text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 1

1. First you need to open Flash and Fireworks. '''Flash won't be used right away. Fireworks will be used for most of the first part.'''

2. Search for the main image you want (such as a tv, digital camera, etc.) on the internet.

3. Copy the Image by pressing Print Screen on the keyboard.

4. Open a new document in Fireworks. It doesn't matter what size or color the canvas is.

5. Click "Edit" then "Paste" to put the screenshot into Fireworks.

6. Use the crop tool in the toolbar to get only the image you want from the screenshot.

7. In the tools section, click on either the lasso tool or the marquee tool. Use one or the other to cut out the screen on the image you chose. (i.e. the tv's screen, the screen where the picture shows up on a digital camera, etc.)

Important Note: To make what you selected with the marquee or lasso tool go away, hit the "delete" button on the keyboard. Afterwards, you will have to deselect the area by clicking "Select" on the top toolbar and clicking "Deselect".

8. Near the top on the right half of the screen, there is a tab called "Optimize". If it is not already opened, click on Optimize to open it.

9. Underneath the word Optimize, there is a drop down bar that has the word "Settings" to the left of it. Click on the arrow to make it drop, then select the one that says "GIF Websnap 256".

10. Many other drop down bars should be there now. The bar halfway down the "Optimize" tab should say "No Transparency". Click on its arrow and change it to "Alpha Transparency".

11. Once done with this, click on "File", then click on "Export". In the new window that pops up, rename the file to what you want it to be saved as, then click "Save".

12. This is the part where you need Flash opened. On the top toolbar, click on "File", then select "Import". A new window will come up. Search for the file you saved in Fireworks, select it, then click "Open".

13. Don't panic if your image is too big, we can fix that. Underneath "Tools" on the left side of the screen, click on the Free Transform tool. This should make a box come up around your image that looks a little bit like the crop box did in Fireworks.

14. By clicking and holding down the mouse on one of the black boxes at the corners, you will be able to resize your image so that it fits into the frame. You can move the image to center it by using the arrow keys on your keyboard.

15. After you're done with the Free Transform tool, change it back to the regular pointer by clicking on the black arrow underneath "Tools".

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 1


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 2

masking project (jamie) (project 2)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 2


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 3

Under Construction

1. Open up a blank document in Flash.

2. On the Timeline at the top of the screen, rename your layer to ‘Background’. (You do this by double-clicking the words Layer 1.) 3. On the blank stage, create or insert the background that you desire your movie to have.

4. On the Timeline, find the rectangle underneath the number 100. This is Frame 100.

5. Right click on Frame 100.

6. Select ‘Insert Key Frame’. You’ll know this has been done correctly if the space between Frame 1 and Frame 100 turns gray.

7.

8.

9. Insert image or object that will be “thinking”. (If the image that you wish to use has a background, you may need to refer to Magic for instructions on how to get rid of it.)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 3


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 4

How to Trace Images in Macromedia Flash

1. Open Flash.

2. Insert image onto a blank stage.

3. Place image where desired.

4. Lock layer.

5. Create a blank layer. (To do this, click the symbol that looks like a Post-It note with a plus sign on it.)

6. Select Line tool.

For Straight Lines…

7. Click starting point and drag the mouse to desired ending.

8. Repeat for all straight lines.

For Curved Lines…

9. Click starting point and dragging in a straight line to end of curve.

10. Hover mouse over the green line. One of two shapes will appear below the cursor. One is of a corner, and the other is of a curved line.

11. When the curved line appears, click and drag towards the curve.

12. Follow all these instructions for every line that you wish to trace.

Nashp 18:33, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Flash/Project 4


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Grayscale

Converting to grayscale- changing and image to black and white

1.	Open fireworks. Insert the picture that you want to convert to grayscale.

2.	On the tool bar go to commands.

3.	Go to the option creative.

4.	There will be an option with in creative called convert to grayscale

5.	click it and you are done. Fw_gray.png

66.4.125.11 18:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Grayscale


text:
User:ShookJ

Magic Wand.

1.Pick a picture that you would like to use. 2.Go to start. 3.Go to all programs and look for Macromedia. 4.Once your there, open Fireworks. 5.Copy and Paste your picture into Fireworks. 6.After you do that, pick the magic wand tool. 7.Once you get the magic wand tool, pick the are that you don’t want on there and  place the magic wand tool over it. 8.Now pick an area on your picture that you don’t want and click it with the magic wand tool. 9.Click the left button on your mouse and select edit. 10.Once your there, click cut. 11.The area that you selected should be gone. 12.If you want anymore areas on your picture to be gone, just repeat steps 8-10.

title: User:ShookJ


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/screenshot

1. Find the picture that you want to use. 2. Hit the Print Screen button. 3. Open. Fireworks. 4. Go to File, New. 5. Click OK, when the box pops up. 6. Paste the image into Fireworks. 7. Select the Crop Tool. 8. Out line the area in which you want to crop. 9. Double click the outlined area. 10. Go to File, Save As. HicksK 18:26, 19 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Magic

magic wand 1.Pick a picture that you would like to use. 2.Go to start. 3.Go to all programs and look for Macromedia. 4.Once your there, open Fireworks. 5.Copy and Paste your picture into Fireworks. 6.After you do that, pick the magic wand tool. 7.Once you get the magic wand tool, pick the are that you don’t want on there and  place the magic wand tool over it. 8.Now pick an area on your picture that you don’t want and click it with the magic wand tool. 9.Click the left button on your mouse and select edit. 10.Once your there, click cut. 11.The area that you selected should be gone. 12.If you want anymore areas on your picture to be gone, just repeat steps 8-10.

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Magic


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Effects

1.	Once you have fireworks open, click file new and create your image or type what you want on the canvas

2.	Click the black curser on the left side toolbar and click the image you want to have a shadow or glow.

3.	Once clicked look on the bottom right of the screen and you should see a button that says effects and has a + sign, click on it

4.	Once clicked you should see a menu pop up, once up click shadow and glow and choose your desired effect

5.	After you click your wanted effect, another menu should pop up and that is where you can fine tune you effect and customize it.

6.	Once done customizing click back on the screen to get rid of the menu and there should be your new and improved graphic.

7.	If you desire to remove the effect simply click in the effect box where it displays your effects and click the word your effect was and then click the - symbol next to the + symbol and your effect should disappear

SpicerK 18:18, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Effects


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Fade

1.	Open macromedia fireworks. Go to file the new hit ok when a box pops up FW_fade_2.png

2.	Then go to file import… or hit ctrl + R on you keyboard 3.	Open the picture that you want to fade

4.	Then on the top tool bar go to commands and then creative.

5.	Then click on the one that says fade image.

6.	A box will pop up with option on how you want it faded.

7.	Pick one

8.	After that there will be a black line you can move around

9.	Move it in to make less faded and out for more.

66.4.125.11 18:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Fade


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Project 2

1. First you open the image that you want to copy over. You then, Take the square tool and make a complete square with a 2 px border around the main square in the middle of the original image.

2. After you take the line tool and line them over the original lines. Then color inside the lines with the color you want and do the same on the other side. You then use the line tool on the inside of the other two lines. You want to do the exact same thing on the other side of the portrait.

3. You then want to click on the rectangle tool and select the Rounded Rectangle.

4. Then make sure, once you make the rectangle to also make the rectangle to the correct roundness. You then can type your text that you like.

5. Then go to Effect in the bottom right corner and find bevel and do an outer bevel.

6. After this you need to drop the shadow, so go to the effects again. Then, find shadow and glow then find drop shadow.

BeltonP 18:17, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Project 2


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Project 3

Roll Over Parts

1.Open up a new document. 2.The size of the image should be 500x500. 3.After you’re done with getting the size of your document(s), crop all of your image(s) to fit the document size. 4.When your are finished with step three, go to edit>insert>new button.

Up level 5.Draw your rectangle or rounded rectangle. 6.Add your text that you want (must fit on rectangle).

Over level 7.Click copy up graphic. 8.Change the colors to you want prefer.

Down level 9.Click copy over graphic. 10.change the colors to what you prefer. 11.After your done with step 10, you need to click done.

Document 12.Hit F12 to preview your roll over project. 13.After your done, click one edit>duplicate. 14.Click a button, change text in the property inspection. 15.Repeat for all of the buttons. Change the text to what you want it to be. 16.Hit f12 to preview what you have done. 17.Save the project that you have just completed.

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Fireworks/Project 3


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Flashbutton

How to insert.. Flash Button

1.Open up a new Dreamweaver Document,Click on Insert on the top of the page, Scroll Down to Interactive image,and scroll over to flash button and click. 2.This box will appear: A.	choose the style that you want B.	In the text blank,type what you want to appear on your button C.	Choose which font and size that you want D.	On the link section,choose which link you will use for your button to appear,use browse for help finding the link E.	Choose bg for the background color of your button F.	Save it and click ok 3.	The button will then appear on your page,you can move your button by clicking on it with your mouse and moving it to a desired location. 4.	 Repeat Steps 1-3 when creating additional buttons.


