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User talk:Digiduck 1991~enwikiversity

 Hello Digiduck 1991, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Juan de Vojníkov 06:01, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Digiduck 1991. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Digiduck 1991~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Digiduck 1991~enwikiversity


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User talk:Samantha B

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

Welcome to Wikiversity Samantha.--Juan de Vojníkov 06:02, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Samantha B


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User talk:Esther widjaja

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

Welcome to Wikiversity Esther.--Juan de Vojníkov 06:03, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Esther widjaja


text:
User talk:ASLAN

If you had felt yourself sufficient, it would have been a proof that you were not. C. S. Lewis in Prince Caspian (1951), Ch. 15 : Aslan Makes A Door In The Air

title: User talk:ASLAN


text:
User:ASLAN

If you had felt yourself sufficient, it would have been a proof that you were not. C. S. Lewis in Prince Caspian (1951), Ch. 15 : Aslan Makes A Door In The Air

title: User:ASLAN


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User:Missmary~enwikiversity

Thanks for visiting.

A Quick introduction, My name is Mary and I am currently a college student. I have been studying for 2 years to become a math teacher, but I have recently decided to persue my bachelors degree with a double major in Biology and Clinical Laboratory Sciences. I have yet to begin my studying in this area, but I am thrilled to be going in this direction. I am very excited to begin sharing my knowledge and love for research by becoming a community user here at wikiversity.

title: User:Missmary~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:RuthMaldonado

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

 * Ruth,
 * I like the memorization piece you chose, but it's a little short. Add another short poem to it, to fill it out.
 * Stevenarntson

title: User talk:RuthMaldonado


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User:Jcravens

This is the user page for Jayne Cravens.

About Me (Jayne Cravens)
I am an internationally-recognized professional with more than 20 years of experience, primarily regarding communications, community/volunteer involvement, and capacity-building for nonprofit organizations, non-governmental organizations/civil society, government-based community programs, and corporate philanthropy programs. I am most well-known online regarding my research and promotion of online volunteering.

I am originally from Henderson], Kentucky. From February 2005 through most of April 2009, I lived in Germany, mostly in a small village south of Remagen. I am now back in the USA (permanent address pending). I am married to Stefan Dietz.

How I Use Wikiversity
So far, I have just been exploring. I have contributed much more to Wikipedia.

My Thoughts About Wikiversity
What I like about Wikiversity:
 * coming soon!

What I don't like about Wikiversity:
 * coming soon!

Contacting Me (Jayne Cravens)
I do not log in to Wikiversity regularly. Therefore, if you send me a message via Wikiversity, I may not get it for months. It's much better to email me directly if you really want to get in touch with me.

title: User:Jcravens


text:
Short Sale 101 REOPro Certification Training

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Short Sale 101
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

A short sale occurs when the sale price of a home is insufficient to pay off all outstanding liens and associated required closing costs. If the buyer is unwilling to increase the purchase price and the seller is unwilling or unable to advance the additional funds to make up the difference, then the sale will not usually proceed to closing without special arrangements. In this instance, the seller may ask all or some of the lien holders to release their lien for less than the full amount owed.
 * What is a Short Sale?

Note

 * Lien holders may determine that it is in their best interest to cooperate to facilitate the pending sale and to accept a reduced payment rather than risk receiving a smaller payment, or nothing at all, should there be a foreclosure action or bankruptcy action. Ordinarily, the more junior the lien position, the weaker the lien holder’s negotiating position. Approval of a short sale release of lien need not include a release of liability for the associated debt, though the borrower/seller may seek to have a full release included as part of the deal

 * Justifiable reasons a seller would participate in a Short Sale.

1. Verifiable long term (3 months or more) financial hardship.

2. The seller has no assets such as savings, 401k, stocks, bonds, retirements accounts, etc..

3. Ineligibility to participate in a Loan Modification or Workout. 1. Less expensive than the legal process of foreclosure.
 * Justifiable reasons a bank would participate in a Short Sale.

2. Asset protection, homeowner agress to be responsible for the property maintenance and repair until closing.

3. The bank can expect to get a price closer to market vs. what they can get at auction, if anything. 1. Retain some dignity in knowing that you sold your home.
 * Benefits of a Short Sale.

2. You won't suffer the social stigma of the "F" word: foreclosure.

3. No mortgage payments to make, unless you choose to make them.

4. You can meet the new owners.

5. You will be eligible, under Fannie Mae guidelines, to buy another home in 2 years instead of 5 years.

6. If your credit report does not reflect a 60-day+ late pay, under Fannie Mae guidelines, you will be eligible to buy another home immediately.

1. Waiting for the bank to respond to an offer is frustrating.
 * Drawbacks to a Short Sale

2. The bank will want to examine personal records such as tax returns, bank accounts, assets and liabilities, in addition to asking for a hardship letter from you.

3. Accommodating buyers will mean keeping your home in spotless condition for weeks or months until an offer is received and putting up with traffic through your home.

4. There is no assurance the bank will accept a short sale offer.

5. The derogatory credit will remain on your credit report for 7 years.

Caution to Sellers
It is imperative that you, as a Listing Agent, qualify the homeowner before you agree to list the home short the balance due. Each bank has their own guidelines and standards before they will consider a Homeowner for a Short Sale however, most all banks will request the Homeowner to furnish a variety of documents to help them determine if a Short Sale is viable as a part of their qualification process. Be prepared to provide the bank the following documents....
 * CAUTION TO SELLERS, before entering into a Short Sale agreement, the Seller should seek professional legal, tax, and credit advice regarding the advisability, terms, and important tax and credit implications. All available alternatives to a Short Sale should be carefully considered. Real estate licensees cannot give legal or tax advice. A Short Sale may have a negative impact on the Seller’s credit rating. A Short Sale may result in taxable income to the Seller or taxable gains on the property. The Seller may be required to pay back some or all of the shortage after the Short Sale is complete. The Seller will typically receive no cash from a Short Sale. Any proceeds will usually be paid to Third Parties. Lack of Third Party Approval or other complications could delay or prevent the completion of the Short Sale.
 * Qualify the Homeowner

1. 3rd Party Authorization to Release. (This document needs to be signed by ALL parties involved in the mortgage) Include all lien holders and, associated account numbers

2. 3 Months of pay stubs from ALL working adults residing in the home.

3. 3 Months of bank statements from ALL working adults residing in the home.

4. 2 years most recent tax return from ALL working adults residing in the home. If self employed all addendums MUST be included.

5. Hardship letter from the homeowners. ( Must incldue the homeowner asking for the Short Sale as well as debt forgiveness ).

6. Estimated HUD-1 or Seller's Net Sheet

7. Listing Agreement. Include your price calculations and justifications

8. CMA (Comparative Market Analysis) must justify your listing price.

9. Financial Form. (A list of the homeowners itemized assets and liabilities)

10. Order pay off letters from all lien holders. (Be sure these letters include the promise to release the lien upon the successful closing as well as the exact dollar amount they will accept.)

11. Verify if these is a foreclosure sale date. You can do this by first contacting the servicer directly however, you may want to check county records or with your local courthouse to verify if any public sale has been posted.

12. Any missing documents MUST be accounted for. In other words, if your seller doesn't have 3 months of bank statements, he must write a separate letter to the fact and explain why those statements are missing. The same is true for any variety of missing documentation.

Note
It is a good idea to include some Short Sale specific disclosures in your Listing Agreements and those could include.....
 * Banks can and do Pre-Approve Short Sales. It's called a "Approval to Participate" and includes pre-foreclosure sale procedures including your negotiators name, number and sometimes their email, property sales information such as the net, list price, AS IS value, deadline to obtain a qualified buyer, deadline to close and all other program criteria, property occupancy & Maintenance, specifically what the bank will and will not pay for and the responsibilities of the homeowner.
 * Additional Documents for the Agent's Protection

1. A Short Sale Addendum that outlines the fact that all offers are subject to 3rd party approval.

2. A "AS IS" Addendum that outlines the fact this property will be sold "AS IS" with no gurantees or repairs made, stated, expressed or implied and, the buyer is acquiring the property with all faults.

