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Design for the Environment/Power Generation Alternatives for Off-Grid Homes

one might take for granted the fact that we live amongst a full infrastructure of power distribution and we can find electricity wherever we go. However, in some remote locations, this luxury may not be available. There is a need for alternative methods of power generation to supply electricity to a home operating off-grid. In order to shed light on the options available, a comparison between power generation options for a single family home located in Port Sydney, Muskoka will be made. Off-grid power is not cheap, and unfortunately empty pockets are not the only cost. In the age of limited sources of energy, strict regulations and an increasing awareness for our impact as humans on our planet, this analysis will compare each alternative over a 15 year life-cycle and focus on the environmental impacts.

Three options for generation will be considered: a diesel generator (baseline), a micro hydro system, and a solar/wind combination system. The common function is to supply 8,900kWh of power annually to the home - the average power consumption of a household in the United States. Each option has been carefully selected to satisfy this requirement.

The diesel generator is one of the most widely available methods of off-grid generation. The combustion of diesel fuel converts chemical potential into kinetic energy which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. The micro-hydro system implements a water turbine system to harness gravitational potential and kinetic energy of a river and convert it into rotational motion of a turbine and subsequently electricity. The solar/wind combination system utilizes sources of renewable energy to generate power through solar panels and a wind turbine.

Each source relies on inputs which are intermittent in nature. The diesel generator must be refilled, the river is not always flowing at its peak, and some days are calm and cloudy. In order to provide a continuous source of power, a battery bank system to store the electricity will be implemented. However, as this bank is required in each case, it does not aid in our comparison of power generation technologies.

Project Information

 * Section: 01
 * Group: 8A
 * Vuk Dulanovic (Vdulanovic)
 * David Grant (David.grant)
 * Andrew Demeter (Andrew.demeter)
 * Adam Debowski (Adam.debowski)

Functional
The micro-hydro generation system and the solar/wind combination both rely on a natural source of energy. Specifically, the micro-hydro depends on the flow rate of the river which varies seasonally, and the solar/wind combination depends on sunlight and wind speed, respectively. These natural sources are not consistent and therefore decrease the reliability of the two systems. The diesel generator is the most reliable system since it is not dependant on natural variables.

Cost
The table below summarizes the life cycle costs for each option. Based strictly on direct costs, the micro-hydro alternative is the best choice. Click on the links below for a detailed cost breakdown of each alternative.

System  Life Cycle Costs  2008 $USD   Diesel Generator  Initial  $7,049
Maintenance
$2,713

Operating
$15,475

Total
$25,236

Micro-Hydro
Initial
$9,618

Installation
$4,440

Maintenance
$5,162

Total
$19,100

Solar/Wind
Initial
$26,090

Maintenance
$2,714

Transportation
$1,016

Total
$29,820

EIOLCA
The economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) is designed to display the amount of releases produced from a 1997 dollar amount of activity in a given sector. For example, by calculating the cost of a product and entering that amount into the appropriate EIOLCA sector, one can obtain the release values for toxins, green house gases and energy consumption that results from the economic activity. Using the life cycle costs for each alternative, appropriate sectors were selected within the EIOLCA software and results were obtained.

EIOLCA proved to be a strong determining factor in the comparison. By considering the environmental impacts of each system, we can gain a quantitive understanding of how each system affects our ecosystem. The EIOLCA allows us to pinpoint downfalls of each alternative and consider ways in which they may be improved.

The following is a graph of the releases/consumptions for each alternative as a percentage of the total releases/consumptions for all alternatives.

The following are the totals obtained from the EIOLCA analysis for each alternative. The values in bold are the worst amongst each of the alternatives.

 Alternative
 GWP (MTCO2E)
 Total (TJ)
 Tot Air Rel. (kg)
 Water Rel. (kg)
 Land Rel. (kg)
 U'ground   Rel. (kg)

 Diesel
 17.437
 0.146
 2.098
 0.629
 11.423
 0.578

 Micro Hydro
 6.3788
 0.0718
 1.8126
 0.2616
 4.4070
 0.3685

 Solar/Wind
 15.724
 0.178
 4.151
 1.022
 29.576
 0.854

Based on the results obtained above, Micro-Hydro performs best overall as it imposes the least stress on the environment through harmful emmissions. Solar/wind has the most toxic releases, and the highest energy consumption due to the significant energy inputs required in the manufacturing phase. In addition to this, the diesel generator option contributes the most to global warming as it is the only option that burns fossil fuels.

SLCA
The Visual SLCA chart helps us see which alternatives are stronger in each category (the higher the score, the more environmentally friendly). In the Materials Provisioning stage of the process of power generation, the diesel generator ranks the lowest due to the amount of mining and refining required. The other alternatives require significantly less metal components. Another interesting thing to note is that the micro-hydro and solar/wind hybrid systems score the same in the Primary Process category. The reason for this is because they both satisfy the same functional requirement while affecting the environment at the same level (during the primary process). The diesel generator, on the other hand, satisfies the same functional requirements while negatively affecting the environment via the combustion of a fossil fuel. During the Secondary Process, all of the alternatives rank the same. The reason for this equality is associated with the nature of the Secondary Process, itself. In the case of supplying an off-grid home with power, the use of a battery bank to store the generated power (which will be supplied to the home in periods of wind/sun/river current lull or when the diesel generator is off) is necessary. Within the scope of this project, therefore, the Secondary Process refers to the management of power within the batter bank. Due to the fact that every alternative (within the scope of this report) is designed to function with the same batter bank, the Secondary Process for each alternative bears the same, and relatively low, impact on the environment.

Societal
Each of the three systems has some sort of societal effect that should be accounted for to make the best possible decision. Some possible impacts include generated noise, smell, ecological effects, increased water temperature, excavation and natural aesthetics. For the case of the diesel generator, noise was not an issue because the chosen model was part of the Quiet Diesel(QD) series. However, the smell given off by the diesel generator could perhaps be an issue to the surrounding neighbours. The societal impacts caused by the micro-hydro generation system include river damming and destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Fish are often killed travelling down stream into the turbine or intake mesh. The increased water temperature causes changes in the biotic makeup of the water in the river. This can cause plants and algae to grow at the site. Excavation can also cause problems for the environment because pipelines must be installed underground and may disrupt animal homes or plant roots. The solar/wind combination system has very few societal effects. The most significant is the noise given off by the wind turbine during operation. This effect could be minimized by installing the fan away from the house.

Final Recommendation
The final recommendation for providing off-grid electricity for the cottage owner in Port Sydney, Muskoka is the micro-hydro generation system. This decision is based on the conclusion from the functional, cost, streamlined life cycle, economic input/output life cycle, and societal analyses.

The major downfall of this system is observed when considering the functional analysis. This system seems to be the hardest to implement because of the excavation for the pipelines. However, when looking at the EIOLCA, micro-hydro has the least amount of GWP and also releases the least amount of toxins. Along with this system being the most environmentally friendly, it is also the cheapest. The initial cost for this system is fairly large but because it harnesses natural energy and requires no other costs other than regular maintenance. With an overall cost of $19,100 USD, micro-hydro is the cheapest of the three alternatives, with diesel costing approximately $25,000 USD and the solar/wind combination being the most expensive at approximately $30,000 USD.

When taking into consideration the societal effects, a minor downfall is that it disrupts the ecology of the nearby river. However, large amounts of fish are killed only when major hydro power sites are present. In our client’s case, this is a simple and small water turbine that will not cause a large enough effect for it to be deemed dangerous.

Functional
The average American household uses 8,900kWh of electricity every year. The diesel generator which has been chosen (Onan 8.0 HDKAU) will output 6kW of power when running, and will burn a quarter gallon of fuel every hour .In order to supply 8,900kWh of electricity annually, the diesel generator must be left running for four hours every day. Estimating the price of fuel to be $3.75 per gallon, the generator would burn $1,500 of diesel annually.

Cost
Initial Cost The Onan generator has an initial cost of $7000 USD (this figure includes installation costs). The shipping cost, however, is not included in the purchase price. The location of the off-grid home (120km away from the nearest Onan distribution site) introduces a cost of roughly $300 USD.

Maintenance Cost The cost of maintenance has been estimated to be roughly $150 annually. The estimation has taken into account the need for very little maintenance during the first few years of the generator’s life, and an increased amount of maintenance as the generator ages.

Operating Cost The cost incurred during the operation of the generator is attributed only to the cost of diesel fuel consumed by the generator. At $3.75 per gallon, the generator consumes $1,500 annually.

Disposal Cost A diesel generator will generally last longer than 15 years (which is the lifetime of each alternative within the scope of this project). Therefore, there will be no real cost associated with its disposal. In fact, our cottage owner would probably be able to sell the generator for a profit, or simply have the generator taken away at no cost. If the generator was not functional at the end of its life, it would either be recycled or refurbished, neither of which have strong environmental impacts.

