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Heat equation/Solution to the 2-D Heat Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

Definition
We start by changing the Laplacian operator in the 2-D heat equation from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates by the following definition: $$D:=(0,a) \times (0,b)~.$$ By changing the coordinate system, we arrive at the following nonhomogeneous PDE for the heat equation: $$u_t=k \left [ \frac{1}{r} \left ( u_r + ru_{rr} \right ) + \frac{1}{r^2} u_{\theta \theta} \right ] + h(r,\theta,t), \text{ where } (r,\theta) \in D, t \in (0,\infty)~.$$ We choose for the example the Robin boundary conditions and initial conditions as follows: $$ \begin{cases} \left\vert u(0,\theta,t) \right\vert < \infty \\ \alpha_1u(a,\theta,t)+\beta_1u_r(a,\theta,t)=0 \\ \alpha_2u(r,0,t)-\beta_2u_\theta(r,0,t)=0 \\ \alpha_3u(r,b,t)+\beta_3u_\theta(r,b,t)=0 \\ u(r,\theta,0)=f(r,\theta) \end{cases} $$

Separate Variables
$$u(r,\theta,t)=R(r)\Theta(\theta)T(t)$$ $$\Rightarrow R\Theta T'=k \left [ \frac{1}{r}(R'\Theta T+rR\Theta T) + \frac{1}{r^2} R\ThetaT \right ]$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{T'}{kT} = \frac{1}{r} \left ( \frac{R'}{R}+ r \frac{R}{R} \right ) + \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\Theta}{\Theta}$$ This means that a separation constant can be found that both sides will equal. Let's define it to be $$\lambda^2~.$$ This yields: $${\color{Blue}T'+k\lambda^2 T=0}$$ and multiplying the other side by $$r^2$$ yields: $$r \left ( \frac{R'}{R}+r\frac{R}{R} \right ) + \lambda^2r^2=-\frac{\Theta}{\Theta}$$ After defining another separation constant $$\mu^2$$, it yields: $${\color{Blue}\Theta''+\mu^2\Theta=0}$$ Multiplying the other side by R yields: $${\color{Blue}r^2R''+rR'+\left ( \lambda^2r^2-\mu^2 \right ) R = 0}$$ We now have separate differential equations for each variable.

Translate Boundary Conditions
$$\left\vert R(0)\Theta(\theta)T(t) \right\vert < \infty \Rightarrow \left\vert R(0) \right\vert < \infty$$ $$\alpha_1R(a)\Theta(\theta)T(t)+\beta_1R'(a)\Theta(\theta)T(t)=0 \Rightarrow \alpha_1R(a)+\beta_1R'(a)=0$$ $$\alpha_2R(r)\Theta(0)T(t)+\beta_2R(r)\Theta'(0)T(t)=0 \Rightarrow \alpha_2\Theta(0)-\beta_2\Theta'(0)=0$$ $$\alpha_3R(r)\Theta(b)T(t)+\beta_2R(r)\Theta'(b)T(t)=0 \Rightarrow \alpha_3\Theta(b)+\beta_3\Theta'(b)=0$$

Solve SLPs
$$ \left. \begin{align} \Theta''+\mu^2\Theta=0 \\ \alpha_2\Theta(0)-\beta_2\Theta'(0)=0\\ \alpha_3\Theta(b)+\beta_3\Theta'(b)=0 \end{align} \right \} \Rightarrow \begin{align} & \text{Eigenvalues } \mu_m \text{ are solutions to } (\alpha_2\alpha_3-\beta_2\beta_3\mu^2)\sin (\mu B)+(\alpha_2\beta_3+\alpha_3\beta_2)\mu\cos(\mu B)=0\\ & \Theta_m(\theta)=\beta_2\mu_m\cos(\mu_m \theta )+\alpha_2\sin (\mu_m \theta ), m=0,1,2,\cdots \end{align} $$ The SLP for $$R$$ is a singular Bessel type, whose eigenvalues $$\lambda_{mn}$$ depends on $$\mu_m$$ and are non-negative solutions to the following equation: $$\left ( \alpha_1 a + \beta_1 \mu_m \right ) J_{ \mu_m }(\lambda a) - \beta_1 a \lambda J_{\mu_m+1}(\lambda a) = 0$$ and the eigenfunction is: $$R_{mn}(r)=J_{\mu_m}(\lambda_{mn} r), \quad m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$ where $$J_\nu(x)$$ is the Bessel function of the first kind of order $$\nu$$.

Solve Time Equation
$$T'+k\lambda_{mn}^2 T=0$$ $$\Rightarrow T_{mn}(t)=C_{mn}e^{-k\lambda_{mn}^2t}$$

Step 2: Satisfy Initial Condition
Let's define the solution as an infinite sum: $$u(r,\theta,t):=\sum_{m,n=0}^\infty T_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)~.$$ With the initial condition: $$ \begin{align} f(r,\theta)&=u(r,\theta,0) \\ &=\sum_{m,n=0}^\infty T_{mn}(0)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \\ &=\sum_{m,n=0}^\infty C_{mn}R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \end{align} $$ where $$C_{mn}=\frac{\int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a f(r,\theta)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) r dr d\theta }{\int\limits_0^a R_{mn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta}~.$$ The weight function in the inner product $$w(r)=r$$ in integrals involving the Bessel functions. The Bessel functions $$R_m$$ are orthogonal relative to the "weighted" scalar product $$< f,g >_w:=\int\limits_0^a f(r)g(r)r dr~.$$

Step 3: Solve Non-homogeneous Equation
Solving the non-homogeneous equation involves defining the following functions: $$u(r,\theta,t):=\sum_{m,n=0}^\infty T_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)$$ $$h(r,\theta,t):=\sum_{m,n=0}^\infty H_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta), \quad H_{mn}(t)=\frac{\int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a h(r,\theta,t) R_{mn}(r) \Theta_m(\theta) r dr d\theta}{\int\limits_0^a R_{mn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta}$$ Substitute the new definitions into the non-homogeneous equations: $$ \begin{align} \sum T_{mn}'(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) = & k \left [ \frac{1}{r} \left ( \sum T_{mn}(t)R_{mn}'(r)\Theta_m(\theta) + r \sum T_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \right ) + \frac{1}{r^2} \sum T_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \right ] \\ & + \sum H_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \end{align} $$ We will use the following substitutions in our equation above: $$ \begin{cases} \Theta_m''(\theta)=-\mu_m^2\Theta_m(\theta) \\ rR_{mn}''(r)+R_{mn}'(r)=\frac{1}{r} \left ( \mu_m^2 - \lambda_{mn}^2r^2 \right ) R_{mn}(r) \end{cases} $$ We can eliminate the derivatives by substituting: $$ \begin{align} \sum T_{mn}'(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) & = \sum \left \{ T_{mn}(t) k \left [ \frac{1}{r} \underbrace{\left ( R_{mn}'(r)+rR_{mn}(r) \right ) }_{\frac{1}{r} \left ( \mu_m^2-\lambda_{mn}^2r^2 \right ) R_{mn}(r)} \Theta_m(\theta) + \frac{1}{r^2} R_{mn}(r) \underbrace{\Theta_m(\theta)}_{-\mu_m^2 \Theta_m(\theta) } \right ] \right \} + \sum H_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \\ & = \sum \left \{ T_{mn}(t) k \left [ \frac{1}{r^2} \left ( \mu_m^2-\lambda_{mn}^2r^2 \right ) - \frac{1}{r^2} \mu_m^2 \right ] \right \} R_{mn}(r) \Theta_m(\theta) + \sum H_{mn}(t)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \\ & = \sum \left [ \left ( -k\lambda_{mn}^2 \right ) T_{mn}(t)+H_{mn}(t) \right ] R_{mn}(r) \Theta_m(\theta) \end{align} $$ From the linear independence of $$R_{mn} \otimes \Theta_m$$, it follows that: $$T_{mn}'(t) + k\lambda_{mn}^2 T_{mn}(t) = H_{mn}(t)~.$$ This first-order ODE can be solved with the following integration factor: $$\mu(t) = e^{k\lambda_{mn}^2t} $$ Thus, the equation becomes: $$\left [ e^{ k \lambda_{mn}^2 t } T_{mn}(t) \right ]' = e^{ k \lambda_{mn}^2 t} H_{mn}(t)$$ $$\Rightarrow T_{mn}(t) = e^{-k \lambda_{mn}^2 t} \int\limits_0^t e^{k \lambda_{mn}^2 t} H_{mn}(s) ds + C_{mn} e^{-k \lambda_{mn}^2 t}$$ We satisfy the initial condition: $$ \begin{align} u(r,\theta,0) & = f(r,\theta) \\ & = \sum_{m,n=0}^\infty T_{mn}(0)R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta) \\ & = \sum_{m,n=0}^\infty C_{mn}R_{mn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta), \quad C_{mn}=\frac{\int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a f(r,\theta) R_{mn}(r) \Theta_m(\theta) r dr d\theta}{\int\limits_0^a R_{mn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta} \end{align} $$


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User:Freemancw

Hello, my name is Clinton Freeman, and I'm a senior Computer Science major at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Freemancw


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User:Atcovi/Fib Hurtan

If you have been working or playing with this page, it has been moved to its present location to prevent it from being deleted. Feel free to edit it here, in this "IP sandbox," or, if you register an account, it can be moved to your own user space. Welcome to Wikiversity, and feel free to look around and see if you find anything interesting. I'll be watching this page, so, please, be nice, okay? Otherwise, have fun!

