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Filmmaking Basics/Understanding Filmmaking/Narrative Filmmaking Process

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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 2 - Watching how dramatic scenes are broken down and filmed in Hollywood.
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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 3 - Analyzing the movie George Lucas in Love
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 * bgcolor="#ccccff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Page 4 - The Basic Filmmaking Process
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UNDER CONSTRUCTION

The Process of Single Camera Filmmaking for Narrative Dramas
The following outline intends to give you a brisk walkthrough of what film and television production entails when filming narrative dramas.

Development
Before even pre-production, there is the initial phase where ideas are bounced around. The idea for this script had been around for many years.

The Story
All movies start with a story. Click here to look at our story. In Hollywood, the story might start with just an idea which is pitched to someone with money. Or the story might be a book which is then suggested for turning into a movie.

The Script
The story must be turned into a script. For a novel, that means cutting 20 hours of material down to 90 minutes. That is a lot of cutting!!!. The first step is to analyze the story to find the characters, the dialog, the action, and the parenthetical comments. We do this on page 2 of lesson 1.

The Script Formatting
The script is not ready for viewing until it is formatted. It must be typed correctly so everyone quickly understands what is needed. Our story is very simple so typing it into a script takes little time using a script formatting program. You can do this on page 4 of lesson 1.

Production Design
The art director, production designer and/or producers decide on the overall feel of the production. This has a huge effect on the script breakdown. All their decisions will be note in Lesson 3.

Script Breakdown
The Production Designer and the producers dissect the script to identify how many of everything they need; ie actors, locations, visual and computer effects, props & costumes. This is also part of Lesson 3.

Crewing up
The producers design a basic timeline and make initial wish-lists of actors, head crew members (director, director of photography (DP), gaffer, sound, visual effects designer, computer effects designer, editor and musician), locations and equipment as it affects format (b&w or colour film, video or digital video).

We will be making both a live action and an animated version of this movie. For the animated version, we have to locate the models which will be used for the two characters in our movie — the Young Person and the Old Person. We will begin this search in Lesson 9.

Finance
This stage runs concurrently with conceptualization but can only really reflect actual needs after the script breakdown and production design stages have finished. We will have completed the animated version before we begin to work on the financing of the live action version. This will be done in Lesson #017.

Budget
This tries to take into account all expenses for the entire venture based on results from the script breakdown and production design as well as budgets from similar projects. The line producer (someone familiar with filming in a particular geographical region) usually does the initial budget.

Investors
At this stage the project requires a second level of investors to commit to the project to carry it through to completion. The art of deal-making rules this stage. A good producer can raise millions based on how well they understand the distribution and exhibition controls in the industry. Small productions rely on friends and family money or funding from the local dentist.

Market analysis
The producers and distributors clearly define the market at this stage.

Pre-production
Once the line producer completes the initial script breakdown, supplying the budget and schedule for the production, the initial meetings take place with the people involved and all the producers make all the 'final' decisions for the production. The line producer prepares the final budget and schedule during pre-production. Sometimes the 1st assistant director prepares the schedule with the line producer.

First meetings
The producers and crew heads meet to determine if they feel comfortable working together. As each has very different styles of working this meeting stage can make or break the production. Also the director usually meets with the major actors, determining if (s)he feels the actors need rehearsal time, or training (athletic, martial arts, military, medical, etc.) to play their roles.

Locations
The production team (in coordination with the art department) secures locations for the shoot. They determine time-frames and iron out all potential problems (seasonal traffic, weather, etc.) If the production shoots on a sound stage, the set design and construction begins.

Props & special effects
The special effects team and the art department determine what they need to build, buy or borrow (miniature models, multiple vehicles for stunts and explosions, effects make-up, aged props and building, set dressings, etc.).

Live Action Motion Pictures
For live action, the executive producer gives the money to the producer to make the motion picture. The producer hires the director who will control the performance of the actors. The producer hires the cinematographer (director of photography) who will capture the performance of the actors on film or digitally. The producer hires a production manager (or line producer) who then hires all the workers (the crew) for the filming of the motion picture. The producer or the production manager will hire the sound recordist (sound mixer) who will capture the dialog of the actors. The producer and the director select the actors for the motion picture with the assistance of a casting director. Each day on the movie set, the actors and crew turn into reality the planning of the production. On the set: Lights, Camera, Action!

Head crew Directors and assistant directors, script supervisor and location manager.

Camera department Director of photography, camera operator, camera assistants and focus pullers.

Lighting/electrical department Gaffer, best boy electric and electricians (sparks).

Grip department Key grip, dolly grip, best boy grip, rigging grips and grips.

Sound department Sound mixer, sound assistants and boom.

Art department Art director, prop manager, painters, set dressers, and construction crew.

Make-up/hair department Make up artist, hair designer, special effects make-up designer and assistants.

Wardrobe/costume department Costume designer (not on set), wardrobe manager, and dressers.

Visual effects department Visual effects supervisor and support crew.

Production department Production manager (not on set), production coordinator, and production assistants (PAs).

Support crew Medical, transport, catering, personal assistants, still photography, and behind-the-scenes videographers.

Animation
For animation, the procedure is backwards. (To be completed soon...)

Post Production
After 20 to 60 days of filming, you are finished shooting your motion picture. After all that effort, the only thing you have to show for your work is about 100 reels of film, 60 rolls of audio tape, and a well-worn copy of the script which has been marked up by the script supervisor. That's it! Other than publicity stills and maybe a documentaries and perhaps some effects shots being done at effects houses around town, this is all you get for your 40 million dollars. So now, what do you do?

Now you start Post Production. Now you turn the developed film and audio reels into a motion picture for viewing at a film festival. (Much later, you worry about getting the movie ready for distribution.)

Once the dailies are prepared for editing, film editor begins to edit the picture and the dialog. The sound department will get busy creating an infinite number of sound effects and the film composer will create beautiful music for your movie. If any visual effects are needed, they will get done too at special effects houses... along with the titles and credits.

Finally, when everyone is happy, the negative will be cut to match the edit of the movie and a print will be made for showing a Sundance.

Let's look at these steps individually.

Dailies/Workprint/Telecine/Capture/Syncing Audio
Each day during production of a feature film shot on motion picture film, dailies are prepared for viewing by the director, the crew and the studio executives. To save money, the same dailies can be used by the editor to edit the movie... or at least they can be created at the same time.

Preparing the dailies for editing seems like a trivial task but can be a major headache if not done very carefully. This is just as true for digital video as for film. Some people think that just because they use a digital camcorder, they do not have to process the film dailies. Dailies still have to be captured into the computer so they can be edited. And if you using a separate sound system for recording the dialog, you will still have all the problems of syncing audio to picture for your digital dailies.

For more information on preparing film dailies for editing and the telecine process, see the section on Telecine in the Movie Making Manual.

Logging
If you film and edit only one scene (or a short), you can easily keep track in your head of all the raw footage. But for a feature film, keeping track of all the different shots is not easy. Walter Murch uses Apple's FileMaker Pro. At Macworld Expo, there is usually at least one lecture on how he uses this database for during the editing process.

Picture and Dialog Editing
When the movie is edited, the editor must think about more than just the picture and the dialog. The sound effects and the music work together with the pictures and the dialog to tell the story. The sound effects, music, picture and dialog all interact. The editor must figure out how all these elements work together to tell the story.

In Hollywood, there are special teams what do the visual effects, music, and sound effects. But if you are just one person doing the edit of low-budget motion picture, you might have to do everything yourself as you edit the movie.

 * Narrative Films Only
 * This manual covers dramatic movies with scripted dialog. Be aware that editing a documentary, corporate video, multimedia or event video is totally different from editing narrative dramas.  For more information about the process of film editing for narrative motion pictures and televison drama see the section What is Editing in the Movie Making Manual.

For narrative feature films, there are two different kinds of scenes - Action sequences and Conversation. When you edit a conversation, there are lots of constraints... special the script which dictates the spoken dialog. Action sequences have few constraints.

There are two kinds of music - Background music and Narrative music. Background music means very soft music while narrative music is music that gets in your face. At this stage, a temp track is acceptable for background music but for music which tells part of the story, you really need to use something which will be close to the final music.

While there are many kinds of sound effects, at this stage you are only worried about the sound effects that help tell a story, not the sound effects which make the scenery seem realistic such as Ambience, Walla and Foley. These can be done when the editing is finished. For now, just worry about the sound effects that help narrate the story.

For more instructions on how to edit a dramatic scene with scripted dialog, see the section How To Edit a Dramatic Scene in the Movie Making Manual.

ADR (Automatic Dialog Replacement)
Once you have edited the movie, you might need to replace some of the spoken dialog. For more information on ADR, see the section ADR in the Movie Making Manual.

Sound Effects
Once all the scenes are edited, you begin to add all the little sounds which makes the movie seem real. If a scene does not seem realistic, you have not added enough sound effects such as:

Ambience
The background sounds of the environment.

Walla
This is the indistinguishable sounds of people talking in the background.

