text:
Advanced Engineering Mathematics in plain view

Chapter 1 Linear Algebra

 * Vectors ([[Media:Vectors.1.A.20150304.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:Vectors.1.B.20120831.pdf |1.B.pdf]])

 * Row Reduction ([[Media:Matrix.1.A.RowReduction.20150309.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Matrix.1.B.RowReduction.20150309.pdf |B.pdf]])

 * Elementary Matrix ([[Media:Matrix.2.A.ElementaryMat.20150309.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Matrix.2.B.ElementaryMat.20150309.pdf |B.pdf]])

 * Determinants ([[Media:Matrix.3.A.Determinant.20150309.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Matrix.3.B.Determinant.20150309.pdf |B.pdf]])

 * Eigen Spaces ([[Media:Matrix.4.A.EigenSpace.20150601.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Matrix.4.B.EigenSpace.20150309.pdf |B.pdf]])

Linear Algebra Note

 * 1. Vector Note ([[Media:Vector.20160109.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 2. Inverse Matrix Note ([[Media:Inverse.20160106.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 3. Cramer's Rule ([[Media:Cramer.20160106.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 4. Gauss-Jordan Elimination Note ([[Media:GElimination.20160106.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 5. Row Reduction Note ([[Media:RowReduction.20160106.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 6. Linear Systems Note ([[Media:LinearSys.20160105.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 7. Eigenvalues Note ([[Media:Eigen.20150727.pdf |H1.pdf]])

Chapter 2 Vector Calculus

 * Motions ([[Media:VCalculus.1.A.Motion.20121009.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.1.B.Octave.20120910.pdf |1.B.pdf]])

 * Derivatives ([[Media:VCalculus.2.A.Derivatives.20120917.pdf |2.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.2.B.Octave.20120910.pdf |2.B.pdf]])

 * Divergence and Curl ([[Media:VCalculus.3.A.DivCurl.20120924.pdf |3.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.3.B.DivCurl.20120924.pdf |3.B.pdf]])

 * Line Integral ([[Media:VCalculus.4.A.LineInt.20121101.pdf |4.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.4.B.LineInt..pdf |4.B.pdf]])

 * Double Integral ([[Media:VCalculus.5.A.DoubleInt.20121201.pdf |5.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.5.B.DoubleInt..pdf |5.B.pdf]])

 * Surface Integral ([[Media:VCalculus.6.A.SurfaceInt.20121201.pdf |6.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.6.B.SurfaceInt..pdf |6.B.pdf]])

 * Triple Integral ([[Media:VCalculus.7.A.TripleInt.20121201.pdf |7.A.pdf]], [[Media:VCalculus.7.B.TripleInt..pdf |7.B.pdf]])

Vector Calculus Note

 * 1. Vector Function Note ([[Media:VCal.1.VecFunc.20160218.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 2. Partial Derivative Note ([[Media:VCal.2.Partial.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 3. Curl & Divergence Note ([[Media:VCal.3.Curl.Div.20160404.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 4. Multiple Integrals Note ([[Media:VCal.4.MultInt.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 5. Line Integrals Note ([[Media:VCal.5.LineInt.20160213.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 6. Surface Integrals Note ([[Media:VCal.7.Surface.20151218.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 7. Green's Theorem Note ([[Media:VCal.7.Green.20160202.pdf |H1.pdf]])

See also Vector & Tensor Analysis in plain view.

Chapter 3. Complex Analysis

 * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf |1.B.pdf]])

 * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf |2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf |2.B.pdf]])

 * Complex Series ([[Media:CAnal.3.A.CSeries.20140221.Basic.pdf |3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf |3.B.pdf]])

 * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf |4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf |4.B.pdf]])

 * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf |5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf |5.B.pdf]])

 * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper.20150708.pdf |7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf |7.B.pdf]])

 * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf |6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf |6.B.pdf]])

Complex Analysis Note

 * 1. Complex Number Note ([[Media:ComplexNum.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 2. Complex Function Note ([[Media:ComplexFunc.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 3. Complex Integration Note ([[Media:ComplexInt.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 4. Complex Series Note ([[Media:ComplexSeries.20160921.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 5. Residue Integration Note ([[Media:ResidueInt.20160302.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 6. Inversion Integration Note ([[Media:InversionInt.20160420.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 7. Complex Curl, Div Note ([[Media:ComplexCurlDiv.20160112.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 8. Conformal Mapping Note ([[Media:ComplexMap.29160630.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 9. Complex Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 10. Complex Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:ComplexTrig-H.29160906.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 11. Complex Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:ComplexInvTrig-H.29160910.pdf |H1.pdf]])

See also Complex Analysis in plain view.

 * Using Scientific Calculators - Casio, Sharp, TI, HP

Chapter 4. Ordinary Differential Equations

 * Background ([[Media:ODE.0.B.Intro.20141229.Maxima.pdf |0.B.pdf]]), ([[Media:ODE.0.T.Intro.20140306.Basic.pdf |0.T.pdf]])

 * - Differential ([[Media:ODE.BGND.1.A.Differential.20151229.pdf |1A.pdf]])

 * - Integral ([[Media:ODE.BGND.2.A.Integral.20151222.pdf |2A.pdf]])

 * - Partial Derivative ([[Media:ODE.BGND.3.A.Partial.20151222.pdf |3A.pdf]])

 * - Complex Variable ([[Media:ODE.BGND.4.A.Complex.20151221.pdf |4A.pdf]])

 * First-Order Differential Equation ([[Media:ODE.1.A.First.20150330.Basic.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:ODE.1.B.First.20150105.Maxima.pdf |1.B.pdf]]), ([[Media:ODE.1.T.First.20140718.Basic.pdf |1.T.pdf]])

 * - Separable Equations ([[Media:ODE1.1.A.Separable.20150324.Basic.pdf |1A.pdf]])

 * - Linear Equations ([[Media:ODE1.2.A.Linear.20150416.Basic.pdf |2A.pdf]])

 * - Exact Equations ([[Media:ODE1.3.A.Exact.20150409.Basic.pdf |3A.pdf]])

 * - Substitution Method ([[Media:ODE1.4.A.Substitute.20150407.Basic.pdf |4A.pdf]])

 * Second-Order Differential Equation ([[Media:ODE.2.A.Second.20150513.Basic.pdf |2.A.pdf]], [[Media:ODE.2.B.Second.20140614.Maxima.pdf |2.B.pdf]])

 * - Linear Equations ([[Media:ODE2.1.A.Linear.20150413.Basic.pdf |1A.pdf]])

 * - Reduction of Orders ([[Media:ODE2.2.A.Reduction.20150413.Basic.pdf |2A.pdf]])

 * - Undetermined Coefficients ([[Media:ODE2.3.A.UCoeff.20150414.Basic.pdf |3A.pdf]])

 * - Variation of Parameters ([[Media:ODE2.4.A.VariPara.20150513.Basic.pdf |4A.pdf]])

 * - Cauchy-Euler Equations ([[Media:ODE2.5.A.Cauchy.20150413.Basic.pdf |5A.pdf]])

 * - Green's Function ([[Media:ODE2.6.A.Green.20150520.Basic.pdf |6A.pdf]])

 * Higher-Order Differential Equation ([[Media:ODE.3.A.High.20151226.Basic.pdf |3.A.pdf]])

 * Initial Value Problems ([[Media:ODE.4.A.IVP.20151226.Basic.pdf |4A.pdf]], [[Media:ODE.4.B.IVP.20151226.Maxima.pdf |4B.pdf]])

 * Boundary Value Problems ([[Media:ODE.1.A.BVP.20150603.Basic.pdf |1A.pdf]]))

 * Series Solutions

 * Numerical Solutions

 * Systems of Linear Differential Equations

 * Systems of Non-linear Differential Equations

ODE Note

 * 1. First ODE Note ([[Media:1stODE.20151228.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 2. Second ODE Note ([[Media:2ndODE.20151230.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 3. Linear Differential Equation System Note

 * Background on Matrix Algebra ([[Media:Matrix.H1.20150523.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Systems of LDE ([[Media:SLDE.H1.20150626.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 4. Series Solution Note