3. All offers are subject to close on or before 90 days after binding agreement by all parties involved. Pricing the property is critical to the success of your Short Sale. The property should be listed at Fair Market Value in the property's "AS IS" condition. The term "AS IS" notifies any potential buyer that they are taking the property at their own risk, without recourse against the seller for the condition or performance of the home. "AS IS" translates to "with all faults".
 * Short Sale Pricing Strategies

When pricing the home, a common "AS IS" calculation is done by completeing your CMA (Comparative Market Analysis) and then subtracting the estimated repair cost. It's important that you show these calculations and document the condition of the property as justification for your listing price. This informaiton should be provided to the bank as a part of your Short Sale Listing package.

The bank will take your pricing strategy and compare that with the Internal BPO (Broker Purchase Opinion) they order, as well as with any previous or future appraisals. It is important to understand that any unreasonable pricing strategy will put your request for a Short Sale at risk.

A common misconception by Realtors is that the bank doesn't know how much the property is worth however, these same Realtors fail to consider that the home will have 2 other price opinions outside of their own and, they are the Internal BPO ordered by the current mortgage servicer as well as an appraisal by the buyer's bank (if the buyer is obtaining a loan). If the Internal BPO comes back with a large variance, it will delay the Short Sale and the homeowners bank will request a 2nd BPO or possibly an Appraisal.

Each bank has their own policy as to how they will resolve pricing variance situations so to make a blanket statement as to how these issues are resolved isn't practical. Remember, it's the goal of the bank to salvage as much as they can from this sale. It can be speculated that most likely they are going to counter for the higher price based on the higher opinion they received.

It is generally a good idea to avoid a price variance if at all possible. These situations create frustration by all parties and can cause a spirit of incooperation. The best way to prevent these situations is justify your pricing strategy in such a way that leaves no doubt in the eyes of the Negotiator that they are getting a deal

Note

 * The foreclosure process does not stop while the property is listed. YOU MUST ASK FOR A POSTPONEMENT OF THE FORECLOSURE SALE . Most banks will not grant a foreclosure postponement until they have a legitimate offer pending.

 * }


text:
Talk:South African Law/Cession/Introduction

According to this article:

"Stipulatio alteri nemo potest; i.e. it is not possible to transfer an obligation."

First of all, it is "stipulari alteri nemo potest", more often cited as "alteri stipulari nemo potest". Stipulari is a verb, stipulatio is a noun. In the above sentence it is incorrect to use the noun. (Obvious for anyone with basic Latin knowledge.)

More importantly, I must insist that the Roman maxim here cited means something completely different. It means "no one can make a promise for the benefit of a third party". Stipulatio for the Romans of course meant only a special contractual promise subject to strict formalities, but the maxim is used to refer to the invalidity of contracts for the benefit of third parties in general. "Alteri" means literally "for (the benefit of) someone else", here it refers to someone not privy to the contract. So this Roman maxim has absolutely nothing to do with cession/assignment, although the reason for the impossibility under Roman law to transfer a contractual right and to conclude a contract for the benefit of a third party was essentially the same: the view of the contract as a legal phenomenon strictly limited to those privy to it. --Ungherese 02:38, 27 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
User:Graeme E. Smith/GreySmith Article Framework

  , GreySmith Institute of Advanced Studies  http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:GreySmith_Institute   http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:GreySmith_Institute  grysmith@telus.net


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Dynamics and the Energy/Entropy Ratio


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Tangential Fibers in Laminae I: Content Routing for a Content Addressable Memory?


text:
User:Graeme E. Smith/Allocortical areas, Implicit Memory with no Explicit Access

{{User:Graeme E. Smith/GreySmith Article Framework| Heading=Allocortical Areas,| Subheading=Implicit Memory with no Explicit Address?| Author=Graeme E. Smith| Abstract= Recently there has been some work done mapping the areas of the brain that are Isocortical or the standard granular 6 laminae cortex structure, Allocortical or not the usual 6 laminae structure, and Agranular or having little or no fourth layer in an otherwise Isocortical structure. It has been noted that in the case of the Allocortical areas of the brain many not of the hippocampus have been found to have a three layer structure similar to the first three layers of the Cerebral Cortex. It has been suggested that this might indicate a precursor or archeological remnant of a previous cortex design that has been supplanted in most of the cortex areas with Isocortical architecture. In this article I propose the hypothesis that the Allocortical areas are simply areas that have only an implicit memory component and do not have an explicit address for place-code addressing. Body= Because this article mixes terminology from more than one specialization, I will first attempt to show where the terminology comes from, so that people who are specialized are not put off by new concepts that do not make sense from their own specialist perspective. Essentially this article has to do with the Anatomical one might say Micro-Anatomical structure of cortex tissue. Classically the cortex has been divided into six layers or Laminae numbered I to VI from the outside in which is usually also thought of as the top - down toward deeper structures in the brain. This structure, it seems, is created by the ascension of the pyramidal neurons, which probably in fetal tissue starts off as a much smaller number of layers.{{indent|8}}It is important to note that the thickness of the cortex is primarily affected by the length of the Apical Dendrites of the pyramidal neurons, and thus areas of longer Apical Dendrite populations, have thicker cortex layers. The difference being filled in as it were with glial cells. If this is true, then the number of laminae is probably also truly just a function of the lengths of the apical Dendrites of the pyramidal cells.{{indent|8}}However, Cortex tissues have been classified, by their micro-anatomical structure resulting in a numbering system called Brodmann Areas that defines islands of different micro-anatomical structures that spread throughout the Cerebral Cortex at least. From this a formal classification nomenclature has arisen, that uses common terms for similar types of micro-anatomical structures. The classifications are: Isocortical or Granular areas, which have the standard 6 laminae cortex structure, Agranular areas which have a missing 4th layer or Laminae IV, also called the granular layer, and Allocortical areas which no longer maintain the 6 layer structure, many of which have three layers, and some of which notably the other Pyrimidal areas such as in the hippocampus, are coiled or wrapped around each other and no longer take on the aspect of tissues.{{indent|8}}These terminologies attain to the Micro-Anatomical structure of cortex tissues and are therefore the meat of one specific branch of Neuro-Anatomy. It should be clearly noted that when I talk about Allocortical Tissues, I am not necessarily talking about the Allocortex, Which is part of a different branch of Neuro-Anatomy that labels areas that have a particular type of micro-architecture. The difference is that there are many locations for Allocortical tissue in the brain, and only most of them lie in the Allocortex. Now we must add some ideas from Psychology.{{indent|8}}It has long been known by psychologists that there are two types of memory, The standard or conscious memories and a group of memories that is subconscious or unconscious until our attention is paid to them. Recent work has indicated that these subconscious memories are at least partially responsible for the richness of our thoughts, in that they flavor even the dry facts we attempt to recover from conscious memory. Gradually the terminology has shifted over time, so that we now call Subconsciuos memory implicit memory, and Conscious memory explicit memory but a case can be made that the new terms are necessary because the classification of conscious memory and subconscious memory, is too subjective in that it involves consciousness which is not considered germane to the nature of the memory, but is germane only in that that is the way the differences in the types of memory were detected. Care should be taken not to mix consciousness back into discussions about implicit memory and explicit memory, because while there is a connection, it is more in the nature of the fact that consciousness uses both types of memory in different ways, than any requirement for how the memory should work.{{indent|8}}So, why one might wonder is there two types of memory? We can label these two types of memory by information theory as content addressable and place-code addressable memory, but that is just a label for the way that the information stored in the memory is accessed. Content addressable memory is accessed by testing each memory location for specific content such as a particular stimulus, and place-code addressable memory is accessed by giving the place-code or address for a specific memory location, and demanding from that location it's contents. Why wouldn't there be just explicit (Place-code addressable) memory, instead of this strange add on that hides information from us? In fact that is a question most computer guys ask, when confronted with implicit memory, after all in computer technology, explicitly addressing memory is so basic to the design of the computer that it is almost taken for granted{{indent|8}}Some of us, working in the field that are familiar with both computers and network simulations of neurons, are beginning to get an inkling. In our opinion it is the question that is wrong, not the implicit memory. In matter of fact, building an implicit memory with neural networks seems to be a simpler problem than building an explicit memory. Perhaps we propose, the problem is one of the technology by which the memories are built, perhaps, just perhaps the implicit memory came first, and explicit addressing was an add on. Of course this heretical idea is all couched in philosophical terms like "phenomenal", and output of it is described as a Quale, and therefore seems remote to even neural network afficiandos, but I suggest that such a hypothesis, might be born out in the micro-anatomy of memory areas such as the cortex and hippocampus. And, if what I suspect about the nature of the architecture of implicit memory areas in the brain is true, then, by studying Allocortical areas of the cerebral cortex, we can perhaps shed some light on the subject.{{indent|8}}Hypothetically, speaking of course, The three layer allocortical areas represent implicit memory. The 4th or granular layer was an add on created to allow the brain to reroute most of the sensory systems via the thalamus, at or after the time the 5th and 6th layers ascended. If this is true, then all allocortical areas will be bereft of granular layers and only Isocortical areas will be classified as granular and agranular depending on the development of the 4th layer.{{indent|8}}If we look at the Allocortical areas that have three layers we see that they are layers 1, 2, and 3 also known as Laminae I, II and III respectively, suggesting that if allocortical areas are more basic, they may have evolved first. According to Eccles Laminae I is mostly a tangled web of connective processes with few neurons in the adult brain. According to Marr Laminae I consists mostly of Mossy Dendrite Neurons, I have taken this to mean that mossy dendrite neurons are more prevalent in the Immature brain and thus may play a role in learning. {{indent|8}}Layer 2 (Laminae II) and Layer 3 (Laminae III) are populated with pyramidal cells, and Martinotti cells. Martinotti Cells seem to have an inhibitive role that impacts on signals passing through layer 1, while Layer 2 pyramidal neurons have shallow, and Layer 3 pyramidal neurons Deep connections within the brain. A recent article has noted that pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex are more vertically oriented than pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus areas. This suggests a possible overlap of function between layer 2/3 cells, that might mean that the dual layer architecture merely indicates a need for multiple sources for the same essential signal. If so, we can treat layers 2 and 3 as a unit. which is where the layer 2/3 nomenclature comes from.{{indent|8}}An Alternate explanation, is that layer 2 memorizes the stimuli, and layer 3 deals with relative temporal relationships within the stimuli. This is certainly thought to be the case in the cerebellum which while supposedly Isocortical in construction still seems to have a similar bottom three layer architecture except for some fibers that connect directly from the Inferior Olive to the Purkinje cells. However in the cerebellums case a stronger case can be made for sequences of memories if only because of its purported role in Skill Memory which is presented as sequences of actions, triggered by context.{{indent|8}}If Marr's presentation about the first 4 layers of the cerebral cortex, is correct despite its tendency to assume mathematical functions for the Layer 4 neurons, Allocortical areas define a self-classifying content addressable memory. Such a function would trigger a rich response to stimuli, creating a parallel datafield containing all the subclassifications under which a particular stimuli can be detected. Such a datafield could be called a Quale, because the nature of the neural networks from which it was built, would not allow any form of addressing within the allocortical area except that of content. This is important because it means that output from allocortical areas, can't be subdivided it has to be taken as it is, a parallel data-field filled with redundant data, in a poorly organized form, and retrieval of the information is impossible except by experiencing the same stimuli again. This non-partitionality and non-retrievability is exactly the characteristics of implicit memory, though, once a stimulus has triggered a memory, the implicit memory often informs the retrieved memory by adding to the richness of the resulting data.

