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Conservation Entrepreneurship/Student Essays

Annelena Delgado

Collins R. Nunyonameh

Denyse Mello

Fair Trade Organizations - Handicraft

The last the last five decades have been characterized by an economic paradox: increasing wealth creation (in the global north), and excruciating poverty (in the south). Many see this paradox as a creation of the rules and norms that regulate global trade which promote inequality in market access between the north and the south. While the south is increasingly pressured by the governments and the large international financial institutions (IMF/World Bank) of the north to open their markets to cheap exports from the north, severe import restrictions and complicated regulations effectively closed the door to Northern markets for many in the South.

What is fair trade? The concept of fair trade or Alternative trade was thus introduced in the 1970s with the sole aim of correcting the inequities in the international trade system; in order ensure equitable development across the globe. Some have described the concept as “ethical globalization (Witkowski 2005 cf Arnould et al, 2009). Fair trade is inherently built on the belief that an equitable trade system that provides equal market access, respect for cultural differences and human dignity possesses an enormous potential for eradication poverty around the globe. According to Raynolds and Wilkinson (2007), fair trade is a “trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seek greater equity in international trade” It exists on the philosophy that “World trade has the potential to act as a powerful motor for the reduction of poverty” (http://www.maketradefair.com). An important goal of fair trade is thus to achieve a restructuring of the international trade system that promotes equity, especially in market access between the north and the South so that international trade could serve its useful potential of reducing global poverty. In other words, it seeks to ensure “sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing rights of marginalized producers and workers” (Raynolds and Wilkinson, 2007) in the south.

Fair trade organizations: What are they? First and foremost, it is useful to see fair trade organizations just as what they are: trade organizations. However, three things distinguish fair trade organizations from all other organizations: (i) they are mission-driven organizations based on philosophies of achieving social justice; (ii) they establish new channels of trade and marketing for products from the global south to the north (Arnould et al 2009); and (iii) seek to “transfer value from consumers in the wealthy northern hemisphere to producers in the poor southern hemisphere” (ibid). All three characteristics are interlinked. The value proposition of fair trade organizations is to offer products that satisfy the demands of customers, while providing, at the same time, opportunity for customers to improve the economic wellbeing of indigent producers in other parts of the world (ibid).

An additional distinguishing feature of fair trade organizations may be that they cut out profit-oriented middle men, buying their products (often at some set minimum/premium prices) either directly or indirectly from mostly small-scale, relatively poor producers from around the world and sell these in the global north. These transactions may also involve technical assistance and/or credit to these producers, and the maintenance of trading/production relationships built on respect and trust (Nicholls, 2005). payment of pre To simplify the supply chain, most small-scale producers are organized into cooperatives or associations such as the Kenya Federation of Fair Trade; these groups are responsible for ensuring quality standards, engineering product innovations, and for facilitating the complex paper work required in exports to Western markets. While most fair trade organizations depend on these types of networks, many also obtain reasonable amount of their supplies directly from sources of interest.

Developments in the Fair trade industry Since the 1970s, the fair trade industry has been significantly boosted with the active involvement (indeed leadership) by some of the largest non-profit organizations mostly from Europe, notably Oxfam International (European Fair Trade Association, 2006) Intense advocacy of these institutions and the formation of critical support institutions such as the International Federation for Alternative Trade; Fair Trade Foundation, the European Fair Trade Association, the Fair Trade Federation the Fairtrade International etc. has resulted in impressive (even if far from ideal) results. Currently, there are over 1 million small-scale producers and workers have been organized in over 3,000 grassroots organizations and their umbrella structures across 50 countries in the global south (European Fair Trade Association, 2006). Estimates put total global fair trade sales currently at over $550 million; fair trade products are sold in over 43, 000 supermarkets in Europe alone. As at 2003, it is estimated that about 3,200 people were employed in the fair trade industry in the US, with sales amounting to about $251 million (Global Exchange, 2008) (http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/cocoa/1084.html).

Does Fair trade work? Some such as Lindsay (2004) have questioned the normative underpinnings of the fair trade citing the inability of this type of trade to “maximize the financial utility of the purchaser.” According to Lyon (2006) cited in Arnould et al (2009) fair trade has failed to alter the relationship between consumers and producers, and has done nothing to halt consumerism (Johnston 2002 cf Arnould et al 2009). However, perhaps the most comprehensive study undertaken by Arnould et al (2009) to determine the impact of trade fair has found that producers participating in fair trade arrangements have, on average, higher income levels and better health indexes than non-fair trade participating producers.

Case Study: Fair Trade Organizations & Handicrafts As may be seen in the case study below, fair trade organizations are diverse both in terms of scale and in terms of product orientation. Among the most popularly fair traded goods are agricultural products especially coffee, cocoa and cotton. However, handicrafts constitute a substantial portion of fair trade products in the northern markets, for two main reasons: (1) they are relatively easy and cost less to produce by many in the global south; and (2) they represent a mechanism of promoting sustainable  development. The case study below provides a more practical description of how fair trade organizations are dealing with the issue of handicrafts, the challenges, opportunities and prospects where Laurie Wilkins the owner of Alternatives Global Marketplace in Gainesville, Florida gave us a good overview of her experience as a fair trade business established. How did her business start? Wilkins is a biologist that wanted to start a business that would contribute to conservation. She didn’t know at the beginning what fair trade meant, but she knew many places where she had traveled to and she knew many people in need that had to generate income from their resources. She was motivated to do environmental products, but she didn’t know how. From her trips all over the world for her biology research purposes, she had seen many people in very poor conditions that had things to sell, so this leaded her to open a store to sell these cultural items because she was interested in sell cultural items. Then she brought these cultural items to the general consumer. So she had to start from her Business Plan, loan from the bank, find a place, and get her business started; when fair trade were not even talked about. She also has a nonprofit organization (http://www.alternativesfairtrade.com) where she does the forest products that she is interesting that have a conservation element into that. What is her source of products and how does she deal with producers? She buys products from all over the world. The only places she doesn’t have are Australia and Middle East. When asked about the design and innovation of products and what to sell, she said that her main point is keep the fair trade for ethical business standards, try to use her own taste, and she also try to offer real tradition things that brings the culture. And some of the groups they adapt their products to the western market. Furthermore, some projects she gets involved and work close to the organizations to adapt more the products to the western and her market specifically. Some of her suppliers she is deeply involved in their project and also participates in the design process, another items she contacts the organization that work with the artisans. What are the challenges she faces to develop her business? The challenge was to sell an item that maybe cost more and what will drive people to buy if they don’t know what it is. The first challenge was educating people: the culture, the product, and why may be a good idea to buy this product. It took about 12 years to get this process done, but now 20 years later it is an opportunity because people are looking for products that may contribute for a better world. Therefore, there is still a lack of understanding in what fair trade is. Right now it is getting better because now people are talking about more these issues and some people are more awake to get information before their purchase decision, coffee has brought out this concept more acknowledgeable to the public and people are seeking for products that contribute for a better world. Another interesting issue Laurie brings out is the education need to be done for her products, and this happens from a small and simple information tag in her products to engage consumers in network by educating them, making books available, exhibits she participates, basically these are ways of telling people what fair trade is and what they are participating when purchasing these products. How is her business size and how she sees the future for fair trade? The cost of fleet is a constraint, and if she goes and shops, it is much harder because sometimes she has very hard time with custom officers. Even though some trade agreements they have give some help to bring these products. Now the products from China, especially toy, have hard time to get in the US. She has good view for the future, and she analysis herself as a successful business. She has strong customer base, great lawyer support, 4 -5 part-time employees; however there are very few fair trade stores that succeed for longer than 4 or 5 years. Nonetheless, it is hard to sell a basket from a place and such project involved in social changes, but a product that maybe cost more than a basket you can buy in Walmart for few bucks. So that where she sees the importance to have a market, but until you develop that market you will have lots of competition. She sees the future for fair trade as a good future, but it is necessary other kinds of sustainable green products or innovative ways to reach the interested market and educate this market. However, the labeling process for fair trade especially in handcraft is too expensive, but for coffee and food it is possible. The organizations help to do a good work in fair trade for handicraft products and guarantee that they come from serious and liable projects.

