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Solar System, technical/Saturn

The 6th planet Saturn is first recorded around 1610 by Galileo and is most widely recognised by it's icy rings. It has an atmosphere which is rich in both Hydrogen and Helium. Over 24 moons and satellite bodies orbit the planet of which Titan is the largest with an atmospheric pressure on the surface 50% greater than that on Earth.

Physical Features
With an average density lower than water Saturn is unlikely to contain any solid surface under it's hazy exterior.

 * Rings
 * C ring - Innermost ring, dark in colour. Also called the Crepe ring.
 * B ring - Between the C ring and Cassini's division.
 * A ring - The large ring between the Cassini division and the Enke division
 * G ring - Outermost ring, quite thin.

The gaps between the rings are formed in some cases due to resonances with moons or confined by shepherd satellites which gravitationally tug straying particles back into the rings. There are not enough moons to fully account for all the ringlets hence it is believed that gravitational / spiral waves are to account for them (akin to the spiral density waves in galaxies).

Exploration
Studied briefly by a Pioneer mission it has been much more extensively studied by the Cassini mission since the spacecraft arrived in 2004.

Statistics

 * Average distance from sun: 9.5388 AU (14.27 x 10^8km)
 * Average orbital velocity: 9.64 km/s
 * Orbital period: 29.461 years (10,760 days)
 * Rotation period: 10h 39m 25s
 * Average density: 0.69 g/cm^3
 * Gravity at base of clouds: 1.16 G
 * Temperature at cloud tops: -180 C (-292 F)

Meteor astronomy
"The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals"

"In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the Voyager encounters and in 1994, another, smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a Great White Spot, a unique but short-lived phenomenon that occurs once every Saturnian year, roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's summer solstice. Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933 and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the most famous. If the periodicity is maintained, another storm will occur in about 2020. "

"Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1800 km/h ... Voyager data indicate peak easterly winds of 500 m/s (1800 km/h). "

"Infrared imaging has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm polar vortex, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System. Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally −185 °C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as −122 °C, believed to be the warmest spot on Saturn. "

"A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. "

The second image at left is Saturn's atmosphere and its rings shown "in a false color composite made from Cassini images taken in near infrared light through filters that sense different amounts of methane gas. Portions of the atmosphere with a large abundance of methane above the clouds are red, indicating clouds that are deep in the atmosphere. Grey indicates high clouds and brown indicates clouds at intermediate altitudes. The rings are bright blue because there is no methane gas between the ring particles and the camera."

"A large, bright and complex convective storm that appeared in Saturn's southern hemisphere in mid-September 2004 was the key in solving a long-standing mystery about the ringed planet."

"The complex feature with arms and secondary extensions just above and to the right of center is called the Dragon Storm. It lies in a region of the southern hemisphere referred to as "storm alley" by imaging scientists because of the high level of storm activity observed there by Cassini in the last year."

"Dragon Storm (dubbed so in September 2004 because of its unusual shape) is a large, bright and complex convective storm in Saturn's southern hemisphere. The Saturnian storm appears to be long-lived and periodically flares up to produce dramatic white plumes which then subside. The storm is a strong source of radio emissions."

X-ray astronomy
The X-ray astronomy image of Saturn is on the left in the composite at right. The Chandra X-ray Observatory "image of Saturn held some surprises for the observers. First, Saturn's 90 megawatts of X-radiation is concentrated near the equator. This is different from a similar gaseous giant planet, Jupiter, where the most intense X-rays are associated with the strong magnetic field near its poles. Saturn's X-ray spectrum, or the distribution of its X-rays according to energy, was found to be similar to that of X-rays from the Sun. This indicates that Saturn's X-radiation is due to the reflection of solar X-rays by Saturn's atmosphere. The intensity of these reflected X-rays was unexpectedly strong. ... The optical image of Saturn is also due to the reflection of light from the Sun - visible wavelength light in this case - but the optical and X-ray images obviously have dramatic differences. The optical image is much brighter, and shows the beautiful ring structures, which were not detected in X-rays. This is because the Sun emits about a million times more power in visible light than in X-rays, and X-rays reflect much less efficiently from Saturn's atmosphere and rings."

Ultraviolet astronomy
"One of a series, this image [at right] of Saturn was taken when the planet's rings were at their maximum tilt of 27 degrees toward Earth. Saturn experiences seasonal tilts away from and toward the sun, much the same way Earth does. This happens over the course of its 29.5-year orbit. Every 30 years, Earth observers can catch their best glimpse of Saturn's south pole and the southern side of the planet's rings. ... NASA's Hubble Space Telescope [captured detailed images of Saturn's Southern Hemisphere and the southern face of its rings."

The movie at right records Saturn "when its rings were edge-on, resulting in a unique movie featuring the nearly symmetrical light show at both of the giant planet's poles. It takes Saturn almost thirty years to orbit the Sun, with the opportunity to image both of its poles occurring only twice during that time. The light shows, called aurorae, are produced when electrically charged particles race along the planet's magnetic field and into the upper atmosphere where they excite atmospheric gases, causing them to glow. Saturn's aurorae resemble the same phenomena that take place at the Earth's poles."

"Powered by the Saturnian equivalent of (filamentary) Birkeland currents, streams of charged particles from the interplanetary medium interact with the planet's magnetic field and funnel down to the poles. Double layers are associated with (filamentary) currents, and their electric fields accelerate ions and electrons. "

"Towering more than 1,000 miles above the cloud tops, these Saturnian auroral displays are analogous to Earth's. ... In this false color image, the dramatic red aurora identify emission from atomic hydrogen, while the more concentrated white areas are due to hydrogen molecules."

"The best view of Saturn's rings in the ultraviolet indicates there is more ice toward the outer part of the rings, than in the inner part, hinting at the origins of the rings and their evolution."

"Images taken during the Cassini spacecraft's orbital insertion on June 30 show compositional variation in the A, B and C rings. From the inside out, the "Cassini Division" in faint red at left is followed by the A ring in its entirety. The Cassini Division at left contains thinner, dirtier rings than the turquoise A ring, indicating a more icy composition. The red band roughly three-fourths of the way outward in the A ring is known as the Encke gap."

"The ring system begins from the inside out with the D, C, B and A rings followed by the F, G and E rings. The red in the image indicates sparser ringlets likely made of "dirty," and possibly smaller, particles than in the icier turquoise ringlets."

The image at right "was taken with the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph instrument, which is capable of resolving the rings to show features up to 97 kilometers (60 miles) across, roughly 100 times the resolution of ultraviolet data obtained by the Voyager 2 spacecraft."

Violet astronomy
"The north polar region of Saturn is pictured in great detail in this Voyager 2 image obtained Aug. 25 from a range of 633,000 kilometers (393,000 miles)."

"Two oval cloud systems some 250 km (150 mi) across are visible at about 72 degrees north latitude. The bright spot in the center of the leftmost cloud is a convective cloud storm about 60 km. (37 mi.)across. The outer ring of material rotates in an anti-cyclonic sense(counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere). A similar cloud structure of comparable dimension appears at 55 degrees north (bottom center of this picture). These northern latitudes contain many bright, small-scale cloud spots--only a few tens of kilometers across--representative of convective cloud systems. Across the top of this image stretch several long, linear, wavelike features that may mark the northernmost east-flowing jet in Saturn's atmosphere."

