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Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/List of Tables

List of Tables

Table 1.- Original data from the biogeochemical sampling site.

S.G.L. formation Leaves Pb       Ag      Mo        Cu        Zn     1        76         0       0        19         0 2       49        86     100        38        44     3        35         0      52        25         0     4         0         0      85        27         0     5         0         0       0        28         0     6        42         0      24        24         0     7        38        67      62        43       100     8       100         0       0        77         0     9        57       100      70        89        39    10        94         0       0        72         0    11         0         0       0        49         0    12        86         0       0       100         0    13         0         0       0        43         0

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0         0         0        22         0 2        0         0        50        21         0   3         0         0       100        42         0   4         0         0        99        19         0   5         0         0         0         0         0   6         0         0         0        42         0   7         0         0        67        38         0   8         0         0        21        18         0   9         0         0        80        36       100  10         0         0         0        76         0  11         0         0         0       100         0  12         0         0         0        38         0  13         0         0         0        32         0

Branches Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0         0         0        17         0 2        0         0       100        59         0   3         0         0        83        37         0   4        87         0        70        69         0   5         0         0         0        24         0   6         0         0         0        44         0   7         0         0         0        27         0   8        53         0         0        63         0   9         0         0         0       100         0  10       100         0         0        60         0  11         0         0         0        46         0  12        36         0        19        14         0  13         0         0         0        52         0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        67         0        60       100       100 2       27         0        60        40        10   3        67         0        40        80        50   4       100         0        60        80        75   5        33         0        60       100        50   6        33         0        80        80        25   7        33         0       100       100        50   8        20         0        40        60        20   9        33         0        80        80        25  10         0         0         0        60        10  11         0         0         0        40        10  12        27         0        60        60        10  13        33         0        60        80        50

L.G.S. formation Leaves Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu       Zn    1       100       100        28        13      100 2        0         0         0         6        0    3         0         0         0       100        0    4        54         0         0         6        0    5        42         0         0         9        0    6        56         0       100        25        0    7         0         0         0        11        0    8        45         0         0        10        0    9         0         0         0        21        0   10         0         0         0        10        0

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn     1         0         0        53        28       100 2        0         0        60        32         0     3         0         0         0        65         0     4         0         0         0        41         0     5       100         0         0        37         0     6         0         0         0        84        23      7         0         0         0       100         0      8         0         0         0        82         0      9         0         0       100        70         0     10         0         0        38        40         0

Branches Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0         0         0         4         0 2        0         0       100         5         0   3         0         0         0         6         0   4       100         0         0       100         0   5         9         0         0         4         0   6         9         0         0        12         0   7         0         0         0        11         0   8         0         0         0         7         0   9         0         0         0         9         0  10         0         0         0        16         0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        50         0        21        80        50 2       50         0       100        80        15   3        50         0        21        80        75   4        50         0        21        80        50   5        50         0       100        60        75   6        50         0        12        60        50   7       100         0        21        60        15   8       100        10       100       100       100   9        40       100       100        80       100  10       100         0       100        80       100

H.A.R. formation Leaves Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        74         0         0        45         0 2        0         0         0       100        77   3        72         0         0        86         0   4       100       100       100        80        62   5        43        65        32        78       100

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0         0         0        78         0 2        0         0         0        50         0   3         0         0         0        68         0   4         0         0         0        48         0   5         0       100       100       100       100

Branches Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1       100         0         0       100         0 2        0         0         0        43         0   3         0         0         0        72         0   4         0         0         0        43         0   5         0         0         0        63         0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        50         0       100        80        15 2       30         0        13        80        50   3        50         0        13        80        50   4        50         0        50        80        20   5       100         0        75       100       100

O.S. formation Leaves Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0         0         0       100         0 2      100       100       100        72       100   3         0         0         0        41         0   4        62         0         0        68         0

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1         0       100       100       100       100 2        0         0        15        38         0   3         0         0         0        41         0   4         0         0         0        22         0

Branches Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1       100       100       100       100       100 2        0         0         7        64         0   3         0         0         0        43         0   4         0         0         0        82         0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        50         0       100       100        50 2      100         0        20        20       100   3        40         0        60         6        50   4        50         0        80         6        20

Table 2.- Transformed data for statistical analysis.

S.G.L. formation Leaves Pb       Ag    Log Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn    Log Zn   1      76.0        .1       1.0       3.0      19.0       3.0        .5 2     49.0      86.0       1.9     100.0      38.0      44.0       1.6   3      35.0        .1       1.0      52.0      25.0       3.0        .5   4        .1        .1       1.0      85.0      27.0       3.0        .5   5        .1        .1       1.0       3.0      28.0       3.0        .5   6      42.0        .1       1.0       3.0      24.0       3.0        .5   7      38.0      67.0       1.8      62.0      43.0     100.0       2.0   8     100.0        .1       1.0       3.0      77.0       3.0        .5   9      57.0     100.0       2.0      70.0      89.0      39.0       1.6  10      94.0        .1       1.0       3.0      72.0       3.0        .5  11        .1        .1       1.0       3.0      49.0       3.0        .5  12      86.0        .1       1.0       3.0     100.0       3.0        .5  13        .1        .1       1.0       3.0      43.0       3.0        .5

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu    Log Cu        Zn    Log Zn   1        .1        .1       3.0      22.0       1.3       3.0        .5 2       .1        .1       5.0      21.0       1.3       3.0        .5   3        .1        .1     100.0      42.0       1.6       3.0        .5   4        .1        .1      99.0      19.0       1.3       3.0        .5   5        .1        .1       3.0       2.0        .3       3.0        .5   6        .1        .1       3.0      42.0       1.6       3.0        .5   7        .1        .1      67.0      38.0       1.6       3.0        .5   8        .1        .1      21.0      18.0       1.3       3.0        .5   9        .1        .1      80.0      36.0       1.6      10.5       1.0  10        .1        .1       3.0      76.0       1.9       3.0        .5  11        .1        .1       3.0     100.0       2.0       3.0        .5  12        .1        .1       3.0      38.0       1.6       3.0        .5  13        .1        .1       3.0      32.0       1.5       3.0        .5

Branches Pb   Log Pb        Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      17.0       3.0 2       .1       1.0        .1     100.0      59.0       3.0   3        .1       1.0        .1      83.0      37.0       3.0   4      87.0       1.9        .1      70.0      69.0       3.0   5        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      24.0       3.0   6        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      44.0       3.0   7        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      27.0       3.0   8      53.0       1.7        .1       3.0      63.0       3.0   9        .1       1.0        .1       3.0     100.0       3.0  10     100.0       2.0        .1       3.0      60.0       3.0  11        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      46.0       3.0  12      36.0       1.6        .1      19.0      14.0       3.0  13        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      52.0       3.0

Soil Pb   Log Pb        Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1      67.0       1.8        .1      60.0     100.0     100.0 2     27.0       1.4        .1      60.0      40.0      10.0   3      67.0       1.8        .1      40.0      80.0      50.0   4     100.0       2.0        .1      60.0      80.0      75.0   5      33.0       1.5        .1      60.0     100.0      50.0   6      33.0       1.5        .1      80.0      80.0      25.0   7      33.0       1.5        .1     100.0     100.0      50.0   8      20.0       1.3        .1      40.0      60.0      20.0   9      33.0       1.5        .1      80.0      80.0      25.0  10        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      60.0      10.0  11        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      40.0      10.0  12      27.0       1.4        .1      60.0      60.0      10.0  13      33.0       1.5        .1      60.0      80.0      50.0

L.G.S. formation Leaves Pb       Ag    Log Ag        Mo    Log Mo        Cu    Log Cu   1     100.0     100.0       2.0      28.0       1.4      13.0       1.1 2       .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5       6.0        .8   3        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5     100.0       2.0   4      54.0        .1       1.0       3.0        .5       6.0        .8   5      42.0        .1       1.0       3.0        .5       9.0       1.0   6      42.0        .1       1.0     100.0       2.0      25.0       1.4   7        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      11.0       1.0   8      45.0        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      10.0       1.0   9        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      21.0       1.3  10        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      10.0       1.0

Zn   Log Zn   1     100.0       2.0 2      3.0        .5   3       3.0        .5   4       3.0        .5   5       3.0        .5   6      11.0       1.0   7       3.0        .5   8       3.0        .5   9       3.0        .5  10       3.0        .5