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/table

How to insert.. A table

1.	In dreamweaver,click on this toolbar section at top: 2.	After you have clicked on the table toolbar,you will then have to click on the table icon that looks like this: 3.	Once you have clicked on that icon,a box will appear: 4.	Under row,you want to type in the number of rows that you want for your table For example,If you want 6 rows,your table will look like this: 5.	Under columns,you want to put the number of columns that you want. n dreamweaver,click on this toolbar section at top: 6.	Type in the width of your choice on how big you would like it,and the border size if necessary. 7.	click ok,and your table will appear in your dreamweaver document

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/table


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Flashmovie

flash movie

flash movie: First, click on the column or row or wherever that you want the flash movie in. Then, under the Common toolbar, click on the red circle button that has an “f” in it. Look into the folder which the flash movie is in. Find it, use the one that have the silver “f” button only. Double click it, then the flash movie should be in the place that you want it to be.

208.182.75.11 18:17, 19 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Layouts

How to Resize Layout Tables and Cells

1.	Go to File, New, select Basic Page on the left and HTML on the right and click Create.

2.	You should see tabs labeled Common, Layout, Text, etc on the very top. Go to the Layout tab.

3.	Below Layout you should now see Standard View and Layout View. Click Layout View.

4.	To the right of Layout View you should see Draw Layout Table and Draw Layout Cell. Click Draw Layout Table.

5.	Hold left click on your mouse in the white area below, make a square, and let go. A gray and dark green square should come up that is labeled Layout Table.

6.	Click the one of the green sides of the square. Right below the white area, you should see Width, Fixed, and Height. Change the number to the right of fixed to 800. Change the number to the right of height to 600.

7.	Click the Draw Layout Cell icon at the top. It is to the right of the Draw Layout Table icon. Again, left click in the white area and make a square.

8.	To move the square, click and hold one of the blue sides of the square and move it to the top left corner.

9.	As you did before, change the number to the right of fixed to 800. Change the number to the right of height to 50.

The spot you just made would be the header of your website. Since you know how to do all this now, you can make the other parts of it to what you want and you’ll have your website setup.

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Layouts


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/links

1. How to add hyper links Click on the place where you want your links to be. Under the common toolbar, the first button that looks like a blue chain, click on it one time, a box that’s called “Hyperlink” should pop up. On the first blank, called “Text”, is what you want to name the link. (This is what is actually will appear on your actually webpage. It will be underlined.) On the second blank which is called “Link” is the website page address that you want to redirect the user of your page to. Once you put the website address down, just click “OK”. Now you will have a link on your page.

2.E-mail Links

Click on the place where you want your E-mail link at. Under “ Common” toolbar, the second button that looks like an envelope, click on it, a box called “Email Link” should pop up. On the Text blank, insert what you would want your E-mail called, then on the “E-mail” blank, insert your E-mail address, then click “OK”.

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/links


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Project1

How to do Dreamweaver 12-13

1. First we’ll make the whole setup of the site. Make a layout table that is 722 x 777. Then, make a layout cell that is 722 x 50. Make another one below it that is 722 x 25. Make one that is 150 x 267 that is below the last and to the left. Make another one right below that one that is 150 x 243. One to the right of the last, 200 x 598. Make another that is in the top right open corner 322 x 77. Another right below that 322 x 190. Another to the bottom left 191 x 296. Another to the right (100 x 219).

2. Insert header.png into the very top one. Make sure you resize it to fit the cell.

3. Color the background of the one right below it black.

4. Insert pressroom.png into the bottom left cell from the last. Color the rest of the background #BAD755.

5. Click the cell right below the last one. Click the align center button. Now insert d3.png.

6. Click the cell to the right. Click the align center button again and insert image.jpg.

7. Go to the top right cell and insert points.png.

8. Skip the one right below the last and go to the one below it. Insert about.png in it

9. Insert contacts.png into the one to the right and change the background to #BAD755.

10. Type the following in press room: ''Keep up to date on Dennison Group's activites and announcements by checking the press releases regularly. For more information, please contact 212-492-1033.''

11. Type this in the image.png cell: Imagine

...your home expressing your distinct personality

... your furnishing completmented by the right draperies, carpets, and accessories.

...walking into your home and wanting to stay forever...

We can make it real.

12. Change the background in the cell below Points to #E1EEB7 and insert this text:

''Dennison announces our newest online service- Marketplace. Marketplace will bring development and planning tools online for the interior design industry by matching you with the best industry retailers and manufacturers.''

''Target stores announce redesign in 2006 ... Dennison Group wins again... read more''

13. Type this into the about us cell:

Corporate Overview

Divisions

Timeline

Employment

Client Services

Awards and Recognition

You’re finished!!!


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Project 2

First thing first, find all the pictures that you think you will need, put them in the same folder. Then, determent what size you want your web page to be. Also, on a piece of paper, sketch out how you want to construct your page. Ask yourself questions like how many boxes you need, what size is each box gonna be, what am I going to put in each box. If you need to resize any picture to make it fit in the box that you are going to put it in, do it now. Get everything prepared to be used, so that way when you make your page, everything will be ready and it will be faster that way.

 * Your layout page’s size will be 800 X 625.

•	All your images have to be changed to black and white and resized to 144 X 144.

•	Background color should be #92213D.

•	All the color that will be used in the whole web page will be #92213D, white and black.

•	On the very first long box, should be buttons that says : Home, Services, and Packages.

•	Right under the buttons will be your header, it will be sized 800 X 45, your header should be a flash movie…. Fade in / out these words: “ Party Planners – Planning the events – that make a lifetime - memorable.”

•	Right under the header will be another small page header, sized 800 X 20. can be made up from just pictures. •	The biggest box should have your main picture in it. Which is the one that has the big cake and says Party Planner. Sized 399 X 303.

•	On the rest of the empty space should have 4 Boxes to put swap images (aka. Rollover images) in it. (Sized 144 X 144). On the side of each 4 boxes you should have graphic and info talking about your page. Like the picture below.

•	On the bottom of your page, you will put your links n that box that says “ Home, services, packages”.

PAGE 2 of your site

•	Page 2 will be the same size as the index page. •	On the top box, same as the first page, you will out the same buttons and same size.

•	In the box right beneath that buttons box, will be your main header, which is, again the same as your first page’s header. •	You will have a page header under your main header, it will say “ service” in it. The size will be 800 X 25. Just like the page header in your index page. •	Right under your page header, you will have a box sized 144 x 144 to put an image in. next to the box, you should have two more long box. One is sized about 656 x 30 and 656 x 114. the smaller one will be on top of the bigger sized box. In those boxes, you can put info in them. •	Now make another box that is sized about 144 x 230. You can put another image in that box. Next to that box, you will have two more boxes. One of them should be sized about 656 x 30. this one will be on top the the bigger box, which is going to be sized around 656 x 200. You will also put more info in these boxes. •	Under all these, you will have a long skinny box that has links to “Home, services, Packages” in it. Exactly like the one in the first page.

Page 3 of the website

•	This will be the last page of the whole website. •	This page will be sized 800 x 625 •	The first two boxes, just like the last two page, will be exactly the same, which will be your buttons and your main page header. •	Under your main header, as usual will be your page header, in this one, you will have to have a graphic that says “ Pick the package that fits your needs.” Graphic size about 800 x 25, or the same size as all the rest of your page headers. •	Then, you should have 4 boxes that are the exact same size, 144 x 144, and have image in each box. Space your 4 boxes apart evenly.

•	Under each box, you should have one long box that are sized about 144 x 400. you can out info in it.

•	Under all those boxes, you will have a long skinny box that has, again, links that said “ Home, Services, Packages” the size will be the same as all the other ones that you have in your first two pages.

66.4.125.11 18:19, 19 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/BG

On the top toolbar, click the “Modify” button, under that, Click on where it says “Page Properties”. A box should pop up, and you will see a blank says “ Background” click on that square, and you will change the whole page’s color (A.K.A. background color) there.

66.4.125.11 18:18, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/BG


text:
User:Kizer/Web Page/Dreamweaver/Project2 Party Planners Site

First thing first, find all the pictures that you think you will need, put them in the same folder. Then, determent what size you want your web page to be. Also, on a piece of paper, sketch out how you want to construct your page. Ask yourself questions like how many boxes you need, what size is each box gonna be, what am I going to put in each box. If you need to resize any picture to make it fit in the box that you are going to put it in, do it now. Get everything prepared to be used, so that way when you make your page, everything will be ready and it will be faster that way.

 * Your layout page’s size will be 800 X 625.

•	All your images have to be changed to black and white and resized to 144 X 144.

•	Background color should be #92213D.

•	All the color that will be used in the whole web page will be #92213D, white and black.

•	On the very first long box, should be buttons that says : Home, Services, and Packages.

•	Right under the buttons will be your header, it will be sized 800 X 45, your header should be a flash movie…. Fade in / out these words: “ Party Planners – Planning the events – that make a lifetime - memorable.”

•	Right under the header will be another small page header, sized 800 X 20. can be made up from just pictures. •	The biggest box should have your main picture in it. Which is the one that has the big cake and says Party Planner. Sized 399 X 303. •	On the rest of the empty space should have 4 Boxes to put swap images (aka. Rollover images) in it. (Sized 144 X 144). On the side of each 4 boxes you should have graphic and info talking about your page. Like the picture below.

•	On the bottom of your page, you will put your links n that box that says “ Home, services, packages”.