Foley
The footsteps and the rustling of clothing make your scene seem real. which are so numerous that it is faster to record these sound effects live while watching the movie. If you have only a few footsteps, you can do this from sound effects libraries in your editing program. But in general, when you need hundreds of tiny sound effects, it is easier to do them with Foley

For more information on Sound for motion pictures, see Sound Design in the Movie Making Manual. For more information on Foley, see the section Foley in the Movie Making Manual. (Note: "Foley" stands for Jack Foley who pioneered this kind of sound effects creating.)

Visual Effects
When doing the basic edit, blank frames or storyboard frames are used in place of visual elements. Once the effects shots are finished, they must be inserted into the edit.

Titles and Credits
Titles can be done any way that you wish. Determining which people to include in the credits can be complicated. This is a good place to make a lot of people angry. Therefore, you must be very careful to list all the people who deserve credit for making the movie. Sometimes, the unions decide this. Sometimes your contracts with the cast and crew decide this. Doing the credits is not as easy as it looks.

Film Scoring
Music creates the mood. Once the edit is complete (with a temp score), the temp score must be replace by the final score. For more information on film scoring, see the section Music/Film Scoring in the Movie Making Manual.

Breakdown into reels
A motion picture must be in manageable pieces for distribution and projection. In the break between reels, there must be no sound or picture.

Conform the Negative
Most of the time, it is not possible to edit at the highest possible resolution. In these cases, up until now, editing is off-line. If there is no digital intermediary, you need to conform the negative.

Prep for Distribution
This should be in the marketing section because it is done after you have a distributor but before the distributor accepts delivery of the motion picture and all its elements. Therefore, only after you have sold the movie, do you learn what film formats are required. This is a hidden expense can be rather nasty. If you have not planned ahead, this can cost you a fortune. Read Robert Rodriguez' Rebel without a Crew which is about the making "El Mariachi" This book should be required reading in all film schools.

Animated Feature Films
Note that if you are making an animated feature-length motion picture, the procedures above are done in a slightly different order.

Post Production
(To be combine with above.) On completion of filming (and even while it still continues) the editing team goes to work to start cutting the project together. If you are interested in learning how to do these steps using your personal computer, see the Teach Yourself Filmmaking section.

Developing /Dailies/Logging
Every night during shooting of the motion picture, the film reels and the sound reels are sent to the lab. The film is developed and circle takes printed onto film or telecined onto video tape. Then the audio is synced with the picture to create the dailies. Or to explain it another way: The dailies are created by combining the visual image (from the motion picture camera or from the DV Camcorder) with the audio (the dialog) from the sound recorder. To begin post production, a copy of these dailies are converted into the formatted required by the film editor and logged. On film, this is known as the work print. The editor never works with the original negative which scratches too easily. For digital films, this is called the off-line edit which is lower resolution than the original images which saves disk space and speeds up playback. For bigger films, logging means that information about every piece of film and every bit of audio must be entered into a huge database which is accessible by the entire post production staff.

Editing
Building the scenes to tell a story. Nowadays, non-linear editing using computers has become the norm (Avid, Final Cut Pro, ...) The editor works closely with the sound effects department and the film scoring person to bring the maximum impact to the movie. For action sequence, the scene will be edited based on the visual images, the music and the sound effects. For conversations, the editor must cut to get the best quality dialog... as well as to worry how the music and sound effects will effect the scene.

ADR
Editors must re-record dialogue that cannot be salvaged from production in a process called looping, dubbing, or ADR. ADR stands for either Additional Dialogue Recording, or Automated Dialogue Replacement, depending on whom you ask. But don't ask why the A sometimes stands for Automated, because there's nothing particularly automatic about the process. An actor watches the image repeatedly while listening to the original production track on headphones as a guide. The actor then re-performs each line to match the wording and lip movements.

Actors vary in their ability to achieve sync and to recapture the emotional tone of their performance. Marlon Brando, for example, was said to enjoy looping because he didn't like to freeze a performance until he knew its final context. (People have said that he mumbled during his on-camera performances to make the production sound unusable, so that he can make adjustments in looping.)

ADR is a necessary evil when production sound is unusable, but directors can also use it to add new character or interpretation to a shot. By altering a few key words or phrases an actor can change the emotional bent on a scene.

Sound Effects
The sound effects (including the Foley, Walla, & Ambiance) make a scene seem real. Without the addition of sound effects, a scene would feel like it was filmed on a studio sound stage... which it probably was. Sound effects recorded by a sound effects person are rarely used as is. Instead, sound effects are "sweetened" and enhanced.

Foley
A sound effects technique for synchronous effects or live effects. Foleying supplies the subtle sounds that production mikes often miss. The rustling of clothing and a squeak of a saddle when a rider mounts his horse give a scene a touch of realism that filmmakers find difficult to provide using other effects methods. Sounds for a steamy sex scene probably come from a foley artist making dispassionate love to his or her own wrist. The good Foley artist must "become" the actor with whom they sync effects or the sounds lack the necessary realism to convince the audience. Most successful Foley artists are audiles; they can look at an object and imagine what type of sound it can be made to produce. The foley crew include the artist or "walker," who makes the sound, and a technician or two to record and mix it. A foley stage often appears as a storage area for the studio's unwanted junk. Metal laundry tubes filled to the brim with metal trays, tin pie plates, empty soda cans, hubcaps, bedpans, knives, forks and broken staple guns. They use these crash tubes for anything from comedy crashes to adding presence (brightness and naturalness) to something as serious as a car crash.

Walla
Walla is the indistinguishable mutterings of people in a crowd. It takes a special skill to create a series of intelligible words with no clear meaning. wal

Ambiance
Unlike sound for television dramas, a motion picture normally records only the dialog (the spoken words) during production. All the other sounds are created in post production. This gives greater freedom when editing the dialog. Therefore, the natural sounds of the environment need to be added. This is especially true if the scene was recorded on a sound stage at the motion picture studio where the background sounds are never natural or realistic. The sound of the environment is the ambiance and must be recorded in a real location. Even though ambiance is very soft in the background, a scene will feel flat without it.

Ambiance is also sometimes referred to as "room tone."

Musical Scoring
The musical score and the musical sound effects create the mood for each scene. Writing the music for film and TV requires special skills from the composers, musicians and sound engineers; they all need a flair for the dramatic and the ability to envision sound. Even though the actors' voices adds a kind of music to a scene as they speak, adding additional music is often necessary to create the proper mood. It is often the director who tells the film's composer what what moods he wants the audience to feel during the action and the dialog in the motion picture.

Visual Effects
Visual effects are any element which was not captured during filming that must be created later. This can be done by computers (CGI) or by matte paintings. When two or more elements must be combined (such as live actor shots with computer generated effects), the images are composited.

CGI
CGI stands for Computer Generated Imagery. This term refers to any element created within a computer and encompasses anything from adding digital fog to a scene, to generating a crowd at a stadium, to creating whole characters, completely animated, such as Gollum from the Lord of the Rings films.

Matte Painting
Matte Paintings were originally hand-painted scenery on glass which was photographed along with the live action. When using a matte painting which has been painted on clear glass, the matte painting sits in front of the camera while the actors perform on a partial movie set which can be seen through a clear spot on the matte painting. The rest of the movie set is simply the painting. Now Matte Paintings are created with hand painting, paintings using computer software, still image manipulation, and/or 3D models which have been rendered, and then the matte painting is combined with the live action by compositing in post production, rather than during the filming of the movie.

Titling
Filmmakers consider designing the opening and closing credits to a film or TV piece as an art and skill in itself. Nowadays people's whole careers can consist only of designing titles for major motion pictures and television series.

Composting
When separate visual elements on film are combined, this is called opticals. With computers and digital images, this is called compositing which is just like combining pictures with Photoshop.

Conforming the Negative
Once all the post production is finished and a working edit of the movie is completed and approved, the negative must be cut to match the working edit of the movie. Only after the negative is conformed is the movie is ready for viewing in a theater (usually at a film festival) where the motion picture will be seen by the public (and potential distributors) for the first time. If the motion picture was made with digital images, the movie must be rendered at full resolution (the on-line edit) and transfered to film. If there will be an digital intermediary, the digital version or a digitized version of the conformed negative is color corrected and then rendered onto film.

Distribution
If the project has distributors on-board from the beginning, this process requires little more than sitting back on the part of the producers and investors, as the distributors practice their trade. However if the producers have not pre-sold the distribution rights, this can entail going to film festivals and/or door-to-door selling to TV, cable stations or video/DVD distributors.

Delivery
Once the motion picture has been sold to a distributor, the distributor will spell out exactly the elements that the distributor requires for the distributor to accept the film. Then the filmmaker goes back and prepares all these elements. For very low budget movies, this can cost more than the entire production and includes such odd things as insurance policies for errors and omissions and a sound track for the motion picture which has been divided into three separate parts - Dialog, Music and Effects. It is the distributor who will create all the foreign language versions of the motion picture and make all the necessary cuts and reedits to the motion picture to get it acceptable for foreign markets.

