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Wikiversity talk:Colloquium/Archive 1

Vandalism
Someone needs to keep track of vandalism on this page. Someone had completely deleated the page and replaced it with obscine remarks. I reverted to the previous version, but this may occur again in the future. 216.175.114.81 00:38, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * We are watching this page very carefully. I'll have to see who did it, and we are going to be soon instituting more stringent controls and doing some blocking of known abusive IP addresses.  It just takes time and effort.  Thanks for the cleanup, as we can use all of the help we can get.  BTW, this is (unfortunately) something common to Wiki websites and fortunately we can clean them up (usually) faster than they can be damanged, and do more than simply reverting damange.--Robert Horning 05:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Bringing order to the Colloquium
(Moved from Colloquim page) 23 August 2006

This page is getting to a rather big! I think maybe we should start grouping issues as they arise and creating links to separate pages to disscuss them. I've decided to start this up below (feel free to tidy this up and create more links to other issues that need discussion). m_dentonNZ 09:28, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I rather think we should archive stale discussions, maybe anything older than 5 days. -- sebmol ? 09:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Can be we do both? Group the conversations that need to be disscused and archive the ones that have been delt with? m_dentonNZ 09:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If there are topics that need further discussion, I would suggest you make a specific proposal and invite people to the talk page (you can write the invitation here). So, for example, if you want to talk about a guided tour, write up the ideas you have at Guided tour and post here asking people to contribute at Wikiversity talk:Guided tour. If you did that, this page wouldn't get cluttered too. :) -- sebmol ? 09:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Yeah that sounds good. Maybe a brief explanation of that at the top of this page might be a good way to get people doing that. Also I think listing all the links together in one place would be better than scattered all over the page. m_dentonNZ 10:02, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

To summarise it seems like some of the old comments should probably be archived after a few days to stop the page getting too massive, and I also reckon there should be a list of links to discuss active topics on separate pages. m_dentonNZ 04:11, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I would try try to attempt cleaning up the colloquium page except I'm still learning some basic wiki stuff so i don't want to stuff it up!

I would urge some caution to turn this into something akin to the Village Pump on Wikipedia with topical areas of discussion. I will say, however, that my experience with Wikibooks is not going to help here as this page seems to be considerably more active than the Staff Lounge ever got, or even the b:Talk:Wikiversity page when it was most busy. I certainly never expected this project to be this active!

My #1 concern about "archiving" discussions is that this project is so new that very little really ought to be archived yet. Perhaps some of the very, very early discussions that happened on day one and two, but the rest are all ongoing issues and are things that new participants to Wikiversity perhaps ought to read to see where the community is going right now. I mean, barely a week has gone by for crying out loud! I will admit that if the current level of participation continues, that some changes need to happen compared to discussion areas on other Wikimedia projects (excluding Wikipedia). This should be considered a very good move.

Comparing this to Wikibooks, the typical discussion there lasts about 2-3 months before it is archived. I'm not kidding here either. And surprisingly some of those discussions get additional substnatial comments even after a couple of weeks of being up. I know that Wikiversity is going to be a different kind of project and develop its own flavor, but I don't want to get the Wikipedia attitude of assuming community concensus on an issue after only one week of discussion. Five days of discussion is far too short for many issues, and assuming that they are archivable at that point is really missing the point that these are serious and substantial issues. --Robert Horning 22:20, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, but we'll need to start archiving this page soon. 2-3 months of discussion is great, but it would be unmanageable for this page, I think - maybe a period of roughly 2-3 weeks is enough for this page? Then, if something is hotly debated, we could make its own page (like Science_teaching_materials_for_creationism), which could be the seed of a policy document, for example. I fully agree that we shouldn't make the mistake of cutting short a debate, but neither should we scare people off with the size of the page. Cormaggio 17:59, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Mechanical Engineering
I'm studying Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cairo. I've got a lot of courses, lectures, notes, materials....etc. Anyone else here is intersted in Mechanical Engineering? I want to add these courses to the School of Mech. Engineering in Wikiversity. --Moo7a 01:16, 25 September 2006 (UTC)κ

Colloquium image
While I actually kinda like the image that we have for the Colloquium, doesn't it reflect a kind of stuffy, patriarchal attitude to education (that Doug/Reswik also pointed out on the the old banner for the main page)? If anyone could find an image that reflects the diversity and dynamism of Wikiversity (whether it is a "classical" image or not), I think that would be a better replacement. Cormaggio 11:06, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * What I like most is that it depicts a discussion of different people together rather than one lecturing the others. If we can find that theme in a more diversified illustration, we should replace it of course. sebmol ? 11:11, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I happen to like it. I mean, the name "Colloquium" itself is not exactly "new age", if you know what I mean.  The Jade Knight 16:25, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I do know what you mean, Michael, which is why I originally liked it as a representation of the word "Colloquium". But it still depicts a room of, exclusively, (white) men, wearing the caps of academia. I'm thinking, since one female contributor to Wikiversity has already spoken of her alienation here, that we do our utmost to make this a truly inclusive space - and we do this (or the opposite) through the kinds of language and images we use. Surely we can find something that is about "discussion" (as Sebmol points out), which is more inclusive than the image we currently present? (Incidentally, another image, which I think is good in its own way, but that this also applies to, is on What is Wikiversity?.) Cormaggio 17:07, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * We shouldn't aim to be exclusive, certainly. At the same time, I don't think we should feel like we need to be PC, either.  I'm not going to oppose an equally evocative more "representative" image, but I think one can really go overboard with trying to make sure no one gets offended.  One way or the other, someone is bound to be offended.  The Jade Knight 18:09, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

What are we looking for?

 * workshop 1
 * discussion 1
 * workshop 2
 * discussion 2
 * discussion 3
 * discussion 4--JWSchmidt 17:23, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally, I'd rather we not use a photograph. I like stylized art for this sort of thing.  The Jade Knight 18:09, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Something like this, maybe: . The Jade Knight 18:18, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Guillom has an image which appears to include both men and women on his profile which I think is nice. The Jade Knight 18:22, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Sections
Hillgentleman 16:11, 11 November 2006 (UTC): Will Colloquium continue to have one section every seven days? I ask this because sometimes I want to refer and link to certain Colloquium discussions.--Hillgentleman 16:11, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The convention thus far has been to make a section for each week, but we will also have to archive the discussions at a certain point - once a month or so has been the norm. But to link to a section (ie a header), you can always just click on the header's link in the table of contents and then use the text from the url (from after "../wiki/") to link to it - eg. Colloquium. Cormaggio 17:01, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Interest Group
I'd like to propose a Category:Internal Medicine Interest Group. I'm not sure if this is the place to propose this, but it would be helpful so that people of similar interests can find each other. Any suggestions?PalMD 17:41, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Assistance please
Something went wrong with my references in my STD article. Anyone wanna help find the problem?--PalMD 20:07, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sometimes reference lists can be fixed by typing ?action=purge after the article name in the small window of your web browser that shows the page URL....then hit return. If this does not work for the problem you are having, let me know. --JWSchmidt 20:28, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Worked like a charm.PalMD 20:41, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Archival a little more frequently?
Just wondering whether we need to archive the colloquium a little more frequently. Every 14 days perhaps? Page seems a little long. --HappyCamper 21:44, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The "Wikiversity is dead" thread is rather unusual and could be moved to its own special page. --JWSchmidt 21:57, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

FYI, on the details of bot edits. See this edit by ArchiveBot which moved the mulilingual interwiki links to an archive page. The links were reinserted a very short time later by Crochet.david.bot.

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Novial Lexike 1930

Back to the Novial front page  Novial Lexike

by Professor Otto Jespersen, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.

