text:
MakerBot/Set Up & Run The MakerBot

Purpose
The purpose of this MakerBot Cupcake CNC procedure is to assist future HCC engineering students with the 3D-Scan project. By completing this procedure, a future team working with the MakerBot will not only understand how to operate it quickly, but also advance to the next step in the project.

Setup

 * 1. Log on to a computer near the MakerBot Cupcake CNC. Setup Procedure Step 1.jpg
 * 2. Open the “Engineering” folder on the desktop. Setup Procedure Step 2.jpg
 * 3. Click on the program called, “ReplicatorG.” SetUp Procedure Step 3.jpg
 * 4. Plugin the power cord to the MakerBot and an outlet.
 * 5. Plugin the serial cord to the MakerBot and the computer you are currently working on.
 * 6. Turn on the MakerBot Cupcake CNC, the power switch is on the bottom left of the back side.
 * For more assistance, view this video: Setting Up the MakerBot Cupcake CNC
 * 7. Using the connect tool in the top Replicator G menu, connect ReplicatorG to the MakerBot. If the connection is not recognized in ReplicatorG you may need to select a different serial port or rescan for other serial ports. This can be done by going to the “Machine” drop down menu on the tool bar in ReplicatorG. Setup Procedure Step 7.1.jpg Setup Procedure Step 7.2.jpg
 * 8. “Machine HCC Makerbot ready” should appear in green at the top of the ReplicatorG screen. And more of the tools at the top of the ReplicatorG screen are available to use. Setup Procedure Step 8.jpg
 * If the box is not green, check the devices in the Control Panel for exclamation points. Unplug the Serial cord and plug it back in to check that the device is the MakerBot. If it has an exclamation mark, right click the device and go to properties > hardware > properties > Driver > Update driver > Browse my computer... > Type or Browse... C:Users\your_student_login_ID\desktop\engineering\replicatorg\drivers. If the device is still not working and it still has an exclamation point, reinstall the drivers again using the same process. If it does not work a second time, make sure that you typed the folder containing the drivers correctly by navigating to it through "My Computer" Libraries or the Browse button in the troubleshooting process.Setup Procedure Step 8.jpg
 * 9. Place the black wire into the MakerBot Cupcake CNC motor. The motor is located in the center of the top side of the MakerBot. Setup Procedure Step 9.jpg
 * 10. Tighten the screw. The screw is located on the right side of the motor. Setup Procedure Step 10.jpg
 * 11. The setup of the MakerBot Cupcake CNC is now complete.

Uploading an STL file onto ReplicatorG

 * 1. In ReplicatorG, go to the File drop down menu in the toolbar, select “Open.” Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 1.jpg
 * 2. In the “Open” window, go to “Desktop” and open the STL file you want to print.
 * 3. The picture of the file should appear on ReplicatorG. To view the model of the object, use the “View”, “Move”, and “Rotate” commands located on the right side of the ReplicatorG window. Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 3.jpg
 * 4. Scale the model to the size you desire, but make certain the size is consistent with the tolerances of the MakerBot Cupcake CNC. NOTE: MakerBot Cupcake CNC will print up to any size below 10mm x 10mm x 15mm. Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 4.jpg
 * 5. Click “Generate GCode.” Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 5.jpg
 * 6. If you made any changes to your model, a "Save model?" window will appear. Click yes if this is the appropriate scale of the model you want to print.

 * 7. In the GCode Generator window, select SF35-cupcake-HBP as a Skeinforge profile. Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 7.jpg
 * 8. Select or unselect the “Use raft” check box if you want to create a raft. Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 8.jpg
 * 9. Click Generate GCode at the bottom of the GCode Generator window. Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 9.1.jpg Uploading an STL File onto Replicator G Procedure Step 9.2.jpg
 * 10. Click on the gcode tab. In the ##th line that reads: M04 temp 220 (temperature 220) change the first number (220) to (180).

Printing

 * 1. Click on the control panel tool in the ReplicatorG tool bar. Printing Procedure Step 1.jpg
 * 2. In the “Control Panel” window, set the “Target Temperature (C)” to 180.0 and the "Platform Target Temperature (C)" to 110.0. This heats the wire to its appropriate melting temperature and heats the platform to cause the filament to stick to it better. This could take a few minutes.
 * Note: Sometimes (usually after stopping or finishing a build) the temperatures will drop and continue to drop even after re-entering the target temperatues. To keep the temperature up click the reset button in the Replicatorg window (to the right of the control panel), close the Replicatorg program, open it back up, and re-enter the target temperatures. Wait a couple seconds to see if the temperature stops dropping and/or starts to increase. Repeat this process as needed.Printing Procedure Step 2.jpg
 * 3. Moving the X, Y, and Z jog controls of the Homing feature in the Control Panel Window, center the motor over the work table. Line up the printing head (extrusion nozzle) so that there is a very short amount of space (1-2mm) between it and the platform. Printing Procedure Step 3.1.jpg For more assistance you can view a video using this link:Centering the Work Table under the MakerBot Motor
 * 4. Click on the gcode tab. In the ##th line that reads: M04 temp 220 (temperature 220) change the first number (220) to (180).

 * Due to the thermistors calibration error the new target temperature for the MakerBot is 180, and this has not been changed/updated for the gcode generating process. This line of code tells the MakerBot to wait until it reaches that specific temperature, so this number must be changed.
 * 5. Now wait for the motor’s current temperature to reach the target temperature. Printing Procedure Step 4.jpg
 * 6. Once the motor is centered and heated, click the “Build” tool in the ReplicatorG toolbar. Printing Procedure Step 5.jpg
 * 7. A message will appear stating that the MakerBot will do a test extrusion and the material from the motor will be released. Remove the material from the work table and click the “Yes” option on the "Continue build?" window that appears.
 * For more assistance, view this video: MakerBot Cupcake CNC Test ExtrusionPrinting Procedure Step 6.2.jpg
 * 8. Once the MakerBot begins to build, wait until the nozzle moves to the right and begins extruding the support platform. Most likely, in every build you will need to use the manual controller to move the printing head so that the supporting base of filament is spread flat.
 * As an example, here is a video of the MakerBot Cupcake CNC print a wrench:MakerBot Cupcake CNC Printing
 * 9. Sit back, relax, and start making!

title: MakerBot/Set Up & Run The MakerBot


text: Category:MakerBot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:MakerBot


text:
MakerBot/How To: Find Or Create A Printable STL File

Downloading an STL file from www.thingiverse.com

 * 1. Load Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
 * 2. Go to www.thingiverse.com
 * 3. Search something to print using the search bar in the upper right-hand corner. Downloading an STL File Procedure Step 3.jpg
 * 4. In the search results list, click on the link that pertains to the object you wish to print. Do not click on a link that is the image of something.
 * 5. On the object’s page, confirm this is what you want to print by referring to the images on the left.
 * 6. Near the bottom of the page find an STL file to download. NOTE: There may not be any file to download if the STL file for that object has not yet been developed.
 * 7. Click the red download arrow adjacent to the STL file you want to print. Downloading an STL File Procedure Step 7.jpg
 * 8. Refer back to the desktop to confirm the file was downloaded.
 * 9. If the STL file is present, you have successfully downloaded the file, and are ready to print.

Download the part from http://www.tracepartsonline.net/
Have to create an account, can make a preference that want STL files ... then just download ... has all sorts of electrical and mechanical parts.

Downloading an STL file from http://www.3dvia.com

 * 1. Open Google Chrome or Mozilla Fire Fox.
 * 2. Go to http://www.3dvia.com
 * 3. Create an account.
 * 4. In the upper right hand corner search for some thing in the search toolbox.
 * 5. In the search results list, click on the link that you like the most.
 * 6. Below the image a link to download will appear.
 * 7. Download the STL file. NOTE: There may not be any file to download if the STL file for that object has not yet been developed.
 * 8. Refer back to the desktop to confirm the file was downloaded.
 * 9. If the STL file is present, you have successfully downloaded the file, and are ready to print.

3D Warehouse http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/
Have to convert from sketchup file format to STL. Some items convert, others don't. Is a difference between mesh (STL) and frame file formats.

MeshLab is oriented to the management and processing of unstructured large meshes and provides a set of tools for editing, cleaning, healing, inspecting, rendering and converting these kinds of meshes (STL files).


text:
History As Archeological Fun

 * Part of the School of History.