Societal
Noise The largest societal concern of an internal combustion generator would normally be the noise pollution. A diesel generator, however, is generally quieter than a gas powered generator because it outputs the same power at roughly half of the speed. Furthermore, the Onan 8.0 HDKAU is a part of Onan’s QD (Quiet Diesel) series which create much less noise pollution than other diesel generators with comparable power ratings. In fact, the 8.0 HDKAU has a decibel rating of 67dB (heard 10 feet away from the generator), which is just slightly louder than a normal conversation between two people.

Smell Another societal concern is the smell of burning diesel fuel. If there are neighbours nearby, they may complain about the odour. If a home is off-grid, however, there is a high probability that the area is not very populated.

Functional
A micro hydro power generation system harnesses both kinetic and gravitational potential of a river. These two sources of energy come from two characteristics of the river, the head and the flow rate. These will be discussed further in the Site Definition section. The moving water from the river is directed into a pipeline through the use of an “intake”, and fired through water jets which in turn spin a turbine blade. This rotational motion can be easily converted into electricity and stored in a battery storage system. Site Definition and Power Potential

The river this micro-hydro generation system will be installed on has the following characteristics:

Head: 140ft (the vertical distance from the intake to the turbine)

Peak Flow rate: 300gpm (the amount of water flowing through per unit time)

In order to calculate the net head of the micro turbine system, we must subtract the head losses in the piping used from head provided by the elevation change.

Net head = 140ft – (300ft x 17.90ft/100ft of piping) = 86.3 ft

Estimated Power (W) = (Net head*Flow rate)/ Efficiency Factor [12]

Typical efficiency Factors range from 9 to 14 depending on the system employed. For the purposes of this analysis we will use a factor of 10 which equates to ~53% system efficiency. This efficiency also includes the losses in the transmission lines, battery storage system, and AC inversion processes, and thus the estimated power below should be close to what the system will produce in reality.

Estimated Power = 1036 Watts

Annual Energy Output (kWh) = 9071.856 kWh

Since the annual energy requirement was set at 8900kWh per year, based on the analysis above the micro hydro system is able to meet this demand.

For high-head (above 20ft) applications, it is ideal use a turbine with a Turgo–type blade. This type of turbine blade allows for water jets to be angled at the blade instead of firing straight on. This makes it possible to increase the number of water jets, which in turn allows the turbine to handle higher flow rates.

Energy Systems and Design produces a Turgo blade turbine called the Stream Engine ESD-SE-4. They are a Canadian company and therefore the prices used in the cost analysis represent a real solution that can be purchased in Canada, and not an item that is from U.S. or other markets.

Societal
Eco-system

The main societal impact of any micro hydro generation system is the disruption of the eco-system it is implemented in. Although micro hydro systems are generally safe, and environmentally friendly, whenever a man made object is installed in nature, there are always undesirable consequences. Fish are often killed as they travel downstream and get caught in the turbine or intake mesh. It is estimated that in major hydro power sites, turbines eliminate 25-73% of the juvenile and adult fish.

River damming

One issue that is important to address with micro hydro systems is the effects of river damming. Although the system being implemented above only uses an intake system and does not dam the river, similar effects are experienced - on a smaller scale. There is often an increase in temperature of the water around the dam. This results in changes to the “biotic-makeup” of the water in the river. This can affect what kind of plants and algae grow at the site.

Excavation

In addition to the river effects of the micro hydro system, there are also effects from the installation of the system due to substantial excavation for pipelines. The grading and removal of soil can disrupt animal’s homes and drive them out of an area. The running of a pipeline may also damage the root systems on trees and other plants, and may even cause them to die.

Functional
A wind and solar energy system can prove to be a quite effective source of energy to supply a small home. Typically, when it is sunny, it is calm, and when it is cloudy, it is windy. In this case, these hybrid components work hand in hand with each other to use natural power in any weather. Using only natural elements to harness energy, this system is very environmentally friendly during the usage stage of its life. Each windmill produces 1600kWh/year at a wind speed of 8mph (typical average for Muskoka). Each solar panel produces approximately 254kWh/year under an operational efficiency of 13.3%. In order to power a house demanding 8900kWh of energy per year, one needs 4 windmills and 16 solar panels to operate at minimal output all day long.

Cost
The cost of both the windmills and the solar panels is quite expensive. The price for one windmill is $2,425 and for one solar panel is $999. Due to the number of each needed, the total initial cost for these mechanisms becomes $25,684. This is quite expensive for an energy alternative. However, after the initial cost has been paid, the system becomes cheaper to maintain in latter years of use.

Cost
2008 $USD

Wind Mill Initial
$9,700

Solar Panel Initial
$15,984

Maintenance
$200/year

Transportation (once)
$1,000

Total
$29,820

Societal
This system has very little societal impact. The noise given off from the windmill is the main disturbance to the homeowner using the device. To reduce this sound effect, one must deter from mounting the windmill on the roof or in close proximity of the house. Instead, securely placing the windmill on a nearby long steel tower and mounting it into the ground is a better idea. It is wise to secure the standing windmill tower with steel wires that are staked into the ground.

Battery Bank
In order to power our client’s home, the electricity generated by the different alternatives (diesel generator, micro-hydro, and wind/solar hybrid) will be stored in the battery bank. The purpose of this battery bank is to store the extra energy generated by each alternative so that power may be continuously supplied to the home by the batteries during the times when the diesel generator is not running, there is a weak current in the river, or there is minimal wind/sun. This is due to the intermittent nature of the sources. There are three possibilities for the flow of electricity within the system as shown below. Exclusion from Comparison The battery bank has not been included in the individual analysis of each alternative because the battery bank that will be used is not dependent upon the method of power generation. That is, each alternative will function with the very same battery bank, and therefore no matter how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ the various impacts of the battery bank are, the consideration of these impacts will not aid in the comparison of the three alternatives of power generation discussed in this report. This section of the report is dedicated to providing a potential off-grid home owner with the necessary economic information and environmental impacts pertaining to the implementation of a battery bank. Functionality and Cost For backup and emergency purposes we will require that 2 days worth of electricity must be stored in a battery bank to supply the home when power is not being generated. In order to satisfy this requirement, 21 AGM sealed batteries will be used. Totaling to an initial cost of nearly $20,000, the battery bank is not a cheap component of off-grid power generation. However, it should be noted that the AGM batteries are rated to last over 20 years.


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User talk:Adam.debowski

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 21:32, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Adam.debowski, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 21:32, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Adam.debowski


text:
Permaculture

Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments.

Definition
Permaculture has been developed by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in 1974 to develop a sustainable multi-crop agricultural system based on trees, bushes, herbs, mushrooms and root systems, with an emphasis on perennial species. It is developed as a response to diminishing resources and pollution.

Permaculture relies on ecological principles to create sustainable human settlements by integrating design to support the ecological cycle of the present elements, picking eco-friendly principles from traditional knowledge and modern science. Natural systems is the main concern to build sustainable human environments and socio-economical infrastructure, to step forward to find conscientious solutions to local and global problems. Personal impressions are important to consider to make the environment appealing to humans, and inducing arts.

Permaculture principles

 * 1) Observe and interact - Everything functions at least two ways and every function is supported by many elements.
 * 2) Manage consumption and refuse, yield produce - Organise surroundings effectively and self-sustainably. This way there will be less need for maintenance by energy saving and recycling house and land models.
 * 3) Holistic approach for controlling surroundings- Intensive work in small land encouraging endogenous species.
 * 4) Cooperate with complete system- Design the area where plants and animals support each other and provide each other's maintenance. This way there will be less need for human interference and maintenance.  Work together and avoid competition.
 * 5) Be patient - Slow and small solutions may seem ineffective, but in long term they may yield better results, and they are easier to control.
 * 6) Embrace diversity- If diversity is present there is a chance that there is interaction and nature will select the compatibility of species itself.
 * 7) Embrace minority- We don't know for certain which recipe will work in which environment. There is always a good chance of success if we maximise edges.  This is achieved by including everything in the plan, but emphasising the most effective.
 * 8) Pace with "la vie quotidienne"- Creative use and adaptation of technology and scientific innovation is inevitable. This allows us to work effectively and save time, money and energy.

title: Permaculture


text: File:Steelroof.jpg

title: File:Steelroof.jpg


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Peak oil, energy, and society/Adam's page

Composting Toilets

The toilet looks like a conventional toilet. It has many features to make it an environmentally sustainable toilet, instead of a flush toilet that wastes water and brings up the problem of waste/ sewage disposal/runoff. This composting toilet made by Clivus uses one ounce of biodegradable matter for flushing purposes. There is a fan in the composting system so as no smell ever enters the bathroom. Your waste goes down some piping and into the compost pile. There is a sawdust bin at the end of the slant and the “waste” mixes with the sawdust and breaks down into compost. Once a month workers from Clivus come to mix the composting matter for efficient breaking down, and to add worms. There systems need to be emptied every five years. All of your “waste” turns into compost and it is a great fertilizer for plants.