"In this orange-and-violet-image composite, the smallest features visible are about 16 km. (10 mi.) across."

In the second image at right, "[t]he gas planet's subtle northward gradation from gold to azure is a striking visual effect that scientists don't fully understand. Current thinking says that it may be related to seasonal influences, tied to the cold temperatures in the northern (winter) hemisphere. Despite Cassini's revelations, Saturn remains a world of mystery."

Blue astronomy
In the image at right, "Mimas drifts along in its orbit against the azure backdrop of Saturn's northern latitudes in this true color view from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The long, dark lines on the atmosphere are shadows cast by the planet's rings."

"Saturn's northern hemisphere is presently relatively cloud-free, and rays of sunlight take a long path through the atmosphere. This results in sunlight being scattered at shorter (bluer) wavelengths, thus giving the northernmost latitudes their bluish appearance at visible wavelengths."

Infrared astronomy
At right is an infrared astronomy image of Saturn. "This is the sharpest image of Saturn's temperature emissions taken from the ground; it is a mosaic of 35 individual exposures made at the W.M. Keck I Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii on Feb. 4, 2004. The images to create this mosaic were taken with infrared radiation. The black square at 4 o'clock represents missing data."

"In the most precise reading of Saturn's temperatures ever taken from Earth, a new set of infrared images suggests a warm "polar vortex" at Saturn's south pole - the first warm polar cap ever to be discovered in the solar system. The vortex is punctuated by a compact spot that is the warmest place on the planet."

"The puzzle isn't that Saturn's south pole is warm; after all, it has been exposed to 15 years of continuous sunlight, having just reached its summer Solstice late in 2002. But both the distinct boundary of a warm polar vortex some 30 degrees latitude from the southern pole and a very hot "tip" right at the pole were completely unexpected. If the increased southern temperatures are the result of the seasonal variations of sunlight, then temperatures should increase gradually with increasing latitude. But they don't – the tropospheric temperature increases toward the pole abruptly near 70 degrees latitude from 88 to 89 Kelvin (- 301 to -299 degrees Fahrenheit) and then to 91 Kelvin (-296 degrees Fahrenheit) right at the pole. Near 70 degrees latitude, the stratospheric temperature increases even more abruptly from 146 to 150 Kelvin (-197 to -189 degrees Fahrenheit) and then again to 151 Kelvin (-188 degrees Fahrenheit) right at the pole."

The second image at right is "constructed from data collected in the near-infrared wavelengths of light, the auroral emission is shown in green. The data represents emissions from hydrogen ions in of light between 3 and 4 microns in wavelength. In general, scientists designated blue to indicate sunlight reflected at a wavelength of 2 microns, green to indicate sunlight reflected at 3 microns and red to indicate thermal emission at 5 microns. Saturn's rings reflect sunlight at 2 microns, but not at 3 and 5 microns, so they appear deep blue. Saturn's high altitude haze reflects sunlight at both 2 and 3 microns, but not at 5 microns, and so it appears green to blue-green. The heat emission from the interior of Saturn is only seen at 5 microns wavelength in the spectrometer data, and thus appears red. The dark spots and banded features in the image are clouds and small storms that outline the deeper weather systems and circulation patterns of the planet. They are illuminated from underneath by Saturn's thermal emission, and thus appear in silhouette. The composite image was made from 65 individual observations by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer on 1 November 2008. The observations were each six minutes long."

The third image at right shows Saturn's northern polar region with "the aurora and underlying atmosphere, seen at two different wavelengths of infrared light as captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Energetic particles, crashing into the upper atmosphere cause the aurora, shown in blue, to glow brightly at 4 microns (six times the wavelength visible to the human eye). The image shows both a bright ring, as seen from Earth, as well as an example of bright auroral emission within the polar cap that had been undetected until the advent of Cassini. This aurora, which defies past predictions of what was expected, has been observed to grow even brighter than is shown here. Silhouetted by the glow (cast here to the color red) of the hot interior of Saturn (clearly seen at a wavelength of 5 microns, or seven times the wavelength visible to the human eye) are the clouds and haze that underlie this auroral region."

Also on the right is a fourth image of Saturn's north polar region in infrared. "This striking false-color mosaic was created from 25 images taken by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer over a period of 13 hours, and captures Saturn in nighttime and daytime conditions. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer acquires data simultaneously at 352 different wavelengths, or spectral channels. Data at wavelengths of 2.3, 3.0 and 5.1 microns were combined in the blue, green and red channels of a standard color image, respectively, to make this false-color mosaic."

"This image was acquired on 24 February 2007, while the spacecraft was 1.58 million km (1 million miles) from the planet and 34.6 degrees above the ring plane. The solar phase angle was 69.5 degrees. In this view, Cassini was looking down on the northern, unlit side of the rings, which are rendered visible by sunlight filtering through from the sunlit, southern face."

"On the night side (right side of image), with no sunlight, Saturn's own thermal radiation lights things up. This light at 5.1 microns wavelength (some seven times the longest wavelength visible to the human eye) is generated deep within Saturn, and works its way upward, eventually escaping into space. Thick clouds deep in the atmosphere block that light. An amazing array of dark streaks, spots and globe-encircling bands is visible instead. Saturn's strong thermal glow at 5.1 microns even allows these deep clouds to be seen on portions of the dayside (left side), especially where overlying hazes are thin and the glint of the sun off of them is minimal. These deep clouds are likely made of ammonium hydrosulfide and cannot be seen in reflected light on the dayside, since the glint of the sun on overlying hazes and ammonia clouds blocks the view of this level."

"A pronounced difference in the brightness between the northern and southern hemispheres is apparent. The northern hemisphere is about twice as bright as the southern hemisphere. This is because high-level, fine particles are about half as prevalent in the northern hemisphere as in the south. These particles block Saturn's glow more strongly, making Saturn look brighter in the north."

"At 2.3 microns (shown in blue), the icy ring particles are highly reflecting, while methane gas in Saturn's atmosphere strongly absorbs sunlight and renders the planet very dark. At 3.0 microns (shown in green), the situation is reversed: water ice in the rings is strongly absorbing, while the planet's sunlit hemisphere is bright. Thus the rings appear blue in this representation, while the sunlit side of Saturn is greenish-yellow in color. Within the rings, the most opaque parts appear dark, while the more translucent regions are brighter. In particular, the opaque, normally-bright B ring appears here as a broad, dark band separating the brighter A (outer) and C (inner) rings."

"At 5.1 microns (shown in red), reflected sunlight is weak and thus light from the planet is dominated by thermal (i.e., heat) radiation that wells up from the planet's deep atmosphere. This thermal emission dominates Saturn's dark side as well as the north polar region (where the hexagon is again visible) and the shadow cast by the A and B rings. Variable amounts of clouds in the planet's upper atmosphere block the thermal radiation, leading to a speckled and banded appearance, which is ever-shifting due to the planet's strong winds."

The fifth infrared image of Saturn is a detailed false color image. "[T]aken in January 1998 by the Hubble Space Telescope [it] shows the ringed planet in reflected infrared light. Different colors [indicate] varying heights and compositions of cloud layers generally thought to consist of ammonia ice crystals. The eye-catching rings cast a shadow on Saturn's upper hemisphere, while the bright stripe seen within the left portion of the shadow is infrared sunlight streaming through the large gap in the rings known as the Cassini Division."