International Dictionary

First published in 1930

They haue beene at a great feast of languages, and stolne the scraps. SHAKESPEARE

Was die Sprache gewollt, haben die Sprachen zerstört. SCHILLER

L'égoïsme et la haine ont seuls une patrie, La fraternité n'en a pas. LAMARTINE

Abbreviations Preface NOVIAL LEXIKE INDEX:

title: Novial Lexike 1930


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Novial Lexike English Abbreviations

Back to the Novial front page

Back to the Novial Lexike front page

NOVIAL LEXIKE INDEX:

ABREVIATIONES (ABBREVIATIONS)

Entries in italics were used in Novial Lexike but absent from the list of abbreviations in the original book. D = germanim (deutsch). (German) E = anglim (English). F = fransim (français). (French) L = latinim (Latine). (Latin) AIL = An International Language. EIS = Eine Internationale Sprache adj. = adjektive. (adjective) adv. = adverbie. (adverb) astr. = astronomia. (astronomy) biol. = biologia. (biology) bot. = botanike. (botany) def. art. = definit artikle. (definite article) ets. = e tal seterum, FE etc. D usw. ex. = example(s). (example(s)) fig. = figuralim. (figuratively) fis. = fisike. (physics) geogr. = geografia. (geography) gram. = gramatike. (grammar) kem. = kemie. (chemistry) ''konj. = konjunktione. (conjunction)'' kp. = kompara. (compare) med. = medisine. (medicine) milit. = militari. (military) min. = mineralogia. (mineralogy) pl. = plurale. (plural) pron. = pronomine. (pronoun) prp. = prepositione. (preposition) rel. = relativ. (relative) relig. = religione. (religion) sb. = substantive. (substantive, noun) tekn. = teknike. (technology, technics) tr. = transitiv. (transitive) v. = vida. (see) vb. = verbe (verb)

title: Novial Lexike English Abbreviations


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User:Egm6322.s09.bit.sahin/final

 See my comments below. Egm6322.s09 14:29, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

=Modelling of Longshore Sediment Transport=

Introduction
Coasts are projected to be home at least 3 billion people by 2025. Not only by means of their aesthetical beauty in natural life, are coastal zones indispensable also because of their economical potential with eternal resources and expensive investments such as marinas, harbours, quays, etc.

Nearshore processes include several parameters such as waves, currents, tides and also movement of sediments, which affect dynamics of coastal zones significantly. Coastal sedimentation is one of the main concerns of coastal engineering profession since sediment transport cause movement of shoreline and change in the nearshore bathymetry of coastal zones. Wind wave induced sediment transport takes place in longshore (littoral drift) and cross-shore directions, first of which is taken as the governing pattern in long term shoreline changes and related one-line numerical models. Longshore sediment transport is transport of sediment in parallel to shoreline, which is assumed to be caused by waves breaking at an angle to the shore and wave induced nearshore current circulation in one line theory (Figure 1).

 It may be useful to point out to the general readers that Fig.1 is the top view of a beachline (longshore line) with the yellow region representing the beach, and the blue region water. Egm6322.s09 18:16, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

One-line Theory and Shoreline Change .
The one-line model is the simplest contour model, and it describes the time history of the shoreline position along a shoreline. The first one-line model was presented by Pelnard-Considère (1956), who examined the behaviour of groins on a beach. Since that time, the "diffusion" equation, which he developed, has been applied to many different situations.

The shoreline is shown in Figure 2, with the x-axis oriented alongshore and y-axis offshore. The equation for the shoreline position is

$$y=y\left ( x,t \right )$$

Owing to the irregularities in the shoreline, the shoreline normal does not point directly offshore at most locations. The local normal can be determined as

$$\mathbf{n}=\frac{-\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\mathbf{i}+1\mathbf{j}}{\sqrt{1+\left ( \frac{\partial y}{\partial x} \right )^{2}}}$$

The vectors, i, j are the unit vectors in the $$x$$ and $$y$$ directions. The angle made by the local beach normal to the $$y$$- axis is, by definition of the dot product,

$$\gamma =cos^{-1}\left ( \boldsymbol{i}\cdot \boldsymbol{j} \right )$$

The first equation used in the development of the one-line model is the alongshore sediment transport formula

$$Q=\frac{K\rho H_{b}^{5/2}\sqrt{g/\kappa }sin2\left ( \delta _{b}-\gamma \right )}{16\left ( \rho _{s-\rho } \right )\left ( 1-p \right )}=C_{q}sin2\left ( \delta _{b}-\gamma  \right ) $$ .........(1),

where $$C_{q}$$ is defined here for covariance and $$\left ( \delta _{b}-\gamma \right ) $$ measures the angle of wave incidence relative to the shoreline normal. The breaking wave angle of incidence $$\delta _{b}$$ is measured from the fixed $$y$$-axis.

A wide range of expressions exists for the amplitude of the longshore sand transport rate, mainly based on empirical results. For example, the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (1984) gives the following equation:

$$Q_{0}=\frac{\rho g}{16}H_{sb}^{2}c_{gb}\frac{K}{\left (\rho _{s}-\rho \right )\lambda  }$$

where $$\rho$$: density of water ($$kg/m^{3}$$), $$H_{sb}$$: significant breaking wave height (m), $$c_{gb}$$: wave group velocity at breaking point (m/sec), K: nondimensional empirical constant, $$\rho_{s}$$: density of sand ($$kg/m^{3}$$), $$\lambda$$ porosity of sand.

Kamphuis (1991) gives,

$$Q=7.3 H_{sb}^{2}T^{1.5}m_{b}^{0.75}D_{50}^{-0.25}sin^{0.6}\left ( 2\alpha _{bs} \right )$$

where $$m_{b}$$: beach slope at breaker point, $$D_{50}$$: median grain size diameter (m), $$\alpha_{bs}$$: effective wave breaking angle

The second and the last equation is the conservation of sand equation. Consider a section of the coastline that is $$\Delta x$$ long, as shown in Figure 2. We will assume that the profile is in equilibrium in the cross-shore direction. This is a key assumption;regardless of the shoreline orientation, it is assumed that the equilibrium profile applies at all $$x$$ locations. Now, if the rate at which sand is entering the cross section owing to a longshore transport is greater than the rate at which it is leaving from the other side of the profile, there must be an accumulation of sand with time in the profile, causing the shoreline to advance offshore. The volume of sand necessary to move a profile seaward (shoreward) is the shoreline accretion (recession) times the height of the active profile, $$\left (h_{*}+B \right )$$, where $$h_{*}$$ is the depth of closure and B is the berm height. Restating this in mathematical terms,

$$\Delta t\left [ Q\left ( x \right )-Q\left ( x+\Delta x \right ) \right ]=\left [ y\left ( t+\Delta t \right ) -y\left ( t \right ) \right ]\left ( h_{*}+B \right )\Delta x $$

or, through the use of Taylor series and the argument that $$\Delta x$$ and $$\Delta y$$ become very small, we obtain

$$\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{\left ( h_{*}+B \right )}\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}=0$$

Now, by substituting the expression for transport rate, Eq. (1), into this equation, we obtain the final equation. For computer calculation, this is sufficient. For analytical solutions, some further approximations are needed. Expanding the trigonometric terms in $$Q$$, we have

$$Q=C_{q}sin2\left ( \delta _{b}-\gamma \right )=C_{q}\left [ sin2\delta _{b}\left ( cos^{2}\gamma -sin^{2}\gamma  \right )-2cos 2\delta _{b}sin\gamma cos\gamma  \right ]$$

From the definition of the shoreline normal, $$\boldsymbol{n}$$, $$sin\gamma=-\boldsymbol{n}\cdot \boldsymbol{i}$$ and $$cos\gamma =\boldsymbol{n}\cdot \boldsymbol{j}$$. This leads us to

$$sin\gamma =\frac{\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}}{\sqrt{1+\left (\frac{\partial y}{\partial x} \right )^{2}}} $$, $$cos\gamma =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\left (\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}  \right )^{2}}} $$

and

$$tan\gamma =\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}$$

These definitions for $$sin\gamma $$ and $$cos\gamma $$ are substituted into the definition of $$Q$$, which yields, for small values of $$\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}$$,

$$Q=C_{q}sin2\delta _{b}-2C_{q}cos2\delta _{b}\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}=Q_{0}-G\left ( h_{*}+B \right )\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}$$,

where $$G=2C_{q}cos2\delta _{b}/\left ( h_{*}+B \right )$$. The term $$Q_{0}$$ is the background transport rate for a shoreline parallel to the $$x$$-axis, and the second term represents the transport induced by the alongshore shoreline slop due to the shoreline deviation from the $$x$$-axis. We can now carry out the derivatives required in Eq(3); again, we assume that $$\partial y/\partial x\ll 1$$ with the final expression

$$\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}\simeq -G\left ( h_{*}+B \right )\frac{\partial ^{2}y}{\partial x^{2}}$$

Introducing this simplified form for the derivative of $$Q$$ into the sand conservation equation, we obtain the final version of the Pelnard-Considere equation,

$$\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}=G \frac{\partial ^{2}y}{\partial x^{2}}$$

This equation is the classical one-dimensional diffusion equation, which is well known in mathematical physics, and a variety of solutions exist for this equation. The parameter $$G$$ is referred to as the longshore diffusivity. For small angles of wave incidence with respect to the shore normal, $$\delta _{b}\ll 1$$ and $$G=2C_{q}/\left ( h_{*}+B \right )$$. The diffusivity parameter has units of length squared per unit of time.

