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Human Legacy Course/The Classical Age

Human Legacy Course I The Classical Age LECTURER: Mr. Blair

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Hello and welcome to Lecture 2 of Week 5. In this lecture, we will be discussing the Classical Age of Greece. Our question for the day is:

Why would the creator of a city’s law code leave for 10 years? In the year 594 BC, the leaders of the polis of Athens asked an aristocrat named Solon to write a new law code for the city. The laws they had at that time were extremely harsh, and many people were unhappy with them. Solon drew up the law code that was requested from him, which tried to appeal to both nobles and the lower classes. According to legend, as soon as he was done with the code he left Greece and traveled for 10 years.

Why would Solon leave? The answer was simple. He wanted to be sure that his law code would be effective in keeping order in Athens even if he was not there to enforce it. When Solon returned after a decade’s absence, he found his laws still in place and Athens prospering.

Athenian Democracy
The prosperity of Athens was due in large part to its stable and effective government. That government was the world’s first democracy, a form of government run by the people. With the development of democracy around 500 BC, Athens entered its classical age, the period of its great achievements and triumphs.

The Development of Democracy
Athens was the birthplace of democracy, but it had not always been a democratic city. Indeed, democracy developed slowly over a period of several centuries. Early in its history, Athens was ruled by kings. Later, the kings were replaced by aristocrats who had both money and power.

Most of Athens’s subjects were poor, though, and had little power over their lives. The gap between rich and poor eventually led to conflict in Athens. To help resolve this conflict, an official named Draco reformed the city’s laws. Draco thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment, a belief reflected in his laws. In fact, however, the harshness of Draco’s laws did not resolve the dispute between classes; they only made it worse.

Another lawmaker, Solon, revised the laws again in the 590s BC, overturning Draco’s harshest laws. Solon outlawed debt slavery and tried to reduce poverty by encouraging trade. His most significant change, however, was in Athens’s government. He allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly that governed the city and to serve on the juries that heard trials, but only wealthy men could run for or hold political office. Solon’s laws were the first real step toward democracy in Athens, though it was a very limited democracy.

Solon’s laws relieved the tension in Athens for a time but did not resolve it. Tensions flared up again after a few decades. In 541 BC a politician named Peisistratus took advantage of the renewed conflict to seize power. Peisistratus was a tyrant, a strongman who seized power by force and claimed to rule for the good of the people. Despite his violent rise to power, Peisistratus was popular. People liked that he pushed the aristocrats out of office and increased trade to make Athens richer.

After Peisistratus died, another reformer, Cleisthenes, took over Athens. His reforms set the stage for Athenian democracy. To break up the power of noble families, Cleisthenes divided Athens into 10 tribes based on where people lived. He made these new tribes, not families or social groups, the basis for elections. For example, each tribe elected 50 men to serve on a Council of 500 that proposed laws. Each tribe also elected one of the generals that led the Athenian army.

The Nature of Athenian Democracy
As a democracy, Athens was ruled by the people. But not all people were able to take part in the government. Only free male Athenians over the age of 20 who had completed military training were allowed to vote. Women, children, and immigrants had no role in the government; nor did slaves. In the 300s BC only about 10 percent of the total population of Athens could participate in running the city.

Those people who were allowed to take part in the Athenian government were expected to do so fully. They had to:

 * Vote in all elections
 * Serve in office if elected
 * Serve on juries
 * Serve in the military during war.

At its height, the Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies. The first was an assembly that included all people eligible to take part in the government. This assembly made all of the laws and important decisions for Athens. It met on a particular hill within the city, and all members who were present voted on each measure. This type of system, in which all people vote directly on an issue, is called a direct democracy.

Working closely with the assembly was the second of the main bodies, the Council of 500. The main role of the Council, which had been created by Cleisthenes, was to write the laws that would be voted on by the full assembly.

The third body of the government was a complex series of courts that heard trials and sentenced criminals. Members of these courts, which could number up to 6,000 people, were chosen from the assembly.

Although most governing in Athens was done by the assembly, some elected officials had special roles to play. Among these elected officials were the generals who led the city in war. Another elected official was the archon, who served as the chief of state in Athens. The archon acted as the head of both the assembly and the Council of 500. Archons were elected for a term of one year, though they could be re-elected many times. The archon was seen as a public servant who could be removed from office or punished if he failed to serve the people well.

The Persian Wars
Even as democracy was taking its final shape in Athens in the early 400s BC, the city—and the rest of Greece—was plunged into war. The Greek city-states came into conflict with the vast Persian Empire, bringing Greece into war with a much larger and stronger opponent.

Causes of the Conflict
The roots of the Persian Wars lay not in mainland Greece but in the region called Ionia in what is now Turkey. Founded as Greek colonies, the Ionian city-states had become some of the largest and wealthiest Greek cities, but they had fallen under Persian rule in the 500s BC.

The Greeks of Ionia, unhappy with Persian rule and wanting independence, rebelled in 499 BC. Faced with a much larger Persian army, they asked their fellow Greeks for help. Among the cities that sent aid was Athens, who supplied ships to the Ionian rebels. Despite this assistance, the Persians put down the revolt. Furthermore, the revolt made Persian emperor Darius angry enough to seek revenge. He planned to punish the Ionians’ allies, especially Athens, by attacking the Greek mainland.

The First Persian Invasion
In 490 BC, the Persians set out to fulfill Darius’s plans for revenge. A huge fleet carrying tens of thousands of Persian troops set out for Greece. The fleet came ashore near a town called Marathon not far from Athens. Warned in advance of the Persians’ approach, the Athenians set out to meet their foe.

The Athenians arrived at Marathon quickly and caught the Persians at work unloading their ships. The Athenians charged the beach in a phalanx, a tight rectangle formation in which soldiers held long spears out ahead of a wall of shields. The Persians, caught by surprise, counterattacked, but more Greeks closed in on them from the sides. Though they outnumbered their foe, the Persians retreated.

According to legend, an Athenian messenger ran from Marathon to Athens after the battle to announce the Greeks’ victory. He completed the 26-mile run but died from exhaustion after he delivered the message. This legend inspired the modern marathon race, a 26-mile run that commemorates the messenger’s dedication and athleticism.

Preparations For A Second Invasion
The Greek victory at Marathon shocked both Greeks and Persians. The Athenians could not believe that they had defeated a much stronger foe. The Persians, humiliated, were furious. Wanting revenge more than ever, Darius planned a second invasion of Greece, but he died in 486 BC, before he could launch that second invasion. His son Xerxes, vowing to get revenge for his father, continued planning another attack on Greece.

In 480 BC, 10 years after the first invasion, Xerxes set out for Greece. His army included hundreds of thousands of soldiers and sailors together with all their animals, weapons, food, and other supplies. According to ancient Greek accounts, the Persian army was so huge that it took them a week to cross a bridge they built into Greece, though this figure is certainly an exaggeration.

