text:
User:KimChanida

My name is Chanida,or you can called me Kim which is a Chinese nickname meaning Fertility. There are six people in my family; dad,mom,older brother,older sister,younger brother ,and me. My favorite color is yellow since it reminds me of the warmth of the sun and brightness. I like to travel to many new places because it broadens my attitude to view the world and people. I am easy going person and like to meet new friends every day. Every weekend, my family and I will find a nice restaurant, have a lovely meal, and talk to each other about what we have been through for each week as all members are usually busy on weekdays. Therfore, there is much time to spend a long time for chatting. Finally, I am not good at computer at all.However, I strongly believe that computer essentials or ICNS 141 will surely broaden my knowledge about computer and will make me have a better improvement to use computer effectively.

The Best PC

Motherboard Alienware™ Approved Intel® X58 ATX Motherboard

Processor Intel® CoreTM i7X 980X (3.73GHz/12MB cache)

Memory 12GB1 Tri-Channel DDR3 SDRAM at 1333Mhz - 3 DIMMS

Hard Drive 2TB2 SATA II hard drive (7200RPM)

Optical Drive

 * Dual Optical Disc Drive Options

Drive 1: 24X Dual-Layer Burner (DVD±RW)

Drive 2: 6X Dual Layer Blu-ray Disc™ Burner (BD-RE, DVD±RW, CD-RW)

Video Card 2048 (MB) ATI HD6970

The Best Mobil
==== iPhone 4Size and weight ====
 * Height: 4.5 inches (115.2 mm)

 * Width: 2.31 inches (58.6 mm)

 * Depth: 0.37 inch (9.3 mm)

 * Weight: 4.8 ounces (137 grams)

Capacity 16GB or 32GB flash drive

Display

 * Retina display
 * 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch display

 * 960-by-640-pixel resolution at 326 ppi

 * 800:1 contrast ratio (typical)

 * 500 cd/m2 max brightness (typical)

 * Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating on front and back

 * Support for display of multiple languages and characters simultaneously

Audio playback

 * Frequency response: 20Hz to 20,000Hz

 * Audio formats supported: AAC (8 to 320 Kbps), Protected AAC (from iTunes Store), HE-AAC, MP3 (8 to 320 Kbps), MP3 VBR, Audible (formats 2, 3, 4, Audible Enhanced Audio, AAX, and AAX+), Apple
 * Lossless, AIFF, and WAV

 * User-configurable maximum volume limit

TV and video

 * Video formats supported: H.264 video up to 720p, 30 frames per second, Main Profile level 3.1 with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; MPEG-4 video, up to 2.5 Mbps, 640 by 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps per channel, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) up to 35 Mbps, 1280 by 720 pixels, 30 frames per second, audio in ulaw, PCM stereo audio in .avi file format

 * Support for 1024 by 768 pixels with Dock Connector to VGA Adapter; 576p and 480p with Apple Component AV Cable; 576i and 480i with Apple Composite AV Cable (cables sold separately)

Cellular and wireless

 * GSM model: UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)

 * CDMA model: CDMA EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1900 MHz)

 * 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi (802.11n 2.4GHz only)

 * Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR wireless technology

Location

 * Assisted GPS

 * Digital compass

 * Wi-Fi

 * Cellular

Power and battery

 * Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery

 * Charging via USB to computer system or power adapter

 * Talk time: Up to 7 hours on 3G, Up to 14 hours on 2G(GSM model only)

 * Standby time: Up to 300 hours

 * Internet use: Up to 6 hours on 3G, Up to 10 hours on Wi-Fi

 * Video playback: Up to 10 hours

 * Audio playback: Up to 40 hours

Mac system requirements

 * Mac computer with USB 2.0 port

 * Mac OS X v10.5.8 or later

 * iTunes 10.1 or later (free download from www.itunes.com/download)

 * iTunes Store account

 * Internet access

Windows system requirements

 * PC with USB 2.0 port

 * Windows 7; Windows Vista; or Windows XP Home or Professional with Service Pack 3 or later

 * iTunes 10.1 or later (free download from www.itunes.com/download)

 * iTunes Store account

 * Internet access

Camera, photos, and video

 * Video recording, HD (720p) up to 30 frames per second with audio

 * 5-megapixel still camera

 * VGA-quality photos and video at up to 30 frames per second with the front camera

 * Tap to focus video or still images

 * LED flash

 * Photo and video geotagging

Sensors

 * Three-axis gyro

 * Accelerometer

 * Proximity sensor

 * Ambient light sensor

==== iPadSize and Weight ====
 * Height: 9.50 inches (241.2 mm)

 * Width: 7.31 inches (185.7 mm)

 * Depth: 0.34 inch (8.8 mm)

 * Weight: 1.33 pounds (601 g)

Storage

Wireless and Cellular
 * 16 GB, 32 GB, 64 GB

 * Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n)

 * Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR technology

Display

 * 9.7-inch (diagonal) LED-backlit glossy widescreen Multi-Touch display with IPS technology

 * 1024-by-768-pixel resolution at 132 pixels per inch (ppi)

 * Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating

 * Support for display of multiple languages and characters simultaneously

Chip

 * 1GHz dual-core Apple A5 custom-designed, high-performance, low-power system-on-a-chip

Cameras, Photos, and Video Recording

 * Back camera: Video recording, HD (720p) up to 30 frames per second with audio; still camera with 5x digital zoom

 * Front camera: Video recording, VGA up to 30 frames per second with audio; VGA-quality still camera

 * Tap to control exposure for video or stills

 * Photo and video geotagging over Wi-Fi

Power and Battery

 * Built-in 25-watt-hour rechargeable lithium-polymer battery

 * Up to 10 hours of surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, or listening to music

 * Charging via power adapter or USB to computer system

Input/Output

 * 30-pin dock connector port

 * 3.5-mm stereo headphone minijack

 * Built-in speaker

 * Microphone

Sensors

 * Three-axis gyro

 * Accelerometer

 * Ambient light sensor

Location

 * Wi-Fi

 * Digital compass

Audio Playback

 * Frequency response: 20Hz to 20,000Hz

 * Audio formats supported: HE-AAC (V1 and V2), AAC (8 to 320 Kbps), Protected AAC (from iTunes Store), MP3 (8 to 320 Kbps), MP3 VBR, Audible (formats 2, 3, and 4, Audible Enhanced Audio, AAX, and AAX+), Apple Lossless, AIFF, and WAV

 * User-configurable maximum volume limit

 * Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound pass-through with Apple Digital AV Adapter (sold separately)

TV and Video

 * Video mirroring and video out support: Up to 1080p with Apple Digital AV Adapter or Apple VGA Adapter (cables sold separately)

 * Video out support at 576p and 480p with Apple Component AV Cable; 576i and 480i with Apple

 * Composite AV Cable

 * Video formats supported: H.264 video up to 720p, 30 frames per second, Main Profile level 3.1 with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; MPEG-4 video, up to 2.5 Mbps, 640 by 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps per channel, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) up to 35 Mbps, 1280 by 720 pixels, 30 frames per second, audio in ulaw, PCM stereo audio in .avi file format

Mail Attachment Support

 * Viewable document types: .jpg, .tiff, .gif (images); .doc and .docx (Microsoft Word); .htm and .html (web pages); .key (Keynote); .numbers (Numbers); .pages (Pages); .pdf (Preview and Adobe Acrobat); .ppt and .pptx (Microsoft PowerPoint); .txt (text); .rtf (rich text format); .vcf (contact information); .xls and .xlsx (Microsoft Excel)