Classification
We have the classical one-dimensional diffusion equation to solve:

$$\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}=G \frac{\partial ^{2}y}{\partial x^{2}}$$

Since $$ac-b^{2}=0$$, the PDE is clearly parabolic.

===General Formal Solution ===

An infinitely long beach is assumed to be exposed to waves of constant height and period with have crests parallel to the $$x$$-axis (parallel to the trend of the shoreline). The shoreline will adjust to reach an equilibrium state in which the longshore sand transport rate is equal at every point along the shoreline. Since the wave crests are parallel to the $$x$$-axis, the equilibrium sand transport rate is zero. An initially straight beach is thus the stable shoreline form in this case. If the shoreline shape at time $$t=0$$ is described by a function $$f(x)$$, the solution of the equation is given by the following integral :

$$y\left ( x,t \right )=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi Gt}}\int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }f\left ( \xi \right )exp\left ( -\frac{\left ( x-\xi  \right )^{2}}{4Gt} \right )d\xi $$.........(2)

for $$t>0$$ and $$-\infty < x< \infty$$.

 It is possible to relate the above solution in Eq.(2) to what was done in class. Egm6322.s09 18:16, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

The shoreline position is denoted by $$y$$ and is a function of $$x$$ and $$t$$. The quantity $$\xi$$ is a dummy integration variable. Consequently, the change in both natural and manipulated beach forms can be determined if equation!!(last) is evaluated. Equation (2) may be interpreted as a superposition of an infinite number of plane sources instantaneously released at $$t=0$$. The source located at point $$\xi$$ contributes an amount $$f\left (\xi \right ) d\xi$$ to the system. Infinitely far away from such a single source no effect on the shoreline position is assumed (boundary condition).

Initial and Boundary Conditions
A groyne (groin in the United States) is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. The problem is to determine analytically the deposition of sand on the updrift side of a groin and the subsequent (and antisymmetric) erosion of sand on the downdrift side of a groin from a one-line contour model (Figure 3). The analytical solution for the beach change at a groin or any thin shore-normal structure which blocks alongshore sand transport was fist obtained by Pelnard-considere (1956). Initially, the beach is in equilibrium (parallel to the $$x$$-axis) with the same breaking wave angle existing everywhere, thus leading to a uniform sand transport rate along the beach. At time t=0 a thin groin is instantenaously placed at x=0, blocking all transport. Mathematically, this boundary condition can be formulated as

$$\frac{\partial y\left ( 0,t \right )}{\partial x}=y_{x}\left ( 0,t \right )=-tan\delta _{b}$$

This equation states that the shoreline at the groin is at every instant parallel to the wave crests. The wave crests make an angle $$\delta _{b}$$ with the $$x$$-axis according to Figure 3, giving rise to longshore sand transport in the negative $$x$$-direction.

A groin interrupts the transport of sand alongshore, causing an accumulation at the updrift side and erosion at the downdrift side. The solution describing the accumulation part is

$$y\left ( x,t \right )=2tan\delta _{b} \sqrt{Gt}\mathrm{ierfc}\left ( \frac{x}{2\sqrt{Gt}} \right )$$

for $$t>0$$ and $$x\geq 0$$.

The solution can also be written as follows:

$$y\left ( x,t \right )=2tan\delta _{b}\left [ \sqrt{\frac{Gt}{\pi }}e^{-x^{2}/4Gt}-\frac{x}{2}erfc\left ( \frac{x}{2\sqrt{Gt}} \right ) \right ]$$

where the complementary eroor function, $$\mathrm{erfc}\left ( \right )=1-\mathrm{erf}\left (  \right )$$.

Some Analytical Results
Four cases have been considered and shoreline change with time, for different wave angles and different wave heights have been discussed. In each case, these parameters haven't been changed:

wave period, $$T=8s$$

beach slope, $$m_{b}=0.05$$

median sediment diameter, $$D_{50}=1.5 mm$$

The cases are:

Case 1) Deep water significant wave hight, $$H_{0}=1 m$$ and deep water wave angle, $$\alpha_{0}=5^{o} $$

Case 2) Deep water significant wave hight, $$H_{0}=1 m$$ and deep water wave angle, $$\alpha_{0}=2^{o} $$

Case 3) Deep water significant wave hight, $$H_{0}=2 m$$ and deep water wave angle, $$\alpha_{0}=5^{o} $$

Case 4) Deep water significant wave hight, $$H_{0}=2 m$$ and deep water wave angle, $$\alpha_{0}=2^{o} $$

Matlab code that is used in this study

Result 1 Shoreline change with time

Shoreline change at up-drift of a groin located at x(alongshore ccordinate)=0 on a sandy beach of 1.25 mm median grain size due to waves with T=8 sec. period and varying wave heights and approach angles. It is easily observed in all three cases that rate of shoreline change decreases with time. Results for $$H_{s}=1m$$ and $$\alpha_{0}=5^{o}$$ can be shown in Figure 4.

Result 2: Effect of wave height on shoreline change

Due to increasing wave height ($$H_{0}$$), wave forcing (deep water approach angle is 5 degrees) and long-shore sediment transport rate increase, which increase trapped sand volume and shoreline change at up-drift a groin (Figure 5). Figure 5 shows the shoreline change after 15 days.

Result 3: Effect of deep water aproach angle on shoreline change

Similarly, waves (H=1 m.) approaching with larger angles cause higher long-shore sediment transport rates and shoreline changes at up-drift of a groin (Figure 6). Figure 6 shows the shoreline change after 15 days.

Numerical Solution

In the structure of one-line numerical model, instead of analytical solution, sediment continuity equation is converted to an explicit finite difference scheme depending on longshore distance, $$y(x,t)$$ and longshore sediment transport rate, $$Q(x,t)$$ (Figure 7). In this scheme, gradual change of longshore sediment transport rate in alongshore direction is calculated by the following expression:

$$\frac{\partial Q_{i}}{\partial x}=\frac{Q_{i+1}-Q_{i}}{\Delta x}$$

Consequently, the expression given below is derived to solve sediment continuity equation explicitly:

$$y_{i}^{'}=y_{i}+\frac{\Delta t}{\left ( h_{*}+B \right )\Delta x}\left ( Q_{i}-Q_{i+1} \right )$$

where

$$\Delta t$$: time increment

$$\Delta x$$: longshore distance increment

subscript "i+1" indicates the next increment in alongshore direction and prime (') indicates values at next time step. Explicit solution of sediment continuity using finite difference scheme is described as fixing sediment transport rates to compute shoreline displacements at the next time step

Appropriate boundary and possibly internal conditions must be posed to complete problem formulation. Various types of boundary conditions are possible and are implemented fairly directly for the explicit model. The simplest boundary condition might be to fix the displacement of the shoreline at the ends of a represented shoreline segment, say, $$y(0)$$ and $$y(l)$$, where l is the length of the shoreline segment represented by the model. With these values fixed, the adjacent $$Q_{s}$$ are computed using these specified values and the adjacent $$y$$ values.

In explicit scheme, since shoreline coordinates $$(y)$$ at $$t=t_{1}+\Delta t$$ depend on shoreline coordinates and longshore sediment transport rates at $$t=t_{1}$$, stability comes out to be an important parameter. At every time step and longshore distance icrement, stability is checked by the following expression:

$$R_{s}=\frac{Q}{\delta _{b}\left ( h_{*}+B \right )}\frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^{2}}\leq \frac{1}{2}$$

In the model, $$\Delta x$$ and $$\Delta t$$ values are assigned by the user. Taking greater time increments and/ or smaller longshore distance increments to solve sediment continuity equation decrease stability of the solution and may cause oscillations in resulting shoreline

An example for Comparison between Analytical and Numerical Solutions

Ari et al.(2006) used one-line model to determine the shoreline changes. They investigated a sedimentation problem at the entrance of Karaburun fishery harbor.