PAGE 2 of your site

•	Page 2 will be the same size as the index page. •	On the top box, same as the first page, you will out the same buttons and same size. •	In the box right beneath that buttons box, will be your main header, which is, again the same as your first page’s header. •	You will have a page header under your main header, it will say “ service” in it. The size will be 800 X 25. Just like the page header in your index page. •	Right under your page header, you will have a box sized 144 x 144 to put an image in. next to the box, you should have two more long box. One is sized about 656 x 30 and 656 x 114. the smaller one will be on top of the bigger sized box. In those boxes, you can put info in them. •	Now make another box that is sized about 144 x 230. You can put another image in that box. Next to that box, you will have two more boxes. One of them should be sized about 656 x 30. this one will be on top the the bigger box, which is going to be sized around 656 x 200. You will also put more info in these boxes. •	Under all these, you will have a long skinny box that has links to “Home, services, Packages” in it. Exactly like the one in the first page.

Page 3 of the website

•	This will be the last page of the whole website. •	This page will be sized 800 x 625 •	The first two boxes, just like the last two page, will be exactly the same, which will be your buttons and your main page header. •	Under your main header, as usual will be your page header, in this one, you will have to have a graphic that says “ Pick the package that fits your needs.” Graphic size about 800 x 25, or the same size as all the rest of your page headers. •	Then, you should have 4 boxes that are the exact same size, 144 x 144, and have image in each box. Space your 4 boxes apart evenly. •	Under each box, you should have one long box that are sized about 144 x 400. you can out info in it. •	Under all those boxes, you will have a long skinny box that has, again, links that said “ Home, Services, Packages” the size will be the same as all the other ones that you have in your first two pages.


text: Category:Military Medicine

title: Category:Military Medicine


text: Category:Ethics

title: Category:Ethics


text: User talk:Chilcuttd

title: User talk:Chilcuttd


text:
Radioactivity basics

Nuclear physics is the study of behaviour of the atomic nucleus. It can be subdivided into various categories, such as:

 * Radioactivity Basics
 * Detectors
 * Nuclear Fission
 * Nuclear Fusion

Radioactivity Basics
Radioactivity is the tendency of unstable nuclei to emit particles in order to bring it closer to stability. There are 4 main types:

 * Alpha radiation - the emission of a $$_2^4He$$ nucleus
 * Beta Minus (Plus) radiation - the emission of an electron (positron) from the atom
 * Gamma radiation - the emission of a photon by the nucleus
 * Neutron radiation - the emission of a $$_0^1n$$ from the nucleus

These particles are encountered at typically very low level in nature. Moderate to high rates of exposure to these particles can be severely detrimental to organic tissues and life threatening to humans and the rest of the ecosystem.

Sources of Radioactivity
. ..
 * Minerals containing naturally radioactive elements (potassium, radium, uranium, thorium...)
 * Background cosmic rays
 * Solar flux
 * Nuclear power plants & nuclear fuel cycle plants
 * Old watches & clocks (with radioluminescent paints (radium, tritium)
 * Nuclear labs
 * Radioactive waste
 * Nuclear medicine
 * Nuclear bomb testing
 * Radon gas

Radioactive Decay
The activity of a radioactive nucleus (the rate of decay with time) can be described by the following equation:

 * $$ A = \frac{dN}{dt} = -\lambda N $$

where $$\lambda$$ is the 'decay constant' of the process in question.

The exponential behaviour of radioactive decay can be derived by separating the variables and integrating:
 * $$ \int_1^N \frac{dN}{N} = -\int_0^t \lambda dt $$
 * $$lnN = -\lambda t + C\,$$

Setting the initial number of nuclei $$N_0 = e^C\,$$ results in the final equation:
 * $$N = N_0e^{-\lambda t}\,$$

Similarly, the decay by two or processes may be described by:
 * $$N = N_0e^{-(\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 + ... )t}\,$$

The half-life of a substance is the time that it takes for the number of nuclei to decay to half their initial value. It can be shown that the half life, $$t_(1/2)$$ is given by:
 * $$t_{1/2} = \frac{ln2}{\lambda}$$

Detectors
The detection of radiation is accomplished by several different mechanisms:
 * Gas-filled detectors
 * Scintillation detectors
 * Semiconductor detectors
 * Cerenkov detectors

Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission is the 'splitting' of an atomic nucleus into two or more lighter components. The energy used to run commercial nuclear power plants and to cause the explosion of nuclear weapons is gained from this process. This process takes place with the liberation of enormous amounts of heat.

Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more nuclei combine to form one heavier nucleus. If the final product has a mass number lower than Iron (Fe-56), energy is released and can be used to do useful work. It is the aim of several current international projects to refine this process into an economically viable one.

Reference Texts
Knoll, Glenn F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement

Krane, Kenneth S. - Introductory Nuclear Physics

title: Radioactivity basics


text:
Introduction to Permaculture

Permaculture Definitions

Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments.

Defined by co-founder Bill Mollison:

"For many people, myself included, the above conception of permaculture is so global in its scope that its usefulness is reduced. More precisely, I see permaculture as the use of systems thinking and design principles that provide the organising framework for implementing the above vision. It draws together the diverse ideas, skills and ways of living which need to be rediscovered and developed in order to empower us to provide for our needs, while increasing the natural capital for future generations.

In this more limited but important sense, permaculture is not the landscape, or even the skills of organic gardening, sustainable farming, energy efficient building or eco-village development as such, but it can be used to design, establish, manage and improve these and all other efforts made by individuals, households and communities towards a sustainable future."

From co-founder of Permaculture David Holmgren.

 * -Permaculture: the use of ecology as the basis for designing integrated systems of food production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. Permaculture is built upon an ethic of caring for the earth and interacting with the environment in mutually beneficial ways.

From the Permaculture Drylands Institute, published in The Permaculture Activist (Autumn 1989):
 * -Permaculture (PERMAnent agriCULTURE or CULTURE) is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious interrelationship of humans, plants, animals and the Earth.

From Lee Barnes (former editor of Katuah Journal and Permaculture Connections), Waynesville, North Carolina:

To paraphrase the co-founder of permaculture, designer Bill Mollison:

 * -Permaculture principles focus on thoughtful designs for small-scale intensive systems which are labor efficient and which use biological resources instead of fossil fuels. Designs stress ecological connections and closed energy and material loops. The core of permaculture is design and the working relationships and connections between all things. Each component in a system performs multiple functions, and each function is supported by many elements. Key to efficient design is observation and replication of natural ecosystems, where designers maximize diversity with polycultures, stress efficient energy planning for houses and settlement, using and accelerating natural plant succession, and increasing the highly productive "edge-zones" within the system.

 * -Permaculture is: the design of land use systems that are sustainable and environmentally sound; the design of culturally appropriate systems which lead to social stability; a design system characterized by an integrated application of ecological principles in land use; an international movement for land use planning and design; an ethical system stressing positivism and cooperation. In the broadest sense, permaculture refers to land use systems which promote stability in society, utilize resources in a sustainable way and preserve wildlife habitat and the genetic diversity of wild and domestic plants and animals. It is a synthesis of ecology and geography, of observation and design. Permaculture involves ethics of earth care because the sustainable use of land cannot be separated from life-styles and philosophical issues.

From Michael Pilarski, founder of Friends of the Trees, published in International Green Front Report (1988):

 * -Permaculture is a practical concept which can be applied in the city, on the farm, and in the wilderness. Its principles empower people to establish highly productive environments providing for food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs, including economic. Carefully observing natural patterns characteristic of a particular site, the permaculture designer gradually discerns optimal methods for integrating water catchment, human shelter, and energy systems with tree crops, edible and useful perennial plants, domestic and wild animals and aquaculture.

From a Bay Area Permaculture Group brochure, published in West Coast Permaculture News & Gossip and Sustainable Living Newsletter (Fall 1995):

 * -Permaculture adopts techniques and principles from ecology, appropriate technology, sustainable agriculture, and the wisdom of indigenous peoples. The ethical basis of permaculture rests upon care of the earth-maintaining a system in which all life can thrive. This includes human access to resources and provisions, but not the accumulation of wealth, power, or land beyond their needs<>ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/perma.html

Ethics

 * Care of the Earth
 * Care of the People
 * Return and sharing of Surplus

Principles
Work with nature, rather than against the natural elements, forces, pressures, processes, agencies, and evolutions, so that we assist rather than impede natural developments. The problem is the solution; everything works both ways. It is only how we see things that makes them advantageous or not (if the wind blows cold, let us use its strength and its coolness to advantage). A corollary of this principle is that everything is a positive resource; it is just up to us to work out how we may use it as such.

Make the least change for the greatest possible effect.