"Two of Saturn's many moons have also put in an appearance (in the full resolution version), Tethys just beyond the planet's disk at the upper right, and Dione at the lower left."

The panoramic images at right "from NASA's Cassini spacecraft chronicle a day in the life of a huge storm that developed from a small spot that appeared 12 weeks earlier in Saturn's northern mid-latitudes."

"This storm is the largest and most intense observed on Saturn by NASA's Voyager or Cassini spacecraft. The storm is still active. As seen in these and other Cassini images, the storm encircles the planet - whose circumference at these latitudes is 300,000 kilometres. From north to south, it covers a distance of about 15,000 kilometres, which is one-third of the way around the Earth. It encompasses an area of 4 billion square kilometres, or eight times the surface area of Earth. This storm is about 500 times the area of the biggest of the southern hemisphere storms ... observed by Cassini."

"The highest clouds in the image are probably around 100 millibars pressure, 100 kilometres above the regular undisturbed clouds. These false colors show clouds at different altitudes. Clouds that appear blue here are the highest and are semitransparent, or optically thin. Those that are yellow and white are optically thick clouds at high altitudes. Those shown green are intermediate clouds. Red and brown colors are clouds at low altitude unobscured by high clouds, and the deep blue color is a thin haze with no clouds below. The base of the clouds, where lightning is generated, is probably in the water cloud layer of Saturn's atmosphere. The storm clouds are likely made out of water ice covered by crystallized ammonia."

"Taken about 11 hours -- or one Saturn day -- apart, the two mosaics in the lower half of this image product consist of 84 images each. The mosaic in the middle was taken earlier than the mosaic at the bottom. Both mosaics were captured on Feb. 26, 2011, and each of the two batches of images was taken over about 4.5 hours."

"Two enlargements from the earlier, middle mosaic are shown at the top of this product. The white lines below the middle mosaic identify those parts of the mosaic that were enlarged for these close-up views. The enlargement on the top left shows the head of the storm, and that on the top right shows the turbulent middle of the storm. Cassini observations have shown the head of the storm drifting west at a rate of about 2.8 degrees of longitude each Earth day (28 meters per second, or 63 miles per hour). The central latitude of the storm is the site of a westward jet, which means that the clouds to the north and south are drifting westward more slowly or even drifting eastward. In contrast, clouds at Saturn's equator drift eastward at speeds up to 450 meters per second (1,000 miles per hour). "

"Both of the long mosaics cover an area ranging from about 30 degrees north latitude to 51 degrees north latitude. The views stretch from about 138 degrees west longitude on the left to 347 degrees west longitude on the right, passing through 360/0 degrees west longitude near the far right of the mosaics."

"The images were taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera using a combination of spectral filters sensitive to wavelengths of near-infrared light. The images filtered at 889 nanometers are projected as blue. The images filtered at 727 nanometers are projected as green, and images filtered at 750 nanometers are projected as red."

"The views were acquired at a distance of approximately 2.4 million kilometres from Saturn and at a sun-Saturn-spacecraft angle (phase angle) of 62 degrees. Both the top and bottom images are simple cylindrical map projections, defined such that a square pixel subtends equal intervals of latitude and longitude. At higher latitudes, the pixel size in the north-south direction remains the same, but the pixel size in the east-west direction becomes smaller. The pixel size is set at the equator, where the distances along the sides are equal. The images of the long mosaics have a pixel size of 53 kilometres at the equator, and the two close-up views have a pixel size of 9 kilometres per pixel at the equator."

Submillimeter astronomy
"[T]he PH3 1-0 rotational line (266.9 GHz) line [has been detected] in [the atmosphere of] Saturn".

Radio astronomy
"Three simultaneous radio signals at wavelengths of 0.94, 3.6, and 13 centimeters (Ka-, X-, and S-bands) were sent from Cassini through the rings to Earth. The observed change of each signal as Cassini moved behind the rings provided a profile of the distribution of ring material and an optical depth profile."

"This simulated image was constructed from the measured optical depth profiles of the Cassini Division and ring A. It depicts the observed structure at about 10 kilometers (6 miles) in resolution. The image shows the same ring A region depicted in a similar image (Multiple Eyes of Cassini), using a different color scheme to enhance the view of a remarkable array of over 40 wavy features called 'density waves' uncovered in the May 3 radio occultation throughout ring A."

"Color is used to represent information about ring particle sizes based on the measured effects of the three radio signals. Shades of red [purple] indicate regions where there is a lack of particles less than 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) in diameter. Green and blue shades indicate regions where there are particles of sizes smaller than 5 centimeters (2 inches) and 1 centimeter (less than one third of an inch), respectively."

"Note the gradual increase in shades of green towards the outer edge of ring A. It indicates gradual increase in the abundance of 5-centimeter (2-inch) and smaller particles. Note also the blue shades in the vicinity of the Keeler gap (the narrow dark band near the edge of ring A). They indicate increased abundance of even smaller particles of diameter less than a centimeter. Frequent collisions between large ring particles in this dynamically active region likely fragment the larger particles into more numerous smaller ones."

Atmospheric astronomy
"The planet exhibits a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere. ... [Its] exterior is predominantly composed of gas and it lacks a definite surface ... The planet primarily consists of hydrogen ... The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium. ... The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun. ... Trace amounts of ammonia, acetylene, ethane, propane, phosphine and methane have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere.  "

Stellar science
"Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. [It is n]amed after the Roman god Saturn ... Saturn is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. ... Saturn has a ring system that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs, composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-two known moons orbit the planet; fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of "moonlets" within the rings."

Classical planets
"Saturday is the day of Saturn, and the color of Saturn, according to astronomers, is said to be black".

“Saturn has been known since prehistoric times. ”.

Apparently 5102 b2k (before the year 2000.0), -3102 or 3102 BC, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet Saturn. "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

“Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. ”.

“Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the earth star”.

“In ancient Hebrew, Saturn is called 'Shabbathai'. Its angel is Cassiel. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is Agiel (layga) and its spirit (darker aspect) is Zazel (lzaz).”.

“In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, its name is 'Zuhal'”.

Anu
Anu may be an early Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian name for Saturn.

"An, the oldest and highest of the Sumero-Babylonian gods, whose primordial age was "the year of abundance," signified Saturn, according to Jensen.6"

Baal-hamon
"The potential cruelty of Saturn was enhanced by his identification with Cronus, known for devouring his own children. He was thus equated with the Carthaginian god Ba'al Hammon, to whom children were supposedly sacrificed. Saturn was also among the gods the Romans equated with Yahweh, whose Sabbath (on Saturday) he shared as his holy day."

"Modern scholars identify [Baal-hamon] variously with the Northwest Semitic god El or with Dagon. "

"Ancient Greek writers identified him with the Titan Cronus. In ancient Rome, he was identified with Saturn".

Cronus
“The Greeks had made the outermost planet sacred to Cronus, and the Romans followed suit.”.

El
"In the Canaanite religion, or Levantine religion as a whole, Ēl or Il was the supreme god, the father of humankind and all creatures and the husband of the goddess Asherah as recorded in the clay tablets of Ugarit ... The noun ʾēl was found at the top of a list of gods as the "Ancient of gods" or the "Father of all gods", in the ruins of the royal archive of the Ebla civilization, in the archaeological site of Tell Mardikh in Syria dated to 2300 BC."

"Ēl (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. Ēl is rather the son of Sky and Earth."

