following sections. More abstract, and general methods include Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. While the terms classical mechanics and Newtonian mechanics are usually considered equivalent (if relativity is excluded), much of the content of classical mechanics was created in the 18th and 19th centuries and extends considerably beyond (particularly in its use of analytical mathematics) the work of Newton.


text:
Talk:Precambrian/Life origins

Consideration on certain notion of life ( Faustino Núñez Hernández )
--Faustnh 08:30, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

( I did this proposal on Wikipedia's Article on Life, on Discussion section )

Life can be understood as processes of formation of groups or sets, and different succesive layers or levels of such groups or sets :

> Atoms layer. Atoms are necessary for life, but not sufficent. Sole atoms are not living beings.

> The layer of groups or sets of atoms, in the form of molecules. Molecules are also necessary for life, but not sufficient. Sole molecules are not living beings.

> The layer or level of groups or sets of molecules, in the form of molecular or chemical reaction. Dynamic interactions or reactions among molecules, are also necessary for life , but not sufficient. Sole molecular or chemical reactions are not biological processes.

> The layer or level of groups or sets of molecular or chemical reactions, in the form of interactions or interdependences , among molecular interactions or reactions themselves. That is, there are different and separated molecular or chemical reactions , and these reactions , in turn , interact among them and influence each other , in a sort of inputs \ outputs trade chain. It's necessary for life, but not sufficient : the fact of these reactions of reactions ( or " hyper-reactions " ) of molecules does not constitute by itself a biological process. ( For example, existence of herbivorous depends on existence of plants ; existence of carnivorous depends on existence of herbivorous ; existence of many microorganisms depends on existence of carnivorous , as well as existence of herbivorous and plants ; and the existence of plants greatly depends on existence of those microorganisms ; but microorganisms , plants , herbivorous and carnivorous do not constitute together a living individual ).

> The specific layer of life : life emerges when a closed, circular or cyclical set or system of interdependent and interacting molecular or chemical reactions , reaches by itself , or as an own endogenous result , a state of having own delimitation or demarcation ( as if the system of reactions tried to " protect " , " separate " or " isolate " itself from the environment ) and the subsequent state of having cohesion , durability and persistence.

When we have several individualized autonomous living organisms, they start to interact among them again. And the pattern starts to repeat. So it seems as if we could distinguish or consider three main general recurrent phases :

> 1º ) The phase of originary formation of interactions, interrelations or interdependences , among differentiated individuals.

> 2º ) The phase of consolidation of those interactions, interrelations or interdependences , and the subsequent formation of a new single individual or hyper-individual.

> 3º ) The phase of (new hyper-)individuals differentiation, diversification or specialization , so the first phase can take place again ( we could include or classify reproduction and evolution here ).

Regards.

( Posted on my blog ).

title: Talk:Precambrian/Life origins


text:
User:Faustnh

This is my Wikipedia personal space.

title: User:Faustnh


text:
User talk:Santhadevi

Welcome
Hello Santhadevi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 10:07, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Santhadevi


text:
User talk:Mladenski

Welcome
Hello Mladenski, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 10:08, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mladenski


text:
User talk:Texnik

Welcome
Hello Texnik, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Texnik


text:
User talk:Vera~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Vera, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vera. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vera~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:11, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vera~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Jame89

Welcome
Hello Jame89, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Jame89


text:
User talk:Alideniz

Welcome
Hello Alideniz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Alideniz


text:
User talk:Benf~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Benf, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benf~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Crashdummy007~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Crashdummy007, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Crashdummy007. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Crashdummy007~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crashdummy007~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:NazlihaN

Welcome
Hello NazlihaN, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:NazlihaN


text:
User talk:Tltalty

Welcome
Hello Tltalty, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Tltalty


text:
User talk:Devonmiller17~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Devonmiller17, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Devonmiller17. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Devonmiller17~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Devonmiller17~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Clio2773

Welcome
Hello Clio2773, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Clio2773


text:
User talk:Faustnh

Welcome
Hello Faustnh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Life origins
I'm glad you found your way to Life origins. I'm not sure if you saw Darwinism as religion, which is mainly for people who are creationists. We could start a similar discussion project for exploring issues like molecular evolution. --JWS 15:06, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faustnh


text:
User talk:Coolhemz~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Coolhemz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 10:28, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Coolhemz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Coolhemz~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coolhemz~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Hr1354

Welcome
Hello Hr1354, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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your edit was reverted
Merhaba Hashem, your edit was reverted. It is not usable like this. Also the context seems not fitting (at least not everybody understands the language :-? Would be great if you could share some info, so others can understand. Thx, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 15:17, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hr1354


text:
User:Hr1354

I am Master in power engineering and am working in South Pars Central Power Plant. It is an open cycle power plant.V94.2 gas turbine has been used in this plant.

title: User:Hr1354


text:
User:Junkbudha

I:

- am a fan of Wikimedia, because it is boldly moving forward with what the internet could be.