Difference Equation Note

 * DiffEQ-1: First Order Difference Equations Note ([[Media:DiffEQ-1.1st.20161117.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * DiffEQ-2: Second Order Difference Equations Note ([[Media:DiffEQ-2.2nd.20161203.pdf |H2.pdf]])
 * DiffEQ-3: Higher Order Difference Equations Note ([[Media:DiffEQ-3.Higher.20161224.pdf |H3.pdf]])
 * DiffEQ-4: Non-linear Difference Equations Note ([[Media:DiffEQ-4.NLinear.20161103.pdf |H4.pdf]])

Chapter 6. Laplace Transform

 * Definitions ([[Media:LTrans.1.A.Definitions.20150209.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:LTrans.1.B.Definitions.20150121.pdf |1.B.pdf]])

 * Inverse Transform ([[Media:LTrans.2.A.Inverse.20150515.pdf |2.A.pdf]])

 * Properties ([[Media:LTrans.3.A.Properties.20150528.pdf |3.A.pdf]])

 * Example Pairs ([[Media:LTrans.4.A.Pairs.20150108.pdf |4.A.pdf]], [[Media:LTrans.4.B.Pairs.20141222.pdf |4.B.pdf]])

 * LTI Systems ([[Media:LTrans.5.A.LTIsys.20150302.pdf |5.A.pdf]])

 * Bi-lateral Transform ([[Media:LTrans.6.A.Bilateral.20150223.pdf |6.A.pdf]], [[Media:LTrans.6.B.Bilateral.pdf |6.B.pdf]])

Laplace Transform Note

 * - Laplace Transform Note ([[Media:Laplace.20160106.pdf |H1.pdf]])

Chapter 7. z-Transform

 * Definitions

 * Inverse Transform

 * Properties

 * Example Pairs

 * Bi-lateral Transform

Z Transform Note

 * z-Trans-1: Definitions ([[Media:Z-Trans-1.Definition.20170715.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-2: Inverse Transform ([[Media:z-Trans-2.Inverse.20161017.pdf |H2.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-3: Principles ([[Media:z-Trans-3.Principles.20170802.pdf |H3.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-4: Properties ([[Media:z-Trans-3.Properties.20161031.pdf |H4.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-5: Example Pairs ([[Media:z-Trans-4.Pairs.20161126.pdf |H5.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-6: Comparison-1 : Geometric Series ([[Media:z-Trans-6.Comparison-1.20180208.pdf |H6.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-7: Comparison-2 : Residue Integral ([[Media:z-Trans-7.Comparison-2.20180208.pdf |H7.pdf]])
 * z-Trans-8: Bi-lateral Transform

Chapter 8. Fourier Analysis

 * Fourier Series ([[Media:FAnal.2.A.FSeries.20121112.pdf |2.A.pdf]], [[Media:FAnal.2.B.FSeries.pdf |2.B.pdf]])

 * Strum-Louiville Problem

 * Fourier Transform ([[Media:FAnal.3.A.FTransform.20121112.pdf |3.A.pdf]], [[Media:FAnal.3.B.FTransform.pdf |3.B.pdf]])

 * For flash animation, see fourier-series.com

Fourier Analysis Note

 * 1. Fourier Series Note

 * Fourier Series ([[Media:1.FourierSeries.20151230.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Cosine & Sine Series ([[Media:2.CosSinSeries.20151224.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Complex Fourier Series ([[Media:3.ComplexFSeries.20160102.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Fourier Integral ([[Media:4.FourierIntegral.20150102.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * 2. Strum-Louiville Problem Note

 * Bessel Equation ([[Media:Series.Bessel.H1.20160102.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Legendre Equation ([[Media:Series.Legendre.H1.20160102.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Background ([[Media:SL.Background.20160102.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Eigenfunctions ([[Media:SL.EigenFunc.20151230.pdf |H1.pdf]])

Chapter 9. Partial Differential Equations

 * Boundary Value Problem (BVP) in Rectangular Coordinates
 * 1. Overview ([[Media:PDE.1.A.Overview.20160520.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * 2. Heat Equation ([[Media:PDE.2.A.HeatEq.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * 3. Wave Equation ([[Media:PDE.3.A.WaveEq.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * 4. Laplace Equation ([[Media:PDE.4.A.LaplaceEq.20160622.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * 5. Separable PDE ([[Media:PDE.5.A.Separable.pdf |H1.pdf]])
 * 4. Nonhomogeneous PDE ([[Media:PDE.6.A.Nonhomo.pdf |H1.pdf]])

 * Boundary Value Problem (BVP) in Other Coordinates

 * Integral Transform Method

 * Numerical Solutions

 * Complex Numbers ([[Media:FAnal.1.A.ComplexNo.20121029.pdf |1.A.pdf]], [[Media:FAnal.1.B.ComplexNo.pdf |1.B.pdf]])

Chapter 10. Partial Difference Equations
go to [ Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:ComplexFunc.1.A.20120702.pdf


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User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/faq/what is wikiverscript

What is Wikiverscript? It is proposed to be a scripting language for students and teachers who want to use Wikiversity without struggling so much with its technicalities.


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/faq/how to participate

Students can use Wikiverscript to speed up your work here at Wikiversity. Teachers can create a Wikiverscript task as part of a your class project. You can also participate in one of the Wikiverscript improvement projects.


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Getting Started

Chapter 1. Getting Started
To get started, do one of the following:


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Creating your user page

Creating Your User Page
Creating your user page should be one of the first things you do here. This process shows you how to write in Wiki style. You can consider it as an exercise to familiarize yourself with how to write and generate source text here at Wikiversity. Without help, one of us may spend hours and days with a Wikiversity user page and still not be happy with the result, even after so much time has been wasted and not instead used for the actual learning or teaching. Here is how you will in few minutes create a decent user page and move on with your learning or teaching activities.

Follow a Procedure
A procedure has been created on this page to show you step by step how to quickly create your user page. Click here and follow the steps there.

Providing an Instruction
To tell your students about the above procedure, place the following string in the discussion page of your student's user page:

The result will be as shown below:

You should of course replace my name (Tony) and my username (Planotse) with yours so that the student know it was their teacher who posted the message.


text:
User:Planotse/Creating your user page

Getting Started with Wikiversity
If you're a casual reader of Wikiversity, there is plenty of guidance on Wikiversity for you here on this page. This text, How to Write a Wikibook and How to Use Wikiversity, is my personal help for those who want to do some serious writing on Wikiversity without struggling so much with all the technicalities here at the site.

Hello, my name is Tony. I work as a Software Engineer and I live in Plano, Texas. The TSE in my user name stands for Tony - Software Engineer. You might have guessed it right, outside of my professional hours, which include time to raise my son, I spend time with Wikiversity. Whenever you have the urge to contact me, never hesitate. This page has several handy contact links for your use.

Step A. Set up your user page
Back to work, the first thing I want to show you how to do is to quickly create the content for your user page. For the purpose of this discussion, let's consider your user name as Stefalyn and your user page is User:Stefalyn. For my text, instead of using your page at User:Stefalyn, I use this page. Go there, edit that page and you should see the following line. Copy the entire line over to your own, real user page and replace Stefalyn with your own, real user name. Do not include any space. All is case sensitive!

Userpagelikeplanotse is the name of a wiki template. The result should be three red links similar to what you see here:
 * User:Stefalyn/Nav
 * User:Stefalyn/Showcase
 * User:Stefalyn/Userboxes

Step B. Set up your navigation bar
Click on the first red link, User:Stefalyn/Nav, then enter the following text but use your own user name, nickname and email address.

Step C. Set up your showcase
Click on the second red link, e.g. User:Stefalyn/Showcase, then enter the following lines or use your own imagination:  === Attention People ===  This is my showcase.  === Another Shelf ===  This is another shelf in my showcase.

Step D. Set up your userboxes
Click on the third red link, e.g. User:Stefalyn/Userboxes, then enter the following text, but delete any line not applicable to you. For more choices, see Userboxes.  === Attention People ===

Step E. How to delete a page in your work
Don't try this at home, or on your user page. You cannot on your own delete a page in your work but you can following this procedure to have this done for you:
 * Please delete my page

Step F. Help other users
You can help other users to do the same. All you have to do is click on the Discussion link on their user page, click on the Add Topic link near the top right corner, then paste the following text string in your message to them. You must include all four curly brackets as shown:

Step G. Boxing
In your text, by placing a blank space at the start of a short phrase, you put that phrase in a box. You can combine as many such lines as you want. What you see here is the result of doing so three times in a row.