Accessibility

 * Support for playback of closed-captioned content

 * VoiceOver screen reader

 * Full-screen zoom magnification

 * White on black display

 * Mono audio

HTC EVO Shift 4GProcessor: Qualcomm MSM7630, 800 MHz, Sequans SQN 1210 (for WiMAX)

 * Operating System: Android™ 2.2 (Froyo) with HTC Sense™

 * Internal Memory: ROM: 2 GB eMMC,RAM: 512 MB

 * Display: 3.6" inch 800x480 WVGA resolution 262K-color TFT LCD (OS support 16 bit colors) Capacitive multi-touch screen

 * Network: CDMA2000 1x RTT/ 1x EVDO/ 1x EVDO rev. A (800/1900Mhz) WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Wave2 (mobile WiMAX) Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b/g/n compliant (for 2.4 GHz only) DL: 10+ Mbps (WiMax) 3.1 Mbps (CDMA)

 * UL: 4 Mbps (Wimax) 1.8 Mbps (CDMA)

 * GPS: GPS and AGPS

 * Camera: 5 MP Color CMOS with auto focus

 * Connectivity: Version 2.1 compliant with EDR Wi-Fi®: IEEE 802.11b/g/n compliant (for 2.4 GHz only) 3.5mm stereo audio jack, Standard 5 pins micro-USB

 * Battery: Rechargeable lithium-ion battery 1500 mAh

 * Talk Time: Up to 360 minutes or 6 hours Dimensions: 4.61 (L) x 2.32 (W) x .59 (T) inches Weight: Weight 166 g. with battery --5.85(oz); 134 g W/O battery --4.72(oz)

=== iPhone 4 is the best !! ===
 * We choose iPhone 4 for the best phone. Firstly, iPhone4 provides so many features for better using. There are numerous applications such as FaceTime and Multitasking for users. It provides 5-megapixels built in camera with LED flash technology that allows users enjoy HD video recording and camera taking. Also, iPhone4 has the best phone screen resolution with retina and multi-touch display. The smart phone can display and read so many languages, also in dictionary support. These offer better views such as sharper photos and better contrast ratio. The phone itself is multifunctional that allows users to multitask quickly and securely with iOS4 software without slow performance. Iphone4 provides encrypted protection for data transmission. With iPhone4, we do not have to worry about data loss or network security. Finally, iPhone4 contains a modern design. It is lightweight and well-size which is very portable. The capacity itself is considered high. Users can choose whether they need 16 GB or 32 GB flash drive. In conclusion, iPhone4 is multifunctional. With only iPhone4, users can access internet, play games, check email etc. iPhone4 is surely an all-in-one device that suitable for users at every age.

title: User:KimChanida


text:
User:AFBorchert

Please contact me at en-wp or Commons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:AFBorchert


text:
User:Davyjones~enwikiversity

ID: 5280355 Name: Chindanai Suethanuwong I'm 20 years old. I was graduated from Assumption College Thonburi school. My major is finance.

title: User:Davyjones~enwikiversity


text:
Psycholinguistics/Lexical Access

What is Lexical Access?
In order to understand what lexical access is, it is first important to briefly explain what the mental lexicon, lexical entries and lexical storage are. The lexicon refers to a systematic organization of vocabulary that is stored in the mind in the form of individual lexical entries. It has been referred to as our mental dictionary and analogies between accessing a written dictionary and accessing the mental lexicon have emerged. For further insight into the concept of the lexicon, please refer to the section of this course titled The Mental Lexicon. Lexical entries are defined as the information stored in the mind regarding a specific word. In order to recognize and comprehend words, also known as lexical items, information about its content is needed. Levelt (1989) suggested that lexical entries contain two types of information that allows individuals to recognize and understand words. This information includes content about the form and meaning of lexical items, Figure 1. The form component of lexical entries refers to phonological and morphological information, while in contrast, the meaning component refers to the syntax and semantic information of lexical entries.

Lexical storage refers to the way in which lexical items are organized for optimal accessibility in the lexicon. It is important to mention here that there are two types of items: lexical items which carry a meaning (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs) and grammatical items which do not have a clear meaning but contribute to syntactic structure (i.e. conjunctions). Only words which carry meaning are stored in the lexicon; these words are stored associatively in the mind in relation to other items. For example, when searching our lexicon for the word apple, the storage of associated items may appear as illustrated below, Figure 2.

Now that some background information has been provided on the mental lexicon, lexical entries, and lexical storage - lexical access will be discussed. Lexical access is defined as the way which individuals access words in the mental lexicon. Studies have identified several factors that can affect lexical access, such as: the frequency effect, the word/non-word effect, word superiority effect, the length effect and the imageability effect. Some of the above mentioned factors will be discussed in greater depth below. Much research has been devoted to investigating the concept of lexical access, as understanding how lexical items are accessed is central to speech and writing comprehension.

Lexical Frequency
In visual and auditory modalities, the more frequently a lexical item is used the more quickly it is recognized. Zipf's Law (1949) developed by George Kingsley Zipf draws upon the relationship between probability of usage and frequency. Further, this law is based on the principle of least effort. The basis of the least effort principle can be outlined by the following logic: the more frequently a word is used the easier it is to process, as mentioned above. Studies have suggested that low-frequency lexical items produce longer decision times and therefore are accessed more slowly in comparison to high-frequency lexical items. As such frequency plays an important role in determining which lexical item is chosen in models of lexical access that involve competition between two items. Moreover, the frequency effect has been well attested to in studies of lexical access. For example, a study by Balota & Chumbly (1984) revealed that high frequency words were named more rapidly than low-frequency words.

Word Concreteness and Imagery
Words such as camera and banana are easy to imagine in our mind, where as words such as justice and evil are more difficult to mentally picture. This issue which relates to the difficulty and ease of picturing some words in comparison to others refers to the concept of word concreteness and abstractness. Word concreteness is also known as imageability and as implied by its name, is the ability to visualize lexical items. Concrete words are those that describe tangible nouns where as, abstract words describe nouns which may be intangible (i.e., apple and freedom) respectively. Please see Figure 3 for further examples of concrete and abstract words. Several studies have attested to the notion that concrete lexical items such as apple are easier to imagine, while abstract words such as evil are not as easy to imagine. Moreover, studies on the word concreteness effect have revealed consistent findings that concrete lexical items have been found to be processed more accurately and quickly than abstract concepts in a variety of cognitive tasks. These tasks include but not limited to: cognitive recall, lexical decision, word recognition and sentence comprehension. More specifically, Paivio (1969) found that high-imagery words were more easily recalled in an memory test than low-imagery words. This study also found that the principle of imageability interacts with the principle of frequency in word access. In short, that high-frequency high-imagery words such as student were more accurately accessed and recalled where as low-frequency low-imagery words such as excuse were least easily accessed. Bleasdale (1987) also found that in a lexical decision task, words primed other words only when both words were of the same, for example concrete-concrete, rather than concrete-abstract. From this it was concluded that the lexicon organizes concrete and abstract words separately.