The case study field is Karaburun coastal village located at the south west coast of the Black Sea which is at northwest of Istanbul City, Turkey. Karaburun has morphological dynamic shoreline in 4 km length (Figure 8)

The harbor operations are affected by the sedimentation problem because of considerable rate of westward sediment transport towards the harbor entrance, thus the water depth shallows and the navigation to and from the harbor is prevented. The goal of the study is to examine the hydrodynamic parameters effecting shoreline changes and sedimentation near fishery port and discuss their effects on the sedimentation.

They used a numerical model to determine shoreline change based on one-line theory. They validated the model by benchmarking with analytical solution for a simple idealized case. A comparison of the results of the analytical and numerical solutions for shoreline change after one year is shown in Figure 9. For more detail about the study, see Ari et al. (2006).

Conclusion
One dimensional coastal morphology model is the simplest of all coastal numerical models. At the same time it is the most important, since any study involving coastal change normally involves a 1-D computation somewhere. A 1-D model solves two simple 1-D simultaneous equations: conservation of sand (mass) and a bulk sediment transport rate formula. The assumptions of one-line theory are:

-Beach profile moves parallel to itself

-Long term shoreline changes are due to long-shore sediment transport variations

-Long-shore sediment transport is proportional to wave breaking parameters

For analytical solution, it is also assumed that angle between breaking wave crests & shoreline and shoreline & x-axis are small. Results of analytical solution show that longshore sediment transport rate increases with increasing wave height and wave approach angle. For practical problems, the equations, the input wave conditions and the boundary conditions cannot normally be simplified sufficiently for analytical solutions to be valid. In that case numerical solution is needed. Obviously, due to the fact that each coastal zone and sedimentation problem are totally different, the results of the model needs to be compared with field measurements at site and physical model studies.

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Egm6322.s09.bit.sahin 15:37, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Egm6322.s09.bit.sahin/final


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Novial Lexike English Preface

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Preface
T HIS book presents the most necessary vocabulary of the international language N OVIAL (NOV new, International Auxiliary Language). In my book, An International Language (London, G. Allen & Unwin; German translation Eine internationale Sprache, Heidelberg, C. Winter), the reader will find: (1) an introduction showing the urgent need for such a language, (2) the history of the movement with criticism of earlier proposed artificial languages, (3) a detailed grammar, in which, chapter by chapter, the reasons are given that have led to precisely those and to no other forms, (4) the scientific principles of word-selection, and (5) some specimens intended to show the use of the language for different purposes and in different styles.

How should an auxiliary language for international usage be constructed?

The phonetic system must be as simple as possible and contain no sounds or combinations which would present difficulty to many nations. Hence we can admit the five vowels a, e, i, o, u only, but neither nasalized vowels nor rounded front vowels (ü, ö), which are absent from such important languages as English, Spanish, Italian, Russian. As regards consonants we are similarly obliged to exclude palatalized sounds, such as those in French agneau; It. ogni, egli; Spanish año, calle; and the German ch- and the English th- sounds. By the exclusive use of s, where some languages distinguish a voiceless s and a voiced z, an important simplification is gained, not only because some nations are ignorant of that distinction, but also because the distribution of the two letters would necessarily be often arbitrary and consequently would have to be separately remembered for each word. Accentuation (stress) should not be used to discriminate words.

Our spelling, too, must be as easy as possible; we must therefore avail ourselves of all such simplifications as have already been made in some languages, e.g. f instead of ph, t instead of th; single instead of double consonants and vowels, as in Spanish. Accents and other accessory marks above or at the side of letters are superfluous complications. No letter should be allowed to have two distinct pronunciations according to its position: g in gi, ge must sound as in ga, go (cp. E. give, get). I know very well that many people would prefer c in conclusione, cria, clari, etc., where I write k; the Romanic nations and the English dislike the letter k (which is not beautiful!); but I must ask the reader to consider the fact that not only the Germans, the Dutch, and the Scandinavians, but also the Slav nations, thus very many millions, write k in Latin loan-words (in Polish, for instance, kleryk, kredyt, klasa, kronika, krystal; correspondingly in Czech, Russian, etc.). The new official Turkish spelling with Roman letters is in perfect agreement with the rules I had adopted for Novial before knowing of the fact: bank, koridor, fabrika, kontrol, kolosal, sivil, bisiklet .... Anyhow, k seems indispensable before e and i, e.g. anke, kelki; amike friend (epicene), hence naturally amiko, amika, amikal. I grant, however, that the adoption of c instead of k in those combinations would not essentially affect the character of Novial and would be much more tolerable than the use of c for the sound of s or ts, which is particularly annoying before a, o, u (as in Esperanto). In an international language we might, perhaps we should, write everything in small letters, as the rules for capitals are more or less arbitrary in all languages - at present, however, I dare not propose that reform.

The grammar must be very simple and easy, i.e. as regular as possible. If one ending is adopted for the plural (here s) or for female beings (here a), it is best to apply it to all words, not only to nouns, but to pronouns as well. Some interlinguists do not acknowledge this principle and thus set up special pronominal forms for those two categories, alleging that pronouns are irregular in all languages, and that it is therefore against ordinary linguistic psychology to create regular pronouns. This, however, is only a half-truth, one might even say that it is a fallacy: in their historical development even pronouns tend towards regularity, as I have demonstrated with regard to English as far back as 1891; and if such simplification comes about very slowly in this class of words, the reason is that the extremely frequent use fixes the forms in the memory. Exactly the same thing happens with the most often used verbs, which for the same reason in all our languages are irregular (am, is, was, be; bin, ist, sind, war; suis, est, sont, était, fut, sera; go, went; vais, aller, irai; gehe, ging, gegangen ...); but in spite of this no interlinguist has proposed to give an irregular inflection to the corresponding verbs in a constructed language. An exception is just as indefensible in one case as in the other. Progress in national languages has everywhere been in the direction of simple and analytic forms - this should be the guiding principle in the construction of an international language. And naturally such a language can and must be less capricious and less complicated than even the most progressive natural language.

Fortunately there exist numerous word-building elements (prefixes and suffixes) that are already known internationally and can be adopted without any change. The only thing required is to define their use and to be free to apply the same prefix or suffix to all words, whereas natural languages present all kinds of more or less inexplicable restrictions. Vague and inaccurate definitions of suffixes should have no place in a rational language, and even less acceptable - to mention one example only - is the two Latin prefixes in in two nearly contradictory senses: inscrit inscribed and ínscrit unwritten (the accent is an unsatisfactory and ineffective palliative). One of the great advantages of a constructed language is the power it gives every speaker to form a word by means of well-known suffixes without having first to inquire whether it is already in use; but if radicals and affixes are well chosen, it is possible by such means to form an astonishing number of universally known derivatives.

The chief principle for the selection of vocables is to use, wherever possible, words that are already international, and where these are missing to take those words which create least friction. Unfortunately, some perfectly international words have meanings that are so far from being precise that they should be avoided in a really philosophical language, e.g. nature, form, pension, materialism, romantic. Novial does not and cannot pretend to remedy general deficiencies of that order, but in other cases I have endeavoured to specify meanings precisely. Where the languages that form the basis of Novial present the same or closely similar forms for two notions which it is necessary to keep apart, the most distinctive and the most easily remembered forms have been chosen. Thus for the two meanings of German Bank = French banque, banc = English bank, bench, the forms banke (with bankere, bankrote) and benche are in every respect better than banko and benko (Ido), or banq (bank with banqero and bancrott) and banc (Occidental: how is one to pronounce these words differently?). This dictionary contains many examples of such differentiations which seem to me desirable or even indispensable (organe orgele; borse purse; pasa pase pasu; volkane vulkanisa; komun komunie ...).