- am interested (though not proficient) in conversing via email au francais.

- can be reached via email using dexteraufrancais___gmail___com

title: User:Junkbudha


text:
Economic Classroom Experiments/Pit Market

Level
Any level (high school on up)

Prerequisite knowledge
None (ability to count)

Suitable modules
Microeconomics, industrial organization and public economics at any level.

Intended learning outcomes

 * 1) The primary benefit is to teach students the relevance and robustness of the competitive-equilibrium solution.
 * 2) Extensions allow for the demonstration of price floors and ceilings and the tax-liability-side equivalence theorem.
 * 3) An introduction to induced-value methods used in other market and auction experiments.

Hand-Run Version
The pit market is designed to be run by hand. For a computerized experiment that demonstrates the competitive solution, a double-auction market is the nearest equivalent.

Procedures
Prior to the experiment, prepare two sets of cards; one from which buyers' valuations are drawn and the other from which sellers' costs are drawn. You can use playing cards or prepare your own with any numbers you like on them. Make sure you choose the cards ahead of time so that the resultant supply and demand curves overlap where all or almost of the units may be traded at a profit at the competitive price.

When the students arrive, divide them into two groups of buyers and sellers. Ensure that there are at least four sellers and four buyers for convergence to the competitive outcome. The groups of buyers and sellers need not be of equal size. Give each student a record sheet (included along with instructions for participants in the downloadable file (link below)) to track their progress. Distribute randomly one or more cards to each of the buyers and sellers from their respective deck of cards. After everyone has received one or more cards, allow students to enter the pit (a large open space in the classroom) where they freely negotiate with one another. When a buyer and a seller agree upon a price, they report their negotiated price to one of the experimenters and turn in their cards face down. To speed up convergence to the competitive equilibrium, recruit a helper from among the students to write the negotiated price on the board for all to see. Have a timekeeper announce the time remaining at regular intervals. At the end of the round, collect all unused cards, shuffle and redistribute randomly for the next round.

Discussion of Results
In an introductory microeconomics course, the pit-market experiment can be conducted prior to teaching supply and demand and the competitive equilibrium to motivate the relevance of these topics. I prefer to conduct it immediately following the lecture on these topics. Begin by showing students the results from their experiment in a transactions graph (software downloadable from the link below).

Also, show them the distributions of buyers' valuations and sellers' costs and ask them to explain why prices converged to the particular observed levels (27 to 28 in the example above). Surprisingly, in a principles course, you'll rarely, if ever, hear the correct answer. Instead, students will claim that the observed prices "are the average of all of the cards," or "at these prices buyers and sellers earn the same". Use asymmetric supply and demand curves (like those in the figure below upon which the transaction prices above are based) in order to reject these explanations and focus on the profit maximization motive and the forces of supply and demand.

Review the textbook assumptions underlying the competitive-equilibrium model and discuss why some of these assumptions are unnecessary for convergence (e.g., full information and the inability to collude or form cartels) and others are imprecise (e.g., "large" numbers of buyers and sellers). Market efficiency, alternative market institutions and the role of displaying transaction prices on the board (or information more generally) are additional topics for class discussion.

Extensions
Expect prices and quantities to converge to the competitive equilibrium within three or four rounds. If you have additional time, you might try imposing a price floor above the competitive price or a price ceiling below it. More interestingly, announce an n-unit tax on the buyers imposed on each unit traded and listen to them groan. The following period replace the tax on the buyers with an (equivalent) n-unit tax on the sellers. Afterwards, you can display to students the outcomes from these two tax periods; namely, the net prices paid and received and the quantity traded are equivalent in the two tax treatments and that the incidence of the tax depends solely on the relative elasticities of supply and demand. See Ruffle (2005) for a further discussion of experimental tests of tax incidence equivalence and the analogous theorem for subsidies.