Two models have emerged in an attempt to explain the concreteness effect, one of which is the dual-coding theory and the other, the context availability theory. The latter theory supports that concrete words are activated with broader contextual verbal support and greater contextual associations in semantic memory. The context availability theory further asserts that concrete words automatically activate more associative information in comparison to abstract words, thus resulting in faster processing. In contrast, the dual-coding theory as proposed by Paivio (1986) upholds that concrete words result in faster processing due to access to semantic meaning. This theory support that the meaning of concrete words is facilitated easier because concrete words have verbal and visual semantic representations, while abstract words generally have a verbal semantic representation. The superiority effect of concrete words being processed more accurately and quickly than abstract words in cognitive tasks has been attributed to three reasons. First, it is believed that abstract words lack the direct sensory referents of concrete words, therefore supporting a slower processing for abstract words. Second, there is a greater availability of contextual information for concrete words than abstract words. Lastly, the notion that concrete words have more associative meanings than abstract words is thought to attribute to this superiority findings swayed toward concrete words.

Lexical Ambiguity
Ambiguities in spoken or written language can arise in a number of ways. For example, homophones are two words that sound the same however have two different meanings (i.e., air; heir). In light of the existence of ambiguities in language, a great deal of research has been devoted to understanding lexical ambiguity to date. The primary goal of this research is to address how readers and listeners retrieve the contextually appropriate meaning of lexical items which have multiple meanings. One key discovery that has fueled research into this topic is the understanding that words and meanings do not necessarily a one to one ratio. As most individuals have likely experienced, one meaning can be shared by numerous words and conversely, one word can share numerous meanings. To illustrate my latter example, I would like to use the phrase “tick the right box”. Without context, the reader is left wondering if right refers to the correct box or the box opposite to the left. Through examples such as the one used above it was suggested that individuals use more cognitive resources when processing ambiguous words than words with only one meaning. Readers and listeners often use the context of a word to disambiguate its meaning. To emphasize the importance of context and its effect on disambiguating words, studies such as one by Swinney (1979) have been conducted. In this study, experimenters provided participants with the following sentence: "The man was surprised when he found spiders and other bugs in the room". The targeted word was bug and participants were tested to see if context had an effect on which meanings were activated; the possible answers for bug were either an insect, a spy gadget or the control word sew. The results showed that if the answer choices were given in less than 200 milliseconds after the target sentence was read, both meanings of the word were activated; but if the answer choices were given after 200 milliseconds the irrelevant meaning was suppressed. These results support that if given time to reflect on the sentence, context helps individuals disambiguate the word bug to correctly mean an insect.

Exhaustive and Selective Lexical Access
There are two major theories that examine the role of context in influencing what meanings of lexical ambiguous words are activated. The first theory known as selective access  which supports that context biases the interpretation of an ambiguous word, so that only the intended meaning is accessed. In essence this view considers context to sufficiently provide enough information that only the most relevant meaning of an ambiguous word is activated. In contrast, the alternative theory claims that even with contextual cues, multiple meanings for ambiguous words are still activated; this theory is known as exhaustive access . Further, some advocates of the exhaustive access theory have argued that ambiguous words do not all simultaneously get activated, but rather the more frequently used meanings and those influenced by context are activated first. Currently, the exhaustive access theory has more empirical support from studies than the selective access theory.

Dominant and Subordinate Meanings
As mentioned above, several studies have revealed that lexical access of ambiguous words can be dependent on context. Ambiguous words can also be subcategorized into dominant and subordinate meanings as often two meanings of a word not equally used. Thus the dominance of a meaning refers to the relative frequency each meaning of an ambiguous word is used. For example, if we were to review the word "cram", a university student would be more likely activate the dominant meaning of studying, rather than a subordinate meaning of try and squeeze something into an insufficient space. To view some examples of dominant and subordinate meanings, please see Figure 4. Furthermore, dominant and subordinate meanings can be divided into polarized and balanced ambiguous words. Polarized words are those with meanings that have a predominant meaning which is most frequently used in relation to the word. In comparison, balanced words are ambiguous words which do not have one dominant interpretation for the word (i.e. right can mean either correct or a direction).

Lexical Access and Semantic Priming
Semantics is the study of word meaning and the ways in which words are related to one another in our mental lexicon. Semantic priming is the unintentional increase in speed or accuracy when responding to a stimulus such as a word or a picture that has been previously primed. For example, if an individual sees a target word of doctor and then subsequently is shown the word nurse, their response time would be expected to decrease. To visualize semantic priming in action, please see Figure 5 which depicts Collins & Loftus's (1975) Spreading Activation Model. As predicted, studies have shown that when participants are shown a word or picture that relates to a target word, their response time decreases as a result of semantic priming. Please refer to Psycholinguistics/Semantics_in_the_Brain for more information on semantics and how it relates to lexical access.

Models of Lexical Access
How language users recognize a lexical item’s meaning is an important concept. Thus the models of lexical access attempt to explain how individuals access words and their related meanings in our minds. There are two major classes of models that detail how lexical entries are retrieved during reading and listening tasks. The first type of model are known as serial search models, where as the second type are parallel access models.

 Serial search models  believe that when we encounter a word, we look through all lexical entries to determine whether the item is a word or not, and then retrieve the necessary information about a word (i.e., its semantics or orthography). Serial search means propose that lexical access occurs by sequentially scanning one lexical entry at a time. An example of a serial search model is Forster’s (1976) autonomous search model. In contrast, the  parallel access models  propose that perceptual input about a word activate lexical items directly, and that multiple entries can be activated at once. That is, a number of potential candidates are activated simultaneously and the lexical item which shares the most features with the targeted stimulus is the one that is chosen. Examples of the parallel search model are Marslen-Wilson’s (1987) cohort model, McClelland & Seidenberg's (1989) connectionist model and Morton’s (1969) logogen model. The factors that influence word access and lexical organization are addressed in both the serial and parallel processing models. At the present time there is a greater acceptance toward the parallel access models than the serial search models when explaining lexical access.

The Autonomous Search Model
The autonomous search model was developed by Kenneth Forster and views the word recognition process as being divided into several parts. More specifically this model upholds that lexical access is carried out in a two-stage process. Forster’s (1976) model of lexical access is best illustrated by comparing the lexicon to a library. A word similar to a book, can be in only one place in the lexicon and library. However, several catalogs (i.e., title, author, year) can be used to determine where the book or lexical item are located in both locations. Forster proposed three major types of access files which included: orthographic, phonological and semantic/syntactic. The first type of access file mentioned (orthographic) means that words are accessed based on their visual features; words accessed through the phonological access file are done so through how they sound; and lastly, words retrieved using the syntactic/semantic file are done so according to their meaning. Moreover, input from any modality (visual, auditory) can only access these files one at a time. Lastly, orthographic and phonological access files contain information about the beginning parts of words (i.e., the first few letters of their spelling or first few sounds they begin with). When a word is presented either visually or phonologically, a complete perceptual representation of the word is constructed and subsequently activates in the access file based on its initial spelling or sound. Once a word's location has been established based on its access files, a search for the word entry in the lexicon must still be carried out. Relating this model back to the analogy of a library, lexical access is thought to occur by first locating the file in which the information is (i.e., searching for which section a book is in) and then the lexicon is searched for the actual location of the word (retrieving the book of the shelf). It should be clarified that all information of the lexical entry (i.e. its spelling, semantics, pronunciation, etc) are contained in the lexicon and not the individual access files.