USEFUL LINKS: Organizations: European Fair Trade Association: http://www.european-fair-trade-association.org/efta/ World Fair Trade Organization: http://www.wfto.com/ Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO): http://www.fairtrade.net/ Fair Trade Federation: http://www.fairtradefederation.org/ Catholic Relief Services: http://www.crsfairtrade.org/ Cooperative Coffees: http://www.coopcoffees.com/ Equal Exchange: http://www.equalexchange.coop/ Fair Trade Resources Network: http://www.ftrn.org/ Fair Trade Towns USA: http://www.fairtradetownsusa.org/ Global Exchange: http://www.globalexchange.org/ Green America: http://www.greenamerica.org/programs/fairtrade/index.cfm Lutheran World Relief: http://www.lwr.org/fairtrade/ Max Havelaar Foundation: http://www.maxhavelaar.ch/en Network of European World Shops: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_European_Worldshops Sales Exchange for Refugee Rehabilitation and Vocation (SERRV): http://www.serrv.org/ Ten Thousand Villages: http://www.tenthousandvillages.com/ TransFair USA: http://www.transfairusa.org/ Humanitarian InterAction on Campus: http://humanitarianuf.yolasite.com/ Human Rights Awareness on Campus (at UF): http://www.ufhumanrights.org/ Recurso at the University of Florida (Student Organization): http://recursouf.wordpress.com/ Change the World – Student Social Entrepreneurs at UF: http://www.ufyoungentrepreneurs.org/sociale/

Stores / Fair trade business: Alternatives – Global Marketplace: http://www.alternativesfairtrade.com/store.html Green LA girl – urban eco living by the beach: http://greenlagirl.com/coco-zen-berries-and-chocolate-fair-trade-truffles-for-locavores/ Matthew Anderson – Research Fair trade: http://researchfairtrade.com/#

Reference List Arnould, Eric J., Plastina, Alejandro; and Ball, Dwayne (2009). Does Fair Trade Deliver on Its Core Value Proposition? Effects on Income, Educational Attainment, and Health in Three Countries; Journal of Public Policy & Marketing Vol. 28 (2): 186–201 Littrell M. A. and Dickson M. A., 1999. Social responsibility in the global market: Fair trade of cultural products. 365p. SAGE publication, Inc. California/USA. Nicholls A., Opal C. 2005 – Fair Trade Market-driven ethical consumption. 365p. SAGE publication, Inc. California/USA. Raynolds, L. T, Murray D and Wilkinson J, 2007: Fair Trade the challenges of transforming globalization – Routledge, NY USA 240p.

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Erica Odera

Camilla Pazos

Tshitshi Kalala

Kristen Augustine

Microfinance

Microfinance is the supply of basic financial services by Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), including savings, loans (microcredit), money transfers and insurance to the poor. Funds for these services come from NGOs, private donors, banking institutions and in some cases, governments. Microfinance provides these financial services to those who would otherwise be too poor, too lacking in credit, collateral and financial history to access traditional banking services that are dependent on these factors. Without microfinance institutions some poor people may access credit through informal commercial and non-commercial lenders but usually at a very high cost, and high risk to the borrower.

Throughout the world women are the main clients and are typically household-based entrepreneurs with small scale business ventures. Interestingly, while women have the least amount of access to traditional financial services they have a higher rate of repayment than their male counterparts. Although these loan amounts are small they come with proportionally higher interest rates and fees than traditional services due to the need to cover the default risk and the more labor intensive loan screening process.

The most well known MFI is the Grameen Bank which was started by Professor Muhammad Yunus in 1976 in rural Bangladesh. Yunus started the bank with the belief that credit could be a cost-effective weapon to fight poverty and be a catalyst for socio-economic development. Grameen Bank places high priority on improving the status of women through asset ownership. Branches are located in rural areas and staff go door to door to deliver bank services to their customers and collect weekly loan payments. While there have been some criticisms about Grameen it is considered an immense success and has been able to expand to 97% of Bangladeshi villages.

Another example of a microfinance institution is Kiva, an organization founded in 2005, that uses its website to provide potential individual investors with the ability to see a photo of a specific loan recipient and read about their business ideas and loan needs. Kiva works in partnership with a number of microfinance institutions throughout the world who administer the loans to local recipients and collect progress reports detailing the repayment of the loan that investors can view online.

Another example of how microfinance works and has adapted is the model utilized by United Prosperity. Unlike many other MFIs, this one provides collateral to guarantee a loan, but does not provide the money for the loan itself. Individual investors are able to review potential loan recipients through United Prosperity’s website and review the profile of borrows, their intentions for the money borrowed, the amount of money raised toward their goal and the progress of the repayments. When enough collateral has been raised for a specific venture United Prosperity releases the funds to the banking institution who then funds the full loan amount which is less than the collateral raised. This method not only allows investors to choose individual recipients to fund but also allows investors to remove their funds (after repayment) or reinvest in new ventures.

Microfinance has been shown to be a powerful tool for empowering marginalized impoverished people who otherwise would lack access to traditional banking services. The rate of repayment is considerably higher than traditional finance and loan recipients who successfully repay their loans often borrow money again to expand their initial ventures. While the poorest of the poor are not suitable candidates for microfinance (due to their inability to repay loans) microfinance is making a positive difference in the lives of millions of poor people throughout the world.

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Social Marketing – Ryan Good, Ana Lima, Melissa Mazurkewicz, Greyson Nyamoga Community-based social marketing (CBSM) is a tool that can be used to help promote social changes. This strategy is commonly used in encouraging sustainable behavior in a community. The key construct of CBSM is that specifically targeted marketing techniques are used to promote social changes. Specifically, it is used to promote behavioral change.

Proponents of social marketing assert that it is difficult to make people do good things for themselves. Rather, most people are more willing to make a change that is driven by majority decision. This herd mindset is what social marketing often attempts to combat. (Andrearsen 1994, 111). There are four broad steps used to create a social change via CBSM. First, barriers and benefits to the desired change are identified. An important part of this step is understanding the target audience. A combination of surveys, focus groups, and other observational methods can be used to learn about the aspects of the audience that are relevant. Second, one must define and use various tools to facilitate the change. These tools take many forms, including prompts and incentives. Prompts are (usually visual) stimuli intended to encourage behavior; incentives are rewards for adopting behavior. Next, after identifying the tool(s) to be used, a pilot program is conducted. Finally, after completion of the pilot, the strategy must be evaluated following implementation to determine the level of success, and whether or not to expand it (Kotler and Lee 2008, 211). Simple examples of social marketing include “turn out the light” prompts on light switches and warning labels on cigarette cartons.

For a more detailed example of social marketing, consider the case of social marketing use in Tanzania to combat malaria (see Armstrong et al. 2001). In the late 1990s, a central region including the Kilombero and Ulanga Districts was experiencing a significant spike in malaria cases, with infection rates close to 50% higher than the rest of the country. As part of an international program to protect against malaria, social marketing was used to promote use of mosquito nets in this problem area. Multiple social marketing techniques were used, including radio public service announcements, poster prompts at local markets, and mentions during several religious ceremonies. Each of the prompts espoused the value of treated nets in preventing malaria infection.

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted before the project, and after year one, two, and three of the project to assess the effect of insecticide-treated nets on child survival in this area. Results of the surveys showed an increase of net use of nearly 50% each year. By 1999, bed net use was moderate, and very high compared to the rest of Tanzania at the time. The increase in bed net use effectively decreased the prevalence of malaria in these districts, with infection rates returning to levels equitable to the rest of the country (Armstrong et al. 2001).

Despite of the successes of social marketing in cases changing individual’s behaviors, a number of criticisms against it also have been raised. Robinson (2009) lists several critiques of social marketing. Robinson claims that social marketing is all about following orders, and so in most cases tends to make an assumption that a certain behavior should, and can, be adopted. It rarely asks whether the prescribed behavior make sense, is capable of being adopted or whether it needs to be reinvented, matured, debugged, or replaced with an entirely different behavior. Context is central to the adoptability of behaviors and products. Social marketing should therefore go beyond the simple ideas of product, price, place, and promotion and address the more complicated and relevant interactions of policy and partnership.

Social Marketing strategies are built on psychological and change theories, but the process of imposing these particular psychological theories on a real life behaviors of real people tends to be so complicated due to different lived experiences in the real world (Andrearsen 1994). Often times CBSM programs tend to be skewed in favor of the system in power, such as the state. Their “experts” decide what behaviors are wrong and need to be changed, what behaviors are right and need to be retained in the community, which group needs to changes, and more. Both Robinson and Andrearsen point out that social marketing programs—especially those with wide reach—should often be viewed with a skeptical eye. Being based in the community alone does not grant a program validity. At the same time, both also acknowledge the potential benefits of such programs. It is necessary to recognize both the potential benefits and pitfalls of social marketing schemes, and the behavior change should always be evaluated in the context of the community in which it is being promoted. References Andrearsen, A.R. (1994). Social Marketing: Its Definition and Domain. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 13, 108-114. Armstrong Schellenberg, J., Abdulla, S., Nathan, R., Mukasa, O., Marchant, T., Kikumbih, N., et al. (2001). Effect of large-scale social marketing of insecticide-treated nets on child survival in rural Tanzania. Lancet, 357(9264), 1241. Kotler, P. and Lee N.R. (2008). Social Marketing: Influencing Behaviors for Good, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Robinson, L. (2009). The problem with Social Marketing - Enabling changes. www.enablingchange.com.au

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Elihu, Dave, Micah, Jenn

Bottom of the Pyramid

C.K. Prahalad, a professor from Michigan State, coined the term Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) to describe the 4-5 billion people in developing countries who are underserved by the private sector (Prahalad 2010). The BoP has also been described as the portion of the world’s population living on less than $2.00 PPP (purchasing power parity) per day (Karnani 2007). The BoP is considered a huge opportunity and potential market for the private sector. The individual purchasing power in the BoP is quite low, but the collective purchasing power creates a market worth $13 trillion dollars PPP (Prahalad 2010). Below, we look at why the BoP market is important, how the BoP market is unique, and what criticisms exist for marketing to the BoP.