The yield of a system is theoretically unlimited. The only limit on the number of uses of of a resources possible within a system is in the limit of the information and the imagination of the designer. Everything gardens, or has an effect on its environment.

http://www.permaculture.biz/mollison.htm

Common Techniques and Strategies

By Julianne Skai Arbor

 * -Site Analysis and Inventory
 * -Mapping
 * -Designing with zones and sectors
 * -Sheet Mulching
 * -Swales
 * -Chickens Tractors
 * -Edible Food Forest
 * -Plant Guilds
 * -Native Plants
 * -Small Scale Intensive
 * -Herb Spirals
 * -Greywater systems

Benefits of well-developed permaculture projects include:
 * -Conserving and building healthy soils, the basis of food systems.
 * -Diversifying and greatly increasing local food production (typically from a few sources to dozens, even hundreds), which increases the nutritional quality and pleasure of local diets and buffers against market fluctuations in food prices.
 * -Eliminating use of toxic chemicals that cause a variety of health problems from immediate toxic poisonings to longer-term chronic problems like cancer, birth defects and the destruction of healthy natural food source (i.e. toxic fish).
 * -Maximizing efficient beneficial use of local water sources, the critical lifeblood for people.
 * -Practically eliminating pollution of water by human wastes, thereby dramatically reducing water born diseases.
 * -Creating clean drinking water sources, further reducing disease.
 * -Increasing tree crops, which retain soils, slow water runoff, increase groundwater storage, and provide cooling shade.
 * -Increasing the beauty of the community though the creation of diverse life forms - flowers, insects, birds, frogs, and hundreds of others that create a pleasant and inspiring atmosphere for people, especially children.
 * -Harnessing natural renewable energies to create comfortable home living conditions.

http://www.essentiallivingfoods.com/permaculture.html

Combines Disciplines Examples
 * Agriculture and Horticulture

Landcare
 * -Soil conservation
 * -Reafforestation
 * -Agroforestry
 * -Analog forestry
 * -Organic farming
 * -Biological pest control
 * -Kitchen gardens in cities and villages

Integrated farming systems:
 * -Aquaculture
 * -Aquaponics
 * -Intercropping
 * -Companion planting and polyculture
 * -Perennial and tree cropping systems.
 * -Trellising
 * -Worm composting

Gardening techniques:
 * -Utilizing crop rotations
 * -Cover crops
 * -Green manures
 * -Composts
 * -Mulches
 * -Medicinal plants
 * -Useful plants/edible landscaping
 * -Heritage plant varieties
 * -Seed saving

Bioregional planning
 * -citizen action
 * -cooperative organization
 * -micro-enterprise
 * -community credit schemes
 * -barter and LETS systems

 * Appropriate Technology

Water collection
 * -Greywater reuse
 * -Rain & runoff catchment
 * -Swaling
 * -Constructed wetlands
 * -Fungal systems for wastewater treatment.

Energy
 * -Passive solar heating
 * -Solar and wind power
 * -Solar water pasteurizers

Discussion questions and essay ideas

 * What could be some consequences of widespread permaculture implementation on Earth?
 * How can permaculture help to eliminate hunger and poverty potentially?

Videos

 * Incredible Permaculture Food Forest Project in Breathtaking Landscape

title: Introduction to Permaculture


text:
Introduction to Pharmacology

Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology

Drugs—chemical substances used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological condition or pathological state for the benefit of the recipient. Drugs may be used for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Major divisions of pharmacology—

1. Pharmacokinetics.

2. Pharmacodynamics.

Other divisions—

1. Pharmacotherapeutics.

2. Clinical pharmacology.

3. Pharmacogenetics

4. Immunopharmacology

5. Pharmacognosy

6. Toxicology

7. Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacokinetics—(what the body does to the drug)—it is the branch of pharmacology that deals with drug dose, routes of administration and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics—(what the drug does to the body)—it is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, indication and contraindication of use and adverse effects of drugs.

Toxicology—it is the branch of pharmacology which deals with poisonous drugs, their source, properties, sign-symptoms they produce and management of poisoning.

Pharmacopoeia—it is a book published by authority of recognized body which contains the list of drug, their properties, description, preparation and method of prescribing.

Pharmacogenetics—it is that branch of pharmacology which deals with genetic variations in the drug response.

Ex—

§   Isoniazid is an anti-tubercular drug which is metabolized by acetylation. If acetylation process is increased by that person for the genetic factor then more drug is needed.

§   Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may produce haemolytic anaemia if anti-malarial drug is given

Learning Module Summary
To learn the overview of psychopharmacology in accordance with current observations with the underlying premise of the patients basic Bill of "Rights". That is for the practitioner to get the right drug to the right patient at the right time for the right condition with a a minimum of adverse effects.

Joel Lamoure 14:53, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

With the "Bill of Rights" comes patient safety, discontinuation syndrome, compliance, stigma. We will address DS to start and ultimately all 3 of these topics as they apply to psychopharmacology, under the umbrella and auspices of Patient Safety.Joel Lamoure 21:53, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Types of Reactions
The vast majority of adverse psychiatric drug reactions are of Type A in that they are dose-dependent or recognizably related to the known pharmacological properties of the drug. These could tritely be labelled as "Anticipated" reactions. the Type B reactions are those that encompass immunological like reactions, such as anaphylaxis demonstrated from penicllin class agents.

Psychiatric Disorders - Iatrogenic (Doctor Induced) Disease
Drug	             Psychiatric Effects Antihypertensive drugs	 -Clonidine: Depression, mania, agitation

-Propanolol: Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis

-Nifedipine: Depression

-Captopril: Mania, agitation

-Antiarrhythmics (Procaninamide): Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis

-Lignocaine: Depression, delirium, psychosis

-Disopyramide: Delirium, psychosis

Antimicrobial Agents -Penicillins: Depression, agitation, visual hallucinations

-Tetracycline: Depression, hallucinations

-Cephalosporins: Delirium, psychosis

-Antimalarials: Psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antiparkinson drugs

-Anticholinergics: Delirium, psychosis, visual hallucinations, dementia

-Amantadine: Depression, agitation, delirium, psychosis visual hallucinations

-Levodopa: Depression, mania, anxiety, agitation, psychosis visual hallucinations, delirium, cognitive impairment

Antihistamines -H1 Blockers (diphenhydramine/dimenhydrinate): Delirium

-H2 Blockers (cimetidine): Depression, mania, delirium, psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antineoplastic drugs

-Interferon: Depression, agitation, delirium

-Vincristine: Depression

-C-asparaginase: Depression, delirium, psychosis

Endocrine Agents

-Corticosteroids: Depression, mania, psychosis, delirium

-Oral contraceptives: Depression

-Thyroxine: Anxiety, agitation, mania, psychosis, visual hallucinations

Antiepileptic drugs -Barbiturates (phenobarbitone, primidone): Hyperactivity (especially in children), sedation, sexual dysfunction, aggression, learning deficits, cognitive impairmant, depression, personality change

Positive effects: anxiolytic/hypnotic (hypnotic, or soporific drugs produce sleep by depressing brain function and often cause hangover effects in the morning)

-Benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam): Aggression, confusion, depression, disinhibition, irritability, cognitive impairment

Positive effects: anxiolytic/hypnotic; antimanic (clonazepam)

-Carbamazepine: Depression, irritability, sexual dysfunction, mania

Positive effects: antidepressant, antimanic, treatment of aggression and bipolar disorder

-Clobazam: Similar side effect profile to other benzodiazepines but may have lower overall incidence of cognitive and behavioral side effects anxiolytic/positive psychotropic effects

-Gabapentin: Sedation, ataxia, (shaky movements) aggression and hyperactivity (children); Few drug interactions, positive psychotropic effects,

-Hydantoins (phenytoin): Sedation, ataxia, dementia, affective disorder, confusion, cognitive impairment, progressive encephalopathy (disease that affects functioning of the brain)

Positive effects: Antiaggressive, anxiolytic effects

-Lamotrigine: May have added toxicity when used with carbamazepine: ataxia, dizziness; positive psychotropic effects

-Succinimides (ethosuximide, methsuximide): Psychosis ("alternating psychosis"- adolescents, young adults) Drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, cognitive effects, personality change,

Positive effects: improvement in attention/concentration (likely related to seizure improvement)

-Topirimate: Sedation, confusion, cognitive dysfunction, asthenia (weakness loss of strength)

-Valproate: Progressive encephalopathy, dementia, depression, extra pyramidal effects (muscle spasms etc)

Positive effects: antimanic, treatment of aggression and bipolar disorder

-Vigabatrin: Depression and psychosis

Section Reference: Nursing Diagnosis in Psychiatric Nursing-Pocket Guide for Care Plan Construction

What are the most commonly used drugs in the Mental Health Setting? (Generic Names)
Section Reference: Nursing Diagnosis in Psychiatric Nursing - Pocket Guide for Care Plan Construction. 3rd Ed.

ANTIMANICS Lithium Carbonate – Carbamazapine Lamotrigine Olanzapine Valproic Acid

Lithium facts: •	It works by enhancing reuptake of amines in the brain, thus lowering levels in the body & alters Na+ within nerve & muscle cells. •	Drug of choice to tx/prevent bipolar mania. •	Most common side effects - drowsiness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, thirst, GI upset, nausea/vomiting, fine hand tremors, hypotension, irregular pulse, arrhythmias, polyuria, dehydration & weight gain. •	Give with food or milk to  GI irritation. •	Low Na+ levels may predispose to toxicity, teach pt to drink 2000-3000mL fluids & eat a diet moderate in salt. Also avoid excess coffee, tea or cola (has a diuretic effect). Avoid excess Na+ loss i.e. heavy exertion & exercise in hot weather & saunas (causes excess sweating). Other losses may be due to fever, vomiting & diarrhea. •	The therapeutic range according to this reference is: •	0.7-1.0 mEq/L For acute mania •	0.6 –0.8 mEq/L For maintenance (prevention) •	Anything above the range is toxic because there is an extremely narrow margin between the therapeutic & toxic levels. •	Contraindicated in the first three months of pregnancy & in the elderly.