Flowers Pb   Log Pb        Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn    Log Zn   1        .1       1.0        .1      53.0      28.0     100.0       2.0 2       .1       1.0        .1      60.0      32.0       3.0        .5   3        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      65.0       3.0        .5   4        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      41.0       3.0        .5   5     100.0       2.0        .1       3.0      37.0       3.0        .5   6        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      84.0      23.0       1.4   7        .1       1.0        .1       3.0     100.0      23.0       1.4   8        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      82.0       3.0        .5   9        .1       1.0        .1     100.0      70.0       3.0        .5  10        .1       1.0        .1      38.0      40.0       3.0        .5

Branches Pb   Log Pb        Ag        Mo    Log Mo        Cu    Log Cu    Zn   1        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5       4.0        .6     3 2       .1       1.0        .1     100.0       2.0       5.0        .7     3   3        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5       6.0        .8     3   4     100.0       2.0        .1       3.0        .5     100.0       2.0     3   5       9.0       1.0        .1       3.0        .5       4.0        .6     3   6       9.0       1.0        .1       3.0        .5      12.0       1.1     3   7        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5      11.0       1.0     3   8        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5       7.0        .8     3   9        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5       9.0       1.0     3  10        .1       1.0        .1       3.0        .5      16.0       1.2     3

Soil Pb       Ag    Log Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1      50.0        .1       1.0      21.0      80.0      50.0 2     50.0        .1       1.0     100.0      80.0      15.0   3      50.0        .1       1.0      21.0      80.0      75.0   4      50.0        .1       1.0      21.0      80.0      50.0   5      50.0        .1       1.0     100.0      60.0      75.0   6      50.0        .1       1.0      12.0      60.0      50.0   7     100.0        .1       1.0      21.0      60.0      15.0   8     100.0        .1       1.0     100.0     100.0     100.0   9      40.0     100.0       2.0     100.0      80.0     100.0  10     100.0        .1       1.0     100.0      80.0     100.0

H.A.R. formation Leaves Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1      74.0        .1       3.0      45.0       3.0 2       .1        .1       3.0     100.0      77.0   3      72.0        .1       3.0      86.0       3.0   4     100.0     100.0     100.0      80.0      62.0   5      43.0      65.0      32.0      78.0     100.0

Flowers Pb       Ag    Log Ag        Mo    Log Mo        Cu        Zn   Log Zn   1        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      78.0       3.0       .5 2       .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      50.0       3.0       .5   3        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      68.0       3.0       .5   4        .1        .1       1.0       3.0        .5      48.0       3.0       .5   5        .1     100.0       2.0     100.0       2.0     100.0     100.0      2.0

Branches Pb   Log Pb        Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1     100.0       2.0        .1       3.0     100.0       3.0 2       .1       1.0        .1       3.0      43.0       3.0   3        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      72.0       3.0   4        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      43.0       3.0   5        .1       1.0        .1       3.0      63.0       3.0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu    Log Cu        Zn   1      50.0        .1     100.0      80.0       1.9      15.0 2     30.0        .1      13.0      80.0       1.9      50.0   3      50.0        .1      13.0      80.0       1.9      50.0   4      50.0        .1      50.0      80.0       1.9      20.0   5     100.0        .1      75.0     100.0       2.0     100.0

O.S. formation Leaves Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        .1        .1       3.0     100.0       3.0 2    100.0     100.0     100.0      72.0     100.0   3        .1        .1       3.0      41.0       3.0   4      62.0        .1       3.0      68.0       3.0

Flowers Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1        .1     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0 2       .1        .1      15.0      38.0       3.0   3        .1        .1       3.0      41.0       3.0   4        .1        .1       3.0      22.0       3.0

Branches Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0 2       .1        .1       7.0      64.0       3.0   3        .1        .1       3.0      43.0       3.0   4        .1        .1       3.0      82.0       3.0

Soil Pb       Ag        Mo        Cu        Zn   1      50.0        .1     100.0     100.0      50.0 2    100.0        .1      20.0      20.0     100.0   3      40.0        .1      60.0       6.0      50.0   4      50.0        .1      80.0       6.0      20.0

Table 3.- Statistical analysis of the samples.

S.G.L. formation Leaves NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         13      44.4154      37.0198        .1000     100.0000 2 Ag         13      19.5385      37.5526        .1000     100.0000 3 Log Ag     13        .3261       1.2811       1.0000       2.0000 4 Mo         13      30.2308      37.4881       3.0000     100.0000 5 Cu         13      48.7692      26.9758      19.0000     100.0000 6 Zn         13      16.3846      28.9498       3.0000     100.0000 7 Log Zn     13        .7697        .5633        .4771       2.0000

Flowers NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         13        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 2 Ag         13        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 3 Mo         13      30.2308      40.1438       3.0000     100.0000 4 Cu         13      37.3846      25.7505       2.0000     100.0000 5 Log Cu     13       1.4498        .4094        .3010       2.0000 6 Zn         13       3.5738       2.0690       3.0000      10.4600 7 Log Zn     13        .5188        .1504        .4771       1.0195

Branches NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         13      21.3000      36.2585        .1000     100.0000 2 Log Pb     13        .1369       1.3513       1.0000       2.0000 3 Ag         13        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 4 Mo         13      23.0000      35.7701       3.0000     100.0000 5 Cu         13      47.0769      24.0051      14.0000     100.0000 6 Zn         13       3.0000        .0000       3.0000       3.0000

Soil NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         13      36.4000      27.4720        .1000     100.0000 2 Log Pb     13       1.1853        .9885       1.0000       2.0000 3 Ag         13        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 4 Mo         13      54.3077      27.8040       3.0000     100.0000 5 Cu         13      73.8462      20.6311      40.0000     100.0000 6 Zn         13      37.3077      28.2559      10.0000     100.0000

L.G.S. formation Leaves NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         10      28.3500      34.0454        .1000     100.0000 2 Ag         10      10.0900      31.5912        .1000     100.0000 3 Log Ag     10        .7000        .9487       1.0000       2.0000 4 Mo         10      15.2000      30.8141       3.0000     100.0000 5 Log Mo     10        .7264        .5415        .4771       2.0000 6 Cu         10      21.1000      28.3958       6.0000     100.0000 7 Log Cu     10       1.1386        .3629        .7782       2.0000 8 Zn         10      13.5000      30.4968       3.0000     100.0000 9 Log Zn     10        .6858        .4946        .4771       2.0000

Flowers NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         10      10.0900      31.5912        .1000     100.0000 2 Log Pb     10        .7000        .9487       1.0000       2.0000 3 Ag         10        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 4 Mo         10      26.9000      34.4333       3.0000     100.0000 5 Cu         10      57.9000      25.4709      28.0000     100.0000 6 Zn         10      16.7000      30.4268       3.0000     100.0000 7 Log Zn     10        .8063        .5578        .4771       2.0000

L.G.S. formation Branches NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         10      11.8700      31.1860        .1000     100.0000 2 Log Pb     10        .3092       1.1482       1.0000       2.0000 3 Ag         10        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 4 Mo         10      12.7000      30.6741       3.0000     100.0000 5 Log Mo     10        .6294        .4816        .4771       2.0000 6 Cu         10      17.4000      29.2810       4.0000     100.0000 7 Log Cu     10        .9805        .4121        .6021       2.0000 8 Zn         10       3.0000        .0000       3.0000       3.0000

Soil NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb         10      64.0000      25.0333      40.0000     100.0000 2 Ag         10      10.0900      31.5912        .1000     100.0000 3 Log Ag     10        .7000        .9487       1.0000       2.0000 4 Mo         10      59.6000      42.6698      12.0000     100.0000 5 Cu         10      76.0000      12.6491      60.0000     100.0000 6 Zn         10      63.0000      32.5064      15.0000     100.0000

H.A.R. formation Leaves NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          5      57.8200      38.0567        .1000     100.0000 2 Ag          5      33.0600      46.7980        .1000     100.0000 3 Mo          5      28.2000      42.0559       3.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          5      77.8000      20.2534      45.0000     100.0000 5 Zn          5      49.0000      44.1192       3.0000     100.0000