No one who knows the other constructed languages, and has given some little thought to the difficult problems which the construction of a language involves, will be surprised to find that I have in many cases vacillated between two forms where general principles do not with certainty lead to one single solution. Now I prefer vorde, set, ot, mensu, where at first I said vorte, sep, ok, monate. In a few cases I give two words as equally legitimate and leave the choice to interlinguists of the future (sal ve; moneye pekunie; guere milite; vapornave stimshipe). One might mention here among possible improvements the extension of the suffixes ia, especially after nt (inteligentia, konvalesentia, presentia) and itate (felisitate, sinseritate), as well as the use of adverbs without the ending im before adjectival words (tot nudi, tal-nomat, extrem fasil, bon konstruktet, cp. mal-format).

All prefixes and suffixes, as well as the grammatical endings, have been inserted in alphabetic order.

It has been imperative to economize space in this dictionary; consequently translations are only given where it seemed absolutely necessary. Not every possible derivative has been indicated; those that are placed after | are formed with perfect regularity according to the rules of Novial; others, demanded by the example of national languages, have been placed after ||. Brevity being essential, this book presupposes benevolence and also a certain amount of intelligence in the reader. The following examples show how the laconic indications of the dictionary are to be interpreted by English, French, and German users:

desembre December. hiene hyena. barikade barricade | barikada barricade vb. akompana accompany. abrikote apricot | abrikotiere apricot-tree. heroi | heroe or heroo hero | heroa heroine | heroisme heroism. profan or profani profane adj. | profana profane vb. | profanatione profanation. karaktere character | karakterisa characterize | karakterisiv characteristic || karakteristike characteristic (mathematics = index of logarithm).

Herr R. Zeidler, of Nordrach (Baden), has read through the manuscript and has communicated to me numerous important observations; the same has been done for parts of the book by Mr. H. D. Akerman, of London, and M. J. Barral, of Berre-des-Alpes: to all these three gentlemen I return my cordial thanks for their valuable assistance, as well as to Mr. N. Haislund, of Copenhagen, who has helped me in reading the proofs; though for any mistakes that many be found in the book I must myself bear the full responsibility. Finally, I must express my respectful gratitude to the Rask-Ørsted-Fond, of Copenhagen, for the generous subvention which has made it possible to issue the book at a very cheap price.

O. J. G ENTOFTE, C OPENHAGEN

title: Novial Lexike English Preface


text:
User:EGM6322.S09.TIAN/report

 See my comments below. Egm6322.s09 14:29, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

=Numerical Modeling of Shallow Water Equation=

Summary
A one-dimensional model of the shallow water equation is developed. The model is based on the one-dimensional continuity equation and momentum equation. A staggered-grid and theta method scheme is utilized in this finite-difference model. The model is used to test two PDE cases, and the results obtained from these numerical experiments are then compared with their analytical solutions. Results indicate that the model was able to give a relatively precise simulation of the solution to the one dimensional shallow water equation. The numerical simulation is affected by initial conditions and boundary conditions while formulating the model, but the results show promise for usefulness of the numerical simulation with future exploration.

Introduction
Currently, partial differential equations (PDEs) are widely used in research of coastal engineering. The fundamental equations of hydrodynamic processes, such as the continuity equation and momentum equation, are PDEs. Analytical solutions to some PDEs, which have simple initial conditions and boundary conditions, are given by mathematicians. However, some of the simple PDEs with complicated initial and boundary conditions are difficult to solve. And even worse, some PDEs are so complex that mathematicians are not able to develop analytical solutions for them. Fortunately, with the development of computer technology, numerical simulation methods are applied to give numerical solutions to PDEs.

The goal of the research is to develop an accurate and efficient model of the one-dimensional shallow water equation, which can be readily expanded into a multi-dimensional model. In the following, the formulation of this one-dimensional hydrodynamics model is described first. The model is then used to examine two shallow-water equation cases with different initial conditions. Comparing them with their analytical solutions, the numerical results obtained from these tests would be used to evaluate whether the one-dimensional model is sufficiently precise to simulate shallow water hydrodynamics process.

On the basis of the material from a paper, “Numerical Modeling of Tidal Hydrodynamics and Salinity Transport in the Indian River Lagoon”, which is given by Y. Peter Sheng, S. Peene, and Y. M. Liu (June 6, 1989), the code of the model is written in FORTRAN. Moreover, the PDE part of this report is based on two reference books as follows, “Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers”, “Partial Differential Equations in Mechanics 1”. The form of the shallow-water equation was derived in “Introduction to Physical Oceanography”. Last but not least, all the figures used in this report were plotted by MATLAB. The animations were generated by Macromedia.

Basic Partial Differential Equations
The shallow-water equation is given as follows:

$$\frac {\partial \eta}{\partial t}+ \frac {\partial}{\partial x}[u(h+ \eta)]=0 (1)$$

$$\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}+ u \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}=-g \frac {\partial \eta}{\partial x}(2)$$

Neglecting the non-linear terms in (2), assuming a flat bottomed basin $$(h=constant)$$, and assuming $$ \eta \ll h $$ , the one-dimensional equations of motion for the free surface elevation $$\eta$$, vertically and laterally averaged velocity $$u$$ are simplified to:

$$\frac {\partial \eta}{\partial t}+h \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}=0 (3)$$

$$\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}+g \frac {\partial \eta}{\partial x}=0 (4)$$

By differentiating (3) with respect to $$t$$ and (4) with respect to $$x$$ and subtracting the two results we obtain:

$$c^2 \frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial x^2}-\frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial t^2}=0(5)$$

Or by reversing the order of differentiation we obtain:

$$c^2 \frac {\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}-\frac {\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}=0(6)$$

where $$c= \sqrt {gh}$$.

According to the wave theory, $$c \equiv \sqrt {gh}$$is the wave celerity in shallow water.

Applying the method of classifying PDEs, which we have learned in the class, to this case,

$$B^2-AC=c^2>0$$

we learn that this is a hyperbolic PDE.

Moreover, we know that (5) or (6) is the one-dimensional wave equation. From the class notes, we know that the solution of one-dimensional wave equation with initial condition was given as d'Alembert solution, which we will give in the following section.

d'Alembert solution

$$PDE:$$

$$c^2 \frac {\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}-\frac {\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}=0$$, $$- \infty <x<\infty $$; $$0 <t<\infty $$

Initial Conditions:

$$\begin{cases} u(x,0)=f(x) \\ u_t(x,0)=g(0) \end{cases} $$, $$- \infty <x<\infty $$.

The d'Alembert solution is:

$$u(x,t)= \frac {1}{2} [f(x-ct)+f(x+ct)]+ \frac {1}{2c}\int_{x-ct}^{x+ct} g(\xi)\, d \xi$$

Numerical scheme

In the numerical model, we use a stagger grid. The staggered grid means that the water surface elevation $$\eta$$ (p points in Figure 1)and velocity points $$u$$ are staggered points on an axis.

Theta time-stepping method is applied to this model. The following scheme is explicit time-stepping when theta is equal to 0, implicit when theta is equal to 1, and semi-implicit when theta is equal to 0.55.

The discrete form of (3) and (4) are given as follows:

$$\frac {\eta^{n+1}_i-\eta^{n}_i}{\Delta t}+(1-\theta) h\frac {u^{n}_i-u^{n}_{i-1}}{\Delta t}+\theta h\frac {u^{n+1}_i-u^{n+1}_{i-1}}{\Delta t}=0 (7)$$

$$\frac {u^{n+1}_i-u^{n}_i}{\Delta t}+(1-\theta)g\frac {\eta^{n}_{i+1}-u^{n}_{i}}{\Delta t}+\theta g\frac {\eta^{n+1}_{i+1}-\eta^{n+1}_{i}}{\Delta t}=0 (8)$$

Based on the equations above, a one-dimensional shallow water model is developed, and then examined by two cases.