Faced with another invasion, the Athenians called on other Greek city-states to help fight off the Persians. Among the states that responded to the call was Sparta. Though the two cities were bitter rivals, Athens and Sparta agreed to work together to fight the Persians. Athens, which had recently built a large and powerful navy, took charge of the Greeks’ fighting ships. Sparta took charge of the Greeks’ armies.

The Second Persian Invasion
As Persian forces marched into Greece, the Greeks worried that they would not have time to prepare their troops for battle. To slow down the Persians, a group of Spartans and their allies gathered in a mountain pass at Thermopylae, through which the Persians would pass to get into Greece. There, the Spartans held off the entire Persian army for several days. In the end, a local resident showed the Persians an alternate path through the mountains, which allowed them to surround and kill the Spartans. Nevertheless, the Spartans’ sacrifice bought time for the Greeks’ defense.

After Thermopylae, the Persians marched south to Athens, which the Greeks had evacuated. The Persians attacked and burned the city but needed their fleet to bring them additional supplies. Not wanting the Persians to get what they needed, a clever Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the narrow Strait of Salamis near Athens. Because the Persian ships were so much larger than the Greek vessels, they could not maneuver well in the strait. With their opponents virtually helpless, the Greek warships cut them to pieces. They sank many ships and sent swarms of soldiers onto others. Xerxes, who had brought a throne to the shore to watch the battle from afar, saw his navy go down in defeat.

The Battle of Salamis changed the nature of the war. The Persian army was now stuck in Greece, far from home and short on supplies. Demoralized, they were no longer a match for the Greeks. The next year, in 479 BC, a huge Greek army led by the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians near Plataea. After Plataea, the Persians gave up on their invasion and agreed to a peace settlement. The Greeks had won the Persian Wars.

The Golden Age of Athens
As the leaders in the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful and influential city-states in Greece. Because the Spartans were not popular with the rest of Greece, Athens eventually became the leading city-state. After the Persian Wars, Athens entered a golden age, an age in which it was the center of Greek culture and politics.

Increased Influence
After the Persian Wars, dozens of Greek city-states banded together to defend one another and to punish Persia for the invasion. In theory, this alliance was a league of equals; but as the largest and richest of its members, Athens actually controlled the entire alliance. Because the alliance’s treasury was kept on the islands of Delos, the alliance became known as the Delian League.

As the Delian League’s leader, Athens controlled its ships and money. Many cities were interested in league membership, so the league grew wealthier and more powerful. As its leader, Athens gained more influence in Greece.

Eventually, some league members began to resent Athenian dominance, but Athens would not allow these unhappy members to quit. Any league members who rebelled were attacked by the league fleet, led by Athens, and forced back into the alliance. Before long, the league, in effect, turned into an Athenian empire.

Rebuilding Athens
After the Persian Wars, the people wanted to rebuild their city, which had been burned during the fighting. Some of the money for this rebuilding came from within Athens. A substantial amount, though, came from the treasury of the Delian League. The other members of the league were not happy that the Athenians used their collective funds to rebuild their own city, but none was powerful enough to stop Athens.

The rebuilding of Athens began at the top, with Athens’ acropolis. The Athenians built a series of grand temples on the acropolis, the grandest of which was the Parthenon, a grand temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Athenians expanded their port, built new roads, and constructed high walls around the city itself. Many people considered the rebuilt Athens, a city of stone and marble, the height of Greek culture and sophistication.

The Age of Pericles
Much of the rebuilding of Athens was due to one man—Pericles. A skilled politician and a gifted public speaker, Pericles was elected one of the city’s generals in the 460s BC and was re-elected many times. Through his personal charisma and cleverness, Pericles became the most influential politician in Athens for many years.

Despite Pericles’s own personal power, he was a great champion of democracy. To encourage more people to participate in government, he introduced payment for those who served in public offices or on juries. He also encouraged the Athenians to introduce democracy into other parts of Greece.

Besides being a skilled speaker and politician, Pericles was a great patron of the arts. It was he who commissioned the building of the Parthenon and several other monuments on the Acropolis, and it was his idea to hire great artists and sculptors to decorate them. Pericles wanted Athens to be the most glorious city in Greece, and he wanted its people to be proud of their city. He firmly believed that it had the best government and the noblest people, and he thought that it should have monuments to prove its superiority to other cities.

Life In The Golden Age
During the Golden Age, trade brought great wealth to Athens. Merchants from other parts of the world moved to the city, bringing their own foods and customs. As a result, Athens was a very cosmopolitan city. Adding to its appeal were grand festivals, public celebrations, and public events. Athenians could cheer on athletes in the city’s religious games or watch great dramas played out in the city’s theaters. Athens was the heart of Greek culture during this time.

The Peloponnesian War
As the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest, mightiest polis in Greece. Being rich and mighty, however, also brought the city many powerful rivals. The greatest of these rivals was Sparta, which wanted to limit Athens’ power and end its dominance of Greece.

The Peloponnesian League
Like Athens, Sparta was the head of a league of allied city-states. Called the Peloponnesian League, this alliance had been formed in the 500s BC to provide protection and security for its members.

For decades after the Persian Wars, tension built between the Delian and Peloponnesian leagues. Athens and its allies feared the military might of the other league. In return, Sparta feared that Athens’s fleet would stop it and its allies from trading. This mutual fear led Athens and Sparta to declare war on each other in 431 BC. The resulting conflict, known as the Peloponnesian War, lasted many years.

War In Greece
For the first several years of the war, neither side gained much of an advantage. Sparta and its allies dominated the land, while Athens and its allies dominated the sea. Realizing that the Spartan army was stronger, the Athenians avoided any battles on land. As a result, neither side could win more than minor victories against the other.

In 430 and 429 BC, a terrible plague struck Athens, changing the course of the war. Among those who died from the plague was Pericles, the city’s leader through the beginning of the war. After the plague ended, fighting heated up for a few years before the Athenians and Spartans agreed to a truce in 421 BC. Peace had come to Greece, at least for a brief time.

Six years later, war broke out again, when Athens attacked one of Sparta’s allies. The Spartans responded, but this time they took to the sea as well as the land. The Spartans destroyed the Athenian fleet, leaving Athens with no choice but surrender in 404 BC.

The Peloponnesian War nearly destroyed Athens. It lost thousands of soldiers, hundreds of ships, huge sums of money, and most of its allies. Sparta, too, was exhausted by the war. It had nearly lost several times and had suffered damage almost as great as Athens’s.

After their victory, Sparta’s army tried to act as Greece’s dominant power. But Sparta’s wealth and resources were badly strained, and its power had worn down. As a result of this strain, the Spartans could not keep control of Greece. The city-state of Thebes defeated Sparta, but it could not maintain control either. The struggle for power in Greece led to a long cycle of warfare that left all of Greece vulnerable to attack. Finally, in the 340s BC Macedonia, a Greek-speaking kingdom to the north, swept in and took control of all of Greece.

