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Art

Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities.

Art can be visual, auditory, and more. Auditory art is called music. Visual art can include sculpting, painting, illustration, computer generated graphics, and more.

Humanities
"The purpose of incorporating humanities teaching into medical education is to encourage students to develop into more sensitive and caring doctors who communicate well with their patients and colleagues."

Colors
It "is possible for a painter to generate all colors by mixing together different ratios of three suitably chosen primaries, but, in fact, most painters use a wide range of paint colors."

The name Pomo[, or Pomo people,] ... originally meant "those who live at red earth hole" and was once the name of a village in southern Potter Valley near the present-day community of Pomo. It may have referred to local deposits of the red mineral magnesite, used for red beads, or to the reddish earth and clay such as hematite mined in the area.

Cosmetic body art may be the earliest form of ritual in human culture, dating over 100,000 years ago from the African Middle Stone Age in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.

A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as red ochre. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow.

Minerals
"Small catalogues of reference Raman spectra of interest for analysing geomaterials or biomaterials of relevance to art history or archaeology are gradually being published by different research groups."

Art theory
Def. the conscious production or arrangement of sounds, colours, forms, movements, or other elements in a manner that affects the sense of beauty, specifically the production of the beautiful in a graphic or plastic medium is called art.

Senses
Many art forms involve more than one sense.

"The theme of the Five Senses made its first appearance in the Early Middle Ages.1 From the outset, with the extraordinary Fuller broach in the British Museum, which dates from the ninth century, its monuments practically all belong to secular imagery.2 There are scattered instances in Romanesque art, but only from the thirteenth century on do the Senses become more frequently depicted."

Audio
, audio expression of the English pronunciation of the word skill.

"Besides technological developments, the evolution of digital sound and music was shaped by a multitude of earlier musical experiments that pointed to the possibilities of the new medium."

Learning resources

 * Music production
 * Music

Gustatory
Although the image at right is of a plate of food specific to Ardennes, France, when the food is eaten, it may be considered pleasing.

Kinesthetic
Def.
 * 1) the perception of the movement of one's own body, its limbs and muscles etc,
 * 2) a spectator's perception of the motion of a performer, or, the effect of the motion of a scene on the spectator,
 * 3) the perception of the position and posture of the body; also, more broadly, including the motion of the body as well

is called kinesthesia.

Usage notes:
 * The traditional rules of pronunciation of Greco-Latin vocabulary prefer the I in the first syllable to be long. The more common pronunciation with short I is by analogy with other words from this root such as kinetic and kinesiology where short I is expected.
 * The etymological meaning of the word as used in physiology refers specifically to the motion of the body, and a distinction between kinesthesia and the sense of the position of the body is sometimes made in technical texts. In popular use the distinction is made less often.

Nocerals
Nose warmers are a thermal noceral.

Olfactory
Def. the sense of smell is called olfactory.

Tactile
As an example of tactile art there is the tactile paving at right shown in the photograph.

Functionally, the paving helps blind individuals locate the platform end. Is this only functional paving or is it also tactile art, especially to those who are blind and perceive it?

Thermals
Def. a "heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually large and woollen, used for warmth while sleeping or resting" is called a blanket.

The blanket on the left is a Navajo woman's fancy manta, wool, ca. 1850-1865, worn as a blanket or a wrap-around dress.

Vestibular
Def. of or relating to the vestibule of the inner ear, the vestibular system, the vestibular nerve, or the vestibular sense (vestibular impulses) is called vestibular.

The art that pertains to hearing aesthetics is vestibular art.

Visuals
The visual arts include the creation of images or objects in fields like painting, sculpture, printmaking, and photography.

Beauty
Def. the property, quality or state of being "that which pleases merely by being perceived" (Aquinas) is called beauty.

Skills
Def. a capacity to do something well is called a skill.

Mediums
An artistic medium is the substance or material on which or from which the artistic work is made.

Forms
An art form is the specific shape, or quality of an artistic expression, where the media used often influence the form.

Genre
A genre consists of conventions and styles for a particular medium.

Style
The style is a way of painting, writing, composing, building, etc., characteristic of a particular period, place, person, or movement.

Aesthetics
Def. the branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of beauty and artistic taste is called aesthetics.

Chemistry
"The botanical sources and chemical compositions [...] of natural resins [are] used, [or] likely to have been used, in the fabrication of objects of art and archaeology. They fall into two main chemical groups: those containing diterpenoids—from the order Coniferales and from the Leguminosae family—and those containing triterpenoids from several families of broad-leaved trees."

20th Century
Bottle, Tswa peoples, Rwanda, Early-mid 20th century, Ceramic, resin, commercial paint, wax: Potters--primarily women--hand-build a variety of vessels that they embellish with beautiful colors, designs and motifs before firing them at low temperatures. Containers made for daily use hold water or serve as cooking utensils. They also make vessels to be used in special ceremonies or that become part of an assemblage of objects placed in a shrine. The brilliant red, bold zigzag motif was probably rendered with imported paint and applied to the body after firing. The surface was covered with wax to enhance the natural color of the clay. The paint and wax may have been applied to the bottle by someone other than the potter.

19th Century
"This blanket [in the image on the left] was woven at the end of the "wearing blanket era," just as the railroad came into the Southwest in 1881. The heavier handspun yarns and synthetic dyes are typical of pieces made during the transition from blanket weaving to rug weaving."-Ann Hedlund, Arizona State Museum.

Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age (LIA) appears to have lasted from about 1218 (782 b2k) to about 1878 (122 b2k).

The first painting on the left dates from 1673.

The image on the right hangs in the interior of the ayuntamiento of San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife.

The painting on the right shows the surrender of the Guanches kings of Tenerife to Ferdinand and Isabella. This appears to have occurred c. 504 b2k.

The painting on the left was painted in 1764. It depicts the surrender of the Guanches leaders Bencomo mencey with Tacoronte, Anaga and Tegueste to Governor Alonso Fernández de Lugo with his captains and noble friends, by bringing gifts to the governor in 1496.

Medieval Warm Period
The High Middle Ages date from around 1,000 b2k to 700 b2k.The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) dates from around 1150 to 750 b2k.

Classical history
The classical history period dates from around 2,000 to 1,000 b2k.

On the right are "pre-Columbian wall paintings which can be found in the Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza, on the east coast of Mexico. The first [on the right] depicts prisoners after their capture by the dark-skinned natives, and the second [down on the right], shows a man with long blond hair being sacrificed."

The map on the left shows the current geographical locations of anthropological remains from various northeastern populations of OK, Okhotsk; UL, Ulichi; NV, Nivkhi; NG, Negidal; AI, Ainu; HJ, Hokkaido Jomon; JP, Mainland Japanese; CN, Chinese; KR, Korean; UD, Udegey; KY, Koryak; IT, Itelmen; ES, Eskimo; CH, Chukuchi; EV, Evenki; BR, Buryat; TF, Tofalar; TV, Tuvan; TB, Tubalar; NS, Nganasan; KT, Ket; MN, Mansi.

"The Okhotsk culture developed around the southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea during the 5th–13th centuries (Amano, 2003a)."

"The Okhotsk culture differs in certain respects from the Epi-Jomon culture (3rd century BC–7th century AD) and the Satsumon culture (8th–14th centuries: Amano, 2003b), which were contemporary with the Okhotsk culture and developed in the southern and inner parts of Hokkaido Island."

The "Okhotsk people [may have] merged with the Satsumon people (a direct ancestoral lineage of the Ainu people) on Hokkaido, resulting in the establishment of the Ainu people (Utagawa, 2002)."

The "Okhotsk people were closely related to the Ulchi, Ainu, and Negidal."

The "Koryak are closely related to the Okhotsk people [...]."