Low VOC Paint

The _________  used only low VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) paints and materials in there building. VOC’s are basically nasty chemicals and toxins found in various supplies. When they are in ones house it creates bad air quality inside the home


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Talk:Peak oil, energy, and society/Adam's page

Adam, I'm thinking now that one way to avoid sounding like an advertisement is to be critical; sound like a reviewer instead. What did you think of the Clivus? Too high tech? Or low tech enough? (It does use worms, after all...) I think I remember you questioning whether the foam was necessary --you could certainly put that in. Could you find a link to a web page advocating simpler methods for poop-composting? Or just make a reference to the Humanure Handbook?

The VOC paint thing... part of says, take it out since it's short. Part of me says, no, 75% of the mainstream-suburban world still needs to hear about this stuff, so leave it in, since it could be news to somebody. User:Megercliff, 01:08, 8 April 2008


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Talk:Peak oil, energy, and society/Ian's page

Ian, This is a great paragraph, very readable. I would say that your main (or best) point is more about the building-recycling (renovation) than about how popular solar panels are. So I would change the first sentence to introduce building renovation.

My goal is to make links on the main page by topic (not by your names) -- like, have a page named "Building recycling." If we do that, it would better to separate your paragraph into two paragraphs, one about renewable energy and one about renovation, and have two links.

I'll put up a link to show you what I mean. User:Megercliff, 01:20, 8 April 2008


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User talk:Tbg10101~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Tbg10101, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 01:29, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tbg10101. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tbg10101~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tbg10101~enwikiversity


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Design for the Environment/Automotive Interior Door Panels

This page is part of the Design for the Environment course

Statistics Canada suggests that over 77% of average household own at least one vehicle. Although the technology of automobiles have come a long way from their predecessors, automobile technology has still not reached a level that would allow automobiles to be classified as “zero-emission vehicles.” Canadian vehicles alone have consumed over 38 billion liters of gasoline, contributing to the 24% increase in greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. With Canadians purchasing over 1.6 million new vehicles each year significant amounts of CO2 emissions are being released into the environment. Because of such effects, companies such as Mercedes Benzare continually developing and redesigning vehicles to reduce the environmental impacts throughout a vehicles lifespan.

One concept looks at the use of lighter materials in order to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle allowing less gasoline to be consumed during the use phase of a vehicle. Although the interior consists of many parts including the instrument panel, door panels, and seats, the analysis looks specifically at the door panels. Typically, panels are made from reinforced plasticsbecause of their increased strength compared to a pure plastic. Although it is the matrix-fiber combination that determines the strength of a composite, the analysis looks at only the fiber content in a polypropylene matrix. Glass fiberis currently the most common material used in vehicles because of its strength, abundance and ease to process. Two alternatives being considered are hempfiber and clay nanocomposites because of their ability to have similar properties to glass fiber while being lighter and more environmentally friendly.

Project Information
Section 1 Group 17 N. Vanakijpaibul (Normannei) J. Park (JPark) T. Kim (Kimtaein)

Highlights and Recommendations
Based on several analyzes presented, hemp fiber composite is considered to be the most environmentally friendly alternative that should be used for automotive door interior panel.

Hemp fiber composite possesses sufficient mechanical properties required to be used as an interior panel. It is ranked the best in terms of environmental impact based on EIO-LCA analysis. For example, pre-manufacturing process of hemp fiber and polypropylene resin accounts for roughly 58% of air pollutants that would be released by pre-manufacturing of glass fiber. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis suggests that even with large increase in volume or increase in weight percentage of fiber, the environmental impact is generally less than that produced by glass fiber and clay nanocomposite.

Looking at the streamlined LCA, hemp fiber composite is again shown to be the best with a score of 61.75 out of 100. Large portion of this winning criterion comes from the fact that manufacturing of hemp fiber relies heavily on farming where the main source of energy comes from the sun.

Therefore is recommended that in the design of interior car panels, hemp fiber should be used.

Functional Analysis
Reinforced composites used in interior panel must withstand substantial collision impact without splintering, while allowing easy manufacturing process. However, these properties are less crucial compared to exterior panels and side-collision protective beams in the door. Other requirements for the interior include aesthetic, soft-feel, acoustic insulation, aging resistance, and no odor/fogging. Fogging is caused by the volatility of the resin which could potentially fog the windshield. Typical matrix resins used in composite includes polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, and epoxy. Choice of matrix materials depend on intended mechanical property and also compatibility between the fiber and the matrix. It is found that polypropylene is an acceptable candidate for every fiber due to its compatibility (i.e. capability of blending polymer in molecular level). Furthermore, a current trend towards recyclability regulations enforces 95% of car interior and exterior components must be recycled by year 2015. As a result, ‘one material concept’ emerges and polypropylene is preferred due to favorable mechanical and physical properties.

Glass Fiber
Glass fiber reinforced Plastic is a composite material consisting of fine glass fibers. Since the glass fiber has superior mechanical properties for reinforcement and the moderate material price (US$1.3-2.0), it is the most commonly used fiber reinforcement for plastics. Other advantages of glass fibers include high strength ((tensile strength of 3,450 MPa ) and stiffness, as well as moisture resistant (virgin E-glass is two to three times as strong as alloy steel ). Softening temperature of about 850°C makes glass fiber highly resistance to temperature . However, the major environmental drawback with glass fiber is its energy intensive manufacturing process with previously mentioned high temperatures. This results in the emission of greenhouse gases, traces of chlorides, and hazardous dusts.

Hemp Fiber
Natural fiber reinforcing fiber such as hemp has recently been adopted in North American automotive industries for use in interior panel and other parts. Hemp fiber possesses a numerous advantages over glass fiber. The most important factor, especially in automotive industries, is its light weight (its density is less than half of glass fiber), provided equivalent mechanical properties compared to glass fiber. Hemp fiber, being natural fiber, is safe during handling process as it does not affect human lungs when inhaled and it is non-abrasive to equipments and tools, thus eliminate wear on the tools. As the name suggests, hemp fiber is a natural material which, at the end of its useful life, can be either composted or combusted for recovery of its good calorific energy through incineration. Hemp grows easily, requires little to no weed control and is abundant in many regions of the world. Other advantages include good acoustic property, good thermal insulation, absence of splintering, and excellent formability. However, a major drawback is its hydrophilic nature, or in other words a tendency to easily absorb water and moisture. Therefore, prior to manufacturing process, hemp fiber must be chemically treated.

Clay Nanocomposite
Currently, nanocomposite materials, more specifically clay based nanocomposites, have caught the interest of many industries for the future of material due to their improved mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, to name a few. Not only this, nanocomposites are also much lighter than their counterparts, being further attractive in the automotive industry. Incorporating nanocomposites in a vehicle is expected to reduce related carbon dioxide emission by more than 5 billion kilograms and save 1.5 billion liters of gasoline over the life of one year’s production of vehicles (Details in Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Input-Output LCA). Although many types of clay are available, the clay used in clay nanocomposites is montmorillonite; an environmentally friendly, naturally occurring clay found in large deposits in Europe and the United States. However, similar to natural fiber, a disadvantage of this type of clay is its hydrophilic nature. In order for it to mix within the matrix, the clay needs to be surfaced treated beforehand.

Estimation Method of Manufacturing Cost

Based on estimations of material densities, required volume of one interior door panel, and cost, it is possible to approximate the manufacturing costs needed for the analysis of the Economic Input-Output LCA. For this analysis, difficulties were in finding accurate manufacturing costs, necessitating the use of the so-called 1-3-9 rule for manufacturing costs. This rule incorporates the use of alpha and beta factors, where alpha is a tooling factor taken to be 1.08 and beta is a waste allowance factor taken to be 1.09. Costs of raw materials are based on several sources found on the internet. It was assumed that 100,000 units wouuld be manufactured (4 units per car). Another important concern was that these current monetary values (of year 2008) had to be converted to the monetary value in 1997, in order to use the EIO-LCA analysis which is modeled based on information in 1997. According to, inflation rate was 19.7% when converting from 2008 to 1997 value. A summary of calculations are shown in the table.