Assignment

 * Question #1: What were the most significant elements of ancient Athenian democracy?
 * Question #2: How did Athenian government change in the years leading up to the development of democracy?
 * Question #3: Do you think a direct democracy would work today? Why or why not?
 * Question #4: Who ordered the first Persian invasion of Greece? Why did he want to invade?
 * Question #5: What was the ultimate result of the Battle of Marathon?
 * Question #6: How might the Persian Wars have ended differently if the Spartans had not held out at Thermopylae?
 * Question #7: Who was Pericles, and what did he do for the city of Athens?
 * Question #8: Why is the period after the Persian Wars considered a golden age of Athenian history?
 * Question #9: Do you think Pericles was justified in using the Delian League’s money to rebuild Athens? Why or why not?
 * Question #10: What was Athens’s strategy at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War?
 * Question #11: Why did the members of the Peloponnesian League resent Athens?
 * Question #12: How did Greece change after the Peloponnesian War?

Thank you very much for listening to this and goodbye.

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Hi Tamerlane, I am also doing the Ottoman Empire history Course. I am also developing another Course on the British Empire. This is very much just starting with Tudor Origins of the British Empire. Harrypotter 15:02, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

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Week V: There is homework this week.

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3-) When did Hayreddin Barbarossa become commander of Ottoman navy?
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Hi! New lesson "Height of the Ottoman Empire, Part I" was opened today. Please read this lesson and answer the quiz. Thanks... --Bermanya 21:05, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

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Pillbox, Shako, and Cap/Chapter I

The militia, volunteers and territorials
To give interest this piece follows the military life of Albert Edward Kearey 1889-1971, recruited into the local Volunteers – The Kensingtons, winning the DCM, MID, and clasp [London Gazette, 11 March, 1920] eventually becoming their Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM). In WWII he was promoted to Major, 17th London Division, organising the protection of north London.

Britain in the late nineteenth century was defended by a small standing army, and Militia - a body of troops raised from the citizenry, by voluntary enlistment. In ancient times, it was a force raised by the Lord Lieutenant of a county for the sovereign – to be on hand, in times of invasion, rebellion, or similar emergency. The men were to keep themselves available and serve for six years; training was to be for twenty-four days annually… whilst providing their own arms and equipment. Initially, the Lord did this by detailing off one-hundred men from his estates, placed under the command of a captain. This recruitment was achieved by compulsion, but later, the body of men were Volunteers. The final acts of the Militia were in the Crimean War followed a little later by the South African War. Thereafter the Militia was superseded - to become a more professional force of trained Volunteers; this came about in May 1859. After the Crimea War the government realized that the country had insufficient forces available to defend the state. It was decided to have a Volunteer Force made up of three part-time corps: of infantry, gunners and engineers. It did not take long for this force to be considered an important part of the nation’s defence.

On April 29th 1859, war broke out between France, under Napoleon III, and the Austrian Empire [the Second Italian War of Independence], and there were fears that Britain might be caught up in a wider European conflict. Lord Truro, one of a number of aristocratic county landowners, raised the 4th Middlesex Volunteer Corps [West London Rifles], based at Islington. He maintained command for twenty years. The 1st Middlesex [Victorias] and the 2nd Middlesex [South] were raised by Lord Ranelagh. All three were to prepare for this possible encounter. Two years later many of these isolated bodies of troops were amalgamated into battalion-sized units. By 1862, the government issued a grant: to provide headquarters, drill-halls, transport, uniforms and equipment. Later, the government, appreciating the worthwhileness of the scheme, removed the financing from those of county precepts to a national commitment. To carry out the reorganization of the commission, The Volunteer Act of 1863 was announced, whereby each man was to offer their services to her Majesty through the Lieutenant of a County. An annual inspection process, overseen by an officer from the regular army, was put into place, and the standards set by order in council.

In 1872, The Secretary of State for War, by the Regulation of the Forces Act, ordered the jurisdiction removed from the County Lieutenants. The Childers Reforms of 1881, nominated, ‘that the rifle volunteer corps should be volunteer battalions of the new ‘county’ infantry regiments’. Childers set about ensuring that regiments were henceforth made up of two battalions – one based at home the other overseas. The intention was that there would always be a body of troops capable of responding to an emergency. These changes took a further twenty years to be completed, including adopting a standard dress and designated names and badges. The Volunteers now numbered a quarter of a million men. This reserve force incorporated: the Militia – the country regiments, the Yeomanry – the mounted infantry, and the Volunteers – the urban regiments.

In 1859, the 4th [North] Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps was formed at Islington, and the 2nd [South] Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps formed in Fulham. The West London Rifles became the 2nd. Volunteer Battalion of The King’s Royal Rifle Corps in 1881; four years later they moved to Kensington changing title to the 4th Middlesex Rife Volunteer Corps. A further six years saw its title change yet again to 4th Middlesex [West London Rifles] Volunteer Corps. The stimulus for all these changes was the South African War of 1899-1902. Three-quarters of those that volunteered were declared physically unfit - to fulfil the duties of a soldier. This shocked the Home Office. A call was made to recruitment officers through the Inspector General to find out why so many men were in such poor health. The conclusions: the plight of the poor - their sub-standard housing, and lack of a healthy diet. Both these were considered equal factors. The legislative reforms made by the Liberal government went some way to correct the deficiencies. However, this correction process took another ten years. In The South African Wars Britain sustained nearly thirty-four thousand casualties for the cost of two hundred million pounds. It was declared, ‘that the war had been a shambles.’ It did however point the finger at national shortcomings. Britain signed an alliance with Japan, in 1902, France by 1904, and Russia in 1907.

The formation of The Boys’ Brigade, by Sir William Smith, and The Boy Scouts, by Baden Powell, was to improve the physique and mental health of young boys, who might in the future become army volunteers. Both these organizations and others like them gave the young, especially children in inner cities of Glasgow and London, something to work for and benefit by. Albert Kearey joined the 6th London Company, Boys’ Brigade in 1900, at the age of eleven. The first company was set up by Sir William Smith seventeen years before, on 4th October 1883. The organization quickly caught on in Glasgow, and the first company in London started soon after. The Brigade’s uniform aped that of the army – white haversack, brown belt and Pill Box hat [The bands of the pill box hat were pipe-clayed and the buckles of the belt and haversack polished brass]. The lads conventional school uniform, plus lapel badge and everyday black shoes, formed the basic uniform… Dummy rifles were issued to provide the necessary equipment for drill and parade purposes. All the drill commands and actions followed those of the Army Manual, of the 1880s. In effect, The Boys Brigade, taking boys from the age of eleven to seventeen, was a valued recruiting arm of the country’s military establishment. Sir William introduced camping to continue the boys association with each other during the school’s summer holiday. The Edwardian economy, business structure and social attitudes rested in part on the philosophy of Imperialism, and that was about benevolent exploitation and economic advantage. However, what marks the period was the direct intervention by a number of well-meaning individuals to improve the social and economic opportunities for all. Britain’s population in 1901 was 42 million and growing fast. Railway goods traffic grew by one thousand per cent and the first of many steam tractors were now used to tow pantechnicons. The numbers of carmen, carters and carriers grew in London to over a quarter of a million and the delivery of coal and heavy equipment soared. In 1903, Joseph Chamberlain used the Imperialistic mood in the country to suggest a series of tariff reforms. Over six million frozen rabbits were imported from Australia. This and the import of wheat just two of the items which undermined British goods. The tariffs were meant to protect the country from the dumping of foreign goods and gather taxes to help promote new social measures. This hint of protectionism undermined the idealistic concept of free trade weakening the country’s great imperial dream the concept of Imperialism never really recovered. 1904 was the year the Entente Cordiale was signed. This was a treaty which gave France a free hand in Morocco allowing Great Britain to take over the ‘governorship’ of Egypt. Germany saw this as aggressive… any move by Britain was a stab in the back to the Kaiser, who was paranoid about Britain’s grand designs – he saw this as an attempt to corral his ambitions of expansion… This was the start of Britain and France becoming allied against Germany and the creation of the British Expeditionary Force by Haldane at the War Office.