The BoP market is often overlooked and disregarded simply because people living in poverty face challenges in purchasing consumer goods. For medium to large companies to ignore this market, however, is a mistake because the poor already get most of their goods and services from the private sector. Common sense dictates that the BoP should only be spending their money on essentials to survive; yet, it has been shown that the BoP market still enjoys consuming “luxury goods.” People at the BoP may not be able to buy a car, but the demand for entertainment goods like televisions, or other creature comforts such as a cook stove are certainly exist (Martinez and Carbonell 2007). The BoP market is also important as a way to provide equitable access to goods and services to all of humanity. There is no reason why people should be shut out of the opportunity to improve their lives through consumption. Furthermore, in addition to giving BoP consumers’ greater choice and opportunity, the untapped market at the BoP represents a huge growth opportunity for companies. Revenues gained from emerging markets can account for up to 40% of yearly sales. Despite the huge growth potential, companies remain reticent to fully engage developing markets. A major drawback of selling to the poor is that companies do not understand the market at the BoP.

The BoP market is different in many ways from the top of the pyramid. Because it is unique, innovation must be used to access and conduct business on the BoP’s terms. To be successful in the BoP, companies will need to abandon their traditional product and development strategies, and instead, work backwards from what the consumer is able to afford to determine product and price point viability. Companies will also need to be adaptive as they take their products to different locations and cultures to maximize the customer base. Likewise, companies must also be mindful of the education level at the BoP and the particular demand for goods. Most of the people in the BoP live in harsh environments and need durable long-lasting products rather than disposable goods. Therefore, companies will also need to keep environmental conditions at the forefront of their product design and sale strategy. Finally, companies will have to be creative with marketing, distribution, and overall access, because many BoP markets are media dark and have poor infrastructure (Prahalad 2010).

There are many criticisms of marketing to the BoP. Initially, the prospect of a $13 trillion PPP market seems too good to be true. According to some, it may be. Karnani, for instance, considers the Bop market to only be worth $0.3 trillion PPP because the poor have to spend 80% of their incomes on food, clothes and shelter. The remaining 20% is not sufficient to acquire luxury goods (Karnani 2007). Another criticism of marketing to the BoP, perhaps the greatest criticism, is the idea of poverty alleviation. Marketing to the BoP is represented as means of alleviating poverty. However, Prahalad does not make very many convincing arguments that by engaging the poor as consumers it will alleviate poverty and move the poor into the lower and middle class. Of Prahalad's twelve case studies, only three demonstrate that the poor have an increase in their income as result of being engaged by the market - a flimsy argument that consumption within the BoP can alleviate poverty (Landrum 2007). The idea and practice of marketing to the BoP is very interesting and holds potential for future efforts in emerging economics. Innovation will be required to make a profit at the BoP. Certainly, there are hurdles to overcome in engaging this market, such as the sheer size of the market itself. The concept of marketing to the BoP is not likely to fade quickly, nor should it. The BoP should not be overlooked and denied opportunity, in this increasingly small world we are living in.

Sources: Karnani, A. (2007). "The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid." California Management Review 49(4): 90-111. Landrum, N. (2007). "Advancing the “Base of the Pyramid” debate." Strategic Management Review 1(1): 1-12. Martinez, J. and M. Carbonell (2007). "Value at the bottom of the pyramid." Business Strategy Review 18(3): 50-55. Prahalad, C. (2010). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits, Wharton.

Jennifer Carr

Angela (Reid) Quashigah

Wikiversity paper

ECOTOURISM

Latin America is home to some of the world’s most important biodiversity. However, the majority of the people there live in conditions of extreme poverty. Due to the tradeoff between exploitation for economic benefit versus conservation of natural areas, sustainable development is currently one of the most important needs in the region (Bascomb & Taylor 2008). Ecotourism represents one of the greatest opportunities for achieving sustainable development in this region.

Definitions and underlying philosophies for ecotourism vary widely. Caution must be exercised because it is a term with positive connotation which can be coined to mask the negative impacts of alternative, self-serving agendas at times. Major components of ecotourism include environmental and social responsibility, appreciation for nature and culture, conservation of natural areas, well-being of local peoples, community involvement and empowerment, and sustainable use of natural resources. The definition we will use for this paper is as follows:

"Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (TIES 1990) Ecotourism can be differentiated from general tourism by certification schemes. Certification schemes are standards for measuring compliance with the various aspects of ecotourism. However, they are not always straightforward because they depend upon how one defines the components of ecotourism (Medina 2005). For example, terms such as “local,” “participation,” and “benefit,” could have very different meanings to different people. There are currently 104 different ecotourism certification labels available (Honey & Stewart 2002). Certification schemes are generally expensive and beyond the reach of small ecotourism ventures. Larger ecotourism ventures may have the funds to pay for certification, yet they may find ways of getting around the regulations set forth by the schemes. The degree of regulation could be too little for actually protecting the environment, or too great for small/medium-sized businesses to remain profitable. There is also a cultural disjunction between those setting forth the regulations (usually Western agencies) and the indigenous peoples’ views (Buultjens et al 2010).

There are risks associated with ecotourism, even when the venture proves successful. Total dependency on ecotourism for revenue creates vulnerability in the local economy (Stem et al 2003). Seasonal fluxes in numbers of tourists and levels of business can cause dramatic fluctuations in income. Political instability and unpredictable climatic events can cause loss of business in vulnerable regions. In addition, overexploitation in the name of ecotourism can increase degradation of the environmental resources upon which it depends.

Ecotourism provides a wide range of benefits as well. It brings employment, improved infrastructure, and educational opportunities to communities who otherwise may not have access to these things. It increases business to local stores and encourages growth of a customer base for other local attractions. Ecotourism brings a financial return equal to or greater than that associated with other land uses for the same area of land, while generally more sustainable if practiced in such a manner (Stem et al 2003). Ecotourism also helps generate a wider international awareness of the concerns of a particular area, bringing increased attention and the potential for funding/donations to the region. Case studies show that the most successful ecotourism ventures are those that have remained small-scale despite pressures to expand (Bascomb & Taylor 2008). The authenticity of these opportunities over other more commercialized attractions is what keeps these tourists coming. The locals also report greater satisfaction with the tourism projects when they can interact with tourists on a more personal basis in order to foster an appreciation for their local culture. Smaller ventures are generally run by local entrepreneurs rather than large industries. These provide a greater benefit to the community (Medina 2005). They encourage the formation of new entrepreneurial endeavors, which can fulfill different niches while sharing the same customer base. Entrepreneurs report an increase in benefits with increased tourism, while those working for larger companies report no relative benefit from increased numbers of tourists.

Ecotourism is most effective as one part of a comprehensive community development strategy and conservation plan. There must be other things in place as well for such a plan to meet its goals, and for ecotourism to be an effective part of that. Ecotourism involves changing people’s values, which requires an effort over time and produces a delayed result. Legislation, on the other hand, produces instant action. One case study cited decreases in deforestation and hunting after ecotourism was put in place, but proposed that legislation actually had the most influential effect on these practices (Stem et al 2003). In order to practice sustainable development and conservation, we need both. There is also a need for more education and support for local businesses so that communities themselves take greater ownership of ecotourism ventures. In addition, there is a need to change the current certification scheme. While regulating bodies make rules and provide funding, they forget to account for the perspective of those who have been utilizing and living on the same land for centuries.

Ecotourism, with its many benefits and pitfalls, continues to stand out as the most viable opportunity for conservation and community development to link together in the natural-resource-rich areas of the developing world. Practitioners must keep in mind the drawbacks outlined in this essay when developing ecotourism projects and utilize the lessons learned from prior examples in this emerging market niche. Entrepreneurs should take advantage of the strategies that have proved successful in this field and model new ventures with like characteristics, as well as use careful trial-and-error with room for correction when implementing new, innovative ideas.

Sources:

Bascomb, B. & Taylor, M. 2008. “Ecotourism and sustainability in a Q’eqchi’ Maya community, Guatemala.” FOCUS on Geography 51, no. 3: 11-16.

Buultjens, J., D. Gale, and Nadine E. White. 2010. "Synergies between Australian indigenous tourism and ecotourism: possibilities and problems for future development." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18, no. 4: 497-513.

Honey, M. & Stewart, E. 2002. Introduction. In M. Honey (ed.) Ecotourism and Certification (pp. 1-29). Washington, DC: Island.

Medina, L. K. 2005. "Ecotourism and certification: Confronting the principles and pragmatics of socially responsible tourism." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13, no. 3: 281.

Stem, Caroline J., James P. Lassoie, David R. Lee, and David J. Deshler. 2003. "How 'Eco' is Ecotourism? A Comparative Case Study of Ecotourism in Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11, no. 4: 322.

TIES. 1990. The International Ecotourism Society. http://www.ecotourism.org/site/c.orLQKXPCLmF/b.4835303/k.BEB9/What_is_Ecotourism__The_International_Ecotourism_Society.htm

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) released in 2010 the 11th annual report about of relationships between entrepreneurship activities and national economic development. This issue focuses on impacts of global recession on entrepreneurship activities and the extent which entrepreneurship can help reverse a downward economic trend. The methodology adopted was analyzing the recession impact on perspectives of social entrepreneurship; on funding to support new businesses; on entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions, entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial aspirations. This report was based on more than 180,000 interviews conducted between May and October in 54 countries. The findings across countries were grouped into 3 stages of economic development as defined by the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report using GDP per capita and share of primary goods in the exports. The main findings shows decline in entrepreneurial activities and reduce people perception about start a new business is a good opportunity. However in most developed countries, the economic crises are seemed as potential opportunity to start a new business at same time that have a feeling of star a new business due lack of opportunities for good jobs. The section about social entrepreneurship elucidates some questions about entrepreneurial goal. Despite social entrepreneurships represents only 1.8% of the sample, they represent a segment that could have significant importance as motivation to start a new business as well as show a trend toward the introduction of social goals in business oriented entrepreneurs. Some of the findings show a tendency of not-for- profit entrepreneurial activity in more developed countries, and an operation of social activities as secondary goal for for-profit entrepreneurial activities in developing countries. Social entrepreneurship profile differs along level of development. Less developed countries have oldest age group involved and proportionally less low educational level in social entrepreneurships. Woman social entrepreneur participation in the work force is almost constant among countries groups, while men socio entrepreneur is significantly greater in more developed countries.