The Mosque of Uqba (Great Mosque of Kairouan) in Tunisia is one of the finest, most significant and best preserved artistic and architectural examples of early great mosques. Dated in its present state from the 9th century, it is the ancestor and model of all the mosques in the western Islamic lands.

Subatlantic history
The "calibration of radiocarbon dates at approximately 2500-2450 BP [2500-2450 b2k] is problematic due to a "plateau" (known as the "Hallstatt-plateau") in the calibration curve [...] A decrease in solar activity caused an increase in production of 14C, and thus a sharp rise in Δ 14C, beginning at approximately 850 cal (calendar years) BC [...] Between approximately 760 and 420 cal BC (corresponding to 2500-2425 BP [2500-2425 b2k]), the concentration of 14C returned to "normal" values."

The petroglyphs in the image on the right have not been dated, but could be from the subatlantic period.

A more varied set of petroglyphs in the second image on the right is in the Cave of Belmaco. The entrance to which is shown on the left.

"There are drawings of Jomonese types even from Korea that show them as very robust types that do look quite Ainuid. It’s now known that the Ainu are a cold-adapted Australoid type by skulls, although their genes look Japanese and Korean. There has long been thought to be an Austronesian-like layer in Japanese which would logically go back to the ancient language spoken by these immigrants from Thailand. In other words, quite a few of the Japanese came up from the far south from SE Asia long ago. These earlier people mixed by Yayoi from Korea who invaded 2,300 YBP and slowly conquered the Ainu up the peninsula to the Far North. This conquest was apparently still underway in the modern era. The Japanese gene pool is ~20% Ainu."

Subboreal history
The "period around 850-760 BC [2850-2760 b2k], characterised by a decrease in solar activity and a sharp increase of Δ 14C [...] the local vegetation succession, in relation to the changes in atmospheric radiocarbon content, shows additional evidence for solar forcing of climate change at the Subboreal - Subatlantic transition."

The "Holocene climatic optimum in this interior part of Asia [Lake Baikal] corresponds to the Subboreal period 2.5–4.5 ka".

Although the spirals in the image on the right are undated, they may have been made as early as the Subboreal. These spirals on the Canary Islands are similar to ones found in Galicia, which is north of Portugal.

Early history
The early history period dates from around 3,000 to 2,000 b2k.

The Guanches are believed to be the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands perhaps as early as 3,000 b2k.

The first image on the right shows examples of Guanches pottery.

The second image down on the right is one of the Pyramids of Guimar, Canary Islands.

The "Guanches built several small step pyramids on the islands, using the same model as those found in ancient Egypt and in Mesopotamia."

"The pyramids have an east-west alignment which also indicates that they probably had a religious [or astronomical] purpose, associated with the rise and setting of the sun."

"Carefully built stairways on the west side of each pyramid lead up to the summit, which in each case has a flat platform covered with gravel, possibly used for religious or ceremonial purposes."

They "shared a number of cultural characteristics with the ancient Egyptians and [...] their building style appears to have been replicated in South and Central America."

The mummies on the left have red hair, the third down has blonde, and other Nordic features of the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands.

"An examination of one of the mummies' bodies showed incisions that virtually matched those found in Egyptian mummies, although the string used by the Guanche embalmers to close the wounds was much coarser than would have been used by the Egyptian experts."

"Like the Celtic Tocharians, the finest evidence of what the original Guanche looked like, is in the fortuitous existence of original Guanche mummies, which are on public display in that island group's national museum."

"As the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands were fair-haired and bearded, it was possible [...] that long before the 15th Century, people of the same stock as those who settled the Canary Islands, also sailed the same route along the Canary Current that took Christopher Columbus to the Americas."

"According to the Aztec and Olmec (Central American Amerind) legends, their god, Quetzalcoatl, had Nordic features (eyes and hair color) and a beard. This god came from over the sea and taught the Amerinds how to raise corn and build structures."

"The existence of the red-haired Guanches on the Canary Islands, combined with the red-haired pre-Columbus mummies found in South America and the marked similarity in pyramid building styles, indicate that an over the atlantic people probably used the Canaries Current to cross the Atlantic, most likely between 2000 and 500 BC."

"The original occupants of the Canary Islands were a native people called the Guanche. Their mummies have been found with red hair and blond hair. Reportedly, the men were around 7 feet and the women around 6 feet."

"Generally dolichocephalic, fair-featured with blond or red-hair, with males over six foot tall and women approaching six feet in height, they were a people of tall, strong and comely appearance, resembling many Northern Europeans today but for a generally greater and more robust stature. Their general appearance and racial characteristic were valued by the Spanish: "All historians agree in reporting that the Canarians were beautiful. They were tall, well built and of singular proportion. They were also robust and courageous with high mental capacity. Women were very beautiful and Spanish Gentlemen often used to take their wives among the population.""

The third image down on the right is a statue made by an unknown Guanches, as is the fourth image down on the right. It is apparently of an entity called Guatimac.

In the image on the lowest right are Guanches engravings in a rock cave on La Palma island of the Canary Islands.

Iron Age
The iron age history period began between 3,200 and 2,100 b2k.

At about 3,000 b2k, as shown in the map image second down on the left, Libya was the Cyrene peninsula.

Bronze Age
A general world-wide use of bronze occurred between 5300 and 2600 b2k.

"The earliest known iron artefacts are nine small beads securely dated to circa 3200 BC, from two burials in Gerzeh, northern Egypt."

"Since both tombs are securely dated to Naqada IIC–IIIA, c 3400–3100 BC (Adams, 1990: 25; Stevenson, 2009: 11–31), the beads predate the emergence of iron smelting by nearly 2000 years, and other known meteoritic iron artefacts by 500 years or more (Yalçın 1999), giving them an exceptional position in the history of metal use."

The image on the left uses neutron radiography to show the metal underneath the corrosion.

"Bead UC10738 [in the image on the right] has a maximum length of 1.5 cm and a maximum diameter of 1.3 cm, bead UC10739 is 1.7 cm by 0.7 cm, and bead UC10740 is 1.7 cm by 0.3 cm. All three beads are of rust-brown colour with a rough surface, indicative of heavy iron corrosion. Initial analysis by [proton–induced X–ray fluorescence] pXRF indicated an elevated nickel content of the surface of the beads, in the order of a few per cent, and their magnetic property suggested that iron metal may be present in their body (Jambon, 2010)."

Atlantic history
The "Atlantic period [is] 4.6–6 ka [4,600-6,000 b2k]."

The petroglyph on the right contains spirals way over to the right in the image. This petroglyph is IV-II millemium BCE and shows a cup-and-ring mark and deer hunting scenes.

These petroglyphs from Galicia look like the petroglyphs from the Canary Islands shown on the left.

Copper Age
The copper age history period began from 6990 b2k.

The "oldest securely dated evidence of copper making, from 7,000 years ago [6990 b2k], at the archaeological site of Belovode, Serbia."

The "Scandinavian one 2000 years earlier [8,000 b2k]."

The Neolithic Subpluvial may have begun during the 7th millennium BC and was strong for about 2,000 years; it waned over time and ended after the 5.9 kiloyear event (3900 BCE) [5900 b2k].

At the right is an image of an engraving of an elephant at Wadi Mathendous in southwest Libya. This engraving may date from the Neolithic Subpluvial.

Giraffes are shown in the engraving on the left.

The spear point or arrow point at the lower right from Algeria needs more descriptive information.

The image at the lower left shows petroglyphs of animals, including a crocodile, on rocks from Wadi Mathendous near Germa, Fezzan, southwestern Libya.

The lowest image on the left shows cave art exhibited at the Germa Museum, possibly from Wadi Mathendous.