The master lexicon is assumed to be organized into bins with the most frequent entries stored on the top of the bins. This belief further explores why high-frequency words are accessed more quickly than low-frequency words. Entries in this model are said to be searched one by one until an exact match to the perceptual representation is found; Figure 6 depicts how this process takes place. The process of lexical access proposed by Forster's model occurs in more of a step by step process (serial search) rather than a simultaneous process (parallel access). When the relevant lexical entry is found it is then cross referenced against the targeted input to ensure accuracy. If the selection is deemed correct, the search is terminated. However, if the selection is deemed incorrect a more exhaustive search is continued until the correct lexical entry is retrieved from the lexicon. Incorrect selections can comprise of either non-words which do not adhere to the rules of English grammar such as zdkj, or a non-word that resembles a real word such as shure. Several studies have revealed that individuals require more time to reject the non-words which represent a real word in comparison to words which clearly do not. In short, lexical access of a word is terminated only once the correct lexical entry is located, which are scanned one at a time.

The Logogen Model
Morton (1969) proposed that words are not accessed by determining their locations in the lexicon but by being activated by a certain threshold. An analogy between Morton's model and a light bulb can be made in that a word similar to a light bulb is activated when enough energy is being delivered to the source. Thus in relation to the logogen model, words are activated when its threshold has received enough energy to access the lexical entry.

Morton (1969) claimed that each lexical entry had its own logogen which tracked of the number of features a lexical entry had in common with a targeted stimulus. Words are said to be at a resting level and have a zero-feature count when they are not being activated as a potential candidate of a the targeted word. Morton proposed that each logogen had an individual threshold which required a particular amount of input/energy for the lexicon to access a particular lexical entry. Input can be received in the form of orthographic, phonological or semantic information as individuals read or listen to language. Once all the input is received for the lexical entry candidates, the number of features for each logogen is summed up and the certain logogens reach their predetermined thresholds. Among the logogens which do reach their threshold, the lexical entry which has the highest feature count thus the most similarities with the targeted word is chosen. Once lexical access has been completed, all logogens return to their zero-feature count resting level. Logogens that have reached their threshold take longer to return to their resting level than those that have not. As depicted in Figure 7, contrary to Forster's (1976) autonomous search model, Morton’s logogen model provides no separate access routes in which the lexicon is searched for lexical items. In contrast, individuals use all available input (i.e., orthographic, phonological) in order to activate logogens with similar features to the targeted word. In addition, Morton’s model allows for simultaneous parallel searches of input from multiple modalities, where as Forster’s model only allows one access file to be used at a time.

Similar to Forster’s model, high-frequency words are accessed more quickly than low-frequency words in the logogen model. This model asserts that the frequency effects are the result of the lower activation threshold for frequently used word. That is, it takes less activation to fire a high frequency word than a low frequency word. For example, the word bear which is used more frequently would require less input to reach its threshold than a word like anteater, see Figure 8. Priming on the other hand, is accomplished by a quick and temporal lowering of the threshold of logogens related to a prime. .

Morton’s (1969) logogen model has been one of the most influential of the parallel word access models and served as the basis for all the parallel models that followed. As with any model, however, modifications were made from the original 1969 model exactly a decade later (1979). The newest version of the model asserts that separate input paths and logogens exist for words presented by reading (visually) versus listening (auditory).

The Cohort Model
Marslen-Wilson et al (1978) proposed that when individuals hear a word, its phonological neighbours also get activated. To simplify this concept refer back to Figure 5: The Spreading Activation Model. Rather than words of similar semantics being primed, the cohort model proposes that words with similar sounds are primed. The cohort model is comprised of three main stages. During stage one, also known as the access stage, the first few sounds of the target word activate all words with a similar sound. For example, in the sentence “Renee went to go buy a toy from the st-…,”  stand, store, stranger  as well as other similar phonological words would accessed during the first stage. The set of words which become activated are known as the "cohort". The cohort model bares similarities to Morton's (1969) logogen model in that multiple words can be activated, and the system continues searching through all activated words until it settles on a single choice. The second stage of Marslen-Wilson's (1978) model is known as the selection stage, during which all activated words are progressively eliminated thus narrowing the cohort. An activated lexical item in the cohort can be eliminated either based on inappropriate context or if a better candidate is activated. All lexical items in the cohort continue to be eliminated until a single lexical item remains, known as the integration stage. Figure 9 depicts the three stages of lexical access and elimination as described above in the cohort model.

The original cohort model asserted that an exact match between a lexical item and its phonological properties was required. However subsequent studies revealed that individuals are still able to access a correct lexical item, even if words are mispronounced or left out (i.e., if an individual yawned part way though a word). In light of this information, the cohort model was revised and currently maintains that an exact match between a lexical item and its phonology are not necessary for lexical access. The cohort model also accounts for frequency and non-word effects similar to Morton's logogen model. Both theories assume that context and primed words narrow the original set of activated lexical items, thus leading to a quicker recognition of targeted stimulus.

The Connectionist Model
McClelland and Seidenberg founded the connectionist model for lexical entry recognition in 1989. Please refer to Psycholinguistics/Connectionist_Models for further insight into the connectionist model of lexical access.

Glossary
 Ambiguous : a lexical item or sentence that has more than one meaning (i.e., right - correct; direction).  Dominant Meaning : the view that ambiguous words are most activated a dominant meaning.  Exhaustive Access : the view that multiple meanings of ambiguous words are activated regardless of contextual cues.  Homograph : different words that are spelled the same but may have different pronunciations (i.e., bear-animal; bear-carry).  Homonym : a word with two meanings.  Homophone : two words that sound the same (i.e., there; their).  Imageability : the degree to which a concept can be visualized. Highly imageable words are more easily accessed than low imageability words.  Lemma : a level of representation of a word between its semantic and phonological representations it is syntactically specified but not contain sound-level information.  Lexical Access : the process of accessing and retrieving a lexical entry from the lexicon.  Lexicon : the system of vocabulary which is stored in the mind in the form of lexical entries for each item; commonly referred to as our mental dictionary.  Parallel Search Model : models of lexical item access that claim each item in the lexicon are activated simultaneously in an attempt to find to correct lexical item.  Selective Access : the view that context provides sufficient cues to activate one interpretation of an ambiguous word which is most relevant. Semantics: the study of word meaning and the ways in which words are related to one another in our mental lexicon.  Serial Search Model : models of lexical item access that claim each item item in the lexicon is activated one at a time until the correct item is found.  Subordinate Meaning : the subordinate meanings for ambiguous words are usually those which are not the first to be activated upon reading or hearing the ambiguous word.

Exercises
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0 0 1em; width:100% background:white;" Exercises
 * style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid DarkGrey; background-color:lightsteelblue;"|

Part 1: Fill-in-the-Blank Challenge
Instructions: Using the information provided in this chapter, please compete the following statements by filling in the blanks with the appropriate word. { { Lexical access (i) } is the midpoint between lexical concept and lexical selection.
 * type="{}"}

{ The word concreteness for cat, table, candle and key are categorized as { concrete (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{ A { lexical decision task (i) } is an experiment in which participants are required to identify actual words in a list of words and non-words.
 * type="{}"}

{ { Semantic priming effect (i) } results in increased word recognition response as a result of having recent exposure an associated word (i.e. exposure to doctor would increase the recognition of nurse).
 * type="{}"}

{ The effect of a particular characteristic on the ease of lexical retrieval is known as the { lexical effect (i) }. Examples of characteristics can include length, degradation and imageability.
 * type="{}"}

{ { Lexical storage (i) } is how words are stored in our minds in relation to each other.
 * type="{}"}

{ A { logogen (i) } is a mechanism that detects the presence of a word in written or spoken input (Hint: each have a threshold).
 * type="{}"}

{ A { lexical entry (i) } is comprised of two parts. One part is related to its semantics while the other is related to its form.
 * type="{}"}

{ When presented with ambiguous words such as right, the use of { context (i) } influences interpretation and increases lexical access speed.
 * type="{}"}

{ { George Kingsley Zipf (i) } was the researcher who identified the relationship between probability of usage and frequency rank.
 * type="{}"}

Part 2: Short Answer Questions on Lexical Access
Instructions: Please answer the following questions to test your comprehension and application skills regarding lexical access. All questions should be answered in a short answer response (between 2-5 sentences).