First Test
As the first step, the one-dimensional model is used to examine the following case :

$$ \frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial x^2}-\frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial t^2}=0$$

Initial conditions:

$$f(x)=\begin{cases} \eta(x,0)=1;31\le x \le 40 \\ \eta(x,0)=0;otherwise \end{cases} $$,

$$g(x)=\eta_t(x,0)=0; -\infty  44 \end{cases} $$

when $$t=5$$

$$f(x)=\begin{cases} \eta(x,4)=0;x < 26 \\ \eta(x,4)=\frac {1}{2};26\le x < 35 \\ \eta(x,4)=\frac {1}{2};35< x \le 45 \\ \eta(x,4)=0;x > 45 \end{cases} $$

when $$t=15$$

$$f(x)=\begin{cases} \eta(x,4)=0;x < 16 \\ \eta(x,4)=\frac {1}{2};16\le x < 25 \\ \eta(x,4)= 0; x=36 \\ \eta(x,4)=\frac {1}{2};46< x \le 55 \\ \eta(x,4)=0;x > 55 \end{cases} $$

The above solutions， which are the water surface elevation( $$\eta$$ )at four certain moments, are plotted on the right hand side as Figure2.

In numerical experiment, I set $$\Delta x =1, \Delta t =1, c=1, \theta =0. $$

The numerical results, which are the water surface elevation( $$\eta$$ )at four certain moments, are plotted on the right hand side as Figure3.

And an animation to describe the process of this case are given as Figure 4.

 If you had used matlab, you could also produce an animation with matlab. The background of this animation is a bit grainy. Egm6322.s09 18:49, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 I'm sorry for the animation, actually I produce the movie by MATLAB, and as I transform it from movie format to gif format by Macromedia, the grainy thing happened. I notice that you appreciate Liu's animation. However, he developed his animation by Tecplot,which is able to produce better animation than MATLAB. --EGM6322.S09.TIAN 20:34, 1 May 2009 (UTC)Egm6322.s09 18:49, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

The physical meaning of this case is that, in the beginning (t=0), the water surface between point 31 and 40 are 1 meter higher than average water surface. According to the analytical solution, as t increases, the initial surface elevation would be split into two half-heighted waves which move in an opposite direction. Comparing the numerical results with the analytical results, we find out that the numerical results showed the general idea of this case. However, we notice that the amplitudes of the numerical waves are much lower than they are predicted. In addition, the shapes of these two new waves are not consistent with their original shapes. We will discuss this phenomenon in the next section.

Second Test
$$ \frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial x^2}-\frac {\partial^2 \eta}{\partial t^2}=0$$

Initial Conditions:

$$\begin{cases} \eta(x,0)=sin[(x-55) \pi /10];56\le x \le 65 \\ \eta(x,0)=0;otherwise \end{cases} $$,

$$\eta_t(x,0)=0; -\infty  75 \end{cases} $$

when $$t=15$$

$$f(x)=\begin{cases} \eta(x,10)=0;x < 41 \\ \eta(x,10)=\frac {1}{2}sin \frac {(x-40)\pi}{10};41\le x \le 50 \\ \eta(x,10)=0;50 80 \end{cases} $$

when $$t=20$$

$$f(x)=\begin{cases} \eta(x,20)=0;x < 36 \\ \eta(x,20)=\frac {1}{2}sin \frac {(x-35)\pi}{10};36\le x \le 45 \\ \eta(x,20)=0;45 85 \end{cases} $$

The above solutions, which are the water surface elevation $$(\eta)$$ at four certain moments, are plotted on the right hand side as Figure5.

In numerical experiment, I set $$\Delta x =1, \Delta t =1, c=1, \theta =0. $$ first. The results are plotted in Figure 6. We find that the shapes of the results are similar to the original one. Nonetheless, we face the same problem as we have in the first case, that is the amplitudes of the two waves are less then half of the original wave height as they propagates.

Then I set $$\Delta x =1, \Delta t =1, c=1, \theta =0.55 $$. The results are showed in Figure 7.

As far as I know, $$\theta$$ is related to numerical dissipation. Hence the great damping we observed in Figure 6 is due to numerical dissipation, when the numerical scheme is fully-implicit. In addition, we notice that some of the values of u are negative in Figure 7, which is not in accordance with the analytical solutions. The reason is given as follows. When $$\theta=1$$, the numerical scheme is fully-implicit. And when $$\theta=0.55$$, the numerical scheme is semi-implicit. The model would not have as much numerical dissipation in semi-implicit scheme as it has in fully-implicit scheme, hence the results of Figure 7 is more conservative than that of Figure 6. However, it lose stability in semi-implicit scheme. In other words, the fully-implicit scheme is more stable than semi-implicit scheme. By the way, the fully-explicit scheme( $$\theta=0$$ ) is not stable, which would give us unreasonable results. The negative values of u in Figure 7 are caused by instability of semi-implicit scheme. Apparently, the results in Figure 7 are more consistent with the analytical results in Figure 5. Hence we usually apply semi-implicit scheme, that is $$\theta=0.55$$, to a numerical experiment. And an animation to describe the process of this case when $$\theta=0.55$$ are given as Figure 8.

Conclusion
A semi-implicit finite difference technique for the shallow-water equations have been presented and analyzed. As seen in the previous part of the report, there appear to be differences between the analytical solutions and the values obtained by the model. However, the results given in Figure 7 simulate the second case accurately. Although the initial conditions are simple and there is no boundary condition, the case is physically meaningful. To some degree, we can imagine this as a dam breaking case. Hence we can also apply boundary conditions, such as open or radiation boundary conditions, to this case. If we do this, the analytical solutions seem to be hard to obtain, while the one-dimensional shallow-water model can still give us reasonable results. The model is meant to be a simplified representation of the actual conditions. To make it more powerful, we are able to take into account wind stresses, bottom friction, and Coriolis forcing. These factors would affect the results greatly, and make the model a more precise simulation of the actual conditions. Moreover, we can expand the one-dimensional model to a two-dimensional one, which would give us more exiting results. The steps described above were unable to be taken during this project because of the time restrain, but if a longer time had been available, more complex solutions could have been accomplished.

List of References
--EGM6322.S09.TIAN 19:30, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User:EGM6322.S09.TIAN/report


text:
User:Christinacross

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic Climb/Camp in Mt Rainer

 * Research Component

 * week 1 Discuss with my husband what the best time of year would be.

 * week 2 We decided in the summer time for a couple days. Find out the different camping/climbing activities available.

 * week 3 Start putting together all this info in a general outline.

 * week 4 Make outline more formal. Start to create presentation.

 * week 5 Keep adding info to presentation. And start saving money.

 * week 6 Continue saving money until we reached our desired goal for this trip.

 * week 7 Gather final information and do a mock presentaion at home to make sure it all flows together.

 * week 8 Present.

Why Do I Like What I Like?
Christina Cross Gen Ed. Sem. Monday Afternoons

Sculptor

Upon receiving the instructions for this assignment, I knew it would not be difficult for me to find a sculpture I would like. Although I do admire Greek and Roman sculptures, I’m not much of a fan of modern day sculptures. So, I decided to pick one I liked the least. That in itself was a mini challenge.

When entering the park I immediately came across this large black square structure that was just it: large and black. I walked around it trying to figure out what the heck it was and on some humorous note, waiting for little alien men to jump out from the top. I quickly found an opening and walked through it. Okay, now I was standing in the middle of this large black structure….I continued my path and came across much smaller black blocks being pulled in many different directions. “Now what’s the point?” I thought to myself. I read the excerpt from the sculptor, Tony Smith, and the philosophy behind it. Making shapes out there in the quantum world visible. That in fact, perhaps there are many different dimensions of shapes out there among us that we cannot see because we are programmed to only see up to 3 dimensions.

This thought could not leave my mind while I continued to look at other sculptors work and read their excerpts. I was distracted. I went back to the blocks and stood there. I read again Tony Smiths words and then thought “what can I take away from him and learn from it? What is this about him that makes my mind wrestle with itself?!” And then, I think the magical question came to me “how can I relate this to what I’m doing in school for Interior Design?” My little philosophy about manipulating the inside of a 3D space and being able to evoke certain vibes, feelings and emotions to and from people, to create this atmosphere unique and personal according to the person its for.