Conclusion
Allocortical memory of the three layer type, and Isocortical memory, both share the top 3 layers (Laminae I, II, III) without any noticeable micro-anatomical changes. This suggests that in fact the primary difference between Allocortical memory and Isocortical memory is the ability for Isocortical memories to be retrieved in some manner other than a content addressable format, where only the same stimulus can trigger the memory. The hypothesis is therefore that Allocortical memory is implicit memory with no explicit access, and Isocortical memory is implicit memory with an added capability of explicit addressing. category=GreySmith/Anatomy|}}


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User:Angon

I am interesting enough learning about computer. And this site is my start to learn and build a good learning community in this university.

title: User:Angon


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Can We Demand The Retrieval Of a Smell?:The Allocortical Nature of the Olfactory Bulb


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Allocortical Tissues in the Hippocampus: Is Episodal Memory Implicit?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Allocortical Sulcys and Divides: Is Explicit Memory Missing in Order to Isolate Sensory Modalities?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/TriSynaptic Pathway and Direct connections in the Entorhinal Cortex and hippocampus: Is all implicit memory a Two Stage Process?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Isocortex Tissue in Cerebellum, Means Explicit Addressing of Skills?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Granular Layer in Entorhinal Cortex, not Necessarily Connected to Thalamus


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Agranular Areas of Cortex, Still Linked to Collossum?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Is the Fusiform Facial Area Agranular?


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Recruitment of Agranular Areas Key to Processing in Brain?


text:
User:D.Macdonald

Style
To Whom Ever Finds This:

It is the year 2040, I have seen my family bagged and killed. Dragged away before my eyes, The Baggers come at night and take away the ‘dangerous’ citizens. This is not some silly name based on the old grocery store baggers. This is the new name of hate incarnate. The name of the tyrannous regime that now controls much of the civilized world.

Dominic and Damian, brothers, brothers who, with their powerful army and subtle secret police, have destroyed all who have stood in their way. They have been inseparable since birth, and have developed what seems to be a mental link, unifying the thoughts and impulses of the two. They seemed special and were more than happy to be studied.

Once studied scientists discovered that the two were, in fact, linked mentally, and at that time creating the slogan, More than Human; More than Peace. But more startling was the discovery that in our time, there are only a finite number of ideas. Once created, an idea stays with the person who created it, until they reach adult hood. When that person dies the idea leaves the mind, until it can find a new home as they call it. However, any idea not spoken and held in a child’s mind will be lost forever if the child dies.

This is our plan

This is the future

This will change everything

With nothing left to live for I have found my way through to the underground. It has taken months. Months of hiding, crawling through sewers, and living off rats and other small animals. I have become a voice for them, finding more rebels and guiding the brave souls who are already here. We have picked up many scientists, workers and technicians. With their amazing minds ever advancing technology we have constructed what many said was impossible, what I thought was impossible.

We have constructed a time machine.

We have done our research and discovered that the brothers grew up in a small town in California. Born in 2010 in Irvine California raised later in Yuba City, the brothers charmed their way through all their schooling. Until sophomore year of high school, when they became quiet, closed off, and only talked to each other. Later raids and research led us to old year books and journals, detailing that during that the summer of their freshman and sophomore year of school is when their plan came to fruition.

When I travel back I must leave all items that did not exist in their time. That means no phase rifles, no pulse grenades, and most seriously no plasma weapons. We have uncovered an old submachine, and will take it as my only weapon.

I am a man in my 40’s, I have been living in tunnels under cities for decades, I have never had a chance to clean myself up. To you I will look like a ‘homeless man’ and I guess that term fits. I will be dirty and smell, unshaven and haggard. But my heart is pure. No others will be harmed. I am here to make sure the future I lived is not the future that takes place. I come only for the children you call Nicky and Dami.

Many will think I am crazy, that this is some unprovoked attack on two students; so to ease your mind the score of this week’s baseball games are attached.