ANTIANXIETY Alprazolam Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide

Buspirone - interacts with neurotransmitters	a.k.a anxiolytics, minor tranquilizers and sedatives. •	Work by depressing the CNS EXCEPT for BuSpar that instead interacts with serotonin, dopamine & other neurotransmitters. •	Side effects include the following: •	Drowsiness, confusion & lethargy •	Tolerance: physical & psychological dependence (shouldn't stop abruptly). •	Potentates the effects of other CNS depressants i.e. alcohol & other meds. •	Orthostatic hypotensions, paradoxical excitement, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias & delayed onset with BuSpar (7-10 days - thus this is not an effective prn medication).

ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Newer Atypicals: Risperidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Clozapine Reference: Lamoure J, Bush H. Atypical Antipsychotics as Poison in Overdose. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(5):71-73)

Older Antipsychotics: Haloperidol Chlopromazine Trifluoperazine Zuclopenthioxol Methotrimeprazine + more Antipsychotics - a.k.a. major tranquilizers, neuroleptics & antiemetics. •	Are thought to act by blocking dopamine receptors throughout the brain.

•	Are used to treat psychotic disorders, severe behavior problems in children & severe nausea, vomiting & intractable hiccups.

Noted side effects include: •	Anticholingeric effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation & urinary retention). •	Nausea; GI upset (give with food). •	Skin rash, orthostatic hypotension, photosensitivity & sedation (give at bedtime), weight gain, difficulty maintaining body temperature, urine may turn pink to reddish-brown, reduction in seizure threshold. •	Hormonal effects - decreased Libido, retrograde ejaculation, gynecomastia (males), amenorrhea (females) •	Agranulocytosis - a rare but serious side effect where WBC count drops extremely low HOWEVER 1%-2% of pts taking Clozaril (clozapine) develop it - so must have blood levels drawn weekly. If WBC count falls  3000mm3 or granulocyte count falls  1500mm3 the drug is discontinued. •	Extra pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) (side effects) include: •	Pseudoparkinsonism - tremor, shuffling gait, drooling & rigidity (can appear 1-5 days after starting the medication). •	Akinesia - muscular weakness. •	Akathisia - continuous restlessness & fidgeting (can occur 50-60 days after starting the med). •	Dystonia - involuntary muscular movements (spasms) of the face, arms, legs & neck. •	Oculogyric Crisis - uncontrolled rolling back of the eyes Tardive Dyskinesia - bizarre facial & tongue movements; stiff neck & difficulty swallowing. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rare but potentially fatal. S/S includes - hyperpyrexia ( to 107°F), tachycardia, tachypnea, and fluctuations in BP, diaphoresis, decreased in mental status. If Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome occurs - the drug must be stopped immediately.

**Please note that the newer atypical agents have a far lower propensity to cause movement disorders. Risperidone over 6mg/day is linked with increased EPS however. Atypical Antipsychotics have their own unique side effect profiles that include metabolic changes, prolactin alterations and fluctuations in the patients sugars and cholesterol values.

ANTIDEPRESSANTS Fluoxetine (SSRI) - weight loss noted with drug. Sertraline (SSRI) Paroxetine (SSRI) Buproprion (SNRI) Amitriptylline (TCA) Trazodone (TCA) - priapism is a possible side effect. Phenylzine (MAOI) - hypertensive crisis possible Moclobemide (MAOI-B) Clomipramine (TCA) Nortriptylline (TCA) Imipramine (TCA) Mirtazapine (NASSA) Venlafaxine (SNRI) + more	Work to increase the concentration of norepinephrine & serotonin in the body by blocking: •	The reuptake of these chemicals by the neurons (such as with tricyclics & others). •	Or inhibiting an enzyme (such as with MAO inhibitors). Work to elevate mood & alleviate other symptoms (use with psychotherapy). •	Symptomatic relief is usually achieved in 1 to 4 weeks. •	As mood lifts remember to assess for suicide, as potential often increases as depression lifts. Side effects include: •	Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation & urinary retention). •	Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, reduction of seizure threshold, tachycardia and arrhythmias and photosensitivity. •	Hypertensive Crisis (with MAO inhibitors) to avoid such crisis teach the patients not to consume tyramine containing foods as follows: aged cheese, or other aged or fermented foods, pickled herring, beef & chicken livers, preserved sausages, beer, wine (esp. chianti), chocolate, caffeine, canned figs, sour cream, yogurt, soy

HYPNOTICS Temazapam Oxazepam Chloral Hydrate Hydroxyzine Flurazepam + more See same side effects as for antianxiety drugs. Addiction potential

STIMULANTS Methylphenidate Dexamphetamine +moreAddiction potential

ANTICONVULSANTS Valproic Acid Carbamazepine Primidone Lamotrigine Phenytoin Topiramate With VPA - Monitor CBC & serum levels of valproic acid .A side effect to monitor with Depakote is prolonged bleeding time - noting any bruising or spontaneous bleeding. Monitor Dilantin levels - Therapeutic blood levels are between Topiramate- Weight Negative

ANTIPARKINSONISM Benztropine Procyclidine Diphenhydramine	Antiparkinsonism drugs: •	Work to restore the balance of neurotransmitters acetylcholine & dopamine  this imbalance results in excessive cholinergic activity. •	Are used to TX all forms Parkinsonism & drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. •	Side effects: exacerbation of psychosis. •	Anticholinergic effects - dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, Paralytic Ileus, urinary retention, tachycardia, decreased sweating (body may not be able to cool self), elevated temperatures & orthostatic hypotension. •	Nausea & GI upset. •	Sedation: Given at bedtime if possible

Discontinuation Syndrome in Patients
Joel Lamoure 21:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

The Principles of Discontinuation Syndrome
Joel Lamoure 21:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

(Adopted and modified from "Lamoure J. Discontinuation Syndrome: Relapse vs. Withdrawal.  Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(9):95-98")

Understanding discontinuation syndrome (DS) and becoming familiar with the medications that cause it are important issues in the treatment of patients with mental health conditions. The purpose of this article is to enhance the awareness of the potential that your patients may be experiencing DS. There is a challenge in this field, in that the symptoms of DS in the medications that will be explored in this article often mimics the initial condition for which they were employed. Even with antidepressants, only 72% of psychiatrists and 30% of GPs were aware that patients might experience DS. (1)

What is DS?

Discontinuation Syndrome (DS) is a condition where the patient experiences adverse effects that result from an abrupt discontinuation of the medication. Symptoms of DS begin to appear generally within the first 24-48 hours after drug discontinuation or dose reduction and last for up to 7-14 days depending on the medication. (2) Also, some adverse effects from discontinuation may persist from months after, as seen with paroxetine. Symptoms of DS are distinct from relapse of underlying disease and will resolve after drug reinstitution, but as alluded to, often mimic or appear to be a relapse of the initial mental health condition (2,3). In this article, we will address tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. There are discontinuation syndromes seen also with a myriad of agents including beta blockers (eg propranolol) and narcotics/ opiates, which will not be addressed herein. It becomes an issue for practitioners as inherently patients in mental health are not compliant, due to cost, adverse effects or stigma and also in medical situations where there is a decision to hold medications (e.g. pre and post-operatively). (4)

Medications causing DS
There are three classes of drugs implicated in DS we will cover in this subsection:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)/ Serotonin-nor epinephrine reuptake inhibitor •(SNRI) agents. Although these agents are the cornerstones of therapy for depression, abrupt discontinuation may lead to major adverse reactions, as we shall visit. •Antipsychotics (E.g.: Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone and Clozapine) used in psychosis, agitation, anxiety and as mood stabilizers

• Benzodiazepines for sleep disturbances, anxiety and agitation in psychiatry.

Discontinuation syndrome can occur with different agents, including opiates, beta- blockers and more for the purpose of this article, we will focus on the first three items. If we look at the numbers, up to 30% of the population may need one of these 3 classes for depression, schizophrenia or bipolar in their lifetime. '''For all intents and purposes, an agent that has physiological or psychological effects may result in patients experiencing discontinuation syndrome. however, certain agents are more susceptible to producing discontinuation syndrome. These are agents with very short half-lives, no active metabolites, dosed at high levels or agents that are used for a protracted period.'''

Etiology (2,5,6,7)
Physiological dependence on these medications is a normal consequence of pharmacological receptor site activity. Receptors that may be involved with the TCA agents (e.g. imipramine) can be explained by adrenergic overdrive or cholinergic overdrive. In adrenergic overdrive, TCA’s inhibit NE uptake, increasing synaptic NE concentrations. Alpha2 receptor stimulation occurs via negative feedback resulting in decreased adrenergic firing. So prolonged TCA use causes blunting of this loop and thus when TCA’s are discontinued, the negative feedback loop inhibits adrenergic firing. In cholinergic overdrive, TCA bind to muscarinic receptors cebtrally and peripherally, leading to muscarinic up regulation. When the TCA is abruptly stopped, there are cholinergic symptoms from cholinergic hyperactivity.

Antidepressant DS may occur with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and SSRIs. Symptoms usually start within a few days at most of treatment cessation, or rarely, when tapering down a dosage. Distinguishing antidepressant DS from the underlying depression is important. DS symptoms usually present within one day to three days, whereas depressive symptoms usually only present two weeks to three weeks after antidepressant medication is stopped. DS usually subsides in a few days, especially if antidepressant treatment is re-started. Up to 30% of patients who stop SSRI treatment will experience DS.