* The lady hit the man with an umbrella. * John saw her duck. * He gave her cat food. * Margaret could not read the note. * The man saw the boy with the binoculars.
 * 1) Swinney’s (1979) Cross-Modality Priming Study was conducted to demonstrate the semantic priming effects in relationship to lexical access. Based on the following target sentence: "Rumor had it that for years the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was surprised when he found spiders and other bugs in the room," the words ant, sew and spy were visually presented immediately or after two seconds. Based on this description, what do you anticipate the outcome of this experiment would be? Would lexical decision occur faster, slower or be unaffected by the use of the primed sentence? Would the duration of time between presenting the above sentence and the target word affect the speed of lexical access? Lastly, does the duration of time between presenting the target sentence and target word affect which semantic meaning is accessed?
 * 2) Does context affect lexical access? What are the advantages and disadvantages of bringing context into the process of lexical access at an early stage.
 * 3) List two benefits and two criticisms of the selective and exhaustive access of word meanings. Which model is better supported by experimental research? Why does this model better explain lexical access than the other?
 * 4) Thinking back to the description of the Logogen Model by Morton, identify two features that characterize this model. Then, identify another model of lexical access and compare the similarities and differences between the Logogen model and your selected model.
 * 5) What are the most important factors that influence lexical access? What experimental support are there for these factors?
 * 6) Explain the difference between words which have dominant meanings and those which have subordinate meanings. Provide one example for each type of meaning that differs from the information in this chapter.
 * 7) Identify the three types of lexical access "files" in Forster's (1976) Autonomous Search Model. Briefly explain what type of information would be stored in each file.
 * 8) Identify which of the following sentences are lexically ambiguous. Identify which word in each sentence is the cause of this ambiguity.

9. The meaning association of words are usually paired based on meaning categories rather then physical similarities (i.e., pen and paper rather than pen and highlighter). Common associations are based on co-ordination (i.e., salt and pepper), collection (i.e., salt and water), opposite (salt and sweet), and superordination (i.e., butterfly and insect). Figure 11 below is required to complete the following word association question. Please review the ten most common word association responses for the following stimuli: butterfly, hungry, red, and salt and identify which given words appear to have the strongest semantic links with each stimuli. Why do think some words listed have a stronger semantic link to the stimuli then others? Classify the word association relationship for all ten words for each category (i.e., superordination, opposite, collection).

Figure 11: Common Word Associations (Adaptation based on Aitchison, 1994 )

10. Examine your answers from Question 9. Was one type of word association significantly more represented than the others? Identify what type of word association response this would be and why you believe it was the most salient in comparison to other types of word association relationship (i.e., superordination, opposite, collection).

Part 3: How to conduct Lexical Access Experimental Tasks
Experiment 1

Apparatus Required : an audio-recoding device and a list of 20 common high-frequency nouns (further described below).

To conduct a word association task similar to the Question 9 in Part 2 above, first begin by choosing 20 high-frequency nouns (i.e., dog, car). You can either type out your list or write it down on a single sheet of paper. You will need to recruit a minimum of 10 participants to conduct this experiment. Based on the types of word associations described in Part 2 (i.e., opposites, superordinate, etc), hypothesize which type of word association will be most frequently represented by participants' responses.

Bring the participants into a quiet study space individually and turn on the audio-recording device. As you read aloud the list of 30 nouns aloud to each participant, they are required to respond with the first word that come into their head for each item on the list. Once you have conducted this experiment on all your participants, look at your data and categorized the types of responses into a type of word association (i.e., opposites). Is one type of word association significantly more represented by participants' responses than the others? If so, does your findings support your hypothesis? Provide some explanations why your hypothesis may or may not have turned out as you thought.

Experiment 2

Apparatus Required : a stopwatch, one frequent/non-word list, and one non-frequent/non-word list (further described below).

As learned in this chapter, lexical items that are accessed most frequently are also accessed more quickly. To illustrate this frequency effect, please conduct the following lexical decision test. First, you must create a list of 15 monosyllabic four-letter words that are used frequently in English. For example, your list could include the following: GAME, PLAY, FISH, TIME, BOOK, CALL. It is important to choose a variety of words and avoid choosing all 15 words from the same category (i.e. 15 types of four-letter word fish: bass, pike, tuna, etc.) Next, create a list of 15 monosyllabic four-letter words that are used infrequently in English. It is important for both lists to have the same balance of word categories. (i.e both should have two frequently and infrequent words from a colour category. Frequent - pink, blue and infrequent  jade, rose). Lastly, you will need to compile a list of 30 four-letter monosyllabic non-words that represent possible words within the rules of English spelling (i.e., BINK rather than XYJA). You will need to divide this list of 30 non-words equally and randomly among the lists of frequently and infrequently used words in English. You should end up with two lists. One list will be comprised of 15 frequent words and 15 non-words in four-letter monosyllables. The other list will be comprised of 15 infrequent words and 15 non-words in four-letter monosyllables. In both lists, do not place all non-words as the first 15 and frequent/infrequent words as the second 15 on the list. It is important to insert the words and non-words randomly and evenly into the two lists.

Type or write out the two lists of 30 entries onto a single sheet of paper. To examine frequency effects in lexical decisions, you will need to recruit a minimum of 10 participants to conduct this experiment. Each participant will be instructed to read both the frequent/non-word and non-frequent/non-word lists quietly. Participants should also be randomly assigned to two conditions, in which one condition will be presented with the frequent/non-word list first, while the other half should be presented with the infrequent/non-word list first. Hypothesize what you expect to find when comparing participants' reaction times between these two lists (i.e., equal in length, one greater than the other, etc).

To conduct this experiment, bring the participants into a quiet study space individually and ensure a stopwatch is accessible. Hand the participants the the first word-list (in correspondence to their group condition) and start recording the time (seconds). Have participants inform you when they have completed reading all 30-items on the word list and stop recording the time. You will then need to write the duration the participant's response took on a data collection (please see Figure 12 for a sample). Then, hand the participant the second 30-item sheet and being recording their response time (seconds). Once again, write the duration the participant's response took on a data collection. Once you have conducted this experiment on all your participants, look at your data and examine if there is a notable difference in response times between the frequent/non-word list and infrequent/non-word list first. Does your findings support your hypothesis? Based on the information given in this chapter, provide some explanations as to why your hypothesis may or may not have turned out as you thought.

Figure 12: Example of Data Collection Sheet for Experiment 2

 * }

title: Psycholinguistics/Lexical Access


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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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User:Chawannuch

My name is Chawannuch Saknarongdech. I was born in 23 August 1991. I am a student at MUIC. My major is TIM and I also minoring in German. I like comics and novels. My first goal is to graduate from MUIC within 4 years and travel around as many places as possible.

The following steps are things that you should consider before buy a personal computer. 1.Motherboard: The Motherboard's FSB (Front Side Bus) speed is an important indicator of a Computer's speed. It is a bi-directional bus that carries all electronic signals to and from the CPU to the components - Hard Disk, Main Memory, etc. The faster the FSB, the faster your Computer! Today's fastest FSBs come at speeds above 1 GHz!