"Joseph Fontenrose first demonstrated that, whatever their deep origins, at Ugarit Dagon was identified with El, "

Osiris
"Osiris is the mythological father of the god Horus, whose conception is described in the Osiris myth, a central myth in ancient Egyptian belief. The myth described Osiris as having been killed by his brother Seth, who wanted Osiris' throne. Isis joined the fragmented pieces of Osiris, but the only body part missing was the phallus. Isis fashioned a golden phallus, and briefly brought Osiris back to life by use of a spell that she learned from her father. This spell gave her time to become pregnant by Osiris before he again died. Isis later gave birth to Horus. As such, since Horus was born after Osiris' resurrection, Horus became thought of as a representation of new beginnings and the vanquisher of the evil Set."

"The Phoenician El - Saturn - has four eyes, as does the Orphic Kronos (Saturn)."

"The Chinese Yellow Emperor Huang-ti--identified as Saturn--is also four-eyed.74"

"Osiris, as the Ram of Mendes, is the god of "four faces on one neck."62"

Have observers recorded images of sky entities in the green?

Saturnus
“In ancient Roman mythology, the god Saturnus, from which the planet takes its name, was the god of agriculture. The Romans considered Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus. ”.

“The Latins considered Saturn the predecessor of Jupiter. Saturn reigned in Latium during a mythical Golden Age reenacted every year at the festival of Saturnalia. Saturn also retained primacy in matters of agriculture and money. Unlike the Greek tradition of Cronus and Zeus, the usurpation of Saturn as king of the gods by Jupiter was not viewed by the Latins as violent or hostile; Saturn continued to be revered in his temple at the foot of the Capitol Hill, which maintained the alternative name Saturnius into the time of Varro. ”

Wanderers
"There is one God, greatest among gods and men, neither in shape nor in thought like unto mortals ... He abides ever in the same place motionless, and it befits him not to wander hither and thither."

"Saturn, the old man who lives at the north pole, and brings with him to the children of men a sprig of evergreen (the Christmas tree), is familiar to the little folks under the name Santa Claus, for he brings each winter the gift of a new year."

"The religions of all ancient nations ... associate the abode of the supreme God with the North Pole, the centre of heaven; or with the celestial space immediately surrounding it."

"Lenormant, speaking of Rome and Olympia, remarks, "It is impossible not to note that the Capitoline was first of all the Mount of Saturn, and that the Roman archaeologists established a complete affinity between the Capitoline and Mount Cronios in Olympia, from the standpoint of their traditions and religious origin (Dionysius Halicarn., i., 34). This Mount Cronios is, as it were, the Omphalos of the sacred city of Elis, the primitive centre of its worship. It sometimes receives the name Olympos."1 Here is not only symbolism in general, but also a symbolism pointing to the Arctic Eden, already shown to be the primeval mount of Kronos, the Omphalos of the whole earth.2"

"As an offshoot of these Hellenistic speculations we should place Tacitus, Histories V,2: "Iudaeos Creta insula profugos novissima Libyae insedisse memorant, qua tempestate Saturnus vi Jovis pulsus cesserit regnis" (quoted from Loeb Classical Library)." i.e., "Jews were fugitives from the island of Crete and settled in Libya recorded the time when Saturn was driven from his throne by force of Jupiter".

"The motif of Saturn handing over power to Jupiter derives, of course, from Hesiod's account of the succession of the gods in his Theogony, and his story of the five successive ages of men -- the first, or golden, age being under the reign of Kronos (Saturn) and the following ages being under the reign of Zeus (Jupiter) -- in his Works and Days (110ff.). These stories were often retold. Ovid, for example, combines in his Metamorphoses the stories in the Theogony and Works and Days, telling us how, "when Saturn was consigned to the darkness of Tartarus, and the world passed under the rule of Jove, the age of silver replaced that of gold."8"

title: Solar System, technical/Saturn


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User talk:Umar farooq miana

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User talk:Lian123

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Wavelength

Wavelength is the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak of a wave and the next. It is often designated as λ.

In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

The concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape. The term wavelength is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids.

Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed wave speed, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency: waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths.

title: Wavelength


text:
Equine arteritis virus

Equine Arteritis Virus

Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) belongs to the genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales (1). EAV viral particles have an icosahedral capsid that is around 30-35 nm in diameter and also have an envelope surrounding this capsid. Temperature and pH affect the stability of EAV viral particles. While at room temperature EAV viruses are stable for 24hs, at temperatures around -70°C viral particles canbe stored for many years. On the other hand at pH lower than 3, EAV viral particles are rapidly inactivated and lose their ability to infect susceptible cells.

Horses and donkeys are susceptible to EAV infection. EAV is not transmitted to humans so this disease is not considered as a zoonosis concerning human health. EAV infections are usually subclinical so no symptoms of infections can be detected. The clinical signs of the disease vary widely depending on the EAV strain involucrate in the infection. They are characterized by respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and abortion (2).

After the exposure of horses to EAV, they develop antibodies which protect them from re-infection. Although stallions and mares change their serologic status to positive, only stallions can spread viruses after the infection. The reason is that EAV could infect testicle cells and could be stored there for many years. In the same conditions that have not been yet elucidated, the EAV virus could be reactivated and eliminated by the horse’s semen. This is the reason why carrier stallions could be a natural reservoir of EAV (3).

In the equine industry, EAV is widely distributed in all countries. In Argentina, Equine Viral Arteritis was an exotic disease until 2010. This year in an equine farm, many symptoms were associated with EAV so after the intervention of SENASA to avoid the spread of this disease, vaccination was approved in Argentina.

(1) Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JM. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J Gen Virol. . (1998) 79: 961-979. (2) Jones TC. Clinical and pathologic features of equine viral arteritis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. (1969) 155: 315-317. (3) Chirnside ED. Equine arteritis virus: an overview, Brit. Vet. J. (1992) 148: 181–197.

title: Equine arteritis virus


text:
Social Theory

Some discussions around it in social sciences
The meaning and potential of the concept of “territory” has not always been in the center of the discussions in social sciences. Although we can find extensive bibliography about this matter among geographers (Ratzel was a German geographer who is considered the pioneer in human geography and responsible for the concept of territory in that science) since the end of XIX century, we can say that it was not until contemporary times that this topic became important in most of the social disciplines: sociology, economics, anthropology, political science, etc.

In this short article, my purpose is to give an introduction to the history of this concept and its potential of explanation of social processes.

The first geographers that use the concept of territory at the end of the XIX century did so in reference to the concept of state. That is to say, the territory was considered the limited portion of land over which the state has its sovereignty and to establish those limits conflict and social confrontation are unavoidable.

In the XX century, several social scientists recovered the concept of territory as a product of power struggles referring not only to the state, but to almost all social relationships: cultural, economic, political, etc.

Robert Sack is the author who rethinks the concept of territory and its importance to understand some social behaviors and relations. He proposed to analyze the territory in terms of motivations: "Territoriality does not exist unless there is an attempt by individuals or groups to affect the interactions of others" (Sack, 1986: 30). Nevertheless, Sack focuses on physical limits and the control of the area defined by those limits as the main meaning of territory; he does not consider the relational aspects of this matter.