Flowers NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          5        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 2 Ag          5      20.0800      44.6766        .1000     100.0000 3 Log Ag      5        .4000       1.3416       1.0000       2.0000 4 Mo          5      22.4000      43.3797       3.0000     100.0000 5 Log Mo      5        .7817        .6811        .4771       2.0000 6 Cu          5      68.8000      21.4756      48.0000     100.0000 7 Zn          5      22.4000      43.3797       3.0000     100.0000 8 Log Zn      5        .7817        .6811        .4771       2.0000

Branches NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          5      20.0800      44.6766        .1000     100.0000 2 Log Pb      5        .4000       1.3416       1.0000       2.0000 3 Ag          5        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 4 Mo          5       3.0000        .0000       3.0000       3.0000 5 Cu          5      64.2000      23.6791      43.0000     100.0000 6 Zn          5       3.0000        .0000       3.0000       3.0000

Soil NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          5      56.0000      26.0768      30.0000     100.0000 2 Ag          5        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 3 Mo          5      50.2000      38.2845      13.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          5      84.0000       8.9443      80.0000     100.0000 5 Log Cu      5       1.9225        .0433       1.9031       2.0000 6 Zn          5      47.0000      33.8378      15.0000     100.0000

O.S. formation Leaves NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          4      40.5500      49.2166        .1000     100.0000 2 Ag          4      25.0750      49.9500        .1000     100.0000 3 Mo          4      27.2500      48.5000       3.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          4      70.2500      24.1437      41.0000     100.0000 5 Zn          4      27.2500      48.5000       3.0000     100.0000

Flowers NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          4        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 2 Ag          4      25.0750      49.9500        .1000     100.0000 3 Mo          4      30.2500      46.8428       3.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          4      50.2500      34.1992      22.0000     100.0000 5 Zn          4      27.2500      48.5000       3.0000     100.0000

Branches NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          4      25.0750      49.9500        .1000     100.0000 2 Ag          4      25.0750      49.9500        .1000     100.0000 3 Mo          4      28.2500      47.8705       3.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          4      72.2500      24.4182      43.0000     100.0000 5 Zn          4      27.2500      48.5000       3.0000     100.0000

Soil NO. NAME       N         MEAN     STD. DEV. MINIMUM     MAXIMUM 1 Pb          4      60.0000      27.0801      40.0000     100.0000 2 Ag          4        .1000        .0000        .1000        .1000 3 Mo          4      65.0000      34.1565      20.0000     100.0000 4 Cu          4      33.0000      45.1516       6.0000     100.0000 5 Zn          4      55.0000      33.1662      20.0000     100.0000

Table 4.- Media for the different elements between soil samples took from the S.G.L and the

L.G.S formations. Xmedia    Ymedia 1    36.38     64.00      2      0.00     11.00      3     53.85     59.60      4     73.85     76.00      5     37.31     63.00   Table 5.- Standard deviations for the different elements between soil samples took from the S.G.L and the L.G.S. formations.

Sx       Sy      1     27.49     25.03 2     0.00     31.43      3     28.75     42.66      4     20.63     12.65      5     28.26     35.51

Table 6.- Comparison of the media (t) and the dispersion (F) between soil samples from the S.G.L. and the L.G.S formations.

t        F        Analogy? Pb     2.51      1.09          NO            Ag      1.11      (  )         NO            Mo      0.37      1.48         YES Cu     0.31      1.63         YES Zn     1.88      1.26         YES Table 7.- Geochemical characteristics of leaves in the S.G.L. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (leaves)    44.42       19.54       30.23      48.77     16.38 │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               444.2       195.4        10.08      24.39      5.46 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      36.4         0.1        54.31      73.85     37.31 │ │                                                                     │      │ W (see [4])        1.22      195.4         3.0        0.66      0.44 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 8.- Geochemical characteristics of flowers in the S.G.L. formation.

╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (flowers)    0.1         0.1        30.23      37.38      3.57 │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc                 1.0         1.0        10.08      18.69      1.19 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      36.4         0.1        54.31      73.84     37.31 │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.003       1.0         0.56       0.51      0.5  │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 9.- Geochemical characteristics of branches in the S.G.L. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (branches)  21.3         0.1        23.0       47.08     23.54 │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               213.0         1.0         7.67      23.54      7.85 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      36.4         0.1        54.31      73.84     37.31 │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.59        1.0         0.42       0.64      0.62 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Table 10.- Geochemical selectivity of the S.G.L. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Leaves              I           I           I          I        II   │ │                                                                     │      │ Flowers           III          II           I        III       III   │ │                                                                     │      │ Branches           II          II          II         II         I   │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 11.- Geochemical characteristics of leaves in the L.G.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (leaves)    28.35       10.09       15.2       21.1      13.5  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               283.5       100.9         5.07      10.55      4.5  │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      64.0        10.09       59.6       76.0      63.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.4         1.0         0.26       0.28      0.17 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 12.- Geochemical characteristics of flowers in the L.G.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (flowers)   10.09        0.1        26.9       57.9      13.7  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               100.9         1.0         8.97      28.95      5.57 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      64.0        10.09       59.6       76.0      63.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.16        0.01        0.45       0.76      0.46 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 13.- Geochemical characteristics of branches in the L.G.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (branches)  11.87        0.1        12.7       17.4       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               118.7         1.0         4.23       8.7       1.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      64.0        10.09       59.6       76.0      63.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.19        0.01        0.21       0.23      0.14 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 14.- Geochemical selectivity of the L.G.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Leaves              I           I          II         II        II   │ │                                                                     │      │ Flowers           III          II           I          I         I   │ │                                                                     │      │ Branches           II          II         III        III       III   │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 15.- Geochemical characteristics of leaves in the H.A.R. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (leaves)    57.82       33.06       28.2       77.8      49.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               578.2       330.6         9.4       38.9      16.3  │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      56.0         0.1        50.2       84.0      47.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  1.03      330.6         0.56       0.92      1.04 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 16.- Geochemical characteristics of flowers in the H.A.R. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (flowers)    0.1        20.08       22.4       68.8      22.4  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc                 1.0       200.8         7.47      34.4       7.47 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      56.0         0.1        50.2       84.0      47.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.002     200.8         0.45       0.82      0.73 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 17.- Geochemical characteristics of branches in the H.A.R. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (branches)  20.08        0.1         3.0       64.2       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc               200.8         1.0         1.0       32.1       1.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      56.0         0.1        50.2       84.0      47.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.36        1.0         0.06       0.76      0.68 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 18.- Geochemical selectivity of the H.A.R. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Leaves              I           I           I          I         I   │ │                                                                     │      │ Flowers           III          II          II         II        II   │ │                                                                     │      │ Branches           II         III         III        III       III   │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 19.- Geochemical characteristics of leaves in the O.S. formation ╒═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕      │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn  │ ╞═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡      │ Media (leaves)    40.55       25.075      27.25      70.25     27.25│ │                                                                    │       │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0 │ │                                                                    │       │ Kc               405.5       250.75        9.08      35.13      9.08│ │                                                                    │      │ Media (soil)      60.0         0.1        65.0       33.0      55.0 │ │                                                                    │      │ W                 0.68      250.75        0.42       2.13      0.64 │ │                                                                    │      └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 20.- Geochemical characteristics of flowers in the O.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (flowers)    0.1        25.08       30.25      50.25     27.25 │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark              0.1         0.1         3.0        2.0       3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc                 1.0       250.8        10.08      25.13      9.08 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)      60.0         0.1        65.0       33.0      55.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W                  0.002     250.8         0.47       1.52      0.46 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 21.- Geochemical characteristics of branches in the O.S. formation.

╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                     Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn  │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Media (branches) 25.075       25.075      28.25      72.25     27.25 │ │                                                                     │      │ Clark            0.1          0.1         3.0        2.0        3.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ Kc             	250.75       250.75        9.42      36.13      9.08 │ │                                                                     │      │ Media (soil)   	60.0          0.1        65.0       33.0       55.0  │ │                                                                     │      │ W              	0.42       250.75        0.43       2.19        0.66 │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 22.- Geochemical selectivity of the O.S. formation. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ Leaves              I           I         III         II         I   │ │                                                                     │      │ Flowers           III           I           I        III         I   │ │                                                                     │      │ Branches           II           I          II          I         I   │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 23.- Geochemical selectivity of the area under study. ╒══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕     │                    Pb          Ag          Mo         Cu        Zn   │ ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡     │ S.G.L. formation    L           L           F          L         L   │ │                                                                     │      │ L.G.S. formation    L           L           F          F         F   │ │                                                                     │      │ H.A.R. formation    L           L           L          L         L   │ │                                                                     │      │ O.S. formation      L         L/F/B         F          B       L/F/B │ │                                                                     │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Table 24.- Data for the calculation of the grade of contrast of anomalies in each part of the tree and in the soil.

Pb

MEDIA   STD.DEV    X+3    Xmax       τ LEAVES      41.01    37.29   152.87   100.00     2.03 FLOWERS      0.20     0.55     1.85     3.22     3.74 BRANCHES    18.63    36.24   127.37   100.00     2.62 SOIL        51.04    28.13   135.42   100.00     2.06

Ag

MEDIA   STD.DEV    X+3    Xmax       τ LEAVES      21.33    38.27   136.13   100.00     2.50 FLOWERS      0.30     0.77     2.60     3.22     3.30 BRANCHES     0.20     0.55     1.85     3.22     3.74 SOIL         0.20     0.55     1.85     3.22     3.74

Mo

MEDIA   STD.DEV    X+3    Xmax       τ LEAVES      24.84    36.34   133.85   100.00     2.48 FLOWERS     27.97    37.83   141.47   100.00     2.36 BRANCHES    17.31    32.54   114.95   100.00     2.78 SOIL        56.66    33.92   158.42   100.00     1.66

Cu

MEDIA   STD.DEV    X+3    Xmax       τ

LEAVES      47.34    32.64   145.27   100.00     2.00 FLOWERS     50.31    27.60   133.10   100.00     2.12 BRANCHES    43.63    31.67   183.63   100.00     1.73 SOIL        65.38    28.23   150.07   100.00     1.53

Zn

MEDIA   STD.DEV    X+3    Xmax       τ

LEAVES      21.94    35.08   127.20   100.00     2.59 FLOWERS     16.14    32.48   113.83   100.00     2.80 BRANCHES     3.09     0.53     4.70     6.03     4.78 SOIL        49.06    31.56   143.73   100.00     1.99

Table 25.- Coefficient of contrast (τ) of the anomalies

╒════════════════╤════════════════════════════════╤═══════════╤═══════╕      │  Parts of      │               τ                │           │Biogeo-│ │               ├──────┬─────┬─────┬──────┬──────┤  Average  │ chemi-│ │ the tree      │      │     │     │      │      │           │  cal  │ │               │  Pb  │  Ag │ Mo  │  Cu  │  Zn  │           │average│ ╞════════════════╪══════╪═════╪═════╪══════╪══════╪═══════════╪═══════╡      │                │      │     │     │      │      │           │       │       │  LEAVES        │ 2.03 │ 2.50│ 2.48│ 2.00 │ 2.59 │   2.32    │       │ │               │      │     │     │      │      │           │       │       │  FLOWERS       │ 3.74 │ 3.30│ 2.36│ 2.12 │ 2.80 │   2.86    │ 2.77  │ │               │      │     │     │      │      │           │       │       │  BRANCHES      │ 2.62 │ 3.74│ 2.78│ 1.73 │ 4.78 │   3.13    │       │ ├────────────────┼──────┼─────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────────┼───────┘      │  SOIL          │ 2.06 │ 3.74│ 1.66│ 1.53 │ 1.99 │   2.196   │ │               │      │     │     │      │      │           │       ├────────────────┼──────┼─────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────────┤       │                │      │     │     │      │      │           │       │  AVERAGE       │ 2.61 │ 3.32│ 2.32│ 1.85 │ 3.04 │   2.63    │ │               │      │     │     │      │      │           │       └────────────────┴──────┴─────┴─────┴──────┴──────┴───────────┘


text:
Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/References

 * Nuñez Mantilla, H., 1988.  Informe final sobre el yacimiento cobre-colchedánico de Cumanayagua, Cuba Central.  Archivo Geolgico, La Habana.

 * Kazhdan, A.B. and Guskov, O.I., 1977. Matematicheskoie modelirovaniie v geologii i razvedki poleznij iskopaemij (in Russian). Nedra, Moscow, 233 p.

 * Röster, H. J. and Lange, H.,  1972.  Geochemical Tables.  Elsevier, Amsterdam, 486 p.

 * Valls Alvarez, R. A., 1993. Influencia de la granulometría y de la profundidad de muestreo durante las investigaciones metalométricas. In: Revista GEOMIMET, México [in press].

 * Yagodin, B. A., 1986. Agrojimija (in Russian). MIR, Moscow:  II toms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Acknowledgement

I deeply appreciate the help given by the chief-geologist of the studied area of Cumanayagua, eng. Héctor Nuñez Mantilla, during the sampling period. His expertise and knowledge of the geology of the area were very useful for the interpretation of the results.

I also thank the advice given by my friend and college, eng. Orestes Romero Loynaz, and the excellent work preformed by the Laboratory Group of the Enterprise Santa Clara in the processing and analysis of the samples.

Finally, I'll like to thank Andrew Whitworth for his continuous support on helping us editing these books.


text:
Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Conclusions

These results show the effectiveness of the biogeochemical method over the soil sampling method, which is the main geochemical method, used in this area for the survey of pyrite-copper ore bodies. Since the biogeochemical sampling is more effective, faster, less difficult to do, and it reduces the overall quantity of samples to be collected, it will be appropriate to gradually introduce this method in the area. Doing so, it should be remember that other experimental studies should be done, to obtain better results and to improve the general quality of the interpretation.

According to the results from table 25, the best parts of the Cedars to be sampled are the ends of young branches. However the flowers and the leaves give better results than the soil sampling. It is also possible to make a compound sample of branches, flowers and leaves.

These results are compatible with the general theory about biogeochemical sampling, and are also a demonstration of the effectiveness of biogeochemical samplings in tropical countries.


text:
Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Vegetation

Vegetation
Cedar (Thuja L.) is the dominant species in the survey area. Other shrubs and common grass (gramineae) are also found. Shrubs are usually located near drainages, while the rest of the area is covered by grass.

Sample collection
The most frequent type of tree in the area is a variety of cedar. We used a sampling grid of 500 x 100 meters in an area of 1.6 square kilometres, which has a pyrite-copper outcrop near to its centre. This grid gives us a total of 32 sampling points. At each of these sampling points, we took a sample from leaves, flowers, and from the end of young branches. As a guide, a soil sample was also taken, to compare the results.

Sample preparation and analysis
The initial weight of the tree's samples was 200 grams. After ignition in an open oven, we obtained near 10 grams of ashes analyzed for Pb, Ag, Mo, Cu and Zn by AA. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0,2 meters, nearly the sampled tree. Each soil sample weighted around 200 grams. After been Sun dried, they were pulverized and sifted at -200 Mesh, and then analyzed for the same set of elements, using also AA.

Sampling took place only very early in the morning. By midday, the samples were sent to the laboratory and processed during the same day. The entire sector was sampled in two days.

Data Interpretation and Geomathematical Modelling.
All the original data, the "corrected" ones, and their statistical analysis are presented in tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. To facilitate the reading process, all the tables are located in a separated chapter.

The process of "correction" of the data included:

a- The substitution of the "zero" (0) values, by the half of the limit of sensibility of the used equipment, to avoid mathematical problems during the use of logarithms. Therefore, the limits in ppm. for each element are the following:

 * {|class="wikitable"

 * Pb = 0.1		||	Mo = 3		||	Zn = 3
 * Ag = 0.1		||	Cu = 2 ||
 * }
 * }

b- The detection of "hurricane" data and their substitution by the mean of the sample, calculated without excluding those hurricane data. We considered as hurricane, all data that fulfil the condition stated in equation (1).