Publicity material
Marketing also requires the design of posters, audio & visual trailers and merchandise. Special staff, like graphic artists and voice-over characters, work to produce these invaluable tools. It is the distributor who creates the DVD-Video disk so the distributor must create the special features and publicity for the DVD-Video disk. Hopefully, the production company has created and saved the necessary items need for the publicity such as production stills and documentaries for the DVD-Video disk.

Getting Started
If all of this sounds exciting, you can get started by reading the section called Teach Yourself Filmmaking. This section of the Movie Making Manual shows you simple ways to begin learning how you can make your own motion pictures.


text:
User:Yunzhong Hou~enwikiversity

Currently I'm most active on the Future Wikia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Yunzhong Hou~enwikiversity


text:
Template:List of Thumbnail Storyboard Examples

=ORPHAN=
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 * bgcolor="#ffffbb" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard Example #001
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 * bgcolor="#ffffbb" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard Example #002
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 * bgcolor="#ffffbb" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard Example #003
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 * bgcolor="#ffffbb" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard Example #004
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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard by Mukesh Tiwari
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 * bgcolor="#eeeeff" style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;" |Thumbnail Storyboard by Robert Elliott
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User:Robert Elliott/Homework - Thumbnail Storyboard

Thumbnail storyboard for Seduced by the Dark Side!
EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

The "Dancing Fairies" music begins to play. Slowly dolly in as music builds. A smile begins to form on the young persons face. Cut to the poster and dolly in slowly. The "Dancing Fairies" music morphs into the Star Wars theme.

(2) Young Person: "That was a great movie..." Cut to a side view as the Star Wars music begins to fade to street noise.

(3) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing." The young person;s head turns to the older person.

(4) Old Person: "What's that?" Wide angle shot to show emotional distance between the two characters.

(5) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" Immediately a dark cord plays.

(6) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm!" Thinking very slowly. Music: The music starts with "thinking music" and then morphs into to "fairie music". Finally, the music comes to a sharp halt.

(7a) Old Person: "What computer do you..."

(7b) Old Person(off camera): "... have at home?" Cut in mid sentence to see the young person's anticipation.

(8) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!" The young person's face lights up with excitement.

(9) Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?" Military music for thoughts of father.

(10) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm!" Music: The music starts as thinking music and shifts to fairy music and then ends with the Star Wars theme.

(11) Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!" Full Star Wars theme

(12) The Old Person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!" The face lights with a knowing smile as the fairy music starts again.

(13) Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together. Lock the camera for a matte painting.

The camera remains locked. When the matte painting is added, the shot will look like this:

(14) Fade to Black.

 * The End

Back to Thumbnail Storyboarding
Click to go back to the Thumbnail Storyboarding Lesson.


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User:Robert Elliott/Homework - Thumbnail Storyboard - Mukesh Tiwari

UNDER CONSTRUCTION TODAY

Thumbnail storyboard for Seduced by the Dark Side!

Thumbnail Storyboard by Mukesh Tiwari

(1)
Looking at poster dolly in Boy:"That was a great movie..."

(2)
cut to Boy (continued): "but I do not understand one thing."

(3)
Cut to the Old Person looking towards the camera Old Person: What's that?

(4)
Cut to Boy:"How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?"

(5)
cut to The old person thinks for a while Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?"

(6)
Boy (eagerly): "A Macintosh!"

(7)
Old Person::"But what computer does your father use at work?"

(8)
The boy thinks for a moment. Boy (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!"

(9)
The Old Person smiles.

(10)
Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together. The End

Thumbnail Storyboard by Mukesh Tiwari

3D frames by Robert Elliott

(1) Looking at poster

dolly in

dolly in

Young Person: "That was a great movie..."

(2) cut to

Young Person (continued): "but I do not understand one thing."

(3)

Cut to the Old Person looking towards the camera

Old Person: What's that?

(4)

Cut to

Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?"

(5)

cut to

The old person thinks for a while.

Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?"

(6)

The Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!"

(7)

Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?"

(8)

The young person thinks for a moment.

Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!"

(9)

The old person smiles.

(10)

Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together.

The End

Thumbnail storyboard for Seduced by the Dark Side!
EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT

(1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.

The "Dancing Fairies" music begins to play. Slowly dolly in as music builds. A smile begins to form on the young persons face. Cut to the poster and dolly in slowly. The "Dancing Fairies" music morphs into the Star Wars theme.

(2) Young Person: "That was a great movie..." Cut to a side view as the Star Wars music begins to fade to street noise.

(3) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing." The young person;s head turns to the older person.

(4) Old Person: "What's that?" Wide angle shot to show emotional distance between the two characters.

(5) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" Immediately a dark cord plays.

(6) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm!" Thinking very slowly. Music: The music starts with "thinking music" and then morphs into to "fairie music". Finally, the music comes to a sharp halt.

(7a) Old Person: "What computer do you..."

(7b) Old Person(off camera): "... have at home?" Cut in mid sentence to see the young person's anticipation.

(8) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!" The young person's face lights up with excitement.

(9) Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?" Military music for thoughts of father.

(10) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm!" Music: The music starts as thinking music and shifts to fairy music and then ends with the Star Wars theme.

(11) Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!" Full Star Wars theme

(12) The Old Person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!" The face lights with a knowing smile as the fairy music starts again.

(13) Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together. Lock the camera for a matte painting.

The camera remains locked. When the matte painting is added, the shot will look like this:

(14) Fade to Black.

 * The End

Back to Thumbnail Storyboarding
Click to go back to the Thumbnail Storyboarding Lesson.


text:
User:Sean Heron

Interesting pages:
 * MIT OpenCourseWare
 * OpenLearn

title: User:Sean Heron


text:
User talk:Tjacn2000

Spanish
You have been signed up for the Spanish I course. Please view the assignments page to begin this class. -- J.Steinbock 19:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

El Salón de Clase Flashcards
A new page has been created for helping students of spanish learn objects around the classroom. Enjoy!--Rayc 00:21, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

New template
This new template has been created to coordinate studies for the Spanish 1 class. Feel free to deleted it or place it where ever you see fit.--Rayc 02:19, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

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Category:Free software

Category lists software programs that are free to download, pages describing how to use them, and where to download them. Note that the software in this category may still be proprietary. Software that is open source should also go under the Open Source Software. Note that some "free" software is free to download but requires a payment to fully be activated, and others allow for a free trial period.

Also see: Portal:Free software

title: Category:Free software


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Portal:Materials science and engineering

Welcome to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering!

 Materials Science and Engineering Hi and welcome to the Wikiversity School of Materials Science and Engineering. This is a resource that can help individuals learn and apply principles of Materials Science and Engineering. This site can serve as a forum to ask questions, discuss ideas, read notes, and participate in courses.

Materials Science and Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This discipline involves a study of materials starting with design, followed by synthesis and processing, structure and properties of the materials. This integrated approach distinguishes this discipline from the individual components, such as physics, chemistry, and many others.

Wikiversity's Department of Materials Science and Engineering is part of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.

 School news and current events
 * Looking for contributors.
 * 18 December 2006: New home page of the department of materials science:

Related news

 * March 22, 2007 - Scientists create "super lense" using meta materials capable of seeing objects smaller than wavelengths of light.
 * February 26, 2007 - Research into conversion of water and sunlight to hydrogren receives 3 million dollar federal grant.

 School history

The Department of Materials Science and Engineering is a developing school. There is an attempt to form a framework on this page to assist in the organization of content.

There is currently an introductory text to the field of Materials Science and Engineering being developed at Wikibooks.

 Selected biography Thomas Young (*June 14, 1773 – †May 10, 1829) was an English scientist, researcher, physician and polymath. He is sometimes considered to be "the last person to know everything": that is, he was familiar with virtually all the contemporary Western academic knowledge at that point in history. Clearly this can never be verified, and other claimants to this title are Gottfried Leibniz, Leonardo da Vinci, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Francis Bacon, among others. Young also wrote about various subjects to contemporary editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. His learning was so prodigious in scope and breadth that he was popularly known as "Phenomenon Young."

 * read more...

 Quote "It is by no means an idle game if we become practiced in analyzing long-held commonplace concepts and showing the circumstances on which their justification and usefulness depend..." — Albert Einstein

 Related schools

 Specialties and Core Subjects
 * List of resources, projects, and courses offered

 Electives

Undergraduate Electives

 * Mathematical Methods for Materials Science
 * Materials for Biomedical Applications
 * Polymer Engineering
 * Ceramics Processing
 * Introduction to Ceramics
 * Diffraction and Structure
 * Symmetry, Structure, and Tensor Properties of Materials
 * Economic and Environmental Issues in Materials Selection
 * Physical Metallurgy
 * Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Devices
 * Nanoscale Materials
 * Phage Display and Materials Science
 * Cancer Treatment and Materials Science

Graduate Elective

 * 3D Printing of Open Source Hardware for Science

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Associated Wikimedia of Materials Science and Engineering

fr:Département:Science des matériaux


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User talk:Student Galaxy

Welcome to my talk page. I' am student galaxy, 14 years old, from Sunderland. I have seen wikipedias sister projects and I have decided to help them. I know a lot on Humanities and Science, and I' am keen to learn more, I could even help others learn. Education is ideal to help economic and human progress in the world.