Disney Shaltz

Follow Foot Path to Villain
Fib was at Holly desert, Standing until, Fib`s partner, Jossy showed up.”Chief Holton said that we have to catch a villain, and he said to follow the Foot Path to the villain” said Jossy, “The Foot path looks swirly and purple”, later, when Fib and Jossy showed up at the Foot Paths, they saw 3 paths. “Now what” said Fib, “Remember, the Foot Path I told you was swirly and purple” said Jossy, “Let`s go on the 2nd path” said Fib, “No that`s.. A red and blue path” said Jossy, When Fib was walking on the red and blue path, Fib saw a door, and Fib threw a ball at the door. Fib got knocked from the golf balls, “Okay, I know it`s wrong now” said Fib, “Let`s go on the 3rd path” said Jossy, when Jossy and Fib was running on the swirly and purple, they saw a door, When Jossy open the door, POW!, “The villain is here” said Jossy. “Hello Jossy and Fib, I bin coming and waiting for you 2” said the villain. “You’re the one who should get in big trouble” said Fib, Fib and Jossy got up and kick the villain and punch, slap even squirt water, later, “You’re under arrested” said Jossy. “I`ll have revenge on you 2, I`m getting revenge” said the villain, “Ya!” said Jossy and Fib, later, “You 2 did a good job” said Chief Holton “Now the villain is back in jail”. “What was his name” said Fib, “His name was Ray Manhattan” said Chief Holton.

Where’s Jossy
Fib was at HQ double. Fib was sitting in the hot sand. Then Chief Holton said, “Do you know where Jossy is? I have to call him to travel to Moscow” “Maybe he`s lost”. “Don`t say that, he`s a partner of mine an I`m going to find him” said Fib covering Chief Holton`s mouth. At Picksown`s yard, Fib and Chief Holton got scared “hush” said Fib, Fib tip-toed, until, CHHH!, “Who`s in my yard” yelled a voice, “It`s Picksown” said Fib, “Run” yelled Chief Holton, Fib and Chief Holton ran away on time, “And don`t come back” yelled Picksown, At Hamilton`s picnic basket, Chief Holton and Fib crawled inside the basket, then. Chief Holton and Fib felt shaking, but, a GIGGLE GIG and a HAHAHA. “what`s in here,” said Hamilton “I hope it`s not Susie`s Mouse”, Hamilton looked inside the basket, “Oh no” said Fib, Hamilton put his hand in and tried to slap Fib and Chief Holton, “Get out” said Hamilton, At Wooden Park, Fib opened the grass and saw Jossy and Kate. “What are you doing here” said Chief Holton “I was playing with Kate” said Jossy, “What, you need me to go to Moscow”, at the Pacific Ocean, “Goodbye Jossy” said Fib, “Goodbye” said Jossy “I`m going to miss him” said Chief Holton.

Steeling
Fib was at HQ double, “What happened to the LS shoot-inator” said Chief Holton, “And where`s my laser- otronic” said Fib, “It`s in the back of the door outside” said Chief Holton. “Maybe I can get my know- everything-inator” said Fib, “Oh no, that`s gone to”, “Maybe I`ll find Jossy” said Fib, When Fib walked for a long time, “Where`s Jossy now” said Fib “JOSSY!” “JOSSY!” “JOSSY!” “Maybe I just have to go on my car”, later, “Where is Jossy” said Fib, Fib saw a door, and Fib opened the door, Fib saw a girl having a dress and a pants and a kings crown, “I can`t explain” said the girl, When Fib drive on the car, Fib saw 2 cars, “Get out of the way” said Fib, Ahh, “People always bug me”. When Fib stopped at HQ double, Then Chief Holton said “Where`s the Knowto-station”. “Don`t your remember, you threw it away” said Fib, “Oh Ya” said Chief Holton “Then where’s my umbrella” said Chief Holton, “In Worksester`s shop” said Fib. Fib and Chief Holton got on the car and went, until. Fib saw a door “Open it” said Chief Holton, Fib opened the door and saw 2 villains, Man Joho and Ray Manhattan, “Why did you steel everything” said Fib, “Aaah I don`t know” said Man, later, “Your in prison” said Chief Holton, AT HQ DOUBLE, “Where`s L/O/P” said Fib.

title: User:Atcovi/Fib Hurtan


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User talk:Nyttend

 Hello Nyttend, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User talk:Freemancw

 Hello Freemancw, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User:Nyttend

w:User:Nyttend

title: User:Nyttend


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Advanced mechanics of materials

Welcome to this learning project about Advanced Mechanics of Materials!

Learning Project Summary

 * Project code:
 * Suggested Prerequisites:
 * Mechanics of materials
 * Time investment: 3 months
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Portal:Engineering and Technology
 * School:Engineering
 * Department:Mechanical Engineering
 * Stream:Applied Mechanics
 * Level: First year graduate

This course is being taught in Spring 2011. This website is under construction.

Content summary
This is a graduate-level course on advanced mechanics of materials.

Goals
This learning project aims to.
 * provide the mathematical foundations of mechanics of materials.

Syllabus and Learning Materials

 * 1) Mechanics of Materials
 * 2) Deformation measures
 * 3) Motion, displacement, velocity, acceleration
 * 4) Strains and deformations
 * 5) Polar decomposition
 * 6) Spectral decompositions of kinematic quantities
 * 7) Volume change and area change
 * 8) Time derivatives and rate quantities
 * 9) Objectivity of kinematic quantities
 * 10) Stress measures
 * 11) Stress measures
 * 12) Deviatoric and volumetric stress
 * 13) Objective stress rates
 * 14)  Balance laws and entropy inequality
 * 15) Constitutive relations
 * 16) Cauchy elastic materials

Assignments

 * Homework 1 Problem set
 * Solutions
 * Homework 2 Problem set
 * Solutions
 * Homework 3 Problem set
 * Solutions
 * Homework 4 Problem set
 * Solutions
 * Homework 5 Problem set
 * Solutions
 * Homework 6 Problem set
 * Solutions

Tests and Quizzes

 * Quiz 1
 * Solutions

title: Advanced mechanics of materials


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User talk:Mtschopp

 Hello Mtschopp, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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Transplantation/Internet Resources

Professional Organisations

 * American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (ASHI)
 * European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI)
 * Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR)
 * Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN)
 * United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)

International Histocompatibility Workshops

 * History of IHWG
 * 13th IHW
 * 14th IHW
 * 15th IHW
 * 16th IHW

Donor Registries

 * National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP)
 * Anthony Nolan Institute (Anthony Nolan)
 * DKMS
 * POSEIDON PROJECT
 * KMSZ Düsseldorf (Germany)

Immunogenetics

 * IMGT HLA Database
 * NMDP Bioinformatics
 * dbMHC
 * PYPOP HLA
 * Allele Frequencies Worldwide
 * HISTOCHECK
 * IPD KIR Databse
 * IPD MHC Databse

Peptide binding

 * SYFPEITHI
 * RANKPEP
 * T-Epitope designer

Products and reagents for HLA typing

 * PROTRANS
 * ONE LAMBDA
 * GEN-PROBE
 * CONEXIO GENOMICS
 * INVITROGEN
 * QIAGEN
 * OLERUP

title: Transplantation/Internet Resources


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Advanced mechanics of materials/Motion and displacement

Definition
Displacement, also known as distance, is the amount of space that exists between an object and an observer. As the object moves away from the observer, it increases the amount of space between it. When the object does this, it increases displacement, or displaces more of the space between it and the observer. As the object moves towards the observer, it decreases the amount of space between it. When the object does this, it decreases displacement, or displaces less of the space between it and the observer.

Number line displacement
In math, this concept of displacement is sometimes represented by a number line, with the number zero often thought of as the starting point or initial observer. This is because the zero is the most widely used system by which displacement is measured on the number line, due to the fact that it is most easily calculated by determining the number upon which the object is located, because zero subtracted from any number is always that number.

For example:


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User talk:JamesHas047

 Hello JamesHas047, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User talk:Diaa Sorour

 Hello Diaa Sorour, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User:Micheals

Mr. Salvatore Gerard Micheal

Alumni, Department of Statistics and Probability, MSU, E. Lansing, MI, USA

Salvatore G. Micheal / sam iam currently residing in Maeaeb, 24 km SE of Chiangsen

Email / Telephone Number: micheals@msu.edu / 05-319-6300

Education: BS Aug.'85 in statistics and psychology from Michigan State U., approximately half-MS in systems science from MSU, graduate coursework in computer science from Cal. State Hayward, industrial engineering from San Jose State, electrical engineering from Florida International, mechanical engineering from New Mexico State, and nuclear engineering from North Carolina State.

Experiences Overview: Technical: technician/programmer, gas leak survey technician, QC inspector, outside plant technician, cable TV splicer, support engineer, electronic technician, tech support, and satellite technician. Teaching: graduate teaching assistant, English conversation teacher, and science teacher. Writing: technical/scientific research and writing in machine cognition and elementary particle physics. Other: courier, cabinetmaker, and crew leader.