Pre-Boreal transition
The last glaciation appears to have a gradual decline ending about 12,000 b2k. This may have been the end of the Pre-Boreal transition.

"About 9000 years ago the temperature in Greenland culminated at 4°C warmer than today. Since then it has become slowly cooler with only one dramatic change of climate. This happened 8250 years ago [...]. In an otherwise warm period the temperature fell 7°C within a decade, and it took 300 years to re-establish the warm climate. This event has also been demonstrated in European wooden ring series and in European bogs."

"The Pre-boreal period marks the transition from the cold climate of the Late-glacial to the warmer climate of Post-glacial time. This change is immediately obvious in the field from the nature of the sediments, changing as they do from clays to organic lake muds, showing that at this time a more or less continuous vegetation cover was developing."

"At the beginning of the Pre-boreal the pollen curves of the herbaceous species have high values, and most of the genera associated with the Late-glacial fiora are still present e.g. Artemisia, Polemomium and Thalictrum. These plants become less abundant throughout the Pre-boreal, and before the beginning of the Boreal their curves have reached low values."

Archaeological evidence suggests that the coastal plain of ancient Libya was inhabited by Neolithic peoples from as early as 8000 BC, 10,000 b2k.

Rock paintings and carvings that occur at Wadi Mathendous and in the mountainous region of Jebel Acacus reveal that the Libyan Sahara contained rivers, grassy plateaus and an abundance of wildlife such as giraffes, elephants and crocodiles.

"Fossilized bones show that by the sixth millennium B.C. (or about 7,000 years ago), cattle, sheep and goats roamed over green savanna, and rock art [at left] depicts cows with full udders. The occasional image even shows milking".

Populations of pastoralists such as Iberomaurusian have left paintings that date back to at least 10,000 BCE, 12,000 b2k, in Northern Niger and neighboring parts of Algeria and Libya.

Heinrich event H1
This stadial starts about 17.5 ka, extends to about 15.5 ka and is followed after a brief warming by H1.

Laugerie Interstadial
The weak interstadial corresponding to GIS 2 occurred about 23.2 kyr B.P.

"GIS 2 (start) 21.556 [to] GIS 2 (end) 21.407 ka BP".

Heinrich Event 2 (H2) extends "22-25.62 ka BP".

The δ18O values from GISP-2 follow the diagram of Wolfgang Weißmüller. The positions of the Dansgaard-Oeschger events DO1 to DO4 and the Heinrich events H1 to H3 are also indicated. DV 3-4 and DV 6-7 are cold events marked by ice wedges in the upper loess of Dolní Veštonice.

Hasselo stadial
The "Hasselo stadial [is] at approximately 40-38,500 14C years B.P. (Van Huissteden, 1990)."

The "Hasselo Stadial [is a glacial advance] (44–39 ka ago)".

"Around 39,000 years ago, a Neanderthal huddled in the back of a seaside cave at Gibraltar, safe from the hyenas, lions and leopards that might have prowled outside. Under the flickering light of a campfire, he or she used a stone tool to carefully etch what looks like a grid or a hashtag [in the image at the right] onto a natural platform of bedrock."

"This was intentional — this was not somebody doodling or scratching on the surface."

"Neanderthals might have behaved more like Homo sapiens than previously thought: They buried their dead, they used pigments and feathers to decorate their bodies, and they may have even organized their caves."

"Art is something else — it's an indication of abstract thinking."

"In Gorham's Cave, Finlayson and colleagues were surprised to find a series of deeply incised parallel and crisscrossing lines when they wiped away the dirt covering a bedrock surface. The rock had been sealed under a layer of soil that was littered with Mousterian stone tools (a style long linked to Neanderthals). Radiocarbon dating indicated that this soil layer was between 38,500 and 30,500 years old, suggesting the rock art buried underneath was created sometime before then."

"Gibraltar is one of the most famous sites of Neanderthal occupation. At Gorham's Cave and its surrounding caverns, archaeologists have found evidence that Neanderthals butchered seals, roasted pigeons and plucked feathers off birds of prey. In other parts of Europe, Neanderthals lived alongside humans — and may have even interbred with them. But 40,000 years ago, the southern Iberian Peninsula was a Neanderthal stronghold."

"Modern humans had not spread into the area yet."

"More than 50 stone-tool incisions were needed to mimic the deepest line of the grid, and between 188 and 317 total strokes were probably needed to create the entire pattern."

"It's very basic. It's very simple. It's not a Venus. It's not a bison. It's not a horse."

"There is a huge difference between making three lines that any 3-year-old kid would be able to make and sculpting a Venus."

"My own feeling is that if Neanderthals regularly used symbols, and given their longtime occupation throughout large parts of the Old World, we probably would have found clearer evidence by now."

Scientists need "more than a few scratches — deliberate or not — to identify symbolic behavior on the part of Neanderthals."

"Symbols, by definition, have meanings that are shared by a group of people, and because of that, they are often repeated. By itself, this is a unique example and without any intrinsic meaning … the question is not 'Could it be symbolic?' but rather 'Was it symbolic?' And to demonstrate that, it would be very important to have repeated examples."

Neanderthals had an average brain size of 1500 cm3. Another source puts brain sizes from three localities as Spy I 1,305 ml, Spy II 1,553 ml, and Djebel Ihroud I 1305 ml.

Sculptures, cave paintings, rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic date to roughly 40,000 years ago.

"New dating of cave paintings [a portion is shown on the left] in Indonesia reveals that they are more than 40,000 years old, casting doubt on theories of art in human prehistory. These paintings are among the earliest ever found, and their location is a surprise to archaeologists. Other contemporary cave art has been found only in Europe, and archaeologists thought that the practice of cave painting originated there. The revised age measurements, combined with previous findings that some carved patterns in Africa are 50,000 years old, suggest that humans may have developed artistic proclivities before their migration out of Africa, beginning around 75,000 years ago."

Wisconsinian glacial
Wisconsinian glacial began at 80,000 yr BP.

The oldest art objects in the world—a series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.

Brørup interstadial
The "Brørup interstade [is about] 100 ka BP". It corresponds to GIS 23/24.

MIS Boundary 5.4 (peak) is at 109 ka.

Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.

Yarmouthian interglacial
"Clay deposition in the Piauí River floodplain around 436 ± 51.5 ka occurred during a warmer period of the [Yarmouthian interglaciation] Aftonian interglaciation, corresponding to isotope stage 12 (Ericson and Wollin, 1968)."

"The extinctions and earliest known first occurrences of the 26 extant and 8 extinct cyst taxa in the three samples (with a minimum 430,000 yr BP Yarmouthian age) corroborate a likely assemblages with a maximum age of Illinoian (ca. 220,000-430,000 yr BP) in Unit I."

Yarmouthian spans 420,000-500,000 yr BP.

A "fossil freshwater shell assemblage from the Hauptknochenschicht (‘main bone layer’) of Trinil (Java, Indonesia), the type locality of Homo erectus discovered by Eugène Dubois in 1891 (refs 2 and 3) [in] the Dubois collection (in the Naturalis museum, Leiden, The Netherlands) [there is evidence] for freshwater shellfish consumption by hominins, one unambiguous shell tool, and a shell with a geometric engraving. We dated sediment contained in the shells with 40Ar/39Ar and luminescence dating methods, obtaining a maximum age of 0.54 ± 0.10 million years and a minimum age of 0.43 ± 0.05 million years."

Paleolithic
The paleolithic period dates from around 2.6 x 106 b2k to the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 b2k.

Because of fossil and tool discoveries, there is proof that some representatives of Homo erectus for the first time about 2 million years ago ... over Northwest Africa south of Spain.

Around 600,000 years ago, there was probably a second wave [of Homo erectus].