I’ve determined Tony Smith does the same but somehow opposite. He does deal with dimensions that are unseen by the eye and perhaps very much around us, however, only on the outside. He doesn’t play with the inside but only the outside as he was a former architect. And that was it. We are on different pages in the same book so to speak. There was a relation to him that I was not expecting to find at all. I tried to go to the sculpture park open minded, but thinking back on it now, I believe it was mostly a defiant attitude. I had decided in class upon receiving instruction that I don’t like modern sculpture, and therefore, already closed. Tony Smiths sculptures that deal with the outside elements of our complex world, opened up something inside me. My mind was changed and I do admire his work. I looked online at other pieces he has done, and these massive structures are just amazing. What was opened up inside me, I don’t really know yet. I can feel it. Perhaps it’s a different way of communication from one designer to the next that I had never thought about or perhaps it’s something else completely. I do know though, that I did change my mind when I never expected to.

title: User:Christinacross


text:
Influenza cure research

Introduction
Influenza pandemic have historically killed hundreds of millions of people and it is conceivable that the latest outbreak of swine flu could do so again.

Some of those researching treatment options consider the others to be rivals and not without reason; whoever cures influenza will receive a great deal of wealth and prestige. If no one cures influenza however, many of us could lose our own lives or those of loved ones, which it would make not seeing any of our rivals succeed a rather hollow victory.

Speculation is to be placed in the discussion page as much as possible; obviously interpretations of experimental results are speculative to some degree and can be included with the data.

Potential cures would fall into six main approaches and it would be most efficient to sort data according to which approach it fits with.

1. Restriction Enzymes; and other means of preventing viruses from reproducing after they enter a cell.
Probably a good place to enter any information on influenza genes == 2. ‘salts’, ‘soaps’ and other things which take advantage of the greater dipoles of virus' protein coats as opposed to the lipid bi-layer surrounding most human cells, in order to make them unable to inject their genes into host cells == Any information on the influenza viral protein coats can be entered here.

4. Vaccination.
Technically this would be strengthening the immune system towards a virus, but researches into vaccines focus their attention on the illness to be treated rather than the patient, so it is efficient to give it a separate category.

5. Controlled weakening of the immune system
Cytokine storms in which the immune system overreacts to the infection are responsible for a significant portion of flu related deaths. Methods for weakening the immune system enough to prevent that while leaving it strong enough to fight off the virus occasionally can save lives.

title: Influenza cure research


text:
User:Micheleoneal

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

 * Research Component

 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

 * week 4

 * week 5

 * week 6

 * week 7

 * week 8

title: User:Micheleoneal


text:
Czech Language/Typing Czech

Czech's frequent use of diacritics can be a source of confusion and frustration to native Anglophones trying to learn the language. The ubiquitous ANSI 102-key American QWERTY keyboard layout, for example, was simply never designed for the fluid typing of diacritics (or, indeed, for any Eastern European language). The following details techniques students of the Czech language can use to overcome such limitations.

QWERTY
Czechs do in fact use a version of the QWERTY layout.

QWERTZ
The QWERTZ layout is common in Central Europe, including the Czech Republic.

Dead keys
A "dead key" is a method of typing accented characters by combining the diacritic mark with the letter following. The method was historically used with mechanical typewriters, and has been replicated in some word processing applications, such as MS Word, or at the operating system level.

Alt-codes
In MS Windows and DOS operating systems, the alternative ("Alt") key can be used in combination with the numeric keypad to expand the available character set.

Some of these characters may only work in word processing software. If in doubt, use cut and paste from a program like Wordpad or even Office.

Shortcut keys
For most of the vowels, there are shortcut keys which you could use.

For example:

''Press AltGr (right handside alt key) and ; at the same time. Release, then press the a key''
 * AltGr = á

Likewise, AltGr, i, o, u and y work in the same way: é, í, ó, ú and ý

For the capital letters, it's very similar:

''Press AltGr (right handside alt key) and ; at the same time. Release, press Shift and the a key.''
 * AltGr = Á

Likewise, AltGr, I, O, U and Y work in the same way: É, Í, Ó, Ú and Ý.

Depending on which distribution you are using, you may need to activate the AltGr key to do this.

Compose key
An alternative, in Linux systems, is the so-called compose key. This is a key or sequence that the system reads as Compose: the key/sequence can be customized (the way to do it depends on the desktop environment ). Typical examples are AltGr or right-handside Ctrl. By pressing the compose key, the sequence of characters following is interpreted so to produce special characters - typically, a diacritic mark is added to the following letter.

For example, Compose will add an acute character to the letter following:

 * Compose = á
 * Compose = É

Differently from shortcut keys, the keys can be pressed sequentially (press Compose, then ', then the letter). This does not apply to the Compose sequence itself, obviously, if this is not a single key: for instance, if AltGr are used as compose key, these need to be pressed together and released, then ' and the letter can be pressed individually).

To add a circle to a letter, use Compose before it:

 * Compose / U = ů / Ů

The Czech special consonants are produced by using Compose before the letter:

 * Compose = ň
 * Compose = Č

Unicode
Unicode blocks 0000-007F ("Basic Latin"), 0080-00FF ("Latin-1 Supplement"), and 0100-017F ("Latin Extended-A") contain all the characters necessary in written Czech. Additionally, block 0300-036F contain combining diacritics that can be used with the basic latin alphabet produce the correct characters. Useful codes are listed below.

Vowels:

Consonants:

Using Unicode in Windows/Microsoft Systems
It seems that the alt-codes don't cover all of the Czech letters. For some Microsoft applications (like Wordpad and Office) you can use the unicode system.

To use the unicode system, do the following:

type in zero one five eight, then press down on the alt key and on the x key at the same time
 * type in the unicode (like 0158 for the Ř), then press AltX

Unlike in Linux, this only works in a few applications.

Another possibility is to use the "Character Map" which is located under System Tools. You can select the "Ř" for example to the clipboard, then paste it where you need it.

Using Unicode in Linux
Linux does not have a system of Alt codes like Windows does. Instead, all Linux distributions use the unicode system.

To use this system, you need to do the following:

 * Hold down Ctrl

Simultaneously press the "Ctrl", "Shift" and "u" keys

 * Release the u key.

 * Enter the Unicode symbol's hex code.

A hex Unicode sequence must be started with Ctrl-Shift-U, followed by a sequence of hex digits entered with Ctrl-Shift still held. Releasing one of the modifiers or pressing space while the modifiers are still held commits the character. It is possible to erase digits using backspace.

For example, to type the "Á", one would:

 * Ctrl

You will then see the small letter "u" underscored

 * release the u key

 * type in the unicode 00C1 (zero zero C one)

 * relase the other keys and you should see Á

Links

 * Complete list of Unicode charts
 * http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf
 * http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf
 * Lord Matt's Quick Linux unicode guide
 * Microsoft Character Map How-To
 * Czech/Slovak Accent Page
 * Linux Compose Key sequences

title: Czech Language/Typing Czech


text:
Pattern Recognition

Objective
To provide a introductory tutorial to students and enthusiasts interested in applying pattern recognition in their work. This tutorial contains a brief theory, mathematical details and some simple demos of pattern recognition techniques. This article addresses a few pattern recognition problems from basic classification problems like linearly separable datasets to complex data structures. We will look at different classifiers and their relative performance.

Background
Pattern recognition is the field of engineering or sometimes classified as sub-section of machine learning with the goal of replicating human recognition and classification skills with the use of computer algorithms. One can observe that humans do pattern recognition with great ease, for example, colour coding, we can separate a set of coloured balls into different colour groups with no effort. Another fascinating example is our ability to recognize people seen only a few times or people seen a long time ago. In engineering fields like image processing, target identification and so on. the task of the pattern recognition engineer is to identify different sections of the image based on a certain property, for example, to classify a land image into a urban and rural areas. Recently, the efforts to automate these process have increased, especially, due to availability of computing power and advances in machine learning. Pattern recognition algorithms are usually known as classifiers. A few popular algorithms are k-Nearest Neighbour classifier, k-Means clustering.

Pattern Recognition Process
The process consists of three major steps after data acquisition. Datasets for pattern recognition can be from a wide range of sources like satellite sensor data, ground based sensor data, medical images and so on. Once the dataset is acquired it is preprocessed, so that it is suitable for subsequent sub-processes. Next step is feature extraction, in which, the dataset is converted into a set of feature vectors which are supposed to be representatives of the original data. These features are used in the classification step to segregate the data points into different classes based on the problem.