Main Accomplishments (some are continuing): father to Arthur Micheal, designed Better Way, discovered Iam Space, and invented Acoma

Explanations:

Arthur has dual-citizenship between Thailand and USA. We're working on getting him potty trained and less clingy with grandma. Hopefully, he'll have three languages 'under his belt' as he grows up: Yunnan Chinese, American English, and Thai. My main goal presently, other than giving him love, is to teach him the true meaning of respect via demonstration and other methods. Respect is a primary value of Better Way described below.

To my knowledge, Better Way is the only engineered religion. It's a synthesis of values and concepts taken from Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity. The intention is to provide a religion for humanity that engenders an enduring civilization based on Basic Human Rights that can carry us meaningfully to the stars while being simple, comprehensive, and comprehensible to a human child. This is a religion for all ages and ethnicities.

Iam Space is the basis for an alternative framework in the foundations of physics. Convention currently supports what i call probabilistic quantum mechanics and its associated assumptions. Iam Space, and its associated framework, proposes physics is not so random as convention believes. Of course because of the entrenchment of convention, most notably created by Feynman, i have largely been dismissed. However, there is a growing 'dissident group' that supports 'free airing' of such ideas: Natural Philosophy Alliance.

ACOMA stands for A COnscious MAchine. Not very elegant but there it is. i've been working on the design for over 14 years now (on and off) .. Mathematical maturity is the mathematician's way of describing a person's ability to 'see above the clouds' in terms of global mathematics understanding and skills. General problem solving is our ability to attack a wide variety of problems. Modern heuristics is one approach toward this. The systems-reliability approach is another. i lean towards the latter in most of my endeavors .. i've tried to consistently apply it in my approach towards Acoma.

Websites: - a design for a spacecraft fusion engine - Better Way in Chinese, Thai, and English - Better Way documents - my Scribd page - my NowPublic page - first paper on Acoma - second paper on Acoma - third paper on Acoma - fourth paper on Acoma - pictures of Arthur - a brief explanation of Iam Space - Natural Philosophy Alliance home-page

Advocate of: space, systems, engineering, science, math, and language

Goals: Be the best father to Arthur i can be. Teach and promote Better Way and concepts listed above. Teach and promote Basic Human Rights listed in BW-docs. Improve my design and fabrication skills by designing, fabricating, [and flying]: hanggliders, sailplanes, space-sailplane, eco-home, hybrid-vehicle, fusion engine for space applications, and a fully conscious AI. Research the Antarctic ocean ecology and kayak the Antarctic ocean.

If i had access to unlimited resources: i'd promote space technology, genetics research, and AI because these are the three fundamental technologies which will define future human civilization. i have no doubts, that if we fully funded these technologies, we'd develop: technology to reach nearby stars and planetary systems, custom designed organisms for any imaginable task/function, and partners in our exploration of space (fully conscious and altruistic AIs). Of course with any power there is danger, but i believe we can conscientiously apply the systems-reliability approach and wisdom in application of these technologies. That is my faith.

Seeking: teaching/research positions at Pacific Rim universities - please contact me directly if interested.

title: User:Micheals


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User:Micheals/Bosonless particle physics

temporal relativity, spacelet theory, and coherent processes sgm, 2011/JAN/09

In honor of Richard Feynman, in sincere humility, i hereby found a new branch of science with three main branchlets: temporal relativity, spacelet theory, and coherent processes. TR is the theoretical foundation behind spacelet theory. ST is the fully deterministic theory of elementary particles. Coherent processes is the deterministic analysis of: lasing, superfluidity, and coherent structures in turbulent flow, as examples. Because the assumptions of these areas are in stark contrast with those of the Standard Model of particle physics, we cannot use the standard methodologies of quantum field theory and conventional quantum mechanics. We must necessarily develop a temporal curvature analogy of quantum field theory. In fact, it is argued the phenomenal success of quantum electrodynamics is actually due to this conceptual analogy between the proposed temporal curvature theory and quantum field theory.

Many erroneously declare the 'greatest physicist of all time' to be Albert Einstein. Although his faith in the theory described above and his contribution of relativity is fully recognized, most of convention recognize Richard Feynman as that person. There are two basic reasons why he deserves this title. One is that Feynman basically 'taught physicists the deep structure of physics' by providing them the tools they needed to formally justify their ideas. The other is that he recognized, he himself, the need for a 'less haphazard' theory of elementary particles. Feynman was not as vocal about this as Einstein was but still believed we could find a better way of looking at things. The fact he had the mathematical and conceptual sophistication to develop modern QFT and QED, and the foresight to recognize their weaknesses, is the reason we honor him.

The inspiration for this theory comes from the inconsistent modeling approaches between conventional branches: nuclear chemistry and quantum mechanics. One assumes inherent stability and the other quite the opposite. This inconsistency within convention was one of the stimulants. However, the main impetus/motivation for it is the faulty main assumption of the Standard Model: elementary particles are probability waves that interact via virtual particles. Admittedly, this is the logical extension of Heisenberg's early matrix formulation. But at that time, we did not have the level of engineering sophistication capable of 'pointing the way' toward unification.

In my estimation, it will take about 100 years for this theory to be established because of the conceptual inertia of the physics community. So by 2110, we should be looking back at at this time saying "how could we be so naive?" As stated above, it's not really convention's fault for not developing this theory previously. We simply didn't have the sophistication in perspective to be able to model things appropriately. That's forgivable. What's 'unforgivable' (strictly speaking, nothing is unforgivable) is if we ignore this 'wake up call'.

Many will see me as incapable of establishing a new branch of science. Many will see me as arrogant. However, close to 40 years i've made it a lifetime discipline (humility) and approximately 30 years i've privately studied physics. Even considering these factors, many would still dismiss me as incapable. But it's always the 'fresh perspective' in science which 'solves the problem'. This particular perspective comes from engineering.

There are two engineering concepts and one relatively new area that contribute: elasticity, impedance, and wavelet theory. Within engineering, these concepts are well developed and deserve more attention from the physics community. Admittedly, specifically because of this deterministic bent and the fact impedance 'smells' something like the historical aether, physicists have ignored them.. But again, because of the level of sophistication of the models being discussed, we cannot afford to ignore them anymore.

Models is plural above because we're being inclusive of general relativity. The new branch briefly described above has its roots in both general and special relativity - as much as the engineering concepts mentioned above. So it's not as if this 'new tree' of science does not have foundations / roots / conceptual inspirations .. The path to this tree/moment was quite convoluted and took me through territory mentioned above: from impedance to special relativity to general relativity to now. It's not so much i 'borrowed concepts' as began to see a clearer image of this view of elementary particles.. What's the famous quote.. "We see through a glass darkly.." Not exact but you get the idea.. So the main reason Feynman himself could not develop these ideas was because, i believe, he was browbeaten into submission by himself to follow a conventional path. How would we have received his proclamations had he followed this path? i believe quite derisively as i have been.. So basically 'no choice' Feynman had - but to support convention.

There is tremendous unspoken pressure to conform in the physics community. Basically, the tenet is: conform or don't get supported. This is the battle any newcomer must face. Even Einstein faced great ridicule within the community because of his philosophy and later years. He was mocked and denigrated.. It's the sad unfortunate truth that even physicists are subject to normal human frailties.. ;) So much of my previous writings were about the philosophy of science, scientific method, and Occam's Razor because we have led ourselves astray.

This is my formal statement because if i don't make it, history will not recognize me as saying so. i must take a stand and make an unequivocal declaration: the Higgs will never be detected (if something is found, it will not be the Higgs), no evidence for gravitons will ever be detected, many of the 'forces' will be overturned such as Casimir and weak, and all so-called quantum effects will be subsumed into various portions of ST or coherent processes. In lieu of any commendation, i respectfully request we formally develop: temporal curvature theory, TR, ST, and coherent processes independent of any probabilistic/QFT formulation.

..All the hullabaloo about 2012 may very well be this 'transformation in physics' i'm calling for.. What i'm calling for is a return to determinism and rationality. And quite honestly, a return to sanity.

ci-dessus en français 以上中 日本上 compilation of documents relating to Iam space Micheals 05:56, 10 January 2011 (UTC)


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User talk:Micheals

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Genetics/Human Leukocyte Antigen/Linkage Disequilibrium/DR-DQ Blocks

(Block frequency is expressed as the negative of the decimal logarithm of the frequency, that is 1 is 1 in 10, 2 is 1 in 100, 3 is 1 in 1000, etc.)


text: File:2005 ASHI Poster 48 PCano.pdf

title: File:2005 ASHI Poster 48 PCano.pdf


text:
Heat equation/Solution to the 3-D Heat Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

Definition
We are adding to the equation found in the 2-D heat equation in cylindrical coordinates, starting with the following definition: $$D:=(0,a) \times (0,b) \times (0,L)~.$$ By changing the coordinate system, we arrive at the following nonhomogeneous PDE for the heat equation: $$u_t=k \left [ \frac{1}{r} \left ( u_r + ru_{rr} \right ) + \frac{1}{r^2} u_{\theta \theta} + u_{zz} \right ] + h(r,\theta,z,t), \text{ where } (r,\theta,z) \in D, t \in (0,\infty)~.$$ We choose for the example the Robin boundary conditions and initial conditions as follows: $$ \begin{cases} \left\vert u(0,\theta,z,t) \right\vert < \infty \\ \alpha_1u(a,\theta,z,t)+\beta_1u_r(a,\theta,z,t)=0 \\ \alpha_2u(r,0,z,t)-\beta_2u_\theta(r,0,z,t)=0 \\ \alpha_3u(r,b,z,t)+\beta_3u_\theta(r,b,z,t)=0 \\ \alpha_4u(r,\theta,0,t)-\beta_4u_z(r,\theta,0,t)=0 \\ \alpha_5u(r,\theta,L,t)+\beta_5u_z(r,\theta,L,t)=0 \\ u(r,\theta,z,0)=f(r,\theta,z) \end{cases} $$

Solution
All of the boundary conditions are homogeneous, so we don't have to partition the solution into a "steady-state" portion and a "variable" portion. Otherwise, that would be the way to solve this problem.