The General Election of 1906 brought a Liberal Government, under Campbell-Bannerman, to power. Richard Haldane was appointed Secretary of State for War. The Liberal Party’s manifesto centred upon social reform. They intended to do something about the poor health of the working class and the amount of unemployment – ‘greater equality and equal opportunities for all’, was the cry. The Liberals were determined to push through all their schemes related to social reform even if it created a quarrel between the two Houses of Parliament. Poor Campbell-Bannerman did not live long enough to see the fight for he died two years later. The only bill he did see become law was, ‘that medical inspection was to be introduced into state schools’. This laid the foundation of the modern system of school clinics. His other great works involved his Resolution, ‘that within the limits of a single parliament the final decision of the Commons should prevail’. This broke the power of the House of Lords.

Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary of the minority Liberal Government of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, appointed Richard Haldane to the post of Secretary of State for War. Grey had committed The British Army to go to the assistance of France, if attacked, needed a strong pair of hands to ensure the army was up to the task. After much studied thought Haldane concluded that an Expeditionary Force was needed – settled on six infantry units. These six units required back-up to cater for leave, sickness, casualties and deaths by a home-defence force. Haldane further supported his suggestions by having drawn up two Field Service manuals implemented by the new Director of Staff Duties Douglas Haig. The supply of officers was filled by volunteers from universities and public schools trained by Cadet Corps and university Rife Corps.

It was realised by Chancellor St. John Broderick, that the army was not capable of fighting a protracted war without the support of additional troops. Volunteers had to be brought in to fight in the war… afterwards reform was necessary to change the system… the Liberal Secretary for War Haldane set about forming the Territorial Force. These Volunteers were mainly local business people, craftsmen and professional, lower and middle-class men training at weekends and at the summer annual camp numbering two hundred and thirteen rifle corps.

Viscount Haldane engaged Colonel Ellison as a member of his staff. A year later the reorganization of the army was complete. The National Army was to consist of a Field Force and a Territorial Force. The Field Force organized to be ready for mobilization in the event of war. The Territorial Force would be there to train – to support and effect the expansion, a new force of fourteen divisions. was created by Richard Haldane in 1908, [Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907] becoming the new reserve volunteer force, made out of the previously civilian-administered Volunteer Force: this made up of the Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers – the Militia being mainly those officers and men from the counties, the Yeomanry the mounted rifles and the Volunteers, men from the towns and cities. The new volunteers, with an overall strength of just over a quarter of a million men, were part-time soldiers paid the same rate as the regulars whilst engaged on military activities.

General Sir Ian Hamilton, 1853 – 1947, was told by Haldane, on the 27th July 1914, that he was to command the Home Army – previously he had been Inspector General of all forces – Home and Overseas. His immediate duties were to defend the nation and mobilize the Territorial Force - who were at summer camp. This he accomplished rapidly, forming battalions, brigades and whole divisions, ready to replace regulars in overseas garrisons and fill up depleted ranks after the initial fight in late summer, early autumn. Hamilton considered the 1st London Division Territorial Force to be of ‘exceptional value’. By the end of October 1914, the Allied Force was dug in from Switzerland to the North Sea – in deadlock. Britain’s isolationist stance came to an end when she agreed a treaty with Japan in 1902 and then again with the entente cordiale in 1904… It was on the cards that Germany would force an issue with France. That moment came when The Kaiser sent his troops through neutral Belgium to attack France… That momentous event however was not on the minds of these bunch lads about to join the Volunteers…

In 1906, soon after his seventeenth birthday Albert turned up at the Kensington Volunteer Rifle Corps Headquarters by appointment, to fill in the necessary forms and take part in the medical. If these were accepted the recruit had to swear allegiance to The Queen. It had been a bit of a wrench leaving the Boy’s Brigade, for he had been a keen member – it had been eight dedicated years - taking part in all the drill competitions, and playing the piano for the Sunday bible readings. He left at the same time a number of friends did having discussed joining the Territorial’s. It was an auspicious time, not that Albert and his friends realised the significance. After the attestation the lads were lead to the Quartermasters Stores to receive their uniforms. This to them was the most exciting part as they all fancied walking down High Street, Kensington, in their new uniforms. The colour of the cloth was field-grey with shaped cuffs. The buttons tarnished - just waiting for all the hard work to turn them into sparkling brass. The helmet, grey too, looked very similar to a policeman’s helmet, plus a spike on the top. All the fittings: spike, badge and chin strap, came separately, also needing much cleaning. The recruits were each handed a kit-bag to carry the boots, socks, shirt and vests, plus the belt, scabbard and bayonet. It was not going to be easy to carry this lot home.

The Kensington Rifles, was now adopted by the Royal Borough of Kensington, and granted permission to take the Borough’s Coat of Arms, mounted centrally within an eight pointed star, as a cap badge. Colonel A J Hopkins VD was the commanding officer for a further year. The Kensingtons moved to a purpose built Headquarters at Adam and Eve Mews, Iverna Gardens, Kensington in 1908, now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A Sutherland-Harris.The 4th Middlesex [North] Volunteer Rifle Corps [VRC] [Kensington Rifles], under the reorganization of the Secretary of War, amalgamated with the 2nd. [South] Middlesex VRC, representing the London Boroughs of Kensington and Fulham. This amalgamation joined north and south Middlesex under one Battalion, to be called the London Regiment, Territorial Force Association. The 13th [County of London] Battalion, The London Regiment [Kensington] transferred to a Territorial Force, with its Headquarters and A-H Companies, at Iverna Gardens, Kensington.

In January 1909 the Army Council declared the Battalion should become a ‘line’ regiment bearing colours, relieving the battalion of its ‘Rifle’ designation. Brigaded with the Queen’s Westminster’s [16th London], Civil Service Rifles [15th London], and the London Scottish [14th London] in the 4th London Infantry Brigade. Lord Truro and Lord Ranelagh decided on a grey uniform with red facings, a shako with a glazed peak. The belts were to be black and the uniform trimmings were of buff laces with silver appointments. To contain an assortment of necessary items a starched white haversack completed the uniform. They became known as the ‘Grey Brigade’ mobilized for home defence at the start of the war although the uniform had been regularized to khaki some years previously.