Article message box is another way. If you write in your article the following text: You will get the following result: For more information on how to use this style of text boxing, see Template:Ambox.

Step H. Create a Notepad and a Sandbox
A notepad is where you can save your notes. Remember, all writing, including your own notes are public. There is absolutely no privacy here! A sandbox is like a notepad but its purpose is to experiment with some writing or even scripting. Do the following steps to create your notepad and sandbox:
 * 1) Go to your user page
 * 2) Append "/Notepad" behind your user page's URL then press enter to create a notepad page, e.g. User:Planotse/Notepad.
 * 3) Do the same, append "/Sandbox" behind your user page's URL then press enter to create a sandbox page, e.g. User:Planotse/Sandbox.

Step I. TBD
This topic is intentionally left blank.

Step J. Create an easy access to your pages
By now you should have created the following pages but with your own username, not mine: You can create a personal menu for easy access to your pages, in two different ways, either J1 or J2.
 * http://en.Wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Planotse/Notepad
 * http://en.Wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Planotse/Sandbox

Alternative Step J1. Create a menu based on an existing template
If you do not want to deal with scripting, go to your showcase page, e.g. User:Planotse/Showcase, then enter the following line of text. Save the page then go back to your main user page and see the result.

Alternative Step J2. Create a menu based on your own code
If J1 does not work or you do not like the result from J1, use the following code at the top of you showcase page. Replace my Planotse with your own user name. Change the captions Sand, Note and Show to whatever you want. Sand &nbsp; Note &nbsp; Show

Step K. Review what you've done so far
Showing you how to create a user page similar to mine is a way to show you how to get started in writing on Wikiversity. Below is a list of concepts you've touched so far:
 * User Page
 * Wiki Template
 * Text Headers
 * Subjects & Categories
 * Notepad & Sandbox
 * Wiki-style Menu Links

Making a Smarter User Page
Learning how to make a smarter user page is a way to learn how to write a better wikibook. The prior section shows you how to get started with Wikiversity by quickly creating a basic user page. Now I show you how to turn your user page into a personal writing toolbox.

Step L. TBD
This topic is intentionally left blank.

title: User:Planotse/Creating your user page


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Getting Started/pagelist

 * Create user page and learn to write in Wiki style
 * Create a new class project using Wikiverscript
 * Use Wikiverscript in your class project
 * Use Wikiverscript for your homework
 * Use Wikiverscript in your research
 * Participating in the improvement of Wikiverscript


text:
Reference desk

 Reference Desk  This is an School Project.

Reference vs. Bibliography

This is an illustration of using to "cite" reliable references and the difference between a Reference Book and another type of book.

Encyclopedia – a reference work containing separate articles of information on all branches of knowledge or topics in a specific field.

Cite Reference

“The Voyager Probe is now moving out of the Solar System toward the stars. It has a very long journey ahead. It is expected to reach the edge of the Solar System early in the 21st century, but it will not get close to another star for at least 40,000 years. This star is one of the nearest to the Solar System.” * (see: Cite Reference)

Cite Bibliography

This citation would fall under the Bibliography notation giving Robin Kerrod authorship (credit) of this particular volume in this 6 volume set as cited on the lead page.

Cite Reference

This citation would fall under the Reference notation recognizing the first volume of the set by Peter Lafferty.

 * New Science Library, Universe and Space, v.1, p,6. Peter Lafferty; Illustrated by George Fryer, Copyright c 1996, Ferguson Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois; ISBN 0-89434-160-X (set).

title: Reference desk


text:
User:Dede2008/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Dede2008/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Dede2008/common.js


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Category:User lt

Users in this category indicate they have knowledge of language Lithuanian.

title: Category:User lt


text:
Category:User lt-3

Users in this category indicate they have skill level 3 for language Lithuanian.

title: Category:User lt-3


text:
User:Vogone

Hello!

I am the Vogon (in German Vogone). I was probably here reverting or fixing unhelpful edits and won't be staying long. If you have problems, contact me on my Meta-Wiki User talk, please.

Regards, Vogone 16:10, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Vogone


text: Portal:French/box-header-tabs

title: Portal:French/box-header-tabs


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Portal:French/TabsTop

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Portal:French/Tab2

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Portal:French/Tab3

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Portal:French/Introduction

For any beginners, please come to Portal:French/Learn French to start learning French (français, fʁɑ̃sɛ) is spoken around the world by between 72 and 130 million people as a native language, and by between 190 and 600 million people as a second language, with significant populations of speakers in 54 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France, where the language originated. The rest live in Canada, Belgium, or one of the other 54 countries in which it is spoken.

French is a descendant of the Latin language of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Romanian. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.

It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French "La Francophonie": the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations.

title: Portal:French/Introduction


text: Portal:French/box-header

title: Portal:French/box-header


text: Portal:French/Tasks

title: Portal:French/Tasks


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Portal:French/Get Started

The French Language Division coordinates and focuses studies on the French language. The division is composed of various departments that each offer free and open-source courses. These courses are created and taught by volunteer teachers. Everyone is permitted and encouraged to teach and learn at the French Language Division. We hope this can be a place for many people to explore and appreciate the French language and the culture of the French people. Make sure to register at the French stream.

Still need help? If you still need help or have any questions, comments, ideas, or concerns, please visit the French Colloquium and start a discussion. If you are confused, or new, just go to this link and find your subject: Topic:French/Notes & Subjects The French Division is full of members who are more than eager to help you!

title: Portal:French/Get Started


text:
French

French (français) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French has largely supplanted.

title: French


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Template:Divbox/style/blue

background-color: #dee; border: 1px solid #0000CC; margin: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em; vi:Bản mẫu:Divstyleblue

title: Template:Divbox/style/blue


text: Topic talk:French/Departments

title: Topic talk:French/Departments


text:
User talk:Suspendus

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 11:53, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suspendus


text:
User talk:Yeolhuh

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 11:54, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

I took the pictures from creative commons and I assumed that they were free to share. Should I delete all the picture? Yeolhuh (talk) 23:47, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You cannot delete the pictures; only a custodian can. However, if you can label each picture with its source and with a suitable creative commons licence then they can stay.  (I say suitable because CC-NC and CC-ND are not acceptable.)--Collingwood (talk) 16:16, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yeolhuh


text:
Portal:French/Learn French/Other Courses

The following courses have been created by members of the French Division and are unique in their method and scope.
 * Learning the Basics of French (unmaintained)
 * La Littérature du 18e siècle


text:
Portal:French/Learn French/Department News

July 3rd, 2012
 * Department of French begins major renovation.


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team11.perez.gp

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:06, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team11.perez.gp


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team1.rosenberg

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:10, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team1.rosenberg


text:
User talk:Toon.bartholomees

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:11, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Files Missing License Information
Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See Media for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at License tags. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice. See Requests For Deletion for more information.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:
 * File:LogoAgain def.jpg

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:58, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toon.bartholomees


text:
User talk:BavoDermaux

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:12, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Files Missing License Information
Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See Media for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at License tags. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice. See Requests For Deletion for more information.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:
 * File:DCMotor The8Team.jpg
 * File:Sketch ontwerp The8Team.jpg
 * File:Zonnepaneel The8Team.jpg

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:40, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:BavoDermaux


text:
User talk:Yu.chun.sun

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:13, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Files Missing License Information
Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See Media for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at License tags. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice. See Requests For Deletion for more information.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:
 * File:LOGO final.png
 * File:WBS Sunpower.pdf.pdf

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 04:06, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yu.chun.sun


text:
User talk:Ddzone

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:13, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ddzone


text: File:Nils klein.jpg

title: File:Nils klein.jpg


text: File:My cnt.systemc.20120703.pdf

title: File:My cnt.systemc.20120703.pdf


text:
User:Wmsigler

Work experience
Currently a Software Intern at MicroWorks, Inc. in Boise, Idaho.