Proposed mechanisms with the SSRI agents include that there is an increased concentration of serotonin in the synapse. This then results in a desensitization of the postsynaptic serotonin receptor by down regulation. When the agents are discontinued, there is a temporary deficiency of serotonin in the synapse, which leads to the physical symptoms.

With the antipsychotics, DS was first identified in the late 1950’s with chlorpromazine when it was being trailed as an anti-TB agent. The DS occurred in 5/17 subjects. Most atypical agents have some serotonin-dopamergic antagonism and there are now case reports for all of the atypical agents. The proposed mechanism of action is that there is weak dopamine D2 antagonism and potent serotoninergic (5HT2) antagonism. Also they inherently have effects (antagonism) at the alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic and cholinergic receptors, the ratio depending on the individual agent. Thus, we see a rebound from these receptors when the agent is stopped. This also explains why the atypicals have a very specific DS for each different agent.

In benzodiazepines, they modulate the neurotransmitter activity of GABA and interact with binding sites on the GABA receptor complex. This results in an increased receptor affinity for GABA. When the benzodiazepine is stopped, there are decreased GABA binding sites/ inhibitory effects and the increased glutamate, which yield the excitatory effects. Chronic use of benzodiazepines leads to adaptive changes, including GABA receptor down regulation and increased glutamate. This contributes in part to the DS seen with benzodiazepines.

Conclusions and impact to practice
Given the fact that up to 25% of the population may have depression in their lifetime, 1-2% schizophrenia and 5-7% bipolar disorder, physicians involved in mental health care need to be aware of the main factors precipitating DS. These include risk factors may be directly related to higher doses, or usage for prolonged duration of time As well as possibly a past history of substance abuse (8) considering the psychological “need” to continue with a medication. Additionally, by recognizing characteristic symptoms, avoiding abrupt discontinuation and providing adequate patient counseling and follow-up, physicians can play an active role in diminishing the occurrence of DS. A helpful tool for practitioners to identify DS in patients is the acronym FINISH:

•F  Fever

•I  Insomnia

•N  Nausea

•I  Irritability

•S  Sensory Changes

•H  Headache

We must be aware that if a patient presents with signs and symptoms listed above, it is may be as a result of medication discontinuation.''' In general, the discontinuation syndrome signs and symptoms occur before the relapse of the Axis I disorder as the DS occurs within hours of drug discontinuation. Considering all of the factors such as patient diet, hydration and compliance are generally patient specific factors. Also, there are medication specific variables. These include concurrent medications that may affect metabolism, half-life of the medication and active metabolites. Other factors may be the patient’s dependence lability (psychological vs. physical withdrawal syndromes) and duration of therapy with the agent.''' One can determine if the symptoms that present are as a result of DS by simply introducing a low dose of the agent suspected. Signs and symptoms are ameliorated within a very short time period depending on the dose, concentration, Cmax and Tmax plus half-life of the agent.

Discontinuation Syndrome Section References:
1)	Young A and Currie, A. Physician Knowledge of Antidepressant Withdrawal effects: A Survey. J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 28-30

2)	Cheng, L. What Pharmacists should know about medications Associated with Discontinuation Syndrome. CSHP Clinical Symposium September 18,2004

3)	Lejoyeux M and Ades, J. Antidepressant Discontinuation: A review of the Literature. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 11-16

4)	Kaplan E. Antidepressant Noncompliance as a factor in the Discontinuation Syndrome. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 31-36

5)	Schatzberg, A, Haddad P, Kaplan E, Lejoyeux M, Rosenblum J et al. Possible Biological Mechanisms of the Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation Syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 23-27

6)	Healy D SSRI and Withdrawal/Dependence Briefing Paper http://www.socialaudit.org.uk/58092-DH.htm

7)	Raffel S, Kochan I, Poland N, Hollister LE. The action of chlorpromazine upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis. 1960 Apr;81: 555-61.

8)	Psychiatric Quarterly 1998; 50 (4) 251-261

9)	Haddad P. Newer Antidepressants and the Discontinuation Syndrome. . J Clin Psychiatry 1997:58 (suppl 7) pp 17- 22

10)	Bhanji, N et al. Persistant Tarditive Rebound Panic Disorder, rebound Anxiety and Insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: A Review of Rebound-Withdrawal Phenomena. Can J. Pharmacol. Jan 23 2006; 1: e69-e74

11)	Haddad P et al., Depression, Stroke Diagnosis and SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:344-345

title: Introduction to Pharmacology


text:
Pharmacy practice

Welcome to the Wikiversity Introduction to Pharmacy practice module Joel Lamoure 14:54, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Learning
To learn the overview of Pharmaceutical care in accordance with current observations with the underlying premise of the patients basic Bill of "Rights". That is for the practitioner to get the right drug to the right patient at the right time for the right condition with a a minimum of adverse effects.

Pharmacy Practice,Patient Care and Drug Related Problems
Joel Lamoure 14:22, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Joel Lamoure RPh., B.Sc.Phm., FASCP

Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario

Teaching Associate,Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto

Mental Health Pharmacist, London Health Sciences Centre, South St Hospital

"I, Joel Lamoure, am the author of this article, Pharmacy Practice and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later."\heloopppppp

Introduction
Pharmaceutical care is a methodology of working with patients and their caregivers and their medication(s) including herbals and over the counter agents and the providers there of. It is a concept that deals with the way patients, their families, healthcare providers, should receive and use medication, information about medication and instructions for use. Pharmaceutical care encompasses information, assimilation of data and interpretation of the data using best possible medication histories to get the right drug to the right patient at the right time for the right condition with a minimum of adverse effects. One point to take into consideration when working with patients is that they experience not only a DISEASE but a DIS-EASE. Thus we have a physical and physioogical component to every patient and diagnosis. This also impact as to why no 2 patients' course of disease remains the same.

Hepler and Strand, in the 1980’s, developed a new definition in which the patient’s position in the triad of patient, physician and pharmacist receives even more emphasis. Pharmaceutical Care is that component of pharmacy practice which entails the direct interaction of the pharmacist with the patient for the purpose of caring for that patient's drug-related needs In 1997, Strand redefined pharmaceutical care as: “A practice for which the practitioner takes responsibility for a patients drug therapy needs and is held accountable for this commitment.”

Classification of Drug Related Problems
Why Pharmaceutical Care?

a.	A minimum of 1-4% of new prescriptions in pharmacy will have a problem. Incidence of an ADR depends on the situation, but may account for 1/5 patients on a general medicine unit in a teaching hospital

b.	These problems or Drug Related Problems are categorized into one of eight possibilities, although the patient may experience multiple DRP’s with 1 medication.

c.	There is a new approach since 2004 that looks not at the drug itself but at the underlying DISEASE. That the condition is impacted or a condition is impacted real or potentially with the introduction or use of a drug. The number of DRP’s in this case is reduced to 7.

However, as pharmacy students (refernecing the University of Toronto Faculty of Pharmacy) at the Faculty of Pharmacy whom graduate before the class of 2008, that the Drug is central to the DRP remains the cornerstone of approach between 1989 to date. As such, the DRP’s we will focus on will be the DRUG-focused DRP versus the ones by Strand and Cipolle. If anyone has an interest in this new approach, the text is called Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinicians Guide by Robert J. Cipolle, Linda M. Strand, Peter C. Morley (Authors) May 2004 ISBN 0071362592

Drug Related Problems Encountered in the Provision of Pharmaceutical Care

1-The patient has an undesirable sign or symptom because they are taking a drug for which there is no valid indication Examples here might include the use of an acute agent for an extended length of time. Also, where a patient uses a societal or recreational substance such as marijuana, alcohol or tobacco. Also for example patients are using a drug where non-drug options would be indicated

2-Patient has undesirable sign/symptom because they need drug therapy but are not receiving Patients in this case are in need of therapy as a result of a disease or disorder or adverse effect but are not receiving appropriate medication management. The condition that they have may not yet be diagnosed or is diagnosed but not receiving adequate and appropriate pharmacological management. Also, this includes medications where additional medications may be needed for synergistic effect to treat the condition, or preventative therapies.

3-Patient not taking appropriate drug or drug product This is a large consideration in the mental health population. The major reasons that people do not take their medications are due to cost, stigma or adverse effects. The current drug is not the most cost effective for this patient, such as patient non-compliant but may need a depot injection.

4-Patient has undesirable sign/symptom from taking/ receiving too little drug In this instance, there is a resumption of the underlying disease or condition as the dose is inappropriate, frequency/ timing inappropriate or there is a drug- disease interaction. There may be ADME mediated mechanisms at play here for example enzymatic induction of the Cytochrome P450 system secondary to the patient smoking or co-ingestion of another agent.