= Post your messages under here = Notice The comments on this page may at times, contain abusive comments, spamming and trolling by any particular user. If you see this please revert it.

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User talk: Student Galaxy/Archive 1

wiki break
I'm glad to hear that you are back. Drop by IRC #wikiversity-en when you have a chance. --JWSchmidt 13:14, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * "Please block this account" <-- Sorry, but I am not interested in blocking accounts by request. --JWSchmidt 01:34, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:Silverbarnstar.png
Please provide a license template and source for this image. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 22:57, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 15:32, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Student Galaxy


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User:Student Galaxy

'''I am on a long term wikiversity vacation. It just seems this project isn't right for me, for some reason Wikipedia is a more comfortable place for me.'''

Return date October 30th 2009.

I will return...

title: User:Student Galaxy


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Football (soccer)

The game of football (also known as soccer in some parts of the world) was invented in the late 19th century in the United Kingdom. Ever since, it has spread around the world and is now officialy the most popular sport in the world, and has evolved into a major part of daily life. Football is a very simple sport. However, to become proficient at football, fitness and practice are necessary.

Positions

 * Goalkeeper

 * The goalkeeper stands in the goal, and is allowed to use his hands to catch the ball but only within the goalkeeper's box. The ball is shot at the goal by the other team's forward when they get the chance. If it goes past him and enters the goal, a goal is conceded. Goalkeepers can dive for the ball, grab it, or kick it.

 * Defenders

 * Defenders are often placed near the goal, as they are on the pitch, they can move around anyway, but should stop the other teams forwards from approaching the goal by tackling them. They can then run for the goal with the ball, or pass it with their foot to another player.

 * Mid-fielders do not only stay midfield, but rather generally run 18yd box to 18yd box, for a mixture of attack and defense. They often shoot at the goal and score, but can defend and keep the ball in one teams hands. The Mid-fielder job consists of a lot of running.

 * Forwards

 * Designed to score, the forwards attempt to score into the other players net which the goalkeeper attempts to catch. If the opponent misses and the forward scores, they score a goal. Any player, though, even a goalkeeper, is allowed to score a goal.

Learning to play the game
The game is played on a large field, which has two goals equally apart and positioned. On each half is a team. There is also the sidelines, which go around the perimeter pitch. If the ball goes out of the line on the sides of the pitch, the opposing team that did not knock it out gets a throw in. If it happens on the goal-lines (the line next to the goal), it changes. If the team that defends that side got it out, the opponents get a corner kick where the kick it from a corner. If the team that was attacking that side gets it out, the defenders get a goal kick, where they can kick from the goal.

 * 1. Getting started
 * To start playing soccer, you should train for a few weeks before playing. Start by getting a ball and start trying to run with it. This is called dribbling, you use your feet to move the ball as you move. To stop the ball, place your foot on the top. Use whatever foot you feel comfortable with to dribble it. A simple way to dribble it is tap it lightly and jog slowly keeping yourself aware. Keep doing this for a while to start learning, to properly kick a ball.

 * 2. Passing
 * Passing is the art of kicking a ball so you give it to another player on your team. You pass a ball by tapping it lightly with the inside of your foot and it should go in the aimed direction. Keep practicing in speed and accuracy for a while. Try doing this with a partner to make it more efficient.

 * 3. Shooting
 * To shoot a ball, you kick it full force. When you kick it full force, it should speed on the ground in one direction. Do this for a while. Then learn how to evaluate it with your foot. Elevate it by shoving your foot under it while you kick. To maintain a ball's height, when you elevate it, place your knee slightly downwards as you kick it, and its height will be stunted.

 * 4. Heading a ball
 * Football players can use their heads to play football. To either pass or shoot at the goal, if a ball comes at your face, you should tap it in the appropriate direction with your head, this is heading a ball. Use it only to shoot when right next to a goal. Use it to pass anywhere else on the field.

 * 5. Tackling
 * To get the ball off the opposing team you can intercept passes, but another and more difficult way, is tackling. You tackle a player when they are dribbling the ball, by kicking it out of their dribble. It is not that easy, as they can revert direction and keep the ball out of your way. Be careful when tackling as if you hit the player, it will be classed as a foul, which then may result in a yellow or red card. Yellow is a warning, red sends you off. If a foul is committed in the box around the goal of your team. It is classed as a penalty, where the other team get a free shot right up at the goal. You can slide tackle other players, by sliding onto the ground with your foot forwards to get the ball off them. More about tackling can be for the Defending position.

 * 6. Assisting
 * A lot of players in football don't score goals. But they, assist other players to score goals. By getting to the appropiate position, passing it, then they can shoot it in at a perfect point. This is often used when one player is obstructed by too many opposing defenders.

 * 7. Dribbling
 * Dribbling is the art in football of tapping the ball lightly while moving with the ball. This technique is usually done by forwards, who try to score the goal in. Players also do different, special tricks while dribbling, which are moves such as the Bicycle Kick, Nut meg, and different other special skills. There are also different tricks done while dribbling which can physically or mentally trick the player. Many great known players are really called for there dribbling, such as Leo Messi and Diego Maradona.[1][2]

Playing the game
After spending a few weeks learning these basic skills, get into a game. Use a large area of land, set up some goal posts, and get 11 players on each team or 5. 11 is recommended. Use different colored strips for each team. Each team also needs one captain, which is normally the most experienced and skilled player, a player of any position can be the captain

Each team has a formation, where they should be mostly positioned when playing - they are free to move around, though. When playing the 5-a-side version of the game, all players of one team except the goalkeeper should be in the other players half when a player of their team scores. The ref should kick off by a some kind of a draw, like a coin toss.

He will then place the ball in the middle and let the team which has kick off get the first move. The game should go on for 90 minutes. When it gets to 45 minutes. It becomes half time, and the players can rest for 15 minutes which doesn't count onto the game time, for the second half of the game for another 45 minutes. At 90 minutes, which ever teams scored the most goals win. If it's the same number it goes into a draw.

title: Football (soccer)


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Template:Proofread

This template should be used to request that a page be proofread following either creation or a major rewrite. Once you have added this tag, consider listing the article at Requests for proofreading. Please be sure to subst: this template!

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Category:Pages in need of proofreading

This category lists pages that have been tagged for proofreading using Proofread. Once you are finished proofreading these pages, please remove that tag, which will also remove the page from this category.

title: Category:Pages in need of proofreading


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Category:Pages actively undergoing construction

This category lists pages that have been tagged with Underconstruction.


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Wikiversity:Requests for proofreading

This page coordinates efforts to proofread new pages and pages which have recently undergone a major rewrite. If you stumble across a page that could use proofreading, or if you finish creating/rewriting a page, you are strongly encouraged to list it here. Pages should not be listed here or tagged with proofreading templates until the content of the page is fully (or almost fully) complete; i.e., until they are in the "rough draft" phase.

How to list a page for proofreading
First of all, tag the page with - this will place the page in the category, Category:Pages in need of proofreading. Then, list the page in the New requests section using the following format:

PAGENAME

 * Page: PAGENAME
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Once the page has been thoroughly proofread and all grammatical, typographical, and stylistic mistakes removed, the request will be moved to the Completed requests section and the proofread tag removed. Proofreaders may also leave a note on the page's talk page about which version was finally found to be without further need of proofreading.

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School of Biology: Genetics

 * Page: Topic: Genetics
 * Requested by: --TheVividDream 02:35, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
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 * Comments: Please help proofread all new pages under the topics subheader: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes, Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes, Genetics of Cancer, Drosophila Sex Determination, and Genetic Control in Drosophila Patterning. Thanks a ton!

Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide

 * Page: Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide
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Introduction to Programming/Variables part 2

 * Page: Introduction to Programming/Variables part 2
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 * Status: Not yet proofread.
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Control Structures and Logical Expressions in VB6

 * Page: Control Structures and Logical Expressions in VB6
 * Requested by: AmiDaniel 00:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Status: proofread by Heltec  talk  and HappyCamper
 * Comments: Brand new page; it may have many typos and nuiances I haven't noticed. Any help proofreading would be appreciated.

Introduction to Programming/Variables

 * Page: Introduction to Programming/Variables
 * Requested by: Dmclean 02:04, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Seems alright to me. Not perfect, but beyond the proofreading stage at least. AmiDaniel (talk) 18:39, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Comments: The course that this page is part of is intended for people with no programming experience. Please check that the material is explained in clear, simple, plain language.

Computing in Japanese

 * Page: Computing in Japanese
 * Requested by: Balloonguy 00:38, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Status: Looks good. AmiDaniel (talk) 18:42, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Comments: Also check the test.