To see full article go http://www.gemconsortium.org/article.aspx?id=157

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Ideas in Geometry/Instructive examples

Megan Fitzgerald’s comment on Problem 9: Proving Parallel Bisectors in Quadrilaterals

I think that even though it looks like this group had to make a few assumptions, a good job was done on this problem. In this case actually, I think that you would have to make the assumptions. Given the nature of the problem, they seem like pretty safe ones. In order to find out about whether or not the lines are parallel they would have to use both the interior and exterior angles. Without making these assumptions there wouldn’t be a way to figure it out.

As Megan stated before, I think that something were assumed in order to get this problem to work out. I think maybe you could explore those assumptions that were made and just explain them. Or just state that you are assuming, as said above I think you need to assume that the lines are parallel. Overall I think you guys did a great job --Heather Brozowski (Hbrozowski 02:14, 9 October 2010 (UTC))

Lesson One: Euclid's Axioms
Lesson One: Euclid's Axioms

Euclid was known as the “Father of Geometry.” In his book, The Elements, Euclid begins by stating his assumptions to help determine the method of solving a problem These assumptions were known as the five axioms. An axiom is a statement that is accepted without proof. In order they are: 1. A line can be drawn from a point to any other point. 2. A finite line can be extended indefinitely. 3. A circle can be drawn, given a center and a radius. 4. All right angles are ninety degrees. 5. If a line intersects two other lines such that the sum of the interior angles on one side of the intersecting line is less than the sum of two right angles, then the lines meet on that side and not on the other side. (also known as the Parallel Postulate) To explain, axioms 1-3 establish lines and circles as the basic constructs of Euclidean geometry. The fourth axiom establishes a measure for angles and invariability of figures. The fifth axiom basically means that given a point and a line, there does not exist a line through that point parallel to the given line. The following picture shows a diagram for each axiom.

--Christine Yu 01:49, 7 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jgjason

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User:EGM6321.F10.TEAM1.HW4

Find
1) Show Eq1.1 is exact. 2) Find $$ \phi\ $$ 3) Solve for $$ y(x)\ $$

Solution
1a) Solve the first condition of exactness, which is given by: For:

and the fist condition is satisfied.

1b) Solve the second condition of exactness, which is given by: and: Substituting 1.3 and 1.4 into 1.06 and 1.7, we get: and

and

and the second condition is satisfied.

Therefore equation 1.1 is exact.

2)

3)

When $$\begin{align} cosx\neq0 \end{align} $$ , we can divide both sides of (1.16) with $$\begin{align} cosx \end{align} $$

Author EGM6321,F10.TEAM1.WILKS EGM6321,F10.TEAM1.Taeho Kim

Find
1) Verify exactness of eq2.1 using the following two methods 1a) 1a)

1b)

2) If equation is not exact, make it exact by using the integrating factor method with:

Solution
1a) First we will use our original method, which we should note is just a particular case of a more general method to determine whether or not a even equation is exact.

1st criteria for exactness is the equation must be able to be put into the following form: $$F(x,y,{y}',{y})=f(x,y,p){y}+g(x,y,p)$$ Where we have: $$p={y}'$$ If we compare the above equation to the equation given in the problem statement we find: $$f={{x}^{2}}$$ $$g=xp+({{x}^{2}}-{{\nu }^{2}})y$$ Therefore the first condition for exactness is satisfied. The second criteria for exactness is the following: $${{g}_{pp}}={{f}_{xp}}+p{{f}_{yp}}+{{p}^{2}}{{f}_{y}}$$ Which we can easily see is: $$0=0+0+0$$ $${{f}_{xx}}+2p{{f}_{xy}}+{{p}^{2}}{{f}_{yy}}={{g}_{xp}}+p{{g}_{yp}}-{{g}_{y}}$$ Which after evaluation is: $$2+0+0=1+0-{{x}^{2}}+{{\nu }^{2}}$$ $${{x}^{2}}={{\nu }^{2}}-1$$ We see that this equation has failed to satisfy the second condition for exactness and therefore will be attempted to be made exact through the use of an integrating factor in part 2 of this problem. 1b) We know the given equation can be written in the following form: $$F(x,y,p,q)=f(x,y,p)q+g(x,y,p)={{\phi }_{p}}q+{{\phi }_{x}}+p{{\phi }_{y}}$$ The more general criteria for exactness is the following: $${{f}_{0}}-\frac{d{{f}_{1}}}{dx}+\frac{d{{x}^{2}}}=0$$ Where $${{f}_{0}}=\frac{\partial F(x,y,p,q)}{\partial y}={{f}_{y}}q+{{g}_{y}}$$ $${{f}_{1}}=\frac{\partial F(x,y,p,q)}{\partial p}={{f}_{p}}q+{{g}_{p}}$$ $${{f}_{2}}=\frac{\partial F(x,y,p,q)}{\partial q}=f$$ $${{f}_{0}}={{f}_{y}}q+{{g}_{y}}$$ $$\frac{d{{f}_{1}}}{dx}={{f}_{px}}q+{{f}_{py}}pq+{{f}_{pp}}{{q}^{2}}+{{f}_{p}}{q}'+{{g}_{px}}+p{{g}_{py}}+q{{g}_{pp}}$$ $$\frac{d{{f}_{2}}}{dx}={{f}_{x}}+{{f}_{y}}p+{{f}_{p}}q$$ $$\frac{d{{x}^{2}}}={{f}_{xx}}+{{f}_{yx}}p+{{f}_{xy}}p+{{f}_{yy}}{{p}^{2}}+{{f}_{yp}}pq+{{f}_{xp}}q+{{f}_{y}}q+{{f}_{px}}q+{{f}_{py}}pq+{{f}_{pp}}{{q}^{2}}+{{f}_{p}}{q}'$$ Now evaluating the various terms and plugging into the above equation gives us: $${{f}_{0}}=0+{{x}^{2}}-{{\nu }^{2}}$$ $$\frac{d{{f}_{1}}}{dx}=0+0+0+0+1+0+0$$ $$\frac{d{{x}^{2}}}=2+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0$$ Plug above results into the following expression to test for exactness: $${{f}_{0}}-\frac{d{{f}_{1}}}{dx}+\frac{d{{x}^{2}}}=0$$ And we see it simplifies to the same expression as before: $${{x}^{2}}={{\nu }^{2}}-1$$ Therefore, the given equation fails the criteria for exactness and is not exact. 2) We assume an exponential form of the integrating factor and multiply the given equation in the problem statement. $${{x}^{m}}{{y}^{n}}[{{x}^{2}}{y}''+x{y}'+({{x}^{2}}-{{v}^{2}})y]=0$$ Now we organize the equation into an exact form. $$f={{x}^{m+2}}{{y}^{n}}$$ $$g={{x}^{m+1}}{{y}^{n}}p+{{x}^{m+2}}{{y}^{n+1}}-{{x}^{m}}{{y}^{n+1}}{{v}^{2}}$$ Stating the first of the two exactness conditions for second order non-linear ODE's. $${{g}_{pp}}={{f}_{xp}}+{{f}_{yp}}p+2{{f}_{y}}$$ We find when plugging in the terms. $$0=0+0+2n{{y}^{n-1}}$$ $$\therefore n=0$$ $$\therefore f={{x}^{m+2}}$$ $$\therefore g={{x}^{m+1}}p+{{x}^{m+2}}y-{{x}^{m}}y{{v}^{2}}$$ Stating the second of the exactness conditions for second order non-linear ODE's. $${{f}_{xx}}+2p{{f}_{xy}}+{{p}^{2}}{{f}_{yy}}={{g}_{px}}+p{{g}_{py}}-{{g}_{y}}$$ Now plug in for the terms in the equation above and simplify. $$(m+2)(m+1){{x}^{m}}+0+0=(m+1){{x}^{m}}+0+{{x}^{m+2}}-{{x}^{m}}{{v}^{2}}$$ $$(m+2)(m+1){{x}^{m}}=(m+1){{x}^{m}}+{{x}^{m+2}}-{{x}^{m}}{{v}^{2}}$$ $$({{m}^{2}}+3m+2){{x}^{m}}-(m+1){{x}^{m}}+{{x}^{m}}{{v}^{2}}={{x}^{m+2}}$$ $${{m}^{2}}{{x}^{m}}+2m{{x}^{m}}+{{x}^{m}}+{{x}^{m}}{{v}^{2}}={{x}^{m+2}}$$ $$({{m}^{2}}+2m+1){{x}^{m}}+{{x}^{m}}{{v}^{2}}={{x}^{m+2}}$$ $$[{{(m+1)}^{2}}+{{v}^{2}}]{{x}^{m}}={{x}^{m+2}}$$ Solve for m so that both sides of the equation are of equal powers. $$\therefore m=v-1$$ Author 70.185.108.64 16:00, 20 October 2010 (UTC)EGM6321,F10.TEAM1.Lang

Find
$$ X(x)\ $$ in terms of $$ sin\ $$, $$ cos\ $$ , $$ sinh\ $$ and $$ cosh\ $$ ,

Solution
This means that a linear combination of each of these solutions will be the final solution. Then substitutions in terms of cos, sin, cosh, and sinh are made as: which will transform equation 3.4 into redefine the constants for neatness. i is just a constant and can be absorbed as such.