Separate Variables
$$u(r,\theta,z,t)=R(r)\Theta(\theta)Z(z)T(t)$$ $$\Rightarrow R\Theta ZT' = k \left ( R \Theta ZT + \frac{1}{r} R' \Theta ZT + \frac{1}{r^2} R\ThetaZT + R\Theta Z''T \right )$$ $$\frac{T'}{kT} = \frac{R}{R} + \frac{1}{r} \frac{R'}{R}+\frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\Theta}{\Theta}+\frac{Z''}{Z}$$ There is a separation constant $$\gamma^2$$ that both sides of the equation are equivalent to. This yields: $$\frac{T'}{kT}=-\gamma^2 \Rightarrow {\color{Blue}T'+k\gamma^2T=0}$$ $$\frac{R}{R} + \frac{1}{r} \frac{R'}{R}+\frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\Theta}{\Theta} + \gamma^2 = -\frac{Z''}{Z} = \mu^2$$ The second equation yields the equations: $${\color{Blue}Z''+\mu^2Z=0}$$ $$\frac{R}{R}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{R'}{R}+\gamma^2-\mu^2=-\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\Theta}{\Theta}$$ $$\Rightarrow r^2\frac{R}{R}+r\frac{R'}{R}+ \left ( \gamma^2-\mu^2 \right ) r^2=-\frac{\Theta}{\Theta}=\rho^2$$ This yields the following equations: $${\color{Blue}\Theta''+\rho^2 \Theta =0}$$ $${\color{Blue}r^2R''+rR'+ \left [ \left ( \gamma^2-\mu^2 \right ) r^2 - \rho^2 \right ] R =0}$$

Translate Boundary Conditions
Just like in the 2-D heat equation, the boundary conditions yield: $$ \begin{cases} \left\vert R(0) \right\vert < \infty \\ \alpha_1R(a)+\beta_1R'(a)=0 \\ \alpha_2\Theta(0)-\beta_2\Theta'(0)=0 \\ \alpha_3\Theta(b)+\beta_3\Theta'(b)=0 \\ \alpha_4Z(0)-\beta_4Z'(0)=0 \\ \alpha_5Z(L)+\beta_5Z'(L)=0 \\ \end{cases} $$

Solve SLPs
$$ \left. \begin{align} & Z''+\mu^2Z=0 \\ & \alpha_4Z(0)-\beta_4Z'(0)=0 \\ & \alpha_5Z(L)+\beta_5Z'(L)=0 \end{align} \right \} \begin{align} & \text{Eigenvalues } \mu_k \text{: solutions to equation } ( \alpha_4\alpha_5-\beta_4\beta_5\mu^2 ) \sin (\mu L)+(\alpha_4\beta_5+\alpha_5\beta_4)\mu \cos (\mu L) = 0 \\ & Z_k(z)=\beta_4\mu_k \cos (\mu_kz)+\alpha_4 \sin (\mu_kz), \; k=0,1,2,\cdots \end{align} $$

$$ \left. \begin{align} & \Theta''+\rho^2 \Theta =0 \\ & \alpha_2\Theta(0)-\beta_2\Theta'(0)=0 \\ & \alpha_3\Theta(b)+\beta_3\Theta'(b)=0 \end{align} \right \} \begin{align} & \text{Eigenvalues } \rho_m \text{: solutions to equation } ( \alpha_2\alpha_3-\beta_2\beta_3\rho^2 ) \sin (\rho b)+(\alpha_2\beta_3+\alpha_3\beta_2)\rho \cos (\rho b) = 0 \\ & \Theta_m(\theta)=\beta_2\rho_m \cos (\rho_m\theta)+\alpha_2 \sin (\rho_m\theta), \; m=0,1,2,\cdots \end{align} $$

$$ \left. \begin{align} & r^2R''+rR'+ \left [ \left ( \gamma^2-\mu^2 \right ) r^2 - \rho^2 \right ] R =0 \\ & \left\vert R(0) \right\vert < \infty \\ & \alpha_1R(a)+\beta_1R'(a)=0 \end{align} \right \}

\begin{align} & \text{Substitute } \lambda^2=\gamma^2-\mu_k^2 \text{ and } \nu^2=\rho_m, \; k,m=0,1,2,\cdots \\ & \text{Eigenvals } \lambda_{kmn} \text{: solns to eqn } ( \alpha_1\lambda a+\beta_1\rho_m ) J_{\rho_m} (\lambda a)-\beta_1 a \lambda J_{\rho_m+1} (\lambda a) = 0 \\ & R_{kmn}(r)=J_{\rho_m}(\lambda_{kmn}r), \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots \\ & \gamma_{kmn}^2=\lambda_{kmn}^2+\mu_{k}^2 \end{align} $$

Solve Time Equation
$$T'+k\gamma_{kmn}^2T=0$$ The solution to the equation is: $$T_{kmn}(t)=C_{kmn}e^{-k \left ( \lambda_{kmn}^2+\mu_k^2 \right ) t}, \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$

Step 2: Satisfy Initial Condition
Define: $$u(r,\theta,z,t)=\sum_{k,m,n=0}^\infty T_{kmn}(t)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z)$$ Applying the initial condition: $$ \begin{align} u(r,\theta,z,0) & = f(r,\theta,z) \\ & = \sum_{k,m,n=0}^\infty T_{kmn}(0)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z) \\ & = \sum_{k,m,n=0}^\infty C_{kmn}R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z) \\ \end{align} $$ This is the orthogonal expansion of $$f$$ in terms of $$R_{kmn} \otimes \Theta_m(\theta) \otimes Z_k~.$$ Hence, $$C_{kmn}=\frac{\int\limits_0^L \int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a f(r,\theta,z)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z) r dr d\theta dz}{\int\limits_0^a R_{kmn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta \int\limits_0^L Z_k^2(z) dz}, \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$

Step 3: Solve the Non-homogeneous Equation
Let: $$u(r,\theta,z,t)=\sum_{k,m,n=0}^\infty T_{kmn}(t)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z)$$ $$h(r,\theta,z,t)=\sum_{k,m,n=0}^\infty H_{kmn}(t)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z), \; H_{kmn}(t)=\frac{\int\limits_0^L \int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a h(r,\theta,z,t)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z) r dr d\theta dz}{\int\limits_0^a R_{kmn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta \int\limits_0^L Z_k^2(z) dz}, \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$ Substitute the expansions for u and h into the non-homogeneous equation: $$\sum T_{kmn}'R_{kmn}\Theta_mZ_k = k \left \{ \sum T_{kmn} \left [ \underbrace{\left ( R_{kmn} + \frac{1}{r} R_{kmn}' \right )}_{- \left [ \left ( \lambda_{kmn}^2 - \mu_k^2 \right ) - \frac{1}{r^2} \rho_m^2 \right ] R_{kmn}} \Theta_m Z_k + \frac{1}{r^2} R_{kmn} \underbrace{\Theta_m}_{-\rho_m^2 \Theta_m} Z_k + R_{kmn} \Theta_m \underbrace{Z_k''}_{-\mu_k^2Z_k} \right ] \right \} + \sum H_{kmn} R_{kmn} \Theta_m Z_k$$ $$\Leftrightarrow \sum T_{kmn}' \left [ R_{kmn} \Theta_m Z_k \right ] = \sum \left [ (-k\gamma_{kmn}^2) T_{kmn} + H_{kmn} \right ] \left [ R_{kmn} \Theta_m Z_k \right ]$$ From the linear independence of $$R_{kmn} \otimes \Theta_m \otimes Z_k~$$: $$T_{kmn}'(t)=k\gamma_{kmn}^2T_{kmn}(t) = H_{kmn}(t), \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$ $$T_{kmn}(t)=e^{-k\gamma_{kmn}^2 t} \int\limits_0^t e^{k\gamma_{kmn}^2 s} H_{kmn}(s) ds + C_{kmn} e^{-k\gamma_{kmn}^2 t}$$ The undetermined coefficient satisfies the initial condition: $$C_{kmn}=\frac{\int\limits_0^L \int\limits_0^b \int\limits_0^a f(r,\theta,z)R_{kmn}(r)\Theta_m(\theta)Z_k(z) r dr d\theta dz}{\int\limits_0^a R_{kmn}^2(r) r dr \int\limits_0^b \Theta_m^2(\theta) d\theta \int\limits_0^L Z_k^2(z) dz}, \; k,m,n=0,1,2,\cdots$$


text:
Talk:Biblical Studies (NT)

I recognize that this is an "introductory" course on the New Testament but it is a bit amazing that the only gospel really discussed is that of Mark. I suppose one could assume that since Matthew and Luke are part of the "synoptic problem" and are largely based on Mark according to most academic opinions Mark is sufficient to cover the basics of the story. However with no real discussion of John a great deal of Christ's mission is missed.