With these manufacturing fabrication costs it was now possible to use these values in the EIO-LCA analysis. Industry sectors selected for the EIO-LCA model of each material are as follows; Glass fiber: Glass and glass product, except glass container, Hemp fiber: Fiber, yarn, and thread mills, Clay nanocomposite: Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory mining, Polypropylene: Plastics material and resin manufacturing.

As a result, massive amount of data is obtained and presenting all would be impossible. Therefore, only the summary of air pollutants, green house gases, energy and toxic releases are tabulated and shown below.

Conventional Air Pollutants
During the pre-manufacturing process of each fiber, CO is determined to be the largest air pollutant released from each, with glass, clay and hemp fibers producing 5.37, 3.68 and 3.38 metric tonnes of CO into the air. With all three fibers it is interesting to see that truck transportation sector produces the most amount of CO compared to all the other sectors combined. Looking at the second most released air pollutant from each fiber reflects the difference in pre-manufacturing of each one. Glass and hemp fiber both produce 2.81 and 0.584 metric tonnes of NOx, while clay produced 2.88 megatonnes of SO2. With the amount and type of air pollutants released from each fiber, once mixed with the polypropylene resin, the amount of CO produced released now becomes 8.1, 7.27 and 5.33 metric tonnes respectively. However hemp’s second largest air pollutant has now changed to 1.852 metric tonnes of VOC with, while glass and clay composites released 2.68 and 4.27 tonnes of NOx and SO2 respectively. This change can be described from the wt% of fiber put into each matrix. Hemp and glass have a 50wt% and 30 wt% of fiber respectively, whereas clay has only a 8wt% of clay in the matrix. It is shown that the pre-manufacturing of the fiber produced more air pollutants compared to their resin counterparts. Turning to clay, it is remarkable to note that only 8% of clay produces more air pollutants than 92% of polypropyleneresin, due to heavy air pollutants released from mining process.
 * /Detailed Graphs of Air Pollutants/

Global Warming Potential
From the graphs shown above, it should be obvious that the main (by far) contributor of global warming potential is CO2, where clay nanocomposite produces the most (1,839 tonnes) while glass and hemp composite release 1126 tones and 556 tones respectively. The greatest contributor to global warming potential for glass fiber is due to power generation and supply sector (240 MTCO2E). This is followed by the release of carbon dioxide emissions due to glass and glass products sector (196 MTCO2E). The next main contributor of global warming potential is methane with total emission of 62.5 MTCO2E. Major source of methane emission is waste management and remediation services sectors, with 35% of total methane emission. Other significant sources include oil and gas extraction and coal mining sectors (both at 21%).

Similar to the glass fiber, power generation sector for the hemp fiber also has large emission of global warming potential which is mostly CO2 (80.2 MTCO2E). However, unlike the glass fiber, the pre-manufacturing stage of a hemp fiber causes significant amount of N2O emission due to cotton farming sector(67 MTCO2E). Note that this may not correctly reflect the actual sectors of hemp fiber production, due to limitation of options available in EIO-LCA model. However both kinds of farming do require use of fertilizer that could potentially oxidize with air and in turn produces N2O. With total GWP of 82.7 MTCOE, the largest emission among all sectors, cotton farming (or hemp farming) has the strongest environment impact for the hemp fiber.

Clay has an amazingly high amount of GWP emission (1300 MTCO2). Sand, clay and refractory mining sector emits 566 tonnes of carbon dioxide, and power generation and supply sector also emits 429 MTCO2E. Clay has 86 MTCO2E of methane emission. 40.4 MTCO2E of methane is caused by oil and gas extraction; pipeline transportation of clay and coal mining sector are also shown to have significant amount of methane emission (both are 19% of total emission).

Lastly, the polypropylene resin emits quite large amount of CO2, 486 MTCOE and 76 MTCOE of CH4. Plastic material and resin manufacturing has the largest amount of carbon dioxide emission (143 MTCO2E) and just like composites, power generation and supply sector also has large amount of carbon dioxide emission (123 MTCO2E). For methane, major sector is oil and gas extraction, and waste management and remediation services (53% and 21%).
 * Detailed Graphs of GWP

Energy
With the amount of air pollutants released into the air from each fiber, this mirrored the amount of energy consumed during the pre-manufacturing of each fiber. Looking at charts above, it is shown that natural gas and then coal were the two major sources of energy for all three fibers with clay consuming the most, then glass and hemp respectively. When comparing the fibers to the matrix, only glass and clay fibers consumed more energy with glass and clay consuming 10.5 and 20 TJ of energy. The PP matrix resin of hemp consumed 5.85 TJ of while the fiber consumed only 3.24 TJ.

 * Detailed Graphs of Energy

Toxic Release
The greatest contributor to toxic releases from glass fiber composite is 389kg of land releases. According to the EIOLCA data, 46% of land releases are from copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining; 42% of land releases also come from mining of gold, silver, and other metal ore. The second largest contributor is 183kg of air releases, which is mainly caused by glass and power generation sectors.

Secondly, hemp fiber has 81.8kg of underground releases, which are mainly underground release due to the noncellulosic organic fiber manufacturing sector. Total air releases then has the second largest environmental impact with 72.6kg of toxic releases. Major source of air releases is the sector of cellulosic organic fiber manufacturing with 25.4kg of total air releases (24.6kg of point air and 0.8kg of non-point air).

Last of all, two major toxic releases for clay are land release and total air release. About 60% of 160kg of land releases are generated by copper, nickel, lead and zinc mining; 15% comes from power generation and supply. Another major contributor, total air releases are also mainly caused by power generation and supply (62% of 104kg).

Regarding the prolypopylene resin, 264kg of air releases and 164 kg of land releases are major toxic releases. Air releases are primarily generated by plastics material and resin manufacturing and land releases are mostly caused by mining metals. Among three composites, clay composite with highest weight fraction of polypropylene (92%) should have the highest amount of toxic releases because the total amount of toxic releases from polypropylene is solely dependent on the weight fraction of the resin inside.

Consequently, by adding the total toxic releases from resin and reinforcement, clay composite has the greatest amount of total toxic releases. Also, the glass fiber composite and the clay composite have similar amount of total toxic release, yet the hemp composite releases only 50% of the clay composite.

 * Detailed Graphs of Toxic Release

Increasing Volume of Composite
Due to uncertainties in many assumptions made throughout this report, a sensitivity analysis should be used as a precaution prior to concluding the results. One of the concerns associates with the functionality of each type of composite, which lies in the fact that tensile strength of hemp and clay composites (26.9 MPa and 29.8 MPa [32, 50]) are much weaker than that of glass composite (74.1 MPa [44]). Therefore, a redesign of the interior panel is needed. For our purpose, it is sufficient to assume that an increase in volume (i.e. increase in thickness of the panel and certain location which may be more susceptible to the load and impact) would compensate for the weakness in tensile strength of the hemp and clay composites. We increase volume of hemp and clay composite by 25% and 50% to test for the effects of air pollutants, global warming potential, energy and toxic releases.

As a result of this analysis, a clear conclusion becomes apparent. Hemp fiber composite, despite a 50% increase in volume, has less environmental impact than glass fiber composite. However, release of global warming potential released and energy consumption by an increase of 50% in volume of clay nanocomposite could exceed twice the values of glass fiber composite. This is mostly due to large portion of polypropylene. For hemp composite, the volume increase also adds extra weight which turns out to be 10% and 30% heavier than the weight of glass fiber composite (originally about 13% lighter). As for clay composite, it is still lighter than glass fiber composite by roughly 13% despite an increase in volume (originally 69% lighter).

Graphs: Increasing Volume Of Composite

Increasing Weight Percent of Reinforcement Material
Another possible variation is the change in proportion of reinforcement composite and the resin. We have selected a linear increase of wt% of hemp fiber from 50% to 60% and 70% while reducing the resin from 50% to 40% and 30% respectively. The same is done to clay nanocomposite, which we assume an increase of clay from 8% to 18% and 28% while reducing the amount of resin accordingly. Results are tabulated and included below.

An interesting trend can be observed here. Impact on environment caused by hemp composite remains roughly the same (or even reduced in some cases) as we increase the wt% of hemp fiber. Unfortunately, clay composite maintains the same trend as we have observed in the previous sensitivity analysis. Large amount of increase in environmental impact is not lowered due to impact caused by both mining and resin manufacturing.

Graphs: Increasing wt% of Reinforcement Material

SLCA Analysis
The Streamlined Lifecycle Assessment analysis is a way of evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or process during its lifespan. For products, the analysis compares five general stages of a products life: premanufacturing, manufacturing, packaging/transportation, use and end of life and evaluates each stage with environmental impacts: material choice, energy use, solid residues, liquid residues, and gases residues. Based on guidelines found in books such as "Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment" by T.Graedel, scores from 0 to 4 are given accordingly with 4 being the highest possible score. The analysis is shown as follows.