Author Egm6321.f10.team1.allison 18:31, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Signatures
Solved problem 1 -- 192.91.147.35 21:22, 12 October 2010 (UTC)EGM6321,F10.TEAM1.WILKS

Solved problem 2 -- 70.185.108.64 16:01, 20 October 2010 (UTC)EGM6321,F10.TEAM1.LANG

Solved problem 3 -- Egm6321.f10.team1.allison 18:32, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

title: User:EGM6321.F10.TEAM1.HW4


text:
Voice/Overtone Singing

Here are some first videos for this topic Overtone singing

Videos

 * Overtone singing tutorial
 * How to sing OVERTONES: Part 1
 * Overtone singing - basic techniques

title: Voice/Overtone Singing


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User talk:Mindwalkeronline

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User talk:Theguy~enwikiversity

 Hello Theguy, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions or need help. --mikeu talk 07:17, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theguy~enwikiversity


text:
User:Slimjess

This is an small page of my subject computer maths and please contribute on the outline topics if you can and please try to keep this simple and easy to understand. decimal numbers Binary numbers Octal number Hexadecimal numbers
 * 1) Computer arithmetic

title: User:Slimjess


text:
User:Charles Jeffrey Danoff/Mr. Danoff's FWE Template Experiemnt

 * Research Center
 * Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
 * Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B

edit this box This template is made to be used at the top of each section-page of the book.


text:
Template:Mr. Danoff/Top

 Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons

 * Research Center
 * Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
 * Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B

edit this box

title: Template:Mr. Danoff/Top


text: Template:BookCat

title: Template:BookCat


text:
Talk:Disruptive innovation

As a former and current gamer I Feel there are more Disruptive technologys out there then Web 2.0 and MMT. I think they could be a great tool in Outdoor Education. I think this page give more space to opposing view points. Im am Leaning how and WhyWikiWorks as we speak. Thanks for the help so far helpful Helpfulwikignomes Ever since the internet i feel its too hard to actually get knowledge from all the different 'experts' around the world so I used the net purely for entertainment. Now I see that the problem was mine and just need to use technology more efficiently.Im also a pretty fast learner and love working on my writing skills. What do you want this page to look like people? 1st thing is to make links to related issues to create a more educational space involving the topic of Gaming Addiction. Im personally aware of many Coping Skills such as; I think this topic deserves ALOT more space on this page (but id rather not fill with too much info Ed.). To summarize where do we take this page from here? Im not skilled enough at Wikicraft yet to know all the answers and receive my prize.Thanks all posters that came before me on providing a insight on syntax, Wikiculture and Wikiecology Id like to help the creator of this page since his and her time can limited and our interests diverse. IS THAT OK?? y/n PS Im aware my writing style is hard to follow I will work on it in future my excuse is that I am tired of regular book formatting id prefer 'choose your own adventure format/style' Takeelos 09:38, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * such as seeing patterns and solving them (better things to do?Ed.)
 * find ways to better use valuable time space and energy
 * contribute to the community

 * Takeelos, #1 rule in wiki (I think) is Be bold. This page has a short edit history - for me so far it just was a quick pass-through page creation and initial brain dump. I would like to know/explore more. And mostly really it's just an invitation for others one day to go further. Any authentic contribution regardless of formatting etc. is very welcome. The concept of "disruptive technology" intrigues me. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:50, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disruptive innovation


text:
Collaborative play writing/Aglaura/Act 2

Act 2. Scene 1. The The ducal palace

Enter Thomas and Jacques

Jacques. I say to your unheeding father thus:

"This coupling with Aglaura is a sin,

A horrid flouting, likely to mar you."

Thomas. What does he say to this?

Jacques. Like schoolboys with their moral fathers, sighs,

Yawns, and says nothing.

Thomas. You do not press enough.

Jacques. On peril of my life, I urge him that

Adulterous loves meet with the wrath of Christ,

That thunder strikes down aftermaths of sin.

He grins and chortles very mournfully,

Calls me a gargoyled fool, who does not know

The world except in churches, swears he will

Give my life over to the executioner

If I proceed to halt his pleasure's course.

The tides of passion overflow the buoy

Of reason he once held.

Thomas. Is there no way for dukes to be thus great

Except in evil? Must a subject's wrong

Become the cushions on which they arise?

It makes me grind the teeth to see myself

Subjected to a lusty father's will.

Jacques. Ah, who would not say so? A future duke

Submit to wrongs? Most dangerous to him

And to his dukedom, teaching men a way

To plot into his life!

Thomas. No quarry for his freezing lust but she

Whom I dig up to me? Were he not duke,

But a mere father, I dread what revenge

Should come to tarnish and assault his life.

Jacques. A duke? Come, what of that? Must titles, that

Make fools bend, crush you flat? You are the duke

If such a father plays the tyrant here.

Thomas. True.

Jacques. And yet all this for woman.

Thomas. Aglaura? Not a woman but a house

To enter in as man, the rest I laugh

At frowningly.

Jacques. So. Granted she is more than women are,

Must we destroy ourselves because of them,

Play lambs to her all-wolf, our sighs and groans

Like food to her, to make her strut above

Her fellows? All our troubles vanity

Creates as pleasure, never to curtail

Her drift, though loving subjects grieving pale,

Great in her scorn of us and frippery?

Thomas. How?

Jacques. By speaking treason.

Thomas. Who speaks of treason?

Jacques. You.

Thomas. I do. I speak of fathers and what sons

Do to restrain their power.

Jacques. All this proceeds from the excessive love

I bear your lordhip.

Thomas. What of the exclamations that will make

France wither if the pressing vice of worse

Than civil battles be proclaimed in France?

Jacques. Your optic glasses like Venetians' can

Reach far ahead.

Thomas. Still for Aglaura, what may I not do?

Jacques. Not frown when men beat you.

Thomas. The noblest sight, the bravest, nature lent

To mortal eyes!

Jacques. No known philosopher disputes on this.

Thomas. All other women are her excrement.

Jacques. My promised one, my sister, too!

Thomas. Most men say so.

Jacques. Apollo's truest prophets in this case.

Thomas. Have you brought forth his potent enemies?

Jacques. I have.

Thomas. Within there, ho!

Enter Leveller, Disgruntled, and Chafing

Knights, are you mine?

Leveller. My lord, we kill those who say otherwise.

Disgruntled. Pound and forget them in their very jakes.

Chafing. Then go to church to pray for us and them.

Jacques. Good men.

Thomas. Yet horrid treasons can be dangerous.

Disgruntled. The wrongs you bear swell up so mightily

That we profess our livelihood is yours.

Jacques. The best among the most.

Chafing. We bear worse tidings than you thought about.

Thomas. Quick, quick, relate.

Disgruntled. Your father, my good lord- I cannot speak.

Chafing. Your father-

Thomas. Not sturdy? Not the robust men I seek?

Leveller. Your father, in pretense- thus boldly I

Aver- in pretense of security,

In England fetches for your lordship a

Declining miss, most fit, he says, for you

To act as votary.

Thomas. Ha! Do I live?

Jacques. I once suspected this.

Disgruntled. A much unworthy lady, stooping low

In age, must be life's comfort to fond youth.

I groaned and fainted when I heard the news.

This lady you must woo at once and play

The kneeling fool to age and gravity.

Thomas. Do you know me?

Jacques. We think we do.

Thomas. Do you behold this sword, unsheated for

The villain I call father?

Leveller. In fear, as who does not?

Thomas. A ducal toad in his infected pool!

What should I do as heir to mudded crowns

But to obey and grin?

Jacques. We hope you never can drop off so low.

Thomas. I overrule this father.

Jacques. Well.

Thomas. These base, unreasonable decrees of his

Make drudges faint.

Leveller. I heard him thunder at his table: "To

Obey is best," thus says this kind of duke,

Or die instead inside a convent, a

Most tame, religious fool.

Thomas. Good.

Disgruntled. A nunnery is better.

Thomas. I'll speak my griefs tomorrow. On, brave lords,

Abhorring tyranny, as will be shown!

Exeunt Thomas, Jacques, Leveller, Disgruntled, and Chafing

Act 2. Scene 2. The ducal palace

Enter Orbella and Arnaud

Orbella. They say love is a tyrant. I know not,

Yet to be tyrannized so seems to me

The greatest pleasure a bad world affords.

How great I grow with love! And yet behold,

My husband's brother! Should this be found out,

More stangers will say France but harbors whores.

From Persia I was brought when a poor duke

Negotiated richly for glad Ziriff's cloth.

Both winning with that match, he took me, too,

And therefore is he blamed for cuckoldry.

A brother? What of that? Do innocent

Birds of a gentle sportiveness ask for

Permission of the skies before they mix?