HISTORY AS ARCHEOLOGY
As a study of the past, history should engage students and propel them back into time. Reading books is informative, certainly, but not anywhere as engaging as having students actually handle and assess source documents from the historical past. Like archeologists evaluating ancient pottery pieces or architectural remains to explain long-past civilizations, contemporary grade school and university students can know the excitement and personal involvement of learning history from primary sources.

To that end, I have written two enhanced e-books and filled them with obscure short films and other artifacts from U.S. popular culture to illustrate the pedagogic methodology of this stye of learning. The books are THE HISTORY SHOPPE and its sequel THE CODE OF CLIO. They are both available TOTALLY FREE OF CHARGE online at www.jfredmacdonald.com.

THE HISTORY SHOPPE
Scott Tennyson is a brainiac high school freshman. His memory for dates and facts have made him the King of All History at his his school. But when he muffs a multiple-choice exam he is crest-fallen. On the way home that day he accidently comes upon a store called The History Shoppe which is run by Professor Petros Papadopoulous, a wise old Professor of History, Emeritus.

The Professor, who likes to be called Dr. Pop, embodies the archeological method of learning and enjoying history. His first charge to the fascinated young student is to take home an old coin and return in one week prepared to tell everything he can about that artifact. The coin is from France in 1791, and explaining its provenance takes Scott back into the history of the French Revolution. He explores the inscriptions and the iconography on the coin. To understand it better, he must read all he can about the context in which the coin appeared and was circulated. Compared to a class assignment of "Read a book about the French Revolution," this archeological approach seduces the student into the experience. It forces him or her to invest energy in understanding the past, and from this intimacy comes love for the subject matter.

The media sociologist Marshall McLuhan argued that in the Age of Mass Media--which lures viewers and listeners into imagery as participants--educators must replace "the Package" with "the Probe." The archeological approach to learning history is pure Probe. Supplementary books and articles are all Package. Before educators can bring their students to the fuller printed Package, they must grab their charges' attention and commitment. The Probe is an irresistable learning mechanism. It speaks the media-influenced language of the modern American generation. Importantly, it makes converts the uninformed student into a historian.

The most compelling apparatus at the History Shoppe is the Clio Machine. This is Dr. Pop's special transpoter gizmo that allows a student to enter a vintage film and ask questions of the production crew as the movie is actually being shown. This, of course, is a metaphor for intensive analytical study. But by plunging the student into historical film, it draws him or her into a familiar language (film) and a style of criticism (critiquing what you see) that is not immediately intimidating. On the contrary, it is comforting because the student cannot be wrong, just more or less accurate, more or less informed. At this juncture, the educator can encourage further exploration by guiding the student to books and appropriate internet sites.

Importantly, the films in both books are all from the periods under study. They are not composite history films about an old subject. To qualify as true artifacts, they must be from the times being studied. In this case the films are primarily from the Great Depression and the Cold War. They touch upon such matters as the New Deal, racism in American society, the Atomic Bomb scare, American advertising, and the middle-class lifestyle of the late 1950s.

THE CODE OF CLIO
In the sequel e-book, Scott Tennyson has just finished his Junior year in high school and has been invited to State University for a two-week Young Scholars retreat. Here, he is one of four students chosen to represent Young History. Among the other groups are Young Science, Young Foreign Languages, Young Military Science, and Young Art. But Scott is so precocious for his group--this thanks to Dr. Papadopoulos and his History Shoppe experiences--that he is given the task of organizing a film and sound-recording collection donated recently to the university museum. This turns Scott into an acolyte of his mentor, now offering the Probe methodology to his peers. This climaxes with his appearance before Young Art to argue the question of whether or not Art is historically relevant to its time of creation. This he accomplishes with a blend of vintage postage stamps and rare historic films.

RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
For the educator interested in adopting this teaching methodology, there is an abundance of rare films online free of charge. As well as the materials in The History Shoppe and The Code of Clio, visit the plethora of film artifacts easily downloaded free of charge at Rick Prelinger's wonderful Internet Archive: www.archive.org  And at www.jfredmacdonald.com you will find that many of the TV and radio history books found there are, themselves, filled with vintage films that can be downloaded and profitably used in history classes.

Of course, this archeological approach can utilize paper resources. Old magazines, for example, can be distributed to students for analysis. Here, Life and Look and Collier's are particularly rich primary sources for the United States in the period 1930s-1970s.

In a similar vein, students can become archeologists/historians by interviewing older people about social and cultural patterns when they were growing up. Such an interview can be as elaborate as the student and educator wish it to be: ranging from simple written notes, to audio recording, to video recording and posting on the internet. Not only is this a useful introduction to oral history, it involves the student directly in the methodology of the professional historian.

Dr. J. Fred MacDonald, Professor of History, Emeritus Northeastern Illinois University/ B.A. and M.A. in History, University of California, Berkeley/ Ph.D. in History, UCLA

title: History As Archeological Fun


text:
User:حمزة مختار

حمزة مختار عثمان العمدة (29/07/1983)

حمزة مختار عثمان ابراهيم ولد في شهر رمضان 29/07/0983 بولاية القضارف في حي الشريف العاقب. من قبيلة الضباينة (جهينة). لقب بولد العمدة نسبة لاسم العمدة الكبير ابراهيم محمد ابراهيم عمدة شاشينا ابان الحكم الانجليزى وايضا من اجداده احمد عبد الوهاب والد المشتشار مامون احمد عبد الوهاب (مامون بحيري). تلقى تعليمه الاساسي في مدرسة حي الشريف العاقب الاساسية المختلطة1990-1998, كما درس ايضا القرآن في مسيد الخليفة الشريف صافي الدين وخلاوى الشيخ الصافي الشيخ المحجوب, تعلم الفقه مه الفقيه عبد الله باشلاك الجيش القضارف باشراف عمه محمد عثمان العمدة. ثم واصل المسيرة التعليمية بمدرسة ابايو الثانوية بنين1998-2002. وبعدها الى جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا كلية التربية مرتبة الشرف قسم التربية الفنية تخصص في التصميم الصناعي 2003-2008م بعد تخرجه من الجامعة اخذ الطريقة الختمية من السيد محمد امين بن السيد محمد عثمان بن السيد احمد الميرغني بمدينة الخرطوم بحري بحضور عمه محمد عثمان العمدة. نشأ وترعرع في اسرة كبيرة لها شأنها. اسرة وهبت نفسها لخدمة التربية والتعليم جل ما بها يجيدون فن التدريس ويدمنون حياته الشاقة جدا في السودان ولكنها وراثة اجداده يمكن لك ان تقول تركيبة جينية او موروث ثقافي لديهم. والده الاستاذ مختار عثمان العمدة 1959 تخرج من معهد كسلا التربوي 1980 عمل مدرسا منذ تخرجه في مناطق متفرقة من ولاية القضارف ومدير مدرسة حي الشريف العاقب الاساسية بنين2012.

title: User:حمزة مختار


text: Korean/templates/v

title: Korean/templates/v


text: File:Business games meeting 1 march 2012.JPG


text:
Korean/templates

Vowels
This template may help explain the five evolutionary stages of native vowels as follows:
 * 1)  1 element (3 simple vowels, cosmic and atomic)
 * 2)  2 elements (4 simple vowels, with the sun up and down, back and forth)
 * 3)  3 elements (4 iotized vowels, 2nd-stage analogy)
 * 4)  4 elements (2 harmonic vowels, 2nd-stage harmony)
 * 5)  1~4 elements plus "ㅣ" (12 diphthongs extending from all kinds but "ㅣ")

By the way, you may be sensitive enough to observe the 2nd and 4th bodily columns look lighter than the 3rd and 5th columns, respectively, though the 2nd-3rd and 4th-5th columns respectively share the same objective or physical shades, #555555 and #777777. Such observed differences in shade are subjective or physiological instead of objective or physical. Why? In general, our physiology may favor an object in sharper than physical contrast with the surroundings. And this may hold in hearing and even the other senses. We hear the whisper louder in silence. On the other hand, we hear the talk of our partner clearer in the noisy pub or cocktail party, and the mother penguin hears her baby's quack clearer in the extremely noisy crowds. Colin Cherry (1953) dubbed this physiological bias the cocktail party effect. We live by signs and senses as well as science!

title: Korean/templates


text:
Template:Emsp

 * Encoding
 * with
 * with
 * with
 * Decoding :

title: Template:Emsp


text:
Korean/Romanization

Overview

 * See also
 * wikipedia: Talk:Korean_language/Archive_1

Native script
According to Hangul ,
 * "the original order of the vowels was: ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ."