2.Processor: Currently, the following Intel Processors are available: 1.Intel Core i3 Processor, with the 540 and the 530 Product Numbers 2.Intel Core i5 Processor, with a variety of Product Numbers 3.Intel Core 17 Processor, again with a variety of Product Numbers available under it

3.Hard Disk: Current technologies here are ISA and SATA, with Hard Disk speeds being 5400 RPM, 7200 RPM and 10000 RPM. Of the two technologies, SATA is faster and costlier. Today's Hard Disks come with capacities of 320 GB and even 500 GB!

4.Main Memory: •you will need at least 2 GB Memory. Today's Computers come with 2, 3, even 4 GB Memory!

5.Graphics and Sound: All Motherboards today come with built-in Graphics and Sound. This was not the case earlier. However, the Graphics and Sound that is built into the motherboard is very basic. 1.Most of the graphics-intensive programs - AutoCAD, CorelDRAW and the like, would run much faster with an add-on Graphics card with dedicated memory. In fact, many of today's graphics-intensive games would not even start playing, on the built-in graphics or sound card! This is because before starting up the game, the game would look for a dedicated Graphics Card. If it does not find any, it would not start up! So if you plan to run more that a Word processor, e-Mail, Browser and such stuff, a dedicated Graphics Card such as nVIDIA or Radeon, with 512 MB or even 1 GB of dedicated Video RAM is a must!

6.Optical Drive: Today, you have a choice of Optical Drives. Here are the choices you have: 1.CD-ROM Drive (Read CDs) 2.Combo Drives (Read and Write CDs, Read DVDs) 3.Super Drive (Read and Write CDs as well as DVDs) 4.Blu-Ray Drives (Read and Write CDs, DVDs as well as the new Blu-Ray Disks)

7.Operating System: Lastly - and equally importantly, your choice of Operating System will also affect your specifications. While Windows XP would run quite well with 512 MB Memory, you will require a minimum 1 GB, if your choice is Windows Vista Business: we recommend 2 GB RAM if you are choosing a machine running Vista Home Premium, Vista Business or Vista Ultimate. Interestingly, the latest version of Windows, Windows 7, requires less in terms of Memory, than its predecessor, Windows Vista! However, we recommend that you still go for 2 GB Memory, if your new Machine has Windows 7 on it

Reference: welloiledpc,(n.d.)The BEST PC Specifications. Retrieved from http://welloiledpc.com/pcspecs.htm ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HOMEWORK#3

IPHONE 4 Build and design - At 9.3mm thick, the new iPhone is 24 per cent slimmer than the iPhone 3GS, and Apple claim it's the "slimmest smartphone on the planet.” It’s built with stainless steel and glass for strength and scratch-resistance.

Processor - Apple’s bespoke A4 processor nestles within the new iPhone’s innards. It’s the same as is found in the iPad and provides super speedy operation and quick multi-tasking.

Operating system - The recently renamed iOS 4 brings much sought-after multi-tasking, the ability to organise apps into folders, the iBooks store, threaded email and the new iAds in-app advertising platform to the phone. iOS4.1 which has just been launched, adds uploading hi-def video over Wi-Fi, High Dynamic Range photos, and a Game Centre for multiplayer gaming. Multi-tasking - Double tap the home button to see a list of recently used apps and switch between them. Crucially this means you can listen to third-party music apps (like Spotify) or receive VoIP calls while using other programs.

Display - Apple calls it the ‘Retina Display’- it’s 3.5 inches and has a resolution of 960x640 pixels, four times more pixels than the iPhone 3GS. With 326px per inch and an 800:1 contrast ratio, it's been lauded as better than OLED.

Battery life - A bigger battery, coupled with the Apple A4 processor's efficiency, make for claims of 7 hours 3G talktime, 6 hours 3G browsing, 10 hours WiFi browsing, 10 hours music, 40 hours of music, and 300 hours of standby.

Connectivity - Connectivity is Quad band hspda/hsupa, giving a potential 7.2mbps down, 5.8 up. An 802.11n Wi-Fi chip will provide blistering speeds when in range.

Camera(s) - The camera’s had a major beefing. This time there’s a 5-Megapixel cam on the back with a backside illumination sensor and LED flash, plus a VGA cam on the front for the new ‘FaceTime’ video calling feature. It’ll also shoot 720p HD video at 30fps.

Data storage - 16 and 32GB models are available

Apps - You know the drill; paid and free apps from all and sundry on the App Store. At the time of writing there are around 225,000 apps. Apple tightly controls what makes it in.

Special features? - The new iPhone benefits from the iMovie app ($4.99) that lets you extensively edit and upload videos on the phone. There’s also a built in Gyro, for 6-axis motion-controlled gaming, plus a dual mic with noise suppression tech built in. Apple thinks its FaceTime video calling feature will “change everything.”

_________________

 HTC Desire

Build and design - HTC Desire: A simple, understated but ultimately classy design, built with a rubberized plastic back to be reasonably tough. The new optical track pad eschews the trackball for slimness and aesthetics, while tactile buttons at the bottom feel better than the Nexus One’s touch-sensitive ones.

Processor - The increasingly popular Qualcomm SnapDragon processor gifts the Desire 1 GHz of power, making it extremely swift.

Operating system - The Desire ships with Android 2.1, but is soon to get the ‘Froyo’ 2.2 update. According to reports, this will make it 450% quicker, allow you to store apps on the MicroSD and gift support for Flash 10.1 during web browsing.

Multi-tasking - The Android platform supports multi-tasking like a champ, letting you easily switch between several running apps. Heavy multi-tasking does take its toll on the battery life, though.

Display - A 3.7-inch AMOLED screen that provides pin-sharp detail while not being too power hungry. Being OLED, it can prove hard to read in bright daylight.

Battery life - 400 minutes of GSM talk time, 390 over 3G. HTC claim the Desire has 390 hours standby time.

Connectivity - Near identical. HTC say the Desire boasts a 7.2 Mbps download speed and 2 Mbps upload speed over 3G. The Wi-Fi chip is the same as the iPhone: 802.11 b/g.

Camera- The Desire sports a very impressive 5-Megapixel camera with LED flash. Video and images aren’t HD, but it’s certainly up there with the best smart phones around.

______________________________________________________

Nokia N8

Screen - The Nokia N8’s 360 x 640 pixels 3.5-inch touchscreen is extremely adequate and, as is the case with a lot of Nokia devices, there’s the option to watch videos on your TV via your phone, which is a lovely little touch – and lessens the necessity of having an immaculate screen.

Camera - Nokia knows how to do cameras, with even its low-end devices usually sporting a 5-megapixel Carl Zeiss camera. And, predictably, the Nokia N8 is no exception to this rule and features a massively powerful 12-megapixel camera and Xenon Flash. In short, the Nokia N8 will take some seriously impressive snaps.

Operating System - The Nokia N8 is powered by the new Symbian^3 OS and, while it may have ironed out a lot of the niggles, such as constant confirmation requests, it still remains to be seen whether or not it’ll stand tall amongst the Android and, more importantly, iPhone 4s of the world.