Education
Pursuing a Computer Science degree from Brigham Young University-Idaho.

title: User:Wmsigler


text:
Talk:Java Programming/Answers to Exercises

The answer to Exercise 1 needs work. Your current explanations says associativity is the same and never really explains associativity vs precedence. Yes multiply and divide have higher precedence to addition, but the multiply goes before the divide because binary operators are left associative (not because of precedence). Similarly the explanation for the assignment operator is not operator precedence but the fact that unary and assignment operators are right associative. See also Operator associativity.


text: Category:Semantic MediaWiki

title: Category:Semantic MediaWiki


text:
User:Nucas

i speak english, russian and python. i hate to capitalize things.

title: User:Nucas


text:
Talk:Data Coding and Information Decoding

Proposed page title change
This page title should be renamed to "Data Coding and Information Decoding," to reflect Standard Written English. Wmsigler (talk) 03:15, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Issues
This page is not done, and should not be marked as such until the following issues have been resolved. Feel free to add to this list, the following is just what is easily visible.

Dolinsky296 (discuss • contribs) 17:52, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * There is no objective or introductory section.
 * The image after "Examples" is dead.
 * The images have spelling and grammar issues.
 * The last section is incomplete. This image should have an explanation and thus does not yet constitute a sub-topic.

 * The page is not marked as done. The proposed title change was completed.  I encourage you to be bold and make the changes you are recommending.  Thanks!  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:05, 8 July 2013 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Southeast Asian Languages/Philippine Languages

Users with knowledge of Filipino (Tagalog)

 * Wmsigler (Moderate fluency in reading/writing/speaking)

Added users section
Added a section where users can indicate their knowledge of Filipino languages for the purpose of helping flesh out courses. Wmsigler (talk) 03:26, 4 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
User:Objectivist

There is not much to say at this time. It generally suffices that I "know a lot of things about a lot of things" --and am quite aware that "a little knowledge a dangerous thing". Presumably, I am therefore very dangerous.

title: User:Objectivist


text:
Template:Repellor vehicle

=External links=

title: Template:Repellor vehicle


text:
User talk:Harshit 97

IIT 2009 question
Prove That the numbers 49, 4489, 444889, .... obtained by insering 48 into the middle of the preceding number are squares of integers.

444...n times x 10^n + 8888...n times + 1                                                      , 6666...n times[(2x10^n)/3+4/3] +1       , 666...n times[0.666...upto ∞ x 10^n + 1.333... upto∞]+1                                         , 6666...ntimes[666...upto n terms+(0.666... upto ∞ +1.333...∞)] +1                                , 6666...ntimes[6666...upto n times + (2)]+1                                                        , let 6666... ntimes be A                                                                            , A[A+2] +1                                                                                , A^2 + 2A +1                                                                                , (A+1)^2                                                                                , therefore the no. obtained will be a whole square                                                      , and A+1 always an integer for any integral value of n                                                   , --Harshit 97 (talk) 06:59, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harshit 97


text:
Portal:Middle East

Other Wikimedia and Wikiportals

Related portals: Islam | Asia | Saudi Arabia | Egypt | Israel | Lebanon

title: Portal:Middle East


text:
User:Samwilson/Blog/Semantic MediaWiki CRUD

These are some notes about how I go about setting up a basic Create-Read-Update-Delete structure for an entity in Semantic MediaWiki with Semantic Forms. (Not that deleting gets much of a look in, because that's handled by standard MediaWiki.)

A Person entity, for example, gets the following pages (note the usages of plural and singular entity names):

 * (plural; contains all the instances of the entity, and no other pages)
 * (singular; to create and edit the instances)
 * (plural; the search form)
 * (singular; formats the data pages and adds pages to the above category)
 * (plural; used by Special:RunQuery to display search results)
 * ,, etc. (properties as required)
 * (plural; contains information, search form, statistics, etc.; the starting point for end-users so far as this entity is concerned)
 * (actual data page; named after some identifying property of the entity; contains only the Person template above)

The following sections go through each of these, roughly in the order in which I generally create them.

Data Entry Form (e.g. )
I start with the form (not, as the official docs recommend, the properties; they will become clear as you design the form, and it's usually the form that end-users see first so it's also a useful starting point when implementing someone else's ideas).

Name:

Date of Birth:

This creates a form with fields for name and date of birth, and automatically creates pages named after the person (the page name parameter of the info tag can do automatically-incrementing ID numbers as well). Note that template values that are going to be used in the page name should be mandatory.

Data Template (e.g. )
The template is what is actual displayed on the person's data page. At a minimum, it should add the page to the relevant category and define the values of the semantic properties. Name: Name::

Date of Birth: Date of Birth::

Category (e.g. )
Categories in Semantic MediaWiki should only be used to group pages by fundamental and non-mutable characteristics; other groupings should be done via semantic querying features. For instance, every page using a  template is defining a person, so it always makes sense for those pages to be in the   category, and never makes sense for them not to be. Pages in this category represent People, and should be edited using the has default form::People form.

The  category is of course optional, but it's nice to collect these together somewhere. I usually also have a  page that summarises them all.

Overview Page (e.g. )
The mainspace page gives a general overview of the entity, and provision for searching, adding, viewing statistics, etc. At a minimum, it should include the search form and a link to the data entry form for new records:

Properties
Properties are defined as required, and should take sentence case.

Use of properties is explained far better than I can on the SMW and Semantic Forms sites.

Data Pages (e.g. )
Data pages, in the mainspace, are created from the form above, using one of the fields as their name. They contain only the template, and should be able to be edited completely via the form.

Search Form (e.g. )
The search form is usually pretty similar to the Data Entry Form,

Name:

Date of Birth:

Search Results Template (e.g. )
This template is given the values entered by the user in the search form above. It should use these in a query, to show the actual results:

Note that, as both of the search terms here are optional, we only include them in the query if they've been specified. This could also be done here by writing, for example (to use the provided value for Name or else the find-all wildcard), but with the ParserFunction construct we can also do things like include a list of property values:


text: Portal:Middle East/box-header-tabs

title: Portal:Middle East/box-header-tabs


text: Portal:Middle East/box-header

title: Portal:Middle East/box-header


text: Portal:Middle East/box-footer

title: Portal:Middle East/box-footer


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Portal:Middle East/TabsTop

{| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" valign="top" border="0" |

title: Portal:Middle East/TabsTop


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Portal:Middle East/Tab1

| style="padding:0 .3em; background-color:; border:1px solid #ef4135; ; color: #80737C; font-weight: bold; font-size:0.9em; border-bottom:none; text-align:center;" width="32%" |
 * style="background-color:#ffffff; border-bottom:none" width="2%" |

title: Portal:Middle East/Tab1


text:
Portal:Middle East/Tab2

| style="padding:0 .3em; background-color:; border:1px solid #ef4135; color: #80737C; padding: .1em; text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-size:0.9em; border-bottom:none; text-align:center;" width="32%" |
 * style="background-color:#ffffff; border-bottom:none" width="2%" |

title: Portal:Middle East/Tab2


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Portal:Middle East/Tab3

| style="padding:0 .3em; background-color:; border:1px solid #ef4135; color: #80737C; padding: .1em; text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-size:0.9em; border-bottom:none; text-align:center;" width="32%" |

title: Portal:Middle East/Tab3


text:
Portal:Middle East/TabsBottom

|}

title: Portal:Middle East/TabsBottom


text:
Portal:Middle East/Introduction

The Middle East (الشرق الأوسط Persianخاورمیانهor Mideast) is a region that encompasses Western Asia and all of or part of Northern Africa, depending on the context. The term is considered to be Eurocentric and used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner.

The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history, the Middle East has been a major centre of world affairs. When discussing ancient history, however, the term Near East is more commonly used. The Middle East is also the historical origin of major religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil. In modern times the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally and religiously sensitive region. The Middle East's expected economic growth rate is at about 4.1% for 2010 and 5.1% in 2011.

title: Portal:Middle East/Introduction


text:
Portal:French/Learn French/Introduction to French

The Introduction to French course briefly covers the following introductory topics to the French language. If you have prior knowledge of French, you can likely skip this course. However, we do encourage everyone to review the Pronunciation Unit which gives a comprehensive overview of French phonology. Mastering the sounds of the French language early on is the surest way of sounding like a native as you develop your language skills.