Will some forgotten over-curious law,

Like misty heraldries, moth-eaten, smoked,

By insect troops of time so long anulled,

Prevent us, when remorseless pangs of love

Reveal our acts as fine, prolonging life

With pleasure's might? Do not our faintest springs

Within a gentle garden purling sweet,

Her dulcet cadences between the banks

Of blushing roses, huddle one atop

Each other's course, in clearest pleasure joined?

Then will not humankind, the sovereigns

Of all of these, be bound, restrained, debarred,

Of such clear wanton chasing? Surely,

It is not so. My arguments prove that

You are my own, for nature must applaud

Our fruitfulness in echoes thundering

With life's own quiet force.

Arnaud. Our blessed love-acts pregnant?

Orbella. Big with their power.

Arnaud. Are you alone? Should brothers hear such news-

Orbella. He goes, perhaps into Aglaura's arms.

Arnaud. Neglecting you so horribly? Deserved,

Then, be his fate henceforth!

Orbella. Enough of talk. Unclasp.

Arnaud. I never see you signing thus alone

But I think nature is too cheated by

Forced chastity.

Orbella. By love's own light, lips should not be abused

By curious bubbles. Let them do instead

What nature calls them for, to kiss and kiss. (kissing him

Arnaud. That's very sudden. I still fear the duke.

Orbella. Not when the moon shines.

Arnaud. You never blush.

Orbella. It ill becomes my hair, to make my face

Seem like a hairy orange.

Arnaud. The world belongs to those who cannot blush.

Orbella. My nurse once taught me that.

Arnaud. All is permitted if we only love.

In prisons damp with straw, with spider webs

As pillows, will such love as ours die off,

Not with Apollo smile with wantoning?

But should the duke discover us, no doubt

He'll blush in ways to make us redder still.

Orbella. I scorn him now.

Arnaud. How little thought of will I seem, when men

Behold my deeds, should I contented lie,

So near a crown. A trifle bars me there.

Orbella. My husband's life, a trifle?

Arnaud. We'll speak of that anon.

Orbella. You now embark on high and dangerous

Seas, tugging breathless on half-splintered oars.

Arnaud. Avoid a moralizing rheum, which makes

Men sweat, no more.

Orbella. Let me but sweat inside your arms, not on

A hangman's block. You are to me what you

Wish for, a realm. Should love press down the scale

Of your ambition with an equal weight,

We'll make our sex compound.

Arnaud. Already it is done: a duke in thought!

You may more justly say those wretches live

When darkly sweating of a midnight plague

As to discourage me from taking what

Is mine by will and effort.

Orbella. Is not my love alone worth all your pains?

Arnaud. I'll take your love together with his death.

If his misdeeds that wear a blessed crown

Be not forgotten, I swear he'll wear none.

If I miss this, let all my senses die,

The pleasures given me, let all be numb

In a worm-hole, or let my fancy's source

Be ravished by my only enemy

While I look on and smile. Remember, love,

How treacherous he always proves to you.

Say that you weep for dukes while finding them

Up to the cheeks with their bright lusty blood,

Remember how, before the marriage torch

Burned out, the flame rose richly, and then stank.

Reflect on these and then reveal yourself

A loyal fool to him. Say so at once

And I will go like schoolboys to their books.

Orbella. False to my husband, or to you? Who wins?

Arnaud. Not that half-sovereign, half-man, all beast?

Let us teach love by signs, not stupid speech,

For action is her native tongue. Come, come,

You are decided, ever mine till death.

Enter Ziriff and Lenu

Orbella. I undertake I know not what.- O, O,

The duke's best friend and servant! What is it?-

Speak, eastern devil, what would you with me?

Arnaud. He answers nothing.

Orbella. He only stares, the more my terror, O.

Arnaud. I would not meddle with him.

Orbella. Too often have I meddled with that slave.

Arnaud. The duke will know my humor on such slaves.

Orbella. He gapes as if he meant to murder half

Our dukedom.

Arnaud. Are you no duchess? Dare that peasant groom.

I leave you, lady, till we may confer.

Exit Arnaud

Orbella. Will you not speak?- No? No? How heavily

I'm punished for my lightness! Will you not?-

Ha, I shake so. Ha, beggar's dog, speak, speak.-

A duchess chastises where she commands.

I shrink, I droop before mere common muck.

Will you outbrave me?- I must die but once,

One shaking of the glass and farewell pomp!

I must leave you, sir.

Exit Orbella

Ziriff. I do not know whether a woman's flame

Is like the glomworm's, treacherous and base,

But yet I swear she will not flutter long.

Unfaithful dung-flea! She swore fealty,

Buzzed in my ears I must be great: should I

Crouch low beneath her favors, play the hound

For sweets? Great Lucifer! I am undone.

She seized my heart as mongrel-bitches bones,

Devoid of nerve and blood. Must I drop off?

If so, I'll fall on her. Remembered here!

A jewelled mole, an underground false trunk

With conterfeited money in each box!

Does she believe I cannot stamp and rave?

I can be angry, very angry. Thus,

I'll be myself.

Lenu. The more our danger.

Arnaud. Love is a pleasant trifle, but the way

I'll henceforth love and sigh is murderous.

No more the love-sick fool for satisfaction!

To chide and argue is a woman's war:

I'll do.

Exeunt Ziriff and Lenu

Act 2. Scene 3. The The ducal palace

Enter the duke and Arnaud

Duke. It is not so! My son?

Arnaud. My nephew, Thomas.

Duke. What did he say?

Arnaud. He said he means to murder you tonight.

Duke. Ha! Can I pity such a son? I will, I will,

Like eagles when they swoop.

Arnaud. It is fit pity here should yawn and sleep,

While even-handed justice rouses still.

Duke. Let me hear voices of his treachery,

And I will have no son.

Arnaud. Here is our faithful servant and our friend,

Moreover lover of our country's weal,

Who ably has discovered everything.

Enter Jacques

Duke. Will I turn round the head when treachery

Foments against my rest? Although he wears

A son's face, snap at him. Reveal your tale,

Most loyal Jacques: are we fortunate

In a discovery of treachery?

Say so, to be rewarded.

Jacques. Your Thomas is a hideous villain in

His thoughts- O, were it otherwise! Let not

His villainy transform itself to deeds,

Though an heir and the people's love, for them

Perhaps a potentate of rare renown

And grace. Such virtues must not be the key

That turns against our lives. Let it not be

In after-times said of our dukedom's head:

"A great duke, brave, magnanimous, and true,

A lover of his people and a man

Of form, to baser mettle the straight glass

Of statecraft and true-born gentility,

But how we wish he never had a son!

For, in his case, the great duke proved himself

A potent ass."

Arnaud. Hold, slave.

Duke. Let be. On, on!

Jacques. Thus says posterity: "In sorry cheer,

The duke moped, in dank pity of his son

He failed to punish hard, though threatening

His head, but slept, till he awoke no more."

Duke. What an unhappy thing it is to be

A kindly father! Fearfully to gaze,

And, after gazing, sink. O, never now!

May black corruption gnaw my limbs and heart

Before I pity such a forward son.

I say this poison of my making must

Be cut away before he takes the head.

Arnaud. Most certain.

Duke. How potent is their faction?

Jacques. Quite weak, considering their purposes.

In numbers few, yet strong in dark intents,

A band of resolutes, who come on through

Although their father's head stood in the bill

Of utmost danger.

Duke. I'll crush them.

Arnaud. It must be so. Weep as you strike to death.

Jacques. A troop designed to suffer executions,

Unless they come to it.

Duke. How weary seem they of their puny lives!

Do they not know a duke? All treacheries

Last but an hour, flat underneath the heel

As soon as seen in corners. Messenger,

The loyal Ziriff must be told of this,

News apt to make him sweat in services

Towards our love and state.

Arnaud. You love him well.

Duke. Now almost as a son, whom I have not,

After these clouds of slaughter drift away.

Will my son enter in this room tonight?

Jacques. Like night itself.

Duke. Ten burning candles will I hold up when

I murder him.

Exeunt the duke, Arnaud, and Jacques

Act 2. Scene 4. Ziriff's house

Enter Aglaura and Jacqueline

Aglaura. I wonder why my Thomas is not here.

Jacqueline. Perhaps the hornet frets when doubting much

To see his nest too often occupied.

Aglaura. He has no reason to. From this time forth,

One finger on the duke's love! I will lie

With Thomas in a cell of sweetness, ours

Eternally, a husband with his wife.

Jacqueline. A woman cheated of her pleasure is

Much angrier than a tigress with her meat.

Aglaura. When I think of Thomas next to the old duke, I must with difficulty not yield up entirely my meals of the day.

Jacqueline. Rightly so.

Aglaura. Thomas is greenwood, burning slow but comfortably, whereas the old duke is dry, fast up fast down. How Thomas fills me up and down, so that, to prevent detection in his room, I am sorely constrained to stuff a handkerchief inside my mouth! Thomas is my pump, yielding streams vigorous and sure into every receptacle, the old duke a half-forgotten well, hidden in herbage of an ill-watered garden, or the statue of ancient Priapus, half-lame, whose main member is by none-sparing time almost eaten away, eroded of any beauty or use.

Jacqueline. But yet consider how your brother wins

With commerce of this duke.

Aglaura. I know we owe this house to him, but yet

How tragic is it to reflect the pains

And sacrifices women undertake

For riches yielding our unhappiness!