Matrix
Propylene is derived from petroleum, a limited source of energy. During a petroleum refinery process called steam cracking, heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons are broken into lighter ones by means of heating (roughly 800°C), hence the intensive energy consumption. (Petroleum refinery is in fact the 2nd most energy-intensive industry in the U.S. ) Approximately 10% of waste is released to landfill and underground injection wells, while approximately 24% of toxic materials released through water surface discharge ). Major point air source include toxics such as ammonia, sulfuric acid, n-hexane, etc . Refining process also generates liquid residues from wash waters used in spinning, distillation and cooling processes.

Fiber
In the table, all three of the materials received a score of 4 for material choice, because of the abundance of each raw material (sand for glass fiber, clay for nanocomposite) and the renewability (hemp can be grown). However, due to the difference in processing methods for each material, (melting for sand, farming for hemp, and mining for clay) varying degrees of residues are created and scores are given accordingly. The raw material required during the premanufacturing process of glass fiber mainly comes from sand and recycled glass. Sand, one of the most abundant resources found on earth, is extracted and processed along with recycled glass, soda lime, silica, and other additives in a gas fired furnace. The furnace heats up this mixture of glass at the temperature of 1260°C for 16 hours to create glass marbles, which is further processed to create glass fiber. However, during the process of glass manufacturing, because of the intensive amount of energy needed, carbon dioxide (from burning of fossil fuels), oxides of nitrogen (from burning of gas in air), and sulfur (from glass melting process) are released into the air. As well as creating air residues, glass dust and discharged cooling water containing emulsified oil are also produced Hemp fiber, on the other hand, is a 100% natural product. Main advantages include its biodegradability, renewability, and carbon neutrality. Because hemp is a natural product, the major source of energy is from the sun. Unlike most farms, pesticides, fungicides and weed controls are not needed when growing hemp. However, the drawbacks lie in the use of fertilizer such as phosphorous and potassium which are the causes of eutrophication that could potentially contaminate water bodies. Similar to glass fiber, montmorillonite clay is extracted through mining. However because of the mining process required, there are considerably more drawbacks including the large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from the use of heavy machinery. When protective measures are not taken, damage to the environment can be extensive, including ground water contamination and mine dumps.

Matrix
Polypropylene is composed of many propylene monomers (thus polypropylene) through a polymerization process with a use of titanium tetra chloride (TiCl3) and triethyl aluminum (AlCl3) catalytic agents. Propylene is first fed to a reactor that is constantly stirring along with hydrogen and catalysts to form polypropylene. The length of polymers depends on temperature and concentration of hydrogen added. It is then discharged in powder form along with catalyst residues that need to be removed through dechlorination process. Once clean, this polypropylene, mixed with antioxidant materials, is then melted and extruded through dies to form laces which need to be strengthened by quenching process. Approximately 23,500 Btu of energy is required for manufacturing one pound of polypropylene. There are no major solid and liquid residues (water is recycled), but major fugitive and point air emissions include ammonia, propylene glycol, etc (through leakages)

Fiber
During the manufacturing stage of glass fiber, previously manufactured glass marbles are melted in an electric furnace. The strand of glass fiber is then produced by rotating a cylinder with tiny holes to allow the flow of molten glass by centrifugal force and breaking into small pieces by air stream. The manufacturing process can be considered as a closed-loop process since cullets can be reused. However, large amount of heating and cooling energy is required for melting and cooling glass processes and hazardous fugitive glass dusts and glass fragment are produced as well as green house gases such as CO2, NOx, and SOx due to the electricity used . Hemp is cut with a sickle-bar mower once its height is approximately 3 meters. It is then retted on the field with help of rain, dew and sun to separate bast fibers from hurds and tissues, a crucial step in determining quality of hemp fiber. Residues left from retting process can either be used in fertilization or incinerated for energy recovery. Once completed, fibers need to be heat-treated and thus causing gaseous residue in the form of carbon dioxide as fossil fuel is burnt to produce electricity. After the extraction of montmorillonite, the clay needs to be surfaced treated in order to make it compatible with a specific polymer. One method of surface modification involves using dodeclammonium chloride which is created mixing a concentration of hydrochloric acid and dodecylarmine in distilled water. This mixture is then poured into a hot mixture of montmorillonite and water and stirred vigorously at temperatures of 80C. The mixture is than separated in a centrifuge to obtain just the clay. After being washed several times in hot distilled water, the clay is finally dried in a convention oven. Because of the use of distilled water, liquid residue is created during the mixing and washing phases of surface modification.

Composite Mat
Glass fiber reinforced plastic is a composite of polymer matrix and glass fiber strand mat. During the fabrication of fiber strand into a fiberglass mat, the polymer resin is readily sprayed onto the fiber. Even though the composition of the matrix is different for each product type, normally the resin requires toxic catalyst for solidification of the liquid resin. Normally used catalysts such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and accelerator such as dimethyl aniline (DMA) are both highly flammable and inhalation of their vapors may be fatal. Another shortcoming includes dust fragments of fiberglass that are hazardous when inhaled. Hemp reinforced fiber mat can be manufactured by a compression molding method. In this method, a layer of polypropylene is stacked with randomly oriented layer of hemp fiber, alternating with another polypropylene sheet. This process can be repeated to meet the desired thickness and strength. However, it is important to use Dupont Mylar films to cover both top and bottom of the mat in order to obtain a smooth surface finishing. The stacked mat is then compressed under a heated mold at 200°C for approximately 10 minutes, consuming the shape of the mold. It should be noted that, at this stage, necessary internal fasteners may be added into the mold and thus eliminate the use of adhesives. Although there are three ways of processing clay nanocomposites, the best method is melt-intercalation because of the absence of a solvent allowing it to be an environmentally benign approach. The melt intercalation process involves annealing a mixture of the polymer and the clay above the softening point of the polymer allowing the two to mix directly in the molten state. Because of the absence of a solvent, solid, liquid or gas residues are minimal or not present.

Packaging and Transportation
As seen in the table all three fibers and polypropylene received the same score because packaging and transporting of each material is similar to one another. At the stage of transportation, glass fiber, clay and polypropylene resin are both in a powder or small particle state which are packaged into plastic bags before packaged in cardboard drums. Because of similarity in packaging, the energy use for each fiber is virtually the same. Used plastic bags can be recycled while cardboard drums can be reused. One of the possible ways to recycle plastic involves burning plastics in order to breakdown the polymer into their constituent monomers, which to a certain extent creates air pollution.

Use
At the use stage, environmental impact solely depends on the weight of insulation panel; the lighter the car, the less CO2 produced. Clay nanocomposite, being the lightest among the 3 materials, received the best score, while the traditional heavy glass fiber mat received the least score accordingly. As the heaviest composite among the alternatives, the weight of one interior door panel with 30% E-glass fiber-70% polypropylene reinforced plastic is approximately 1.8kg. Due to the weight, cars with glass fiber reinforced insulations will consume more fuels and end up emitting more greenhouse gases. Hemp fiber reinforced mat at 50% fiber and 50% polypropylene matrix yields a total weight of roughly 1.5 kg, about 190 grams lighter than glass fiber reinforced mat. Thus one automobile with 4 insulation panels can potentially save 4.57-6.45 liters of gasoline, assuming an estimated life span of 175,000 km. It is also estimated that 13.6 kg of CO2 emission will be reduced. As seen in the table, with clay nanocomposite is the lightest composite of the three, the weight reduction results in saved fuel consumption. Assuming that the vehicle travels 175,000 km throughout its lifetime, using gasoline about 11.9 – 16.79 litres of gasoline is saved while using diesel saves approximately 10.15 – 11.55 litres of diesel. Similarly, during the use phase of the vehicle, although CO2 emissions are still released, the reduction in weight saves 35.351kg and 33.211kg of CO2 in gasoline and diesel respectively.

End of Life
Although hemp fiber and clay are both biodegradable, they are not recyclable once mixed in a matrix that is not biodegradable (i.e. polypropylene). Reinforced fiber composites are impractical to be separated because of their multiphase nature which the two phases are intermixed in a small scale. Due to non-biodegradability, hemp fiber composite and clay composite have been degraded to the same level as glass fiber composite, hence the same score pattern. Despite the materials being non-recyclable, another available option of incineration may be employed. Considering this process, small amount of energy can be created. However, amount of air pollution (CO2) and solid residues created are significantly large.