The Regiments Headquarters was positioned close to the home of Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria. King Edward VII was approached by The Regiment to ask if Princess Louise would associate her name with the regiment – he was to give his consent she took an interest in The Regiment organizing the design and production of the regiment’s colours. The colour were duly consecrated and presented to the Regiment by King Edward VII at Windsor on the 19th June 1909. Thereafter the Regiment was referred to as the 13th London Regiment. The Princess Louise, four years later, consented to give her name to the Regiment.

In 1914, the 1st Battalion were billeted in the White city stadium were there waiting to go to France - with The Expeditionary Force. The 2nd Battalion were at Abbots Langley, near Watford – there training at summer camp, for ‘Home Service’; the 3rd Battalion was recruited much later.

title: Pillbox, Shako, and Cap/Chapter I


text:
British Empire/Tudor Origins/Dynasty

This is a self-assessment quiz. Please answer the questions and then click on submit. You will then be told how well you did. Please leave any feedback on the discussion page.

{In which year did Elizabeth I come to the throne? - 1571 - 1497 + 1558 - 1547
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{When did Lady Jane Grey become the Nine Day Queen? - 1532 + 1553 - 1591 - 1564
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{When did Henry VII die? - 1499 + 1509 - 1522 - 1534
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{When did Edward VI become King? - 1534 - 1560 + 1547 - 1602
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{In which year was did Mary I marry Philip II of Spain? + 1554 - 1485 - 1477 - 1505
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{When did Arthur, Prince of Wales die? - 1496 - 1504 + 1502 - 1513
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{In which year did the Tudor Dynasty end? + 1603 - 1573 - 1532 - 1592
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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/Dynasty


text:
British Empire/Tudor Origins/War

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{When was the Spanish Armada defeated? - 1515 - 1570 - 1542 + 1588
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{When did the Eighty Years War start? - 1522 - 1584 - 1602 + 1568
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{When was Prayer Book Rebellion? - 1558 - 1588 + 1549 - 1532
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{When was the Treaty of Hampton Court? + 1562 - 1515 - 1578 - 1532
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{When was the Siege of Smerwick? - 1603 - 1553 + 1580 - 1592
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{When was the Second Desmond Rebellion? - 1569 - 1496 - 1557 + 1579
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{When were the Scottish defeated at the Battle of Flodden field? - 1568 - 1558 + 1513 - 1483
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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/War


text:
British Empire/Tudor Origins/Governance

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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/Governance


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British Empire/Tudor Origins/Religion

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{When did the Church of England first break from the Church of Rome? + 1534 - 1547 - 1558 - 1570
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{In what year was Catholicism re-established under Mary I? - 1547 - 1566 + 1553 - 1572
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{When was the first of the Marian Martyrs executed? - 1562 + 1555 - 1548 - 1539
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{What is date of the Act of Uniformity passed? + 1558 - 1570 - 1549 - 1560
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{When was Elizabeth I excommunicated? - 1553 - 1559 + 1570 - 1588
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{When was the Book of Common Prayer published? - 1570 - 1524 - 1558 + 1549
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{When was the Great Bible published? - 1549 - 1558 - 1534 + 1539
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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/Religion


text:
British Empire/Tudor Origins/Trade

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{When was Trinity House founded? - 1588 - 1549 + 1514 - 1532
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{When did Thomas Gresham found the Royal Exchange? - 1558 - 1600 + 1571 - 1583
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{When was the East India Company founded? - 1544 - 1537 - 1566 + 1600
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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/Trade


text:
British Empire/Tudor Origins/Culture

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title: British Empire/Tudor Origins/Culture


text:
LAC1201: Chinese 1

This resource contains all the words and expressions that were taught in LAC1201 (Chinese 1), a module offered by National University of Singapore.

title: LAC1201: Chinese 1


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Timeline


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Culture


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Dynasty


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Governance


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Science


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Trade

title: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/Trade


text: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/War

title: Talk:British Empire/Tudor Origins/War


text:
Computer Forensics/Enroll

76.250.232.91 19:20, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Tiago Silveira - tiagoosilveira@gmail.com

John Ostrander - ostrander.john@gmail.com - Interested

Sam Linton - mkyseemkydo@gmail.com - Interested

title: Computer Forensics/Enroll


text: Template:Tudor Origins of the British Empire/Timeline Quizzes Nav


text:
Human Legacy Course/Greek Achievements

Human Legacy Course I Greek Achievements LECTURER: Mr. Blair

Previous Lecture / Course Page / Take The Quiz / Next Lecture

Hello and welcome to Lecture 3 of Week 5. In this lecture, we will be taking a basic look at Greek achievements. Our question for today is:

Why was a peaceful philosopher condemned to die? In 399 BC, Socrates, considered by many to be the wisest man in Athens, was put on trial. The charges laid against him were impiety, or disrespect for religion, and corrupting the city’s children. Some wealthy and powerful Athenians felt that Socrates’s teaching led people, including children, to question the actions of the gods. Having only recently lost the Peloponnesian War, a loss they attributed to the displeasure of the gods, the Athenians did not want to do anything that might anger the gods further. Therefore, they decided Socrates had to be punished.

Many historians do not believe the charges laid against Socrates were valid. They think he was really arrested for political reasons and that the charges of impiety and corruption were only a cover. Several of Socrates’s friends had been involved with a tyrannical government that had taken control of Athens, and historians think he was arrested to punish him for his connections to this group.

According to his student and friend Plato, Socrates accepted his death willingly and calmly. His friends were not so calm, grieving and urging Socrates to reconsider his decision. The old philosopher scolded them for their actions and asked them to let him die in peace. He then drank a cup of hemlock, a deadly poison and quietly passed away.

Greek Philosophy
Despite their condemnation of Socrates, the people of ancient Greece—especially Athens— were great believers in philosophy, the search for wisdom and knowledge. In fact, the word philosophy itself comes from the Greek word philosophia, which means “the love of wisdom.” Philosophy played a key part in classical Greek life and culture.

While we can trace the earliest Greek philosophy to the 500s BC, it reached its height in Athens during the 400s and 300s. This golden age of Greek philosophy was inspired by the three greatest Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Socrates
Born in the mid-400s BC, Socrates was the first of the great Athenian philosophers. Though he was famous even in his own lifetime, we know very little about Socrates’s personal life. What we know of his ideas comes from the writings of his students, like Plato. From those writings, we have obtained a clear picture of how Socrates thought and taught.

Socrates was interested in broad concepts of human life, such as truth, justice, and virtue. He thought that philosophers could learn what made good people and good societies. To learn such things, he thought that one had to ask questions. He started with basic questions such as, “What is truth?” When a person answered, Socrates followed up with more questions. By working through long series of questions, he thought people could discover the basic nature of life. Today we call this method of learning through questions the Socratic method.