This order readily splits into three sets, (ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ), ( ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ), ( ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ), strongly suggesting the step-by-step evolution of the native vowels. The above table may help explain the five evolutionary stages of their constitution as follows:
 * 1)  1 element is included in each of 3 simple vowels, cosmic and atomic. These three cosmic vowels are just enough to typify and type all the 21 modern vowels, thus leading to one of the greatest patents in Korean cell phones.
 * 2)  2 elements are included in each of 4 simple vowels, basic modules or molecules. Note the sun rises up and sets down the earth, east and west, or back and forth, of the man.
 * 3)  3 elements are included in each of 4 iotized vowels, in the exact 2nd-stage analogy.
 * 4)  4 elements are included in each of 2 harmonic vowels, in the exact 2nd-stage harmony.
 * 5)  1~4 elements plus "ㅣ" are included in each of 12 front vowels, in the exact extension from all kinds but "ㅣ" that is the consort as well as progenitor of them in itself.

By the way, you may be sensitive enough to observe or perceive the 2nd and 4th bodily columns look lighter than the 3rd and 5th columns, respectively, though the 2nd-3rd and 4th-5th columns respectively share the same objective or physical shades, #555555 and #777777. Such observed or perceived differences in shade are subjective or physiological instead of objective or physical. Why at all? In general, our physiology may favor an object in sharper than physical contrast with the surroundings. And this may hold in hearing and even the other senses. We hear the whisper louder in silence. On the other hand, we hear the talk of our partner clearer in the noisy pub or cocktail party, and the mother penguin hears her baby's quack clearer in the extremely noisy crowds. Colin Cherry (1953) dubbed this physiological bias the cocktail party effect. We live by signs and senses as well as science!

The native script may be phonologically imperfect. Nevertheless, it is practically the best orthoepic as well as orthographic medium or system of authority, especially for Koreans speaking Korean. Koreans too can make clearer sense of any rough signs, whose magic is not always either objective or once and for all, as suggested above by the way. With /e/ given, for example, they could make sense of "ㅓ" rather than "ㅔ" which is exactly the case with Yale Romanization.

The following is the native vowel chart that groups the seven simple vowels (all in the 1st and 2nd stages) into the neutral (in black), the lunar, dark, cold or negative (陰 in blue) and the solar, light, warm or positive (陽 in red). It looks like a simple version of IPA vowel chart.

The pronunciation of the obsolete "ㆍ" and "ㆎ" may be not properly reconstructed and related to /on/ and /oil/. Yet it is also likely that together with "ㅚ, ㅐ," "ㆎ" was originally a monothong, rather than a diphthong, say, /oil/. It was mostly shifted to "ㅐ" in modern Korean.

On the other hand, IPA:[bui] for /buoy/ above is taken for granted. Like "ㆎ", however, it is also likely that together with "ㅟ, ㅔ," "ㅢ" was originally a monothong, say, IPA:[Y] close to [y], rather than a diphthong, say, /buoy/. Meanwhile the pronunciation of "ㅢ" also varies from [u] to [i] in practice recently.

English orthography is pure as far as its orthoepy is poor. From the Korean perspective, English orthoepy in the 4th row, as compared with the 2nd, looks like the unprincipled or troubled waters. Especially, Korean "ㅓ" among the four 2nd-stage simple vowels sounds like the initial letter of /abut, err, irk, onion, up/, covering all the English simple vowels, /a, e, i, o, u/. Relatively, however, /e/ appears the best match, though it mostly sounds clear like either /e/ of /ebb/ or /evil/.

McCune–Reischauer Romanization
Perhaps from the unprincipled or misguided orthoepic perspective, MR matches /ŏ/ and /ŭ/ respectively with "ㅓ" and "ㅡ" uneasily and implausibly as far as YR matches /e/ and /u/ instead plausibly. These are the two out of six elementary simple vowels in the 1st and 2nd stages. In effect, MR and YR collectively have confirmed that there is no certain orthoepic principle of transliteration and transcription.

However uneasy and implausible, MR should better have carried on the formality of /ŏ/ and /ŭ/ in the subsequent stages, as steadily as the native script does, so as to avoid the corruption and obscuration of, and to keep step with, its manifest evolution.

The upper side of the last stage adopts the ending semivowel /e/ in place of "ㅣ" while the lower the normal vowel /e/ or /i/ abnormally just making half sense of that well-principled stage, which alone is as prolific as all the rest. The hyphen is needed in the following to keep the vowels from being mistaken for /ŭi/ (ㅢ).

The character is a holon that is Janus-faced. In isolation, it could be defined or designed anyway. In context, however, it should not be done so but maximally harmonized and optimized from the wide system perspective. MR designed /e/ most likely according to the Western phonocentric or orthoepic preference rather than the due role it should play in the Korean language as an optimum orthographic system.

Even while /e/ is matched with "ㅓ" as in YR, Westerners are still free to pronounce it like "ㅔ" or otherwise as they used to, say, like "쎄울" (seul) or "쏘울" (soul) instead of "서울" (Seoul) as Koreans do.

Orthoepically, by the way, English /s/ may be better matched with "ㅆ" than "ㅅ". Orthographically, however, it may be well matched vice versa, since "ㅅ" is as popular as /s/, and more importantly since the wholesome interplay as a whole is more vital than each smart sound as a part.

In a way, MR may have well matched /ŏ/ with "ㅓ" either in isolation or in relation to /yŏ/ and /wŏ/ ("ㅕ" and "ㅝ"), but, in another, not so well done in relation to /ye/ and /we/ ("ㅖ" and "ㅞ"), which are implicitly related but explicitly unrelated within the MR frame of reference.

Revised Romanization
Simply, RR inherits almost all vowels from MR except for replacing the uneasy breve with the leading semivowel /e/, perhaps hence the name, thus adding one more role of /e/ to the existing two, as summed up as follows:
 * 1) The primary, normal vowel, as /e/ (old)
 * 2) The ending semivowel, as of /ae/, /oe/ (old)
 * 3) The leading semivowel, as of /eo/, /eu/ (new)

Without hyphens used between vowels, therefore, ambiguity matters helpless among the normal vowel and the semivowels. The string /aeoeui/ could be hyphenated in so many ways as to be precise. The hyphen is needed in the following to keep the vowels from being mistaken for /ui/ (ㅢ).

Yale Romanization
As far as vowels are concerned, YR is morphologically closer or more faithful than the others to the five evolutionary stages of the native vowels. Therefore, this should be taken most seriously so as to aim at the closest romanization worthy of orthography.

Meanwhile, YR uses /y/ as the ending semivowel in the 5th stage overlappingly, in addition to the leading semivowel in the 3rd iotizing stage. Thus, the string /hayan/ may be either /ha-yan/ (하얀) "white" or /hay-an/ (해안) "beach". The disambiguating hyphen or the like is a must.

The use of /wi/ instead of /wuy/ or /wy/ as morphologically expected in the 5th stage is thus exceptional, however popular. This vowel is said to be originally a monothong rather than diphthong, hence differing from /wi/ of English widow, though it may have corrupted to sound more and more like that nowadays.

In the 2nd stage, YR in contrast matches /wu/ with "ㅜ" implausibly as far as MR matches /u/ instead if plausibly. As a result, the iotized /yu/ (ㅠ) would be falsely related to /u/ (ㅡ) rather than /wu/ (ㅜ). The interchange of /wu/ and /u/ makes it highly analogous to RR's /eu/ and /u/ and MR's /ŭ/ and /u/. (RR would better have adopted /wu/ than /eu/ that is too ambiguous.)

In a way as well as in etymology, to differ is to defer, hence Jacques Derrida's idea of différance. Follies barely end within but spread without. Nothing is isolated; anything is interwoven. Especially so is it in mind. Thus needed indeed is to avoid or stop differing and deferring foolish to start being wise!

Orthographic Romanization
This is a draft of, so to speak, Orthographic Romanization, according to the above review. Plausibly in the 2nd stage to lay the foundation hopefully fully leveled, YR matches /e/ with "ㅓ" and MR and RR do /u/ with "ㅜ". Collectively, they justify the adoption of the basic Roman vowels /a, e, o, u/ in this stage.