'''Equation 1. Determination of hurricane values.'''

$$X_h > Mx \pm 3\times4\sigma \,$$ Due to the similarity between the S.G.L and the L.G.S formations, our first step was to determinate their geochemical analogy as well. To do so we use the Student (2) and Fisher (3) criteria of analogy (Kazhdan, 1979), establishing the critical value in both cases as two.

$$t = \frac{{}^a\bar{X} - \bar{Y}^a}{\sqrt{\frac{S_x^2}{n_x} + \frac{S_y^2}{n_y}}}$$ Where:
 * $$\bar{X}$$ - Media of the X sample
 * $$\bar{Y}$$ - Media of the Y sample
 * $$S_x^2$$ - Deviation of the X sample
 * $$S_y^2$$ - Deviation of the Y sample
 * $$n_x$$ - Size of the X sample
 * $$n_y$$ - Size of the Y sample

$$F=\frac{S^2_1}{S^2_2} \quad for \ S^2_1 > S^2_2 \quad$$

Tables 4 and 5 shows the initial data for these calculations. For obvious reasons this test was done only for soil samples. As table 6 shows, there are geochemical differences between the two compared formations, so they should be treated independently.

Let us present now the geochemical characteristic of each geological formation so we may reach to some generalized results.

The S.G.L. formation.
Next a set of tables will be presented from which it will be easy to observe which elements are concentrated in each part of the plant (tables 7 - 9), and also a comparison of the biogeochemical with the soil sampling (see equation 4). Clark values for plants were taken from Yagodin (1986), while same values for soil samples were obtained from Röster and Lange (1972).

$$W = \frac{\bar{X}_{l,f,b}}{\bar{X}_{soil}}$$ To determinate the geochemical selectiveness of each sample, we determinated the range of their media values, and substitute them with roman numerals. I will correspond to the highest value of the media and III - to the lowest as it is shown in table 10.

Although all the sampled parts of the tree were good concentrators of the elements, only the leaves in this formation presented better concentrations that the soil samples, and that only for the lead and silver. The geochemical specialization of this formation is the following:
 * {| class="wikitable"

!LEAVES: !FLOWERS: !BRANCHES:
 * Pb, Ag, Cu, Mo, (Zn)
 * Mo, (Ag), [Pb, Cu, Zn]
 * Zn, (Pb, Ag, Mo, Cu)
 * }

It is easy to see that the leaves present the best concentration values for this formation.

The L.G.S. formation.
The geochemical characteristics of each part of the trees in this formation are shown on tables 11 - 13. As it can be observed from table 14, the geochemical specialization of the L.G.S. formation is the following:
 * {| class="wikitable"

!LEAVES: !FLOWERS: !BRANCHES:
 * Pb, Ag, (Mo, Cu, Zn)
 * Mo, Cu, Zn, (Ag), [Pb]
 * (Pb, Ag), [Mo, Cu, Zn]
 * }

These results are very much alike to those from the S.G.L. formation, but with better concentration values for the flowers. The H.A.R. formation.

The geochemical characteristics of each part of the trees in this formation are shown on tables 15 - 17. As it can be observed in table 18, the geochemical specialization of the H.A.R. formation is the following:

 * {| class="wikitable"

!LEAVES: !FLOWERS: !BRANCHES: These results are similar to those obtained earlier. Clearly the best elements detected by cedars in this area are lead and silver.
 * Pb, Ag, Mo, Cu, Zn
 * (Ag, Mo, Cu, Zn), [Pb]
 * (Pb), [Ag, Mo, Cu, Zn]
 * }

The O.S. formation.
See the geochemical characteristics of this formation on tables 19 - 21. As table 22 shows, the geochemical specialization of the O.S. formation is the following:

 * {| class="wikitable"

!LEAVES: !FLOWERS: !BRANCHES:
 * Pb, Ag, Zn, (Cu), [Mo]
 * Mo, Zn, Cu, Ag
 * [Zn, Cu, Ag]
 * }

Since these results are very similar for all the geological formations in the area, it is possible to compare them by showing which part of the plant is the best concentrator, as it can be observed in table 23.

From table 23, we can conclude that the best concentrators in the area are the leaves and in a second place the flowers. The general effectiveness of the studied parts is shown above:

 * {| class="wikitable"

!LEAVES: !FLOWERS: !BRANCHES:
 * Pb, Ag, (Mo, Cu, Zn)
 * Mo, (Zn), [Cu, Ag]
 * (Zn), [Ag, Cu]
 * }

From Fig. 3, it can be noticed that cedars have a complete different set of concentrated elements than those from soil samples. In fact, cedars chiefly concentrates those elements related to the ore, while soil samples are composed mainly by molybdenum (Fig. 4).

Figure 3. Biochemical concentrations. The first two diagram pies show the different sets of elements that are concentrated on cedar (a), and on the soil samples (b). The third pie (c) shows that cedars concentrate better the elements related directly to the ore, while the soil samples concentrate mainly the molybdenum, which is not related to this type of ore.

Figure 4. Geochemical behavior of elements. Diagram (a) shows the relationship between the concentration of elements on soil and cedar samples. Diagram (b) shows the same relationship after all the data were transformed to a 100% range. Diagram (c) clearly shows the dominating role of molybdenum in soil samples, while all the ore-related elements are concentrated in the cedar samples.

The next question that we should answer is which method provides better results, the biogeochemical or the soil sampling, and what part of the cedar is the best to be sampled, which is our next subject.

Effectiveness of the Method.
To determine the most informative method, we are going to calculate the degree of contrast of their anomalies (Valls, 1993), using for that the equations (5) and (6).

$$\varepsilon = \sqrt[3]{\frac{X_{3+}}{\bar{X}}}$$

$$\tau = \frac{1}{\log{\varepsilon}} \times \log \left( \frac{X_{max}}{\bar{X}} \right)$$

The better method would not be the one with the greatest medium value, but the one with the higher contrast of its anomalies (τ). The initial data for these calculations are presented in table 24. The results of this procedure are display in table 25.

From table 25 it is clear that biogeochemical samples provide better results then soil samples. Another inference that follows from this table is that branches are the best part of these cedars to be sampled.


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Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Introduction

Regardless the abundance of vegetation in Cuba, there has not been any systematical application of biogeochemical sampling techniques, nor of biogeochemical studies, except for those done by the geological enterprises of Pinar del Río and Santa Clara (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Geological diagram of the studied sector, showing the position of the pyrite-copper outcrop.

Since 1986, geologist from Pinar del Río's enterprise, have been using the geochemical analysis of the ashes from ferns, to survey tungsten-tin outcrops, as an auxiliary method, with relatively good results.

In 1987, I conducted a geobotanic study at the Isabelita's quartz-gold mine, in Sancti Spíritus, with specialists in botany from the University of Santa Clara and the Agricultural Ministry of that Province. We discovered a clear deformation of the leaves of those mahoganies which grow in the area of the outcrop, and also realized that we always found large quantities of a little shrub named "piña de ratón" (mouse's pineapple), almost exactly over the arsenic-gold anomalies.

Another field investigation was conducted in 1988, in Cumanayagua, Sancti Spíritus, over a pyrite-copper outcrop. These experimental works were directed by chief-geologist Hector Nuñez Mantilla, and by Gilberto Brito Valdespino, a former member of the Centre of Geological Investigations from Havana. I was in charge of the interpretation of the geochemical data. The main objective of this note is to inform about the results of this study.


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Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Abstract

Abstract

Cedars, growing over well developed alluvium overlying Cretaceous metamorphic rocks of the Escambray Complex in Central Cuba, were sampled to determinate whether concentrations of copper and other pathfinder elements in plant tissue were related to the ore in the studied sector. These results are compared to those obtained from a soil sampling using the same grid as for the biogeochemical sampling. At each sampling point, leaves, flowers, and the end of young branches were sampled. The main elements concentrated on cedars are lead (64,7%), silver (23,6 %), and copper (23,5%), which are elements directly related to the studied pyrite-copper outcrop. Soil samples chiefly concentrate molybdenum (81%), which is not a pathfinder element for this type of ore. Accordingly to the results of the degree of contrast of the different anomalies, the best materials to be sampled are the ends of young branches. However, also the flowers and the leaves from cedar give better result than the soil sampling. A compound sample of branches, flowers and leaves is also recommended for sampling. Since the biogeochemical sampling is more effective, and it reduces the overall quantity of samples, it is recommended to introduce this method, although more experimental work should be done to improve the quality of the interpretation. These results are also a demonstration of the effectiveness of biogeochemical samplings in tropical countries.