This theoretical deficit was reformulated by the influence of Michel Foucault’s theory. His influence is very clear in books like Pour une géographie du pouvoir (For a Geography of Power) by Claude Raffestin. Raffestin is concerned about understanding how, in different social, spatial and temporal situations, relationships between society and space are produced by powers and reproduce powers.

In Latin America we can find authors like Lopes de Souza (1995), Milton Santos (2000) and several social scientists who are working on the potential of this concept to think and understand some relationships, conflicts and social interactions that help us to define identities, social movements and political aspects of our societies.

Readings

 * Social theory

Wikipedia

 * Social theory
 * Social criticism
 * Social commentary
 * History of sociology
 * Outline of sociology
 * ]Index of sociology articles
 * Critical theory

title: Social Theory


text:
User talk:Fernandat

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title: User talk:Fernandat


text:
User talk:Equine virus

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 19:59, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Equine virus


text:
User talk:Netwizard~enwikiversity

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 19:59, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Netwizard. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Netwizard~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Netwizard~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Pradeepsingh

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title: User talk:Pradeepsingh


text:
User talk:Saharsh Anand

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title: User talk:Saharsh Anand


text:
Plant growth promoting bacteria

Green biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology with application in agricultural process mainly to reduce dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemical products (1). Some examples of this are the use of genetic engineering to make plants that express pest resistance or reduce vulnerability to environmental stresses. In the same way, the use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) has gained an important place in the world towards a sustainable agriculture. PGPB are a group of microorganisms which are able to confer beneficial effects on plant growth (commonly through mutualistic symbiosis) and development without causing damage to the host (2). PGPB (bacteria) belongs to a broader group PGPM (plant growth promoting microbes), that include other microbes other than bacteria, such as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). Those PGPBs colonise the rhizosphere (root or surounding soil) are sometimes called Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) These microorganisms have to colonize and grow on or around the roots as a necessary step for the establishment of an effective plant–microbe interaction. Some of them are able to enter roots by different mechanisms and establish endophytic populations. PGPB include a variety of bacterial genera such as Gluconacetobacter, Burkholderia, Klebsiella, Azoarcus, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Thiobacillus, among others, and they are usually classified into two groups (2). The first group affects plant growth indirectly by means of a biocontrol effect preventing the action of phytopathogenic organisms. The other group is usually referred as “biofertilizers”. This group directly stimulates plant growth as a consequence of nitrogen fixation, production of phytohormones, enhancement of mineral availability as well as phytoremediation, but the exact mechanisms by which PGPB stimulate plant growth in vivo are not clearly established. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, the importance of PGPB is their contribution to crop improvement. In the last decade many microorganisms with the ability of plant growth promotion have been reported and, taking into account the wide biodiversity of microorganisms in nature, they are expected to give more solutions that conduce to an environmentally friendly agriculture. PGPB are being considered the potential tools for the future of sustainable agriculture.

 * (1)    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
 * (2)   Sophie Mantelin and Bruno Touraine(2003). Plant growth-promoting bacteria and nitrate availability: impacts on root development and nitrate uptake. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55,pp. 27-34.
 * (3)   The Plant Microbiome at Work, by Schlaeppi and Bulgarelli (2015), NCBI, DOI, PDF

title: Plant growth promoting bacteria


text:
User talk:Dbfirs

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title: User talk:Dbfirs


text:
User talk:Janeen.villalon

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 20:05, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Janeen.villalon


text:
User talk:Sonyaof

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 20:05, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sonyaof


text:
User:ضياء الدين المحلاوي

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته،

مرحبا بك في صفحتي الخاصة :-)

يمكنك متابعتي على

http://www.twitter.com/DeyaaEldeen

https://www.facebook.com/deyaaeldeen

http://www.goodreads.com/deyaaeldeen

http://deyaaeldeen.blogspot.com

authors: ضياء الدين المحلاوي

title: User:ضياء الدين المحلاوي


text:
User:Himalaya~enwikiversity

This site or page is being designed to creat a common platform for the medical students and teachers where they can share there knowledge, contribute to the common pool of knowledge discuss their problems, post their views and so on. This is a novel initiative and let's see how it unfolds as we progress furhter in this direction. This site is open for everyone who belongs to the medical field.

title: User:Himalaya~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:SaiInk

 Hello SaiInk, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Thenub314 03:55, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:SaiInk


text:
User talk:Strake

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Thenub314 03:57, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Strake


text:
TESOL/English lesson topics

With "you"
Using "ma'am" or "sir" at the beginning or end of a sentence makes the sentence very formal and polite. Do not use it with friends because it is too polite. It would sound cold.

Strength of language
In meaning, the difference between "freezing" and "cold" is that "freezing" is colder than "cold," but there is a grammatical difference as well. "Freezing" is a non-gradable word which behaves differently grammatically than a gradable word like "cold." For many adjectives there is a non-gradable word or expression which is stronger. Adjusting the strength of your message requires knowing these stronger words and expressions and knowing how to use them.

Encouraging or discouraging conversation
To continue a conversation, use the method short answer + extra information. If you want to stop the conversation, give only a short answer.

Another usual way is the use of question tags.

title: TESOL/English lesson topics


text:
User talk:Himalaya~enwikiversity

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 04:23, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Himalaya. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Himalaya~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Himalaya~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:ضياء الدين المحلاوي

 Hello ضياء الدين المحلاوي, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 04:24, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Your removal of much content at Computer Science Course Listing
I reverted this back to what it was before you edited. If you believe that proposed course listings there should be removed, please discuss it on the Talk page. Thanks, and again, welcome to Wikiversity. --Abd 20:08, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:ضياء الدين المحلاوي


text:
User talk:Xijky

 Hello Xijky, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 04:25, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Pictures of the day
I don't really know how pictures of the day are chosen lately. There hasn't been a lot of activity in that areas lately. If you want, you can try mentioning something here and link to what image you think would be appropriate. Ottava Rima (talk) 20:54, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xijky


text: File:PolarLabels.png

title: File:PolarLabels.png


text:
TESOL/Talking about fears

Sentences

 * I'm afraid/scared/terrified of (noun/-ing)
 * I can't stand (noun/-ing)

Common fears

 * heights
 * snakes
 * spiders
 * crowded places
 * confined spaces
 * dark places

Physical reactions

 * get sweaty (palms)
 * feel dizzy
 * freeze
 * your legs/hands shake

Lesson plan

 * 1) Topic question: What were you afraid of when you were younger?
 * Example: I was afraid of heights.
 * 1) Drill with names of fears.
 * heights: I'm terrified of heights.
 * the dark: I'm terrified of the dark.
 * confined spaces: I'm terrified of confined spaces.
 * 1) Drill with situations that cause the fear.
 * Even looking over the balcony makes me scared.
 * 1) Elaborate with physical reactions.
 * My legs start to shake.