Participants
If you plan to be an active participant in proofreading new pages, please sign your name here.

 * 1) AmiDaniel 23:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) HappyCamper 23:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) J.Steinbock 00:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4)  Heltec  talk  00:54, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 5)  DarkMage  19:27, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 6) Helloworld00 01:55, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity:Requests for proofreading


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User:Wjhonson

My quick links

 * Wikipedia: My User pageMy Talk page
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 * My research website http://www.countyhistorian.com where my newest articles are about Montgomery Clift, and Brad Pitt and quite possibly my most fabulous article is about Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's son-in-law Curtis Bean Dall; also new and improved articles on both Susan Wiley "Genie:The Wild Child" abused child, and on Ahmad Sohrab, Baha'i.  Some other nice articles are on Elizabeth Montgomery, actress; Mike Huckabee, candidate for US President; Paul Walker the actor, Alice Ghostley the actress, Carol Burnett comedian, and Gavin Newsom, Mayor of San Francisco

title: User:Wjhonson


text: User talk:Wjhonson

title: User talk:Wjhonson


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School talk:Strategic Studies/Templates

What does template mean here? I cannot find any template.--Hillgentleman|User talk 08:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: School talk:Strategic Studies/Templates


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User:Robert Elliott/RE1Test

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 95%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" ! style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | Title

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Say

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" |

Right

 * }

This page is for material on sound recording - what you need to record sound, and how to get started. Please add ideas or information if you have any knowledge or interest in the area.

What is Sound Recording?

Sound Recording essentially means capturing a piece of sound onto a storage media, so as to archive it and review it afterwards. It is not just storing sounds but also maintaining its quality i.e. the playback of the recorded sound must be an exact immitation to the original sound that was recorded. To do this we need the proper equipments, and some essential skills and knowledge.

What do you record sound with and what do you record into? =Digital Recording=

Microphone

 * Condenser or dynamic microphone. The microphone article offers a better description of the differences, but for those interested in solely the "what" and not the "how", here is an overview.
 * Both types convert variations in air pressure or sound into electrical signals. The dynamic mic is overall less responsive, and the condenser mic is more responsive, picking up sounds clearly. However, this does NOT mean that condenser mic's are superior to dynamic mics. A condenser mic can be irreparably damaged if exposed to incredibly loud sounds. Thus, you should use dynamic mics when recording guitar amps or other loud instruments.
 * Further more, a mic can be classified as uni- or omni-directional.
 * A uni-directional microphone will only pick up soundwaves coming from straight in front of it. These are ideal for vocals, drums, and guitar amps when you do not want any background noise. For example, you do not want your vocal microphone to pick up the drums in the background.
 * An omni-directional microphone will pick up any sound in the room. These are mainly used as overtop microphones for drum sets in order to record the cymbals. The microphone picks up the general sound of the drum set and picks up the cymbals much better than a uni-directional microphone.

An overview of which mics to use when recording:

 * Guitar or any amplifier - Uni-directional Dynamic mic
 * Drums - Uni-directional dynamic mic
 * Overhead drumset - Omni-directional condenser
 * Vocals - Condenser for recording, uni-directional dynamic for live performance (although this is not a live performance article, the reader should be aware that that there is a large risk in breaking the condenser mic when playing live. They are very fragile. A small drop could destroy it)
 * Acoustic guitars/instruments: Condenser, any directional.
 * Other instruments. Trumpets, etc: Condenser mic, unless the instrument is overly loud. Unless there is too much background noise, omni is much easier to use and set up(you do not have to point the microphone at the instrument and then deal with issues of inconsistency. More later)
 * Non-instruments-Same as "other instruments." Although every item is technically an instrument by definition.

Alternative conversions of sound to electrical signal

 * Many amplifiers have 1/4" output jacks. Also, keyboards have similar output jacks or USB outputs. Set-up will be explained later.

Computer

 * If you use a computer to record and/or edit, you will need two items: a soundcard and recording software

Soundcard

 * Any sound card will do. Your integrated soundcard will work but not with optimal results. Many companies such as Digitools will sell soundcards that work directly with the programs.

Converter/Pre-amp

 * Although sounds waves are converted into electrical signals by the microphone, the results will not be good if one simply plugs the microphone into the computer. There are a number of different items that will convert the signal to something your computer can read easier. For example, the pre-amp on a behringer mixing board, the M-box by digidesign, and similar products by other manufacturers.
 * Note: This is not required, if one simply wishes to record with low-quality on his/her computer.

Adapters

 * You will find that the microphone output does not match the line-in input on the computer. If you do not own a converter then you must obtain the right adapters:
 * A 3 hole microphone output )or 1/4" output depending on the microphone) female to a 1/8" male(mono).
 * If you have a converter the adapters will vary. If you have a USB output, use that. If you have a 1/4" adapter you will need a 1/4" female to 1/8" male adapter (mono or stereo depending on the make).
 * If you have two outputs, one left and one right, you will need a mixer cable which will mix the two mono channels to one stereo output.

Computer software

 * Windows come with Sound Recorder, but this program has next to no features and can only save in .wav to begin with.
 * Macs come with a much better program, GarageBand, which in fact is used by many top artists.
 * Here is a list of software for recording and editing. It is recommended that windows users download freeware before they do any recording:
 * Goldwave - This is freeware (free sample software to tryout, expected to buy complete package if you like) that is very good for the entry-level recorder/audio engineer
 * Protools- A solid program with plenty of plugins
 * Cubase- The ferrari of audio-editing, it is expensive but with tons of features
 * Live- Used for live performances becuase of its real-time rendering. It is still a very solid program
 * Lamewin: This is not a recording program but a free .mp3 converter found on the Goldwave website under downloads.
 * Audacity: Free, Open Source software that has a lot of features and is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux.
 * Ardour: Free, Open Source Digital Audio Workstation.  Record, edit, and mix up to 24+ track of audio.  It has more features then Audacity but is a little harder to learn.  Available for Windows, Mac  and Linux.

=Analog=

Analog effects

 * Compressor-
 * Expander-

=Links=

Recording sounds
These should probably be separate pages
 * How to record someone singing
 * How to record a (non-digital) musical instrument
 * How to record ambient noise
 * How to record soft sounds
 * Issues in recording sounds

External resources

 * Tips on sound recording
 * Recording live to a two-track - by Bruce Bartlett

Where can we take this?
Now that you've learned a bit about recording sound, Where would you like to go? You may wish to learn, teach, discuss and apply what you can do by going into more depth in Wikiversity's Audio Engineering Department which is developing the technology needed for producing the soundtrack for Wikiversity the Movie. Perhaps you are a musician interested in Jamming Online in a music genre such as Basic Blues & Rock with a GarageBand or the like. Maybe you are a linguist and would like to work on the development of audio resources for the Wikimedia Commons like spoken versions of important texts. The possibilities are endless.

You may have a completely novel application for advanced sound recording. Wouldn't it be great to be on the ground floor of Wikiversity's sonic potential? Hmmm. Just a thought.

title: User:Robert Elliott/RE1Test


text: File:Soccer ball.JPG

title: File:Soccer ball.JPG


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Talk:Football (soccer)

Student Galaxy 12:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Off Sides
Note: This is not the place for biograghies of any footballers, stadiums or teams. Just the teachings of football.

Nice work so far Galaxy! I have played soccer in USA pickup games for several years now and been used as one of a group of "practice dummies" for some teams but I have trouble understanding the offsides rules. Can you explain this for me somewhere in your lessons? Thanks! Mirwin 22:19, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

offside was already there, but I've made it a little easier to make it out in the text. Student Galaxy 15:55, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Football (soccer)


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User talk:Wenjik~enwikiversity

Welcome to Wikiversity
Welcome to Wikiversity, hope you enjoy it. There's plenty to do. Create some pages, catch troublemakers, and expand pages. Student Galaxy 12:25, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wenjik. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wenjik~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:25, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wenjik~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:ISRalien

Welcome
Welcome to Wikiversity, its only 3 months old, so there's plenty to do. Hope you enjoy it. Student Galaxy 12:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:ISRalien


text: Talk:History and Strategy of Competitive Scrabble


text:
Talk:Computer network

Merger
In following up on my blitz to clean up the networking section of wikiversity I am merging/redirecting this page to the topic on networking. Lysander89 23:47, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computer network


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User:AmiDaniel/Sandbox

Yay! Got to test out my move powers :).

title: User:AmiDaniel/Sandbox


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Learning Java/File IO

File input/output is quite similar to the System.in and System.out that you already have begun using In Java, files can be represented by the class java.io.File.

Imports
To use the objects presented in this section please add

To the top of your .java file.

Files
Files are another type of variable. You can make a file like this: This does not return an exception if the file doesn't exist. To check if it does: This will return a boolean.

To check if it is a file or directory: For a full list of methods you can use, go to File (Java 8 documentation).

File Output
To write to a file, you can use a FileWriter or a FileOutputStream.

FileWriter
This class writes strings or char[] to a file. To create one: It is as simple to write. After you create a FileWriter you can write strings to that file:

After you're done with your FileWriter you can save and close it using

Writing this simple code into Java will result in unhandled error exceptions. Because the FileWriter constructor may throw exceptions (such as the file being write-protected) we need to ensure that our code handles these in the event of an error. This code will not compile if the constructor is not placed within a try-catch block as below:

Scanner
Scanner is a class that was made when it was decided by Sun that the java file IO API was too messy. Scanners make file IO significantly easier. To use Scanner, import the class from java.util:

The scanner is a sort of wrapper class for a File, FileInputStream, or String class. The constructor of Scanner takes one of these objects as a parameter, like so:

Scanner includes a number of member methods that make reading Files easy. You can use a scanner to get the next item of a certain type from a stream with the methods next, nextDouble, nextFloat, nextInt, nextLine, etc.... You can also determine if more of a certain type exist with the has* methods and read and search for regular expressions.

Some example code:

Using Strings and showing the use of extracting different data types

Delimiters
Scanner splits the elements of the File/String on Whitespace (spaces, tabs, endlines) by default. You can set the delimiter of the scanner using

Where we have chosen the semi-colon ";" as a delimiter.

Handling Errors and an Example Function
As with writing to files Java forces us to handle exceptions that can be produced if our Scanner is fed by a File or FileInputStream object. Note that this try-catch structure is not necessary if your scanner is only operating on a String. Sample code which handles this is below

Comma Separated Value Files
Because CSV is such a popular format it deserves special attention. In this case we want to separate the lines by endline-characters ('\n') and the entries within each line by commas (','). A common strategy is to use two scanners, one which reads lines from the file and another for each line which reads the individual entries.

title: Learning Java/File IO


text:
Learning Java/Error handling

Exceptions
All Java errors are handled as exceptions. Exceptions extend the base class, Exception. You might have seen the try and catch block used. This is a way to "catch" exceptions - this essentially allowing you to handle various unexpected errors gracefully.

Life isn't perfect. Much as we'd like to think otherwise, sometimes we encounter exceptional behavior. Things like missing files, badly formatted data to be parsed, and operations on  things are just a few of the many exceptions you may meet in your programming career. When these things happen, the JVM throws a temper tantrum, or (more technically) throws an exception.

How do you know if an exception could be thrown? The hard way is when the compiler complains that you didn't properly handle the method. The easy way involves the API documentation. The standard API documentation on the Java site begins a method's documentation with its header: the access level, return type, method name, parameters, miscellaneous modifiers, and the declared exceptions. For example, the  method in class   throws. Its header looks like this:

If a method might throw an exception, it has to declare that exception in its header using the  statement. (Note: just because a method declares an exception doesn't mean that it will throw it, just that it might.) If you use a risky method, you have to tell the compiler what to do in case something bad happens. This is called catching the exception.

Try and Catch
Try and catch blocks are really simple. The basic syntax follows. For this example, we'll try to read a file that doesn't exist. (The details of file I/O comes later in this tutorial; the important part is just that this code is risky: if the file "myfile.txt" doesn't exist, the  constructor throws a  .) Whenever a method of some class could throw an exception, you should use the try/catch block. The compiler tries to run the code in the  block. If any statement in the block throws an exception, the JVM jumps to the appropriate  block; that is, the   block that names the thrown exception. If no code in the  block throws an exception, the   block is skipped.

Consider the code above. If the named file exists, the  block runs to completion, and the   block is skipped. The output is

Ready? Go! I think I can... I knew I could! All done.

If the file does not exist, however, the  block halts at the   constructor, and the   block is run:

Ready? Go! I think I can... File not found. All done.

Exercise 1: Make a program that asks for an integer in a JOptionPane Input Message (you can use JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "TEXTHERE");). Then, it formats it into an integer and prints the number one above it. If the integer is not valid, it says "Bad Integer." Name your class StrToInt.

Answer:

Finally Blocks
This is a continuation of try/catch blocks. The finally statement is always executed. It is the place where you can tidy things up, rather than duplicating code. However, you should be aware when it is executed in the flow of control.

First of all, here is where you put it: Now, when it executes: it occurs before the catch statement (if the catch statement happens) or after the try statement. Essentially it happens here and here: The (arguably) best part about the finally block is that it can execute code "after" returning in a method. As a very basic (and bad, but working) example, this means you could have: Simple, eh?

title: Learning Java/Error handling


text:
Learning Java/Objects and Classes

Classes
Classes are the core of Java. Everything is done within classes. You already know how to create a class:

You can also have multiple classes in a single file: If you do this, only one public class is allowed and the others have to be protected-private (no modifier). When this is compiled two class files will be created, NAME.class and otherClass.class. otherClass can be run by  just like normal. You can use these classes in objects...

Fields
Fields (also known as instance variables) are variables declared in the class itself - not in any method. For example, the following is a field: Fields are like any other variable; they may hold primitive types (int, boolean, double, etc) or reference types (String, Integer, or any other class type). Fields can be accessed outside of the class depending on the visibility modifier they are defined with. In the example above "field" has an access modifier of private, which means that it may only be accessed from within the class itself, and may not be accessed directly outside of the class. We will touch on access modifiers later on.

Methods
You have used one method in each of your programs - main(String[] args). Methods are blocks of code which allow classes and objects to perform specific tasks. Methods are defined with an (optional) visibility modifier (such as public or private), an (optional) access modifier (final, static, abstract, etc), a return type (void, int, String, etc) which defines the type of value the method will give after being called, a name, zero or more parameters (inputs), and optionally a throws clause which defines exceptions which the method may throw (Exceptions are discussed later on.). Methods also contain a body, which contains any number of statements to be executed when the method is called.

Lets examine main again:

Its visibility is public, which means it can be called outside of the class. Its access modifier is static (more on this later). It has a return type of void - it does not return anything. Its name is main. It takes one parameter, an array of String objects. Finally its body contains two statements.

Lets get into return types. The following returns an int:

But what does that mean? Well, it means that it must have a return statement within it which must return an integer value. An example: This method has a single statement which simply returns the value 5.

Would the following work:

The answer, actually, is yes because the return type in this case is "void" which means the method returns nothing.

Return statements terminate execution of the method, so any statements below the return statement will not execute. You can however place the return statement within a conditional block of code, so that if the condition is not met the block of code may be skipped and execution of the method will continue immediately after the conditional block. Consider the following code:

If the parameter someNum equals five the method will exit. Otherwise it will continue to the next line of code immediately after the if block. A single line of code is executed in this case:. This is a rather simplified example, however it illustrates how the return statement may be placed in various locations within the method.

Methods are quite simple to call, and you have already seen several examples of method calls in the previous lessons. The code below illustrates how to call a method defined within a class:

The code above defines two classes: Ship and TestClass. Ship has a number of methods defined, including one called accelerate which adds an integer value to its speed. TestClass contains the main method in which we can create an instance of the Ship class. Once we have an instance we can then call its methods to manipulate its data. We do this by calling using the form: class/object.methodname. The important thing to notice here is the use of the "." (dot) operator, which is how instance variables and methods are accessed in Java.

Constructor
The constructor of a type is a method that must be called for an object to be initialized. See Object for more information...

This method is different - its syntax is changed. Because it cannot return anything, it has no return statement. Also, the method name is the same as the class name. Here is an example:

However, it CAN have parameters:

Parameters can be used to say what you want a field to be. Example:

Nested Classes
Classes can also be added to other classes. These are called nested classes: A nested class can have one or more nested classes as well.

Nested classes act just like normal classes, but they cannot be called from other classes. Furthermore, they have access to all variables within the containing classes.

Exercises
Answer to #1.

Answer to #2

You may be wondering, if you did not have the "static" part, why your program did not compile. It is because "main" can only run static methods (except for constructors, which in a way are actually static). "static" makes a method OR field be the same even through objects (See Objects). You will get a better understanding of this.

Objects
Objects are basically prints of classes that can be changed - or else, instances of classes.

Creating Objects
Unlike some object oriented languages, objects are always allocated in the heap and are always created with a new operation. Object variables are references (similar to pointers, but with all of the dangerous parts removed), not instances, and can refer to any object of the declared type.

First you must declare an object reference, like this: Now, you must initialize it so that it points to an object, like this: The new operation will allocate the memory of an object of type SomeClass and call the class's constructor to initialize that memory. For the 2nd class you created, we can make a constructor and remove the main: Now, we can create an object to use the constructor: We can also do it all on one line: This is just like "int i=100", except that we are calling the constructor rather than using a primitive type.

Using Fields and Methods
You can also easily use methods/fields in a class. The syntax is: [object reference].[method/field]; Note: On methods, you still need the parameter.

Now, lets make a String and use the toCharArray method... Or else, using the Operation class, we can pretend everything is public (meaning it can be accessed from outside the class). Each of these do the same thing except with a different string.

Using Classes in One File
If you create multiple classes in one file, you can make objects of them similarly.