How man builds fortunes on a woman's back!

Should we always keep quiet, read love-books

While never loving?

Jacqueline. He is a brother.

Aglaura. Do I sleep with brothers? Enough talk of a decrepit duke! I swear the subject puts me out of temper, out of all possible attempts at politeness or good humor.

Jacqueline. Ho! Who is there? A stranger, I believe!

Enter Disgruntled

Aglaura. Ha? Who are you?

Disgruntled. Your husband's friend.

Aglaura. Will he arrive?

Disgruntled. No, not tonight.

Aglaura. I thought so.

Disgruntled. Yet you may learn from me some news of him.

Aglaura. Go, Jacqueline, I am quite safe, I think.

Jacqueline. I pray so, madam.

Exit Jacqueline

Aglaura. Your story?

Disgruntled. I heard the voice of Thomas say: "Go to my father's palace, learn what you can from spies inside, because I hear evil of that place, which I'll correct."

Aglaura. What kind of evil?

Disgruntled. How his father intends to marry him to an English duchess' daughter.

Aglaura. Ha! We are already married.

Disgruntled. News unknown to the duke. Yet, instead of duty, I attended first to joyful songs at a tavern, next I reeled to my brother' house to play chess, then with an acquaintance to a brothel, completely neglecting my summons.

Aglaura. Are you his friend?

Disgruntled. Which man does not err at one time or another? I embarked on a ferry on my way to the palace when a great wind rose. The mariners, startled and afraid, slipped from their ropes, ran about the boat confusedly, expecting us to be split by the next sign of liquid thunder.

Aglaura. What of the captain?

Disgruntled. He confidently advanced towards me with trembling voice and horror palely painted on every lineament: "We may not live unless casting away merchandise or persons. You must be hauled off."

Aglaura. No!

Disgruntled. The mariners, glad of some action, seized my shoulders and thighs, I, fighting and shouting, to no avail, so that, whether willing or not, they threw me overboard.

Aglaura. I know such slaves.

Disgruntled. I tiredly swam for an hour or better towards the shore, fighting against heaving liquid rock, not waves, till I fainted awhile nearby sharpest boulders, cutting me in front and behind, then recognized afar this house, loved by Thomas for one within, like a whale swallowing me.

Aglaura. O, lord, I should diet.

Disgruntled. Let me stay no longer than this night, not inside your house, too uncomely a suggestion, but sleeping in your garden, inside a tent or secure grotto, before going next morning on my rightful way towards the ducal palace.

Aglaura. A friend to Thomas? You are welcome, friend.

Exeunt Aglaura and Disgruntled


text:
Collaborative play writing/Aglaura/Act 3

Act 3. Scene 1. The duke's palace

Enter Thomas, Leveller, and Chafing

Thomas. This way headlong, where an unwary duke

Remorselessly is taken!

Chafing. Most dangerous, my lord, but yet for love

Of you and liberty, we follow fast.

Leveller. His lordship will deserve what he obtains

No later than this minute.

Chafing. I marvel that Disgruntled is not come.

Thomas. Quite strange, but let that go. When honor, life,

And fortune are in doubt, far better is

It to think little and act much. We bend

The head, ram-like, and see what totters at

The wobbly base.

Enter Ziriff, Jacques, and the duke's guards

Leveller. Ha! Who are these?

Chafing. The guard!

Thomas. With Jacques!

Leveller. And grinning Ziriff!

Thomas. Betrayed! Betrayed!

Chafing. Shift for yourself, my lord. I do not mean

To lie dull when I see foes armed for me.

Leveller. Empale them all.

Thomas. All, all! Through walls of men with sharpest pikes

To run quite through the duke.

(They fight with swords, exeunt Thomas, Leveller, and Chafing retreating, followed by Ziriff, Jacques, and the guards

Enter the duke

Duke. Right. Follow, sirs. At them with blows of might!

See quickest execution done. Do not

Reserve one breathing man for wife or bed.

Below your heels with foes! Whoever steps

On fire and makes a jest of pain, soon sees

The grinning face that ships him into hell.

Re-enter Chafing, bleeding, followed by the guards

Chafing. Ha! Will I die tonight? Quite unprepared!

Duke. Chafing is down. Tread on him with swords down.

Chafing. A beetle twitching.

Duke. Post-haste to death!

Chafing. Slaves born in an hour, to die in the hour!

(The guards stab him

Chafing. No more of Chafing in this world! For me,

The world exists no more. (he dies

Duke. Good, good.

Re-enter Leveller

Leveller. Ha, Chafing, dead! Now I am mad indeed.

(He fights with his sword against the guards

Duke. Brave lord, he has killed two, but I remain.

Leveller. It is a pleasure to die near such men.

Duke. I'll live to tell of yours.

Leveller. I'll quickly come before the torrent swells.

(They fight

Duke. Brave coins on me, but earning you a death!

Enter Arnaud

Come, brother, why so slow?

Arnaud. No doubt you can kill him without my help.

Duke. I'll knee him yet. Let me not breathe in bed

Until I see this fellow in his grave.

Re-enter Ziriff

Is my son near?

Ziriff. Beneath your guards' sword-point yet still afresh

For further slaughters.

Duke. I'll end this traitor ere I speak again.

Ziriff. (stabbing Leveller from behind

My sword has found him.

Leveller. Spare me.

Ziriff. I do, from wheels and torment. (stabbing him

Leveller. I lose this light forever. Can my soul

Rise circumambiently? I much doubt that,

Yet happy in that Ziriff dies as well. (he dies

Duke. Have you stabbed him? All's well when traitors die.

Remove both. Traitor heads on pikes atop

The city walls, to let our subjects know

The end of rebels! After treachery,

Can such sons live? Find him. I'll dig his grave.

Exeunt the duke, Ziriff, and Arnaud, the guards carrying the dead bodies

Act 3. Scene 2. Ziriff's house

Enter Aglaura and Jacqueline

Aglaura. What thunder is this now?

Jacqueline. No thunder but men's difference against

Each other. Holy virgin, happily,

Though poor, in spite of pains, you quietly

Slept all night long, while we, astonished, sweat

Below our arm-pits to the neck and face,

As if the next man comes to murder us.

Aglaura. I shrink at it.

Jacqueline. The rage of men!

Aglaura. Enough to swallow the entire world.

Jacqueline. The duke is mad. Some wager he intends

To bleed his son before his mother's face.

Aglaura. O, Thomas! Let such mischiefs never be,

Or let me never be. Is Ziriff in?

Jacqueline. I think he is.

Aglaura. The walls should crumble underneath man's wrath.

A beggar, chewing on his walking-stick

For hunger, is secure compared with great

Ones when the rout is up. I'll wear a face

Of quietude until the winds cool off.

Exit Jacqueline

Aglaura. Come, is he here?

Re-enter Jacqueline

Jacqueline. He stays inside, my lady.

Aglaura. What, will he sleep until his sister gapes

Inside her closet in a sitting fear?

Jacqueline. I found him preening tranquilly aloft

Before approving glass, his perfumed suit

Above two stinking carcasses, a cap

At best advantage, strings of amber stones

Along his shirt-front, tightly fringed with ropes

Of rubies, that like blood of men appear,

Some darker than the wounds below his feet.

He, making mouths at your serene glass-case,

Has eyes to love his face, though rebels bleed,

Hot-iron wrenched, in some adjoining room,

For information on disloyalties,

He, stiff in bearing, smoothing wrinkled sleeves,

As if a dragon's seed bore him to man's

Age, never seems to hear their demon-shrieks,

But puckers as we do when touching lips

With deeper redness, pulls a fiery loop

Of diamonds to his thickly frizzled hair,

And lisps high melodies, while all the guards

Hum deepest basses to his airy tune.

Aglaura. Such natures yawn in cataracts. Drag him

With horses if you can.

Exit Jacqueline

Aglaura. Not yet?

Jacqueline (within

He comes.

Enter Ziriff

Aglaura. My brother! Heaven surely sends you.

Ziriff. I doubt that, girl. Do angels know such shapes?

Aglaura. In spite of fortune, will these walls yet hold?

Ziriff. Let Frenchmen singe our house-tops till we freeze:

I'll fear asleep in beds.

Aglaura. Ha, Ziriff, does the duke intend to kill

My only love?

Ziriff. I swear no longer I adore this duke

As I once did. More counsellors of state

Play with his ears, first Jacques, then that deep

And frowning brother, Arnaud, both of whom

I loathe with fingers, whose voice bid the duke

Arise as slaughter-man on rebel lords,

Both with his bosom, while I, destitute,

As sunshine blushes on their evils, cold

And naked in the moonlight, wait my turn

Before I tug apart his thighs, to bless

With warmer favors. Pah! Not to sit still,

I will do something, yet I know not what.

Aglaura. Where is my love?

Ziriff. Because I fondle less the careless duke,

I should more often kiss his enemies,

Of whom I count your love as pleasantest.

Aglaura. He, he! For his adoring lady, look

How he in haste troops forth.

Enter Thomas

Thomas. Hide me from the man, murderous in thought,

Unchaste in cold desires, I once called dad.

Ziriff. Too gladly!

Thomas. Not Ziriff? I will stand against you, knave.

Aglaura. Do not completely undo yourself:

He is a friend, more than a brother.