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Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Licensing

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Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Study Area

The studied area is located 10 km Northwest at Cumanayagua, in Central Sancti Spíritus, on the South flank of the Escambray Mountains. There are several small pyrite-copper outcrops in the area, and also talc and other nonmetallic outcrops neighbouring to the Northeast.

In general, the soil sampling method is sufficiently effective, but very hard to perform due to the mountainous conditions. This is one of the main reasons for testing the effectiveness of biogeochemical methods in the area.

Notes on the Geology of the Area
The area of study is located within the metamorphic complex of the Escambray, in Central Cuba. All formations represent the low-phases of dynamic metamorphism, characteristic for the border of the metamorphic cupola.

Accordingly to Nuñez Mantilla (1988), the selected sector (Fig. 2), is represented by four Cretaceous formations: The S.G.L. formation is the larger exposed in the area. It's composed mainly by dark schist-graphite limestone. A total of 13 sampling points corresponds to this formation.

The L.G.S. formation is the second larger uncover in the area. It's composed chiefly by grey schist with a limestone-graphite matrix. In this formation we have 10 sampling points.

The H.A.R. formation is composed by rocks with a high degree of hydrothermal alteration, which include the substitution of carbonates by silica, chlorite, etc. A total of five sampling points falls on this formation.

The O.S. formation is composed mainly by dark orthoschist. His presence in the area is very limited, which explains that only four sampling points fall on it.

Figure 2. Geology of the studied sector


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 Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba

Cover — Licensing — Abstract — Introduction — Study Area — Vegetation — Conclusions — Acknowledgement — References — List of Tables — Discuss

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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization

Table of Contents

 * /Cover/
 * /Abstract/
 * /Introduction/
 * /The Formation of the San Josè de Las Malezas Deposit/
 * /Dynamic of the Hydrothermal Fluid/
 * /Conclusions and Recommendations/
 * /Acknowledgements/
 * /References/
 * /Licensing/


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Cover

The Role of Manganese as a Controller for Gold Mineralization in the Serpentinites of the San José de las Malezas Gold-Quartz Deposit in Santa Clara,Villa Clara, Cuba.

Ricardo A. Valls

Valls Geoconsultant

vallsvg@gmail.com


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Abstract

The San José de Las Malezas quartz-gold deposit is located on the North side of the Cuban Ophiolitic Complex, within the Structural-Facial Zone "Zaza", Province of Villa Clara, Cuba. In the area of the deposit there is a well developed listwaenitic zone that begins with (i) massive and relatively little altered serpentinites that pass into (ii) iron-altered serpentinites which are in gradational contact with (iii) completely carbonatized rocks and (iv) a core of silicified rocks and quartz veins. Copper and gold mineralizations are associated with these quartz bodies, but binary correlation analysis of geochemical data suggests that the ores are genetically independent of one another. In concordance with the proposed genetic model supported by thermodynamic calculations and field observations, copper is thought to be introduced by a hydrothermal process, whereas gold was leached from the serpentinites. The evolution of manganese minerals from anaerobic to aerobic species provoked a reducing environment which hampered the precipitation of gold and other ores inside and near the serpentinites. Accordingly, a significant negative correlation between gold and manganese in similar areas of hydrothermally altered serpentinites, may be good indicators of possible gold concentrations.

The mechanical transportation of very small and thin scales of native gold from the serpentinites by the fluids is also suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the presence of this kind of scales inside the iron-altered zone.


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Introduction

The San José de Las Malezas deposit is located within the Structural-Facial Zone (S.F.Z.) "Zaza", in the province of Villa Clara in Central Cuba. This S.F.Z. is composed of (i) a volcano-sedimentary complex of Lower Cretaceous age (Turonian) located to the South, (ii) the Ochoa Formation composed of limestones and marls of the Eocene in discordant contact to the North, and (iii) the Zurrapandilla Complex, composed of diabasic porphyries, spilites, gabbro diabase, gabbro diabase porphyries, and other gabbroic rocks that cut both described complexes (Cabrera and Tolkunov, 1979). Within the S.F.Z. "Zaza" and in tectonic contact with the volcano-sedimentary complex are serpentinitic bodies, that form a large massif with an east-west massif. These intrusions form part of the Central Cuban Ophiolitic Belt of the Upper Cretaceous, and they are commonly interpreted as the remains of an ancient oceanic crust.

These serpentinites are massive, crushed, light green rocks, with a reticular structure due to the uneven distribution of chrysolite and antigorite, and the presence of metallic minerals, such as magnetite, chromite and spinel. This mineralogical composition, suggests that the original rock was a harzburgite, however the original texture has been completely erased. The serpentinites are frequently cut by diabasic, microdiabasic and porphyritic diabasic dikes from the Zurrapandilla Complex.

A more detailed geological description of the region and the outcrop, including maps and cross-sections, appears elsewhere (Valls Álvarez, 1995a)

In this paper we will study the formation and evolution of manganese minerals within these serpentinites and their relationship with gold mineralization.


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/The Formation of the San Josè de Las Malezas Deposit

Our model begins with the protrusion of an ultramafic body of harzburgite composition through a ridge axis. It has been suggested elsewhere (Valls and Gonzalez, 1987), that this ultramafic magma could have been subjected to a partial melting process, due to which we could have obtained an area of gold enrichment by gravitational separation inside a magma chamber.

After the protrusion, the sea water and the heat from the upwelling zone initiated the serpentinization of the rocks. During this process, Mn2+ was liberated because of the decomposition of olivine. Another possible mineral that could liberate Mn2+ during the serpentinization of these rocks is pyrophenite (MnTiO3) (W.Trzcienski, Ecole Politecnique, Montreal, personal communication).

Under these anaerobic conditions, only divalent manganese minerals could be formed. Two possible contributing reactions are given bellow, (i) the formation of pyrochroite from tephroite (1), and (ii) the formation of rhodochrosite from tephroite by carbonatic sea water (2).

(1) Mn2SiO4 + 2H2O ---> 2Mn(OH)2 + SiO2

(2) Mn2SiO4 + 2H2CO3 ---> 2MnCO3 + SiO2 + 2H2O

Since pyrochroite is a much less common mineral than rhodochrosite (Crerar et al., 1976), we can assume that the formation of rhodochrosite was the most probable reaction. In fact, when we study the mineralogy of this type of deposit World-wide, we usually find references to the presence of rhodochrosite, rhodonite, pyrolusite, and other manganese minerals (Baranova and Ryzhenko, 1981; Farfel, 1984; Baranova and Koltsov, 1987; Camus, 1990; Rodriguez and Warden, 1993, etc.).

The formation of rhodochrosite will take place for as long as olivine is decomposed during the serpentinization of the rocks in the heated zone near the rift. Since we find relics of olivine crystals in these serpentinites, we can assume that serpentinization was stopped before the obduction onto the colliding continental plate during the final stage of the ocean closure.

After the obduction of these rocks onto an aerobic environment, the evolution of the manganese minerals responded to the increasingly oxidizing conditions, as shown in Fig. 1. First we have the oxidation of the rhodochrosite into hausmannite (3), second the oxidation of hausmannite into bixbyite (4), third the hydratation of bixbite into manganite (5), and finally the oxidation of manganite into pyrolusite (6).

(3) 3MnCO3 + 2O2(g) ---> Mn3O4 + 3CO2(g)

(4) Mn3O4 + 2O2(g) ---> 3Mn2O3

(5) Mn2O3 + OH- + H+ ---> 2MnOOH

(6) 2MnOOH + 2O2(g) ---> 2MnO2 + H2O

Obduction also provoked the crushing of the rocks and the development of several tectonic systems, the main of which had a NE orientation. Along these fractures we observe dikes of diabase from the Zurrapandilla Complex. During the intrusion of these dikes, the area was affected by a low temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic process. This process developed a well formed listwaenitic zone to which the mineralization is related. The provenance of these fluids is yet to be established, but we can propose three possible origins:

a.- Magmatic origin - orthomagmatic fluids related to the Zurrapandilla magmatic complex.

b.- Slab origin - sea water fluids related to the dehydration zone of the subducted slab.

c.- Mixed origin - fluids that are the result of a combination of the first two options.