On this basis, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th stages have only to do with extending those four simple vowels one way after another by virtue of the semivowels /y-/, /w-/, and /-j/, respectively.

Just one rather special thing is, so to speak, the "back-formation" (during the 4th, harmonizing stage) of the two 1st-stage vowels, /wo/ (ㆍ) and /wu/ (ㅡ), which are literally unfamiliar in most languages overshadowed by /u/. Most likely, however, both sound between the solar /o, a/ (ㅗ, ㅏ) and between the lunar /u, e/ (ㅜ, ㅓ), respectively, the harmonic pairs of which in principle are mainly responsible for yielding the harmonic diphthongs /wa/ (ㅘ) and /we/ (ㅝ), respectively. Refer to the native vowel chart above, adapted from Hangul, and to the following therefrom.

As a clear or exact transliteration as such, this draft romanization is as orthographic as the native script. As a result, it could completely do without any hyphen within a sequence of vowels, say, /yaeoeui/ (야어오어우이) which would annoy RR most.

 * Full-blown

Comparison

 * 1st row
 * All the modes appear well principled. Except for OR, however, they are liable to ambiguity.

 * 2nd row
 * Full agreement

 * 3rd row
 * Full agreement

 * 4th row
 * This is unprincipled or troubled alone between the 2nd and 4th (bodily) rows, between Heaven and Earth.

 * 5th row
 * The anomalous /wi/ of the 2nd column suggests how unprincipled the majority could be.

 * More comments
 * Note how close OR is to YR in the 1st through 4th stages. In effect, OR is YR as revised as RR is MR.
 * Note also how much the impact may vary from revision to revision. One may be revolutionary while another dotori kicjajgi in Korean.
 * Korean "ㅡ" [ʊ] and "ㅜ" [u] differ as much as English book (IPA:/bʊk/) and Dutch buok (IPA:/buk/) do. In this regard, YR would be best justified in English, but not in Korean perspective, as the latter (ㅜ), though evolved later, is more reproductive than the former (ㅡ), and thus should be shorter from the information theoretic perspective.
 * OR versus YR is "ㅡ" versus "ㅜ" in a way.
 * In another, OR versus YR is /-j/ versus /-y/, the ending semivowel, overridingly added in the last stage.
 * In contrast with all the others, the compound vowels of OR are so certain or free from ambiguity as the single that the 25 vowels can be mixed up and sorted out, hence doing without /q/ (ㅇ) within such a mixture like European languages!

Orthographic Romanization

 * Initial consonants full-blown

 * Final consonants full-blown

Examples

 * dotori kicjajgi
 * Acorns measure themselves with each other. (Korean proverb)
 * Acorns may well stand for people of similar small heights.

NS: 도토리 키재기: 정도가 고만고만한 사람끼리 서로 다툼을 이르는 말. OR: dotori kicjajgi: cjengdoga gomangomanhan saramckiri sero datum-wul irwunwun mal. YR: totholi khicayki: cengtoka komankomanhan salamkkili selo tathwum-ul ilunun mal. RR: dotori kijaegi: jeongdoga gomangomanhan saramkkiri seoro datum-eul ireuneun mal. MR: tot'ori k'ichaeki: chŏngtoka komankomanhan saramkkiri sŏro tat'um-ŭl irŭnŭn mal. above: dotori kijaegi: jeongdoga gomangomanhan saramkkiri seoro datum-eul ireuneun mal. maybe: dotori kija-egi: je-ongdoga gomangomanhan saramkkiri se-oro datum-e-ul ire-une-un mal.
 * These examples don't make everything explicit. Things always remain implicit or tacit. So you have to make the implicit explicit as much as you want to.
 * While OR is once and for all, RR as well as others is not always so. The above RR example may be questionable as follows:

Middle Korean

 * (ZinSwojng; 인생, insajng, 人生)

title: Korean/Romanization


text:
User:Ananth.g

nothing to say......

title: User:Ananth.g


text:
User:Clvance7

I'm interested in Instructional design, education and technology. I'm especially interested in mixed media.

title: User:Clvance7


text: User:Mwnuk/myWork/Week1 Photos

title: User:Mwnuk/myWork/Week1 Photos


text:
User:Mwnuk/myWork/tutorial

Materials
The original designs were made of PVC piping and plastic strapes, but the strandbeest can be made of anything. The main consideration of the materials are that they are light and strong enough to hold their own weight while moving. Some groups have used legos to create their beests. Others have choosen light woods.

Here I intend to provide all instruction of building a model strand beest. The materials needed are cardboard, wooden dowel, wire, sissors, tape measure, and wire cutter.

I have choosen these materials for the model leg assembly due to the fact that they were economical and readily available and because my wife is crafty some we already had. A couple of quick points; Measure twice, cut once. While one of the triangles in the leg assembly looks to be a right angle, it is not. More on this in the golden numbers section.

Design
The first thing you need to know about the design of the leg assembly is that it is based off of known ratios of lengths that have been well tested by people much more interested than I... so here they are.

a:38.0                   f:39.4                    j:50.0 b:41.5                   g:36.7                    k:61.9 c:39.3                   h:65.7                    l:7.8 d:40.1                   i:49.0                    m:15.0 e:55.8

These are ratios so the scale of the project can be in whatever units you choose and multiple of these numbers. For example, my group did this project in inches due to the softwear of the CNC router we were utilizing and at 37.5% of listed values. Where as my leg assembly model was done in centimeters at 25% listed values.

One thing that is not readily apearant in the design is the values l and m from the golden numbers. The value "a" corresponds to the design as a bar connecting one leg assembly with another so that they move in unison. "l" is a small notch coming up from the point at which the two "a" bars connect that connects them to the crank shaft. "m" is the radius of the crank shaft.

Assembly

As mentioned above, please measure twice so you need to only cut once. The dowel will need to be cut slightly shorter than the listed values this is due to the way I have choosen to assemble them. The wire holding the dowel to the cardboard will create a small gap extending the length slightly. Unfortunately the extent of the gap will depend on how well your wire will bend and hold so a little bit of trail and error will be in order here. Once the dowel is cut it will need to be primmed on the end. SLIGHT preasure from the wire cutter should do the trick. Slight pressure being realitive to the hardness of the dowel you procured. The intention of this is to leave an indent along the rim of the end about a quarter inch from the end. This allows the wired a seat to settle and not move around.

I had attempted to drill a fine hole through the ends of the dowel, but regardless of how small the hole. The dowel would always end up cracking.
 * short aside*
 * end aside*

Once a small bit of wire has been attached to each end of each dowel length, the pieces are ready to start being combined together. There is no particular order this needs to be done in with the exception that lengths "j" and "k" should be assembled last. This is due to the fact that they are held together by a single bit of wire with a loop in the center of the spacing between them. This loop is where the crank shaft would connect. Additionally, this leads to the complication of spacing. Because the design to meant to move the leg assembly by applied pressure from each other piece while the crankshaft is turning. Assembling this piece last allows for us to correct any small errors in measurement or assembly in the previous pieces. (each error changes the sweep of the leg more from the ) And congradulations you now have a model leg assembly to help you understand the greater design of the STRANDBEEST!

title: User:Mwnuk/myWork/tutorial


text:
Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Pathophysiology

Lymphoedema is the accumulation of excess fluid in any part of the body that has experienced damage to the lymphatics. One of the lymph systems primary functions is to transport proteins such as cancer cells, bacteria and viruses. It also removes excess fat, water, foreign material and cellular debris from the tissues of the body.

The type of molecules that enter the lymph system differ from those collected in veins. Openings to the lymph system are larger than the opening of the veins, therefore larger molecules such as cancer] cells and viruses, can only be removed from the tissues via the lymphatic system. The molecules enter the initial openings of the lymphatic system, fluid then moves through the lymph vessels until it reaches the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes trap toxins and harmful materials which stop them from entering the blood.

There are white bood cells located in the lymph nodes which form antigens to the bacteria that has been traped in the node triggering an immune response. The immune response happens in the specific tissue that the lymph node services, preventing the development of infections in that area. If lymph nodes are damaged or removed, the immune response is damaged as is the ability for it to remove large particles and eccess fluids from the tissue in the area. If only one lymph node is removed the damage is only very small, the more nodes that are removed the more impact it has on the bodies ability to deal with inflammation, injury and infections.

More information can be found on Wikipedia's lymphatic system page.