5-Patient has undesirable sign/symptom because they are taking/ receiving too much drug In this instance, there is an adverse effect or toxicity as the dose is inappropriate, frequency/ timing inappropriate or there is a drug- disease interaction. There may be ADME mediated mechanisms at play here for example enzymatic inhibition of the Cytochrome P450 system secondary co-ingestion of another agent. Also, a medication that is renally excreted may build up due to reduced renal issues (medications, age, disease). 6-Patient has undesirable sign/ symptom because not taking/ receiving prescribe drugs appropriately Patients may experience economic restraints, administration or distribution error or non-compliance. This is of particular importance and concern with patients taking medications for mental health. Patients receiving antipsychotics took an average of 58 percent (range 24-90%) of prescribed medications with a varying degree of intervals which may not make this study portable to ADHD specifically. In patients with a variety of physical disorders was 60-92% compliance with a mean of 76%. Compliance With Medication Regimens for Mental and Physical Disorders -- Cramer and Rosenheck 49 (2): 196 -- Psychiatr Serv

7-Patient has undesirable sign/symptom because experiencing adverse drug reaction (non-dose related) The patients may be experiencing an effect to be associated with the medication either in idiosyncratic manner or via extension of pharmacological effect These patients may be Type a or Type B. Type A is an anticipated  reaction and a direct extension of the medication whereas Type B or bizarre reactions may be immunological in nature (e.g. penicllin anaphylaxis)

8-Patient experiencing undesirable sign/ symptom because experiencing drug-drug, drug-food or drug-lab interaction

These reactions encompass drug-food reactions that cause the medications to become less effective (calcium salts and quinolones) or more potent (grapefruit juice and calcium channel blockers). As well, there are some drug-lab interactions, especially seen with illicit substance making agents such as finasteride or epitestosterone, dextran, diuretics or probenicid.Types of prohibited drugs

Goals of Pharmaceutical Care
1.	Pharmacist as a provider – To move beyond the premises of a product and extend the clinical knowledge to the delivery of a clinical service. This does not mean that counseling itself is pharmaceutical care, but a part of the general approach. Although to counsel the patient or caregiver is essential and required by Provincial Colleges, an overview of the patient and appropriateness of the medication must be employed. This includes knowledge of or access to references that provides information such as interactions, compatibilities (drug and disease) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

2.	Role of the pharmacist- Will be determined by the practice, but it keeps the patient or caregiver in the centre of the triad using the pharmacists’ drug and clinical knowledge to maximize the outcomes. This mainly shifts focus from a reactive role to a proactive team based patient-centered clinical methods model. Ideally, there will be overlap between treating teams within the circle of care to maximize patient outcomes and improve patients quality of life.

3.	Responsibilities of the pharmacist- To practice pharmaceutical care by reviewing and analyzing the patient‘s medication regimens to identify and solve within the team approach solutions to the identified problems. As well, after the solution has been mutually reached, the requirement exists to monitor outcomes by example through compliance monitoring which is poor in mental health conditions.

Section references

 * United Kingdom Psychiatric Pharmacy Group (UKPPG) www.ukppg.org.uk/
 * J. Rovers et al.: A Practical Guide to Pharmaceutical Care Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1998 ISBN 9780917330902
 * University of Toronto Faculty of Pharmacy Teaching Associate Program 2003 Updates pp 22-24
 * University of Toronto Structured Practical Experience Program Update November 3 2006
 * The Peters Institute of Pharmaceutical Care http://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/centers/peters/about/home.html
 * Strand LM, Cipolle RJ. Challenges for pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993 Aug;50:1618-21.
 * Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC, Perrier DG. Levels of pharmaceutical care: needs based approach. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991 Mar;48:547-50
 * Pharmaceutical Care Practice : The Clinician's Guide (ISBN 0071362592) Robert J. Cipolle; Linda M. Strand; Peter C. Morley May 2004
 * http://pharmpractice.uonbi.ac.ke/

title: Pharmacy practice


text: Category:Ecology

title: Category:Ecology


text: Category:Pharmacy

title: Category:Pharmacy


text:
File:Vb ide.gif

Summary
Screenshot of Visual Studio 2005 in operation.

title: File:Vb ide.gif


text: Category:Archeology

title: Category:Archeology


text: Category:Automobile Maintenance

title: Category:Automobile Maintenance


text:
Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is the most recent incarnation of the Visual Basic language set. It incorporates standards that make the language compatible with the .NET framework libraries that Microsoft has written to allow for speedier software development.

VB.NET and by extension other Visual Basic languages are Managed Code languages in that the programmer need not worry about garbage collection (the deleting of objects and values and freeing of memory after execution) or memory management. This is opposed to Unmanaged Code languages like C and C++ where such details are required.

Prerequisites

 * Possession of a copy of Visual Studio (preferably a recent edition)
 * Understanding of basic computing concepts in Windows

This is an introductory course in the field of computer programming. It does not require any prior knowledge of computer programming.

Course Description
This course is intended to teach all aspects of programming with Visual Basic .NET. Please keep in mind that this course is not yet complete and thus may be of less benefit that other sources.

Readings

 * Visual Basic .NET
 * Microsoft Visual Studio

Lessons

 * /Beginning Programming/
 * Introduction to Visual Studio 2008
 * /Introduction/
 * /Logic Control Structures/
 * /Reusable Code/

Tools

 * Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition (90-day Trial)
 * .NET Framework 3.5 SP1
 * SQL Server 2008 180 Day Trial - Will be used in later lessons

Additionally, for those who are students in highschool or college (an e-mail address with a .edu top level domain is required for this), Microsoft has graciously extended unlimited versions of many of its development softwares for free at the following address:
 *

Software offered (as of 18 Nov 09):

title: Visual Basic .NET


text:
User:JWSchmidt/Blog/17 January 2007

I got through my clean-up of the "Topic:" namespace and there are now 1,545 pages that are "probably legitimate content pages".

I went through the "School:" namespace. It is important to get each school into a major category corresponding to one of the major portals. We might need a new portal for small and odd-ball schools.

There are two big problems in the "School:" namespace, the subpages for School:Fire and Emergency Management and School:Mathematics. Ug! I just left those two messes. Now 1,556 pages that are "probably legitimate content pages".

Now, finally, I can turn to the portals and featured content!

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/17 January 2007


text:
User:RyanB88~enwikiversity

 Warning: I will never tolerate vandalism, if you have come to Wikiversity to vandalize, you might just as well leave now, because I will revert your edits!

 Introduction My name is Ryan, I am from Washington state, I have my own wiki called coDEVwiki, if you need me to handle anything drop me a line on my talk page or on the IRC chat.

 About coDEVwiki coDEVwiki is the idea for a collaborate development wiki that anyone can join in on and submit code, in whole, or in chunks.

 Important Links
 * My Userpage on Wikinews

 My Programming Experience I started programming in Middle School at the age of 13 in Qbasic. I moved on to Visual Basic for Applications in High school at just 14. Then at around 15 I move to Visual Basic .NET I am now only 18.

 My Contributions A FULL List of My Contributions To Wikiversity

 Enhance my Userpage! My user page can be edited by anyone, feel free to do what you please, enhancements to it are appriciated, and just a fair warning, ALL vandalism will be quickly reverted, and the vandal WILL be blocked from editing for a short period of time.

title: User:RyanB88~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:RyanB88~enwikiversity

Image:Vb ide.gif
Please provide a license template and source for this image. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 22:08, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called RyanB88. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name RyanB88~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:21, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RyanB88~enwikiversity


text:
User:RyanB88~enwikiversity/Talk Header

 Welcome To My Talk Page Click Here To Leave me A Message.

No Current Talk Page Archives

title: User:RyanB88~enwikiversity/Talk Header


text: Category:Zoology

title: Category:Zoology


text: User:LavendarRose

title: User:LavendarRose


text: Category:Very Small Information Systems

title: Category:Very Small Information Systems


text: Category:Meteorology

title: Category:Meteorology


text:
Category:Hydrology

cs:Kategorie:Hydrologie

title: Category:Hydrology


text:
User talk:Nancysen13

School of Forensics
I just made a page for a School of Forensics. That page can be a content development project where participants create, organize and develop learning resources for forensics. --JWSchmidt 03:14, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

"trying to find my way around" <-- If you are new to wiki it does take some getting used to. In any case, you can always go to School:Forensics, click the "edit" button and just start typing! --JWSchmidt 21:11, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nancysen13


text:
Forensics

{| style="width:65%;"
 * style="background-color: cream; border: solid 1px gray; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |

Active participants
If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
 * , 9 March 2007
 * , 2 February 2008
 * }
 * }

{| style="width:65%;"
 * style="background-color: cream; border: solid 1px gray; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |

Project news

 * 23 April 2017 - Major overhaul
 * 17 January 2007 - Project founded!
 * }

title: Forensics


text: Category:Forensics

title: Category:Forensics


text: Category:Gastronomy

title: Category:Gastronomy


text:
Differential topology

Introduction to Differential Topology by Prof. Justin Sawon

Differential topology is a subject in which geometry and analysis are used to obtain topological invariants of spaces, often numerical. Some examples are the degree of a map, the Euler number of a vector bundle, the genus of a surface, the cobordism class of a manifold (the last example is not numerical).

A manifold is a topological space which is locally homeomorphic to R^n. It is made of open subsets of R^n glued together by homeomorphisms. If these gluing maps are diffeomorphisms, then we obtain a smooth (or differentiable) manifold. These are the basic objects of study of differential topology. They are also the basic objects of study of differential geometry, but whereas differential geometry is concerned mainly with local invariants (for example, curvature), differential topology is concerned with global issues.

Manifold occur in many branches of mathematics, for example as Lie groups in algebra, as space-time in relativity, as phase-space in mechanics, as state-space in dynamics and differential equations. An important idea in differential topology is the passage from local to global information. As an illustration of the distinction consider differential equations : two solutions which may look similar locally can turn out to have very different global properties (one may be periodic, the other convergent).