Societal Analysis
Aside from the environmental impacts that occur, societal impacts are of another concern. With glass fiber, noise pollution is the biggest problem that is created by the machineries used in pre-manufacturing and manufacturing stages. A glass-forming machine used in the pre-manufacturing stage creates extremely loud noise levels of up to 106dB, which is considered to be potentially hazardous. Moreover, the transportation of the products and raw material also contribute to noise pollution as well.
 * Glass fiber

Hemp leaf and flower contain hallucinogenic substance delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, growing hemp is strictly controlled and hemp grower must obtain an approval prior to cultivation. The exact global position must also be reported. The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canadian) requires hemp and its parts to contain less than 0.3% THC when tested in the approved manner. In U.K, other restriction requires hemp farm must not be easily accessible by public or locate within reach of school or leisure areas. It should also be noted that while it is legal to grow hemp in Canada (after approval), it may be considered illegal in the U.S. Similiar to glass fiber, noise pollution is a problem that occurs with mining during the pre-manufacturing stage of clay nanocomposites. However mining is a process where the enviormnetal damages can be much more extensive including acid mine drainage, and water contamination. Modern mining practices however have greatly improved and ultimately aim to restore the environment to being pristine as possible. Cases studies have been done looking at mining villages and looking at the impacts including noise, dust and visual pollution
 * Hemp fiber
 * Clay nanocomposite

Cost Analysis
Economic analysis looked at the two most significant stages of each composites lifespan; the pre-manufacturing of each fiber, and the cost during the use phase. The alpha and beta cost estimation formula is used to look at the manufacturing fabrication cost for 100,000 units. It is noted that a 1997 EIOLCA model was used, and hence an inflation rate of 19.7 is applied to the calculate the respective cost.

Because of the different fiber matrix content in each composite, varying amounts of each material is needed as seen in the table in EIOLCA. For glass fiber which costs is $3.05/kg, 928.8g is needed, averaging approximately $2.83. Its PP matrix similarly, requires 760.20g of PP is needed giving a total manufacturing fabrication cost of approximately $1450271.00 which is the same as $1164567.61 in 1997. Similarly the total manufacturig fabrication costs of hemp fiber and clay nanocomposites are $439,270.34 and $1,470,614.78 respectively. From the results, clay nanocomposite has the highest manufacturing cost, approximately 3.3 times higher than hemp fiber and 1.26 times higher than the baseline glass fiber.

During the use phase it was assumed that an average vehicle would travel 175 000km throughout its lifetime while the cost of gasoline would average $0.80/L. The dimension of interior door panel is estimated to be 60cm x 40cm x 0.5cm, resulting in a volume of 1,200 cm3. In addition, a varying factor of ±5% and ±10% are used for the sensitivity analysis. For example, 95% of 60cm, 95% of 40cm and 95% of 0.5cm yields a volume of 1028.85 cm3. Thus, with this variation of volumes and weight % of fiber and resin, different weights of one interior door panel are calculated as demonstrated in the table below. According to, gasoline saving factor is calculated to be amount of dollars saved per liter of gasoline per reduction in weight of the car per distance travelled (i.e. $0.34- $0.48/L /100kg /100km). Reduction in weight is calculated by subtracting the upper and lower values of hemp fiber and clay nanocomposite weight from the base material, which is glass fiber composite (i.e. 1068.59-955.22=113.37). Using gasoline cost of $0.80 and estimated distance travelled of 175,000km throughout a car’s lifespan, the total amount of dollar savings are estimated as shown in the table below. From these calculations, it is interesting to note that despite all changes made towards efforts in weight reduction of the interior door panel the amount saved is quite insignificant with hemp fire saving only $8.31/door (or $8.31x4= $33.24), and clay nanocomposite saving $21.64/door (or $21.64x4= $86.56), through each composites lifespan respectively.


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Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users

At the moment a user is autoconfirmed when the user account has existed for 4 days (a minimum number of edits is not required).

Because of that, some features are not available in this period: e.g. upload file, moving of pages

Some possibilities in that case:
 * create an account at commons and upload files at commons
 * you can use the files here at Wikiversity by referencing their file names,
 * e.g. This picture at commons can be used here when you use in the pages
 * [[Image:Damselfly October 2007 Osaka Japan.jpg|thumb|This is a picture from commons]]

 * contact Support staff (also by Chat) or
 * write a message in the Colloquium

title: Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users


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Talk:Peak oil, energy, and society/Caleb's page

Nice job, Caleb. I will say, the writing, per se, needs a lot of editing to be more readable. But the critical thinking is there, and you set the context and explain well the idea of making building materials from recycled materials. Three ideas for improvement:
 * read over it and edit grammar, typos, and sentence arrangement to improve readability. Maybe even get a friend or writing teacher to provide edits?  I'd be happy to edit it but I want to do it with you as a teaching exercise if I do.
 * expand your pros and cons; I don't mean how many pros you give, I mean explain each one more fully. For instance, why is bamboo more resilient?  What materials would end up in landfills?
 * add some links so people can see these things -- or maybe a link to the Trustees of Reservations site in Leominster. But I'll talk about this last idea in class another day.


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User:TSOShadow

TSOShadow (A.K.A. Pathmage, Antonio, Steven, Furtado, Blinky, And other various nicknames.)is a recent member of 'wiki' and first creator of page pertaining to his 'name'. Accepts just about all and everything created/edit/modified on 'wiki' can/may and likely will be edited as publicly viewed.

Recent Events
TSOShadow may not be entirely original, but proceeds to move on to more important tasks such as learning and growing 'stronger'. Content posted is purely for practical use, experimentation, and other wise learning.

Resume
Toronto, ON M9A 4M7 Phone: 416-740-8778 Personal E-Mail: Dark_wind_blows@hotmail.com Business E-Mail: afuratdogroup@gmail.com

Steven Furtado

Objective
I will be an expert in computer troubleshooting, maintenance and other software related skills. E.g. Word, Flash, HTML, CSS, Photoshop, Animation, and/or Customer Satisfaction testing.

3-4 years Computers Toronto,On

 * Computer Maintenance/Trouble Shooting/Networking
 * [1-2 Years] Networking (Cable/Wireless/Administration)·
 * Upgrading hardware (Ram, Hard Drive, Graphics ect.)·
 * Replacing Parts (Ram, Hard Drive ect.)·
 * Tuning up (Free Space, Remove old files, Virus/Ad ware removal)·
 * Maintained and used my own computer and networks for over 4 years.
 * Taken grade 12 computer science/engineering and have disassembled, re-assembled computers.
 * Done basic programming with Java, Turing, Flash, Watcom.

I enjoy developing skills using computers since Grade 1 and written simple programs and developed GUI's with Turing.

2-3+ Months Renovator Toronto,On

 * Laborer
 * Demolition (Tearing out an old wood deck, Tile, Wood Frames,)
 * Clean up (Steam cleaning, Vacuuming, Sweeping Debris)
 * Taping (Mud touch ups, Sanding)

1 Month No Frills Toronto,On

 * 1 week Assistant Building Manager (Chang lights, Steam clean carpets, update security cards.)
 * 2-3 M. Demolition (Tearing out an old wood deck, Tile, Wood Frames,)
 * 2-3 M. Clean up (Steam cleaning, Vacuuming, Sweeping Debris)
 * 2-3 M. Taping (Mud touch ups, Sanding)

Education

 * 2003–2006 East Your Collegiate Institute Toronto, On
 * Grade 9-12 Math
 * Grade 11-12 Computer Engineering
 * Grade 10-12 Computer Science
 * Grade 9-12 English

Interests

 * Computers
 * Console/Computer Games
 * Game testing
 * HTML/PHP/Web Design
 * Animation

Personal Referrals
VF Profile Artworks and Graphics Facebook Profile

title: User:TSOShadow


text: User:RSocrates

title: User:RSocrates


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Talk:Peak oil, energy, and society/Charlotte's page

Nice writing, Charlotte. A nice readable introduction. Factually correct. I found a link to a document on the web about the place in Fitchburg -- would you like to put the link in your paragraph? I'll put it up on the main page --look for it there. You could copy it if you wanted. User:Megercliff, 04:03, 8 April 2008


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Peak oil, energy, and society/Frederick's page

Geothermal systems can heat and cool buildings by connecting them to the stable temperature of the earth. The technology found in the compressor of home refrigerators --in this application, called a "heat pump"-- is necessary for most geothermal systems. Refrigerators actually work by pumping heat out of the food compartment of the fridge; the heat is vented into the room, and the food cools down. A geothermal system drills a well deep into the earth, perhaps 100' down, perhaps 500'; at these levels, the temperature is always around 45 or 50 degrees. Some systems draw water from this deep well; other systems circulate water from the surface through closed pipes into the well and back out, allowing the water to become the same temperature as the earth. Either way, the water brought to the surface is sent to the heat pump. If the building needs to be heated, heat is pumped out of the water into the building; if the building needs to be cooled, heat is pumped out of the building into the water. The water is then recirculated back into the well where its temperature equalizes back to 45-50 degrees.