Downloads
http://www.bgu.ac.il/~bradley/Publications/pitmarket.zip


text:
User:Cfrjlr

My Lunarpedia User Page

title: User:Cfrjlr


text:
User talk:Cfrjlr

Welcome
Hello Cfrjlr, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Cfrjlr


text: File:Workshop agenda.png

title: File:Workshop agenda.png


text: File:Sue and Erik.png

title: File:Sue and Erik.png


text:
User:Sisyphus~enwikiversity

I have been a student for 38 years. This does not include K-12 as I was not the involved participant in my learning that I became at Monteith College in Detroit. They taught me to truly learn through an interdisciplinary approach. My learning interests are eclectic to say the least.

title: User:Sisyphus~enwikiversity


text: Template:User Commons

title: Template:User Commons


text:
User talk:Sisyphus~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Sisyphus, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 20:54, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sisyphus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sisyphus~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sisyphus~enwikiversity


text:
User:Dirk Riehle

See meta:user:Dirk Riehle.

title: User:Dirk Riehle


text: Template:User Wikiversity Beta

title: Template:User Wikiversity Beta


text:
User talk:Dirk Riehle

Welcome
Hello Dirk Riehle, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Dirk Riehle


text: File:Version review example.png

title: File:Version review example.png


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Glossary of Terms/Quantum Mechanics

Atom: In chemistry and physics, an atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning "the smallest indivisible particle of matter, i.e. something that cannot be divided") is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element.

An atom consists of a dense nucleus of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons, surrounded by a much larger electron cloud consisting of negatively charged electrons. An atom is electrically neutral if it has the same number of protons as electrons. The number of protons in an atom defines the chemical element to which it belongs, while the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.

Black Body: In physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls onto it. No radiation passes through it and none is reflected. It is this lack of both transmission and reflection to which the name refers. These properties make black bodies ideal sources of thermal radiation. A blackbody is an abstract concept. It entails a system in which the thermal energy is carried via electromagnetic radiation. With this it is possible to approximate the temperature of the object through the wavelength of the light that is emitted. Black bodies above this temperature however, produce radiation at visible wavelengths starting at red, going through orange, yellow, and white before ending up at blue as the temperature increases.

The term "black body" was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860. The light emitted by a black body is called black-body radiation (or cavity radiation), and has a special place in the history of quantum mechanics.

Copenhagen Interpretation: The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics, usually understood to state that every particle is described by its wavefunction, which dictates the probability for it to be found in any location following a measurement. Each measurement causes a change in the state of the particle, known as wavefunction collapse.

Ensemble Interpretation: The Ensemble Interpretation, or Statistical Interpretation of quantum mechanics, is an interpretation that can be viewed as a minimalist interpretation; it is a quantum mechanical interpretation that claims to make the fewest assumptions associated with the standard mathematical formalization. At its heart, it takes the statistical interpretation of Max Born to the fullest extent. The interpretation states that the wave function does not apply to an individual system – or for example, a single particle – but is an abstract mathematical, statistical quantity that only applies to an ensemble of similar prepared systems or particles. Probably the most notable supporter of such an interpretation was Albert Einstein:

"The attempt to conceive the quantum-theoretical description as the complete description of the individual systems leads to unnatural theoretical interpretations, which become immediately unnecessary if one accepts the interpretation that the description refers to ensembles of systems and not to individual systems."

Photon: In physics, the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. It is the carrier of electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves. The photon differs from many other elementary particles, such as the electron and the quark, in that it has zero rest mass;[3] therefore, it travels (in vacuum) at the speed of light, c. Like all quanta, the photon has both wave and particle properties (“wave–particle duality”). Photons show wave-like phenomena, such as refraction by a lens and destructive interference when reflected waves cancel each other out; however, as a particle, it can only interact with matter by transferring the amount of energy

Quanta: In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is an indivisible entity of energy. A photon, for instance, being a unit of light, is a "light quantum." In combinations like "quantum mechanics", "quantum optics", etc., it distinguishes a more specialized field of study.

The word comes from the Latin "quantus," for "how much."

Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized", referred to as "quantization". This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete numerical values, rather than any value, at least within a range. For example, the energy of an electron bound to an atom (at rest) is quantized. This accounts for the stability of atoms, and matter in general.

An entirely new conceptual framework was developed around this idea, during the first half of the 1900s. Usually referred to as quantum "mechanics", it is regarded by virtually every professional physicist as the most fundamental framework we have for understanding and describing nature, for the very practical reason that it works. It is "in the nature of things", not a more or less arbitrary human preference.

Spectra: A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields.