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Wikiversity:Plagiarism

Plagiarism and Wikiversity
As Wikiversity doesn't provide pupils and students with accreditation, Wikiversity need not worry about plagiarism pulling down the academic standards of Wikiversity. At Wikiversity, anyone passing off other people's work as their own won't benefit from gaining an undeserved qualification. They might temporarily gain some undue status because of their unreferenced contributions. However they would loose all credibility once exposed. Another problem is the negative impact if Wikiversity becomes a source of plagiarised materials for learners at other institutions. This can be overcome by constant vigilance and investigating any materials that appear to be unauthorised essay banks. The nature of a wiki means that all texts tend to be by multiple authors with cooperation being more important than individual contribution. A bigger problem for Wikiversity is that unreferenced material prevents other pupils and students or collaborators from exploring important source materials and forming their own opinions of the subject and adding new content. The importance of providing fully referenced materials is stressed throughout all the Wikimedia projects. This page is intended to emphasise the positive aspects of learning, such as honesty, openness and the importance of providing fully referenced materials because these enhance the learning experience of everyone and provides something positive for people to aspire to.

title: Wikiversity:Plagiarism


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Talk:Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Adolescence

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 14:56, 14 December 2010 (UTC)O

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Template:Basepage subpage/doc

This is the basepage subpage meta-template.

This template helps other templates detect if they are on a basepage, subpage or subsubpage.

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Template:Pagename detect see also

Pagename-handling and detection templates:

 * pgn – Can take apart and put together pagenames in several ways.
 * basepage subpage – For detecting if on a basepage, subpage or subsubpage.
 * if pagename – For pattern matching on the pagename.
 * if pagename multi – For pattern matching on the pagename, has input reuse.
 * IP-user other – For detecting IP-user pages.

Easy to use namespace-detection templates:

 * main other – For article templates.
 * talk other – For talk page templates.
 * user other – For user page templates.
 * wikipedia other – For detecting "Wikipedia:" pages.
 * file other – For file (image) templates.
 * template other – For detecting template pages.
 * help other – For help page templates.
 * category other – For category templates.
 * portal other – For portal templates.
 * book other – For detecting book pages.

More complex namespace-detection templates:

 * namespace detect – The very versatile one.
 * namespace detect showall – The extremely versatile one, has input reuse.
 * talkspace detect - For detecting talk pages on various namespaces.

Technical stuff:

 * mw:Help:Magic words – About  etc.
 * mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions – About  etc.

title: Template:Pagename detect see also


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User talk:Lee Carre

 Hello Lee Carre, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 15:34, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lee Carre


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User talk:Sheppard~enwikiversity

 Hello Sheppard, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 17:10, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sheppard. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sheppard~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Sheppard~enwikiversity


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User talk:Homeworkeasy230

 Hello Homeworkeasy230, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Juan de Vojníkov 17:15, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Homeworkeasy230


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Digital Russian Peasant Project

The purpose of the Digital Russian Peasant Project (DRPP) is to create a fully searchable and shareable database, cataloging information regarding documented primary sources that describe the various aspects of Russian peasant life, as well as providing a reference point for available secondary source material. Information collected in the database will then be used to create online tools capable of allowing the user to specify complex search queries or visualize the data on an interactive platform in order to facilitate drawing broader connections across the source-base.

Beginning Goals and Needs
As of 3 December 2010 this project is still in its infancy and requires a few aspects to be worked out. Here are the areas that are of initial, broad concern:
 * 1) Standardization of data input, including choice of database format
 * 2) Discussion of what topics on peasant life should be prioritized, if any
 * 3) Brief sketch of what types of online tools would be preferred to search/view the cataloged data
 * 4) Bibliography of source-base

Questions/Suggestions should be sent to jantley@gmail.com.

Data Submission Standards
Please post ideas in the 'Discuss' tab forum.

Topics covered in Catalogued Sources
Please post ideas in the 'Discuss' tab forum.

Online Tools Desired

 * Interactive Map, allowing for quick visual display of search terms and ability to chart change over time.
 * See EU Fish Vessel Subsidy data map example.
 * Project Quincy developed by Jean Bauer that uses Ruby on Rails to help display Early Foreign Service Data, found here.
 * Libyan Crisis Map from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Users can set search filters, zoom and pan out on map, and even download reports that the map is built upon.  An excellent model.
 * Visualization tool like 'Overview', as explained by Jonathan Stray on his blog post, "A full-text visualization of the Iraq War Logs"
 * Text/Data Mining
 * See SEASR- Software Environment for the Advancement of Scholarly Research

Background Reading
Secondary sources that provide more detail on Russian peasant life. Please alphabetize entries, use Chicago Style citation and link to WorldCat entry, if possible.

Books

 * Blum, Jerome. 1961. Lord and peasant in Russia, from the ninth to the nineteenth century. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
 * Edelman, Robert. 1987. Proletarian peasants: the revolution of 1905 in Russia's southwest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Review by Jeremy Antley.
 * Engelstein, Laura. 1999. Castration and the heavenly kingdom: a Russian folktale. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
 * Farnsworth, Beatrice, and Lynne Viola. 1992. Russian peasant women. New York: Oxford University Press.
 * Moon, David. 1999. The Russian peasantry, 1600-1930: the world the peasants made. London: Longman.
 * Radkey, Oliver H. 1976. The unknown civil war in Soviet Russia: a study of the Green Movement in the Tambov Region, 1920-1921. Hoover Institution publication, 155. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.
 * Ryan, W. F. 1999. The bathhouse at midnight: an historical survey of magic and divination in Russia. Magic in history. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.
 * Viola, Lynne. 1996. Peasant rebels under Stalin: collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. New York: Oxford University Press.
 * Wildman, Allan K. 1996. The defining moment: land charters and the post-Emancipation agrarian settlelment in Russia, 1861-1863. Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh.

Kritika

 * Tolz, Vera. 2009. "Imperial Scholars and Minority Nationalisms in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 10 (2): 261-290.

Population (English Edition)

 * Avdeev, Alexandre, Alain Blum, Irina Troitskaia, and Heather Juby. 2004. "Peasant Marriage in Nineteenth-Century Russia". Population (English Edition). 59 (6): 721-764.

Russian Review

 * Marrese, Michelle Lamarche. 1999. "The Enigma of Married Women's Control of Property in Eighteenth-Century Russia". Russian Review. 58 (3): 380-395.
 * Smith-Peter, Susan. 2007. "Educating Peasant Girls for Motherhood: Religion and Primary Education in Mid-Nineteenth Century Russia". Russian Review. 66 (3): 391-405.

Slavic Review

 * Blitstein, Peter A. 2006. "Cultural Diversity and the Interwar Conjuncture: Soviet Nationality Policy in Its Comparative Context". Slavic Review. 65 (2): 273-293.
 * Easley, Roxanne. 2002. "Opening Public Space: The Peace Arbitrator and Rural Politicization, 1861-1864". Slavic Review. 61 (4): 707.
 * Edgar, Adrienne L. 2001. "Genealogy, Class, and "Tribal Policy" in Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1934". Slavic Review. 60 (2): 266-288. Review here by Jeremy Antley.
 * Hoch, Steven L. 2004. "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions". Slavic Review. 63 (2): 247.
 * Weickhardt, George G. "Legal Rights of Women in Russia, 1100-1750." Slavic Review 55 (Spring 1996): 1-23.

Primary Source Bibliography
Submissions to the bibliography should be alphabetized and formatted in Chicago Style with a link, if possible, to the WorldCat entry for easy reference.

 * Predtechenskiĭ, A. V., and Z. I. Kudri︠a︡vt︠s︡eva. 1961. Krestʹi︠a︡nskoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1826-1849 gg.: sbornik dokumentov. Krestʹi︠a︡nskoe dvizhenie v Rossii v XIX-nachale XX veka. Moskva: Izd-vo sot︠s︡ialʹno-ėkonomicheskoĭ lit-ry.

Video/Image Resources

 * Prokudin-Gorskii Collection at the Library of Congress- photos of the Russian Empire, 1905-1915
 * Russian Imperial Provincial Maps at Wikimedia, circa 1820

Online Reference Materials

 * ArcheoBibilioBaase- Searchable index of archives located in the Russian Federation.

title: Digital Russian Peasant Project


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User talk:Jantley

 Hello Jantley, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 20:40, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jantley


text: Category:Civility

title: Category:Civility


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User:Jantley

Who is this Jantley?
My name is Jeremy Antley and I am currently pursuing my PhD in Russian History, with a focus on peasant life during the imperial period. I have a twitter account @jobermallow and also post my deeper thoughts on Russian History, Digital Culture, and issues pertaining to Intellectual Property as it impacts cultural production of knowledge at my blog, Peasant Muse. I also created the Digital Russian Peasant Project, an attempt to catalog primary/secondary sources for easy reference and eventual creation of a searchable database upon which online tools can be built. For more information, check out about.me/jantley.

You can also view my CV here.

How do I contact Jantley?
You can email me questions about my work at jantley@gmail.com. Questions regarding the Digital Russian Peasant Projet (DRPP) can be submitted to digitalpeasantproject@gmail.com.

Academic Resources
Below you will find reviews of books/articles I've read, course materials I've created, and thematic essays concerning historical subjects or pedagogy. Unless noted, all posted material links to Scribd where you can view and download into a variety of formats accessible by many devices.

A complete bibliography of my graduate readings can be found here.

Books

 * Avrich, Paul. 1976. Russian rebels, 1600-1800. New York: Norton.
 * Edelman, Robert. 1987. Proletarian peasants: the revolution of 1905 in Russia's southwest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
 * Peris, Daniel. 1998. Storming the heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
 * Viola, Lynne. 1996. Peasant rebels under Stalin: collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. New York: Oxford University Press.

Theoretical Works

 * Gramsci, Antonio, Quintin Hoare, and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. 2005. Selections from the Prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers. Find short summary of Gramsci's points here.
 * Peasant Muse post on how Gramsci informs conflict over Wikileaks Diplomatic Cables release.

American Historical Review

 * Crews, Robert. 2003. "Empire and the Confessional State: Islam and Religious Politics in Nineteenth-Century Russia". American Historical Review. 108 (1): 50-83.

Cahiers de Monde russe

 * Heinzen, James W. "Professional Identity and the Vision of the Modern Soviet Countryside: Local Agricultural Specialists at the End of the NEP, 1928-1919". Cahiers du Monde russe. 39 (1/2): 9-25.

Jarbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas

 * Furst, Juliane. 2004. " Not a Question of Faith: Youth and Religion in the Post-War Years". Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas. 52 (4): 557-570.

Kritika

 * Peris, Daniel. 2000. "God is Now on Our Side: The Religious Revival on Unoccupied Soviet Territory during World War II". Kritika. 1 (1): 97-118.

Russian Review

 * Bushkovitch, Paul A. 1990. "The Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Russian Review. 49 (1): 1-17.
 * Stone, Andrew B. 2008. "Overcoming Peasant Backwardness: The Khrushchev Antireligious Campaign and the Rural Soviet Union". Russian Review. 67 (2): 296-320.
 * Kozelsky, Mara. 2004. "Ruins into Relics: The Monument to Saint Vladimir on the Excavations of Chersonesos, 1827-57". Russian Review. 63 (4): 655-672.

Slavic Review

 * Blitstein, Peter A. 2006. "Cultural Diversity and the Interwar Conjuncture: Soviet Nationality Policy in Its Comparative Context". Slavic Review. 65 (2): 273-293.
 * Davis, Nathaniel. 1991. "The Number of Orthodox Churches before and after the Khrushchev Antireligious Drive". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 612-620.
 * Edgar, Adrienne L. 2001. "Genealogy, Class, and "Tribal Policy" in Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1934". Slavic Review. 60 (2): 266-288.

Syllabi

 * World War I and the Disintegration of Empires, 1910-1920 : Syllabus I created for a graduate course over the history of Eastern Europe.
 * Modern African History : Syllabus on title subject, with pedagogical design choices annotated here.

Thematic Essays

 * Simulation and Narrative Shaped Memory: Deconstructing Twilight Struggle : Draft Version
 * Geocities and the Digital Archive Potential
 * History and the Teaching Philosophy
 * How Russian Peasants Inform the Social Media Experience
 * Constant Themes of the Russian Orthodox Church throughout Russian History

Seminar Papers

 * Peasant Conduits - A seminar paper I wrote discussing the use of information conduits by peasants in their battles over implementation of the 1848 Inventory Law reform in the Right-Bank Ukrainian Provinces.

title: User:Jantley


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Replacement of phosphorus by arsenic in living organisms

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about replacement of phosphorus by arsenic in living organisms.

Introduction
It has been reported that a type of bacterium can survive and grow while substituting arsenic for phosphorous in cellular macromolecules including DNA. These findings have later been shown to be incorrect. What are the implications of this finding for biology and exobiology?

Project goals
1) A short audio resource about replacement of phosphorus by arsenic in living organisms. of the text, below.

2) To do: record an audio chat discussion of the reported arsenic-using bacteria, how NASA publicized the results and how people responded (criticism, summary).
 * Possible background information for the follow-up podcast. Why did Wolfe-Simon try to grow bacteria under conditions where arsenic would be used to replace phosphorus?

3) A short video (view the video at Youtube) about replacement of phosphorus by arsenic in living organisms. Click on the black play button below to watch the video. Alternatively, you might get better performance by downloading the OGG video file and watching with a viewer such as VLC.

Text for audio and video
On November 29, 2010 NASA announced an "astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life". This "astrobiology finding" was published on December 2: "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus". This NASA-funded research report describes a newly isolated bacterium that can grow while incorporating arsenic into its structure. In particular, the bacteria were shown to have substituted arsenic atoms for some of the phosphorus in their genetic instruction storage molecule, DNA.

The authors of the newly published research report and NASA employees have made some dramatic claims about the possible significance of these newly reported experiments with Earthly bacteria. The first author of the article, Felisa Wolfe-Simon, said that her demonstration of arsenic-tolerant bacteria, "breaks the unity of biochemistry". Mary Vortek of NASA's astrobiology program suggested that there might be a "shadow biosphere" of microorganisms on Earth that have long used arsenic as a substitute for phosphorus.

The bacterial cells described in this report (called GFAJ-1) were isolated from Mono Lake, California, a lake with relatively high levels of arsenic, about 2000 times higher than what is allowed in drinking water. Arsenic is harmful to humans because it is chemically similar to phosphorus. Phosphorus plays many important roles in the chemistry of living cells. When arsenic substitutes for phosphorus in human and other eukaryotic cells it poisons them (see). It is not possible to substitute arsenic for phosphorus in humans, but it has been known for some time that there are types of bacteria, often called extremophiles, that can survive in many kinds of extreme environments. The newly described GFAJ-1 bacteria were isolated from an unusual environmental niche where they may have adapted by natural selection to the high arsenic content of the water. After being isolated from lake water, the bacteria were cultured in the laboratory under artificial conditions of high arsenic and low phosphorus. Unlike human cells exposed to arsenic, the GFAJ-1 bacterial cells survived exposure to high amounts of arsenic. However, the GFAJ-1 bacteria showed a preference for phosphorus over arsenic while constructing the molecular structure of the DNA backbone. Under culture conditions that provided 10,000 fold more arsenic than phosphate, SIMS analysis of the DNA indicated roughly 25 times more phosphorus than arsenic incorporated into the DNA molecules. These bacterial cells were very efficient at using the small amount of available phosphate in preference over the easily available arsenic.

In an article published in 2009 (Did nature also choose arsenic?) Wolfe-Simon discussed the idea that an alternative type of life might exist on Earth as part of a "shadow biosphere" within which organisms use arsenic rather than phosphorus. Similarly, life on another planet might prefer arsenic rather than phosphorus. Phosphorus is one of just six elements that constitutes more than 0.1% of the atoms in the human body (see Figure 1, below). Phosphorus is a fairly common element in Earth's crust (see Figure 2, below), but soluble, bioavailable phosphate is often a limiting nutrient in many ecological niches. It is conceivable that there might be niches where there would be selective advantage for organisms that could use arsenic as a substitute for phosphorus. The search must continue for organisms that prefer arsenic over phosphorus. The GFAJ-1 bacteria described so far are part of the known tree of conventional life (Halomonadaceae) and simply seem to be an example of a type of bacterium that can tolerate arsenic and make use of arsenic when phosphorus is in short supply.

How do these Earthly, arsenic-tolerant bacteria "impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life"? At the NASA news conference on December 2, Wolfe-Simon said, "what I’ve presented to you today is a microbe doing something different than life as we knew about it...if there’s an organism on earth doing something different we’ve cracked open the door to what’s possible for life elsewhere in the universe and that’s profound." Mary Voytek said that understanding the range of environments used by life on Earth can, "inform us as to how we might search for life and evidence of life in other places in our solar system."

Illustrations
Atomic constituents of the human body

Common elements of the Earth

How do bacteria adapt to environments with high levels of arsenic?
Study of the toxic effects of arsenic on humans has a long history (for example, see On Arsenic As a Poison; Its Tests and Antidote from 1844). Arsenic was used as a treatment for the bacterial disease syphilis, but resistance to arsenic was reported, leading to attempts to study the resistance phenomenon under laboratory conditions (see Attempt to produce an arsenic-resistant strain of Spirochaeta pallida in experimental syphilis). Early studies of bacteria that are resistant to the toxic effects of arsenic involved bacteria that are not normally exposed to high levels of arsenic (for example, see Induction and mechanisms of arsenite resistance in Pseudomonas pseudomallei).

Genes were found that can allow bacteria to efficiently transport arsenic out of their cells (Structure of the ArsA ATPase: the catalytic subunit of a heavy metal resistance pump), protecting them from toxic effects of arsenic (The ars operon of Escherichia coli confers arsenical and antimonial resistance). Some bacteria were also found that could obtain energy by metabolizing arsenic (for example, see Chrysiogenes arsenatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new arsenate-respiring bacterium isolated from gold mine wastewater). It was found that the ability to metabolize arsenic using arsenate reductase is widespread in bacteria (Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal arsC gene sequences suggests an ancient, common origin for arsenate reductase). Similarly, some bacteria express the enzyme arsenite oxidase (Arsenite oxidase, an ancient bioenergetic enzyme.). Lakes such as Mono Lake, California, have been studied as locations where populations of bacteria make use of the available arsenic (see The microbial arsenic cycle in Mono Lake, California.). It has been suggested that, "arsenic oxidation and scavenging may have played a crucial role in the development of early stages of life on Earth" (A Tale of Two Oxidation States: Bacterial Colonization of Arsenic-Rich Environments). Others have suggested that the more recently discovered arsenic-using anoxygenic photosynthesis might be more primitive than life using arsenite oxidase (see Arsenic in the Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Ecosystems).

Astrobiologists have long been interested in the possibility that life can exist on other planets under conditions that might be slightly different from those that are favorable to most life on Earth. Earth life that can survive in unusual or extreme environments is of interest to astrobiologists who want to discover all of the conditions under which life is possible. The suggestion began to be made (for example, in The ecology of arsenic) that arsenic-metabolizing organisms might also be found on other planets. Oremland and Stolz suggested, "Mars or Europa could conceivably have evolved primitive microbial ecosystems based in part upon use of arsenic as an energy source". In 2009, Oremland, Saltikov, Wolfe-Simon and Stolz discussed the possibility that ancient Mars might have developed life that used an arsenic metabolism cycle and such life forms might still remain in underground locations on Mars (see Arsenic in the Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Ecosystems).

Also in 2009 (Did nature also choose arsenic?), Wolfe-Simon was first author on a paper that theoretically explored the idea that "ancient biochemical systems, analogous to but distinct from those known today, could have utilized arsenate in the equivalent biological role as phosphate". In particular, they speculated that at early times, some organisms might have arisen that use arsenate in place of phosphorus and once committed to a biochemistry using arsenic they could have "evolved strategies that would enable it to persist". They speculated that some forms of life might incorporate asrenic into important molecules like DNA where other organisms instead use phosphorus.

Toxicity of arsenic. In some parts of the world toxic levels of arsenic enter into the human food supply by going from ground water into plants. There has been recent progress in understanding how some plants respond to high levels of arsenic in their water. Some plants chelate the arsenic and store it (see Arsenic tolerance in Arabidopsis is mediated by two ABCC-type phytochelatin transporters).

Some bacteria resist the toxic effects of arsenic by actively transporting arsenic out of cells, while others accumulate significant amounts of intracellular arsenic (see Arsenic resistance and removal by marine and non-marine bacteria). Some bacteria are extremely resistant to the toxic effects of arsenic and the basis of that resistance is still under study (see Characterization of the ars Gene Cluster from Extremely Arsenic-Resistant Microbacterium sp. Strain A33).

For several decades there have been studies of how arsenic can disrupt DNA synthesis and repair (some early studies: Effects of arsenite on DNA repair in Escherichia coli, Effects of arsenic, selenium, and chromium on the fidelity of DNA synthesis). Some bacteria are particularly efficient at repairing DNA damage (for example, see Enzymes involved in DNA ligation and end-healing in the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans). Bacteria that survive and grow in environments that are high in arsenic might have DNA repair systems that help stabilize DNA that has incorporated aresnic as a substitute for phosphorus.

DNA strand breaks. If arsenate can substitute for phosphate in the DNA backbone and make the backbone unstable then it should be possible to show that arsenic causes DNA strand breaks. Arsenic-induced DNA strand breaks have been reported (Arsenic-induced DNA-strand breaks associated with DNA-protein crosslinks in human fetal lung fibroblasts, BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination is required for repair of Arsenite-induced replication lesions in mammalian cells).
 * Poly ADP ribose polymerase is involved in DNA strand repair and has been reported to be inhibited by arsenic (Inhibition of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 by Arsenite Interferes with Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage).
 * Phosphatases in the cellular response to DNA damage
 * Gene expression profiling analysis reveals arsenic-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in p53-proficient and p53-deficient cells through differential gene pathways - citations to "arsenic significantly affects specific signal transduction molecules"

How do bacteria adapt to low phosphorus?

 * Role of Polyphosphates in Microbial Adaptation to Extreme Environments - "it is plausible that the Pho regulon system is induced to capture Pi and that the arsenate (structural analog of Pi) present in the medium is incorporated instead"
 * Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis of the Phosphate Starvation Stimulon of Bacillus subtilis
 * The genome of Bacillus coahuilensis reveals adaptations essential for survival in the relic of an ancient marine environment - "P limitation seems to be an important driving force for the adaptations observed in the B. coahuilensis genome"
 * Employment of a Promoter-Swapping Technique Shows that PhoU Modulates the Activity of the PstSCAB2 ABC Transporter in Escherichia coli - Pho regulon and PstSCAB transporter

Resources

 * A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus (note to interested collaborators: I can provide copies of this article and the related new story: What Poison? Bacterium Uses Arsenic to Build DNA and Other Molecules)
 * Note: as of December 8, you should be able to access the article if you go through the "free registration" process at the Science website (see Arsenic Bacteria Breed Backlash).
 * November 29 NASA press release
 * Video of the December 2 NASA news conference. Some of the participants:
 * James Elser discussed the importance of phosphorus in the environment.
 * Steven Benner discussed the instability of organic molecules containing arsenic atoms and expressed skepticism about the ability of arsenic-containing DNA to be a stable genetic storage molecule.
 * Pamela Conrad discussed the implications of which elements can be used to form biological molecules in NASA's search for life on other planets.
 * Additional press releases of December 2:
 * "Bacteria Built with Arsenic" - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
 * "a study that may prompt the rewriting of textbooks" - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Background

 * The 'Give Me a Job' Microbe by Paul Davies 2010
 * Characterization of the ars Gene Cluster from Extremely Arsenic-Resistant Microbacterium sp. Strain A33 2010
 * Arsenic in the Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Ecosystems 2009 "A case can be made to focus on arsenic as a font for Martian life."
 * Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere 2009 "strategies for seeking evidence of a shadow biosphere"
 * December 10, 2010 Defining life by Steve Benner in Astrobiology Volume 10 pages 1021-1030.
 * Arsenic resistance and removal by marine and non-marine bacteria 2007
 * The ecology of arsenic 2003 "Mars or Europa could conceivably have evolved primitive microbial ecosystems based in part upon use of arsenic as an energy source"

Reactions

 * At the December 2 NASA news conference, Ivan Semeniuk asked about the ratio of phosphate to arsenic in DNA molecules isolated from the GFAJ-1 cells. Wolfe-Simon indicated that she is only willing to reply, "some", based on the data in the Science article. She seemed to suggest that she has newer data that will be submitted for publication next year, data that might give a better indication of how much arsenic is in the DNA inside actively growing GFAJ-1 cells.
 * In the news story (What Poison? Bacterium Uses Arsenic to Build DNA and Other Molecules) published in parallel with the research report, Steven Benner was described as a skeptic. The Science news article by Elizabeth Pennisi reported Dr. Benner indicating that he was not convinced by the published results that Wolfe-Simon interprets as showing that the GFAJ-1 cells can substitute arsenic for phosphorus. Might the report of arsenic in GFAJ-1 DNA be an error due to contamination of GFAJ-1 DNA samples by arsenic that was never actually incorporated into the structure of the DNA? When asked at the NASA news conference to describe an experiment that he would like to see performed, he replied that it would be nice to see data indicating that radioactive arsenic is concentrated specifically in GFAJ-1 DNA bands of agarose gels.
 * December 7 NASA meeting. Responding to doubts about the ability to demonstrate arsenic in GFAJ-1 DNA senior author Ronald Oremland said, "The only way this is going to get settled is if people reproduce these experiments on their own.” (source)
 * December 8 Statement from Wolfe-Simon about the "hullabaloo" over the December 2nd research report.
 * December 9 Questions about the method used for measuring cell growth
 * December 12 The Agency That Cried “Awesome!” by Athena Andreadis. "the publication of that paper in Science was a very public slap in the face of scientists who take time and effort to test their theories"
 * December 14 Deborah Blum's PLoS blog post about GFAJ-1
 * December 16 Response to Questions Concerning the Science Article, “A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorous”
 * December 18. Ed Yong update with quotes from Dr. Oremland and a link to Dr. Redfield's comments on the December 16 "Response to Questions".
 * December 20. Exclusive Interview: Discoverer of Arsenic Bacteria, in the Eye of the Storm - follow-up news coverage by Elizabeth Pennisi
 * December 20. Minireview by Ben Busby and Michael Galperin
 * December 22. Nature included "arsenic using bacteria" in their list of top 2010 science news stories, but they suggest that the bacteria, rather than using arsenic, might simply have a way of "just cleverly thwarting its toxic effects".
 * December 22. "Something's amiss with aliens and arsenic" by Karen Kaplan and Eryn Brown, Los Angeles Times.
 * December 26. Arsenic microbe answers a long way off by Dan Vergano, USA TODAY.
 * December 29. Science is self-correcting: Lessons from the arsenic controversy

Published replies

 * January 29. Kinetic Consequences of Replacing the Internucleotide Phosphorus Atoms in DNA with Arsenic - The abstract mentions "chemical precedents" indicating instability of DNA containing arsenic. Do they present any actual data on DNA? It will cost you $35.00 to find out.
 * Novel expansion of living chemistry or just a serious mistake? download PDF
 * Life and death with arsenic: Arsenic life: An analysis of the recent report "A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus" (Full text not free)
 * Impact of Arsenic/Phosphorus Substitution on the Intrinsic Conformational Properties of the Phosphodiester Backbone of DNA Investigated Using ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Calculations.


text:
User:Rastateacher

Rastateacher is a pseudonym for a teacher from Sweden in his mid 30's. He has a professional degree in teaching and is specialized in English and Spanish as foreign languages with focus on internationalization and learning. Apart from the Swedish univeristy degree he has studied two years in the United States (hospitality marketing management), one semester at the University of Zagreb, Croatia (Croatian language and litterature) and one semester at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (linguistics). He has worked as a teacher in Spain and Sweden and is currently working on a master thesis in educational sciences. Before his educational studies he has taken courses in African anthropology and Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian langugae.

title: User:Rastateacher


text:
Universal static boundary layers

The energy of or universe can be treated as a layered or graded black body radiator. The most convinent why to show this is to calculate heat capacity of the universe as a black body radiator. Temperature can be writen as dE/dS where E is the energy calculated from the pointing vector times the spacial distance of the layer at infinity or at the boundary. dE/dS = T^-1. So interms of life of these results we are scripted in terms of energy because of conservation. Due to complexity of the cube of the temperature for each layer and in particular the organic universal limit we are in thermal equilibrium with the highest order layer or grading. This is based on treating the boundary of energy at the maximum for our universe. The fact that there may be multiple extremes in the temperature profile of these boundaries an m-theory my be the result. This may arise in the distribution of space-time in terms of the moments of the distribution. There is a non uniform disribution of em radiation with compresion in the higherorder radiation like in the gamma wave band. Ie. GRBs ect. Coliders should show some sort of equilibrium with this boundary on temperature distributions. The moments of these distibutions are important to see if they are in a universal phase where the latent heat of fusion is constant or dynamic. Having a boundary mechanism is important for GUT because energy would be a constant for our universe. The perspective of a grading or layering scheme suggests that there is ordered symetry of our universe. Where the symetry first order layer would be consistent with first order particle superpositions. Ect. Through to high energy distributions. The energy of the gamma night sky for instance has a non uniform specific heat. It's symetry is consistent with creation of a type of particle because of thermal equilibrium on that waveband due to a boundary limit on our universe. That particle should have advancing decay lifetime due to the new life of our universe. This should be true of all of the layers. A layer produce a particle with a decay life time. Expect that each layer and particle be seperated by a latent heat of fusion such that each group of solid liquid gas contains one particle with a decay life time. The number of layers must be equal to the amount of particle abundance. Thus I propose a static layered boundary on energy for our universe which could contain a m-theory. A simple interpretation of this would be that the highest order complexity in our universe would be the living chemical boundary and thus an organic universal limit that all life must be in thermal statistical equlibrium. Like the metaclorian of Star Wars. So if you want you can call the boundary of our living universe in terms of energy as the metaclorian limit. Is this limit at highest energy as a function of space-time? Fiction science or science fiction? Astroparticle theory Dennis William Melton

title: Universal static boundary layers


text:
User:Dennismelton/Books/Obscurity

fiction or nonfiction for the in obscurity

 * Graded m-theory
 * Computational likelihood physics
 * GUML
 * Vectors
 * Quantum computing
 * Organic universal limit
 * Universal static boundary layers

title: User:Dennismelton/Books/Obscurity


text:
User talk:Kaugustine

 Hello Kaugustine, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Kaugustine


text:
User talk:Eamarylis2

 Hello Eamarylis2, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 00:47, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eamarylis2


text:
User talk:Ajraddatz

 Hello Ajraddatz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

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 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 00:47, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Thanks
your comment in my CC. This means a lot to me. As you know, we do not always agree. That's a positive thing! I have not shied away from controversy, but my understanding is that there is an important difference between taking a stand, and being right. I want everyone to take a stand for what they believe or see or understand. Where our stands seem to differ, we can then discuss the topic, become more informed about how each of us came to our stands, and then seek agreement. If we can find agreement, it's likely better and more functional and more productive than what either one of us would come up with alone. That's actually how functional human society works. Too often, on these wikis, something else happens. I'm trying to do something about that, particularly at Wikiversity, where we can do original research and where discussing topics is part of the project. Thanks again. --Abd 18:33, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Your claim about Meta
You claimed here that Abd was acting appropriately on Meta. Consensus seems to be that Abd has been disruptive, as can be seen at this link. Even Abigor's own friends thinks Abd is speaking inappropriately. Also, I find it odd how on Meta you point out Abd's assuming bad faith and other problems related to his accusations surrounding Abigor. He has accused multiple Stewards of misidentifying CU data and claimed bad things about those who wish to see Abigor stay banned. He is also encouraging Abigor on Wikiversity. Ottava Rima (talk) 21:24, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Ottava is misrepresenting the history, unfortunately. I have not accused stewards of what he claims. I have not claimed "bad things" about those who wish to see Abigor blocked. I've claimed that a large proportion of those users are those who had engaged in conflict with Abigor around nl.wiki. That is not an accusation of "bad things." It is not a "bad thing" to be involved in some way that could lead to bias. It is not even a bad thing to be biased, if one is. And surely you know my position on the checkuser data, my last edit in that request page was a response to you, Ajdraddatz. this is classic Ottava, everything becomes a huge conflict, with arguments generated by a very productive generator that seems to be unrelated to truth.

 * With the comment of yours that he cited, I don't think you were accusing me of assuming bad faith, at all. I certainly did not take it that way. Either I'm misreading it or Ottava is.

 * However, the last comment by Marco Aurelio, today, is puzzling. What I wrote there was solid, didn't accuse anyone of anything, no conspiracy, and the reference to a request by Huib is not explained. I've been in frequent communication with Abigor (Huib), and from that comment by Marco Aurelio, I'm a bit unclear about the identification by Ottava of him (the former Dferg) as a "friend" of Abigor. The status of that request on meta is that it's a request denied by an involved admin, in my opinion, so there is a standing request for a review by a neutral administrator. My analysis has suggested that there is no consensus for maintaining the block, so it's open to an unblock conclusion, but any uninvolved admin should be able to close that, whatever way. I'm mostly trying to get the damn thing properly closed. The claim of Marco Aurelio that I'm "spreading misinformation and assuming bad faith from everybody" is puzzling, indeed, and worrisome for a steward.

 * But it takes all kinds. And it's not our job here to judge what goes on at meta. I'm sitting here worrying that I've even responded to this here, but this is semi-personal communication with you. If I want to do something about Marco Aurelio, I'd do it at meta, and Ottava's habit of spreading disruption (i.e, one user says something negative about a user on one wiki, so Ottava takes it to another where he's in conflict, and cites it as proof for his position.) That's the kind of behavior that's gotten him blocked or banned in more than one place.

 * On the checkuser issue, Marco Aurelio has not explained the "misinformation." If I've been spreading misinformation, perhaps it should be corrected, instead of just claiming that I'm spreading misinformation. What did I write that was incorrect? I'm at a loss to figure it out. I suppose I should ask MA.
 * I've asked Marco Aurelio about his claims.... --Abd 02:46, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I read your comment in my CC page and was puzzled. What about meta? So I looked at meta and found that I was "infinite" blocked. For what? I was blocked by WizardOfOz, some of whose actions I've questioned. But no specific misbehavior was cited. I was not warned, I had a clean block record there, no warnings from any admin, and I have no clue what action of mine resulted in this block. I've asked, because I'd rather not ask for unblock before I know what I was blocked for!

 * After writing the above, I now see that I've been charged with misconduct in a diatribe like I have never seen from any steward. I won't discuss this here any more, this is really for meta, I'm just surprised. --Abd 05:24, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * To be completely honest, I don't completely agree with the action that has been taken on meta, but I am going to avoid picking sides on this one. Ajraddatz 22:39, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * "Picking sides" is not what I'd want. Standing for the community and for the projects, is what I'd expect. It's what I've been doing, as to my intentions. If I'm the only one doing that, it will be useless. One person can easily be mistaken or sidelined. Together, though, we are unstoppable. I'm staying away from meta for the moment unless questions are asked on my Talk page. There is no emergency, but that doesn't mean that this is not important. --Abd 23:46, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for your dilligence
for protecting my efforts. It was me whom you rolled back, but it did no harm because it reminded me that I forgot to log in. I undid your roll back in an instant. Continue being bold!--guyvan52 (discuss • contribs) 01:38, 14 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Guy vandegrift, my apologies. When I saw an IP removing large amounts of content from a page, the instincts kicked in. Sorry for the inconvenience - being bold shouldn't include reverting valid and good content contributions :-) Ajraddatz (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

 * No need to apologize. Accidents like this happen all the time.  Speaking of accidents, my wife called me away from the computer, I came back and discovered I was logged out again.  Apparently one needs to renew one's "stay logged in status". (We have only adults in my house, so there is no need for passwords around here)--guyvan52 (discuss • contribs) 01:56, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

 * To determine if that was a good contribution could be a lot of work. Ajraddatz, I might have done the same had I seen those edits, and I would know that the real author could easily undo my revert. This isn't Wikipedia, and Guy has been working on that page logged in. It was easy enough for him to log in, once he realized what had happened.
 * It is not that we won't let an IP editor change a resource. It's that nothing is really lost if we revert, as long as we don't drive an IP editor away. Technically, using rollback here is the problem. Rollback doesn't allow an edit message, it's supposed to be reserved for vandalism. The edit message would have been something like "unexplained removal of material by anonymous editor," something like that. On the other hand, it easily did look like vandalism.
 * Thanks for your attention to Wikiversity, Ajraddatz, we have been accumulating some great users, Wikiversity is humming along, and Guy is one of them! --Abd (discuss • contribs) 02:01, 14 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It is nice to see the activity here; I am always happy when a sister project is able to do well. I usually do consider large removals to be vandalism, but in the future I'll try to use undo with a descriptive summary here (except for very obvious cases). Ajraddatz (discuss • contribs) 02:29, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ajraddatz


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Exercise

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 14:49, 14 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Open education and research at the University of Canberra

=KCA= The UC Office of Development has requested James and I to present Open Education and Research and the University of Canberra at the Annual Conference of Knowledge Commercialisation Australasia (KCA) on 10 November 2010. Leighblackall 06:12, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Notes on structure
The UC Faculty of Health, Associate Dean Education has offered assistance in preparing the paper to KCA. Advice so far has been to develop the argument starting from shared understandings of the value of Universities such as: access, development and advance of knowledge; independent critical thought and awareness; social responsibility and engagement; informed and empowered citizenry; sustainable productivity... Demonstrate that the intension of this paper is to promote those shared values... Point out the obsticles to realising those values such as restriction of access when access is technically near free; restriction in knowledge creation and engagement; credential inflation and elitism; questionable business models and partnerships impacting on core academic freedoms... Then introduce the 'solution' of open academia and teh OpenUC project. Leighblackall 06:25, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Abstract
It is proposed that open academic practices be used by the University of Canberra to establish a significant point of difference in its research, development and teaching. The University has a role to play in leading the Australian sector towards a renewed era of knowledge creation, sharing and networking.

This paper outlines a number of significant problems with existing practices of knowledge protectionism and commercialisation, and demonstrates how open academic practices can address these problems and further the University's role in society. It explains evident risks and benefits in the adoption of these practices, and sets out policy, procedures and services that the University and its staff should use to leverage its position and capitalise on the opportunities available.

Bios
Leigh Blackall and James Neill are long time advocates and practitioners of open academic practices. Their recent collaboration at the University of Canberra has resulted in several events and submissions on policy, procedure and practices that are gaining wide attention within the University.

Leigh is an educational developer, focused on open education using popular media for networked learning. He is a Custodian on the English Wikiversity, and has maintained a popular education blog since 2004: http://leighblackall.blogspot.com

James is an an Assistant Professor in the Centre for Applied Psychology at the University of Canberra. He is a Custodian and Bureaucrat on the English Wikiversity. http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jtneill


text: Motivation and emotion/Motivation

title: Motivation and emotion/Motivation


text:
User talk:Ranjay singh

 Hello Ranjay singh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Ranjay singh


text: Motivation and emotion/Book/2010/Depression and motivation/Why questions


text: Motivation and emotion/Book/2010/Depression and motivation/How motivated are you


text: Motivation and emotion/Book/2010/Depression and motivation/Depression assessment tools


text:
User:Surajdhunna

Suraj Kumar is student of b.tech first year of civil engineering of IIT Delhi.

title: User:Surajdhunna


text:
User:Zossimov

Welcome to my user page!

I am a student interested in what Wikiversity has to offer in regards to learning material for internet users. My main focus will be the Learn Romanian page, trying to revitalise and improve it within the limits of my capabilities. Nevertheless, I'll try to be active in other domains such as psychology, philosophy or other languages, those being favourite subjects of mine.

See you around!

title: User:Zossimov


text:
User:Lavallen

Innocent bot Innocent iwbot

ar:مستخدم:Lavallen cs:Uživatel:Lavallen de:Benutzer:Lavallen el:Χρήστης:Lavallen es:Usuario:Lavallen fi:Käyttäjä:Lavallen fr:Utilisateur:Lavallen it:Utente:Lavallen ja:利用者:Lavallen pt:Utilizador:Lavallen ru:Участник:Lavallen sl:Uporabnik:Lavallen sv:Användare:Lavallen

title: User:Lavallen


text:
User talk:Greyson Nyamoga

 Hello Greyson Nyamoga, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 14:53, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Greyson Nyamoga


text:
User talk:Lavallen

 Hello Lavallen, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 14:53, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank You, but I think I mainly will contribute in the sv-project. -- Lavallen 16:14, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lavallen


text:
User talk:Zossimov

 Hello Zossimov, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 14:53, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zossimov


text:
User talk:Surajdhunna

 Hello Surajdhunna, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
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 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 14:53, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:53, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Surajdhunna


text: File:Lifeelements.png

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User talk:Cpazos~enwikiversity

 Hello Cpazos, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cpazos. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cpazos~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cpazos~enwikiversity


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text: File:Microsoft Word - Set Theory.pdf

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Ideas in Geometry/Set Theory

Rachel89 20:23, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Ideas in Geometry/Set Theory


text: File:Lesson 9.pdf

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text: File:Lesson 9 p1.pdf

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Ideas in Geometry/Pythagorean Theorem 1

Click on the image below to see the entire document. There are 4 pages that will help you familiarize yourself with the Pythagorean Theorem.