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Atypical Parkinsonism/Multiple System Atrophy

< Back to: Atypical parkinsonism

Multiple System Atrophy is a neurological disease which is distinct pathologically from PD but presents with the same symptoms and can result in misdiagnosis.. Its cause(s) are unknown and there is no known cure or effective treatment. Other distinctive features are:-

 * Failure to respond to dopamine replacement therapy;
 * Severe problems with balance, drops in blood pressure and bladder control.
 * Reduced life expectancy (average 7.9 years after onset)
 * Men are more likely to succumb to it than women
 * 80% of patients have to use wheel chairs within 5 years.

Research
2008

Gilman et al set out the results of a conference which was set up in order to achieve a consensus in the criteria use to diagnose MSA.

2009

Lipp et al used careful measurements of the rate of autonomic failure to distinguish between PD and MSA patients. Their conclusions were:-

"The main findings of this prospective study to date are that functional status (UMSARS_1) and especially certain select autonomic symptom domains (COMPASS_Select) and deficits (CASS; TST%) will distinguish PD from MSA. Additionally, a repeat study in 12 months will further differentiate the two conditions, since MSA is characterized by a much more rapid progression of dysautonomia and functional status. This two-step approach of systematic evaluation at entry and at one year enhances the ability of the clinician to diagnose MSA with greater sensitivity and specificity."


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Atypical Parkinsonism

< Back to: Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research

"A range of overlapping neurological conditions with similar symptoms gives rise to frequent diagnostic problems."

Background
The following table identifies some common neurological disorders, their 'trademark' pathological characteristics, and the parts of the CNS affected

Research
1992

Hughes et al re-evaluated 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

"In 24 cases without Lewy bodies, diagnoses included progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer-type pathology, and basal ganglia vascular disease. The retrospective application of recommended diagnostic criteria improved the diagnostic accuracy to 82%. These observations call into question current concepts of Parkinson's disease as a single distinct morbid entity."

2003

Yekhief et al evaluated the use of MRI scans in the diagnosis of PD and PD+ syndromes.

"The “cortical” score distinguished CBD and PSP from MSA with a fair PPV (>90%). The PPV of the “putaminal” score was high (70%) for the differential diagnosis of MSA with PSP and CBD. The “midbrain” score was significantly higher in PSP and CBD compared to MSA. These results are in accordance with the underlying pathology found in these disorders and demonstrate that a simple MRI scoring procedure may help the neurologist to differentiate primary causes of parkinsonism in everyday practice."


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Atypical Parkinsonism/Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

< Back to: Atypical parkinsonism

"Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease with no known cause or cure. In its initial stages it closely resembles Parkinson's Disease and there is scope for misdiagnosis.  Its later stages are characterised by other symptoms, notably a poor response to dopamine replacement therapy and difficulties in moving the eyes."

Research
1986

Litvan et al have set out the clinical criteria to be use in the diagnosis of PSP.

"The criteria specify three degrees of diagnostic certainty: possible PSP, probable PSP, and definite PSP. Possible PSP requires the presence of a gradually progressive disorder with onset at age 40 or later, either vertical supranuclear gaze palsy or both slowing of vertical saccades and prominent postural instability with falls in the first year of onset, as well as no evidence of other diseases that could explain these features. Probable PSP requires vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, prominent postural instability, and falls in the first year of onset, as well as the other features of possible PSP. Definite PSP requires a history of probable or possible PSP and histopathologic evidence of typical PSP."


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Wikiversal

 * Part I - Introduction
 * Prior Chapter

title: User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Wikiversal


text: User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Introduction/chapterlist


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/Wikiversal/pagelist

 * About Wikiversal


title: File:Dtype.systemc.20120704.pdf


text:
User:Planotse/Wikiverscript/About Wikiversal

 * Chapter 2. Wikiversal

About Wikiversal
Wikiversal is a desktop application that provides a Wiki Assistant. You can download it from this page. To bring up the Wiki Assistant, select the menu command [Tools » Wiki Assistant].


title: File:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf


text: Template:Booknav

title: Template:Booknav


text:
User:Aignguyen

Contributions

 * 1) Web Programming, an Example - Although a plethora of "Hello World" examples can be found on the web, examples of itermediate complexity are more difficult to come by. When organization or vendor sites provide examples, these are almost always restricted to the products they support, even though a great way to develop web projects is by putting together components from many resources, all of them available from open source projects. This post makes available source code and a high level description of a web programming project of intermediate complexity - a web alert service that allows registered users to schedule email to distribution lists. It includes both client and server side code.

About me
I have programmed professionally since the mid 1980's. If interested, please see my profile on Linked In and visit my My Home Page.

title: User:Aignguyen


text: Template:Booknavgo

title: Template:Booknavgo


text: Template:Linknav

title: Template:Linknav


text:
User talk:Planotse

Email?
I got your email. I haven't been very active here lately. What's up? (FYI, my access to the Internet will be intermittent over the next 3 weeks.) The Jade Knight (d'viser) 10:48, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Your editing experiments
You can continue to participate at Wikiversity and keep other community members from reverting or removing your edits as vandalism by conducting your editing experiments in the sandbox, and in your own user space when you login or create an account. You can contact me or the Wikiversity community with any questions you may have. Thank you. --Collingwood (talk) 16:17, 18 July 2012 (UTC)--Collingwood (talk) 16:17, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It was this edit to Wikiversity:Colloquium. I am not clear what mobile is for, but it should not be put on such important pages arbitrarily.--Collingwood (talk) 16:50, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Hi
I noticed what you are trying to do as regards developing a more systematic approach to creating learning resources. I think this is greatly needed on WV. Leutha (talk) 18:11, 6 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you Planotse (talk) 02:33, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Metrics
I thought you might be interested in this: Template:Metrics 2012-13, Leutha (talk) 20:52, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

Hi, I have used it on Talk:Wikiversium/Davis Hall/Main Entrance. It allows you to see how often people have accessed the page. i notice you have tried it in your sandbox, but the way BASENAMEPAGEE works means that it links to the metrics of a non existant page Planotse.

It needs instructions on how to use, and it may well be possible to develop the design as well. But I think it is useful to understand how much traffic a page is getting. Leutha (talk) 02:08, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Layout in Computer Science
Hello! I really appreciate all the effort you've put into fixing up the department - seems that everyone else has abandoned it.

I am a little bit confused by the new layout. The notion of "entrances" and "buildings" is a little confusing to me, and I have trouble navigating the slideshows embedded on the page. I agree with your efforts though - the whole department needs to be fixed up and made more clear to students. Can we work out a new layout together?

--Azotochtli (talk) 13:23, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Help:Guides and Help:Creating content
Thanks for your work on Help:Guides. Note I think this is really a new resource, so I've moved it to Help:Creating content and restored the previous Help:Guides with a link to Help:Creating content. Sincerely, James -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:25, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Student Union proposal
Hi, I have started a metric page for your Student Union proposal here. As you may have noticed I have raised the issue on the Colloquium page. I hope this will give us some idea of how many people are engaging with the proposal. Leutha (talk) 09:22, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

surprised and made edits
see here, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat + Identi.ca 18:53, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Mobile wikiversity not working on android
Hi I am new to this so maybe I am missing something, but every time I try and access any wikiversity site on my android phone it comes up with the Missing Wiki page. Even if trying to access en.wikiversity.org. I think the page might be being redirected to a mobile version, something like en.m.wikiversity.org/...

Is the problem just me / my phone or is there a major problem accessing wikiversity from all android phones at the moment? Is there a way to stop it redirecting me to the mobile site (for now) so I can still view content on my phone even if they are deigned for desktops?

I'm not sure if you're still active on here, but most of the mobile wikiversity pages seem to have your name on them...