References


text:
Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Medical and Clinical Considerations

Treatment Options

There are many treatment options available for breast cancer lymphoedema and more than one is usually encouraged. Some examples of treatments for breast cancer related lymphoedema include; individualised exercise programs, compression garments, lymphatic drainage, surgery, liposuction, debulking, pharmaceutical treatments and natural supplements. A recent and extensive list and information about these treatments can be found on the National Lymphedema Network website. http://www.lymphnet.org/pdfDocs/nlntreatment.pdf

Risk factors

Women with lymphoedema are reported to be likely to have comorbidity and should be thoroughly screened with that in mind. HypertensionHypertension has been postively linked to arm lymphoedema in more than one study.[1] These patients also are more likely to have a higher BMI making both hypertension and high BMI, key risk factors that could potentially increase the risk of breast cancer lymphoedema. Women who underwent radiation treatment and had more than 2 positive lymph nodes removed by lymph node dissection, have an increased risk of more severe lymphoedema.[1] Age as a risk factor has been reported as both a factor and not a factor, this area needs more research as identified by a study by Meeske et al(2009).

An increase in the severity of breast cancer lymphoedema in a patient can result in reduced functioning and higher levels of psychological stress.[3] An Australian study highlighted that; more extensive surgery, axillary node dissection and patient experiences treatment related complications or symptoms, are all associated with an increase in the odds of getting lymphoedema. They also reported that a patient with a lower socioeconomic status, a partner, participation in regular physical activity, having good upper body function, were associated with a decrease in the odds of developing lymphoedema. An intervention must take these important factors into consideration, making the patient plan and outcome much more successful.

Complications

Lymphoedema may present immediately or years after treatment although most cases are very likely to present int the first 18 months. Lymphedema leads to reduced physical function of the limb or upper body in general. Irrespective of lymphoedema status breat cancer surivors report a high prevelence of pain and stress in the upper body. [7] Complications can occur if skin care and hygiene recommendations for the affected area are not followed, fungis and infections can increase swelling to the area and therefore further complicate the lymphoedema. Self  drainage is important for a patient to do to ensure fluid to the area is drained as much as possible to reduce further problems. Garments, if prescribed, should be worn especially when exercising.[7]

Medical/Clinical Considerations
References


text:
Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Exercise Prescription

Thorough assessment and screening for cancer comorbidities and contraindications should be carried out with all cancer patients before an exercise program is started. At a minimum the screening tool developed by Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) should be used.

Please also note contraindications for patients with cancer on the Exercise Training page.

Following the re-evaluation of the traditional exercise clinical guidelines for women with BCRL, the following recommendations are accepted as safe exercise practices in this clinical group, as indicated through published research:

All training protocols require adequate instruction in safe and effective execution of warm up, prescribed exercises, cool down and stretching

Slow Progressive Resistance Training Protocol

 * Exercises can be either machine or free weights targeting multiple muscle groups of the arms, back, chest, buttocks and legs as well as abdominal exercises. Examples of specific exercises can include chest presses, seated rowing and latissimus pull-downs. There is no evidence to suggest that avoidance of specific exercises promote or worsen lymphedema.

 * Weight lifting exercises can be introduced with relatively low or no resistance.[3] The number of repetitions can be performed 8 to 10 times building up to 3 sets for each exercise in the first 2 to 3 weeks of training with sessions lasting up to 60-90 minutes per session[1] up to 3 times per week.[1][3]

 * A long term exercise resistance training program for up to 1 year has proven to show benefits in improving quality of life, increasing and maintaining strength gains as well as causing no risk in exacerbating or developing the onset of lymphedema.[3]

 * Stretching exercises can be implemented to improve range of motion also.[1]

Aerobic Exercise Protocol

Type

 * Most exercises involving large muscle groups are appropriate. Cancer survivors do not need to be restricted to walking and stationary cycling.[7]
 * See contraindications on the Exercise Training page for when to avoid certain exercises

Frequency

 * At least 3-5 times per week, daily is an option for deconditioned patients - lower intensity/shorter duration in their sessions

Intensity
 * Moderate intesity is recommended, depending on medical treatments and current fitness levels
 * 50-75% VO 2 max or HR reserve, 60-80% HR max, or RPE of 11-14 on the original Borg scale

Duration
 * 20-30 minutes continuous exercise - deconditioned patients or those experiencing severe side effects, may benefit from doing short bouts of exercise with rests in between

Progression
 * Progression should be slower for deconditioned patients and those with severe side effects from treatment. Frequency and duration goals should be met before an increase in intensity is added. Declines in activity may be inevitable during some treatments, an exercise program can assist in minimising the declines

Note: Some experts have also recommended that women with lymphedema wear a compression sleeve during arm exercises.[4][6]

Goal Setting'

Set patient goals, 3, 6 and 12 monthly as a minimum to ensure progression.

Social intergration and relationships correlate to a positive outcome for patients with BCRL, a great opportunity for interaction and support from other Breast cancer survivors is Dragons Abreast, a great recommendation for increased physical activity.

The information in this wiki is also designed to help the exercise physiologist understand and show empathy towards a patient with BCRL.

References


text:
Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Exercise Training

Thorough assessment and screening for cancer comorbidities and contraindications should be carried out with all cancer patients before an exercise program is started. At a minimum the screening tool developed by Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) should be used.

Recently, research has been published challenging the myth of the role of exercise, especially vigorous upper limb exercise, in encouraging the onset of BCRL. Traditionally, physical therapists, surgeons and other allied health professionals have avoided prescribing vigorous, repetitive or excessive upper body exercise in breast cancer patients for fear of increasing the risk of developing lymphedema However, recent publications have refuted this longstanding belief in concluding that in fact exercise may not enhance the likelihood of developing BCRL nor exacerbate the condition [1]     but instead create positive health benefits in this patient population.

In women with breast cancer, exercise involving combined aerobic and resistive upper extremity activity does not cause a clinically significant difference in arm circumference and arm volume between the ipsi- and contralateral upper limbs. Therefore it does not bring on the onset of lymphedema in this patient cohort nor does it exacerbate the existing condition. [1-6] A possible reason for this mode of exercise to instead play a role as a treatment modality in the stimulation of contraction of the lymph vessels in the upper limb and regaining control of the sympathetic drive to these lymph vessels which may induce a long term positive effect on lymphedema.[5] It is also important to emphasize the generic benefits of exercise in improving self-reported physical functioning, general health and vitality. A good example is women feel more confident in utilising their affect arm in everyday activities of daily living, such as lifting objects.[5]

Weight training involving slow progressive resistance exercises also shows no significant effect on arm swelling, but in fact results in a decreased incidence of exacerbations of lymphedema with lowered symptoms and improved strength gains.[7] It appears that long term exercise interventions up to 6 months duration involving progressive resistance training also encourages similar outcomes.[2] The apparent increases in upper body limb volumes, which are consistent in both arms, is likely accounted for by the significant gains in upper body strength.[4]

In response to current research on the effects of exercise on BCRL, the out-dated theory regarding its negative effects is bringing forth the re-evaluation of the generic clinical guidelines that survivors of breast cancer should avoid physical activity out of fear augmenting the risk of lymphedema.[2] Furthermore, prospective research should focus on determining the optimal exercise program to incur the most effective benefits in creating positive rehabilitative and health outcomes in this cohort.[5]

More information on exercise training for cancer patients can be found on the National Cancer Institutes website, the Australian Association for Exercise and Sport Science has also published a position statement on exercise training for cancer patients.

Contraindications and Precautions to Exercise Training and testing for Patients with Cancer

The American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) guidelines for containdications for patients with cancer are as follows;

Please note that this has been published for patients with cancer not cancer survivors, these guidelines still need to be taken into consideration when training a patients with BCRL.