Make exercises...

Final Exercise
Answer:

title: Learning Java/Objects and Classes


text: File:UFO.JPG

title: File:UFO.JPG


text:
Digestive system

Welcome to the Wikiversity Digestive System learning project.

Learning Project Summary
This page links to Wikiversity learning resources that are related to the important biological function of digestion. The goal of this project is to provide a complete learning path from the most basic introduction to digestion through increasingly sophisticated treatments of the topic. The most basic learning resources concern what you may not tell a young child who first asks about what happens to eaten food. The most advanced learning resources concern on-going research into digestive system function.

Short description of the digestive system
Young children often express curiosity about the human digestive system. Young children can be introduced to the major body parts of the digestive system and their functions. Very young children can learn about the role of muscles and bones that allow people to consume food. They can be introduced to the concept that the body has internal organs for absorbing nutrients from food and that this is vital for the body's health.

The digestive system starts at the mouth and the role of saliva in digestion of carbohydrates is one of the first laboratory demonstrations in many introductory biology classes. Even young children can demonstrate for themselves that saliva starts to break down the starch of a cracker into sugars. When introducing students to the digestive functions of the human stomach, the key chemical concept of acidity can be introduced. How does the stomach use a powerful acid to digest food without digesting itself?

Older students can learn about the digestive functions of the pancreas and the liver and the general concept of multiple digestive enzymes and other molecules produced by organs of the digestive system which help to break down food molecules. The nutrient absorbing function of the intestines can be related to the roles of vitamins and minerals in human health.

Lessons

 * Lesson 1: Nutrition

title: Digestive system


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/JWSchmidt

 * Candidate for Bureaucratship

One of Wikiversity's finest. Cormaggio 17:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

I am willing to take on the responsibility of Wikiversity bureaucratship on two conditions: 1) There is 5 day period for community discussion of candidates for bureaucratship 2) The current process for evaluating new custodians is modified to include a 5 day period for community discussion of users who are newly nominated for custodianship. I support the rest of the current suggested policy on custodianship. In particular, I support the idea of a mentoring system for "temporary custodians". In general, custodianship should be no big deal. However, I think that the policy needs to be firm and clear that a mentor of a "temporary custodian" has the power, at any time during the trial period, to ask the Stewards to terminate the custodianship of a "temporary custodian" that the mentor is advising. I will put more information about myself on my user page. --JWSchmidt 17:42, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Questions and requests
1) tell us more about your philosophies behind bureaucrats on this site? --HappyCamper 03:36, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I like the idea that tasks performed by wiki functionaries should be clearly defined by policy (Custodianship, Bureaucratship) and totally open and transparent. The community should be provided with simple methods to correct any problems that might arise in how functionaries act (example: Custodianship).

 * I favor the idea that being a functionary should not be a big deal. It should be easy for Wikiversity participants to become custodians. We can always use more custodians who can help make sure that the wiki has a quick response to block persistent vandals. I also like the idea of having many custodians because then the work load does not fall too heavily on any individuals. I'm not sure it is healthy to have wiki participants who spend a large fraction of their wikitime doing custodian work. I think Wiki functionaries should spend most of their wikitime making good wiki edits and directly contributing to the goals of the wiki. It should also be easy for the community to demote any functionary that has lost the trust of the community.

 * It is not clear how many bureaucrats are needed in a wiki. Some wikis get by with one or two, other wikis have 5 or 6, some have quite a few more than that. The total number needed is at least in part determined by how many are required to make sure that bureaucrat actions are carried out in a timely fashion. I think it is reasonable to expect bureaucrats to take wiki-breaks and not be "on call" 100% of the time. I suspect this is why quite a few wikis have 5 or 6 bureaucrats, so one is always available to act when needed by the community.

 * I also think it is good practice for community discussions of functionary candidates to include a question and answer section. It would also be useful to have a system for producing a short summary of the editing history of each candidate. --JWSchmidt 05:47, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

2) It has become clear that this RfB may never end for reasons of JWSchmidt's unwillingness to accept the promotion. JWSchmidt, would you be willing to either (1) ask Cormaggio to promote as it is clear beyond all doubt that the entire community consensus is behind this nomination or (2) withdraw the request untill such time as you feel comfortable with receiving the promotion? AmiDaniel (talk) 19:34, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think what happened was: at the launch of Wikiversity Cormaggio was made a bureaucrat and upon feeling uncertain about everything that needed to be done, he went looking for some help. Sebmol was able to step in an provide the needed help, particularly for technical issues like bots. I think if Cormaggio and Sebmol felt that there was a need for another bureaucrat they would probably make some noise. "withdraw the request" <-- I think that's up to Cormaggio. --JWSchmidt 22:18, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Comments

 * -- An obvious choice, JWSchmidt has been active fromj the beginning in reinventing "sysopship" for wikiversity. He has a clear view of the wikiversity mission, and will make wise choices of who should get the keys to the toolshed. --SB_Johnny | talk 12:31, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * -- One of the pinnacle contributors here. I support this nomination. RichMac 01:14, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * , though the policy stuff will probably come along later. Well, if your half the bureaucrats on the site, and Cormaggio is on break, I guess you could set up any rule you want about when you promote them!--Rayc 06:46, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Oooh - being a bureaucrat isn't at all about setting up any old rule you want - that would be terrible. Anyway, I have every confidence that John would use the faith that people entrust him with wisely and fairly. Cormaggio 14:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * -- knows about administration. Good guy. HappyCamper 03:44, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * -- will make a great bureaucrat. Heltec  talk
 * --Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 08:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Note: this is discussion about bureaucratship. I am a custodian. --JWSchmidt 02:38, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong from me as well -- now, seeing as this thing's been going on since August, can we please close it? :D AmiDaniel (talk) 23:09, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There really is no hurry. I think a higher priority is for the community to draft Bureaucratship. Can the community really do a good job of selecting bureaucrats when we have not decided what bureaucrats will be called upon to do? --JWSchmidt 23:27, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I support him to because he seems to have the best insight on what's going on.
 * Strong He is kind and is trustworthy. He will do a great job.--Sir James Paul 18:04, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong Per above (and a great mentor too!) :-) -- J.Steinbock 18:07, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This user is marvellous, and has made many great edits improving the wikiversity, and has done well against vandalism I would say. Student Galaxy 21:05, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Full per RichMac, he is definitely 'One of the pinnacle contributors here'. Level-headed and helpful (not to mention very reasonable) --Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 11:17, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * --Sir James Paul 04:16, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Strong -- I concur with all of the above. --Kkawohl
 * Full - JWSchmidt (a.k.a. JWSurf) was instrumental in getting Wikiversity up and running. He has been activly involved in a continuous process of moving the project forward since it was just an idea on wikibooks and meta. He understands and is commited to what it takes in establishing and maintaining WV as a vital educational resource for the long haul. CQ 05:01, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Full I have seen much good come from JWSchmidt. --Remi 21:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Very helpful and certainly knows Wikiversity inside out. Xenon 22:18, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Looking at JWSchmidt's contribution to Wikiversity, I support him. He is a valuable part of Wikiversity. --Freiberg 20:44, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Über He's very active and always helping out. --Devourer09 18:33, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * A great contributor to this Wikimedia project. An active editor as well as an active sysop Zchenyu 21:05, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Always around, always contactable. A great custodian and an obvious choice for bureaucrat.  Chrisfow 00:22, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * He is a nice and frindly Admin. I think this power is good in his hands. -- Supermark2000 03:50, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) Support I think the power is in this hands right. --User:Sundance_Raphael 15:17, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I haven't been here but a few days and JWSchmidt has taken notice and offered support. Leightwing 00:02, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Full This user has provided much help and encouragement and is an ideal person for this role Open Research 14:31, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In my time as probationary custodian - with John being my mentor - I have known him now better and with his views and actions he will certainly be a good person for this job. Erkan Yilmaz ( my talk page, wiki blog ) 13:52, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * he was one of the first people i met on here helped out a lot and stayed patient.Eadthem 20:17, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Strong he was the one who got me interested here - ideal candidate --Pumpmeup 11:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Strong anyone who knows Wikiversity knows JWSchmidt. Countrymike 21:23, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Over-whelming support good guy.  Sunderland06  23:26, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * --mikeu 20:32, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Definitely a good choice. Captain panda 04:37, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * -- I haven't been here that long, but he seems to me to be a good choice on the matter. Editorofthewiki 20:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * -- Judging on JWSchimdt's contributions to en.wv all this time, JWSchimdt is one of the most essential contributors to en.wv in my opinion, and I'm sure he'll be an excellent bureaucrat. --[[Image:Assassingr_signature.svg]]-- (profile|chit chat|email) 09:39, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Update
Text below was copied from Colloquium.