Bron766 (discuss • contribs) 22:03, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Planotse


text:
Template:Talk header

 * Put new text under old text. [ Click here to start a new topic].
 * Please sign and date your posts by typing four tildes.
 * New to Wikiversity? Welcome! Ask questions, get answers.
 * Be polite
 * Assume good faith
 * Be welcoming
 * Avoid personal attacks

title: Template:Talk header


text: Template:Semantics resources

title: Template:Semantics resources


text: Portal talk:Middle East

title: Portal talk:Middle East


text: Portal:Middle East/Departments

title: Portal:Middle East/Departments


text:
Portal:Middle East/Get Started

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies coordinates and focuses studies on the people, language, culture, art, and philosophy of the Middle East. The division is composed of various sub-divisions and departments that each offer free and open-source courses. These courses are created and taught by volunteer teachers. Everyone is permitted and encouraged to teach and learn at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. We hope this can be a place for many people to explore and appreciate the peoples and cultures of this very important and beautiful region of the world. Still need help? If you still need help or have any questions, comments, ideas, or concerns, please visit the Middle East Colloquium and start a discussion. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies is full of members who are more than eager to help you!
 * Where is the Middle East?
 * Where to start?
 * Middle East Stream (Registration & Members)
 * Frequently Asked Questions
 * Help Contents

title: Portal:Middle East/Get Started


text:
Portal:Middle East/Staff Members

The following are staff members at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Staff members actively contribute and maintain the division, departments, and courses. They are also likely to be proficient in a Middle Eastern language, and available to help students at the center.

title: Portal:Middle East/Staff Members


text:
Template:Lang-ar

Arabic:

title: Template:Lang-ar


text:
Portal:Middle East/School News

July 4th, 2012
 * The Center for Middle Eastern Studies is created.

title: Portal:Middle East/School News


title: File:LEQ.ElementaryMat.1.A.20120705.pdf


text: Portal:Middle East/External Links

title: Portal:Middle East/External Links


text: Portal:Middle East/Tasks

title: Portal:Middle East/Tasks


text: Portal:Hebrew/box-header-tabs

title: Portal:Hebrew/box-header-tabs


text:
Portal:Hebrew/TabsTop

{| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" valign="top" border="0" |

title: Portal:Hebrew/TabsTop


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Portal:Hebrew/Tab1

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title: Portal:Hebrew/Tab1


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Portal:Hebrew/Tab2

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title: Portal:Hebrew/Tab2


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Portal:Hebrew/Tab3

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title: Portal:Hebrew/Tab3


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Portal:Hebrew/TabsBottom

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title: Portal:Hebrew/TabsBottom


text: Portal:Hebrew/box-header

title: Portal:Hebrew/box-header


text: Portal:Hebrew/box-footer

title: Portal:Hebrew/box-footer


text: Portal:Hebrew/Introduction

title: Portal:Hebrew/Introduction


text: Template:IPAc-en

title: Template:IPAc-en


text: Template:IPAc-en/pronunciation

title: Template:IPAc-en/pronunciation


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Template:H:IPA

[[Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key|

title: Template:H:IPA


text:
Portal:Hebrew/Tasks

 Have an idea for a page? Why not create it!

title: Portal:Hebrew/Tasks


text: Portal:Hebrew/Get Started

title: Portal:Hebrew/Get Started


title: File:Sampling.3.B.Over.20120705.pdf


text:
Portal:Hebrew/Departments

The Hebrew Language Division is organizational and bureaucratic and the Hebrew Language Department is educational. In addition to the Hebrew division and department, we offer a few other departments related to the Hebrew language.

title: Portal:Hebrew/Departments


title: File:Dtype.systemc.20120705.pdf


title: File:Cordic.scfix.20120705.pdf


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team5.north

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:53, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team5.north


text: Template:Talkback

title: Template:Talkback


text: Template:Umbox

title: Template:Umbox


text:
User talk:IszKoC

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 12:59, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:IszKoC


text:
User talk:JBers

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 13:01, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:JBers


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team17.deaver.md

Copyright problems on photos
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title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team17.deaver.md


text: File:Father and son.jpg

title: File:Father and son.jpg


text:
Web programming, an example

Abstract
Although a plethora of "Hello World" examples can be found on the web, examples of itermediate complexity are more difficult to come by. When organization or vendor sites provide examples, these are almost always restricted to the products they support, even though a great way to develop web projects is by putting together components from many resources, all of them available from open source projects.

This post makes available source code and a high level description of a web programming project of intermediate complexity - a web alert service that allows registered users to schedule email to distribution lists. It includes both client and server side code. The high level description provided here serves as a guide to the code, but would probably not be an adequate substitute for actually reading the code. The reader should already have some knowledge of Servlet, Java Server Page (JSP), Java Database Connection (JDBC), and JavaScript technologies.

The Web Alert Service makes extensive use of open source components. The server side implementation consists of Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP), and uses:

 * The Apache Derby Java database to store user data.

 * The Javamail API to send alert messages.

 * The Cron4j Scheduler to manage schedules.

 * Google Gson to manage JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data exchange with browser clients.

The Servlets and JSP are hosted by an Apache Web Server with a Tomcat Servlet Container, running on Ubuntu.

The client side includes two distinct implementations:

 * A pure HTTP client with very simple forms, appropriate for browsers with limited capabilities on handheld devices.

 * A JavaScript based client using the jQuery JavaScript library, appropriate for full featured browsers on desktop devices.

Last but not least, the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a valuable tool to facilitate and accelerate development.

Design and Implementation
The main purpose of the Web Alert Service is to provide an example, at an intermediate complexity level, of both client and server side web programming. The service may also be useful in its own right. There are many existing ways to schedule email alerts that can readily be found on the web. These applications fall into three major types:

 * 1) Plug-ins for commercial email clients. These plug-ins allow the email client (for example Microsoft Outlook on your personal computer) to schedule messages to be sent by their email server. They rely on the client's existing email service (for example Microsoft Exchange supported by an IT department at the workplace).
 * 2) Browser plug-ins for web mail services. At present, freely available web mail service provide no scheduling capability. These browser plug-ins use the web browser as the graphical interface for scheduling messages. The plug-in relays the message to a third party server, which takes responsibility for sending the message at the correct time.
 * 3) Commercial mass mailing web sites where a user account can be created. After logging in, the site's web interface (usually a series of forms) allows the user to write and schedule messages to a list of email addresses. Trial accounts are often available for free, with a limit on the number of messages that could be sent per month.

Our Web Alert Service most resembles type 3 above, but the main purpose is educational not commercial. It follows the (passive) Model View Controller pattern. The user data model is represented by tables in an Apache Derby database. Data Access Objects (DAO) interact with the database via Structured Query Language (SQL) statements. Servlets provide user account authentication and transaction control logic, as well as the capability to run jobs at future times (via Cron4j) and to send email messages (via Javamail). For HTTP-only browsers, a series of JSP forms provide simple (if somewhat tedious) views of the data model. For JavaScript capable browsers, a more integrated view is available (via jQuery) where the user can make a series of fairly complex changes to the data before saving, a.k.a. committing the transaction.

Data Model
This section describes the data model, i.e. the Derby tables and associated DAO java classes.

Database Tables
The diagram below shows all Alert Service tables.

The Users table stores the login (UserName), password, and GMT offset for each registered user. Its primary key is an integer UserId. Business rules (see section on Controller) enforce uniqueness for UserName. The password is used for authentication, and the GMT offset is used to translate between the user's time and server time.

The Groups, Addresses, Messages, and Jobs tables store user data for scheduling and sending alert messages. They each also have integer primary keys and unique name fields. Groups are aliases for distribution lists, i.e. lists of addresses. Messages include the subject and body text to be sent. Jobs describe when to send a message, and to which group. Jobs (schedules) have a repeat attribute - when repeat is "None" the job will be run only once, at the designated time. Repeat can also be "Daily", "Weekly", or "Monthly". Jobs can be active or inactive. Only active jobs will be launched at the designated time (inactive jobs are dormant entries).

Relationship tables UserAddresses, UserMessages, UserJobs contain pairs of integer Ids - a UserId paired with the key into the Addresses, Messages, or Jobs table (a.k.a foreign keys). These relationships are used to partition user data (so that each user's data is visible only to its owner) and to cascade changes to all relevant tables when a user is modified or deleted.

Likewise, relationship tables GroupAddress, GroupJobs, and MessageJobs allow changes to be propagated to dependent tables when a group, address, or job is modified or deleted.

Data Access Objects
Our implementation uses two Java classes to support each database table. For example classes User and Users support the Users table. Class User is a simple representation of a single user, with get and set methods for its instance variables. User instance variables are named to match fields in the Users table. Class Users is the actual DAO for the Users table. It includes Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) methods to add, delete, and modify users. Also included are some support methods, to authenticate a user and to pretty-print the Users table.