Factors relating to cancer treatment;
 * No exercise on days of intravenous chemotherapy or within 24 hours of treatment
 * No exercise before blood draw
 * Severe tissue reaction to radiation therapy
 * Caution if on treatments that affect the lungs and/or heart: recommend medically supervised exercise testing and training
 * Mouth sores/ulcerations: avoid mouthpieces for testing:use face masks

Hematologic;
 * Platelets <50,000
 * White blood cells <3,000
 * Hemoglobin <10g.dL -1

Musculoskeletal;
 * Bone, back or neck pain of recent origin - investigate any pain or cramping
 * Unusual muscle weakness - osteopenia: avoid high impact exercise if risk of fracture
 * Severe cachexia
 * Unusual/extreme fatigue - mild to moderate fatigue: closely monitor response to exercise
 * Poor functional status

Systemic;
 * Acute infections - avoid exercise until asymptomatic for >48hrs
 * Febrile illness - fever >38°C
 * General malaise

Gastrointestinal;
 * Severe nausea - compromised food and/or fluid intake: consult with a nutritionist or dietition
 * Vomiting or diarrhea within the last 24-36hrs
 * Dehydration
 * Poor nutrition

Cardiovascular;
 * Chest pain - caution if at risk of cardiac disease - medically supervised exercise testing and training
 * Resting HR >100bpm or <50bpm - if on antihypertensive medications that affect HR, THR may not be attainable; avoid overexertion
 * Resting SBP >145 mm Hg and/or DBP >95 mm Hg
 * Resting SBP <85 mm Hg
 * Irregular HR
 * Ankle swelling
 * Lymphedema: wear compression garments on limb when exercising

Pulmonary;
 * Severe dyspnea - mild/moderate dyspnea: avoid max tests
 * Cough, wheezing
 * Chest pain increased by deep breath

Neurologic;
 * Significant decline in cognitive status - if mild cognitive changes: make sure patient is able to understand and follow instructions
 * Dizziness/lightheadedness
 * Disorientation
 * Blurred vision
 * Ataxia - poor balance/peripheral sensory neuropathy: use well supported positions for exercise

Benefits of Exercise for BCRL Patients

There are a range of important reasons to consider exercise as a form of therapy for secondary lymphedema due to breast cancer treatment.[5] These include;
 * Improved quality of life [4][5]
 * Muscular hypertrophy of resistance training including improvements in strength[4][7][9]
 * Prevention of lifestyle diseases[4]
 * Decreased body fat[4]
 * Increased functionality[4]
 * Increased bone mineral density[1][4]
 * Reduction in cardiovascular risk factors[4]
 * Increased physical work capacity of the affected arm - protection from injuries occuring from normal activities of daily living[7]
 * Increased muscular strength decreases the relative effect of normal daily stresses to the upper extremity[7]
 * Increased aerobic fitness[1][9]
 * Improvements in fatigue[9]
 * Social and interpersonal interactions[10]
 * Improvements in soft tissue and joint mobility, which can decrease the impact of tissue fibrosis on lymphatic and venous flow
 * Early introduction of exercise can prevent the deterioration of shoulder joint range of motion in breast cancer patients who experienced lymph node dissection[3]
 * Speeds up recovery from surgery[3]
 * Stimulates the skeletal muscle pump to pump lymphatic and venous fluid and also stimulates the contraction of the lymph vessels, therefore prevents the accumulation of lymphatic fluid and improves lymphatic flow[5]
 * Assists in the recovery of cancer survivors[10]
 * Reduces the decline of palliative patients[10]

For further information on Exercise benefits see Exercise is Medicine

For further information on using exercise for cancer prevention see Cancer Council Australia PS: Physical Activity and cancer prevention.

References


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text: File:2F2S Meeting 1.pdf

title: File:2F2S Meeting 1.pdf


text: File:2F2S Meeting 2.pdf

title: File:2F2S Meeting 2.pdf


text: File:2F2S Meeting 3.pdf

title: File:2F2S Meeting 3.pdf


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User:Kion89032

kevin.ion@students.csn.edu

title: User:Kion89032


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User talk:Kion89032

Next

title: User talk:Kion89032


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title: File:IPA vowel chart 2005.png


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research

This is Section 1 of The science behind Parkinson's disease - a Wikiversity learning project. Site map This Section is for those who are interested in following research into Parkinson's and thinking about what questions remain unanswered, what issues need to be resolved and what implications arise from research results.

Below are topics which contributors wish to bring to the attention of others.

But there is also a 'Magazine Section' dealing with articles to enable readers to get an overview of the current 'Hot Topics' and read discussions of key issues. These articles will link to the main body of the learning project.

Purpose of Section 1: To enable contributors:
 * to highlight interesting topics in current Parkinson's research
 * to explain their significance and background
 * to describe the questions answered and identify the questions still unanswered
 * to say how the work fits into the bigger picture and what other researchers are doing
 * to examine hypotheses and to raise implications
 * to identify possible new lines of enquiry and new implications for research strategy

Topics
Topics below in red are those thought to be important but have not been worked on yet. You are invited to start them.

You are welcome to add topics you believe are important.

PD Map
Moved to: Parkinson's_Pathogenesis/PD_Map with Magazine Section article at PD_Magazine_Section/PD_pathogenesis_map


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Magazine Section

< Back to Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research

This Magazine section will hold articles on topical subjects, recent research progress and emerging issues.

It is intended to be a 'rolling magazine' where new articles are added all the time and older ones are updated, combined with the newer ones, removed or migrated to the main part of this section in an adapted form.

It is hoped that topics in the news will stimulate contributors to delve into their background and explain the significance of the new developments, relating them to what is already known and maybe already recorded in the existing pages of the wiki. It is also a place where emerging issues can be explored.

It might also be a place where exchanges of ideas could take place - like a 'Letters to the Editor' page or a (non-trivial) on-line forum.

Articles will have links to pages in the main body of the wiki which give the context, background or go into further detail of the current topics and related areas of research.

It is hoped that, for newcomers, this will provide a way for speedily being introduced to the interesting and important range of research going on and provide the starting point for gaining a good understanding of it.

Contents
Three hits in understanding pathogenesis

Mapping Parkinson's pathogenesis - all of it!

Cell Transplantation

Let's get the ball rolling!

Hot Topics

The Blue Light Mystery.

Joining the Dots


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Hot Topics

< Back to Progress_and_Prospects_in_Parkinson's_Research

This is a stub which needs elaborating.

This page will be constantly updated as new directions in Parkinson's research emerge.

In order to detect new trends, strategies and paradigms we should keep under review the new research projects that the different Parkinson's organisations are funding. These are organisations such as the Michael J Fox Foundation, Parkinson's UK and the Cure Parkinson's Trust. (Please add other leaders in the field.)

'Hot topics' at the end of 2012 should probably include:
 * The discovery (that needs replicating by others) that alpha-synuclein exists in physiological conditions as a tetramer. This has implications for researchers trying to prevent alpha-synuclein aggregation. More recently further work has been reported on the details of alpha-synuclein oligomerisation and aggregation as described in the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.
 * The trials of Exendin-4, a drug that is already approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative agent. There are other examples of the potential to 'reposition' existing drugs.
 * Large projects to create biobanks of biological samples for the purposes, both now and in the future, of finding and utilising biomarkers for the early detection of Parkinson's and the measurement of the rate of progress of the disease (See also the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.)
 * Developments in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells and the use of cutaneous cells from Parkinson's patients. (See also the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.)
 * Insights from genetics and Genome-Wide Association Studies
 * Regulating neuroinflammation and modifying the immune response.
 * The search for Neuroprotective agents
 * And so on.

Separate or sub-pages are needed for the Hot Topics and/or links to existing pages in other sections.


text:
Template:PD Hot Topics

Vitamin D, Role of alpha-synuclein in pathogenesis,  Neuroprotective agents, Biomarkers and Biomeasures, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Getting Drugs from Lab to Clinic

Note that because this is a template the full names of the subpages must be given because the template could be used anywhere.

title: Template:PD Hot Topics


text: User:Mwnuk/myWork/Week2 Photos

title: User:Mwnuk/myWork/Week2 Photos


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Researching Parkinson's

< Back to Progress_and_Prospects_in_Parkinson's_Research

To start with this page will say the obvious: that there is a huge number of scientists doing research into Parkinson's throughout the world. With an aging population the number of people with age-linked diseases such as Parkinson's will inevitably increase. Governments and organisations have therefore realised that, quite apart from the human distress caused by this devastating disease, there could be immense economic and social costs if a cure or radically better treatments are not developed. Hence the substantial sums raised and spent on Parkinson's research today.

Solving the problem of Parkinson's and other neurological diseases has not proved to be easy. As a consequence, the armories of innumerable disciplines have been recruited in the quest: pharmacology, pathology, basic biochemistry, neuroscience, genetics, epidemiology, radiology, regenerative medicine including the use of stem cells and even systems biology and physiotherapy. Patients groups have been encouraged to participate in the development of strategies for making Parkinson's research more effective and to expedite the eventual attainment of a cure and efficacious preventative measures. Non-governmental organisations have arisen in various parts of the world to raise more money for research and to champion strategy development on behalf of those whose lives are affected by this chronic condition.