About 200,000 years ago, early or archaic anatomically modern humans [evolved] from Homo erectus.

It was the Sahara, in contrast to the coastal strip and oases, was only habitable when sufficient rainfall would allow sufficient flora and fauna.

In the image at the right are apparent stone tools from the current sandy deserts of North Africa. On the left is a worked stone of 440 mm in length that comes from Libyan Erg Tamiset (latitude N25.25, longitude E10.52). On the right is a worked stone of 345 mm in length from Erg Murzuq in the Libyan southwest (N24.29/E11.59). The middle worked stone of 360 mm is a hand ax native to south Algeria, from the Erg Tiffemine (N26.29)/E06.49).

Hypotheses

 * 1) Art can be free of a dominant group.

title: Art


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User:SDKrawler

SDKrawler aka Derrick Thompson

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:SDKrawler


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User talk:SDKrawler

Welcome to WIKIVERSITY

title: User talk:SDKrawler


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TiddlyWiki

TiddlyWiki (http://www.TiddlyWiki.com/), in its original form, is a kind of wiki that typically is edited by only one person and is completely self-contained in a single HTML file. It does not rely on a web server for storage, but rather on various solutions for letting the web browser save directly to a file on the users own PC. It uses HTML, CSS and JavaScript code. TiddlyWiki is supported by many extensions and plugins that modify how it works or what it can do.

TiddlyWiki is an open source single page application wiki. The content is divided into a series of sections, or Tiddlers. A user is encouraged to read a TiddlyWiki by following links rather than sequentially scrolling down the page.

title: TiddlyWiki


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Gene transcriptions/Start sites

The transcription start site is the location where transcription starts at the 5'-end of a gene sequence.

Each human gene is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a double helix. Along each helix which is composed of a phosphate-deoxyribose polymer are nitrogenous bases. These bases are linked across the helices by hydrogen bonds, one bond per nitrogenous base pair (bp). Each nitrogenous base is part of a nucleotide (nt).

Notations
Notation: let the symbol bp indicate a nitrogenous nucleobase pair as linked by a hydrogen bond between the two antiparallel helices that compose DNA.

Notation: let the symbol nt indicate a nucleotide.

Notation: for the coding of individual nucleobases along a DNA strand, the following letters are standardized by convention:
 * 1) adenine - A,
 * 2) cytosine - C,
 * 3) guanine - G, and
 * 4) thymine - T.

Notation: let the subscript (+1) indicate the specific nucleobase along the template strand that is a transcription start site. For example, A+1.

Nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.

Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), are pyrimidine derivatives. Of these, cytosine (C) and thymine (T) occur in DNA.

Two of the four bases in nucleic acids, adenine (2) and guanine (3), are purines.

The four nitrogenous bases that occur in DNA linking between the two phosphate-deoxyribose polymer strands are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

Epigenetics
There are "nearly 50,000 acetylated sites [punctate sites of modified histones] in the human genome that correlate with active transcription start sites and CpG islands and tend to cluster within gene-rich loci."

Gene expressions
Although it is harder to regulate the transcription of genes with multiple transcription start sites, "variations in the expression of a constitutive gene would be minimized by the use of multiple start sites."

Earlier "studies led to the design of a super core promoter (SCP) that contains a TATA, Inr, MTE, and DPE in a single promoter (Juven-Gershon et al., 2006b). The SCP is the strongest core promoter observed in vitro and in cultured cells and yields high levels of transcription in conjunction with transcriptional enhancers. These findings indicate that gene expression levels can be modulated via the core promoter."

Gene transcriptions
"From a teleological standpoint, this arrangement [of focused promoters] is consistent with the notion that it would be easier to regulate the transcription of a gene with a single transcription start site than one with multiple start sites."

Bioinformatics programs usually allow for alternate start codons when searching for protein coding genes.

RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex may also have to search for one or more transcription start sites.

"RNA polymerase II has been redirected to alternative start sites by reducing ATP concentrations within a nuclear extract, by altering the spacing between the TATA and Inr in a promoter containing both elements, and by dinucleotide initiation strategies".

The core promoter includes the transcription start site(s) (TSS).

RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complexes
RNA polymerase II is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. Or, transcription factories are present and the euchromatin is brought within the nearest transcription factory and A1BG messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed.

For those circumstances in which the holoenzyme is built onto the euchromatin, it is necessary to consider the holoenzyme components and the likely sequence of binding, RNA polymerase II entrance upon the scene and subsequent action.

"RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II and Pol II) ... catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. In humans RNAP II consists of seventeen protein molecules (gene products encoded by POLR2A-L, where the proteins synthesized from 2C-, E-, and F-form homodimers).

Preinitiation complexes
For eukaryotic transcription, the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme de-helicizes the DNA, attaches along the template strand.

Once the preinitiation complex has found its appropriate attachment section along the template strand of DNA, RNA polymerase II is attached and begins transcription.

Start sites
A start site is a biochemically signaled nucleotide or set of nucleotides for attachment either to the Epigenomes or the DNA.

Translation start codon
Specific sequences of DNA act as a template to synthesize mRNA.

The start codon is the first codon of an mRNA transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes

The most common start codon is AUG, ATG in the DNA.

The start codon is almost always preceded by an untranslated region 5' UTR.

For a positive (+) transcription, the start codon on the template strand of DNA is at the end, while a negative (-) transcription has it in the first exon after the 5' UTR.

Alternate start codons (non ATG) are very rare in eukaryote's nuclear genome. Mitochondrial genomes ... use alternate start codons more significantly (mainly GUG and UUG). For example E. coli uses 83% ATG (AUG), 14% GTG (GUG), 3% TTG (UUG) and one or two others (e.g., ATT and CTG).

Note that these alternate start codons are still translated as Met when they are at the start of a protein (even if the codon encodes a different amino acid otherwise). This is because a separate tRNA is used for initiation.

 * The codon AG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AG in an mRNA's coding region is where translation into protein begins.

This is the standard or universal genetic code.

This table is found in both DNA Codon Table and Genetic Code. (And probably a few other places.) By default it's the DNA code (using the letter T for Thymine). Use template parameter "T=U" to make it the RNA code (using U for Uracil). See also [Template:Inverse codon table] the inverse codon table.

5'-untranslated region
“The five prime untranslated region (5' UTR), can contain elements for controlling gene expression by way of regulatory elements. It begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the start codon (usually AUG) of the coding region. The 5' UTR has a median length of ~150 nt in eukaryotes, but can be as long as several thousand bases. Several regulatory sequences may be found in the 5' UTR:
 * Binding sites for proteins, that may affect the mRNA's stability or translation, for example iron responsive elements, that regulate gene expression in response to iron.
 * Riboswitches.
 * Sequences that promote or inhibit translation initiation.
 * Introns within 5' UTRs have been linked to regulation of gene expression and mRNA export.

Primer extension
Primer extension is a technique whereby the 5' ends of RNA or DNA can be mapped.

"Primer extension can be used to determine the start site of RNA transcription for a known gene."

This technique requires a radiolabelled primer (usually 20 - 50 nucleotides in length) which is complementary to a region near the 3' end of the gene. The primer is allowed to anneal to the RNA and reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize cDNA from the RNA until it reaches the 5' end of the RNA. By running the product on a polyacrylamide gel, it is possible to determine the transcriptional start site, as the length of the sequence on the gel represents the distance from the start site to the radiolabelled primer.

A radioisotope used for primer labeling is 32P.

Focused promoters
"In focused transcription, there is either a single major transcription start site or several start sites within a narrow region of several nucleotides. Focused transcription is the predominant mode of transcription in simpler organisms."