Studies done by Ploshko (1963), Zuffardi (1977), Pipino (1980), Buisson and Leblanc (1986), and Pallister et al. (1987) on similar listwaenitic zones concluded that these fluids were composed mainly by H4SiO4, H2CO3, H2O, H2S, K, Na, Rb, and probably CO2(g) and CH4(g). Mottl (1991) suggests that these type if fluids usually present high values of pH, high carbonate alkalinity, and low chlorinity. In accordance with the mineralogical associations in the area of San José de Las Malezas (Valls, 1995b), I believe that the main metallic component of this fluid should have been copper, with lesser amounts of lead, zinc, silver, and arsenic.These fluids reactivated the serpentinization of the rocks, so more manganese was released from the remaining olivine crystals. Here, the most probable reaction should have been first- the formation of rhodonite (7), second the oxidation of rhodonite into hausmannite (8), and then the same evolution pattern as shown in equations (4 - 6) to arrive to the formation of pyrolusite.

(7) Mn2SiO4 + H4SiO4 ---> 2MnSiO3 + 2H2O

(8) MnSiO3 + 2O2(g) ---> Mn3O4 + SiO2

All these processes are schematically represented in Fig. 1. The formation of these manganese oxides leads to an increase in fO2 making difficult the precipitation of gold, copper and other ores in and near the serpentinitic bodies.

'''Figure 1. Evolution of Mn2+ in response to increasingly oxidizing conditions, near 283K.'''


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Dynamic of the Hydrothermal Fluid

Although it has been considered in the past as a typical copper-gold deposit, the correlation study of the existing data from San José de Las Malezas quartz gold vein deposit (Valls Álvarez, 1995b), shows no significant correlation between gold and copper, and a strong positive correlation between gold and lead in the siliceous zone. Therefore we conclude that copper and gold are spatially but not genetically related. In the proposed model, copper was contributed by the hydrothermal system, with Pb, Zn, As, and Ag, while gold was provided by the serpentinites hosting the quartz bodies. A schematic representation of this process is shown in Fig. 2.

'''Figure 2. Schematic representation of the alteration of an ultramafic massif and the evolution of the manganese minerals from an anaerobic to an aerobic alteration after the obduction onto the surface of the massif. See text for detailed explanations. 1.- Ultramafic massif, 2.- Formation of rhodochrosite, 3.- Formation of hausmannite, 4.- Formation of manganite, byxbyite and pyrolusite, 5.- Vector of alteration, 6.- Ore fluid, 7.- Vector of mineralization, 8.- Listwaenitic zone.'''

Since we already deal with the effect of reactivation of the serpentinization of the host rocks, we will focus on the mechanism of transportation and deposition of the ores.

The listwaenitic alteration consists of four zones, (i) less altered serpentinites, (ii) an iron-altered zone, (iii) a carbonatic altered zone, and (iv) a siliceous zone (Sawkins, 1990, Valls Álvarez, 1995b, et al.). These lenses grade laterally into the less altered serpentinites through a talc-carbonated zone.

According to the geochemical results of a meter by meter channel sampling through the four zones (Valls Álvarez, 1995b), gold, copper, silver, zinc, arsenic and lead were found to concentrate mainly in the siliceous zone. Gold also was found concentrated inside the iron-altered zone, while the carbonate-rich zone is almost barren of ores.

It is commonly assumed that gold is transported in the (+1) oxidation state (McKibben et al., 1990). Since gold is a soft electron acceptor, it should form especially stable complex with soft ligands as HS-.

A probable reaction is its transportation as a thio-complex (9).

(9) Au + 2H2S + 3O2(g) ---> Au(HS)-2+ 2H2O + H+

I also believe that very small and thin scales of native gold could have been mechanically removed by the fluids from the serpentinites. The flat form of these grains allows them to be transported very easily, as seen from our experience during panning to obtain heavy concentrates from these and similar zones. This mechanism of transportation is doubtless less efficient than the one represented earlier (9), but it helps to explain the existence of this kind of native gold scales in the iron-altered zone (Fig. 3).

'''Figure 3. Dynamic of the ore fluid. This model proposes two mechanism for gold transportation: (i) mechanically -as thin scales of native gold-, and (ii) as a thio-complex. Mechanical transportation explains the presence of scales of native gold in the iron altered zone. Main gold and copper concentration are in the siliceous zone, where the ore fluid got mixed with meteoric waters in a more acidic environment, with low values of fO2 due to the formation of massicot or galena (see text for further details) 1.- Less altered serpentinites or unaltered ultramafic rocks, 2.- Iron-zone, 3.- Carbonatic-zone, 4.- Siliceous zone.'''

As the hydrothermal fluid moves toward the surface, several important factors will control its stability. Inside and near the serpentinites, the evolution of the manganese minerals to their trivalent states, will consume oxygen provoking a reducing environment that difficult the precipitation of gold and other ores. More near to the surface, we have first the lost of temperature due to the mixing with meteoric waters, and second, the presence of a more oxidizing environment favoured by the existence of faults and fractures of the rocks.

A phase relations in the system S - H - O as a function of fO2 and pH, at 413 K will show that both, the decreases of the pH and the increment of the fO2, will provoke the precipitation of gold. The precipitation of Au because of a decrement of pH is shown in equation 10 (Spycher and Reed, 1989; McKibben et al., 1990). Equation 11 shows the precipitation of gold due to an increment of the fO2 (Chris Gammons, personal communication).

(10) 8Au(HS)2- + 6H+(aq) + 4H2O(aq) ---> 8Au(s) + SO2-4(aq) + 15H2S(aq)

(11) 4Au(HS)2- + 15O2(g) + 2H2O(aq) ---> 4Au(s) + 8SO2-4(aq) + 12H+

Very often we find strong correlations between gold and lead and we find native gold in galena and lead oxides like massicot (PbO) and crocoite (PbCrO4). This leads us to assume that another possible mechanism of gold precipitation is the formation of galena or massicot as it is represented in equations 12 and 13.

(12) 4Au(HS)2- + 4PbCl2 + 7O2(g) + 2H2O(aq) --->

4Au(s) + 4PbS + 8Cl- + 4SO2-4(aq) + 12H+

(13) 4Au(HS)2- + 4PbCl2 + 15O2(g) + 6H2O(aq) --->

4Au(s) + 4PbO + 8Cl- + 8SO2-4(aq) + 20H+

These reactions could explain the strong positive correlations between gold and lead in the siliceous zone (Valls, 1995b).


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the information available up to this moment, a model has been presented to explain the geochemical characteristics of the ore distribution in the San José de Las Malezas gold-quartz vein deposit, in Santa Clara, Cuba.

This model describes the serpentinization of an ultramafic protrusion, which is later obducted onto the surface to form part of an ophiolitic complex. Special attention has been given to the formation and evolution of different manganese minerals during the serpentinization of the host rocks. The model helps to explain the negative correlation between gold and manganese over the serpentinites.

It has been suggested elsewhere the possibility of a partial melting process of this ultramafic body before its protrusion. This process could have provoked the formation of a gold enriched zone due to the gravitational separation of this mineral. Although the partial melting of these rocks is possible, this idea needs to be tested in the future. The existence of a gold enriched zone in the serpentinites will not only help to explain the remobilization of gold in the hydrothermal-metasomatic fluid, but also it could become a prospecting objective in the area.

After the obduction, the area was affected by hydrothermal-metasomatic fluids along the developed tectonic system. The origin of these fluids is yet to be determined, but due to the presence of H2CO3, H4SiO4, and H2S, it is possible to suggest a magmatic or magmatic-slab origin in preference to a pure slab source.

These fluids reactivated the serpentinization of the host rocks, and provoked the formation of a listwaenitic zone toward the less altered serpentinites. The model assumes that gold was leached from the serpentinites by the fluids and considers two mechanisms for its transportation. The first one is the mechanical transportation of thin scales of native gold by the fluid. This may explain the existence of a gold enrichment zone in the iron-altered serpentinites. The second mechanism is the transportation of gold as thio-complexes and its precipitation in the siliceous zone due to a decrease in pH and/or an increment of the fO2 provoked by the formation of galena, massicot or other lead minerals (chrochoite?), and the loss of temperature due to the mixing of the fluids with meteoric waters.