Hi all, I'd like to revive JWSchmidt's nomination for bureaucratship. I seem to be either away or occupied a fair bit of the time, and I feel Wikiversity needs a bureaucrat who at least checks in once a day! (I'm not sure if Sebmol does any more.) Since there is such overwhelming support, might it be better to say "any objections?"? How about giving this a period of two weeks - here, or on the nomination page? (I should also say, I haven't checked this with JWschmidt, and will leave it to him to decide if reviving this nomination is ok.) Cormaggio talk 10:45, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I suggest a further waiting period of two hours. I think 16 months is already sufficient. --McCormack 10:52, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It is clear that the community values his contributions and strongly supports his nomination. I suggest we wait only as long as it takes for JWSchmidt to accept (and I hope he does.)  --mikeu 14:42, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If he accepts, I'm happy to promote him. That's the only thing that has ever stopped me. He had said in the past that another bureaucrat is not necessary. I do not know what his current opinion is in that regard. sebmol ? 14:53, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe once a month we have made use of Sebmol to activate a new custodian. Sebmol responds quickly when notified by email. I think it works well to have active editors mentor probationary custodians while having someone like Sebmol who can look at candidates with full objectivity. If I were a bureaucrat, I would still want to have Sebmol (or Cormaggio) be the one to make people custodians in most cases because I am often involved in recruiting people to volunteer to be custodians in the first place. Since I'm usually something of a friend to candidates, I'm not really an objective judge when it comes time to flip a bit for a custodian candidate. Also, as a believer in checks and balances, I'm not sure it makes sense to have CheckUsers as bureaucrats. In my view, bureaucrat work related to custodianship is under control. For a long time I have looked upon my bureaucrat candidacy as a "spare tire" that could be used in an emergency. Since there has been no emergency, maybe the Wikiversity community should think long-term. I've been concerned about the bot situation. In addition to activating new custodians, Sebmol has also been granting bot status. However, I wonder if Wikiversity might benefit from having a more active bureaucrat with an interest in bots. I went out and tried to find people with some useful bots (such as for signing discussion pages when people forget to sign and checking newly added text against existing web content for apparent copyright violations), but those bots do not seem to work now. I do not know much about bots, so I'm fairly useless. Maybe the community should try to find a bureaucrat candidate who would have the time to take an active approach to managing bots for Wikiversity. --JWSchmidt 15:50, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Wise words, as ever, from JWS. Perhaps a compromise solution, as he vaguely suggests: keep him on the backburner as a bureaucrat-in-waiting who can quickly be appointed if the need should arise. As the community has overwhelmingly supported him, in enormous numbers as well, over a long period of time, there would be no need to repeat the process if we did need a bureaucrat suddenly. Perhaps we can call him a "bureaucrat-elect" (elected but not in office)? It's a nicer word than "spare tire" ;-) --McCormack 16:13, 8 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Robert Horning

 * Candidate for Bureaucratship

Has been instrumental in moving Wikiversity through the Wikimedia hoops. Cormaggio 17:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I accept this nomination on the condition that I be formally voted in by the members of the Wikiversity community. With 194 registered users and 9 administrators (after less than one week, no less), I don't see the need for an emergency Bureaucrat at the moment.  We will need a few bureaucrats to help with the single log-in feature for Wikimedia projects that appears to be coming, as there may be a need to help rename some accounts.  That shouldn't be too much of a problem, however, and I don't anticipate that taking too much time.
 * In addtion, I believe that the 5 day discussion period is slightly small and from experience with other small Wikimedia projects like Wikibooks and Wikisource, we may want to have even more time to discuss the merits of people becoming a custodian or bureaucrat. Still, this is an honor to be nominated.  When I got involved with the Wikiversity VfD (on Wikibooks) a little more than a year ago, I had no idea I would be doing what I'm doing today.  --Robert Horning 23:04, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Robert has been exemplary at wikibooks and in pushing policy formation uphill for all new Wikimedia Foundation projects with quietly expressed skill and grace. Based upon my observations over a year and a half exclusive cabals are much less likely to form in any group where he participates.  Mirwin 04:58, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Mirwin, Can you provide links to examples of those policy issues?--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 08:33, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * User has not been active since just after august nomination. RichMac 01:10, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I've got to agree with RichMac. Give me some edits to change my mind! If he would get back here and start work on that IRC algebra course, it could become be the most successful part of wikiversity. --Rayc 06:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This sort of inactivity does not hurt the Wiki. If anything, we need someone familiar with Wikiversity's beginnings. I don't expect super-wikiactivity, but rather consistency in acting and carrying out community norms. Robert has that ability. Full support. --HappyCamper 03:48, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Result : As no consensus has been reached, I've archived this candidacy. sebmol ? 16:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)


text: Talk:Digestive system

title: Talk:Digestive system


text:
Talk:Portuguese Language

First revision suggestions
To those who view the Introduction to Portuguese page on Wikiversity: I have just come upon this page today, and am very interested in using the WikiMedia resources to further my practice and knowledge of the Portuguese language. Viewing the page history and the contribution history of the page creator (and only edition so far), I assume that the page is not being currently maintained, and would enthusiastically like to assume this undertaking.

All changes to be made will not be proposed first (as would greatly handicap the growth of WikiMedia resources), but I would love suggestions, desires, feedback, comments, and "qualquer dúvida" (lit., whatever doubt(s)) that you have to be sent to me. I am learning the WikiMedia syntax and guidelines, so more will come later.

Especially, could someone please explain to me, TimNelson most likely, why the course code is ALAU1??1 ??

NathanPepper 00:24, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

We are in the house

Estamos na casa. I will start working on this important language. Help is welcome. (about the mentioned course code, I don´t know what is that for)(I will delete that line).

Does anybody around here speak Dutch? Because I want to learn that. Please help with Introduction to the Dutch language. Lets exchange motivations. Ricardoramalho 12:57, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Trash can

This course is almost abandoned. I will put here same weird stuff that I removed from the page. If someone finds it very important, can recycle it. I am quite new in Wikiprojects, so... I don´t know for sure what is weird and what is not.

 * course code is ALAU1??1 ->(what is a code for? wikiversity is too ambitious sometimes)
 * Stream Portuguese stream ->(Stream?????????)
 * Level: ->(Level low)

Content summary ->(was empty)

Trash can ends here: if you are an expert feel free to clean it. Ricardoramalho 20:15, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portuguese Language


text: Talk:UML/Glossary

title: Talk:UML/Glossary


text: Talk:Computer Architecture Lab/WS2006/Group6/ISA


text: Talk:Programming languages

title: Talk:Programming languages


text: Talk:Filmmaking Basics/Understanding Filmmaking/Analyze George Lucas in Love


text: Talk:Demography/Overview

title: Talk:Demography/Overview


text:
Talk:Introduction to Strategic Studies

Introduction to Strategic Studies or Strategic Theory ?
Congratulations for this great job, this is exactly the kind of project i'm looking for to get involved in. I have a remark regarding this course's contents : my opinion is that however great it is, it looks like a Strategic Theory course rather than an Introduction to Strategic Studies course. What would you think of reducing the part devoted to the history of Strategic Theory/Thought and developing more on the basics of strategic studies : What is conflict ? What is war ? How are they related to politics ? How much do strategic studies differ from International relations or military history's ways to analyze war and peace ? I think this means reflecting on the use of force (actual or threatened). To my knowledge, the best introduction on Strategic Studies is Baylis' (& al.) book published by Oxford UP, either its [2002] or [2007 edition]. Maybe we should take a look at it in order to get inspired ? CorentinB 19:49, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm beggining this course. My intent is through the use of the given references as well as WP and other resoursces learn about strategy. I intend to digest it and summarize it here.--Jolie 17:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Warfare as an analogy for any large goal or accomplishment

 * Proper organization a requirement of success
 * Different levels of accomplishment and planning
 * * Grand plan (overall coordination and resources for overall victory)
 * * Planning (providing resourses for success of an army)
 * * Operations (coordinating the achievements of individual objectives for the success of a battle)
 * * Tactics (the accomplishment of short-term objectives)--Jolie 12:14, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to Strategic Studies


text: Talk:Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Step by Step/fa


text: Talk:Cell biology improvement drive

title: Talk:Cell biology improvement drive


text:
User talk:Songbear2369

WELCOME
Welcome to Wikiversity. I hope you enjoy it. There's so much to do. If you need help, drop a message on my talk page. Student Galaxy 17:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Songbear2369


text:
User talk:Kostas11

WELCOME
Welcome to Wikiversity. I hope you enjoy it. There's so much to do. If you need help, drop a message on my talk page. Student Galaxy 17:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kostas11


text:
User talk:Cremisis13

welcome to Wikiversity
Welcome to Wikiversity, there's so much to do. Hope you enjoy it. Student Galaxy 17:38, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for helping to sort out my UFO article. It makes a lot more sense now. Here's an article you could also help on. Football (soccer) Student Galaxy 17:54, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Edit Summaries
Hi there, could you please try to provide an edit summary with every edit you make? I find myself frequently checking your edits to my watched pages, only to find that your edit was insignificant to me, and had an edit summary been provided, I could have spared myself the edit :D. Thanks. AmiDaniel (talk) 02:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cremisis13