Plato
Plato, one of Socrates’s students, became a great philosopher in his own right. Unlike Socrates, Plato left behind a great number of writings that record his ideas. These writings cover a wide variety of topics, from the nature of truth and goodness to the ideal form of government. Government is the topic of what may be Plato’s most famous work, the Republic. In it, Plato argues that a government should be led by the people most qualified to make good decisions—philosophers. No one else, he argues, has the skills necessary to lead:

“Until philosophers are kings, or the kings and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, and political greatness and wisdom meet in one, and those commoner natures who pursue either to the exclusion of the other are compelled to stand aside, cities will never have rest from their evils—no, nor the human race.”

—Plato, Republic

As this excerpt suggests, Plato did not support Athenian democracy, in which all men, philosophers or not, could take part. To help spread philosophical ideas and thus improve the government, Plato wanted to make a philosopher’s education more formal. To that end, he founded the Academy, a school where respected philosophers could teach their students and hold debates. In Plato’s own lifetime the Academy became the most important site for Greek philosophers to do their work.

Aristotle
Among the scholars who studied at the Academy was Aristotle, the third of the great Athenian philosophers. Unlike Socrates and Plato, who mostly studied human behavior, Aristotle was more concerned with the nature of the world around him.

Aristotle tried to apply philosophical principles to every kind of knowledge. He used these principles to study art and literature, to discuss politics, and to examine the natural world. His writings covered subjects that ranged from truth to biology to astronomy to poetry.

One of Aristotle’s most valuable contributions to philosophy was his emphasis on reason and logic. Reason means clear and ordered thinking. Aristotle argued that people should use reason to help them learn about the world by making careful observations and thinking rationally about what they had seen. His emphasis on reason influenced the development of science in Europe.

Aristotle also helped develop the field of logic, the process of making inferences. He taught that people could use what they already know to infer new facts. For a simple example of Aristotle’s logic, read the sentences below. Notice how the third sentence uses information from the first two to draw a conclusion.
 * Birds have feathers and lay eggs.
 * Owls have feathers and lay eggs.
 * Therefore, an owl must be a type of bird.

Greek Literature
Philosophers were not the only Greeks to leave written works. Many works of Greek literature also remain, a great many of them still popular today. Among the many forms of literature in which the Greeks excelled were poetry—both epics and other forms—history, and drama.

Homer's Epics
Probably the most famous works of Greek literature are also some of the earliest. They are two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, both attributed to a poet named Homer. Epics, you may recall, tell stories about great events and heroes. Both of Homer’s epics tell stories about the Trojan War, the legendary fight between the Mycenaean Greeks and the soldiers of Troy.

The Iliad tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War. It is largely the story of two mighty heroes: Achilles, the greatest of all Greek warriors, and Hector, a prince of Troy and leader of that city’s army. Near the end of the epic, Achilles kills Hector in single combat, paving the way for the Greeks’ ultimate victory over Troy.

Although the Odyssey tells the story of heroes from the Trojan War, it does not take place during the war itself. It tells of the hero Odysseus, who angers the gods and is forced to wander the sea for 10 long years before he can return to Greece. Along the way, he faces terrible dangers—including monsters, magicians, and even the gods—that threaten him and his crew, though he does eventually reach home.

Homer’s epics had a tremendous influence in early Greece. Though they were not at first written down, poets recited and sang the epics throughout the Greek world. In time, the Iliad and the Odyssey became the basis for the Greek education system. Students were required to memorize long passages, and young men were encouraged to emulate the deeds of the heroes described in them. The heroic deeds described by Homer also inspired the subjects of many later Greek writers.

Other Forms of Poetry
The Greeks wrote many types of poetry besides epics. For example, the poet Hesiod wrote descriptive poetry. Among the subjects he described in his poems were the works of the gods and the lives of peasants.

The Greeks also created lyric poetry, named after a musical instrument called the lyre that was often played to accompany the reading of poems. Lyric poems do not tell stories. Instead, they deal with emotions and desires.

Among the earliest poets to gain fame for writing lyrics was Sappho, one of the few Greek women to gain fame as a writer. Her poems deal with daily life, marriage, love, and relationships with her family and friends. In the poem below, Sappho begs the goddess of love to send her a new love:

“Iridescent-throned Aphrodite, deathless Child of Zeus, wile-weaver, I now implore you, Don’t—I beg you, Lady—with pains and torments Crush down my spirit”

—Sappho, Hymn to Aphrodite

Another lyric poet, Pindar, who lived in the late 500s and early 400s, wrote poems to commemorate public events like the Olympic Games.

History
In addition to poetry, the ancient Greeks also wrote works in other fields. Among the fields for which they are best known is history. The Greeks were one of the first people to write about and analyze their own past.

The first major writer of history in Greece was Herodotus, who lived in Greece during the wars with Persia. In his most famous work, The Histories, Herodotus described major events of the wars, such as battles and public debates. Some of these events he had witnessed himself, but some were reported to him by other people. Unfortunately, some of Herodotus’s sources were unreliable, which led to errors in his history.

A second major historian likewise lived in Athens. Thucydides lived during the Peloponnesian War and wrote about it in detail. He included what we would today call primary sources, especially speeches that he heard delivered. Unlike Herodotus, Thucydides looked at his sources critically, ignoring those that seemed unreliable or irrelevant.

Xenophon is another early Greek historian whose work survives. Both a soldier and a philosopher, Xenophon had fought in Persia around 400 BC, long after the end of the Persian Wars. This service was the source for his major writing. Unlike Herodotus and Thucydides, Xenophon concentrated less on sources and debates and more on describing famous men. Despite his less critical style, Xenophon’s work has helped us learn what life was like in Greece during the 300s BC.

Drama
While the Greeks wrote histories to preserve the past and inform readers, they created another new form of writing for entertainment. That form was drama, the art of playwriting. Like many other elements of Greek culture, drama had its roots in Athens.

The earliest dramas were created as part of religious festivals honoring Dionysus, the god of wine and celebration. Most of these dramas consisted of a group of actors called a chorus who recited stories for the audience. Later, as dramas became more complex, individual actors began to take on the roles of specific characters in the stories.

Over time, two distinct forms of drama were developed. The first was tragedy. Tragedies usually focused on hardships faced by Greek heroes. Three great writers of tragedies lived and wrote at about the same time in Athens:
 * Aeschylus wrote plays based on ancient Greek myths and on events from Athenian history. His most famous series of plays, the Oresteia, tells of the tragedies that faced the leader of the Greek army when he returned home after the Trojan War.
 * Sophocles concentrated his plays on the suffering that people brought upon themselves. Many of his characters had fatal flaws that brought tragedy to themselves and their families. For example, Oedipus, the main character of three plays by Sophocles, unknowingly killed his father and married his own mother.

 * Euripides wrote about characters whose tragedy was not brought about by flaws but by chance or irrational behavior. For example, Medea tells of a woman who swears revenge on her unfaithful husband, killing his new wife and family.