Created by: Katelin Barker Wiki ID: Katelin_Barker90 December 4, 2010

title: Ideas in Geometry/Pythagorean Theorem 1


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Korea Metropolian Subway Gyeongbu Line


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Korea Metropolian Subway Gyeongbu Line/Template


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Gyeongbuknaeryuk Line/Template


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Gyeongbuknaeryuk Line


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Korea Metropolian Subway Gyeongbuknaeryuk Line


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Korea Metropolian Subway Gyeongbuknaeryuk Line/Template


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Gyeongbuk Line/Template


text: User:Ha98574/Railroad/Korea/Gyeongbuk Line


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Talk:Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Facial expression

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 06:22, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 00:25, 14 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Jasbir's Journal

Journal Entry #1

I read the first portion of the Land Ethic and kind of had a gist of what it tries to express. After Wednesdays class however, I realized that I was way off. I didn’t see all the things we discussed in class. It showed me how much more critical I need to be with my reading. I had to read it twice before I got it.

When discussing the first section of the Land Ethic, the examples Leopold uses were quite intriguing. He speaks of humans being mistreated in relation to the earth being mistreated. He speaks of the right we have over the environment and why we feel we can harm it. I think he concludes that we have no right to treat another human as property just as we have no right to harm the environment and treat it as our property.

I think Leopold is trying to describe the earth and everything within the earth as being divine. Every plant and animal as having as much worth as a human or god. If we don’t protect the world we live in, then there will be no world for us to live in. It is a bit of a Hindu/spiritual philosophy in my opinion.

Journal Entry #2

On the Friday of the second week I drove by a great field filled with bright yellow flowers. I’m not sure on the name of these flowers, but there was an entire meadow of them. I had my camera with me so I decided to pull over and take pictures. At the time, I hadn’t thought about environmental ethics class or even of the journal entries. It wasn’t until I sat down to write this entry that I realized that I don’t have to write about Leopold’s experience with nature, I can just write about my own.

It was very unexpected that I found this place that looked so pristine to the eye. It is located on the highway to Snowbowl and has a Shell gas station next door to it. Not the ideal set up for such a beautiful place. The time I spent there was a very quiet one. I don’t remember hearing the roars of the cars going 50 mph. All I remember is being amazed at the amount of bees that were around me pollinating. They didn’t seem to care that I was invading there personal space trying to get a close up picture of them.

I guess, in this respect, there truly is no mystery to nature like Leopold suggests. Even if there’s a busy high way, gas station nearby, curious environmental/ photography students wandering the premises. The bees had only one thing on their minds, the flowers. They weren’t disrupted by us because they weren’t distracted from their goal. Could that in itself be a mystery of how species can just adapt to changed surroundings.

Journal Entry #3

Chickadee 65290 was one of my favorite sections of this weeks reading. I thought it was very interesting how simple of a experiment Leopold conducted by banding 7 chickadees and seeing how long they’d last year by year. Leopold mentions how Chickadee 65290 showed no sign of genius. This same chickadee was recaptured 3 more times the same Winter. Which I felt helped the experiment because for a chickadee to not be recaptured after a year or two, it could be assumed that it may have died.

I wasn’t aware of the very specific size of chickadees that was described in the section. Leopold mentions how chickadees are to big to be caught by a Venus fly trap yet too small to be preyed on by hawks. This rose the question of why the number of chickadees recaptured was going down every Winter. Because if their size was their biggest prey repellent, then why the dwindling population. I think the reason for the lack of population simply comes down to the lack of intellect.

Birds tend to run into a lot of different objects. They have been known for running into buildings, cars, wind turbines, planes, and other objects. Their lack of intellect and for sight is what their worst enemy is. Birds run into these objects and cause internal hemorrhages to themselves. So I would assume that Chickadee 65290’s survival may have been based on a lot of luck.

Journal entry #4

I felt that Mary Austin had a great voice and poetic way of writing. IN her writings, she is able to have the reader view the landscape she is describing through just her words. She helps the reader see the landscape from all different angles by using different methods of articulating the language. In this case, her writings expressed the Southwest and how she interprets the landscape. The Land of Little Rain discusses the Southwest from views of the different people that inhabit it, for example the Native peoples. I felt she captured the Southwest very well.

John Muir is referred to as the father of environmentalism. After reading A Thousand Mile Walk to the gulf, I would not give that title to anyone else. His journey from childhood to adulthood is like no other. It was amazing to learn about the difficulties he was able to overcome. Muir’s mentality of protecting nature and the environment was a unique one for his time. Im sure many of the general population at the time did not understand his relationship to nature and why he preferred to set up camp in the wilderness rather than a hotel.

I find it reassuring that someone of that time was able to stick to what he believed and was able to change the face of the earth. Despite all odds, he was able to work with our political leaders of the time and put forth legislation and with the “green foot” in mind. A foot that was pro nature and pro protection of the environment.

Journal entry #5

Thoreau’s section on economy discussed many issues that don’t have clear answers right at the surface. I found that in order to fully be able to comprehend the concepts discussed in economy, you have to think very critically and analytically about the text. For example, there is no clear answer to Thoreau’s question about “the chief end of mankind. I feel that each individual would answer that question differently. But I felt Thoreau’s answer on that was what truly should be the chief end of mankind.

Thoreau feels that all too often, mankind has confused its true necessities with what society tells them. Thoreau compares physical necessity to spiritual necessity. After he discusses how food, shelter, an clothing are just physical needs of man, not spiritual, I realized that no one I’ve come in contact with, including me, is concerned with anything else other than physical needs. Besides thinking about religion, people like my family members, friends, or colleagues haven’t yet thought too critically about the spiritual needs of an individual. I agree with Thoreau when he writes that mush of our efforts are devoted to accumulating wealth, fame, and power. Hardly do we think of pursuing virtue or living virtuously. In Thoreau’s eyes, the health of the soul holds more importance. I would agree with this statement, I feel that we are conflicted with what we think we need yet we think don’t think critically of what we actually need, a healthy soul. In my opinion, a healthy soul can think long and hard bout tough issues society faces, and would come up with just answers and solutions. A tainted or unhealthy soul will always have a conflict of interest or let some other force drive it away from the right answer. This will not let the soul think objectively.

Why is it that issues like protecting our earth is a partisan issue in congress. A clean and healthy earth should not be put up for dispute between political parties. We as humans should demand a just and right decision to protect our environment without any conflict. I’m not saying we should revoke peoples freedom to think what they want. I simply raise the argument that if individuals are willing to dispute about wether they want a healthy planet or not, then there is something about their soul that is unhealthy. If we had individuals with healthy souls that did not think about conflicts of interest, such as having to vote Republican or Democrat, we would get more done. If we had individuals who could think beyond being a red elephant or blue donkey, we would have people that could think objectively about issues like environmental protection.

Journal Entry #6

I found Solitude to be a good method of experiment for Thoreau to try and cultivate virtues. Getting away from the pressures of the rest of the world and social norms puts the individual at a better position to cultivate such virtue as simplicity, magnanimity, and trust. I agree with Thoreau’s methods and I feel that solitude is a good method to cultivate an issue like simplicity.

I feel that simplicity would only be tougher to cultivate if one was to be preoccupied with straining issue, like mortgage payments, house bills, car payments, to name a few. I don’t feel that there would be enough time to be able to free up space in your mind that can think critically about cultivating virtues. That may also be why that since a person’s birth, they are thrown into a system that will not allow you to think about more important issues in life.