Regardless a great deal of work has gone into this course and for that I am grateful and thankful. --Bill A 14:51, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

 * You probably got that impression by looking at the reading assignments, but actually, all four gospels are dealt with as a group, and the lessons draw from all of them.
 * The readings consist of the entire gospel of Mark in four assignments. I'm guessing that the author considered it better for the beginning student to read one entire gospel than bits and pieces of all four. Presumably, Mark was chosen because it is the shortest and easiest to read, and is in keeping with the stated purpose in the introduction to the course that the reading assignments don't become "burdensome". The introduction also says that after finishing the course, those who wish to continue their studies should begin by reading the parts of the New Testament not covered in the reading assignments. --Kicheko 05:49, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Some subpages may need renaming (full capitalization)
According to Special:PrefixIndex/Biblical_Studies_(NT)/, some of the subpages of this entry are named with full capitalization. Per the discussion at Wikiversity_talk:Naming_conventions, I think these should be moved. If there is no objection, I will rename them in the next few days. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 16:13, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 08:10, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biblical Studies (NT)


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User talk:Poticecream

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User talk:Od1n

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User talk:Icns141/Term 1, 2010/2011 Schedule

Dear Students,

Use this area of ICNS141 to share comments with other students. Icns141 05:28, 2 January 2011 (UTC)


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User talk:Amarafeh

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User:KBlott/SK

=Peyronie’s Disease= Peyronie’s Disease is an inflammation and fibrosis of the tunica albuginea. The initial acute phase is characterized by the presence of a tender palpable nodule, pain on erection, and the growth of fibrous plaques. Acute Peyronie’s disease is progressive in 30% of individuals without treatment and spontaneous resolution is rare. The chronic phase is characters by penile narrowing or dorsal (45%) or lateral (29%) curvature.

Pentoxifylline
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) contributes to the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease. Pentoxifylline (PTX) antagonizes this affect and is used to treat Peyronie's disease.

Type 1 interferon
Peyronie's disease responds to treatment with exogenous alpha interferon.

Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers modulate metabolism of collagens within the extracellular matrix and soften Peyronie’s disease associated plaque.

Association with metabolic syndrome
Peyronie’s Disease is associated with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension. This suggests that metabolic syndrome and Peyronie’s Disease are likely to share a common risk factor. Metabolic syndrome in chickens has been linked to alpha herpes virus infection. Metabolic syndrome in humans has been associated with alpha herpes virus infection, beta herpes virus infection, and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Type 1 interferon
Type 1 interferon directly inhibits maturation of a broad spectrum of viral infections.

Peyronie’s disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea are disordered in Peyronie's disease associated plaque. Elastin is also expressed in the lungs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with beta herpes virus infection.

Evidence of an autoimmune response in Peyronie’s Disease
Peyronie's disease is associated with increased serum levels of anti-elastin antibodies.

Indirect evidence of association with beta herpes virus infection
Over-expression of p53 has been reported in cell lines derived from individuals with Peyronie's disease. Human cytomegalovirus elevates levels of the cellular protein p53 in infected fibroblasts.

Indirect evidence of association with gamma herpes virus infection
Basic fibroblast growth factor is over expressed in cell lines derived from individuals with Peyronie's disease. The human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) is a recently described virus which induces over-expression of basic fibroblast growth factor. Alpha interferon inhibits the replication of this virus.

HLA-DQ5
Individuals with an HLA-DQ5 genotype are at an increased risk for Peyronie's disease. One small study has linked the HLA-DQ5 genotype with an increased susceptibility Helicobacter pylori infection.

Type 2 interferon
Nitric oxide inhibits plaque formation. Mitochondrial nitric oxide biosynthesis can be stimulated with exogenous gamma interferon. The inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on the TGF-beta pathway does not appear in Peyronie's disease. Helicobacter pylori disrupts STAT1-mediated Gamma Interferon-Induced signal transduction in epithelial Cells.

=Iatrogenic Fanconi syndrome=

Iatrogenic Fanconi syndrome appears to occur in AIDS carriers who combine older antiretrovirals (such as d4t) which inhibit mitochondrial DNA synthesis with newer antiretrovirals (such as tenofovir) that inhibit the organic anion transporter Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). MRP2 is expressed in on the apical membrane of proximal renal tubule endothelial cells where it transports organic anions from the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells into the lumen of the nephron. Inhibition of these transporters causes the build up of organic anions in the cytoplasm. If those organic anions happen to include mitochondrial DNA polymerase inhibitors, such as d4T, this can impair mitochondrial replication. This in turn impairs the endothelial cell functions which includes reuptake of glucose causing glucosuria. The current treatment for this condition is to drop the medications that inhibit mitochondrial DNA synthesis.

title: User:KBlott/SK


text:
User:The spesh man

To see my page, go to my Wikipedia page Can someone tell me about the, look for this page bar on top, this should be added to all wiki user and wiki talk pages for quick access

title: User:The spesh man


text:
User talk:The spesh man

 Hello The spesh man, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --mikeu talk 01:58, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:The spesh man


text:
User:B9 hummingbird hovering/Blog/A short fiction

 * http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=540261053#!/event.php?eid=141074662616327&index=1

Parameters
Professional and emerging writers are encouraged to enter this short story competition that seeks work about male-on-male sex and sexuality that goes beyond the twosome. Themes of polyamory, screwing around, open relationships, cheating and pay back are all encouraged. Entries must be 3,000 words or less and not have been published previously. Prose and narrative verse will be considered. First prize: $1000; Commendation Awards ...of $500 each.

The competition follows the successful running of the competition in 2009 and 2010. Entrants should email their entries to contactus@hares-hyenas.com.au. Full contact details must be included but will not be provided to the judges.

Competition closes 15 April 2011.

A little poison: the telling fruit of the vine of the untold

 * All lovely tales that we have heard or read:
 * An endless fountain of immortal drink,
 * Pouring unto us from the heaven’s brink.
 * Endymion (excerpt) by Keats

A cast of the real: Leaven, a genderqueer prostitute of the Temple of Dreams & Ankor the daemon-possessed attendant of a Holy Well.

In a ring grove of thirteen bitter-orange trees the dreamform of Leaven mounts the prone Ankor upon a bier-wreath of fallen sweet-scented orange blossom. The pollinated flowers are sweet-smelling which yield as the Seasons' turn, as they ever-to-almost-always-do to a full bitter fruit. Prior to birth, the to-be of Ankor was claimed in the Inbetween by the ancient spirit of a Holy Well whose ungendered spirit engendered his.

The fruit of Ankor's daemon possessed gender seeded the dream-interiority of Leaven's hallowed mancunt. The body of Leaven was dreaming in the Temple of Ascelepius aroundwhich was enwrapt the Python whose eye's aglaze was slewing its thirteenth skin in rapture as the tip of its tail forced its way into the secret-door of Leaven, stretching the formidable entrance and jubilated as the prostrate enjoyed an unprecedented ebullience.

The simulacrae of Leaven lent a falling pearlescent tear to the bright eye of the glistening Ankor wherein he saw himself and Leaven as himself and them both as otherwise. They cognised the recognition as a simultaneity well within each other how they had together-been in lives untold enfolded in time's past and in the unscored manifold times yet to tell in the ancient World-tree besidewhich was a Well well-watered by the River of Time of times known and unknown. The deep reticulum of roots of the Tree were grounded and one with the deep waters of timelessness the substratum of atonement upon which the currents of the River of Time were founded. In preternatural orgasm, Ankor awoke.

The sight of the awakening Ankor resolving into focus as the peripheral frames of his masculine full lashes, fluttering, fell out of his mind into his autonomic system. Clear light of a burgeoning dawn alit a supernal shimmering haze of orange-blossom which fell and continued to fall alighting upon him from immediately above. The blossom falling to ground and skin caressing both as one as an enchanted spider's web caresses the enwrapt variagated moss and pied feathers by which it's practical spell of catchment is fortified as the a half-remembered half-dreamed simulacrae reminiscent of a beautiful liminal human body was no longer to be seen to his dream-eye, the eye-of-his-mind or to his now clear, awakened sight in what was the former magical haze so alike to the form of a human.

Note
Due to my homelife instability I did not feel in a situation where I could give this due attention so it is sidelined atm. But this story has been birthing within me for a number of years now and hopefully it will bring itself to completion. If it wants to live it will ensure it is written. B9hummingbirdhoverin'æ•ω•ॐ 01:08, 2 May 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:WikipediaOS

FYI: here is some info about social contracts for Wikipedia + Debian + Google which could be integrated: Wikimedia Ethics/Social contract, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 15:10, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Hypotheses
It is unsurprising that the development models are similar. I think the inventors of Wikipedia followed the open source example (which grew out of scientific cooperation at universities, for instance on Unix).