"Focused transcription initiation occurs in all organisms, and appears to be the predominant or exclusive mode of transcription in simpler organisms."

"In vertebrates, focused transcription tends to be associated with regulated promoters".

"The analysis of focused core promoters has led to the discovery of sequence motifs such as the TATA box, BREu (upstream TFIIBrecognition element), Inr (initiator), MTE (motif ten element), DPE (downstream promoter element), DCE (downstream core element), and XCPE1 (Xcore promoter element 1) [...]."

Dispersed promoters
"In dispersed transcription, there are several weak transcription start sites over a broad region of about 50 to 100 nucleotides. Dispersed transcription is the most common mode of transcription in vertebrates. For instance, dispersed transcription is observed in about two-thirds of human genes."

In vertebrates, "dispersed transcription is typically observed in constitutive promoters in CpG islands."

Positions
Positions of nucleotides in the promoter are designated relative to the transcription start site (TSS).

Positions upstream from the TSS are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example, -100 is a position 100 nucleotides upstream from the TSS.

Core promoters
"Focused transcription typically initiates within the Inr, and the A nucleotide in the Inr consensus is usually designed as the “+ 1” position, whether or not transcription actually initiates at that particular nucleotide. This convention is useful because other core promoter motifs, such as the MTE and DPE, function with the Inr in a manner that exhibits a strict spacing dependence with the Inr consensus sequence (and hence, the A + 1 nucleotide) rather than the actual transcription start site (Burke and Kadonaga, 1997, Kutach and Kadonaga, 2000 and Lim et al., 2004)."

"With TATA-driven core promoters, transcription can be achieved in vitro with purified RNA polymerase II, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH."

"NC2 (negative cofactor 2; also known as Dr1-Drap1) [...] was identified as repressor of TATA-dependent transcription [...]."

"TBP (TATA box-binding protein) activates TATA transcription [...] The TBP subunit binds to the TATA box [...] TFIIA appears to promote the binding of TBP to the TATA box."

The core promoter is the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription. The core promoter is approximately -34 nt upstream from the TSS.

The TATA box and the initiator element act synergistically when separated by 25-30 nt but act independently when separated by more than 30 nt. When separated by 15 or 20 bp synergy is retained, and the location of the TSS is dictated by the location of the TATA box rather than the location of the Inr.

GC content
CpG islands typically occur at or near the transcription start site of genes, particularly housekeeping genes, in vertebrates.

GC boxes
"In promoters containing multiple GC boxes but lacking the TATAA box, transcription start sites may be single and specific, as observed in the nerve growth factor receptor gene (42) and the cellular retinol-binding protein gene (37), or there may be multiple heterogeneous start sites, such as those found in the c-myb (4), insulin receptor (45), and Ha-ras (21) genes. ... GC boxes are responsible for directing transcription from the major and the minor start sites. ... All TATAA-less promoters have at least two GC boxes".

"A large subclass of polymerase II promoters lacks both TATAA and CCAAT sequence motifs but contains multiple GC boxes. This promoter class includes several housekeeping genes (e.g., the genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase [DHFR] ..., hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [39], hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [33], and adenosine deaminase [46]) [and] nonhousekeeping genes (e.g., the transforming growth factor alpha [9, 23], rat malic enzyme [36], human c-Ha-ras [21], epidermal growth factor receptor [22], and nerve growth factor receptor [42] genes)."

GAAC elements
The GAAC element is usually a core promoter element containing guanine (G), adenine (A), and cytosine (C), "able to direct a new transcription start site 2-7 bases downstream of itself, independent of TATA and Inr regions."

Downstream promoters
"[N]onredundant human promoter sequences 600 bp long (−499 to +100 bp around the TSS) [are available] from [the] Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) release 75 (4, 68) (http://www.epd.isb-sib.ch/), and ... promoters sequences 1,200 bp long (−1,000 to +200 bp) [are available] from the Database of Transcriptional Start Sites (DBTSS) (59, 74, 75) (http://dbtss.hgc.jp/index.html)".

Downstream TFIIB recognition
The downstream TFIIB recognition element (dBRE) has a consensus sequence in the transcription direction on the template strand of 3'-RTDKKKK-5', using degenerate nucleotides, or 3'-A/G-T-A/G/T-G/T-G/T-G/T-G/T-5'.

dBRE is cis-TATA box, between the TATA box and the Inr or transcription start site (TSS) and trans-TSS.

Hypotheses

 * 1) RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex looks for or is keyed by DNA nucleotide sequences to the TSS(s).
 * 2) Transcription can be initiated from the template strand, the coding strand, the positive direction and the negative direction.

title: Gene transcriptions/Start sites


text:
User:Jeraphine Gryphon

meta:User:Jeraphine Gryphon

title: User:Jeraphine Gryphon


text:
User talk:Solstag/Spreading health information and behaviour through social media seeded by a national survey in Brazil

Talk with Clarice Petramale 2012-02-23

 * Runs the commission on new technologies in health care of the Ministry of Health
 * They are going to create evaluation nuclei in around 50 hospitals spread throughout the country
 * She offered to bridge this research project and the school hospitals, connecting those interested
 * Long conversation, she wanted to understand the whole idea so she could convey it to the school hospitals
 * General meeting with all school hospitals in april
 * She might be able to put me in touch with a smaller number of hospitals before that

We discussed many many other topics as well :)

Talk with Patricia Cornils 2012-01-10

 * No online public record of health system data that is useful for patients: location of units, time to reply, availability of medicine or specialists
 * Data from DataSUS targeted at health professionals, not patients
 * Guidance provided many times disconnected from reality: go to local health unit when only few major ones have the care the patient needs, results in long lines at central units or postponing until it becomes a medical emergency

 * Talk with our neighbours at the dining table
 * Corruption bottlenecks of the system sometimes concentrated with very few agents
 * You can identify, count and track them, but hard to fire because of political favors
 * How to structure incentives for administrators to get rid of those?

Talk with Chico and Neilane 2011-12-27

 * Crack might be problematic
 * Illegal, risky, controvertial with the media and public agencies (SENAD)
 * Mapping may be ok
 * Though in face to face interactions people are unwilling to inform about drugs

 * We can't demand from the polling company nothing beyond what has been set in contract, but they seem cooperative

 * There are ongoing activities from the Ministry of Health, such as public gims and quit tobacco programs

 * People
 * Cláudia Codeço was involved in Gripenet, something similar, a while back
 * Chico gets back on January 21st, Neilane will be around until then.
 * Eduardo Massad is an interesting guy who might become interested


text:
User talk:Rudork

 Hello Rudork, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Rudork


text:
User:Mahaparvata

Mahaparvata

- Archaeologist and Anthropologist

- Studies in Prehistoric Archaeology, Japanese History, Japanese Literature and Language - Studies in Social Anthropology

Special interests:

- Glass history and technology - Glass Analysis - Japanese Prehistory - Vietnamese Prehistory - Sa Huynh, Dong Nai, Oc Eo, Champa - Rock art in Southeast Asia - Megalithics in Southeast Asia - Prehistoric connections between Indochina and Japan - Networks in prehistoric Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)

- Queer History of Vietnam - Len Dong ritual - Shamanism in recent Vietnam

title: User:Mahaparvata


text:
User:CSYoung

Christopher Stuart Young:

¶ Candidate for an MA in Ancient History at the University of St. Andrews.

¶ Academic interests in classical archaeology, Persian history, Greek literature, and computer sciences.

¶ Casual interests in video gaming, modern English literature, progressive music, modern German art and modern English film.

¶ Has enjoyed making this superfluously formal.

¶ Drinks too much.

¶ Has an abominable track record with mathematics due to constantly poor attendance at high school.