This note will be kept in the front left pocket of my coat. The only time anyone will read this is when my mission has been completed or has failed.

Ekphrastic
Wake

Five more minutes. His break almost over, he take the picture of his kids hold it up, gives it a quick kiss, then places it lovingly back in his wallet. Those are his kids, he tucks them in at night, tells them stories for ghosts and goblins. And kisses them good night. that’s when his day starts, he replaces the hardback picture books for his flashlight, and the glass of water for his badge. He doesn’t worry, he will be back before they wake.

His break over, he walks back into the marina. Seeing nothing out of place, he keeps walking, keeps looking, seeing nothing he finds a corner and lights up his pipe. He knows he should quit, he knows it will kill him. He tells himself he’ll quit later. The match goes out, but not the light. Slowly he looks up, the tanker seems to be coming at marina very quickly. Obviously out of control. He throws his pipe, places his hand on his billy club, knowing that it wont help him against a tanker.

He runs to the shore, paws for the emergency phone, and dials 911. He contacts the correct people and waits for the impact that will shake the ground, shatter windows, and wake his kids. He can stand losing a pipe. He can deal with the angry boat owners who lost their yachts. But he cant stand the fact that his kids will be woken to shattering glass and fire from the taker’s oil, and not be able to find their father.

He braces for impact, It happens, it’s loud, It breaks windows, it catches fire, its wakes the town. But in all the events he had expected, he saw something that he didn’t think he’d see. The Hull of the ship starts to bend, almost fluid-like it its deformation. Huge plates of steel and iron bent into gorgeous curves. The inards of the ship are super heated and instantly cooled in the ocean sea creating beautifully organic lines in what was once man made stamped iron and steel.

He took them. Only the best and only the most perfect. He placed them around his house, the curves creating privacy and protection should this ever happen again. He handled the incident so well in fact that he was given a new position at the marina. New time, but same job. He loved it, he was there to see his kids off to school and back in time to make dinner and tuck them in. Only this time he could fall asleep on the couch with the kids clutching their blankets as his hardback picture book dangled in his hand. He wouldn’t have it any other way.

Memorization
The Decemberists - The Mariner's Revenge Song Lyrics

We are two mariners Our ships' sole survivors In this belly of a whale

Its ribs our ceiling beams Its guts our carpeting I guess we have some time to kill

You may not remember me I was a child of three And you, a lad of eighteen

But I remember you And I will relate to you How our histories interweave

At the time you were A rake and a roustabout Spending all your money On the whores and hounds Oh Ohhhhh

You had a charming air All cheap and debonair My widowed mother found so sweet

And so she took you in Her sheets still warm with him Now filled with filth and foul disease

As time wore on you proved A debt-ridden drunken mess Leaving my mother A poor consumptive wretch Oh Ohhhhh

And then you disappeared Your gambling arrears The only thing you left behind

And then the magistrate Reclaimed our small estate And my poor mother lost her mind

Then one day, in spring My dear sweet mother died But before she did I took her hand as she, dying, cried: Oh Ohhhhh

"Find him, bind him Tie him to a pole and break His fingers to splinters Drag him to a hole until he Wakes up naked Clawing at the ceiling Of his grave
 * sigh*"

It took me fifteen years To swallow all my tears Among the urchins in the street

Until a priory Took pity and hired me To keep their vestry nice and neat

But never once in the employ Of these holy men Did I ever, once, turn my mind From the thought of revenge Oh Ohhhhh

One night I overheard The prior exchanging words With a penitent whaler from the sea

The captain of his ship Who matched you toe to tip Was known for a wanton cruelty

The following day I shipped to sea With a privateer

And in the whistle Of the wind I could almost hear... Oh Ohhhhh

"Find him, bind him Tie him to a pole and break His fingers to splinters Drag him to a hole until he Wakes up naked Clawing at the ceiling Of his grave

"There is one thing I must say to you As you sail across the sea Always, your mother will watch over you As you avenge this wicked deed"

[haunting, sailor-esque musical interlude lead by mandolin, accordion and tuba]

And then that fateful night We had you in our sight After twenty months at sea

Your starboard flank abeam I was getting my muskets clean When came this rumbling from beneath

The ocean shook The sky went black And the captain quailed

And before us grew The angry jaws Of a giant whale

[instrumental noise] oh ohhhhhhhhhh [screaming] ohhhhh [screaming]

Don't know how I survived The crew all was chewed alive I must have slipped between his teeth

But, oh! What providence! What divine intelligence! That you should survive As well as me

It gives my heart Great joy To see your eyes fill with fear

So lean in close And I will whisper The last words you'll hear Ohh Ohhhhh

In Class
Cold: Nineteen hours, nineteen hours I've awake. Its not a good nineteen, its not a 'hey guys lets stay up all night and party, nineteen hours.' Its been nineteen hours of homework, running to the bus, and catching five minutes of sleep on my way into class.

This was a way back. Back when classes started at 7:30 and I worked until 11 at night. I got four hours of sleep, and a meal in there somewhere.

I finally got to sleep around four and was up at six. Grabbed something to eat, rushed out the door and purposely left my coat on the chair. Yeah, I did it on purpose. It was fine, I didn’t want it any way. I rushed to the bus, and made it with seconds to spare. It was already starting to drizzle, and all I had were just my dress clothes for work. By the time I woke up, I was two stops past where I needed to get off. I trudged for fifteen minutes in the down pour that apparently started in the 30 minutes I was asleep on the bus.

By the time I made it to class I was already on empty. I realized that my backpack, which usually carries all my books for the week was empty, except for my Dungeons and Dragons books from the Saturday previous. With nothing to show for the work I had stayed up so late working on, and because I was soaked to the bone I decided to leave class early and make it to work a bit early. At the time I worked on 5th and Columbus, for a cruise line. Class got out at 11:30 and work started at noon. With the extra time I had I didn’t actually have to run, which gave me a chance to take it a bit easy. And by easy I mean shiver so violently that I thought for sure I was going to fall apart.

Once I made it to the 28th floor I found my way to my desk, it’s a twisted maze of chairs and cubicle walls, all leading to the boss’ area. If I hadn’t memorized the way to my desk by now I would have gotten lost and ended up in human resources, and lets be honest, no one wants to end up in human resources. I notice for the first time in the many many months that I work there that my desk sits under an air vent. Months I have worked here and never noticed it. Not once, never. Not even during the summer when it was hotter than conceivably possible for Seattle and the vent was cooling the whole floor. No, now is the time it decides to make its location known. It chooses today.

I can barley recall the events of the morning, let alone the trek to work. Now im put to painstaking work to enter credit card numbers for people leaving for their Caribbean Cruises. The rain on my clothes dries to an uncomfortable damp, I briefly consider placing my shirt in the microwave to dry it. But the idea is quickly dismissed when I see the condition of the microwave and it’s leftovers cooked to the walls and spinning tray. I stumble back to my desk and answer the next call without looking up from my make-shift pillow, made of cruise brochures and my arms.

It isn’t until I am saying good by the customer, that I realize that I have helped this surprisingly happy person, without once even glancing at a price or checking availability. I normally would have been afraid that my boss would have listened in and watched me handle the call, but this wasn’t a normal day. I stammer the rest of the way through the day till when I clock out. 28 floors later I am waiting for a bus that wont be here for another half hour at the earliest.

This. Was. The. Worst.

At least during the day I could keep myself busy, I could move around, now I’m stuck waiting for a bus that could show at any moment. I was so exhausted that I almost fell asleep standing. Only thing keeping me awake was the fact that my shivering was making my teeth chatter so loud I couldn’t hear my own thoughts. Which was good, because I was so dead on my feet I wasn’t thinking much.

title: User:D.Macdonald


text:
User:Stevenarntson/Templates

=UserPage Templates=

English Composition
=English Composition=

Statement of Intent

Overview

Rationale

Publication/Presentation

Schedule

 * week 2
 * week 3
 * week 4
 * etc.