The Massachusetts Innovation Center in Fitchburg is currently heating an entire mill complex using geothermal systems of various sizes. You can view the proposal explaining the economic payoff of the installation here.

Another major geothermal installation in the Boston area will be at a retirement community in Dedham called NewBridge on the Charles. They plan to drill more than 400 wells, each 500 feet deep, using closed-loop piping. (Dedham Times, March 28, 2008, p. 14) See this TV news story about their plans.


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Talk:Design for the Environment

Can we make sure people who aren't logged in can't edit? User:Naweedkhan, 06:09, 8 April 2008
 * Hello, yes that would be possible, see Page protection. Probably you ask because of this ?
 * But then people would have to ask someone to unprotect it, when wanting to optimize it. This limits their freedom. V.nd.l.sm can always easily be reverted - by anyone. I personally want as many people as possible to have access to nearly everything here, we are a wiki. And if a v.nd.l really wants to make problems they also can register an account :-(
 * On the other hand if a user forgets to log in, probably she would notice immediately and could log in then and write with her username. Also you or others would not have additional efforts to "clean" things up.
 * Were there more such test edits ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:55, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I just blocked that IP from future edits here at Wikiversity:, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 07:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Thanks, but I would like to now edit the name of my topic from "Dry cleaning detergents" to "Dry Cleaning Methods".

Internal note about responsibility for this project
The real-world teacher in charge of this project is User:SRego. This might be useful to someone. --McCormack 06:22, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Copyright violations
There has been great work done in this course; however, there are also quite a number of copyright violations - as well as uses of images which are ambiguous or problematic. The list below is from the first section of this course - and there may be others within the section that I have missed (for example, some of the images uploaded to Commons). I appreciate that in some cases, images are sourced, and claimed as fair use - but this is (usually) not good enough for Wikiversity. (An exception might be Image:OPG.JPG, which is clearly copyright, but which is the only image which could be used in its place, and is probably ok in context.) If you have uploaded an image that is copyright, please consider finding a suitably free alternative to put on the page you have used the image on. You can try our media repository, Commons, or search the web for Creative Commons images without the "no commercial" and/or "no derivatives" clauses ("cc-by" and "cc-by-sa" are fine). Please note that all images listed here are possibly subject to deletion. However, we will try to do all we can to help you give more information on licences, to find alternative images, and even to help get these images relicensed under a sufficiently free licence. Thanks. Cormaggio talk 17:22, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Images which are known copyright violations

 * Image:AirPollutionCars.jpg uploaded by User:Mohabir
 * Image:Car_Pollution_img0237.jpg, uploaded by User:Elyad,zahedi
 * Image:Oil_rig.JPG, uploaded by User:Mohabir
 * Image:Cornfield1.jpg, uploaded by User:Elyad,zahedi
 * Image:Hydrogen-SteamMethaneReforming3.jpg, uploaded by User:Mohabir
 * Image:FumesG_468x313.jpg, uploaded by User:Elyad,zahedi
 * Image:Latex_Compression.JPG, uploaded by User:Smemme (could possibly be used under "fair use")
 * Image:FPF_Compression.JPG, uploaded by User:Smemme (could possibly be used under "fair use")
 * Image:Bosompraboiler.jpg, uploaded by User:Bosompra
 * Image:ICE.JPG, uploaded by User:Elmira kalali
 * Image:Baby_cottoninsulation.jpg, uploaded by User:JLuu
 * Image:Dry_Ice_Blasting.jpg, uploaded by User:Joshuatam to Commons

Images which are possible copyright violations, or of unknown status

 * Image:BMWintropic.jpg, uploaded by User:Mohabir
 * Image:Mainpic_harrington.jpg, uploaded by User:Smemme
 * Image:SoyFoamCushion.jpg, uploaded by User:Smemme
 * Image:Fuelll.JPG, uploaded by User:Elmira kalali
 * Image:Energy-AirPollutants.JPG, uploaded by User:A Marangoni
 * Image:Nitrous_Oxide.JPG, uploaded by User:A Marangoni
 * Image:Natural_Gas.JPG, uploaded by User:A Marangoni
 * Image:Flachsdammplatte_DP.PNG, uploaded by User:JLuu
 * Image:RockWool.PNG, uploaded by User:JLuu
 * Image:Mercedes_Benz_E-Class_%28courtesy_of_Daimler-Chrysler_AG%29.jpg, uploaded by User:Normannei (uploaded to Commons)
 * Image:DoorPanel.JPG, uploaded by User:Normannei (uploaded to Commons)
 * Image:Hemp_plants_big.jpg, uploaded by User:Jungbim (uploaded to Commons)
 * Image:Mont_pk.jpg, uploaded by User:Jungbim (uploaded to Commons)
 * Image:Manufacturing_stage_of_glass_fiber.GIF, uploaded by User:Jungbim (uploaded to Commons)
 * Image:Soakcleaning.jpg, uploaded by User:Colinliu to Commons (possibly from another WMF project)
 * Image:UV_Ozone_Cleaning.JPG, uploaded by User:Joshuatam to Commons

Images which contain possible copyright violations

 * Image:Collage.JPG, uploaded by User:A Marangoni (note: even if the derivative image is self-made, the images used in the collage also need to be freely licensed. If the images used are free, then great - we can use it!)
 * Image:Tar-sands-collage.jpg, uploaded by User:Jungbim (uploaded to Commons)

Images which are not sufficiently free

 * Image:75920897_16bbd29e3b.jpg, uploaded by User:Jtelatnik ("Non-commercial, no derivatives") - Wikiversity content must be free to be modified, and to be used commercially.

Images which claim fair use

 * Image:Cogen_in_house_2.JPG, uploaded by User:Andrewlui
 * Image:WhisperGen.JPG, uploaded by User:Andrewlui
 * Image:EbaraBallard.JPG, uploaded by User:Andrewlui
 * Image:Tokyo-Vancouver.png, uploaded by User:Liualain
 * Image:OPG.JPG, uploaded by User:THuen (probably ok in context)
 * Image:Nanticoke_power_plant.jpg, uploaded by User:THuen
 * Image:IGCC_pic.JPG, uploaded by User:THuen
 * Image:Yogenfruz_cup.jpg, uploaded by User:R.monsour

Page structure
Pages that are part of this resource have been structured using pagenames beginning with "DFExxxx" where xxxx is the year of the course. However, it would be clearer and tidier (and more useful in terms of Wikibooks, for example) if we use subpages, considering that a deep resource on Design for the Environment is being built. The identification of each page with the DEF section that created it is not a long-term benefit justifying the inclusion in the page name. I'm proposing to move the pages to subpages, leaving redirects in place. I would move DFE2009 Worldwide Package Cushioning to Design for the Environment/Worldwise Package Cushioning. I'd leave a note on the page as to the specific course origin, if it's not already there. I'd move all the other pages similarly. Comments? --Abd 17:13, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Design for the Environment


text:
User talk:Dace~enwikiversity

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:43, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Dace, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:43, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dace. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dace~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dace~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Mcsporran~enwikiversity

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Mcsporran, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mcsporran. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mcsporran~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mcsporran~enwikiversity


text:
Brain Imaging

Back to Neurosociety Media Centre home page

title: Brain Imaging


text:
Neuroethics/Fiction

Topic:Neuroethics

Books
Was Proust a Neuroscientist - add details here
 * The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

Film

 * The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

TV

 * 3lbs

title: Neuroethics/Fiction


text:
Neuroethics/Blogs

Topic:Neuroethics

 * BrainEthics by cognitive scientist Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy and neuroaesthetcian Martin Skov

 * Neuroethics and Law blog by Adam Kolber, Princeton University.

 * BrainBlogger
 * Brain Waves (Zack Lynch)
 * Mind-Hacks
 * Nature-Neuroscience
 * Neuroethics and Law (Prof. Adam Kolber)
 * Neurevolution
 * Neuroanthropology
 * Neuroculture
 * Neurocritic
 * Neuro-Journalism Mill
 * Neurophilosophy
 * Neurophilosophy and Sociocognition
 * Neuroscience Blogs (List of neuro-blogs)
 * Neurosecurity
 * NKU Cognitive Neuroscience
 * Psychopolitics
 * Spirituality and the Brain
 * The Frontal Cortex
 * Time Blog: Your brain on Politics

title: Neuroethics/Blogs


text:
Neuroethics/Centres

Topic:Neuroethics

 * 3TU.Center for Ethics and Technology a collaboration of the philosophy sections of Eindhoven University of Technology, Delft University of Technology and the University of Twente.
 * The Hastings Center in New York
 * London School of Economics, 'Brain, Self and Society in the 21st Century' project, Professor Nikolas Rose, Martin White.
 * Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania and their Neuroethics project
 * Neuroethics.Net Canadian research led by Dalhousie University.
 * Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and their Neuroethics Theme Group

title: Neuroethics/Centres


text:
Neuroethics/Events

Topic:Neuroethics

2008

July

18 EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) The Human Mind and Behavior. Barcelona, Spain. With Pierre Magistretti Brain-Mind Institute Switzerland, Elaine Snell (European Dana Alliance for the Brain (EDAB) in the United Kingdom, Alison Abbott of Nature in Germany, Paul Matthews of Imperial College London and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), UK, Christian Keysers of University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands, and Hossein Esteky of the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics of Iran.