The scientific community has therefore discovered that there are many people who are intensely interested in what they are doing and what they are achieving. They cannot keep what they do in laboratories and through clinical or epidemiological studies hidden within scientific papers and specialist conferences. There is a demand for more knowledge from the ultimate beneficiaries of their work. This demand is demonstrated by the amazing success of meetings such as the World Parkinson Congress and other meetings where researchers address ordinary people. The encouraging thing is that researchers respond enthusiastically to this contact with lay people and it could be said that a true partnership is developing.

Many people affected by Parkinson's are indeed interested in learning more about the progress being made in this field which constantly uncovers more complexity. This wikiversity learning project is thus aimed at helping people in Researching the Research.

Researching Research
This page is being developed

How the non-specialist can systematically find out information about research both from the scientific literature and other sources and to organise it so that it can be easily referenced.

What should be in your toolbox?

More on topical areas of research?

Animal models will feature prominently and their shortcomings could be discussed in subpages.

The use of biological samples taken from patients is also an important recent development including the use of induced pluripotent cells (iPD cells) grown from tissue samples.


text:
Talk:Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Researching Parkinson's

I need to adapt the document referred to at the bottom to become a stand-alone page in this wikiversity project, possible as a sub-page of this one. Droflet (talk) 12:56, 4 March 2012 (UTC)


text:
Engineering Projects/StrandBeest/Howard Community College/spring2012/p1550MWSY/Model Leg Assembly

Materials
The original designs were made of PVC piping and plastic strapes, but the strandbeest can be made of anything. The main consideration of the materials are that they are light and strong enough to hold their own weight while moving. Some groups have used legos to create their beests. Others have choosen light woods.

Here I intend to provide all instruction of building a model strand beest. The materials needed are cardboard, wooden dowel, wire, sissors, tape measure, and wire cutter.

I have choosen these materials for the model leg assembly due to the fact that they were economical and readily available and because my wife is crafty some we already had. A couple of quick points; Measure twice, cut once. While one of the triangles in the leg assembly looks to be a right angle, it is not. More on this in the golden numbers section.

Design
The first thing you need to know about the design of the leg assembly is that it is based off of known ratios of lengths that have been well tested... so here they are.

a:38.0                   f:39.4                    j:50.0 b:41.5                   g:36.7                    k:61.9 c:39.3                   h:65.7                    l:7.8 d:40.1                   i:49.0                    m:15.0 e:55.8

These are ratios so the scale of the project can be in whatever units you choose and multiple of these numbers. For example, my group did this project in inches due to the softwear of the CNC router we were utilizing and at 37.5% of listed values. Where as my leg assembly model was done in centimeters at 25% listed values.

One thing that is not readily apearant in the design is the values l and m from the golden numbers. The value "a" corresponds to the design as a bar connecting one leg assembly with another so that they move in unison. "l" is a small notch coming up from the point at which the two "a" bars connect that connects them to the crank shaft. "m" is the radius of the crank shaft.

Assembly

As mentioned above, please measure twice so you need to only cut once. The dowel will need to be cut slightly shorter than the listed values this is due to the way I have choosen to assemble them. The wire holding the dowel to the cardboard will create a small gap extending the length slightly. Unfortunately the extent of the gap will depend on how well your wire will bend and hold so a little bit of trail and error will be in order here. Once the dowel is cut it will need to be primmed on the end. SLIGHT preasure from the wire cutter should do the trick. Slight pressure being realitive to the hardness of the dowel you procured. The intention of this is to leave an indent along the rim of the end about a quarter inch from the end. This allows the wired a seat to settle and not move around.

I had attempted to drill a fine hole through the ends of the dowel, but regardless of how small the hole. The dowel would always end up cracking.
 * short aside*
 * end aside*

Once a small bit of wire has been attached to each end of each dowel length, the pieces are ready to start being combined together. There is no particular order this needs to be done in with the exception that lengths "j" and "k" should be assembled last. This is due to the fact that they are held together by a single bit of wire with a loop in the center of the spacing between them. This loop is where the crank shaft would connect. Additionally, this leads to the complication of spacing. Because the design to meant to move the leg assembly by applied pressure from each other piece while the crankshaft is turning. Assembling this piece last allows for us to correct any small errors in measurement or assembly in the previous pieces. (each error changes the sweep of the leg more from the ideal) And congradulations you now have a model leg assembly to help you understand the greater design of the STRANDBEEST!


text:
User talk:DaniG2k

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 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --JackPotte (talk) 14:14, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:DaniG2k


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Universe

The universe is where everything, known to all of mankind, is. The Universe has fascinated the ancients. Where did we come from? How was the universe formed? Many religions proclaim that God created the Earth and the Heavens. But we want to know how it was created. According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution we are descended from apes (see evolution for details). But Darwin had another theory that states that the universe was always here. But everything is created from something. So how was the universe created? The universe was created by a process called the Big Bang.

The Big Bang
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is how most scientist believe is how the universe we know formed. Edwin Hubble discovered on day that some galaxies were moving away from us. This was a revolution in the history of science. But no one payed attention to him. But soon he was proven right.

What is the universe?
The Universe is basically everything that we see. We live in the Universe. There may be other universes we do not know.

title: Universe


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Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Environmental design

This NPA focuses on environmental design and assistive technology in caring for people with dementia.

Introduction

This page highlights key aspects of environmental design and assistive technology for caring for the health, safety, and well-being of people with dementia, based on peer-reviewed research reviews.

A summary of this content has been contributed to the Caregiving and dementia (Wikipedia) article, in the section on Environmental design and assistive technology.

The evidence base
Substantial effort put into gaining a better understanding of key features of good environments for people with dementia has been made since the 1980s, although significant gaps in the literature exist, particularly with regard to people with advanced dementia. The research literature was systematically reviewed by Fleming, Crookes, and Sum (2008) and Fleming (2010). , a project funded by the Australian Government through the University of New South Wales based Dementia Collaborative Research Centre and Fleming (2010). The environmental features correspond to the sub-scales of the Environmental Audit Tool.

Safe and secure
One of the most common problems associated with caring for people with dementia in an environment that has not been designed for their use is that of keeping them safe from the danger of wandering away and perhaps getting lost or run over. The most obvious response to this problem is to provide a secure perimeter, preferably one that allows for safe wandering and access to an outside area.

Positive effects have been found when unobtrusive means are used to provide a secure perimeter.

Annerstedt clarified the purpose of providing a safe environment as enabling the resident to have the opportunity to focus on the identity preserving features of group living:

“The safety provided in group living makes environmental barriers easy to overcome. Energy can be used to extend the territory and the demented can benefit from everyday activities, the accessibility of cues in social life and the external memory aids built into the setting”

In summary, the evidence supports the use of unobtrusive safety features but warns against over-emphasis on safety.

Small size
There is a range of evidence that supports the view that small numbers of people in dementia units are better than large numbers, however it is not conclusive. The evidence also suggests that the combination of small size with the other attributes of specialised units is not demonstrably beneficial in the later stages of dementia.

The relationship between behavioural disturbance and the size of the space in which the group lives has been investigated in two studies which suggest a lack of association between the amount of space available in a ward and the level of behavioural disturbance. . Elmstahl et al go on to observe that units with ‘a smaller proportion of communication area’ tended to have higher levels of disorientation and lack of vitality in their residents’. Other studies have found increased social interaction and less agitation for smaller compared to larger dining spaces.

In summary, there is a range of evidence supporting the proposition that small size, in the sense of number of people living together, is associated with a variety of positive outcomes for people with dementia. These include slower decline in ADL skills, more sustained interest in the environment, less aggressiveness, less anxiety, less depression, less use of psychotropic medication and a higher level of community. However it is impossible to quantify the contribution that the size of the unit makes in comparison with the other environmental factors that are commonly associated with a purposely designed, small unit e.g. homelikeness, safety and familiarity.

Enhancement of visual access
People with dementia stand a better chance of finding something if they can see it from where they are, thus environments should be designed for 'total visual access'.

Reduce unwanted stimulation
People with dementia have difficulties in dealing with high levels of stimulation. Their ability to screen out unwanted stimuli appears to be reduced. They can become more confused, anxious and agitated when over stimulated. Common causes of over stimulation are busy entry doors that are visible to residents, clutter, PA systems, alarms, loud televisions, corridors and crowding.