 * Task specialization: This hypothesis is not very specific. Are there any examples of large projects without any specialization?
 * Meritocracy as a Decision-Making system: Meritocracy creeps in automatically if contributors are given a certain freedom and are allowed to convince with their contributions. This is again very unsurprising.
 * Content and process transparency: While it doesn't appear to be strictly necessary the most inclusive process does appear to suggest both. Process transparency is only found in some open source projects and may be motivated by the understanding that process transparency is desirable.
 * Release early, release often: Again that seems rather unsurprising because a large and unorganized crowd of observers requires some form of publication to become interested and maybe motivation to contribute.
 * Development of parallel comments: That appears to be the rather weak observation that people make notes and groups of people can improve their organization with notes written for third parties.
 * Benevolent dictatorship: A benevolent dictatorship is merely a contributor who made the most remarkable contribution and thus a result of meritocracy.
 * Possibility of forking: When content is licensed under an open license that allows forking then forking is possible. This is quite unsurprising.
 * Licensing: The licensing model of Wikipedia follows the example of open source and open source followed the example of scientific cooperation at universities, which, even without open source, would be adequate for Wikipedia.
 * Social filtering: That appears to be the rather weak observation that people hold opinions about other people and that projects that accept content from the general public need to implement some kind of selection mechanism.
 * Platforms for nesting projects: This doesn't appear to be an observation at all, unless it is the observation that web sites that have shown to be useful for one type of project are also likely to host another type of project.
 * Reusing of sources: This is the observation that if content may be reused according to its license than that can happen.
 * Netiquette: This is the incredibly weak observation that communication in large groups may benefit from well-known rules.
 * Need of "enemies of the common"': This doesn't appear to be an observation either. Microsoft’s hegemonic model may have provided some motivation to open source programmers, but it is unclear if that was relevant. Open source grew out of cooperation between researchers on the Unix operating system. In case of Wikipedia this does appear to be even less applicable. One could say that the non-existence of another Wikipedia (as the only known alternative development model to Britannica’s or Encarta’s development model) was the main motivation. Quite unsurprising.
 * Activity tracks: This appears to be the observation that publication can motivate readers to read the publication and that some publications are published through specific channels. Quite unsurprising.
 * HowTos and ad hoc guidelines: This does appear to be almost identical to the the Development of parallel comments observation.
 * Issue Tracking / Debugging: Similar to Social filtering this observation repeats that accepting content from the general public may require some kind of quality control.
 * "Self-interested" participants: This appears to be the observation that people may follow different motivations, not only a single motivation that appears to be the "officially endorsed" motivation.
 * Differences in gender participation: This appears to be a sociological observation about differences in behavior between men and women.

I would say the parallelisms that have been found are not very characteristic and also unsurprising because Wikipedia follows the model of open source cooperation and cooperation found at universities, which seems adequate for Wikipedia. In some areas Wikipedia goes further than open source and university projects out of the need to organize more people interacting on more and more inhomogeneous content in a shorter time. --Bernhard Fastenrath 11:40, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Math Formula
Sorry, we have a math formula vandal who visits occasionally, and it wasn't clear on first view how the formula was relevant to this page. Thanks for your contributions! -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:45, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:WikipediaOS


text:
User talk:EeshitaDey77

 Hello EeshitaDey77, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 15:33, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:EeshitaDey77


text:
User talk:Rwthoren

 Hello Rwthoren, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 21:24, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rwthoren


text:
User:KBlott/TGF-beta/TGF beta 1

Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. In humans, TGF-β1 is encoded by the TGFB1 gene. It is located on chromosome 19q13.2.

Function
TGFB is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in many cell types. TGFB acts synergistically with TGFA in inducing transformation. It also acts as a negative autocrine growth factor. Dysregulation of TGFB activation and signaling may result in apoptosis. Many cells synthesize TGFB and almost all of them have specific receptors for this peptide. TGFB1, TGFB2, and TGFB3 all function through the same receptor signaling systems.[supplied by OMIM] TGF-β1 was first identified in human platelets as a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons with a potential role in wound healing. It was later characterized as a large protein precursor (containing 390 amino acids) that was proteolytically processed to produce a mature peptide of 112 amino acids. TGF-β1 plays an important role in controlling the immune system, and shows different activities on different types of cell, or cells at different developmental stages. Most immune cells (or leukocytes) secrete TGF-β1.

TGF-β1 and T cells
Some T cells (e.g. regulatory T cells) release TGF-β1 to inhibit the actions of other T cells. Interleukin 1- and interleukin 2-dependent proliferation of activated T cells, and the activation of quiescent helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells is prevented by the activity of TGF-β1. Similarly, TGF-β1 can inhibit the secretion and activity of many other cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and various interleukins. It can also decrease the expression levels of cytokine receptors, such as the IL-2 receptor to down-regulate the activity of immune cells. However, TGF-β1 can also increase the expression of certain cytokines in T cells and promote their proliferation, particularly if the cells are immature.

TGF-β1 and B cells
TGF-β1 has similar effects on B cells that also vary according to the differentiation state of the cell. It inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of B cells, and plays a role in controlling the expression of antibody, transferrin and MHC class II proteins on immature and mature B cells.

TGF-β1 and myeloid cells
The effects of TGF-β1 on macrophages and monocytes is predominantly suppressive; this cytokine can inhibit the proliferation of these cells and prevent their production of reactive oxygen (e.g. superoxide (O2−)) and nitrogen (e.g. nitric oxide (NO)) intermediates. However, as with other cell types, TGF-β1 can also have the opposite effect on cells of myeloid origin. For example, TGF-β1 acts as a chemoattractant, directing an immune response to some pathogens; macrophages and monocytes respond to low levels of TGF-β1 in a chemotactic manner. Furthermore, the expression of monocytic cytokines (including interleukin-1(IL-1)-alpha, IL-1-beta, and TNF-α), and phagocytic killing by macrophages can be increased by the action of TGF-β1.

Interactions
TGF beta 1 has been shown to interact with TGF beta receptor 1, LTBP1, YWHAE, EIF3I and Decorin.

title: User:KBlott/TGF-beta/TGF beta 1


text:
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a refractory and lethal interstitial lung disease characterized by alveolar epithelial cells apoptosis, fibroblast proliferation, and ECM protein deposition. Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease that causes swelling and scarring of the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitial tissues (tissue between cells) of the lungs. Bacteria and other micro-organisms are not routinely found in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. On the other hand, the condition does sometimes appear to follow a viral-like illness particularly Epstein-Barr virus infection. The 6A(4) allele of the SPA1 gene has been associated with an increased susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in nonsmokers but not in smokers.

quiz
{Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by _________. + alveolar epithelial cells apoptosis, fibroblast proliferation, and ECM protein deposition - swelling and scarring of the alveoli and interstitial tissues - presence of bacteria and other micro-organisms - viral-like illness
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! This is the exact characterization of IPF.
 * Incorrect. This is a description of pulmonary fibrosis in general.
 * Incorrect. Bacteria and other micro-organisms are not routinely found in IPF.
 * Incorrect. While IPF might follow a viral-like illness, it's not its characterization.

{Which virus is sometimes associated with the onset of IPF? - Influenza virus + Epstein-Barr virus - Rhinovirus - Coronavirus
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.
 * Correct! Epstein-Barr virus infection is sometimes associated with IPF.
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.

{The 6A(4) allele of the SPA1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to IPF in _________. - both smokers and nonsmokers + nonsmokers but not in smokers - only smokers - neither smokers nor nonsmokers
 * type="[]"}
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.
 * Correct! The 6A(4) allele of the SPA1 gene is associated with IPF in nonsmokers but not smokers.
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.
 * Incorrect. Review the information provided.

title: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis


text:
User talk:Jstephenperry

 Hello Jstephenperry, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 03:22, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Useless
Your page of Hello World is usless and harmful to Wikiversity ---Draubb

title: User talk:Jstephenperry


text:
SPA1

Signal-induced proliferation-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIPA1 gene. The product of this gene regulates cell differentiation. It is a mitogen induced GTPase activating protein (GAP). It exhibits a specific GAP activity for Ras-related regulatory proteins Rap1 and Rap2, but not for Ran or other small GTPases. This protein may also hamper mitogen-induced cell cycle progression when abnormally or prematurely expressed. It is localized to the perinuclear region. Two alternatively spliced variants encoding the same isoform have been characterized to date.

title: SPA1


text:
Cross product

The cross product, also known as the "vector product", is a vector associated with a pair of vectors in 3-dimensional space.

Geometric Definition

The cross product is written with a "times sign" between the vectors. Letting $$\vec C$$ be the cross product of $$\vec A$$ "times" $$\vec B$$, we have:

 * $$\vec C = \vec{A} \times \vec{B} $$

The magnitude of $$\vec C$$ is product of the lengths of the two vectors times the sine of the angle between them:
 * $$||\vec{A} \times \vec{B}|| = AB\sin\theta$$,

where $$A=||\vec A||$$ and $$B=||\vec B||$$, and pointing in the direction perpendicular to the plane formed by the two vectors:

This leaves an ambiguity—it could point in either of two opposite directions. The ambiguity is resolved by the "right hand rule"—if the fingers of the right hand (except the thumb) are curled as if to depict the rotation of the first vector into the second (following the angular direction of the smallest angle between them), then the thumb points in the direction of the cross product.