In the above examples there is typically additional structure, such as a group structure (multiplication and inverses), a metric, or a symplectic structure. In differential topology we are interested in the manifold itself and the additional structure is just a tool. This is similar to algebraic topology, which employs triangulations and uses combinatorial methods to obtain topological information.

As an example, let's look at the Euler characteristic of the sphere S^2. In algebraic topology we have a combinatorial definition. We take a triangulation, and then count the number of vertices, minus the number of edges, plus the number of faces, to get two. In the case of a Platonic solid this is just Euler's theorem. In differential topology we count the number of zeros of a smooth vector field, weighted by their indices, and once again get two. There can be no non-vanishing smooth vector field, a fact known as the hairy ball theorem. Finally, a more geometric definition requires us to choose a metric on the sphere then take the Gaussian curvature K of the corresponding connection. Integrating over the sphere we one again get two (up to a factor of 2Pi). This is the Gauss-Bonnet formula. In all of these definitions we employ some additional structure (a triangulation, a vector field, a metric) but ultimately define a topological invariant which is independent of the choices made.

From a topological point of view, manifolds have no local invariants. They look the same at every point, and there are symmetries taking a given point to any other in the same connected component. The kinds of questions that one asks in differential topology are therefore global. For example, can we embed one manifold M in another N? If M is homeomorphic to N, is it diffeomorphic to N? Given M, does there exist N such that M is the boundary of N?

Note: The above text is an excerpt from the course synopsis of MAT 566, Fall 2002, taught at State University of New York/Stony Brook by Prof. Justin Sawon (now teaching in the Mathematics Dept at Colorado State). Permission to use the above excerpt was duly granted by author on 15 January 2007 via E-mail correspondance.No copyright assigned.

title: Differential topology


text: Category:Cultural Studies

title: Category:Cultural Studies


text:
WINAPI Programming/Lesson One

Lesson One
One of the most important things to learn about using the WINAPI to write windows applications is that to do so you have to fill a Windows class structure. The following code will show you how.

Questions
Leave all your questions here.

Bodene 04:29, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Could you explain what a windows class structure is, what its for etc? Anonymous 07.38, 3 July 2007

WinApi Home

title: WINAPI Programming/Lesson One


text:
User:Somitho~enwikiversity

You might find me easier on en.wikipedia

title: User:Somitho~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Somitho~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Somitho. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Somitho~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:02, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Somitho~enwikiversity


text:
User:Historybuff/wikimap

Faculty (Portal) -> School (School) -> Division (Topic) -> Department (Topic) -> Course (?) -> Lesson (Mainspace)

Faculty of Eng. and Tech

 * portal, under construction
 * School:Information Technology
 * Topic:Network Administration
 * Website Administration
 * Computer Technology Support
 * Computer Technology Logistics
 * Network Administration
 * Network Security
 * Computer Security
 * Computer Forensics
 * School:Computer Science
 * CS course calendar (supposedly)
 * Topic:Algorithms
 * Topic:Artificial Intelligence
 * Topic:Bioinformatics
 * Topic:Business Process Management
 * Topic:Compilers and Language Theory
 * Topic:Complexity Theory
 * Topic:Computational linguistics
 * Topic:Computer Logic
 * Topic:Concurrency and Real-Time Programming
 * Topic:Dynamic Programming
 * Topic:Geoinformatics (i.e. GIS)
 * Topic:Graph Theory
 * Topic:Graphic design with computers
 * Topic:Object-Oriented Programming
 * Topic:Quantum Computing
 * Shared CS IT Topics
 * Topic:Applied Computer Science
 * Topic:Software Project Management
 * Topic:Information Security
 * Topic:Software Freedom
 * Topic:Software testing
 * Topic:Software Quality Assurance test
 * Topic:Information Security
 * Topic:Web Design
 * Topic:Information Systems
 * Topic:User Interfaces
 * Topic:Scientific Computing
 * Topic:Operating Systems
 * Topic:Cryptography
 * Topic:Databases
 * Topic:Computer Architecture
 * Topic:Computer Programming
 * Topic:Networking

 * Topic:GIMP - Nothing
 * Topic:Computer Networks - Not much
 * Link to TCP/IP_Protocol_Architecture -Nothing

title: User:Historybuff/wikimap


text:
WINAPI Programming/Getting Started

A simple Win32 Program...
Make sure you specify a Win32 GUI and NOT a console program when compiling the project below.

If you have no experience with the Windows API try to compile and run the above program. First check for any errors and correct them as necessary. If you are not sure how to correct the errors look them up in the accompanying documentation that came with your compiler. Remember to compile this as a C program by saving the program as somename.c or anyname.c as most compilers will compile the project as a C program if .c follows as the extension. If the program ran correctly you should have gotten a simple message box that displayed the Message Hello Windows! and Hello in the client area and title bar respectfully.

Explaining the code...
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE hPrev, LPSTR lpCmd, int nShow)

WinMain is the same as the main function in dos. Program execution starts in WinMain. HINSTANCE hInst is the handle to the programs executable module in memory. HINSTANCE hPrev is always NULL for Win32 Applications, it use to be the handle to the previous instance for Win16 programs. LPSTR lpCmd are the command line arguements as a single string not counting the program name. hInstance is used for loading resources and any other task which is performed on a per-module basis. A module is either the EXE or a DLL loaded into your program. For purpose of this tutorial there will be only one module, the .exe. The calling convention is WINAPI which is defined as _stdcall.

Winapi Home

Questions
Questions and comments here...

title: WINAPI Programming/Getting Started


text:
German Language/Pronouns

Hallo. This lesson will cover basic German pronouns in what are called the subject (nominative), direct object (accusative), indirect object (dative) and the possessive (genitive) case. The genitive cases are rarely used and they should not be mixed up with the German possessive pronouns that are translated into English as "my/mine" etc.

The Nominative Pronouns
German pronouns mostly have direct equivalents in English. Sie, when capitalized, is a formal means of addressing either one person or many.

The Accusative Pronouns
''Note: for non-German speakers, the differences between nominative and accusative cases can be confusing. It is helpful to think of them as the "subject case" and the "direct object case". ''

The Genitive Pronouns
These forms should not be mixed up with the possessive adjectives that are translated into English as "my/mine" etc. These are rarely used in modern German, and if so, they are used as modifiers of a very limited amount of adjectives and verbs, such as Hast du dich seiner vergewissert? 'Have you got assurances of that?' (sich vergewissern, followed by a word in the genitive case, means 'to get assurances of').

title: German Language/Pronouns


text:
Category:Software Review

Software reviews should be your own personal feelings about a particular computer programs. Does this program do what needs to be done?

title: Category:Software Review


text:
Film Scoring/Creating the sound of fear

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Overview

 * Single notes
 * Some of the instruments of a symphony orchestra create a mood when you play even a single note.

 * That means all you have to do is play a single note to create a film score.

 * Wow! Even filmmakers who are not musicians can do that.

 * Example
 * You can create the sound of fear by playing a violin trill. At a certain pitch, the violin trill sounds really scary.

 * The purpose of this lesson
 * The purpose of this lesson is to show you that you can create a film score just by playing a single note... if you use the right musical instruments.

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The Sound of Fear
The texture of the sound of certain musical instruments automatically creates a mood. You don't have to do anything special. Just play that one note.
 * Creating moods with individual notes

A trill is a special musical sound created with rapid bowed instruments such as a violin.
 * "It gives me a trill!"

The average filmmaker can never play a trill on a real violin. Not in a million years.

With GarageBand and Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra, filmmaker just press one key on the keyboard to get a wonderfully realistic trill sound.
 * Your computer makes it possible

For filmmakers with no musical talent, this is a miracle. Using the software instruments in the Macintosh computer, a filmmaker can create fantasitc sounds for motion pictures.

Just playing a violin trill is not enough. When you play a violin trill with GarageBand, the trill turns on and then it turns off. Not realistic.
 * There is a problem

To make the trill seem realistic, you must adjust the volume of the sound so it fades in and fades out. That is simple!

This entire process is fast. Super fast!
 * That's it!

Once you have found the correct musical instrument, you simple adjusted the volume of the note.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  |
 * style="width: 40%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  |

Required Software

 * Apple's GarageBand
 * This course is designed for Apple's GarageBand.

 * For filmmakers, GarageBand is easy to use. And after you find all the hidden features, it is powerful enough to use for film scoring by non-musicians.

 * plus

 * Apple's Jam Pack : Symphony Orchestra
 * A source of symphony orchestra sounds is Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra for GarageBand. This is a fantastic combination for filmmakers who are not musicians who want to create film scores.

 * and/or

 * The free Boldt packages
 * Another source of symphonic musical instruments is Ben Boldt's instrument packages] for GarageBand. Note: these packages do not have a violin trill.  But they have other great sounds.

 * If you are using GarageBand with the free Boldt packages, you must hunt through all the instruments and find the best one (along with the best pitch) for the sound of fear.

 * Not recommended
 * An alternative to Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra is MOTU Symphonic Instrument. However, your instructor does not recommend using MOTU Symphonic Instrument with GarageBand.  Too awkward.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next page

 * The next page explains the how to get started with GarageBand.
 * Page 1: Getting started with GarageBand and a symphony orchestra [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }

title: Film Scoring/Creating the sound of fear