¶ Is well dressed.

title: User:CSYoung


text:
User talk:CSYoung

 Hello CSYoung, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 18:36, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Looking for a helping hand
Hello! I have been looking for active users in the field of computer science here on wikiversity - and I noticed you were adding onto introduction to programming. I have been trying to fix up the department page and the courses contained therein (http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Computer_Science) but it appears to be abandoned. If you have some extra time I would really appreciate some help - I think this could end up being a great learning resource. Azotochtli (talk) 13:31, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:CSYoung


text:
Game mechanics/Victory points

Victory points is a method whereby a single metric is used to combine a variety of scoring mechanisms.

Example:
 * 7 Wonders where players get points for money, military prowess, buildings, science and wonders
 * Liberté

title: Game mechanics/Victory points


text:
Ludic Science Club

No honest game is entirely lacking in the capacity to instruct.

Second Iteration: East Anglia 2022

For first iteration pleas see: London 2013

title: Ludic Science Club


text: User:Johnzsamuels

title: User:Johnzsamuels


text:
User talk:Johnzsamuels

 Hello Johnzsamuels, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Johnzsamuels


text:
Liberté (game)/Mechanics

Liberté uses a number of game mechanics:

Hand Management
Hand Management

Area Control/Area Influence
Area Control/Area Influence

Victory points
Victory points are awarded for the number of inflence blocks of particular factions collected during each election, for leading an army in battle and having the most influence in certain provinces in the 3rd and 4th turns.

title: Liberté (game)/Mechanics


text:
User:JakeZambas

Excited to learn :)

Please sign your posts with four tildes (~)

JakeZambas 05:37, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User:JakeZambas


text:
User talk:JakeZambas

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title: User talk:JakeZambas


text: Template:Liberté (game)/nav

title: Template:Liberté (game)/nav


text:
Category:Ludic Science

"Is game design an art or science?"

title: Category:Ludic Science


text: Category:Liberté (game)

title: Category:Liberté (game)


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team3


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team4


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team2


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team6


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team7


title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team6.tupsakhare


title: Category:Eml.5526.s11.tm7


title: Category:EML5526.s11.Team1


text: Category:Arduino

title: Category:Arduino


text:
Death penalty

The death penalty, or capital punishment, is where a person is killed by the state as a punishment for a crime.

In US law

 * Legal Information Institute
 * The Death Penalty - Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, University of Missouri-Kansas City
 * Death penalty statistics from the US: which state executes the most people?, The Guardian

Religious perspectives

 * Theology Library page, Spring Hill College - primarily lists articles and resources related to the Catholic view of the death penalty, but also contains other faith groups, both Christian and non-Christian
 * BBC Ethics: Capital punishment contains a section detailing the death penalty and views from Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism.
 * religioustolerance.org
 * Religion and capital punishment at Wikipedia

Public opinion polls

 * Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life: Death Penalty

At Wikimedia sister projects

 * Capital punishment on Wikipedia
 * Wikinews
 * Death penalty on Wiktionary

title: Death penalty


text: User:Riemogerz

title: User:Riemogerz


text:
User talk:Riemogerz

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title: User talk:Riemogerz


text:
User talk:Jeedepp

 Hello Jeedepp, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! -- Ruy Pugliesi ◥ 15:18, 30 December 2011 (UTC) Ruy Pugliesi ◥ 15:18, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeedepp


text:
User:Geofferycheung

Learning goals - share yours!! June 29, 2024

My goal in life is to share my love and knowledge of to those who share my passion

title: User:Geofferycheung


text:
User talk:Geofferycheung

 Hello Geofferycheung, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Geofferycheung


text:
User:Rajeshkamma

Hello!!!

title: User:Rajeshkamma


text:
Dominant group/Geography

Geography is "the science dealing with the areal differentiation of the earth's surface, as shown in the character, arrangement, and interrelations over the world of such elements as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use, industries, or states, and of the unit areas formed by the complex of these individual elements."

(adapted from William Bunge's Theoretical Geography) Geography involves the study, understanding and interpretation of the portion of the universe available to humans, especially the Earth’s multi-layered environment – lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and stratosphere - and its spatial relationship through dynamic interaction with humanity. It is, therefore, the unique science of space and place with mapping as its strategy and the identification of spatial laws and traits as its aims and objectives. (Bunge: Theoretical Geography: Lund Studies in Geography: 2nd edition, 1966.)

Dominant group may be a theoretical entity used by some primary source authors to indicate phenomena of importance.

In theory, "dominant group" in geography may have at least four meanings: (1) a dominant group of geography-based entities, (2) geography-based sources, (3) geography-based objects, or (4) a dominant group in some way associated with geography.

Dominant group

 * 1) Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
 * 2) Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
 * 3) Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
 * 4) Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
 * 5) Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
 * 6) Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 7) Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
 * 8) Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
 * 9) Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
 * 10) Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
 * 11) Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
 * 12) Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
 * 13) Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
 * 14) Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
 * 15) Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 16) Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
 * 17) Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
 * 18) Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
 * 19) Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
 * 20) Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
 * 21) Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * 22) Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

Geography
Def.

a "study of the physical structure and inhabitants of the Earth" or

a "physical structure of a particular region; terrain" is called geography.

Def. "areal differentiation The varied nature of the earth's surface, as shown by the character, pattern and interrelationship of relief, climate, soil, vegetation, population, political units, etc., thus producing a mosaic of unique and dissimilar units. This is one definition of geography, partic. as propounded by R. Hartshorne." is called geography.

Def. "the arrangement of things on the surface of the earth" is called geography, after A. Hettner.

Def. "the study of the earth's surface in its areal differentiation as the home of Man" is called geography.

Entities
"Whites remain dominant in the senior positions with 80% of professors, 90% of associate professors and 76% of the senior lecturers being white."

"[W]hile elites and minorities in Canada are clearly defined, the category of "dominant group" has unclear limits and varies from one geographical region to another."

Objects
"It is therefore statistically probable that for every new species that arises an old one becomes extinct, and that for every dominant group of animals that spreads an old one disappears or is reduced to a few relicts."

"The results show unequivocally that in all four countries examined, assimilators are the dominant group."

Biogeography
Def. "[t]he study of the geographical distribution of living things" is called biogeography.

"Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time."

"Despite differences between coastal and pelagic waters, and the differences both in the isolation techniques used and in the scale, the same major phylogenetic groups have been identified as being dominant in both these environments; however, in the larger scale study, a total of 16 major taxa were detected and in the open ocean Cyanobacteria were a dominant group."

"The Chironomidae were the dominant group numerically."

"Taxonomically, the studies covered a broad range of organisms, but vertebrates were the dominant group."

Climatology
Climatology is the "description and scientific study of climate."

It is "regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences."

"From the outset WG1, chaired by Sir John Houghton of the UK Meteorological Office, was the dominant group."

"A dominant group size of at least 50% might be a useful criterion since a size smaller than 50% would mean that the other two groups combined would outnumber the dominant group. Ten of the 20 circulation types shown in Fig. 3 pass this test."

"Relevant amongst our findings is that sinuous tracks are the minority group from May to August, but then become the dominant group from September through to December, suggesting a major shift in the degree of synoptic control on typhoon movement between the first and second half of the typhoon season"

"The results of the factor analysis show that the rainfall characteristics (amount, intensity, duration) are the dominant group of factors, representing the highest weight for explaining the amount of throughfall, with high positive correlations (r = 0.99; r = 0.90 yr = 0.83, respectively)."

Coastal geography
"For practical applications, such as in engineering design, the mean dominant group wave height would he more pertinent than the significant wave height, since the more realistic group structure of the waves has basically prevailed over the hypothetical stationary structure of the waves."

"In most estuaries overall pressure was generated by a dominant group of pressure components, with several systems being afflicted by similar problematic sources."