A few properties can be deduced from this definition:
 * It is homogeneous in each argument: $$(\lambda\vec{A}) \times \vec{B} = \vec{A} \times (\lambda\vec{B}) = \lambda (\vec{A} \times \vec{B})\,$$.
 * If the two vectors point in the same direction, or opposite directions, their cross product is zero. This is because the sine of 0° or 180° is zero.  It is fortunate that this is so, because the right hand rule couldn't be applied in that case.
 * The cross product of two vectors is perpendicular to each of those vectors.
 * It is anticommutative: $$\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = - \vec{B} \times \vec{A}$$.
 * The cross product has an intrinsic "handedness" or chirality, due to the use of the right hand rule. If one looks in a mirror at two vectors and their cross product, the cross product will appear to point in the wrong direction.

Algebraic Definition
The cross product has a remarkable, convenient, and elegant algebraic formulation. If the components of a vector in 3-dimensional Cartesian space are given with subscripts: $$A_x$$, $$A_y$$, and $$A_z$$, then the cross product of vectors $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{B}$$ is given by:
 * $$(\vec{A} \times \vec{B})_x = (A_yB_z - A_zB_y)$$

 * $$(\vec{A} \times \vec{B})_y = (A_zB_x - A_xB_z)$$

 * $$(\vec{A} \times \vec{B})_z = (A_xB_y - A_yB_x)$$

 * It needs to be emphasized that this formula only works if the components of the vectors are described in Cartesian space. In other coordinate systems, it may be necessary to use other, more complicated formulas.

This can be put into a particularly convenient and easy-to-remember form through the use of determinants. Letting $$\hat{x}$$, $$\hat{y}$$, and $$\hat{z}$$ be the Cartesian unit basis vectors, and taking a slight liberty in the meaning of multiplication, we have:
 * $$\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = \begin{vmatrix} \hat{x} & \hat{y} & \hat{z} \\ A_x & A_y & A_z \\ B_x & B_y & B_z \end{vmatrix}$$

The theory of determinants tells us that the determinant changes sign if any two rows of the matrix are exchanged, so swapping the two vectors changes the sign—the cross product is anticommutative. The theory of determinants also tells us that it is homogeneous. One can also work out that it is distributive:
 * $$(\vec{A}+\vec{B}) \times \vec{C} = (\vec{A} \times \vec{C}) + (\vec{B} \times \vec{C})$$

Equivalence of the two Definitions
It is important to prove that the geometric and algebraic definitions of the cross product are the same. The proof is somewhat difficult. First, we need a few lemmas, that is, preliminary theorems.

Notation: We will use a fixed vector $$\vec{C}$$ throughout. Consider the plane $$P\,$$ perpendicular to $$\vec{C}$$. The projection of any other vector (say $$\vec{A}$$) onto $$P\,$$ will be denoted $$\vec{A}^*$$. See Figure 1.

 * What if $$\vec{C}$$ is zero? Its perpendicular plane is undefined.  But in that case the lemma we are trying to prove (distributivity) will be trivially true.

Lemma 1: Using the geometric definition of the cross product:
 * $$\vec{A} \times \vec{C} = \vec{A}^* \times \vec{C}$$

Proof: Let $$\theta\,$$ be the angle between $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{C}$$. We have:
 * $$\|\vec{A}^*\| = \|\vec{A}\| \sin \theta$$

Since $$\vec{A}^*$$ is perpendicular to $$\vec{C}$$, we have:
 * $$\|\vec{A} \times \vec{C}\| = \|\vec{A}\| \|\vec{C}\| \sin \theta = \|\vec{A}^*\| \|\vec{C}\| = \|\vec{A}^*\| \|\vec{C}\| \sin 90^\circ = \|\vec{A}^* \times \vec{C}\|$$

So they have the same length. Also, $$\vec{A} \times \vec{C}$$ and $$\vec{A}^* \times \vec{C}$$ point in the same direction, the direction perpendicular to the plane formed by $$\vec{C}$$ and $$\vec{A}$$. See Figure 2.

Q.E.D.

Lemma 2: Letting $$\vec{B}$$ be another vector:
 * $$(\vec{A}+\vec{B})^* = \vec{A}^* + \vec{B}^*$$

Proof: We use the "parallelogram rule" for vector addition. In perspective, the vectors might look like Figures 3 and 4.

But if we look directly down on the plane, $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{A}^*$$ are the same, as are $$\vec{B}$$ and $$\vec{B}^*$$, and $$(\vec{A} + \vec{B})$$ and $$(\vec{A} + \vec{B})^*$$.

Q.E.D.

Lemma 3: The cross product, using the geometric definition, obeys the distributive law:
 * $$(\vec{A}+\vec{B}) \times \vec{C} = (\vec{A} \times \vec{C}) + (\vec{B} \times \vec{C})$$

Proof:

If we look directly down on the plane perpendicular to C, we can once again see the addition of $$\vec{A}^*$$ and $$\vec{B}^*$$ as shown in Figure 5. If we rotate that diagram clockwise by 90° and scale by the length of $$\vec{C}$$, we get the cross products of all those vectors with C, as shown in Figure 6. Those cross products all lie in the plane perpendicular to C, and the addition of $$\vec{A}^* + \vec{B}^*$$, by the parallelogram rule, is faithfully carried over into the addition of $$\vec{A}^* \times \vec{C} + \vec{B}^* \times \vec{C}$$.

This shows that
 * $$\vec{A}^* \times \vec{C} + \vec{B}^* \times \vec{C} = (\vec{A}^* + \vec{B}^*) \times \vec{C}$$

By lemma 2, this becomes
 * $$\vec{A}^* \times \vec{C} + \vec{B}^* \times \vec{C} = (\vec{A}+\vec{B})^* \times \vec{C}$$

And by lemma 1, this becomes
 * $$\vec{A} \times \vec{C} + \vec{B} \times \vec{C} = (\vec{A}+\vec{B}) \times \vec{C}$$

Q.E.D.

By the antisymmetry of the cross product, it is also distributive in the second argument:
 * $$\vec{C} \times (\vec{A}+\vec{B}) = (\vec{C} \times \vec{A}) + (\vec{C} \times \vec{B})$$

Theorem: The geometric and algebraic definitions of the cross product are the same.

Proof: Let the vectors $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{B}$$ be expressed as linear combinations of the Cartesian unit basis vectors $$\hat{x}$$, $$\hat{y}$$, and $$\hat{z}$$:
 * $$\vec{A} = A_x \hat{x} + A_y \hat{y} + A_z \hat{z}$$
 * $$\vec{B} = B_x \hat{x} + B_y \hat{y} + B_z \hat{z}$$

(The numbers $$A_x \dots B_z$$ are the components of the two vectors.)

By lemma 3, and linearity, we can expand the cross product:
 * $$\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = A_x\ (\hat{x} \times \vec{B}) + A_y\ (\hat{y} \times \vec{B}) + A_z\ (\hat{z} \times \vec{B})$$

 * $$= A_x\ (\hat{x} \times (B_x \hat{x}+B_y \hat{y}+B_z \hat{z}))$$
 * $$+\ A_y\ (\hat{y} \times (B_x \hat{x}+B_y \hat{y}+B_z \hat{z}))$$
 * $$+\ A_z\ (\hat{z} \times (B_x \hat{x}+B_y \hat{y}+B_z \hat{z}))$$

 * $$= A_x B_x\ (\hat{x} \times \hat{x}) + A_x B_y\ (\hat{x} \times \hat{y}) + A_x B_z\ (\hat{x} \times \hat{z})$$
 * $$+\ A_y B_x\ (\hat{y} \times \hat{x}) + A_y B_y\ (\hat{y} \times \hat{y}) + A_y B_z\ (\hat{y} \times \hat{z})$$
 * $$+\ A_z B_x\ (\hat{z} \times \hat{x}) + A_z B_y\ (\hat{z} \times \hat{y}) + A_z B_z\ (\hat{z} \times \hat{z})$$

Now inspection of the cross products of the basis vectors, using the geometric definition and the right hand rule, shows that:
 * $$\hat{x} \times \hat{x} = 0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{x} \times \hat{y} = \hat{z}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{x} \times \hat{z} = -\hat{y}$$
 * $$\hat{y} \times \hat{x} = -\hat{z}\ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{y} \times \hat{y} = 0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{y} \times \hat{z} = \hat{x}$$
 * $$\hat{z} \times \hat{x} = \hat{y}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{z} \times \hat{y} = -\hat{x}\ \ \ \ \ \ \hat{z} \times \hat{z} = 0$$

So
 * $$\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = (A_yB_z - A_zB_y)\ \hat{x} + (A_zB_x - A_xB_z)\ \hat{y} + (A_xB_y - A_yB_x)\ \hat{z}$$

which is the same as the algebraic definition.