Further study

 * English lesson topics

title: TESOL/Talking about fears


text: File:Bspline.png

title: File:Bspline.png


text:
User:Akash16.ucms

Akash kanojia Student of university college of medical sciences ,G.T.B hospital ,dilshad garden

title: User:Akash16.ucms


text:
User:Dr Satendra

Hi

I am Assistant Professor of Physiology at University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India.

title: User:Dr Satendra


text:
Talk:Shock

The UCMS Physiology task force is committed to improve this page
 * Dr Satendra 07:29, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Start building the page guys.Dr Satendra 11:03, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shock


title: File:DLTI.DiffEQ.1.A.20111119.pdf


text:
1000 Songs/Deus Creator omnium--Maker of all things God most high (Ambrose)

Deus Creator omnium--Maker of all things God most high (Ambrose)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Iam surgit hora tertia--Come thou savior of our race (Ambrose)

Iam surgit hora tertia--Come thou savior of our race (Ambrose)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Claro paschali gaudio--That Easter day with joy was bright

Claro paschali gaudio--That Easter day with joy was bright

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Kyrie eleison--Lord have mercy

Kyrie eleison--Lord have mercy

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Gloria in excelsis Deo--Glory to God in the highest

Gloria in excelsis Deo--Glory to God in the highest

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Veni Creator Spiritus--Come Holy Ghost our souls inspire

Veni Creator Spiritus--Come Holy Ghost our souls inspire

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Stabat mater--At the cross her station keeping

Stabat mater--At the cross her station keeping

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Symphony of the harmony of celestial revelations (Hildegard of Bingen)

Symphony of the harmony of celestial revelations (Hildegard of Bingen)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Canticle of the Sun (Francis of Assisi)

Canticle of the Sun (Francis of Assisi)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Come Holy Ghost God and Lord (Martin Luther)

Come Holy Ghost God and Lord (Martin Luther)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Christ Who Freed Our Souls From Danger (Martin Luther)

Christ Who Freed Our Souls From Danger (Martin Luther)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/WIE SCHON LEUCHTET (Philipp Nicolai)

WIE SCHON LEUCHTET (Philipp Nicolai)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/NUNC DIMITTIS (Louis Bourgeois)

NUNC DIMITTIS (Louis Bourgeois)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/HANOVER (William Croft, Tate and Brady)

HANOVER (William Croft, Tate and Brady)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Sinners Jesus will receive (Erdmann Neumeister)

Sinners Jesus will receive (Erdmann Neumeister)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Jesus still lead on (Nicolaus von Zinzendorf)

Jesus still lead on (Nicolaus von Zinzendorf)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Christian heats in love united (Nicolaus von Zinzendorf)

Christian heats in love united (Nicolaus von Zinzendorf)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Brethren we have met to worship (George Atkins)

Brethren we have met to worship (George Atkins)

1000 Songs

Author
George Atkins is the author of the text, "Brethren we have met to worship".

Music
The music was written by William Moore. It is an Appalachian melody.

Tune
This hymn is set to the tune "Holy manna"

Arrangements
Classical Guitarist Owen Smith in recital in San Francisco click here.

Author biography
George Atkins was born in England on April 16, 1793. After moving to the states, he served as a Methodist pastor for the Ohio Conference. He then went to Knoxville Tennessee in 1818.Along with his ministry, George Atkins was involved in newspapers. George Atkins died August 29th, 1827 in Abingdon Virginia.


text:
1000 Songs/WONDROUS LOVE

WONDROUS LOVE/What Wondrous Love Is This

1000 Songs

Author
The text is considered to be an American Folk hymn, with no concretely sure writer. The text is sometimes associated with a poem by [|Alexander Means]

Translations/Challenges
The text originated in the United States, so there are no translation challenges.

Editor's Choice
In the Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, What Wondrous Love Is This is number 177. The text reads: 1. What wondrous love is this, O my soul, O my soul! What wondrous love is this, O my soul! What wondrous love is this That caused the Lord of bliss To bear the dreadful curse for my soul, for my soul To bear the dreadful curse for my soul. 2. When I was sinking down, sinking down, sinking down, When I was sinking down, sinking down, When I was sinking down Beneath God's righteous frown, Christ laid aside His crown for my soul, for my soul Christ laid aside His crown for my soul. 3. To God and to the Lamb I will sing, I will sing, To God and to the Lamb I will sing, To God and to the Lamb Who is the great "I Am," While millions join the theme, I will sing, I will sing, While millions join the theme, I will sing. 4. And when from death I'm free, I'll sing on, I'll sing on, And when from death I'm free, I'll sing on, And when from death I'm free, I'll sing and joyful be, And thro' eternity I'll sing on, I'll sing on And thro' eternity I'll sing on.

Tune
The music was written by William Walker. The hymn tune is called WONDROUS LOVE, and the hymnic meter is 12.9.6.6.9.12, which is quite unusual. The tune itself is in D Dorian, characterized by the raised sixth scale degree. The melodic range of the song is a major 9th, reaching D to D with a C on the bottom of the range. The original time signature is 2/2.

Arrangements
There are not very many arrangements of this song. One of the few is an arrangement for solo voice and piano, but the piano accompaniment is the original hymn's music.

Editor's Choice
The version in the Hymnal for Worship and Celebration is very concise and is a good example of the hymn.

Cultural setting
This gospel song is seen as one of the slower "black gospel" songs. It is also very early in the gospel period (written in the 1830's), so some characteristics that are staples for most gospel songs are not present. There's no use of schmaltzy harmonies or common-tone diminished chords. The rhythm is also very straight. It is very slow and meditative.

title: 1000 Songs/WONDROUS LOVE


text:
1000 Songs/Down By the Riverside

Down By the Riverside

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/Down By the Riverside


text:
1000 Songs/When Jesus Wept (William Billings)

When Jesus Wept (William Billings)

1000 Songs

Author
William Billings 1746-1800

Translations/Challenges
None (American Hymn)

Tune
When Jesus Wept, in Long Meter

Arrangements
Text with vocal chart here; however second and third stanzas seems to have been added in by another author.

Author biography
Born in Boston in 1746, Billings was a tanner by trade and a self-taught musician. Billings purportedly wrote "the first collection of music entirely by an American" which is called New England Psalm-Singer. Click here for a good website to read about Billings' music career and reflections from other musical authors and articles. It is said (from multiple sources including Wikipedia and this link)that he was described as a gargoyle by others in his time, with him having one eye, a short leg and a withered arm.


text:
1000 Songs/LEBANON (William Billings)

LEBANON (William Billings)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/LEBANON (William Billings)


text:
1000 Songs/GREENWICH (Daniel Read)

GREENWICH (Daniel Read)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/GREENWICH (Daniel Read)


text:
1000 Songs/WINDHAM (Daniel Read)

WINDHAM (Daniel Read)

1000 Songs

Author
Daniel read, an American Composer in the 1700's and early 1800's. He was Born November 16, 1757 and died on December 4, 1836. He was a part of the First New England School, and one an early figure head of American Composition. This is a tune that was revised from the original written by Isaac Watts.

Tune
Listen to the tune hear by Paul Hiller (conductor) and His Majestie's Clerkes (Ensemble).

Author biography
Born in 1757, Daniel Read was born in the early stages of American Composition. But Read didn't start as a composer. After serving time as a private in the Massachusetts Militia, and later become a comb-maker and an owner of a general store in Connecticut. Read made his living as a comb-maker and helped supplement funds by compiling and publishing tunebooks such as, The Columbian Harmonist, The American Singing Book, The New Haven Collection of Harmonist, and An INtroduction to Psalmody (which wasn't a tune book but rather and inspirational writing to other composers). In these tune books Read often included some originals written by himself. some of his most noted tunes are: Greenwich,, and Sherbune. These three tunes are often still used in American Churches.

Historical setting
Daniel Read was around during the time that America was just now starting to become "serious" about writing music. American Composers where starting to set hymn tunes to three and four part a cappalle styles with simple folklike melodies. These were the early stages of what would soon be called Fuguing.