Keys and input methods * Physical keys (Menu key, Power key, Lock key, volume keys, Camera key) * Finger touch support for text input and UI control * On-screen alphanumeric keypad and full keyboard * Dedicated camera and volume keys * Possibility to use capacitive stylus * Handwriting recognition for Chinese

Colours * Anodized aluminium casing, available in: o Silver white o Dark grey o Orange o Blue o Green * Colour availability varies by country

Personalisation * Up to three customisable home screens: o Widgets o Themes o Shortcuts o Icons o Menu * Customisable profiles * Ring tones: mp3, AAC, eAAC, eAAC+, WMA, AMR-NB, AMR-WB * Themes o wallpapers o screensavers o audio themes o pre-installed themes o changeable colour themes

Power Management

* BL-4D 1200 mAh Li-Ion battery * Talk-time (maximum): o GSM 720 mins o WCDMA 350 mins * Standby time (maximum): o GSM 390 h             o WCDMA 400 h        * Video playback time (H.264 720p, 30 fps, maximum): 6 h (via HDMI to TV) * Video recording time (H.264 720p, 25 fps, maximum): 3 h 20 mins * Video call time (maximum): 160 mins * Internal memory: 16 GB music playback time (offline mode, maximum): 50 h

Operation times may very depending on radio access technology used, operator network configuration and usage. Memory * Internal memory: 16 GB       * MicroSD memory card slot, hot swappable, up to 32 GB

Operating Frequency * GSM/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 * WCDMA 850/900/1700/1900/2100 * Automatic switching between WCDMA & GSM bands * Flight mode ______________________________________________________________________________

What I choose between Iphone4, HTC, and Nokia? If I have to choose one of these three devices, I will choose Iphone4. IPhone 4 uses IPS technology which also used in IPAD and with a high pixel resolution of 640 x 960, no human eyes can ever distinguish any dot pixels on the screen. The HTC Desire and Nokia N8 also have high resolution, but iphone 4 is definitely the winner, in my opinion. Moreover, these three types of smart phones are also similar in terms of camera, but iphone 4 can record 720p HD video. One of the uniqueness that I really like about iphone is its iPod integration features. However, one of the main reasons why I choose iphone 4 is its outside look. Iphone 4 is one of the world thinnest smart phones, but it also has a good shape and looks very modern to me. It comes with the memory of 16 GB or 32 GB, so I do not need to but extra expansion memory like in HTC or Nokia N8. Speaking of application, my favorite is going to be iphone because the Apple Stores has nearly five times as many apps as HTC and Nokia. I used to have Nokia n7, but there is so limited of free apps. Moreover, one thing that I love about the Apple App Store is the ability to browse the store on our PCs and side-load apps to the phone. Another thing that I love about Apple is its protection from viruses. As I said earlier that I once used Nokia N7, I went online and received viruses that I had to take it to the Nokia shop to fix. According to my research, HTC also runs window program which possible for viruses. Nokia N8 doesn’t have front camera, and even though HTC has a front camera, Iphone4 is much better in terms of pixels.

title: User:Chawannuch


text:
User:Patt~enwikiversity

My name is Patcharaporn Laobundhitporn. People call me patt as a nickname. I am 19 years old, a sophomore at MUIC. My major is BBA-TIM and my minor is Spanish. I am interested in traveling, art and dancing. My future goal is to travel the world seeing new things, knowing new people and getting a life fulled with adventures and laughters, but before that I am aiming to graduate within 6 years with both bachelor and master degrees.

IPHONE 4 Build and design

At 9.3mm thick, the new iPhone is 24 per cent slimmer than the iPhone 3GS, and Apple claim it's the "slimmest smartphone on the planet.” It’s built with stainless steel and glass for strength and scratch-resistance.

Processor

Apple’s bespoke A4 processor nestles within the new iPhone’s innards. It’s the same as is found in the iPad and provides super speedy operation and quick multi-tasking.

Operating system

The recently renamed iOS 4 brings much sought-after multi-tasking, the ability to organise apps into folders, the iBooks store, threaded email and the new iAds in-app advertising platform to the phone. iOS4.1 which has just been launched, adds uploading hi-def video over Wi-Fi, High Dynamic Range photos, and a Game Centre for multiplayer gaming.

Multi-tasking

Double tap the home button to see a list of recently used apps and switch between them. Crucially this means you can listen to third-party music apps (like Spotify) or receive VoIP calls while using other programs.

Display

Apple calls it the ‘Retina Display’- it’s 3.5 inches and has a resolution of 960x640 pixels, four times more pixels than the iPhone 3GS. With 326px per inch and an 800:1 contrast ratio, it's been lauded as better than OLED.

Battery life

A bigger battery, coupled with the Apple A4 processor's efficiency, make for claims of 7 hours 3G talktime, 6 hours 3G browsing, 10 hours WiFi browsing, 10 hours music, 40 hours of music, and 300 hours of standby.

Connectivity

Connectivity is Quad band hspda/hsupa, giving a potential 7.2mbps down, 5.8 up. An 802.11n Wi-Fi chip will provide blistering speeds when in range.

Camera(s)

The camera’s had a major beefing. This time there’s a 5-Megapixel cam on the back with a backside illumination sensor and LED flash, plus a VGA cam on the front for the new ‘FaceTime’ video calling feature. It’ll also shoot 720p HD video at 30fps.

Data storage

16 and 32GB models are available

Apps

You know the drill; paid and free apps from all and sundry on the App Store. At the time of writing there are around 225,000 apps. Apple tightly controls what makes it in.

Special features?

The new iPhone benefits from the iMovie app ($4.99) that lets you extensively edit and upload videos on the phone. There’s also a built in Gyro, for 6-axis motion-controlled gaming, plus a dual mic with noise suppression tech built in. Apple thinks its FaceTime video calling feature will “change everything.” _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HTC Desire Build and design

HTC Desire: A simple, understated but ultimately classy design, built with a rubberized plastic back to be reasonably tough. The new optical track pad eschews the trackball for slimness and aesthetics, while tactile buttons at the bottom feel better than the Nexus One’s touch-sensitive ones.

Processor

The increasingly popular Qualcomm SnapDragon processor gifts the Desire 1 GHz of power, making it extremely swift.

Operating system

The Desire ships with Android 2.1, but is soon to get the ‘Froyo’ 2.2 update. According to reports, this will make it 450% quicker, allow you to store apps on the MicroSD and gift support for Flash 10.1 during web browsing.

Multi-tasking

The Android platform supports multi-tasking like a champ, letting you easily switch between several running apps. Heavy multi-tasking does take its toll on the battery life, though.

Display

A 3.7-inch AMOLED screen that provides pin-sharp detail while not being too power hungry. Being OLED, it can prove hard to read in bright daylight.

Battery life

400 minutes of GSM talk time, 390 over 3G. HTC claim the Desire has 390 hours standby time.

Connectivity

Near identical. HTC say the Desire boasts a 7.2 Mbps download speed and 2 Mbps upload speed over 3G. The Wi-Fi chip is the same as the iPhone: 802.11 b/g.