Preprocessing
One of the most common preprocessing steps done in field of pattern recognition are normalization to zero mean and unit variance, especially for 1-D datasets. In the field of remote sensing most common preprocessing step required is re-gridding, which is basically assigning a spatio-temporally uniform grid to raw data. In many image processing applications, it is desirable to have a uniform spatial grid for the pattern recognition process. However, satellite datasets usually have non-uniform grid, this problem can be rectified by re-sampling the spatial data by either interpolation or averaging to an uniform grid. Another common method used is spatial interpolation, as most of the datasets acquired are usually full of missing data points. The problem of missing data points is well known in statistics and this problem can be overcome by using a slew of techniques from simple averaging to advanced spectral analysis methods.

Feature Extraction
The main goal of feature extraction is to reduce the data dimensionality and properly represent the original data in feature space. Features useful for classification process can be simple features like RGB values in color images, or complex features like energies from the Fourier Transform or Wavelet Transform of a time series. The feature extraction process usually consists of three steps 1) Feature construction is the step in which features are constructed from linear or non-linear combination of raw features. 2) feature selection process is done using techniques like relevancy ranking of individual features and 3) feature reduction process is used to reduce the no. of features especially when too many features are selected compared to the no. of feature vectors. These three steps are not mandatory in the feature extraction process.

Classification
It evaluates the features presented and further makes the final decision

Simulations
For instance, let us consider a ring like image with a cluster of points in the centre.

Learning Task

 * Assume you got the tracks of individual or vessels. and pply machine learning of a large number of tracks?
 * Explain what pattern can be extracted from recognized pattern!
 * How can Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be used for pattern recognitions?

title: Pattern Recognition


text:
User:Fedinand Farara

'''Benutzer: Ferdinand Farara

Hallo, mein Name ist Ferdinand Farara und ich studiere Germanistik im 6. Semester an der Universität von Lome.Hier bilden wir, meine Komolitonen und ich, eine Projektegruppe, damit wir mit Studenten im Ausland über verschiedene Themen tauschen. Mein Hauptfach ist Literaturwissenschaft; daneben besuche ich auch Unterrichte in Kulturwissenscahft. Ich würde mich gern mit Themen in den beiden Bereichen umgehen. Ausserdem interssiere ich mich für Themen wie Musik, Sport und Religion.

title: User:Fedinand Farara


text:
Vancouver Flower Clock Project/Dwarf Morning Glory

Back to Vancouver Flower Clock Project

This is a Vancouver Flower Clock Project Journal Page for Species ___, Common Names_____.

General Info

 * Bloom Season

 * Habitat

Notebook
Share a poem, story, memory or anecdote about this plant. Include sketches, photographs and videos as well.

Log a Bloom Observation
To log a bloom observation, sign your name by typing "~". Please indicate if the time and date of observation are different from the time of signing. Be as detailed as possible in your description of the observation. Were the blooms open or closed? How long did you watch? Where were they situated? What were the weather conditions? Were there any surrounding plants, insects? What was your response?. Take a photograph, video or scan an image and upload it using Special:Upload.

 * 5:00am-6:00am

 * 6:00am-7:00am

 * 7:00am-8:00am

 * 8:00am-9:00am

 * 9:00am-10:00am

 * 10:00am-11:00am

 * 11:00am-12:00pm

 * 12:00pm-1:00pm

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 * 2:00pm-3:00pm

 * 3:00pm-4:00pm

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 * 10:00pm-11:00pm

 * 11:00pm-12:00pm

 * 12:00pm-1:00am

 * 1:00am-2:00am

 * 3:00am-4:00am

 * 4:00am-5:00am


text:
Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Functional Models/Personality

Personality
Every sufficiently complex machine or organism begins to exhibit quirks and mannerisms that are unique to that individual. In fact it is one reason why Turing's Test is so easy to defeat, that people tend to anthropomorphise anything complex enough to have these quirks and mannerisms. They say it has a specific personality. One reason people are supposed to be able to tell the difference between machines and people is the supposed lack of personality in robots. However, in fact one of the problems that scientists that want to do turning tests have, is that people read personality into anything that is complex enough to be quirky. So as long as the robot is quirky, it is ascribed a personality. How often have you heard someone complain about a particularly buggy program, saying something like "My computer hates me"? It is important to note that while the computer can't hate because it doesn't experience emotion, people often do have a love-hate relationship with their computers else why is there cultural evidence such as comical pictures of Ducks with sledgehammers ready to attack their PC?

Humans are definitely quirky and individualistic enough to be ascribed a personality, and originally everyone was thought to be unique. However beginning with Jung's description of human Types, it began to be possible to classify people within a range of behavior, according to some specific parameters. Of course today, with e-harmonies 29 dimensions of compatibility we have a much more sophisticated view of personality types than Jung did, but we still do not quite understand what these measurements mean within the mind.

What for instance is the difference between aptitudes and Personality Dimensions, and how do they interact? The difference might be simply the difference between tactical and strategic approaches to the same problem. Aptitudes are the tactical mechanisms by which the brain approaches the environment. While Personality seems more like the tendency to use one type of strategy over another. Some models of personality almost seem to map out to a tendency to use one lobe of the brain more than another. They can be seen as balances between the lobes of the brain. Obviously there are not 29 dimensions of balance between lobes of the brain, but there are 4 or five lobes, each with a left and right hemisphere. Further there are 4 commissures that join the two halves of the brain and might be the location at which communication between the two sides of the brain is achieved.

There is of course discussion between the types and traits communities, as to whether people tend to favor one side of the brain at one of these commissures and thus are types, or whether there is simply a distribution of different levels of connection between the two sides of the brain, and thus that different people express different traits depending on where they fall within the distribution. Evidence is trending towards the trait side of the equation because the statistical variation is a bell curve on each dimension.

But where is favoring of one side of the brain over the other determined? Evidence seems to indicate that once someone has grown to a certain age their personality is set, and they after that tend to always present the same personality aspect to the world. But a small percentage of people have something called a personality disorder, that results in them presenting abherrent or pathalogically determined personalities that are not socially acceptable or are socially damaging. Others seem to have multiple personalities that compete for the same brain.

Evidence from Lesion studies note that personality changes are associated with the Orbito-frontal Cortex, a part of the Prefrontal Cortex that sits right over the eyes. People who have had damage in this area tend to change personalities and lose the ability to regulate their actions so as to gain the most from them. The role of the PFC in regulation of Top-Down attention, seems to suggest that in fact personality is associated with regulation of attention, and may well have a strategic importance to the processing of the brain. Personality disorders such as Avoidant Personality Disorder and Dissassociate Personality Disorder have been traced back to developmental steps associated with Attachment between the child and its mother in the first 2 years of life. Other personality disorders may have similar developmental elements, or may be based on hormonal levels at certain other set-points in life.

One idea of the role of the Orbito-Frontal area of the PFC is that it contains a model of the self, in which all these set points are defined. Failure to adequately define a particular set point, affects the regulation of that particular dimension of control over the organism, reducing the ability of the organism to adapt to its environment by eliminating the standard for adaptation needed to meet a particular need of the organism. This model is then used to determine which actions the organism will consider, and to recognize actions that the organism has done in the past, and reject actions that are counter to its model of itself. The concept that the brain uses a model or self-image to attach agency to actions, is an important aspect to consciousness


text:
Angular Velocity

 * Angular velocity is a pseudovector physical quantity which specifies the angular speed of an object and the axis about which it is rotating.

It has the units radians (the unit for angles used in circular motion physics) per second or just rad s-1. From this we can easily derive the formulae for angular velocity:

In a basic form, angular velocity is defined as the rate of change of angle and can be expressed as

$$\omega = \frac{d\theta}{dt}$$

where ω is angular velocity, dθ is the angle covered by the object in question and dt is the time taken for this angle to be covered.

Angular velocity can also be expressed in a number of different ways shown below (relating to other physical quantities such as linear velocity):

$$\omega = \frac{2\pi}{T}$$

$$v = r\frac{d\theta}{dt} = r\omega$$

where v is linear velocity, r is the radius of the circle and T is the time period.

Angular acceleration is defined as the rate of change angular velocity very similar to linear acceleration,

$$\alpha = \frac{d\omega}{dt} = \frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}$$

where α represents the angular acceleration (rad s-2).

title: Angular Velocity


text: File:First test.gif

title: File:First test.gif


text: File:Second Test.gif

title: File:Second Test.gif