Anticipated Problems

Week 6 Project Review

Reader's Report

Project

Analytical Writing
=Analytical Writing=

Statement of Intent

Overview

Rationale

Publication

Schedule

 * 1) week 2
 * 2) week 3
 * 3) week 4
 * 4) etc.

Anticipated Problems

Week 6 Project Review

Project
<Post your completed project here, neatly formatted.>

Freshman Seminar
=Freshman Seminar=

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

< >
 * Research Component

<<state what you'll research>>
 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

 * week 4

 * week 5

 * week 6

 * week 7

 * week 8

Final Presentation

 * Topic (10%)

< >

 * Research (20%)

<<list your sources below in MLA format. Consider using easybib>>

 * 1) Internet site:
 * 2) Book:
 * 3) Scholarly Journal:
 * 4) Other (interview, TV show,etc):

 * Your accomplishment (20%)

<<how close did you get to reaching your goal? Demonstrate/describe.>>

 * Project Review (50%)
 * 1)What went well
 * 2)What went poorly
 * 3)Future strategies

Humanities I/The Commons
=Humanities I/The Commons=

Humanities II
=Humanities II=

Literature
=Literature=

Response
< >

Memorization
<<paste in, insert a link, or list the title>>

Self Assessment
=Group Pages=

Humanities II
= Group Members = sign in here with ":"  (a colon and three tildes).

= Topic =

= Reading Assignment =

= Discussion Questions =

= Final Assignment =

= Resources =

title: User:Stevenarntson/Templates


text:
User:Ceconley

Self Assessment for Chris Conley
"A self assessment is a critique of yourself. Let it reflect your experience, and not your perception of anyone's expectations of you."

Possible questions

 * "What did I learn in this class, and what do I have left to learn?"
 * "What did I do well in this class, and what could I have done better?"
 * "How do I feel prepared, or unprepared, to continue my studies at this point?"
 * "How did I contribute to the experiences of other students in this class?

Initially, I had my druthers about our subject of “body modifications”. On a personal level I hate to say it, but I really didn't care about the overall subject in general, but it was our chosen subject. Through the process I did learn a great deal about our subject and its effect on our society. Because I write a great deal of reports while I am at work, I think that I was able to help guide our group to a certain degree in the initial page layout. We had no official group leader, although I believe that all of our group members contributed equally to the project. I think that in developing our diagnostic tool, it helped us immensely in establishing our final objective (or solution), which was essentially, what can be considered right or wrong in regards to body modification. So, that being said, on a personal level being a part of this group study forced me to think and write in a bit more of an analytical sense, so I think that I can say that the outlying goal of this project has been met.

We had a good group that was willing to work as a team and help each other out when needed. I believe that we also had a group with varying backgrounds that was able to bring these viewpoints to the discussion, which was good.

title: User:Ceconley


text:
User talk:Will515

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikiversity! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
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Here are some other hints and tips:

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 * When using talk pages, please sign your name at the end of your messages by typing four tildes (~~). This will automatically produce your username (or IP address) and the date.

If you have any questions, check out Colloquium, ask me on, or type   on this talk page and a user will help you as soon as possible. I will answer your questions as far as I can. Again, welcome!

Thank you again for contributing to Wikiversity. I hope you enjoy editing here!

Cats on Wikiversity
Hello, I have evaluated your edit in User:Will richer as a test. Other tests may continue here: Sandbox.--Juan de Vojníkov 21:24, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Will515


text:
User talk:Housa

 Hello Housa, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Juan de Vojníkov 21:24, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Housa


text:
User talk:Kempoguy22

 Hello Kempoguy22, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Juan de Vojníkov 21:26, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Aaron Wilson
Hello, what is this page Aaron Wilson about?--Juan de Vojníkov 21:26, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kempoguy22


text:
BCP/Photinia melanocarpa

Photinia melanocarpa

title: BCP/Photinia melanocarpa


text:
BCP/Photinia melanocarpa/Logs

2008 Logs

 * --Jomegat 03:38, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 23:06, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 22:37, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * Jomegat 23:56, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:27, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:30, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 19:50, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Photinia melanocarpa/Logs


text:
User:BoggessT/Ekphrastic

Child Emma did not want to leave her home. She didn’t think she had the heart to say goodbye to Mr. Bikkerman. Afterall, he was the butterfly that showed her how to get to storyland. “Emma dear, hurry! We need to leave soon.” Mother had never been this persistent in leaving our home, not since the day Father left us in Paris. We would have been fine staying in the city, but Mother said the country reminded her too much of Father. We first moved around from city to city, everytime slightly farther away from the past. A few hostiles in Amsterdam, a bunch of towns I can’t pronounce in Germany. But one night when we were staying with some nice people we met at the market, Mother wouldn’t stop crying; we were moving again, probably in the morning. I never bothered to ask Mother where we were going anymore, we were never there long enough for me to care remembering the name. But I knew from Mother’s crying that we were going far away this time. Early the next day she was on the phone with what I guess to be “business people,” I never eavesdrop on Mother but this time I was intrigued. I overheard her say something about a job offer and a city called ‘Seattle’ or some sorts, she seemed relieved. It almost sounded as if Mother had finally found a place that could keep her happy. Life in Europe was mostly a blur, hopping from town to town, train to bus, bus to airplane. Living this kind of life you have no time to make friends, and if you do you just have to say goodbye shortly after. That is why I hoped Seattle would be a place where Mother and I could stay put for at least a few months. Money was never an issue with Mother, she was always willing to work anywhere. I supposed when you need money you can’t be picky with what you do. Being too young to work, I usually spent the day wherever Mother was working, or with the folks we were staying with. I didn’t go to many public schools either, but I didn’t mind, Mother always taught me what I needed to know and books were always accessible. When Mother and I arrived in Seattle we took a bus from the airport to downtown. The bus ride was much different than those from back home, we were very cramped and we only had a few suitcases. We could have taken a cab, but mother insisted on saving money. “We need to experience everything,” she would tell me, meaning we were running low on funds. This was my first time in the U.S. and it seemed very bleak compared to home. The closer we got to the city the more interesting everything became, unfortunately a lot of the buildings were square and bland. There seemed to be no history here, all things were a bit too modern. It rained all day, ever since we stepped off the plane. It wasn’t even enjoyable rain. It fell lightly, dampening the streets, but just enough to annoyingly and slowly seep through every layer of my clothes. For how much it seemed to rain in that memorable day, hardly anyone chose to carry an umbrella, including Mother and I, but that was only because we didn’t have one. We made our way through downtown, my head constantly looking upward at all the buildings. I had to squint my eyes to keep the rain out. SPLASH! “Emma!” “Sorry Mother,” I appologized, too busy looking upwards I stepped in a puddle and got both Mother and I even more wet.

“Here we are.” I stopped examining the gray city skies to see where ‘here’ was. We stood in front of a run down brick building, a faint numer ‘5’ was outlined where the stone number used to be, above the arch door. I never cared what kind of place we stayed in, but something about this place was peculiar. The building was obviously old, which I adored, but there was something which I could not place. There was a history here, and I was determined to find out what it was. As much as I wanted to explore the city, I wanted to at least be dry first. Mother managed to take care of our living situation before we left the country, I guessed it was part of who she was talking to on the phone before we left. I waited in the hallway while Mother was talking to the apartment manager, my clothes were beginning to dry but I wasn’t worried. I could change as soon as we got into our room. My hair is what bothered me, sticking to the side of my face and still dripping everywhere. A tiny puddle had begun forming at my feet. Mother told me if things went well here she would let me have a pet, as long as it wasn’t going to be a bother and I could take care of it. At the time I already knew what I wanted. My heart was set on a kitten, one that was young enough to be playful, but didn’t need your full attention. “Meeow!” “Oh hush, your majesty. I just fed you.” Alice acts as if she’s the queen here, head held high, ever so proud of her pink collar and dingling bell. “Don’t forget your cat dear!” Mother hollared.