"Each factor is described according to the dominant group of variables."

Cultural geography
“In class societies, where surplus production is appropriated by the dominant group, symbolic production is likewise seized as hegemonic class culture to be imposed across all classes.”

"Control is frequently aided by systematically fostering ideologies that promote the interests of a dominant group, often by legitimizing the status quo [83]."

"Thus Dennis Cosgrove, one of the dominant British members of this landscape school, argued that 'in class societies, where surplus production is appropriated by the dominant group, symbolic production is likewise seized as hegemonic class culture to be imposed on all classes' (Cosgrove, 1983, p. 5)"

Demographics
Def. "the characteristics of human populations for purposes of social studies" is called demographics.

In the field of demographics within geography, any demographic may be used that varies geographically. Examples are sex, race, age, nation of origin, eye color, species, height, ethnicity, or weight.

Demography
Def. "[t]he study of human populations, and how they change" is called demography.

In demography, the only demographic used is human population. For any human population that varies by region or area, the demographics are area (region) and human population. The variable "time" is not a demographic, but "age" is. The study of the change with time of the human population of Afghanistan is within the field of demography, specifically the demography of Afghanistan.

Development geography
"Johnston (1995, p. 194) argues that, without a right that protects against "the group-destructive practice of alienating native land" by the dominant group, indigenous identity will be threatened."

"Are there subnational groups which have competing security outlooks which are at odds with the state or dominant group?"

"As the views, interests and preferences of the dominant group go, so go the form and content of education that are put in place."

Economic geography
"In order to assimilate into the privileged group, individuals must acquire the “proper” cultural capital and internalize the dominant group's habitus."

"Unfortunately, his failure to provide more than a static and ahistorical description of residential and workplace segregation of arbitrarily defined social groups amounts to an abstraction and a distortion of the lived geographies of people who are often (but not always) subjected to oppression by a dominant group."

"Landscapes of the 'other' are then constructed by the dominant group as disruptive of the 'normal' order, to be eradicated, or at least contained and managed."

"By various subtle means, the dominant group tends to make entry into such business lines difficult for intending traders from outside their own geographical area."

Environmental management
In the image on the right, note the clouds of sulfuric acid coming from the vertical column stacks (the emissions from the cooling towers are just water vapor).

Geodesy
Def. "the geological science of the shape and size of the earth" is called geodesy.

"The oldest and north at varying angles, so that the oldest sediments most dominant group (RG-1) contains faults that strike within the grabens have the steepest northward dip, with 75–110° and is the group that includes most of the faults progressively lower dips in younger sediments."

"Consequently, the resulting age is an average on all sources, which is often close to the dominant group, when one age population is volumetrically dominant."

"This is expected since they are successive harmonics of the M2 dominant group."

Geomorphology
"It was the dominant group on sediment-covered reefs below 75 m depth."

"Because they are isolated from influxes originating from overland transport of nutrients and sediments, they have little opportunity to influence the quality of ground water and surface water; hence, their interactions with the atmosphere through acid deposition and carbon dioxide exchanges become a dominant group of functions as described above."

"A tributary classification was defined by dominant group membership (including first and second order streams Milksick Branch, Auger Fork, Frozen Creek and Cobb Creek; Table 1)."

Geopolitics
Def. any "study of the effects of geography (especially economic geography) on international politics" is called geopolitics.

"Geopolitics, from Greek Γη (earth) and Πολιτική (politics), refers broadly to the relationship between politics and territory whether on local or international scale. It comprises the practice of analysing, proscribing, forecasting, and the using of political power over a given territory. Specifically, it is a method of foreign policy analysis, which seeks to understand, explain and predict international political behaviour primarily in terms of geographical variables."

"The concept of geopolitics initially gained attention through the work of Sir Halford Mackinder in England and his formulation of the Heartland Theory which was set out in his article entitled "The Geographical Pivot of History" in 1904. Mackinder's doctrine of geopolitics involved concepts diametrically opposed to the notion of Alfred Thayer Mahan about the significance of navies (he coined the term sea power) in world conflict. He saw navy as a basis of Colombian era empire (roughly 1492–19th century) and expected 20th century to be [the] domain of land power. The Heartland theory hypothesized the possibility for a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartland, which wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent."

"Those actions of the media that serve to delegitimize and marginalize protest groups are not the result of any kind of direct collusion or conspiracy between media and elite groups — although at times the slavishness with which the press mirrors dominant group concerns can be remarkable (see, for example, Cresswell, 1996)."

Glaciology
Def. "[t]he study of ice and its effect on the landscape, especially the study of glaciers" is called glaciology.

"The algae was the dominant group, and all obtained sequences belonged to Chlamydomonadales."

"The dominant group of large waves (upper centre) are called internal waves."

"The DP2 porphyritic dominant group corresponds to a very typical alumino-cafemic association (Fig. 3) of light-coloured subalkaline (ie monzonitic) nature (Fig. 4)."

Health geography
The Star of Life medical symbol, shown on the right, is used on some ambulances.

Historical geography
As an example of Historical geography is the map on the right showing British possessions as of 1897.

Human geography
"Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape the human society. It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects."

Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:

 * {| style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"

 * Qichwa conchucos 01.jpg || Pepsi in India.jpg || Christaller model 1.jpg || Star of life.svg
 * Cultural geography || Development geography || Economic geography || Health geography
 * British Empire 1897.jpg || UN General Assembly.jpg || Pyramide Comores.PNG || ReligionSymbol.svg
 * Historical & Time geog. || Political geog. & Geopolitics || Pop. geog. or Demography || Religion geography
 * US-hoosier-family.jpg || RERParisVision2025.png || Antiparos-tourists.jpg || New-York-Jan2005.jpg
 * Social geography || Transportation geography || Tourism geography || Urban geography
 * }
 * US-hoosier-family.jpg || RERParisVision2025.png || Antiparos-tourists.jpg || New-York-Jan2005.jpg
 * Social geography || Transportation geography || Tourism geography || Urban geography
 * }
 * Social geography || Transportation geography || Tourism geography || Urban geography
 * }

Hydrography
Def. the "scientific measurement and description of the physical features and conditions of navigable waters and the shoreline" is called hydrography.

Hydrology
"This spectacular “blue marble” image is the most detailed true-color image of the entire Earth to date. Using a collection of satellite-based observations, scientists and visualizers stitched together months of observations of the land surface, oceans, sea ice, and clouds into a seamless, true-color mosaic of every square kilometer (.386 square mile) of our planet."

"Much of the information contained in this image came from a single remote-sensing device-NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, or MODIS. Flying over 700 km above the Earth onboard the Terra satellite, MODIS provides an integrated tool for observing a variety of terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric features of the Earth. The land and coastal ocean portions of these images are based on surface observations collected from June through September 2001 and combined, or composited, every eight days to compensate for clouds that might block the sensor’s view of the surface on any single day. Two different types of ocean data were used in these images: shallow water true color data, and global ocean color (or chlorophyll) data. Topographic shading is based on the GTOPO 30 elevation dataset compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center. MODIS observations of polar sea ice were combined with observations of Antarctica made by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s AVHRR sensor—the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. The cloud image is a composite of two days of imagery collected in visible light wavelengths and a third day of thermal infra-red imagery over the poles."

"Waters of “local” rainfall and imported, “Colorado” River aqueduct origins are easily distinguished from dominant, “native” Santa Ana river compositions by use of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis."

"The Santa Ana river isotopic signature will also be shown to be nearly identical to that observed for the dominant group of Orange County groundwater wells sampled in this study".

"Phenols form a dominant group of compounds deposited at the site but their abundance in the groundwater is reduced by an order of magnitude within 50 m of the lagoon."