Camera(s)

The Desire sports a very impressive 5-Megapixel camera with LED flash. Video and images aren’t HD, but it’s certainly up there with the best smart phones around. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  Nokia N8

Dimensions

* Size: 113.5 x 59 x 12.9 mm       * Weight (with battery): 135 g        * Volume: 86 cc

Display and user interface

* Screen size: 3.5"       * Resolution: 16:9 nHD (640 x 360 pixels) AMOLED        * 16.7 million colours        * Capacitive touch screen        * Orientation sensor (Accelerometer)        * Compass (Magnetometer)        * Proximity sensor        * Ambient light detector

Keys and input methods

* Physical keys (Menu key, Power key, Lock key, volume keys, Camera key) * Finger touch support for text input and UI control * On-screen alphanumeric keypad and full keyboard * Dedicated camera and volume keys * Possibility to use capacitive stylus * Handwriting recognition for Chinese

Colours

* Anodized aluminium casing, available in: o Silver white o Dark grey o Orange o Blue o Green * Colour availability varies by country

Personalisation

* Up to three customisable home screens: o Widgets o Themes o Shortcuts o Icons o Menu * Customisable profiles * Ring tones: mp3, AAC, eAAC, eAAC+, WMA, AMR-NB, AMR-WB * Themes o wallpapers o screensavers o audio themes o pre-installed themes o changeable colour themes

Power Management

* BL-4D 1200 mAh Li-Ion battery * Talk-time (maximum): o GSM 720 mins o WCDMA 350 mins * Standby time (maximum): o GSM 390 h             o WCDMA 400 h        * Video playback time (H.264 720p, 30 fps, maximum): 6 h (via HDMI to TV) * Video recording time (H.264 720p, 25 fps, maximum): 3 h 20 mins * Video call time (maximum): 160 mins * Internal memory: 16 GB music playback time (offline mode, maximum): 50 h

Operation times may very depending on radio access technology used, operator network configuration and usage. Memory

* Internal memory: 16 GB       * MicroSD memory card slot, hot swappable, up to 32 GB

Operating Frequency

* GSM/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 * WCDMA 850/900/1700/1900/2100 * Automatic switching between WCDMA & GSM bands * Flight mode

Data Network

* GPRS/EDGE class B, multislot class 33 * HSDPA Cat9, maximum speed up to 10.2 Mbps, HSUPA Cat5 2.0 Mbps * WLAN IEEE802.11 b/g/n * TCP/IP support * Capability to serve as data modem * Support for MS Outlook synchronisation of contacts, calendar and notes

Connectivity

* Bluetooth 3.0 * HDMI * 2mm Charging connector * Micro USB connector and charging * High-Speed USB 2.0 (micro USB connector) o USB On-the-Go * 3.5 mm AV connector o FM Radio o FM Transmitter

Software platform & user interface

* Symbian ^3 for Nokia * Java MIDP 2.1 * Qt 4.6.2, Web Runtime 7.2 o HTML 4.1 * Software updates Over the Air (FOTA) & Over the internet (FOTI) * Flash Lite 4.0 * OMA DM 1.2, OMA Client provisioning 1.1

Personal Information Management (PIM)

* Detailed contact information * Calendar * To-do list * Notes * Recorder * Calculator * Clock

Email and messaging

* Easy-to-use email client with attachment support for images, videos, music and documents .doc, .xls, .ppt, .pdf, .zip * HTML support for email * Unified push email client supporting multiple protocols: Yahoo!® Mail, Gmail™, Windows Live™, Hotmail and other popular POP/IMAP services, Mail for Exchange * Editing of key office documents * Email web widget for home screen * Unified MMS/SMS editor * Conversational view for SMS

Call management

* Contacts: advanced contacts database with support for multiple phone and e-mail details per entry with personal  thumbnail pictures and video clips * Smart dialling to find phone numbers quickly * Speed dialling, voice dialling (speaker independent) and voice commands * Logs of dialled, received and missed calls * Conference calling * Integrated hands-free speaker * Video calling

Browsing and internet

* Full web browsing of real web pages * Web browsing with touch control * Supported markup languages: HTML, XHTML MP, WML, CSS * Supported protocols: HTTP v1.1, WAP * TCP/IP support * Visual history, HTML and JavaScript support * Flash Lite 4 will support a majority of Flash Player 10.1 content * Nokia Mobile Search * RSS reader * Support for streaming video * Unified home screen access to Facebook and Twitter through Ovi by Nokia Social client * Social networking profiles visible in phone contacts * Upload and view photos and video and see locations via Ovi by Nokia Social client * Social networking events visible in phone calendar

GPS and navigation

* Integrated GPS, A-GPS receivers * Ovi Maps with free car & pedestrian navigation * Wi-Fi Positioning * Compass and accelerometer for correct orientation of display * Use Nokia Ovi Suite to get the latest country maps for Ovi Maps on N8 for free

Camera

* 12 megapixel camera with Carl Zeiss optics * Large 1/1.83" optical format image sensor       * Fullscreen 16:9 viewfinder with easy-to-use touch screen parameters        * Xenon flash with automatic red-eye removal        * Face tracking/detection software        * Autofocus        * Focal length: 5.9 mm (equivalent to 28mm in 35mm film format)        * F number/Aperture: F2.8        * Still images file format: JPEG/EXIF        * Zoom up to 2x (digital) for still images        * Zoom up to 3x (digital) for video        * Secondary camera for video calls (QVGA, 640 x 480 pixels), still image and video capture        * Favourite settings feature        * Still camera manual controls for white balance, scene mode, exposure compensation, colour tone, viewfinder framing grid, sharpness, contrast, flash control, light sensitivity (ISO), self-timer, face detection

Video cameras

* Main camera o 12 megapixel with Carl Zeiss optics o HD quality 720p resolution o Shoot 16:9 videos in HD             o 3x digital zoom * Video capture in 720p 25 fps with codecs H.264, MPEG-4 * Ambient stereo audio recording in video (AAC 128kbps, 48 kHz sampling) plus new algorithms to reduce wind noise and control recording level in harsh environments * Settings for low light (reduced frame rate), white balance, colour tone * Secondary camera for video calls (QVGA, 640 x 480 pixels), still image and video capture

Music features

* Flick scroll to browse the albums in your music collection * Ovi Music Unlimited service on selected markets * Nokia Ovi Player * Ovi Music * MP3, WMA, AAC, eAAC, eAAC+, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, E-AC-3, AC-3 * Bit rate up tp 320 kbps * DRM support WM DRM, OMA DRM 2.0 * FM transmitter

Radio

* Stereo FM radio (87.5-108 MHz/76-90 MHz)

Energy efficiency

* Power Save mode, ambient light sensor, unplug charger reminder, Nokia Compact Travel Charger AC-15

Materials

* Free of PVC, free of brominated & chlorinated compounds and free of antimony trioxide as defined in Nokia Substance List, bio-based materials in inner parts of the product

Packaging

* Made of renewable, 100 % recyclable _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

For the phone that I would choose from the three, It would be Nokia N8. The main reasons are software, camera and design. All in all the specs of these three are nearly the same, for example, they all have memory slot which can be up to 32GB. And they can access to the internet as well, so with the similarity of hardware, it brings me to look at the software instead. With iPhone, in order to put music or vedio on, I need to do it through the program iTune, which from my experience with iTouch, it is sometimes complicated. With nokia n8, you can easier put stuffs into the phone directly through USB and I like that. Coming to the camera, Nokia N8 has the highest number of pixels, so I choose it because of its quality. Talking about the design, just really simple, I prefer to own white mobile phone and smaller size rather than owning a black and super formal-look one like HTC. Nokia is my only choice here definitely.

title: User:Patt~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Minzarecon

Hi.... My name is Phuminth Chitiparlungsri (Nickname: Min). I'm a third year student at MUIC. My ID is 5180384 I like driving cars, racing cars. Durring my free time, I usually chill out with my girlfriend or my friends. This term I study a subject call Essential Computer with ajarn Brian Archer Philips. He was a very nice instructor. I'm looking forward to study with him.

title: User talk:Minzarecon


text:
User talk:Sgallo

 Hello Sgallo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Sgallo