“Of course I won’t Mother.” When you move around as much as I do, you begin to notice how few possessions you actually need. Aside from my suitcase and the furry queen I had a small box that contained my most memorable memories. My favorite was a silver pin of a bluebell flower. I had found it in an antique shop back home and begged Mother for it. I rarely asked for anything so Mother was generous and bought it for me. I keep the blubell safe at all times, and wear it when the sun is shining, I don’t want the water to ruin it. Along with the pin lies a tiny sculpture of a flying fish. This one I recently obtained. I got it from Mr. Bikkerman when mother took me to the park on the waterfront. Mother doesn’t know I have the sculpture, I don’t think she would understand what it means to me. Mr. Bikkerman told me it was always a way for me to take storyland wherever I went. Creeeek! Mother opened the door to our new home, we were both winded after hauling our suitcases up all those stairs.

title: User:BoggessT/Ekphrastic


text:
User:BoggessT/sHEep

sHEep

we've been rejected, even HE grew restless ever feeding the empty well

HE needed three, we felt eyed hence sent the letter lest we befell greed.

we grew helpless, tested severely.

then entered envy, tempted endlessly we were.

the seventh sent the best gem; excess envy, renewed state. we felt revered, we were revered.

these hexes were the best hence hell we were sent.

the men there were selfless we tell thee, the greenest trees wept wherever we went. "spend the eve" HE festered.

berserk emerged.

HE spewed hell, nevertheless we merely bled. the red jewels fell nervelessly, we expected the end.

messengers flew then knelt, we were better, they were gentle.

then letter be seen we repent.

sweet hell remember me. sweet eden never let thee free.

I wrote the poem sHEep based off the vowel E. It tells a story based on a persons conscience and the events that led them to repent their ways. The HE in the poem refers to the devil inside ones self. It is capitalized in the title and poem to imply significance and the potential influence it has over the person. With HE being the shepherd, "we" refers ones self and the pure side of the conscience. As the sheep, both are being constantly tended/influence by the shepherd. At the end of the poem I used the term "me" to show a lasting peace, for there is no longer the conflict of good vs. evil.

title: User:BoggessT/sHEep


text:
Carlos Castaneda

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"  Carlos Cesar Arana Castaneda (December 25, 1925 - April 27, 1998)
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:10px solid #4F4127; background-color:#EDD2A7;" |

Taking Castaneda Seriously
Carlos Cesar Arana Castaneda, according to scholar Benjamin Epstein in his 1996 Psychology Today journal interview, was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil on Christmas Day in 1931. However immigration records show an earlier date of December 25, 1925 in Cajamarca, Peru. Castaneda earned his B.A. in 1962 and Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Anthropologist Carlos Castaneda was a controversial author of a series of books that recounted his training in traditional Native American Shamanism. The Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness, founded in 1984 by Joseph Long, states: "Castaneda, acquiring fame from his publications with the academically respectable publishers Simon and Shuster, arguably, with the exception of Margaret Mead, was the only junior scholar whose name was know to the general public." This reflected a disagreement fueled by envy and quite possibly contempt that is still present today; that of the mystical Toltec teachings of Yaquai Shaman don Juan Matus, which "exposed a world view of an aspect of human consciousness independent of time and space and susceptible to control." The teachings of Matus expounded on the "interconnection between all life forms, and to be properly understood, the human connection and spirituality, it must mature." Please listen to and view a rare radio interview taken in 1968, as Carlos Castaneda explains his experiences with a "non-ordinary reality" giving validity to divination and the teachings of Don Juan. Discussion

The Yaqui Indian Culture The American Indians of the Sonora desert of Arizona, the Yaqui people, honor and celebrate the Laws of Nature, these laws are: 1.) The Magic of the Children of the earth, 2.) Women in the global community led and guide the family with their language and Spiritual power, 3.) Family of life, a reference to animism or the belief that a spirit lives in everything, and 4.) The Guardians of the family or protectors of life. In 1978, the Yaqui Tribe was federally recognized as the Pueblo of the Pascua Yaqui Indian Reservation where Indian identity and sovereignty could be maintained. Sonne Reyna, a Yaqui Sundance Peace Chief, speaks regarding Yaqui culture. Please view a video Chief video

Journey to Ixtlan: the Lessons of Don Juan Author and scholar Timothy Freke explains the idea of Shamanism: "'Shamanism is the primal ground from which all spiritual traditions have emerged. It is the ancient religion of our ancestors, who took nature as their spiritual teacher. It has no sacred scriptures or dogma. It is living wisdom rediscovered by countless generations of nameless adventurers who have explored the hidden terrains of consciousness and glimpsed the vastness of reality'"Carlos Castaneda in his book writes and expresses Shaman don Juans philosophy: "For me the world is weird because it is stupendous, awesome, mysterious, and unfathomable; my interest has been to convince you that must assume responsibility for being here, in this marvelous time. I wanted to convince you that you must learn to make every act count, since you are going to be here for only a short while; in fact, too short for witnessing all the marvels of it" Scholar Mirces Eliade states in his chapter "Antiquity of Shamanism in the Two Americas" from his book Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy: The difficulty of the “origin” of Shamanism in the two Americas is still far from solved. With the passage of time, a certain number of “magio-religious" practices were added to the beliefs of their earliest inhabitants. If the Fuegians (of Terra del Fuego) are taken to be descended from one of the first waves of immigrants to enter the Americas, we are justified in supposing that their religion represented the survival of an archaic ideology, which, from the point of view that concerned Castaneda, including belief in a celestial God, shamanic initiation by vocation or voluntary quest, relations with the souls of dead shamans and with familiar spirits (relations that sometimes reached the point of “possession”) the conception of illness as the intrusion of a magical object or as soul loss, and the shaman’s characteristics are also found not only in the regions where shamanism dominates the religious life of the community (North America, Eskimo, Siberians) but also in regions where it is but one of the constituent phenomena of magio-religious life (Australia, Oceania, Southeast Asia). Hence, we may assume that a certain form of shamanism spread through the two American continents with the first waves of immigrants, whatever their 'original home' may have been.” This could imply that, since traditional historic thinking believes the first waves came across the bearing straight land bridge from Europe via East Asia, it begs the question just how far back in our ancestry in Europe does the practice of Shamanism go? Does it have a European origin? Or does it go even further back in time to the Levant and the first cradle of human pre-civilization in the Crescent river valley of the Near East? North American Shamanism according to Professor Mirces Eliade represents as he states: “Among many North American tribes shamanism dominates religious life, or at least is its most important aspect. But nowhere does the shaman monopolize all religious experience. Besides him, there are other technicians of the sacred—the priest, the sorcerer (black magician); in addition, as we have seen, every individual seeks to obtain, for his own personal advantage, a number of magical-religious “powers," usually identified with certain tutelary or helping “spirits." The North American Shaman, for the tribe, is the ultimate “go between” of the present world, and the ethereal world, though every Indian possesses some ability to transverse with the ethereal, but not on the scale of the shaman. This brings us full circle back to the different views held of nature by native aboriginal peoples and those of modern day European descent. Europeans see the world through the eyes of utilitarianism (what can I get out of nature; how can I shape nature to my desired environment), while the native Indian or Aboriginal peoples have a symbiotic relationship with nature, living within it and internalizing the experience, whence the European sees nature as an external event or thing. Sayings such as “battling the elements” even conjure up a European mindset of nature as an adversary, versus that of the Indian seeing nature as ally. Carlos Castaneda reflects on the shamans teaching: “Don Juan stated that in order to arrive at “seeing” one first had to “stop the world” was indeed an appropriate rendition of certain states of awareness in which the reality of everyday life is altered because the flow of interpretation, which ordinarily runs uninterruptedly, has been stopped by a set of circumstances alien to that flow. In my case the set of circumstances alien to my normal flow of interpretations was the sorcery description of the world. Don Juan’s precondition for “stopping the world” was that one had to be convinced; in other words, one had to learn the new description in a total sense, for the purpose of pitting it against the old one, and in that way break the dogmatic certainty, which we all share, that the validity of our perceptions, our reality of the world, is not to be questioned. After “stopping the world” the next step was “seeing”. By that don Juan meant what I would like to categorize as “responding to the perceptual solicitations of a world outside the description we have learned to call reality.” ==Criticisms== Reviews
 * Paul Riesman on October 22, 1972, wrote a review of the book that appeared in the New York Times, he stated: "We are incredibly fortunate to have Carlos Castaneda's books. Taken together, they form a work which is among the best that the science of anthropology has produced. The story they tell is so good, and the description so vivid, that I was utterly fascinated as I read."
 * Saturday Review: "If anything, it is more provocative than his first two books. It is truly another world, foreign enough to make us suspend judgment, and Castaneda’s achievement is that he makes it tangible for us."