The second form of drama the Greeks created was comedy. Many of these comedies were satires, plays written to expose the flaws of their society. The greatest comedy writer was Aristophanes. His plays poke fun at aspects of Athenian society ranging from government to the treatment of women. Aristophanes even mocks religion by having the clouds in the sky address the audience:

''“There exist no gods to whom this city owes more than it does to us, whom alone you forget. Not a sacrifice, not a libation is there for those who protect you! Have you decreed some mad expedition? Well! we thunder or we fall down in rain.”''

—Aristophanes, The Clouds

Greek Architecture & Art
An important characteristic of the Athenians was that they enjoyed beauty, both written and visual. They expressed their love of written beauty through literature, and their love of visual beauty through architecture and art.

Architecture
The Athenians wanted their city to be the most beautiful in all of Greece. To help reach this goal, they built magnificent temples, theaters, and other public buildings throughout the city. To enhance the appearance of these buildings, they added fine works of art, both painted and sculpted.

The grandest of all Athenian buildings were built on the acropolis at the city’s center. Marble temples and bronze statues on the acropolis were visible from all over the city, gleaming in the sunlight. No other building on the acropolis, however, was as magnificent as the Parthenon, the massive temple to Athena that stood at the center of the acropolis. Begun by Pericles in 447 BC, the Parthenon took some 14 years to build. When finished, the marble temple was more than 200 feet long and 100 feet wide.

However, the Parthenon was impressive for its proportion, not for its sheer size. Its designers were careful not to make it either too tall, which would have made it look flimsy, or too wide, which could have made it appear squat.

Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon had doors but no windows. The structure was surrounded by tall, graceful columns, above which were slabs of marble carved with scenes from myths. Though the ruins of the Parthenon appear white today, parts originally were painted in vivid colors. A huge gold and ivory statue of Athena stood inside the temple.

Sculpture
Impressive as they were on their own, buildings like the Parthenon would not have been quite so magnificent without the statues and carvings created to decorate them. Greek sculptors were among the finest the world has ever known.

The Greeks were particularly adept at sculpting the human form. Sculptors carefully studied what people looked like, not only while they were still but also while they were moving. The sculptors then tried to re-create what they had observed, paying particular attention to how the subject’s muscles looked. In most cases, the result was a statue that looks as if it could come to life. For example, a statue of a discus thrower looks as though he is in the process of launching his discus into the air.

While the Greeks wanted statues to look lifelike and active, they did not necessarily want them to look realistic. Greek sculptors were not interested in depicting people as they really looked. Instead, they chose to portray their subjects as physically perfect, without any blemishes or imperfections. As a result, Greek statues almost all depict figures of great beauty and grace.

Though we know a great deal about ancient Greek sculpture, very few original works remain. Much of what we do know about Greek sculpture is based on copies of Greek statues made by the Romans a few hundred years later. Roman artists made many copies of what they considered to be the greatest Greek statues, including the discus thrower. Many of these copies survived even after the original statues were destroyed.

Painting
As with Greek sculpture, only a few original Greek paintings survive. Of those that survive, the best preserved are paintings on vases, plates, and other vessels. These vessels are often decorated with scenes from everyday life or from myths or legends. Most of them use only two colors—red and black—for their illustration. The red was the natural color of the clay vessels, and the black was a glaze added to the finished pieces. Despite this limited palette, Greek artists were able to convey movement and depth in their paintings. This ability was important to the Greeks since they wanted objects to be both functional and beautiful.

Though we have little evidence of larger paintings, written sources tell us that the Greeks also created murals, or wall paintings, in many public buildings. According to these sources, the Greeks’ murals often included scenes from the Iliad and the Odyssey. Such paintings often focused on the aftermath of battle rather than on the battle itself. One Athenian mural, for example, showed a scene from the day after the defeat of Troy. Fallen soldiers still dressed in full armor lay amid the ruins of once great Troy. Themes like this one, also common in tragic drama, were very popular with the Athenian people.

Assignment

 * Question #1: How did Socrates think people should learn?
 * Question #2: Why did Plato think that philosophers should be the leaders of governments?
 * Question #3: How did Aristotle’s emphasis on reason and logic contribute to the development of science?
 * Question #4: Who was Homer? For what works is he known?
 * Question #5: How were Greek tragedies and comedies similar? How were they different?
 * Question #6: Why might both Herodotus and Thucydides be considered fathers of history?
 * Question #7: What was most Greek painting like? On what types of objects did such painting appear?
 * Question #8: What was the general goal of Greek sculptors?
 * Question #9: Why was the Parthenon designed to be so impressive?

Thank you very much for listening to this lecture and goodbye.

title: Human Legacy Course/Greek Achievements


text: File:Mvctorus.JPG

title: File:Mvctorus.JPG


text:
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title: User talk:Tmontana~enwikiversity


text:
User:Egm6341.s10.team3.sa/Mtg15

Mtg 15: Thu, 28 Jan 10

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg15.djvu | Page 15-1]]

Proof of Lagrange interpolation error We know that, $$\displaystyle G(t=0) = 0 = G(t=1) $$

Now by applying Rolle's theorem to the function G, we know that, there exists, $$\displaystyle \xi_1 \in (0,1) \,such\, that\, G^{(1)}(\xi_1) = 0.$$.

Note: Here the interval (0,1) is open as the function can take up all values between 0 and 1 EXCLUDING 0 and 1.

$$\displaystyle G^{(1)}(0) = 0 \;- \,Why?$$ We shall understand why from the following derivation.

Recall from [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg14.djvu | Page 14-2]] that, $$\displaystyle G(t):= e(t) - t^5 e(1)$$ Hence, $$\displaystyle G'(t):= e'(t) - 5t^4\underbrace{e(1)}_{constant}$$

Also, we know from [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg14.djvu | Page 14-2]] that, $$\displaystyle e(t) = \alpha(t) - \alpha_2(t) $$ where, $$\displaystyle \alpha(t) = \int_{-t}^{t}f(x(t)) \,dt = \int_{-t}^{t}F(t) \,dt$$ and, $$\displaystyle \alpha_2(t) = \frac{t}{3}\big[F(-t) +4F(0) +F(t)\big] $$

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

HW:
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Show that:
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$$
 * $$\displaystyle\color{blue} \alpha^{(1)}(t)= F(-t) + F(t)
 * $$\displaystyle\color{blue} \alpha^{(1)}(t)= F(-t) + F(t)
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Taking the first derivative w.r.t t, we have $$\displaystyle \alpha'(t) = F(-t)+F(t)$$ and, $$\displaystyle \alpha_2'(t) = \frac{1}{3}\big[F(-t) +4F(0) +F(t)\big] + \frac{t}{3}\big[F'(-t)+F'(t) \big]$$

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg15.djvu | Page 15-2]]  Thus, $$\displaystyle e'(t) = \alpha'(t) - \alpha_2'(t)$$, and, $$\displaystyle e'(0) = 2F(0) -[2F(0)+0] = 0 $$

Since, $$\displaystyle G'(0) =e'(0)$$, we have $$\displaystyle G'(0)=0$$

Earlier we proved that, $$\displaystyle G'(\xi_1) = 0 $$.