14 FENS 2008 International Neuroethics Network/ Neuroethics Society Social, Tuesday, July 14, 2008 at 1700h, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Brussels. With Pierre Magistretti (University of Lausanne, Switzerland), Giorgio Innocenti (Karolinska Institute, Sweden) and Judy Illes (University of British Columbia, Canada).

June

26-28, 2008 Neuroethics Symposium, Society for Philosophy and Psychology Annual Meeting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

4-6, 2008 Neuroethics Session, EndoNeuroPsycho Meeting, Doortwerth,The Netherlands

May

April

7 Should Criminal Law Be Reconsidered in Light of Advances in Neuroscience? Harvard Law School, April 7 2008

March

8-16, 2008 International and Interdisciplinary European Conference on Brain - Neuroscience - Ethics The Heinrich Pesch Haus, Center for Applied Ethics, Ludwigshafen, Germany, March 8-16 2008

February

15, AAAS Symposium Poverty and Brain Development: Correlations, Mechanisms, and Societal Implications, AAAS Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, February 15 2008

January

2007

Neuroethical Issues in Cognitive Enhancement and Neuroimaging, Barbara Sahakian, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Talk at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (UK) 27 November 2007

The Ethics of Neuroimaging, October 4 and 5, 2007, 3TU.Centre for Ethics and Technology and Delft University of Technology

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

Neuroethics Conference: Mapping the Field, San Francisco, California, May 13-14 2002

title: Neuroethics/Events


text:
Category:Wikiversity official pages with reviews requested

This category contains policy pages with Template:review requested.


text:
Instructional design/Learning objectives/Criterion Self-Test/Answers

1. Criteria in objectives can best be defined as? *Criteria is the outcome of a well formed objective.(although the outcome may be a measurable criteria, this is not the correct answer) *Criteria provides the "how to" of a well formed objective (this is wrong, "how to" is more of a condition) *Criteria provides the measurable portion of a well formed objective. (this is the correct answer because criteria is a measurable part of the objective)

2. Criteria can best be defined by _____________? *Speed, weight and measurement (these are criteria measurements but not the best answer) *Accuracy, speed, quality and quantity (This is the best answer) *Speed, measurement, experts and opinions (these could be criteria measurements but not the best answer)

3. The areas criteria come from are_______.

*Job, improvement, academic and personal experience (Correct, this is the best answer) *Business and education. (these are correct, but not the best answer or complete) *Experience and documentation. (these are correct, but not the best answer or complete)

4. Which is an example of pointing criteria?

*answers must be accurate to the nearest whole number. (wrong this is accuracy criteria) *saw a 2" X 4" board in half within 60 seconds (wrong this is speed criteria) *according to criteria described on pg.5 of manual. (this is correct as it points to criteria described in a manual)

5. A good question to ask yourself before writing criteria is______.

*How much time will this take? (this may be a question for a speed criteria, but it is not the best answer) *How will we know if the object has been achieved?(this is the correct answer as it as it leads to measurement) *What does it take to be correct?(this a valid question but not the best)


text:
Neuroethics/News

Topic:Neuroethics

March 2008
La prochaine loi de bioethique devra repondre aux progres de L'exploration du cerveau humain, Le Monde, Samedi le 29 Mars

title: Neuroethics/News


text:
Neuroethics/Books

Topic: Neuroethics

Ackerman, S. (2006) Hard Science, Hard Choices: Facts, Ethics, and Policies Guiding Brain Science Today, Dana Press.

title: Neuroethics/Books


text:
Neuroethics/Journals

Topic:Neuroethics

Journals
American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience

Biosocieties

The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Neuroethics

Special issues
American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 5, Number 2, March-April.

Journal articles
Forthcoming

Farah, M.*, Illes, J.*, Cook-Deegan, R., Gardner, H., Kandel, E., King, P., Parens, E., Wolpe, P.R., Sahakian, B. (In Press) Neuroethics and the enhancement of cognition and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. [See also talk at Cambridge University]

Illes, J., Rosen, A., Huang, L., Goldstein, R.A., Raffin, T.A., Swan, G., Atlas, S.W. (In Press) Incidental findings on adult brain MRI: Age-related double dissociation and ethical considerations. Neurology.

Evers, K.(2005) Neuroethics: A Philosophical Challenge, American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 5, Number 2, Page 31.

Farah, M.J. (2005) Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical, Trends in Cognitive Science, January, Volume 9, Number 1, Pages 34-40.

de Vries, R. (2005) Framing Neuroethics: A Sociological Assessment of the Neuroethical Imagination, The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 5, Issue 2, March, Pages 25 - 27

title: Neuroethics/Journals


text:
User talk:Normannei

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:06, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Normannei, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:06, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

a note about images on DFE2008_Automotive_Interior_Door_Panels
Please note that the images at DFE2008_Automotive_Interior_Door_Panels may be deleted if license information is not applied. A note about their current status can be seen on the image pages, which can be accessed by clicking on the images. If their current license is not GFDL comptable, perhaps they could be utilized under fair use. --Remi 06:14, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Normannei


text:
User talk:Kimtaein

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:07, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Kimtaein, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:07, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kimtaein


text:
Neuroethics/Associations

Topic: Neuroethics

 * Dana Foundation

 * The Neuroethics Society U.S. body.

title: Neuroethics/Associations


text:
User talk:Jpark

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:09, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Jpark, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:09, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpark


text:
User talk:David.grant

Hello David, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello David.grant, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Re:upload
ping, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 21:34, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello David, there is an example now at Autoconfirmed users how to do this with commons (which works immediately for picture uploads and you can use the pictures here at Wikiversity by referencing their file names). Please spread the news with your team, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 06:43, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:David.grant


text:
User talk:Vdulanovic

I am also doing off-grid electricity from the other section. I added your page in our "see also" section for people who are really interested in the topic. Just to let you know. Maybe you can do the same. JLau 00:04, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Vdulanovic, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vdulanovic


text:
Neuroethics/Courses

Topic:Neuroethics

[http://www.dana.org/neuroethics/default.aspx. Dana Foundation]

title: Neuroethics/Courses


text:
Template:Bcpm/prag/4

April

This template makes a link to the April key for Prague, and adds plant pages to Category:BCP/PRAGUE/4 and Category:BCP/Flora of the Czech Republic (it automatically adds ), for plants that have been recorded as flowering in April in Prague.

This template should only be used in the "Prague = " field of Bloom clock plant middle

title: Template:Bcpm/prag/4


text:
Category:BCP/PRAGUE/4

This category is for plants found flowering in April in Prague, Czech Republic.

title: Category:BCP/PRAGUE/4


text:
Template:Bcpm/nhamp/4

April

This template makes a link to the April key for New Hampshire, and adds plant pages to Category:BCP/NHAMP/4 and Category:BCP/Flora of New Hampshire (it automatically adds ), for plants that have been recorded as flowering in April in New Hampshire.

This template should only be used in the "New Hampshire = " field of Bloom clock plant middle

title: Template:Bcpm/nhamp/4


title: Category:BCP/NHAMP/4


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Prague/March/All

The plants pictured below have been recorded as blooming during the month of March Prague, Czech Republic.

last updated --Juan 18:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC) with 13 plants

title: Bloom Clock/Keys/Prague/March/All


text:
User talk:Justasqeeple

Hello, you have a reply here. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 18:55, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Justasqeeple, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 18:55, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Justasqeeple


text: File:EI roofing.jpg

title: File:EI roofing.jpg


text:
User:Macroixmiwa

me

title: User:Macroixmiwa


text: File:EIOLCA and Conventional LCA Comparison.JPG


text: File:SLCAChart.JPG

title: File:SLCAChart.JPG


text: File:SMRLifecycle.JPG

title: File:SMRLifecycle.JPG


text: File:Costelectro.JPG

title: File:Costelectro.JPG


text: File:Overall Performance.png

title: File:Overall Performance.png


text: File:DFE2008 Automobile Engines—Functionality.png