In summary, there is good evidence to show that the area of stimulus control is important to the well being of people with dementia. When levels of stimulation are optimum residents with dementia sleep better, are less verbally aggressive, less behaviourally disruptive and more able to dress themselves. While it is often impossible to tease out the effects of staff attention in the studies there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the levels of stimulation themselves have an effect which can be either positive or negative.

Highlight important stimuli
One form of highlighting is the provision of signs and aids to wayfinding and it is integral to the design of many special environments for people with dementia. However, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of highlighting important stimuli in environments for people with dementia.

Planned wandering
Planned wandering has two components:
 * 1) the provision of a well defined path and
 * 2) the access the path provides to a range of experiences that might encourage the person with dementia to engage in something other than wandering.

No methodologically sound investigations of the use of a well defined path were found. It is usually the case that the wandering path will include an outdoor section and there is literature on the effect of access to the outdoors.

Access to a secure out door area has been shown to be one of the defining features of an SCU. The beneficial effects on levels of agitation of being able to get outside have been well demonstrated [11] and described in the section on security. However there is very little empirical evidence of the effect, beneficial or otherwise, of being outside.

There have been studies of environments that have outside areas incorporated into their design as an amenity to be used by residents but it is impossible to identify the relative contribution that the outside area has made to the beneficial effects, in this case of maintaining the function of the residents.

An Australian study was the first to demonstrate empirically an increase in pleasure associated with being in a landscaped garden, seemingly at least in part because it was conducive to quality one-on-one relationships.

Familiarity
Being surrounded by familiar belongings can assist people dealing with dementia.

Opportunities for privacy and community
This principal combines factors such as familiarity, variety, specific function and personalisation. It suggests the need for spaces that range from the public to the private, including separate and varied social spaces.

In summary, there is good evidence for the provision of a variety of spaces in environments for people with dementia as they assist in reducing anxiety and depression while improving social interaction and may assist the resident to find their way around.

Domestic with scope for ordinary activities

The rigorous assessment of the effects of providing a homelike environment have taken two basic forms, a comparison of care in a homelike facility with care in the community and comparisons between facilities that vary in their level of homelikeness.

In summary, the strongest evidence specifically on the provision of homelike environments supports the idea that they reduce aggression and may have a beneficial effect on levels of agitation. When the homelikeness is part of an intervention that includes enhanced staff skills and knowledge there is strong evidence of beneficial effects on quality of life, anxiety and interest in surroundings. People with dementia living in such surroundings can be expected to do as well as those living at home with the type of community supports (i.e. access to respite and day care). However there are no grounds for believing that a homelike environment will slow functional decline.

Links to the community

This is as a gap in dementia care research. There are no methodologically sound investigations of the impact of linking facilities with the surrounding community.

Summary
While an over-emphasis on safety may have a detrimental effect there is good evidence that unobtrusive safety features improve resident well being, especially depression.

While there is evidence supporting the proposition that small size is associated with a variety of positive outcomes for people with dementia it is impossible to quantify the contribution that the size of the unit makes in comparison with the other environmental factors that are commonly associated with a purposely designed, small unit e.g. homelikeness, safety and familiarity. In a study where a strong attempt was made to control for these factors [6] larger numeric size was shown to be positive in that it was associated with less social withdrawal and there was no significant relationship with agitation, aggression, depression or psychotic symptoms.

The evidence for the incorporation of good visual access on the broad, unit level scale is not strong but the dramatic effect of making an important amenity, the toilet, easily seen provides good supporting evidence for the concept.

The careful reduction of unnecessary stimulation and enhancement of helpful stimulation is well supported. The evidence extends to increasing levels of illumination beyond what is usually considered to be normal. However he evidence for the effectiveness of signage in environments for people with dementia is not strong and the evidence for the use of personal memorabilia and objects as aids to orientation is limited.

There is good evidence for the provision of a variety of spaces in environments for people with dementia as they assist in reducing anxiety and depression while improving social interaction and may assist the resident to find their way around. However specific evidence for benefits of gardens per se, without enhanced staff interaction, is weak and there have been no well designed studies of the provision of wandering paths.

The provision of a familiar environment, especially when that is taken to include the provision of single rooms that facilitate personalisation, is supported.

Providing ways of linking the residential facility to the community through the inclusion of environmental features e.g. a coffee shop, is yet to be properly researched.

The difficulties of distinguishing between the social/professional environment, i.e philosophy of care, staff skills, good management practices, and the physical environment make it difficult to conclude that a homelike physical environment has a broad impact, especially in the case of people with advanced dementia. However there is good evidence that it reduces aggression. The evidence for the beneficial effects of involving people with dementia in ordinary activities of daily living is weak.

While recognising that there are substantial gaps in the literature, especially in regard to information on designing for people with advanced dementia, we may be confident about using unobtrusive safety measures; varying the ambience, size and shape of spaces; providing single rooms; design for planned wandering; provide for maximising visual access to important features and providing for stimulus control with the periodic availability of high levels of illumination.

Lectures

 * 1) What difference does the environment make to the wellbeing of people with dementia: New research, a new approach to the assessment of the environment and an international comparison (Richard Fleming, University of Wollongong, Australia):  Reports on the results of recent research which throws new light on the contribution that the environment makes to the lives of people with dementia in residential aged care. Compares Australian dementia specific facilities with the best in Norway, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of both. Participants are invited to try out a new, and relatively exciting, way of assessing residential care facilities.

Projects

 * 1) Provision of timely education to aged care managers and architects involved in designing facilities for people with dementia
 * 2) Clinical workshops on environmental design for people with dementia
 * 3) Introducing environmental design for people with dementia into undergraduate architectural curricula
 * 4) Development of an audit tool based educational package to inform an understanding of the use of the physical environment in the care of people with dementia


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User:MrFidaAliEngr/Media

Media has always been important in the history of man kind since humen learnt how to communicate and record the important activities/events in order to keep people well informed. Due to recent advancement in the field of electronics, media has assumed the most powerful status with respect to both infotainment and edutainment. Modern tools and equipments have made it possible for media people to present or project almost everything the way they like. Hence, media people are becoming more and more responsible regarding media ethics.

title: User:MrFidaAliEngr/Media


title: File:VHDL.Signal.1.A.20120305.pdf


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User talk:Webma8

No promotional content, please
Please refrain from adding promotional content to Wikiversity. Mathonius (talk) 11:11, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Webma8


text: File:Logo Aura 1361.jpg

title: File:Logo Aura 1361.jpg


text: Template:Materials science

title: Template:Materials science


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Nokia 9110i Communication

The Nokia 9110i Communicator is a computerised two way radio telephony communication device manufactured by the Finnish European Nokia corporation, which also manufactures the Nokia 6230i two way computerised radio telephone communication device.

It might well be, that the i from these two models became the i in the Apple iPhone, or did it happen the other way round? Maybe some research needs to be done on this matter of technology transfer backwards and forwards between corporates, and how individuals and their invention rights are affected.

One of the main distinquishing features of these two radio telephones is that they can also communicate with each other, and with other devices of the same make and model, and maybe with other computer devices suitably equipped using the infrared part of the spectrum.

The present writer so far, had no opportunity to try out this infrared link. However for a less expensive Wiki University experience maybe the sharing of learning material between handheld devices, such as the Nokia 9110i Communicator and the Nokia 6230i Communicator could be practiced with text material, especially as the two devices are able to share an internal memory module.

Quite a few pages of typed text, notes, lists etc could be transferred between the two devices by putting in the 8MB Memory Module into the Nokia 9110i Communicator first, filling the memory module with information, and then transferring the information - say a book on trees - to the Nokia 6230i by placing the 8MB memory module into that device.

The Nokia 6230i device then could be used to collect the appropriate photographs to illustrate the text of the book, and then the Nokia Personal Computer synchronisation can be used to transfer the contents back up onto the Wiki University pages. To keep these Nokia devices going, however, technical support is needed. The Mobile telephone system operating companies currently are not really interested in providing such technical support.

The current technical support problems experienced in Central London are: non-availability of replacement batteries in the Vodafone mobile telephone shop on the King's Road as of the 5th March 2012, and at the Carphone Warehouse shop nearby. Also the Nokia manufactured connecting cables were also not offered for sale in either in these shops, and the staff look at a simple request such as do you sell Nokia batteries with surprise.

title: Nokia 9110i Communication