Q.E.D.

title: Cross product


text:
Epstein-Barr virus

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a cancer-causing lymphocryptovirus. There is also strong evidence that the virus has a primary role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, particularly dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis, and may also be associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is also known to cause several lymphoproliferative disorders and cancers, particularly Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and central nervous system lymphomas associated with HIV. Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-olds and 90–95% of adults have evidence of infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and in other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence or teenage years, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35% to 69% of the time. In immunocompromised individuals, the Epstein-Barr virus can also present as an opportunistic infection known as hairy leukoplakia.

title: Epstein-Barr virus


text:
Ada/Setting up the compiler

Overview
Before we begin programming we need to get and install an Ada compiler. Before we do that we need to install Linux as our operating system. We will be using GNAT and Emacs for this course.

Goals:

 * 1) Install Linux
 * 2) Install the GNAT compiler
 * 3) Install the Emacs editor

Installing Linux
For this course we will use Ubuntu Linux, which is a popular flavor of Linux for most newcomers to the system. Ubuntu can be download directly from the Ubuntu website. If you are a Windows user and you prefer to keep your Windows system and files, you will need to either create a dual-boot system (which can be somewhat complicated) or download and install some kind of virtualization software, like VirtualBox. This section deals with installing Ubuntu with VirtualBox on a Windows system. If you happen to have a spare computer then you can use that install Linux on without downloading VirtualBox. It's a matter of preference what you decide to do.

Note: It is recommended by the author that you have a dual core processor with at least 2GB of RAM to run a virtual machine.

First, install VirtualBox. This is a pretty straightforward and simple process. Once that is done you may need to restart your computer.

To install Ubuntu we need to follow these steps:
 * 1) Run VirtualBox
 * 2) Click "Machine > New" (this brings up the "New Virtual Machine" wizard)
 * 3) Click "Next"
 * 4) Give the virtual machine a name. Select "Linux" from the "Operating System" selection box. Select "Ubuntu" from the "Version" selection box. Click "Next"
 * 5) Select how much RAM you want the virtual machine to use. You can use the default memory allocation, which is typically 1/8 of your total system memory, but I would use at least 1/4 of memory allocation just to be safe. So if you have 4GB of RAM in your computer, 1GB of memory allocation for Ubuntu is enough. If you have 2GB, 768MB is enough for the virtual machine.
 * 6) We now need to create a new virtual hard disk. Select "Create new hard disk" and click "Next". This brings up the "New Virtual Disk" wizard. We want "Dynamically expanding storage" with at least 20GB of hard disk space. Click "Finish" when you are done with the hard disk size.
 * 7) Click "Finish" and you should see the virtual machine name appear in the list on the left side of the program in the white area.

Now that we have our virtualization software and virtual machine "hardware" figured out, we can now install Ubuntu. To do so, follow these steps:
 * 1) Start the virtual machine
 * 2) Select the ISO image containing the Ubuntu system using the first time start wizard
 * 3) When Ubuntu loads it's CD/DVD menu, do not load the live system. Instead, just install Ubuntu
 * 4) Follow all the prompts during the installation process. You want to install the system on the entire disk volume. DO NOT PARTITION THE HARD DISK!
 * 5) Sit back while Ubuntu installs. This is a lengthy process, so you can do some other things while that's going on.

Getting the Ada Development Tools
You may need to let Ubuntu update itself before performing these next steps.

First, we need to open the terminal.Start Ubuntu and click "Applications > Accessories > Terminal" to do this. Now type: sudo apt-get install gnat

This will retrieve and build the GNAT compiler, which is the compiler we will need to build our own Ada files. It will also download and install several other packages that are needed.

Now we need to download the Emacs editor. You can use whatever you feel like, but Emacs has syntax highlighting and you can compile your Ada code directly inside the editor. To get Emacs type the following in the terminal: sudo apt-get install emacs

This should be all you need to get started with basic Ada programming for now.

title: Ada/Setting up the compiler


text:
User:KBlott/Peyronie’s Disease

=Peyronie’s Disease= Peyronie’s Disease is an inflammation and fibrosis of the tunica albuginea. The initial acute phase is characterized by the presence of a tender palpable nodule, pain on erection, and the growth of fibrous plaques. Acute Peyronie’s disease is progressive in 30% of individuals without treatment and spontaneous resolution is rare. The chronic phase is characters by penile narrowing or dorsal (45%) or lateral (29%) curvature.

Pentoxifylline
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) contributes to the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease. Pentoxifylline (PTX) antagonizes this affect and is used to treat Peyronie's disease.

Type 1 interferon
Peyronie's disease responds to treatment with exogenous alpha interferon.

Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers modulate metabolism of collagens within the extracellular matrix and soften Peyronie’s disease associated plaque.

Association with metabolic syndrome
Peyronie’s Disease is associated with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension. This suggests that metabolic syndrome and Peyronie’s Disease are likely to share a common risk factor. Metabolic syndrome in chickens has been linked to alpha herpes virus infection. Metabolic syndrome in humans has been associated with alpha herpes virus infection, beta herpes virus infection, and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Type 1 interferon
Type 1 interferon directly inhibits maturation of a broad spectrum of viral infections.

Peyronie’s disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea are disordered in Peyronie's disease associated plaque. Elastin is also expressed in the lungs, elastic ligaments, the skin, the bladder, elastic cartilage, and the intervertebral disc above the sacroiliac. Elastin is particularly abundant in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta. Like Peyronie’s disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterised by TGF-beta overproduction in response to cell injury. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. The 6A(4) allele of the SPA1 gene has been associated with an increased susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in nonsmokers but not in smokers.

Evidence of an autoimmune response in Peyronie’s Disease
Peyronie's disease is associated with increased serum levels of anti-elastin antibodies.

Indirect evidence of association with beta herpes virus infection
Over-expression of p53 has been reported in cell lines derived from individuals with Peyronie's disease. Human cytomegalovirus elevates levels of the cellular protein p53 in infected fibroblasts.

Indirect evidence of association with gamma herpes virus infection
Basic fibroblast growth factor is over expressed in cell lines derived from individuals with Peyronie's disease. The human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) is a recently described virus which induces over-expression of basic fibroblast growth factor. Alpha interferon inhibits the replication of this virus.

HLA-DQ5
Individuals with an HLA-DQ5 genotype are at an increased risk for Peyronie's disease. One small study has linked the HLA-DQ5 genotype with an increased susceptibility Helicobacter pylori infection.

Type 2 interferon
Nitric oxide inhibits plaque formation. Mitochondrial nitric oxide biosynthesis can be stimulated with exogenous gamma interferon. The inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on the TGF-beta pathway does not appear in Peyronie's disease. Therefore, IFN-gamma cannot be taken as a useful tool in the therapy of Peyronie's disease. Helicobacter pylori disrupts STAT1-mediated Gamma Interferon-Induced signal transduction in epithelial Cells.

title: User:KBlott/Peyronie’s Disease


text:
Talk:Bible/King James/Documentary Hypothesis/Jahwist source

I've been comparing this text to the text of the article on the Documentary Hypothesis in Genesis, and some of the parts which that article says are part of the Priestly Source, aren't present here. I was wondering why that was.--86.165.76.14 08:34, 4 January 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Bible/King James/Documentary Hypothesis/Genesis

I was wondering what source was used to compile this, because I have found that some of the isolated sources don't reflect this article, and found contradictory information elsewhere on the web.--86.165.76.14 08:39, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I endorse this question completely; the only complete assignments I know of are Friedman, for which this would be a copyright violation; Reuss for which it wouldn't but you would have to read French to figure him out; and Astruc who only assigned Genesis. So which is it? 71.163.117.143 (discuss) 03:15, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It seems like people are editing this based on their personal preference. There are no citations. Something needs to be done to maintain consistency.--Jcvamp (discuss • contribs) 18:42, 15 December 2016 (UTC)
 * This is fairly old, but Joel Baden (a respected source critical bible scholar) is currently giving a verse by verse analysis of the Pentateuch according to the contemporary neo-DH. I'm planning on using this as a guide to update this article, but since discussion exists, thought I should bring up the idea here first. Huz and Buz (discuss • contribs) 20:09, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

The choice of colors for the different sources is AWFUL: I could barely tell the difference at times.--Mwidunn (discuss • contribs) 03:59, 13 July 2014 (UTC)mwidunn

Jahwist/Elohist
The Jahwist and Elohist sources are no longer treated as substantial by scholars and are today treated as a whole source, so I think Wikimedia should do the same. GOLDIEM J (discuss • contribs) 10:59, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I used the source divisions provided by Joel Baden because they are detailed and contemporary. He explains why he believes in a separate E source in his book "The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis." There's a lot of disagreement on the sources obviously, so maybe in consideration of this there should be a way to see the JE source as one document, like you currently can with J, E, P, and D. Huz and Buz (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello! I've read Who Wrote The Bible by Friedman and The Composition Of The Pentateuch by Baden. I hoped Composition would have source identification by verse, but it doesn't. Where can I find Baden's work? I have seen the info here, but I'd like to know the source. I checked some of the Twitter references, and didn't see what I was looking for.    Thanks, Scott LoreOfYore (discuss • contribs) 17:27, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's a little hard to navigate, but the pinned tweet thread on Joel Baden's account contains all of his source identifications, verse by verse. Huz and Buz (discuss • contribs) 21:50, 2 May 2024 (UTC)