Solitude can help an individual become more in tune with themselves. It can help unlock different types of thoughts and parts of the mind that may have been unknown. I also feel that while during this period, time will seem to go slower. There will be more time in the day to tackle the issues necessary. Time seems to blurr for the general population and people that have these issues that preoccupy them. The everyday hustle and bustle of modern life makes it it so one’s days fly as birds without time for rest. Cultivating virtues is much like cultivating beans, it requires time and patience.

Journal Entry #7

The chapter about the Bean Field was definitely one of my favorites. This explanation of cultivating virtue made the most sense to me. Thoreau’s explanation of planting, growing, and hoeing the beans is the same as what Thoreau is trying to do with virtue. He is trying to cultivate his beans and in the meantime, he will try and cultivate the virtues of his own soul.

For the short response paper, I chose the objection that humans are unable to cultivate virtues or think virtuously. My reasoning behind this is because Thoreau’s description about why some of his beans didn’t grow. He expresses how the reason why some of the plants failed to grow could have been because the seeds could have been worm eaten, sterile, or soil was infertile. I interpreted these failures of growing the seedlings as faults within us to cultivate virtues. Sterile seeds, infertile soil could simply mean that our minds are too corrupt or too far along gone that it cannot process even the foundation of cultivating such seeds as virtues. I think what Thoreau means by why certain seeds didn’t survive is that people are too often preoccupied with social or political issues that they never stop and think about living a virtuous life. Many individuals are not able to make just decisions because they let whatever constituency cloud their judgement. Other may simply fear uncovering such virtues because it will open their eyes to the many different ways they may be distanced from achieving such an enlightened state of mind. They may not want to let go of the way of life they adore so much and would choose to let virtue go if it calls for them to let go of issues that may be harmful to them. Drugs, gambling, violence, gangs, are issues that are harmful to the individual but people will continue to pursue this lifestyle because they refuse any alternative.

Along with the reasons why some of the seeds were a failure, I also understand that there were those that did succeed and flourish. I feel this means that virtue may be achievable for some individuals. There may be those that have the potential to achieve this state of mind. So I feel Thoreau’s Bean Field is the world and the plants he cultivates are us humans. Some may grow and achieve virtue while others may fail.

Journal Entry #8

Poverty, is undeniably an issue that is yet to be resolved. There have been many methods put forth to fight it: unemployment benefits, shelters, food banks, but I’ve never thought critically about poverty as Emerson does. After traveling to Europe and Asia, and having first hand experience with beggars, I thought I was a good person for always giving any spare change to the poor. But my adult relatives who were familiar with the place, unlike myself who was a visitor, would refuse and tell me to ignore them. But ignoring them would simply not sit well with my conscious so I would go against their demands and share the wealth anyway. Why it is that unless I gave the beggars something, I would not feel fully content?

I personally feel that the way I have been raised is a big reason for my willingness to give. I’ve always been taught t help others if I am able to because you never know when you’ll need help. So for me, building good karma may be one of the reasons I try to be charitable when I can. This would make sense when helping a family member who can help you in time of need, but how would giving someone off the street spare change benefit me later. It wouldn’t, in the real world, its simply a way to make myself feel better for potentially helping a stranger in need. It may simply be out of selfishness that I help the needy.

Emerson, however, looks at these ideas more critically. He tells the story of a philanthropist coming to his house, telling him that because he can afford it, he should contribute to the fund.I was surprised when Emerson responded by refusing, but his explanation behind it made perfect sense. He explains how giving people charity is a way to give them pity and this translates to showing your better than them. Charity is also another way to show them that they are incapable and need to rely on others for survival. Emerson would argue that this ideology would only make individuals in poverty to sink deeper into the rut their already in. Emerson believe that all people deserve respect and there should be other methods of helping individuals in need besides charity. I don’t feel that ignoring them is an answer. Instead, exposing them to shelters and methods of getting them back into a functioning society would be a better approach. Teaching them how to make money rather than simply giving them a temporary fix. I think these are the ideologies Emerson is trying to express in his essay.

Journal Entry #9

For this week, the idea of spiritual poverty has intrigued my interest. Individuals rarely get to see this spiritual poverty because poverty is always seen as a physical issue. If someone lacks a sufficient amount of money to provide food and shelter for their family is physical poverty. I feel that this is what most of us think and see when we have encounters with the homeless or beggars. Unless it is prominent in our own life, we rarely see spiritual poverty. Someone who has simply given up. Im sure we can all recall individuals who we might think have given up or on the verge of giving up. These individuals tend to be those who have subdued themselves to drugs like alcohol, gambling, and narcotics. But the wealthy deal with spiritual poverty just as much.

Another way of looking at spiritual poverty is of people who don’t chase or pursue the chief end of man. The individuals that are too preoccupied with buying the biggest house, most cars, and having the most expensive clothing are all in the spiritual poverty department. Why would it be, that people would hold physical poverty at a higher pedestal then the spiritual? Wouldn’t the soul of an individual be more important? Wouldn’t having s healthy soul, one that can think in a rightful manner, be more important?

I wouldn’t agree with the statement that removing all material objects from your life is the only way to achieve virtue. I am not an expert in this field, but I do feel that a balance of achieving the physical and spiritual necessities is needed. Not everyone can be a John Muir and be one with the wild and not need any material objects in their life, but we all can strive to achieve the same mentality. That we are a part of nature and are connected to it and that living in harmony with nature and ourselves is something that can be praised. Having a healthy soul and living within your means is a good way to lay down the foundation of a balanced individual. One that is healthy physically and spiritually.

Journal Entry #10

Ideas grow over time. Emerson believes that thought and understanding grow outward. It starts as a circle and grows out in all different directions. He mentions how understanding does not grow linearly or even as a tree grows. Emerson goes on to mention how this is also a model for how nature grows. At first, I had some issues wrapping my head around this. Comparing a tree to a circle is no easy task. So I come up with some different theories of why might a circle make more sense then looking at ideas and thought linearly.

I think the reason why a circle is more functional is because the inner circle is like the core ideas and thoughts. It is what we have learned from the past. And the ideas that push outward to make another layer to the circle or push to resize the circle are the new ideas we are learning. And because our understanding is constantly growing, there is no stoppage. As a tree grows, it goes from the roots to the trunk. The trunk later grows branches which later grow leaves. But what about after that. Afterwards, it is simply the trunk that contributes to its height and there you are. I feel the idea of the circle is more applicable because the growth of thought is endless. That and thought does not wait until the branches to think outwardly. Thought is constantly pushing outwards and is trying to understand ideas from all different angles and directions. The tree can only push so far.

I feel that viewing thought linearly or as a tree would be a way of limiting yourself. The circle method gives the opportunity to think and understand with an endless amount of distance. That and there are no restrictions to the direction thought can go, it can go up, down, diagonal. Just like there is an endless amount of knowledge and understanding in the world, there are an endless amount of thoughts to be created.


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2010/Self-sabotage motivation

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 06:21, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 01:10, 14 December 2010 (UTC)