Major Works
Brief Description of Books
 * The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge (1968)
 * A Separate Reality (1971) The first two compositions are of a structured quality and reflect Castaneda’s journey to the "way of knowledge" or the Yaqui "way of knowledge" that required the use of native plants.
 * Journey to Ixtlan (1972)
 * Tales of Power (1974) This narrative marked a period of time, from a graduation of student to Don Juan, to a man of knowledge. This book ends with Castaneda leaping off a cliff as if he "flew."
 * The Second Ring of Power (1977) This narrative focuses on women warriors of the Nagual (The word Nagual means among the Mexican and Central American Native Peoples, a guardian spirit that is believed to reside in animals)Dictionary
 * The Eagle's Gift (1981) The book describes the rule of the Nagual, an eagle as a symbol of power and a way towards freedom.
 * The Fire From Within (1984) This composition alludes to a fire or energy within each of us. This is a form of knowledge.
 * The Power of Silence (1984) This book contains stories about mastering the various intentions of a sorcerer.
 * The Art of Dreaming (1994) The narrative represents teachings regarding the realization of dreams in the waking state.
 * Magical Passes (1998) The book introduces Tensegrity or the practice of body movements that increase focus and physical well being.
 * The Active Side of Infinity (1998) This piece emphasis the practice of journaling whereby increasing ones knowledge of the soul.
 * The Wheel of Time (2001) This book is a retelling of the other works and includes quotable material from the collection.

Websites and Bibliography

 * (5, 7, 8) Castaneda, Carlos. Journey to Ixtlan: the Lessons of Don Juan. New York: Washington Square Press, 1972. Print.
 * Eliade, Mirces. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Trans. by Willard R. Trask. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1964. Print.
 * Epstein, Benjamin. "My Lunch with Carlos Castaneda."Psychology Today. 29.2 (1996); 30-4. Print.
 * Freke, Timothy. Shamanic Wisdomkeepers: Shamanism in the Modern World. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 1999. Print.
 * Gardener, Martin. "Carlos Castaneda and New Age Anthropology." Skeptical Inquirer. 23.5 (1999); 13-6. Print.
 * Jellinek, Roger. "A Sorcerer's Success." New York Times (1857-Current File); October 14, 1972; Proquest Historical Newspapers New York Times (1851-2005). 31.
 * Kliever, Lonnie D. "Fictive Religion: Rhetoric at Play." The Journal of the American Academy of Religion, XLIX. 49.4 (1981); 657-69. Print.
 * Lev, Yossi. "Journey Into Nothingness: Structure of the Mental Entity-Shiomo Giora Shoham's Personality Theory." International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 44.4 (2003): 344-72. Print.
 * (6) MindliftTV. Kleurnet TV in Amsterdam. Accessed 4 June 2009.
 * Reisman, Paul. "Journey to Ixtlan: the Lessons of Don Juan." New York Times (1857-Current File); October 14, 1972; Proquest Historical Newspapers New York Times (1851-2005). BR 7.
 * (2, 3, 4) Swartz, Stephen A. "Boulders in the Stream: The Lineage and Founding for the Society of Anthropology Consciousness." Accessed 4 June 2009.

title: Carlos Castaneda


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Data Analysis using the SAS Language/Data Step

In order to understand the data step it is helpful to understand the SAS data set. A SAS data set consists of observations and variables, these are respectively the rows and columns of data. Using a database concept, a SAS dataset represents a table with records and fields represented as observations and variables respectively.

SAS datasets can be temporary, existing during the life of the program or they can be permanent and persist between programs. The SAS dataset is a proprietary format that can only be accessed by the SAS System. However, SAS datasets can be written to data base tables, text files, or to PC files such as Excel or CSV format. And, as can be expected, SAS data sets can be created from any of these sources as well. The benefit of SAS data sets is the speed in which SAS can load data and begin processing.

Data Step Language
In the SAS Language, statements are written in a very free form with few rules. For example, SAS statements can span several lines or several statements can be placed on a single line. All SAS statements must end with a semicolon ";". However, it is useful to indent code in the appropriate places in order to make the program more readable. Comments can also be used to explain the purpose of each section of code.

SAS is not case sensitive; however, variable names retain the casing used from when they were first defined within the program. This means variable names will appear in reports using the case established when they were created. Within the data step, the SAS language provides the input, output and logic for manipulating data.

Each data step begins with the data statement which defines the name of the SAS data set created by this step, and ends with the run statement. The statements within the data and run statements are executed for each observation in the input data set. Looping through observations is automatic within a SAS data step. The following example is a program that reads in three variables from the data file, apples, and makes a calculation to create a new variable. The result is a SAS data set, also called apples, which contains every observation from the original file and four variables, three input and one calculated. The file, apples.txt, contains three variables: The first seven observations of the file, apples.txt, look like this.
 * Type, width 15 characters, name of apple
 * Quantity, width 6 digits, amount of apples purchsed
 * Price_per_unit width 6 with 2 decimals

McIntosh         100  2.00 Red Delicious     75  2.25 Granny Smith     125  2.05 Jonathon         120  1.95 Rome             130  2.00 Gala             150  1.95 Fuji             200  2.25

The resulting sas data set, apples, will have four variables for each observation. Three were read from apple.txt and one was created in the data step. The new variable, purchase_cost, is the product of the variables quantity and purchase_price.

Statements
SAS has several types of statements used in the SAS Data Step. These statements provide the building blocks for designing powerful programming modules within the data step. There are several SAS procedures, or procs, that are closely tied to processing data in the data step. These procedures include proc format, proc print, proc sort, proc sql, and proc summary. They provide routines that work across several observations at once. Each proc has its own set of statements that provide parameters, options, variables, and output data sets. By interweaving data steps with the appropriate procedures, powerful SAS programs can be built. First we focus on the data step language statements.

Data Input and Output
Input and output statements are used to identify both the source and destination of data and how to read and write data to and from files. SAS has separate statements for using non SAS data sets and for SAS data sets. However, SAS can treat data in a non SAS database as if it is a SAS data set. There are a couple of steps that must always be followed. First, a logical link is established to the location of the physical data file. This is done with a filename statement (for non SAS data sets) or a libname statement (for SAS data sets). The physical file could be a SAS data set in a SAS library, a text file, or a file from another vendor such as SAP, Oracle, or Microsoft. SAS data sets use a proprietary format optimized for the SAS system; SAS temporary files are also stored as SAS data sets. SAS can also access data from different database vendors such as Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft Excel and Access as if they were SAS data sets. Text files are accessed using the filename statement with the infile or file statement.

Filename Statement
The filename statement specifies the name of a physical that will either contain data to be read, or a file that will be created and written to. Normally this is a text file. Variations of this statement allow access to files using FTP, HTTP, pipes, email and other protocols. Within the Data Step, the file and infile statements reference the filename statement. This is done by the name on the statement. In the example below, the infile statement, shipment, identifies the filename statement, shipment, associated with a physical file, fruit.txt.