Cultural setting
Early American Culture.

title: 1000 Songs/WINDHAM (Daniel Read)


text:
1000 Songs/BETHANY (Lowell Mason)

BETHANY (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/BETHANY (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/OLIVET (Lowell Mason)

OLIVET (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

Text
Several authors of hymns have written text and set it to Olivet by Mason. Here is a list with several examples of hymns and references to the hymnal they are contained in.

Music
This tune was written by Lowell Mason in 1831 and since them many hymn texts have been applied to it. The tune is has an uncommon meter of 6.6.4.6.6.6.4. An example of the audio can be found at Hymary.org with more information and texts the tune has been used for.

Background
Lowell Mason is the composer of many well known hymn tunes, a few to note are Joy to the World and Mary Had a Little Lamb. He is considered the first important music educator in the United States. Cyberhymnal has included more information about Lowell Mason along with his background and education.

title: 1000 Songs/OLIVET (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/DENNIS (Lowell Mason)

DENNIS (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/DENNIS (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/BOYLSTON (Lowell Mason)

BOYLSTON (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/BOYLSTON (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/HAMBURG (Lowell Mason)

HAMBURG (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

Text
One of the texts set to this tune is "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross" by Isaac Watts.

Author
The author, Lowell Mason, was a writer of many very famous tunes, including "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and the musical setting of "Joy to the World". Outside of religious tune writing, he was largely responsible for helping establish musical education in the country's public schools. He was instrumental in establishing the organ and congregational singing in American church music.

Tune
The tune itself was written in 1824 by Lowell Mason but did not show up in a publication until 1825 in Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music. He titled it Hamburg based on the city in Germany. With five total notes in the tune, it is incredibly simple.

title: 1000 Songs/HAMBURG (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/WORK SONG (Lowell Mason)

WORK SONG (Lowell Mason)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/WORK SONG (Lowell Mason)


text:
1000 Songs/CHINA (William Bradbury)

CHINA (William Bradbury)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/CHINA (William Bradbury)


text:
1000 Songs/BRADBURY (William Bradbury)

BRADBURY (William Bradbury)

1000 Songs

title: 1000 Songs/BRADBURY (William Bradbury)


text:
1000 Songs/SOLID ROCK (William Bradbury)

SOLID ROCK (William Bradbury)

1000 Songs

Text
The Author of the text was written by Edward Mote It comes from the passage Matt. 7:24

Music
The music was written by William Bradbury The meter is L.M. with refrain meaning Long Meter with Refrain

Tune
The tune is SOLID ROCK The alternative tune is MELITA

Author biography
William Batchelder Bradbury was (1816-1868) Was born October 6, 1816 in York, Maine Bradbury was 52 yrs old when he died in Montclair, New jersey Bradbury also composed the tune to Jesus Loves Me as well as Just As I Am, Sweet Hour of Prayer, along with others.


text:
1000 Songs/Just As I Am (William Bradbury)

Just As I Am (William Bradbury)

1000 Songs

Author
Tune: William Bradbury October 6, 1816 – January 7, 1868

Text: Charlotte ElliottMarch 18, 1789 – September 22, 1871

Translations/Challenges
The text was written in English

Editor's Choice
Just as I am - without one plea, But that Thy blood was shed for me, And that Thou bidst me come to Thee, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - and waiting not To rid my soul of one dark blot, To Thee, whose blood can cleanse each spot, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - though toss'd about With many a conflict, many a doubt, Fightings and fears within, without, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - poor, wretched, blind; Sight, riches, healing of the mind, Yea, all I need, in Thee to find, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - Thou wilt receive, Wilt welcome, pardon, cleanse, relieve; Because Thy promise I believe, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - Thy love unknown Has broken every barrier down; Now to be Thine, yea, Thine alone, -O Lamb of God, I come!

Just as I am - of that free love The breadth, length, depth, and height to prove, Here for a season, then above, -O Lamb of God, I come

Tune
The original tune used for "Just As I Am" was called "Woodworth" and was written by William Bradbury.

Woodworth, William B. Bradbury, Mendelssohn Collection, or Third Book of Psalmody (New York: 1849)

You can find the score at www.cyberhymnal.org

Arrangements
Click here for the score

Author biography
William|Bradbury

Charlotte Elliott

Author's circumstances
Somewhere in Charlotte Elliott's thirties she became invalid as well as bedridden. In 1835, while in a state of darkness and depression, Elliott decided to face her fears and insecurities that she had about her spirituality. Through her trials and tribulation Elliott wrote the words to the hymn "Just As I am."


text:
1000 Songs/Sweet hour of prayer (William Bradbury)

Sweet hour of prayer (William Bradbury)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/What can wash away my sin (Robert Lowry)

What can wash away my sin (Robert Lowry)

1000 Songs

Text
What can wash away my sin?

Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

What can make me whole again?

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

O precious is the flow

That makes me white as snow;

No other fount I know,

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

For my cleansing this I see

Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

For my pardon this my plea

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

Nothing can for sin atone

Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

Naught of good that I have done

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

This is all my hope and peace

Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

This is all my righteousness

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

Now by this I'll overcome

Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

Now by this I'll reach my home

Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

Author
Robert Lowry

Arrangements
Public Domain Chart

Author biography
Lowry was born in Philadelphia, PA on March 12, 1826. He was known as being a great musician as well as a great preacher, who was very brilliant and also very humorous. Although he is known for being a great composer, his greatest desire was his preaching, however his songs have gone to live on even after his death.

Author's circumstances
After the death of a William B. Bradbury, owner of a well-developed music publishing company, Lowry was asked to take part in this publishing company. In his growth in musical influence, Lowry grew in his studies as well. He sought knowledge from some of the best musical textbooks, and obtained copies of some of the best musical compositions.

When asked "Do you write the words to fit the music, or the music to fit the words?" Lowry said:

"I have no method. Sometimes the music comes and the words follow, fitted insensibly to the melody. I watch my moods, and when anything good strikes me, whether words or music, and no matter where I am, at home or on the street, I jot it down. Often the margin of a newspaper or the back of an envelope serves as a notebook. My brain is a sort of spinning machine, I think, for there is music running through it all the time. I do not pick out my music on the keys of an instrument. The tunes of nearly all the hymns I have written have been completed on paper before I tried them on the organ. Frequently the words of the hymn and the music have been written at the same time."


text:
1000 Songs/Shall we gather at the river (Robert Lowry)

Shall we gather at the river (Robert Lowry)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/We're marching to Zion (Robert Lowry)

We're marching to Zion (Robert Lowry)

1000 Songs

Text
By Isaac Watts 1. Come, we that love the Lord, And let our joys be known, Join in a song with sweet accord, Join in a song with sweet accord And thus surround the throne, And thus surround the throne.

2. Let those refuse to sing Who never knew our God, But children of the heav'nly King, But children of the heav'nly King, May speak their joys abroad, May speak their joys abroad.

3. The hill of Zion yields A thousand sacred sweets Before we reach the heav'nly fields, Before we reach the heav'nly fields, Or walk the golden streets, Or walk the golden streets.

4. Then let our songs abound And every tear be dry; We're marching through Immanuel's ground, We're marching through Immanuel's ground, To fairer worlds on high, To fairer worlds on high.

Chorus: We're marching to Zion, Beautiful, beautiful Zion; We're marching upward to Zion, The beautiful city of God.