Landscape ecology
In the image on the right, the landscape ecology of the grounds around Varaha and Lakshmi temples is showcased.

Meteorology
Def. "the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, especially with weather and weather forecasting" is called meteorology.

"At midnight, LPG taxis became the dominant vehicles on the road (over 50%). In contrast, on weekends, gasoline vehicles were the dominant group, except at midnight."

"The results of the factor analysis show that the rainfall characteristics (amount, intensity, duration) are the dominant group of factors, representing the highest weight for explaining the amount of throughfall, with high positive correlations (r = 0.99; r = 0.90 yr = 0.83, respectively)."

Oceanography
"Oceanography..., also called oceanology or marine science, ... studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries."

Paleogeography
Def. any "geography of the world in the geologic past" is called a paleogeography, or a palaeogeography.

Pedology
Def. a "sub-discipline of soil science that: studies soils as a component of natural systems or deals with soil genesis and soil classification or studies the soil profile or solum in its natural setting" is called pedology.

"The second and dominant group is yellow reddish granite soil which is coarse and highly dispersible."

"The sediments were dominantly consisted of silt and clay of percentage over 95%, and that the <30 μm particle group was the “dominant group”."

"Hydrophobic acids, which constitute the dominant group of dissolved organic compounds in the humic layer, are effectively retained as water percolates through E and B horizons of podzol profiles (East- house et al., 1992)."

Physical geography
Def. the "subfield of geography that studies physical patterns and processes of the Earth" is called physical geography.

"Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth sciences. It aims to understand the physical problems and issues of : lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere)."

Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:

 * {| style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"

 * Línea de Wallace.jpg || Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004.JPG || 90 mile beach.jpg || Gavin Plant.JPG
 * Biogeography || Climatology & Meteorology || Coastal geography || Environmental management
 * Meridian convergence and spehrical excess.png || Delicate Arch LaSalle.jpg || Receding glacier-en.svg ||Meander.svg
 * Geodesy || Geomorphology || Glaciology || Hydrology & Hydrography
 * Khajuraho-landscape.jpg || World11.jpg || Soil profile.jpg || Pangea animation 03.gif
 * Landscape ecology || Oceanography || Pedology || Palaeogeography
 * Milankovitch Variations sv.png
 * Quaternary science
 * }
 * Landscape ecology || Oceanography || Pedology || Palaeogeography
 * Milankovitch Variations sv.png
 * Quaternary science
 * }
 * Quaternary science
 * }
 * }

Phylogeography
Def. the "study of the processes controlling the geographic distributions of lineages by constructing the genealogies of populations and genes" is called phylogeography.

"[M]odern haplochromines gave rise to several major adaptive radiations; the most prominent ones are those of [Lake Malawi] LM and [Lake Victoria] LV." The radiation of the Tropheini from Lake Tanganyika (LT) "must now be considered as an additional radiation of the modern haplochromines, corroborating the much older perception that LT accommodates several independent species flocks". "This implies that the ancestor of the Tropheini successfully re-entered the lake habitat and evolved into the presently dominant group in the rocky littoral zone of LT."

Political geography
"The language of the dominant group, English, has a much greater power of assimilation [in] Canadian cities with a French majority, English retention (n= 20) Canadian cities with an English majority, French retention (n =40)"

"The Ibo and Yoruba particularly have feared political domination by the northerners. Superimposed upon these national rivalries are the fears and suspicions of many minorities towards the dominant group within each region."

Quaternary science
"Our data strengthen this hypothesis and show unequivocally that haplogroup C, an endemic and dominant group of North American mammoths, was basal to all remaining Asian mammoth populations (including that on Wrangel Island)."

"Where multiple grain single aliquot OSL measurements provide a range of dose values, the dating specialist may choose to accept a dominant group of aliquots and reject outliers."

"Arvicolids became the dominant group of mammalian faunas in Quaternary, after they replaced the previously very abundant cricetids and murids."

Time geography
Time geography

Transportation geography
“The river traffic is not concentrated; there is no one dominant group of docks, wharves, warehouses, etc.; on the contrary the traffic is widely dispersed along the shores.”

"In our survey work in the inner city suburb of Lenton in Nottingham, we detected a dominant group that fell in to this category."

Hypotheses

 * 1) The geographic location of geologic phenomena may be just as important as the geologic phenomena are themselves.

title: Dominant group/Geography


text:
User talk:Rajeshkamma

 Hello Rajeshkamma, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Rajeshkamma


text:
User talk:Keyursavaliya

 Hello Keyursavaliya, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! -- Ruy Pugliesi ◥ 15:13, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Thank you for experimenting with the page Sorath on Wikiversity. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. Ruy Pugliesi ◥ 15:13, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keyursavaliya


text:
Wikimania/2012

See Wikimania 2012 for details of this event:

Wikimania 2012 will be the 8th annual Wikimedia Conference. It will be held in Washington, D.C. on July 12–15, 2012.

title: Wikimania/2012


text:
User:Nigelbentley

Nigel Mitchell is an education consultant based in Adelaide, South Australia.

He is also a member of Wikimedia Australia.

Nigel is currently employed as manager of online professional learning for the Australian Science Teachers Association. He works from home in Adelaide, and travels extensively around Australia speaking at conferences and meeting with organisations and individuals supporting online learning.

Nigel's Blog

Nigel on LinkedIn

ASTA online professional learning

Contact: nigel@ednet.net.au

title: User:Nigelbentley


text:
User talk:Nigelbentley

 Hello Nigelbentley, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 01:13, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nigelbentley


text:
User talk:Morracan

 Hello Morracan, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 01:14, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Morracan


text: User:ClaretAsh

title: User:ClaretAsh


text:
User talk:ClaretAsh

 Hello ClaretAsh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:ClaretAsh


text:
Liberté (game)/Educational use

Historical learning
One of the prime areas this game can used for is historical learning.
 * 1) This Chart of personalities can be used to learn about historical personalities of the French Revolution

title: Liberté (game)/Educational use


text:
TESOL/Reflecting on the past

quiz
This is about learning English.

{I wish I had ________ when I was younger. + studied English - learned to play the piano - saved more money - started a business
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The sentence is: I wish I had studied English when I was younger.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I wish I had learned to play the piano when I was younger.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I wish I had saved more money when I was younger.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I wish I had started a business when I was younger.

{I would ________ by now. + be fluent - have mastered the piano - be rich - own my own business
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The sentence is: I would be fluent by now.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I would have mastered the piano by now.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I would be rich by now.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I would own my own business by now.

{I'm really glad I ________. + went to college - joined my company - kept playing the piano - kept exercising
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The sentence is: I'm really glad I went to college.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I'm really glad I joined my company.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I'm really glad I kept playing the piano.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: I'm really glad I kept exercising.

{If I hadn't, I wouldn't have ________. + gotten a degree - met my husband / wife - become a great piano player - stayed in shape
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! The sentence is: If I hadn't, I wouldn't have gotten a degree.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: If I hadn't, I wouldn't have met my husband / wife.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: If I hadn't, I wouldn't have become a great piano player.
 * Incorrect. The correct sentence is: If I hadn't, I wouldn't have stayed in shape.

title: TESOL/Reflecting on the past


title: File:Iea.s12.damping.svg


text:
User:Egm4313.s12/Figures

Eiffel tower with 72 names

spring, dashpot, mass in series:

Taylor series convergence for sin x:

Orthogonal Fourier basis functions:

Damping:

title: User:Egm4313.s12/Figures


text:
Category:CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0

While CC-BY-NC-SA files may be hosted at Wikiversity, they may not be used on Wikiversity pages unless they qualify as Fair Use and are consistent with the Wikiversity Exemption Doctrine Policy.

title: Category:CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0