Similarly, classes Group/Groups, Address/Addresses, and Job/Jobs support the Groups, Addresses, and Jobs tables. The relationship tables are supported by two classes, Links and Db. These classes do not follow the same pattern as the previously described DAO classes. Both provide methods to make sure that when a table is modified, changes are cascaded to all dependent tables. Class Db also supports basic database functionality (e.g. createConnection, getConnection, and shutdown), as well as some utilities to format data into HTML elements for GUI display.

Access to the database occurs only through the classes described above (User/Users, Group/Groups, Address/Addresses, Job/Jobs, Links, and Db). Please see the Abstract for a link to the source code.

View, HTTP-Only Browsers
As mentioned in the Abstract, there are two distinct implementations of the client, offering different views of the data. This section describes the HTTP-only thin client, which provides a table-by-table view in a series of GUI screens. Each GUI screen is kept simple so as to be easily navigable on hand-held devices. The implementation consists only of Java Server Pages (JSP).

The thin client consists of five static JSPs index, login, tables, actions, newuser, and two JSP pages dynamically generated by methods generateForm and generateActivationForm in the AlertServlet class. This is one of the main classes in our Alert Service implementation, and will be described in more detail in the Controllers section below.

Static pages

 * index.jsp - the top level page. It links to pages for logging in or for requesting a new login, and to the Quick Start guide.
 * login.jsp - the login page.
 * tables.jsp - allows the user to select the type of data to manage (groups, addresses, messages, or schedules).
 * actions.jsp - allows the user to select the action to take (add, delete, modify, or view all) on the previously chosen data table.

Dynamic pages

 * AlertServlet.generateForm - collect all data relevant to the chosen user action and display them in an HTML form. For example if the user previously chose Groups/View All, this method will generate an HTML table containing all of the user's groups and comments and send it back to the user's browser in a HTTP GET response message. If the user chose Address/Add, this method generates and sends an HTML form to the browser. The form will include fields for the address name, comments, as well as a drop down list (HTML select element) of all the user's groups.
 * AlertServelet.generateActivationForm - if the user chose Schedule/Activate, generate a form containing a set of HTML radio buttions including all of the user's schedules (jobs) that could be activated, and send it back to the user's browser in a HTTP GET response. The user can then choose which schedule to activate.

View, Javascript Capable Browsers
The richer jQuery client interacts primarily with the JSON Exchange servlet, class SideDoor. It consists of one static JSP and one library of JavaScript functions built on jQuery and jQuery UI libraries. Below is a screen capture of the client GUI running on the Mozilla Firefox browser (the user name is blotted out).

Instead of multiple pages showing one data table each, the rich client shows all tables as tabs (Groups, Addresses, Messages, and Schedules). Each tab includes a table displaying already present data, and a set of buttons to Add, Delete, or Modify data. These behave like radio buttons. Clicking Add, Delete, or Modify brings up a form appropriate for the current tab and action. The user can make multiple changes and revisions, which are not committed until the Save Changes button is clicked. The Discard Changes button allows the user to cancel all changes since the previous save.

Additionally, the Account tab allows the user to modify the password and GMT offset, and to delete the account (i.e. unsubscribe from the service). Arguably, this is a more user friendly and better integrated view of the data. It comes at the cost of more complexity on the client side, requiring the use of JavaScript.

JSP
Static page desktop.jsp implements part of the rich client. The Id of the main division is "root". It contains the "tabs" division, which in turn contains divisions "groupstab", "addressestab", "messagestab", "schdulestab", and "accounttab". These correspond to the five tabs on the GUI. Division and other HTML element Ids act ask keys (a.k.a tags) for jQuery, triggering JavaScript function calls.

JavaScript
Script gui.js implements the remaining part of the rich client. All code in this script is enclosed in a $(document).readdy statement, to ensure that user data from the server has been completely transferred and ready for display before making the page visible in the browser.

The server URL is stored in global variable url. After sucessful authentication the client "root" division becomes ready. The $("#root").ready section invokes function reloadUserData which makes an HTTP GET request to the server. The server sends all data belonging to the current login (as a JSON string) in an HTTP GET respsonse to the client browser. The JSON object is stored in global object userData.

As previously mentioned, clicking Add, Delete, or Modify brings up a form where the user types in or selects values for a group, address, message, or schedule. These input values are stored in global variables, needed by many functions at various stages. Global variables group, address, message, schedule, and account store temporary working values for the corresponding tabs.

Script gui.js also includes a set of plain JavaScript, globally available utility functions to support manipulating user data and the corresponding HTML elements to display the data. The remainder of code in this script consists of jQuerey sections that are triggered to execute when user selects the corresponding element on the GUI. In particular, clicking on Save Changes trigger section $("#commit-radio").button.click, which invokes commitUserData. This gathers all of the current user data, packages it into a JSON string, and sends it in an HTTP POST request to the server.

Controllers
This section describes the two servlets, as well as the supporting tools, which make up the server side of this implementation. The two servlets share supporting back-end classes and libraries, but differ in the client they support. The AlertServlet servlet supports the thin HTTP-only client, and the SideDoor servlet supports the JavaScript client. Both functionalities could have been combined into a single servlet class, but we preferred to separate them for clarity. The thin client is not capable of transaction management so that logic must be pushed into to the servlet, making it more complex. Conversely, since the rich client can manage the transaction, it manipulates all user data for the current transaction and the servlet merely acts as an interface to the database. The server side logic therefore is simplified.

JSON Exchange Servlet for the JavaScript Client
We will describe the simpler servlet first. Class SideDoor implements the servlet for exchanging JSON strings with the rich client.

After the user logs in on the client browser, the client sends an HTTP GET request to the server. SideDoor.doGet intercepts this request and invokes getUserJsonString. This method formats the current user's data from the Derby database into a JSON string and puts it into the GET response and sends it to the client. Inner classes Group, Message, Address, Schedule, Account, and UserJson are skeleton classes to support JSON, with instance attributes that map exactly to JSON variable names.

When the user clicks "Save Changes" on the client, it sends an HTTP POST request to the server. SideDoor.doPost intercepts this request and invokes updateUserData. Method updateUSerData unpacks the JSON string from the client and updates Derby database table.

The above approach allows good transaction control. Data on the client side is treated as a working copy. User the various GUI tabs and dialogs, the user can continue to manipulate the data until satisfied. The transaction is committed only when the user clicks Save Chances. Prior to clicking Save Changes, the user can rollback the transaction by clicking Cancel Changes (this is not a true transaction rollback since it can only occur before the commit).

AlertServlet for the Thin Client
Compared to the SideDoor servlet, the AlertServlet supporting the thin HTTP-only client is more complex, since it must incorporate transaction control logic. It does so with information in HttpSession, obtained from the client HTTP GET and POST requests. Additionally it uses class State to store transaction information. To illustrate the flow of information, consider the scenario of a user (already logged in) adding a new group.

When the client first connects to the server, the HttpServlet infrastructure assigns a valid HttpSession Id to the connection. This session Id persists until the user has been inactive (has not typed anything into the client) for thirty minutes.

After successfully logging in, State instance attributes userName and password shoud be correctly populated, and the client is presented with the form (tables.jsp) to select a data table. Expected values for the remaining State instance variables at this point are:

The user now selects the Groups radio button and clicks the Select button, triggering an HTTP POST request to AlertServlet (it may be useful to refer to screen shots in the Quick Start guide for the rest of this description). In AlertServlet.doPost, execution drops into the if (formName.equals(TABLES)) {} block where State.table is set to GROUP and the client is redirected to the Actions form (actions.jsp).

The rest of the transaction is similarly managed: when the user submits a form, doPost processes the request; when the user selects a link, doGet processes the request. State attributes table, oper, status, and stage determine which block in doGet and doPost does the processing and therefore controls the transaction.

Please review the code for further details.

Supporting Tools
As previously mentioned, classes Db and Links support Derby database access. Classes Log, Test, Tools, and Util provide other support functions. Of these classes, Util and Tools are by far the most important.
 * Log.java - provides logging and traffic monitoring counters.
 * Test.java - provides a simple unit test harness.
 * Tools.java - provides HTML element manipulation and interfaces with the scheduler.
 * Util.java - jobs (a.k.a. schedules) are stored in GMT in the Derby database, and presented to the user in the user's own time zone. The server time zone must be taken into account when launching these jobs. Class Util provides the date, calendar, and time zone support for these translations.