Author
Isaac Watts wrote the original verses. Robert Lowry wrote the music and refrain.

Music
in 6/8 time, very lilting feel.

Tune
Tune: Were Marching to Zion

Author biography
Robert Lowry was a composer, minister and professor of literature in America on the east coast. He is accredited with writing over 500 hymns in his lifetime. although he was well known as a hymn writer, he preferred to be known as a preacher. other songs he's known for include: "Nothing But the Blood", "Low in the Grave He Lay", "Shall We Gather at the River", "How Can I Keep from Singing".


text:
1000 Songs/Jesus keep me near the cross (William H. Doane)

Jesus keep me near the cross (William H. Doane)

1000 Songs

Author
Fanny Crosby (1820 - 1915) wrote the text of "Jesus keep me near the cross". The hymn was originally written as a Sunday School song and was first published in Bright Jewels for the Sunday School which was compiled by William Bradbury in 1869.

Translations/Challenges
There are no challenges with the translation considering the text was originally written in English.

Editor's Choice
A complete version of the text can be found here.

Tune
The tune of "Jesus keep me near the cross" was written by William H. Doane. Doane was born in Preston, Connecticut and lived from 1832 - 1915. Doane was the musical composer who most frequently collaborated with Fanny Crosby. He is know for writive more than 2,000 tunes, many of which are found in Modern Hymnas today, such as "I Am Thine, To God Be the Glory and Pass Me Not".

Arrangements
An arrangement of the hymn can be found here.

Editor's Choice
The tune can be heard here.

Author biography
Crosby was perhaps one of the most prolific hymnists in history, writing more than 8,000 hymn texts in her lifetime. Crosby became blind from a very young age. She received a very good education from New York Institute for the Blind, where she also became an instructor. As a child, she began taking voice lessons and then later began studying music under George Frederick Root from the New York institute for the Blind. Both of these events sparked an inspiration to write her own songs and hymns.

Author's circumstances
Despite her condition, she remained positive throughout her life and realized that much of who she became was a direct result of her blindness. She once reported that she may not have devoted as much time to hymn writing if she was distracted by all of the beautiful things around her. She continually wrote hymns up until the year of her death in 1915.

Historical and Cultural setting
In 1849, a cholera epidemic broke out in New York City. Rather than fleeing the city for her own well-being, she stayed to help out the sick. Crosby became influenced by the church through the strong revivals that were occurring in America during this time.


text:
1000 Songs/Pass me not O gentle Savior (William H. Doane)

Pass me not O gentle Savior (William H. Doane)

1000 Songs

Text
Born: February 3, 1832, Preston, Connecticut. Died: December 23, 1915, Rhode Island. Buried: Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, Cincinnati, Ohio

The Text was written by Fanny J. Crosby, while the music was written by William Howard Doane. The song comes from Genesis 18:3 where it says, ”…My LORD, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant.”

Music
1.	Pass me not, O gentle Savior, Hear my humble cry; While on others Thou art calling, Do not pass me by. o	Refrain: Savior, Savior, Hear my humble cry, While on others Thou are calling, Do not pass me by. 2.	Let me at a throne of mercy Find a sweet relief; Kneeling there in deep contrition, Help my unbelief. 3.	Trusting only in Thy merit, Would I seek Thy face; Heal my wounded, broken spirit, Save me by Thy grace. 4.	Thou the spring of all my comfort, More than life to me, Whom have I on earth beside Thee, Whom in Heav’n but Thee.

Here is a PDF file of the sheet music.

Background
For a quick biography on William Howard Doane follow this link.


text:
1000 Songs/Man of sorrows what a name (P. P. Bliss)

Man of sorrows what a name (P. P. Bliss)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/Wonderful words of life (P. P. Bliss)

Wonderful words of life (P. P. Bliss)

1000 Songs

Text
Based on Philippians 2:15-16, lyrics found here, along with a recording of the tune, However, it is easier to hear how the lyrics fit in after you have heard it along with the words found here.

Author
Written by Philip Paul Bliss, who also wrote the tune for the hymn It Is Well With My Soul.

Music
Has a very lilting quality to it, with a great deal of "schmaltzy" harmonies. It also has a chorus, so it definitely fits into the gospel category.

Tune
Also written by Philip Bliss.

Arrangements
I could only find the main arrangement it the way that Philip intended it.

Editor's Choice
If I were to use this song in a contemporary worship setting, I would probably regulate the rhythm a little bit more to soften the lilt of the march-like mood.

Author biography
He ran away from home at the age of 11, only attended school sporadically, then became a teacher. He travelled around playing music and was very successful, but after a brief period of joining the army, he did not regain the same level of popularity. He and his wife died together when a bridge broke under their train, and their carriage caught on fire (see Ashtabula River Railroad Disaster ). Philip survived, but went back to save his wife and neither of their bodies were recovered. They were survived by their two children, who were at the ages of 2 and 4 at the time of their deaths.

Author's circumstances
written in 1874, this was most likely written shortly before his death. At this time, he may have been working with an association started with Dwight L. Moody and others and traveling as a missionary singer.


text:
1000 Songs/It is well with my soul (P. P. Bliss)

It is well with my soul (P. P. Bliss)

1000 Songs

Text
The text was written by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Spafford and is found here. The original manuscript only has four verses but another one was added and one of the lines was modified.

Author
Horatio Spafford.

Editor's Choice
The only version is P.P. Bliss'.

Music
The music is written by Philip Bliss.

Tune
The tune is Ville du Havre and is named after the SS Ville du Havre that Spafford's wife and family was on that sank.

Author biography
He ran away from home at the age of 11, only attended school sporadically, then became a teacher. He travelled around playing music and was very successful, but after a brief period of joining the army, he did not regain the same level of popularity. He and his wife died together when a bridge broke under their train, and their carriage caught on fire (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula_River_Railroad_Disaster2). Philip survived, but went back to save his wife and neither of their bodies were recovered. They were survived by their two children, who were at the ages of 2 and 4 at the time of their deaths.


text:
1000 Songs/There were ninety and nine (Ira Sankey)

There were ninety and nine (Ira Sankey)

1000 Songs

Author
"There were ninety and nine" was written in the mid 1800s. The hymn text was written by Elizabeth C. Clephane in 1868. Clephane only wrote a few hymns. One of her hymns that is probably more well-known is "Beneath the Cross of Jesus". Clephane was Scottish and spent her entire life in Scotland.

Translations/Challenges
This text was originally written in English.

Tune
The hymn tune of "There were ninety and nine" was written by Ira D. Sankey in 1874. Sankey was from New England. This is generally the only widely used tune for this hymn. Because of the text's irregular meter, there aren't a lot of other tunes that would work for this hymn unless they were written specifically for it. An interesting point in Sankey composing music for this hymn is that he is considered a gospel song composer, and yet this hymn doesn't have some of the qualities in the other texts he composed for, such as a refrain and sentimental call to repentance in the last stanza. Sankey was known as the Sweet Singer of Methodism. As this nick name would suggest, he was a Methodist by denomination. Along with composing music he was also a song leader and good friends with another great gospel song writer, Fanny Crosby.


text:
1000 Songs/Low in the grave He lay (Robert Lowry)

Low in the grave He lay (Robert Lowry)

1000 Songs


text:
1000 Songs/To God be the glory (William H. Doane)

To God be the glory (William H. Doane)

1000 Songs