The same conditions of pH, fO2, and loss of temperature in the siliceous zone, provoked the precipitation of copper, lead, zinc, arsenic and silver from the fluid, and the formation of copper and lead-zinc minerals in the contact of the quartz bodies with the crushed host rocks.

Although this model can presently explain all the known characteristics of the distribution of gold and other ores in this deposit, I am not presenting it as uncontroversial model, but as a working hypothesis to formulate what needs to be tested in future studies.


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Acknowledgements

The initial sampling and analytical programmes were carried out by the author and his colleague Jorge Cruz Martín in 1986, during the preparation of a project for the detail survey of the San José de Las Malezas deposit for the Geological Enterprise "Santa Clara" in Cuba. The Provincial Laboratory associated to the Geological Enterprise “Santa Clara” provided the analysis of the samples, including the determination of fluorine by a technique designed by the Bulgarian specialist Lazarina Lazarova Ignátova.

I wish to thank Dr. W. Trzcienski for his suggestions and discussions during the preparation of this paper, and also to Dr. Christopher Brooks and Dr. Alex Brown for their review and criticism. I want also to thank Dr. Chris Gammons in particular for his support and guidance, and also for his fair and constructive criticism. Finally, from the big community of the INTERNET, I specially thank Margaret Donelick of the O.D.P. Project and dr. P.J. Kenney from the British Geological Survey for their comments and suggestions on the nature and composition of the slabs fluids.

Special THANKS to Andrew Whitworth for donating his time and his effort in uploading this paper here.


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/References

Baranova, N. N. and A. B. Koltsov. (1987). The influence of metals and volatiles in hydrothermal solutions on gold transport and deposition based on fluid inclusions studies. Geochemistry International 24(1): 1.

Baranova, N. N. and B. N. Ryzhenko. (1981). Computer simulation of the Au Cl S Na H2O system in relation to the transport and deposition of gold in hydrothermal processes. Geochemistry International 18(4): 46.

Buisson, G. and M. Leblanc. (1986). Gold bearing listwaenites (carbonatized ultramafic rocks) from ophiolite complexes. Metallogeny of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Inst. Min. Metall. 121.

Cabrera, R. and L. A. Tolkunov. (1979). Tipos y condiciones geolgicas de la localizacin de los yacimientos de oro en la zona septentrional de la antigua Provincia Las Villas. Ciencias de La Tierra y del Espacio. (1):

Camus, F. (1990). The geology of hydrothermal gold deposits in Chile. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 36((1 3)): 197.

Clarke, F. W. (1924). The data of geochemistry. USA, Bulletin U.S. Geological Survey.

Crerar, D. A., R. K. Cormick, et al. (1976). Geochemistry of manganese: an overview. In Geology and geochemistry of manganese. 2nd International Symposium on Geology and Geochemistry of manganese., Sidney, Australia,

Farfell, L. S., N. I. Savelyeva, et al. (1984). Hydrothermal solutions at the Asku gold ore deposit. Geochemistry International. 21(1): 71.

McKibben, M. A., A. E. Williams, et al. (1990). Solubility and transport of platinum group elements and Au in saline hydrothermal fluids: constrains from geothermal brine data. Economic Geology 85(8): 1926.

Mottl, M.J. (1991). Pore waters from serpentinite seamounts in the Mariana and Izu-bonin forearcs, leg 125: Evidence for volatiles from the subducting slab, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific results. V 125, 373-385.

Pallister,J.S., J.S. Stacey et al. (1987). Arabian shield ophiolites and late Proterozoic microplate accretion. Geology (15): 320.

Pipino, G. (1979). Gold in Liqurian Ophiolites (Italy). International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus,.

Ploshko, V. V. (1963). Listwaenitization and carbonation at terminal stages of Urushten Igneous Complex, North Caucasus. International Geological Review (7): 446.

Rodriguez, C. and A. J. Warden. (1993). Overview of some Colombian gold deposits and their development potential. Mineralium Deposita 28(1): 47.

Sawkins, F. J. (1990). Metal Deposita in relation to plate tectonic. New York, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.

Spycher, N. F. and M. H. Reed. (1989). Evolution of a Broadlands type Epithermal ore fluid along alternative P T paths. Implications for the transport and deposition of base, precious and volatile metals. Economic Geology 84(2): 328.

Valls Alvarez, R. A. and I. Gonzalez. (1987). Evaluación geomatemática de los muestreos litogeoquímicos en mina Descanso, Villa Clara, Cuba. Moa's Mining Metallurgical Institute. __________ (1995a). Geochemical peculiarities of the Quartz Gold Vein Deposit of San José de Las Malezas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Université de Montréal, report. __________ (1995b). Geochemographic study of the mineralogical assemblages from the San José de Las Malezas Gold-Lead-Quartz segregational deposit in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba, Université de Montréal, report.

Zuffardi, P. (1977). Ore/mineral deposits related to the Mesozoic ophiolites in Italy. New York, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.


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The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Licensing

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Template:The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization

 The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization

Abstract — Introduction — The Formation of the San Josè de Las Malezas Deposit — Dynamic of the Hydrothermal Fluid — Conclusions and Recommendations — Acknowledgements — References — Licensing — Discuss


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Talk:Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba

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User talk:Dchmelik

Welcome
Hello Dchmelik, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  08:45, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Religion pages
Shalom Dchmelik! I see you're interested in Wikimedia's Religion projects and you have a link to pages about Judaism. I am as well. I'm curious about what your thoughts are for developing the Religion pages here on Wikiversity, especially the pages about Judaism. Lehitraot, AFriedman 16:34, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Active?
You around? --Magosgruss (discuss • contribs) 20:48, 3 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I am not that active on Wikimedia anymore.--Dchmelik (discuss • contribs) 02:05, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dchmelik


text:
User talk:Waivos

Welcome
Hello Waivos, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  08:46, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waivos


text:
User:David7~enwikiversity

Hello my dear friends of Wikiversity

I would like to share with you my insights. All the faculties that I have studied in Switzerland and abroad, that I may become a teacher and professor have great meaning for me. I would like to teach here at this University too.

Our thinking, feeling and wanting are of great interest for all humans.

It starts in our thinking. What we learn at school and at University must be taught on the NET 2.0

I thank also Dr. Headmaster Jimmy Wales for all he is doing for Our University.

Goodbye

my e-mail Adress is

d.tobler@gmx.ch

on myspaces

dtoblergmxch@msn.com

Adress

David Tobler Pozzistrasse 5 9642 Ebnat-Kappel

title: User:David7~enwikiversity


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User:Rajarshi

Mercury showing weird phenomenon
I discovered this thing about mercury a few days back. I trapped a small blob of mercury in a plastic enclosure, closed from all side. When broken up into smaller masses by shaking the enclosure, each individual mass repels the others !! If a relatively larger piece is rolled around trying to touch the others, it repels the others on coming close ! This was unknown to me and I still have found no explanation to this. It may be something that is the opposite of Cohesion. If anyone doubts any of this, its easy to just conduct the experiment and see for yourselves. If your results differ, or if you know why this happens, or for any comment just edit this page, create a headline names "Comment" or "Solution" and write what you want to.

--Rajarshi 12:15, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Rajarshi


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BCP/Narcissus pseudonarcissus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Daffodil).

Recent Logs

 * Ngravagna 07:01, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Anna reg 11:36, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Archived Logs
(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * --Cormaggio talk 21:26, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 19:46, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Helikophis 17:22, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:41, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Narcissus pseudonarcissus/Logs


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Template:Bcpm/mane/2

February

This template makes a link to the November key for Manchester, England, and adds plant pages to Category:BCP/MANE/2 and Category:BCP/Flora of England (it automatically adds ), for plants that have been recorded as flowering in November in Manchester, England.

This template should only be used in the "Manchester, England = " field of Bloom clock plant middle

title: Template:Bcpm/mane/2


text:
Template:Bcpm/mane/3

March

This template makes a link to the November key for Manchester, England, and adds plant pages to Category:BCP/MANE/3 and Category:BCP/Flora of England (it automatically adds ), for plants that have been recorded as flowering in November in Manchester, England.

This template should only be used in the "Manchester, England = " field of Bloom clock plant middle

title: Template:Bcpm/mane/3