Thomas. I but espy a Persian traitor here.

Ziriff. Who is a traitor? Not you, sword in hand

Against a father? Will you stroke asleep

This father with a pike? I think you will,

In such a sleep as few on earth can wake

Such fathers up.

Aglaura. Sweet, are you followed?

Thomas. I'm hotly hounded by a rash of men

Corrupting all my blood, enough to spill

My own or theirs.

Aglaura. That minister of hell you must put up.

Jump to these arms instead, your nest of joys

Away from worlds of broil.

Ziriff. The fairest proposition to a stiff

And arrant rebel!

Aglaura. Another kind of stiffness I entice.

Thomas. Since last that beauteous visage I gazed on,

Benign time, wasting all my joys with dust

Of brawling, tying all my limbs not in love-bands,

Love's shrine and temple, but in armored plate,

Has metamorphisized unfaithful forms

Into a monster of unheard-of limbs,

Begetting fresher horrors. Ah, dear love,

The duke- I do not call him father, for

It is suspected when he cradled me

He tore my insides with a grosser lust-

Must be rid of before he claps my thighs

Next to a greener Gorgon- such she is

If not without your face, or else he hides

Me in a cellar, with but water rats

At suppertime to tell the time of day.-

Do you weep, love?

Ziriff. My sister cannot hold when lovers sigh.

Aglaura. A son should know his father better than

To let him thus escape. What should we do?

Ziriff. Do you intend to droop, as children when

Bewetted by their spleen? I will advance

If but to stroke the duke asleep, until

The dawn sees him as red as she, his blood

Escaped in rills he knows not how or where.

Aglaura. But what of Thomas?

Ziriff. Inside this vault, through which a man will gain

The frowning woods, out of his ducal hands,

Our Thomas may lie still, out of the air,

As if a babe caressed, not raven food.

Aglaura. My angel!

Ziriff. Until a devil teaches you the truth.

Thomas. Excited love, the dawn-

Ziriff. Will you kiss when death breathes on us? Away!

Thomas. When next we meet, all this will seem a masque,

Ape-measures to affright the eyes of fools.

Wine never tastes like wine as when we clear

The spider from the glass. I will reward

This honesty, my Ziriff.

Ziriff. Down safely with unknown adventurers!

Exit Thomas inside the vault

Aglaura. Could I but join him in his darkness there!

Ziriff. A foolish sister sometimes listened to!

Warm up your bed for him, while we annul

A father from a world a-weary of

His drooping sins.

Exeunt Aglaura and Ziriff

Act 3. Scene 3. The duke's palace

Enter Arnaud and Jacques

Arnaud. The heir is not yet killed. I wonder why

That is still so.

Jacques. I'll kill him ere he prays and wins again.

Arnaud. If you do that, Jacques, you'll know what a thing it is to be a duke's companion.

Jacques. To my mind, you are a duke already. Mark this: I'll do such things yet as will leave hearers in the court gaping at the wonder of the deeds of men.

Arnaud. Here's gold for even thinking of it.

Jacques. I thank your grace- I should say "lord", but what of that?

Arnaud. True, what of that?- My brother!

Jacques. Your brother like a bolt across dark clouds!

Enter the duke

Duke. No more delays! Find him, find him, I say,

And I will play the hangman. Leave at once.

A traitor live? Let it not be disclosed

I wink when devils lurk.- My only guard!

Enter Ziriff

Ziriff. My very good grace, send these starers off,

For I have business for your dukedom's peace,

Which may not be put off.

Duke. Let no man stay except my Ziriff here.

Arnaud. How, in our time of danger-

Duke. Off, off, away! Do not make me-

Arnaud. Pah! Can you threaten?

Duke. I will impose my will or die instead.

Out with all villain hogs who root for meals

From berries of my graces!

Exeunt Arnaud and Jacques

Ziriff. Not to delay your pleasure, best of lords,

With tedious self-laudations of my worth,

In kindest love best serving your high will,

I have affected what will startle you

In open exclamations of my deeds.

Duke. Unbutton. Half my midnight pleasure's yours.

Ziriff. This night Aglaura dances to your will.

Duke. I like your news, yet is that wonderful?

Am I no duke? Do not great dukes attract

Most absolute subjection at all times?

Ziriff. True, highest grace, but here is matter fit

To stuff in full contentment's orifice.

Your heir-

Duke. Dead? Say that word to be forever mine.

Ziriff. Not dead, not dead, yet likely to drop off

Into the mouth of night.

Duke. Instruct me how I am so fortunate.

Ziriff. In yonder cypress grove I chased your son,

When night looked dangerous and evil stars

Laughed at men flying in their horrid fears

In danger of a death, in hours of blood,

There I found out a web-stained hidden vault,

Home of his secret love, perhaps a grave

For one, or more.

Duke. Aglaura! Did they barter beads of sweat

With beads of sweat? Am I their jack by which

Two lovers tell the time to rise and fall?

I will uncap their necks in darkness as they bleed,

I'l make a pudding of her lustful blood,

In dungeon chambers she will gobble snow,

Or what half-famished rats faint to look on,

To make of her a story that will choke

With terror all-consenting womankind.

Ziriff. It is beyond my powers to express

The evil deeds of humankind. Let be.

Duke. I will, I will, I will, I will, I will.

Ziriff. My lord-

Duke. Lead me like clouds of thunder to their bed.

Ziriff. Though heaven or a duke maim me for it,

I scorn subjection, quite incapable

Of leading anyone to such a death

As I well know your lordship must intend.

Duke. How kind is heaven in my glorious state

To have a Persian friend look after me!

When padded traitors tread with feet of blood,

A servant smiles to say we may them kill,

If clasping nearest our man-wishing heart.

Ziriff. Omega for what everyone should wish!

Duke. Our entertainment will drown memories

Of hours past by so richly thick that love

Will dare reply with golden shows of love.

Dull gapers of the court will weep on that.

What they within a lifetime finger still,

Bowing and scraping, till their homage shrink

To an old man's shuffle, you will idly hold

Within a minute. Say so, all is yours.

Ziriff. All for the better and the best.

Duke. Time is a cripple till I see this son again.

Ziriff. This night you will.

Duke. The thought of that draws tears. Within there, sirs!

Come, Jacques.

Ziriff. What do you mean, your grace? Such a man now?

Duke. Do I own but one friend?

Ziriff. I do not like this.

Duke. My good friends all!

Re-enter Jacques

Jacques. Your servant till our death!

Duke. I'll be your recompense most certainly.

Ziriff. What does he here?

Duke. I'll have you two together.

Jacques. Until the grasp of death.

Ziriff. That may be sooner than you ever wished.

Duke. No, no, together, I command.

Jacques. Come, on my bosom, Ziriff.

Ziriff. Ha, off me, villain!

Duke. Tonight we shuffle, friends, so that our foes

May suddenly die.

Exit the duke

Jacques. You are a tyrant, Ziriff, when, thus near,

You play so closely with the duke's right ear.

Ziriff. I do and have no fellow.

Jacques. Let us fold neatly in a single piece.

Ziriff. A varlet hug the duke? Away with you!

Jacques. My lovely Ziriff and I but one mold!

Ziriff. I lie when saying I care for your like.

Jacques. For all this scorn concerning the duke's love,

Your only region, I perceive you do

Not love the duke.

Ziriff. But you much less.

Jacques. Most precious jewel! You are still about

The neck, his bracelet, adorning him

In a mock-state, yet ceremony trimmed

In curious shapes may strangle strangely

The authors of such shows. Will we compact?

Ziriff. The duke commands it.

Jacques. I'll shake both, though I die.

Ziriff. You do well. (striking him

Jacques. Death! On my face, too! Do you loathe the sun?

Ziriff. A gift for being near my charity.

Jacques. I'll ask no more of it.

Ziriff. Do not. You'll be deceived.

Jacques. Will this duke be our sole and tender aim?

Ziriff. By charity, I'll swear that should be so.

Jacques. With oaths of danger.- Do not start. A friend.

Re-enter Arnaud

Ziriff. Familiar slave, a duke's own brother, friend?

Arnaud. For once I'll grant him that.

Ziriff. How, hugging that fair rat? It is not night

Yet, my good lord.

Jacques. No further jests.

Arnaud. Are you compounded?

Jacques. I tame a wild one.

Arnaud. Is he our own and true?

Jacques. Like steel, but sharper.

Arnaud. Clasp tighter to be mine, forever mine.

Ziriff. We meet tonight together with the duke.

Arnaud. To kill the son?

Ziriff. Much hoped for still.

Arnaud. What better fashion to make friends than kill

Our enemies?

Jacques. Assuredly.

Ziriff. That should be done, and sooner than you hope.

Jacques. My loving Ziriff!

Ziriff. I scorn your presences. What I prepare

Will garner something for those rotting near

The golden portals of the heavy rich.

Arnaud. A joyful malcontent, for us a boon.

Trust gold when I am duke.

Ziriff. My only faith!

Arnaud. Will not the duke smile wildly, seeing us

Thus mingled all together?

Ziriff. No, no, but only grin.

Arnaud. Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Best of servants still!

Where is my nephew?

Ziriff. Inside the forest. Whether he eats grass

Or pickled spiders I do not yet know.

Arnaud. I'll find this nephew though I rot through dung.

Exeunt Ziriff, Jacques, and Arnaud