Parting Thoughts
Hopefully this has been a useful web programming example with source code and a high level description, beyond the more available "Hello World" samples. On the server side our example includes JDBC, servlets, and JSP. On the client side we touched on JavaScript and the jQuery libraries. In our implementation we also made use of open source components to schedule jobs, send Email, and manipulate JSON objects. We rely heavily on Eclipse in our development and testing environments, and on the Apache web server and Tomcat servlet container in our runtime environment. These will be described in future posts.

The table below lists the specific version of components used to develop and run the web alert service:

title: Web programming, an example


text:
User:Tonyautomation/top

Your content at the top of your user page

title: User:Tonyautomation/top


text: User:Tonyautomation

title: User:Tonyautomation


text: User:Tonyautomation/welcome

title: User:Tonyautomation/welcome


text:
User:Tonyautomation/bottom

Your content at the bottom of your user page

title: User:Tonyautomation/bottom


text: User:Tonyautomation/showcase/topmenu

title: User:Tonyautomation/showcase/topmenu


text: User:Tonyautomation/showcase

title: User:Tonyautomation/showcase


text:
User:Tonyautomation/showcase/bottommenu

Top Showcase Bottom Edit

title: User:Tonyautomation/showcase/bottommenu


text:
User:Tonyautomation/showcase/content

Showcase Shelf 1
Shelf 1 is part of my user page showcase.

Showcase Shelf 2
Shelf 2 is part of my user page showcase.

Showcase Shelf 3

 * Shelf 3 is
 * part of my
 * user page showcase.

title: User:Tonyautomation/showcase/content


text: User:Tonyautomation/content

title: User:Tonyautomation/content


text:
Electrical impedance tomography

Introduction
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) or Bioimpedance Tomography is an imaging method that aims to reconstruct the electrical conductivity distribution of an object based on electrical voltage measurements made on its surface when an electrical current is applied to it. It has many fields of application including industry, geophysics and medicine. Although it is not yet used in everyday clinical practice, it is considered to have a big potential as it is a relatively low-cost and minimally invasive technique.

Forward Problem.
The Forward Problem (FP) consists in predicting the electrical voltage distribution on the outermost surface of the object when the conductivity distribution and the applied current are known. Maxwell’s equations govern the physics of the problem. If the object has a special geometry such as spherical or cylindrical, the FP can be solved analytically. However, the objects under study (e.g. thorax or brain) are not usually found in these convenient shapes, although it is common practice to approximate them as spheres or cylinders. If the real shape is going to be considered, 2-D or 3-D electrical models of the object must be built and numerical methods such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) or the Boundary Element Method (BEM) can be used to solve the FP over arbitrary geometries.

Inverse Problem.
The Inverse Problem (IP) or reconstruction problem consists in the estimation of the internal conductivity based on measurements of the electrical voltage on the surface and the knowledge of the applied current. The general idea is to find the conductivity that minimizes the difference between the measured and predicted (by the FP) voltages. As some other inverse problems, it is ill-conditioned so that some a priori information is needed to convert it to a well posed problem. Several algorithms have been proposed and discussed in the literature. The IP can be concerned with the estimation of the entire conductivity distribution (or conductivity map) or with the estimation of a few key parameters. This parametric approach comprises, for example, the estimation of coefficients of smooth basis functions of conductivity, or the estimation of the conductivities of the main tissues of the head when the assumption of constant conductivity within each tissue is made.

Application to brain function.
When EIT is applied to the study of brain function, the most common set-up consists in several electrodes attached to the scalp connected to a current generator and a data acquisition system. At a time, two electrodes drive the current while the electrical voltage is measured on the others. In zones of the brain where increasing activity occurs, there is an increment of blood that produces a slight change in the impedance of that region. Although difficult to measure, this impedance change could be detected by EIT. Small and fast conductivity changes are also produced by neuron depolarization and at present, EIT is the only method that has the potential to image them. The parametric approach can be used to estimate the conductivity of the main tissues of the head, based on the knowledge of the surfaces that delimit them. This information can be obtained, for example, from Magnetic Resonance Images.

title: Electrical impedance tomography


text:
Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is a kind of transplant in which whole blood or blood cells are transferred intravenously into the host circulation. Transfusions allow the replacement of blood loss due to hemorrhages and help to correct the secondary defects of insufficient production of blood cells associated with different diseases.

The main obstacle to a successful blood transfusion is the immune response to cell surface molecules which are different among subjects. The most important system of alloantigen for blood transfusion is ABO. ABO antigens are expressed in all cells, including erythrocytes. People who do not have a specific blood-group antigen synthesize naturals IgM antibodies against this antigen. When these people receive blood cells that express the antigen that they do not have, presynthesized antibodies will join the transfused cells, the complement system will be activated and it will produce the lysis of cells. The lysis of the foreign erythrocytes results in a transfusion reaction, which could be potentially lethal.

The choice of donor’s blood for a particular receptor must take into account the antigens of the blood groups. Most people express the H antigen therefore they do not synthesize anti-H antibodies. People who express A or B antigens do not synthesize anti-A or anti-B antibodies, respectively. However, OO and AO people produce anti-B IgM while OO and BO people synthesize anti-A IgM. The consequence is that AB patients can tolerate transfusions from all possible donors, therefore they are called universal receptors; at the same time, OO patients can only tolerate OO donors` transfusions, but they can provide blood to all receptors, therefore they are called universal donors.

The Rhesus antigen (Rh) is another important antigen of erythrocytes which could cause a transfusion reaction. Although there do not exist natural antibodies against Rh antigens, people who do not express the Rhesus D antigen (Rh) (about 15% of the population) could be sensitized against this antigen and they could produce anti-Rh antibodies when they receive blood transfusions from donors who express RhD. Transfusion reactions will take place after the second Rh-positive blood transfusion.

title: Blood transfusion


text:
Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors. It is a subfield of anthropology that provides a biological perspective to the systematic study of human beings.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular double strand molecule which has a length of 15-20 kilobases in animals. In most species it has the same 37 genes that codify for 13 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs (fig. 1).

The human mtDNA was the first mitochondrial genome sequenced. This first complete sequence was called Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS).

This mtDNA is composed of 16,569 base pairs (bp) with their genes distributed between the H chain (high) and the L chain (light). With the exception of the Control Region (D-loop) which has regulatory functions and a 9 bp region called V Region, all the rest of the genome consists in coding DNA.

In the last 30 years, the mtDNA has been widely used in human evolution studies as a consequence of its particular characteristics that make it an ideal and useful tool.

Because of its non-coding nature, the Control Region exhibits the highest mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome. Several studies have demonstrated the strictly maternal inheritance of mtDNA, a phenomenon which represents an enormous advantage because it allows tracing related matrilineages along time without all inherent nuclear DNA problems like recombination and biparental inheritance.

Mutations and Haplogroups

Because mtDNA does not recombine, the only changes in the genome are exclusively a consequence of occurring mutations which accumulate sequentially, producing less related DNA molecules which constitute independent lineages defined as haplotypes. The set of haplotypes characterized by one or more mutations denoting a common ancestral origin is called haplogroup.

It is possible to determine these haplogroup-specific mutations and assign the continental origin of a particular matrilineage. The development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) resulted in the amplification and analysis of thousands of mtDNA samples from very different origins allowing the quantification of the relative mitochondrial diversity between continents, defining haplogroups and supporting the African origin of modern humans

The construction of a complete phylogeny of the human mtDNA was possible when complete sequences of the genome were obtained by sequencing. It is represented in a phylogenetic tree (fig.2).

Several human-migration hypotheses based on mtDNA studies agree in locating the origin of Homo sapiens in Africa around 140-200 thousand years ago. L0 would be the most ancient haplogroup from which derive L1-L6 haplogroups

L3 could have arisen in East Africa and spread through the rest of the continent. It gave origin to M and N, the only haplogroups that populated the rest of the world. L0-L6 haplogroups remained restricted to Africa until the modern age.

From the M and N haplogroups emerged the rest of the haplogroups and sub-haplogroups spread all over the world (fig.3).

title: Biological anthropology


text:
User talk:BonniW

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 20:55, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:BonniW


text:
User talk:Yanick V.H

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 20:58, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yanick V.H