File Statement
The file statement, apples,  associates a filename statement, apples, associated with a physical file, apple_list.txt. This file will be used to store output. If the file, apple_list.txt exists it will be written over, otherwise it will be created and written to.

Input Statement
The input statement lists the names of the variables and the formats needed to read them. Formatting for input gives SAS the rules it needs to extract data from the input file. This involves positioning the input pointer to the correct position, giving the name for the new variable, the type (number of character) and the width or number of characters that the input variable uses in the input file. The statement below lists five variables to input from a file. Formats are used for input and output with text files. The $ is used for character strings. A format descriptor always has a decimal either at the end of, or before the number of decimals. There are other format instructions which tell SAS where to move its input pointer. Below is a break down to explain the different format options used in the previous statement.

This tables explains the input statement above while demonstrating much of its functionality.

 * shipment_number 5. a five character numeric with no decimals
 * +1 tells the input pointer to skip ahead one character (one position)
 * shipment_date mmddyy6. a Six character date field 2 digit for month, day and year
 * +1 skip a character
 * type_item $15. a character string of length 15, the "$" indicates characters
 * @30 move the input pointer to position 30
 * price 6.2 a six character numeric field with 2 decimals
 * @40 move to column 40
 * quantity 5. a five character numeric with no decimals

Informat Statement
The informat statement specifies the default format for inputting data from a textdata file. This includes specifying the fields with embedded commas, currency and date fields. Informat information is also saved in a SAS data step.

Format Statement
The format statement specifies the default format for writing variables to reports, on SAS procedure output, and to text files. This includes writing fields with embedded commas, currency and date fields. A format statement in the data step attaches the format to the field for all subsequent output. A format statement can also be used in a proc step to override a default format. Format information is also saved in a SAS data step.

Put Statement
The put statement allows data to be output as text. It is similar to the input statement. Each variable listed is followed by its format.

Libname Statement
The libname statement references to the location of the folder that will contain permanent SAS data sets. These are SAS data sets that will persist beyond the current program. The name myfruit will be used along with the dataset names, shipment and apple, to fully qualify the dataset name and where it will be stored.

Data Statement
The data statement names one or more sata data sets. These data sets can be temporary (exist until the program finishes) or permanent (stored after program is finished). Permanent SAS data sets can used by other SAS programs. The benefit of a SAS data set is that all the data is stored for optimal use by your SA program. You do not need to know the names of the variables or their formats. That information is part of the data set.

Set Statement
The set statement is the counterpart of the data statement. Set inputs data from a SAS data set. It can be from a permanent SAS data set saved by another SAS program or from a temporary SAS data set created in the same program.

Merge Statement
The merge statement, which usually has a companion by statement, merges SAS data sets row to row by a common value of a common variable. The by statement tells which variable the data sets have in common so they can merge on its value.

Output Statement
The output statement forces the current observation into the data set. It is implied at the end of a data step. However there may be reasons to place and output statement inside a data step to conditionally force an observation. A data step may have more than one output statement.

By Statement
The by statement, while it is not strictly part of the input/output process, tells the SAS data step that the observations in both the input data sets fruit_costs and oranges are sorted. Sorted data can be merged on the common values of the sorted variable. When merging data it is important to avoid a many-to-many relationship.

Assignment Statements
Assignment statements are the heart of most data steps. This is where expressions are evaluated and results assigned to new variables. Assignment statements are broken into 2 sections. On the left side is a variable either a new variable or an existing variable. On the right side is an expression. The two are connected by an equal sign. Variables, in the expression on the right side, are substituted by their values, next the expression is evaluated and the result is placed in the variable on the left. Expressions can consist of numeric, character, and logical expressions.

Caution should be given when mixing numbers and characters. SAS will attempt to perform an automatic conversion, but that is usually a sign that an incorrect variable is being used. There is a special value for numeric variables called a missing value. An expressions with a variable which has a missing value, in most cases, results in a missing value. Missing values are represented by a dot, ".".

Expressions
Expressions can use any combination of mathematical operators, string operators, logical operators and functions. Following are some example expressions for assignment statements. The last two statements deserve an explanation. The statement, items+1, which increments items by 1, is equivalent to items=items+1. The statement, total_visits+visits, which increases total_visits by visits is equivalent to total_visits=total_visits+visits. In each case, SAS automatically retains the result for use with the next observation. In the example below; Mathematical operations have the following precedence.

^, **   exponentiate (raise to power) *       multiply /       divide |       mod (remainder after integer division) +       add -       subtract

Parantheses can be used to force the order of operations.

Strings have a special operator for concatenation, ||. The left and right strings are connected toether to make a single string.

Retain Statement
The retain statement keeps the last value of variable for use when the next observation is read.

Arrays
Arrays provide a useful way to operate on several variables in a SAS data set, using a loop statement.

Logic
The purpose of logic statements is to execute separate branches of code depending on value of a condition. Conditions are evaluated as either true or false. Logic statements consist of combinations of if...then...else and select..case statements. Logical expressions are built using comparison operators. The operators consist of the following mneumonics and their cooresponding symbols.

LT    <      less than LE    <=     less than or equal to     GT     >      greater than GE    >=     greater than or equal to     EQ     =      equal to     NE     ^=     not equal to     AND    &      and conjunction, both sides must be true for expression to be true OR    |      or conjunction, either side must be true for expression to be true NOT   ^      negates the expression, not true is false IN    set membership, there is no symbol for this operator

The last operator, IN, is used to test membership in a set. A set is a list of value constants, either numeric or character strings. if the item is a member of the set the result is true otherwise it is false.

Like arithmetic operations, logical operators also have an order of precedence that can be controlled by parentheses. The default order is as follows; AND operators are done first followed by OR operators. Parentheses should be used to help with readability. Following are the rules for evaluating AND and OR.

 * AND expression: Both sides of the expression must be true for the expression to be true.
 * OR expression: Either side of the expression must be true for the expression to be true.

Subsetting If Statement
Subsetting. The following is a special form of the if statement that has no then statement, called a subsetting if statement. Only observations that meet this condition are included in the resulting data set.

If ... Then
if...then. The if...then statement will do the then portion when the condition is true.

If ... Then ... Else
if...then...else. The if...then...else statement will do the then portion when the condition is true, the else portion if the statement is false. There can be any number of nested if...then...else statements, however this increases the complexity of the code. Care must be taken to ensure the code is correct. Test each portion of the nested if statements to ensure the program executes properly. one way to do this is by creating a test data set that contains each combination of variables for each comparison of the nest.

Compound Statements
Statements can be single statements or a compound statement. A compound statement consists of a series of statements surrounded by do and end. The compound statements can be used after a then or an else statement.

Loops
Loops allow for the repetetively execution of code. Loops, or do blocks, are generally enclosed within do and end statements. Do blocks keep a group of statements together. A special do block is the compound statements used in if...then...else statements. These do blocks only execute once. Thre are other do blocks that loop while a condition is true or until a condition is false. There is also an incremental do loop that automatically increaes or decreases a counter until a condition becomes false.

Do While Loop
The do while loop repeats the statements until the condition, count <= record_count, becomes false. When the statement becomes true, control goes to the statement following the loop.

Do Until Loop
The Do until loop repeats the statements while the condition, count = record_count, is false. When the statement becomes true, control goes to the statement following the loop.

Incremental Do Loop
The incremental do loop repeats the statements and automatically increments count by 1 until count is greater than record_count. When this occurs, control goes to the statment following the loop. The by 1 clause is the default and could have been left off of this example.


text:
Category:Ethnology divisions

The category containing the division pages of the School of Ethnology.

title: Category:Ethnology divisions


text:
Category:Ethnology/North American division

All pages in the North American division of the School of Ethnology, organized by department.