Applying Rolle's theorem once again, we know there exists, $$\displaystyle \xi_2 \in (0,\xi_1) \,such\, that\, G^{(2)}(\xi_2) = 0.$$.

Applying the same logic as above, we have: $$\displaystyle G^{(2)}(0)=0$$ and

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HW:
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For the Simpson's rule, prove that $$\displaystyle\color{blue} G^{(2)}(0)=0 $$.

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Applying Rolle's theorem once again, we know there exists, $$\displaystyle \xi_3 \in (0,\xi_2) \,such\, that\, G^{(3)}(\xi_3) = 0.$$.

We know, $$\displaystyle G^{(3)}(t) = e^{(3)}(t) - 60t^2e(1)$$

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HW:
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Prove that $$\displaystyle\color{blue} e^{(3)}(t) = - \frac{t}{3}[F^{(3)}(t)- F^{(3)}(-t)]$$ where $$\displaystyle\color{blue} e(t)= \int_{-t}^t f(x(t))\, dt - \frac {t}{3}[F(-t)+4 F(0)+F(t)] $$

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$$\displaystyle e^{(3)}(t) = -\frac{t}{3}\big[ F^{(3)}-F^{(3)}(-t)\big]$$

Now we have, $$\displaystyle G^{(3)}(\xi_3) = -\frac{\xi_3}{3}\big[F^{(3)}(\xi_3) - F^{(3)}(-\xi_3) \big] -60(\xi_3)^2 e(1)=0$$

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg15.djvu | Page 15-3]]  Applying derivative mean value theorem, $$\displaystyle G^{(3)}(\xi_3) = -\frac{\xi_3}{3}\big[2\xi_3 F^{(4)}(\xi_4) \big] -60(\xi_3)^2 e(1)=0$$

since $$\displaystyle \xi_3 \neq 0 $$ Note: This is because $$\displaystyle \xi_3 \in (0,\xi_2) $$ which excludes 0.

Solving for e(1) we have, $$\displaystyle \begin{align} e(1) &= -\frac{1}{90} F^{(4)}(\xi_4)\\ &= -\frac{(b-a)^4}{1440} f^4(\xi) \end{align}$$

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HW:
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Given that$$\displaystyle\color{blue} -\frac{1}{90}F^{(4)}(\zeta _{4})=-\frac{(b-a)^{4}}{1440}f^{(4)}(\xi) $$

Find the relationship between $$\displaystyle\color{blue} \zeta _{4}$$ and $$\displaystyle\color{blue} \xi $$

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title: User:Egm6341.s10.team3.sa/Mtg15


text:
User talk:JHatherill

 Hello JHatherill, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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title: User talk:JHatherill


text:
Pillbox, Shako, and Cap/Chapter II

Preparations for war
Britain’s isolationist stance came to an end, when she agreed a treaty with Japan in 1902, and two years later, the entente cordiale with France. It was believed, by all the experts, that Germany would take umbrage, and force an issue with France. That moment came when The Kaiser sent his troops through neutral Belgium to invade France. That murderous event was far away from the thoughts of an excited bunch of lads, marching down the high road... about to join the Volunteers...

In 1906, soon after his seventeenth birthday, Albert turned up at the Kensington Volunteer Rifle Corps Headquarters, with his friends - to keep an appointment. There they were to fill in the necessary enrolment forms, and take part in the Army medical. If both were accepted, the recruits had to swear allegiance to The Queen. It had been a bit of a wrench leaving the Boy’s Brigade, for they had all been keen members – it had been eight dedicated years - taking part in all the drill competitions, and for Bert, playing the piano for the Sunday bible readings.

After the attestation the lads were lead to the Quartermasters Stores to receive their uniforms. This to them was the most exciting part as they all fancied walking down High Street, Kensington, in their new uniforms. The colour of the cloth was field-grey with shaped cuffs. The buttons tarnished - just waiting for all the hard work to turn them into sparkling brass. The helmet, grey too, looked very similar to a policeman’s helmet, plus a spike on the top. All the fittings: spike, badge and chin strap, came separately, also needing much cleaning. The recruits were each handed a kit-bag to carry the boots, socks, shirt and vests, plus the belt, scabbard and bayonet. 'It was not going to be easy to carry this lot home'.

The Kensington Rifles, had been adopted by the Royal Borough of Kensington and granted permission to take the Borough’s Coat of Arms, mounted centrally within an eight pointed star, as a cap badge. Colonel A J Hopkins VD was the commanding officer. The Kensington Volunteers moved to a purpose built Headquarters at Adam and Eve Mews, Iverna Gardens, Kensington in 1908, and were now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A Sutherland-Harris.

Under the reorganization of the Volunteers, by the Secretary of War, the 4th Middlesex [North] Volunteer Rifle Corps [VRC] Kensington Rifles, were to be amalgamated with the 2nd [South] Middlesex. Together these two Rifle Corps represented the London Boroughs of Kensington and Fulham. This amalgamation joined north and south Middlesex together under one Battalion, to be called The London Regiment, Territorial Force Association. The 13th [County of London] Battalion, The London Regiment [Kensingtons] now became a Territorial Force, with its Headquarter, and A-H Companies, at Iverna Gardens, Kensington.

In January 1909 the Army Council declared the Battalion should become a ‘line’ regiment bearing colours, relieving the battalion of its ‘Rifle’ designation. Brigaded, with the Queen’s Westminster’s [16th London], Civil Service Rifles [15th London], and the London Scottish [14th London], in the 4th London Infantry Brigade. Lord Truro and Lord Ranelagh decided on a grey uniform with red facings, and a shako [tall pillbox with a plume] with a glazed peak. The belts were to be black and the uniform trimmings were of buff laces with silver appointments. To contain an assortment of necessary items a starched white haversack completed the uniform. They became known as the ‘Grey Brigade’... their uniform became regularized to khaki shortly afterwards. When war was declared this force was mobilized to become part of Britain's Home Defence.

The Regiments Headquarters was positioned close to the home of Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria. King Edward VII was approached by The Regiment [In peace time a regiment had two regular Battalions - one abroad the other at home, in time of war three Battalions - the extra recruiting and training to make up the numbers of the other two] to ask if Princess Louise would associate her name with the regiment – he gave his consent, and she, taking an interest, organized the design and production of the regiment’s colours. The colour were duly consecrated and presented to the Regiment by King Edward VII at Windsor on the 19th June 1909. Thereafter the Regiment was referred to as the 13th London Regiment. The Princess Louise, four years later, consented to give her name to the Regiment. In 1914, the 1st Battalion was billeted in the White city stadium, there waiting to go to France - with The Expeditionary Force, and the 2nd Battalion at Abbots Langley, near Watford – training at summer camp - for ‘Home Service’; the 3rd Battalion was recruited much later, when the numbers killed and wounded of the other two, seriously threatened their efficiency. --Terence Kearey 23:07, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Pillbox, Shako, and Cap/Chapter II