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Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Palliative

This NPA focuses on end of life and palliative care of people with dementia.

Overview
Dementia is a terminal illness however the terminal nature of the illness has not been communicated well to, or by, families, health professionals or organisations responsible for the provision of appropriate dementia care services. Broader issues of understanding dementia in general terms, the financial and social costs of caring for people living with dementia and the provision of sufficient services have been the priority needs. Palliative care has largely been associated with services for people dying from cancer and in response to limited resources to those in final days or weeks of life. For people with dementia the final stages of dying can be difficult to identify and is a protracted journey measured in weeks and months.

A palliative approach to dementia care is in its infancy and implemented by only a few isolated dementia care services. There are pockets of excellence within some state and federal government organisations, in the private/not for profit area and a strong informal network of ‘champions,’ however there is little transfer of resources between and across areas and similar products and processes are being replicated across jurisdictions.

People living at home with dementia rarely seek or use specialist palliative care services such as Hospice. People with dementia who are at end stage are most likely to be cared for in Residential Aged Care Facilities or in their own home, cared for by family with assistance from home care providers. Tertiary qualified health professionals lack specific and specialist knowledge and skills to care for people with dementia at the end of the life. The quality of care people with dementia at the end of life is generally poor with pockets of care delivery that are excellent.

During 2010, educational resources were developed as part of the "Communities of Practice in Dementia Project", funded from the Australian Government department of Health and Ageing (Local Palliative Care Grants, Round 5). These resources are freely available on the Caresearch website.


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User:Hcausey

Heather Causey ITRT for Hanover County.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Hcausey


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Encorporating STEM in Va. Education

This page is a collaborative project to gather resources/lessons to increase the use of STEM thinking and teaching in Virginia schools.

Please post lesson SOL's and short summary in space below. Place your lesson in grade order, above or below what is already present.

2nd Grade- Math 2.10, Science 2.1, History 2.1, Computer Technology 2.1-4 Lesson summary: Students after studying the Great wall will "buy" materials, design and build their own wall and test it's strength.

2nd Grade - Math SOL 2.10, Computer Technology 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Lesson summary: After studying money, students will create posters to represent money values, facts, and counting techniques.

4th Grade-Science SOL 4.7, Math SOL 4.7 & 4.9, Computer Technology 3-5.4, 3-5.5, 3-5.6 Lesson Summary: Students will work within a PBL to design and construct a spaceship to travel to an assigned planet. They will research planets using a cyber hunt. 9th Grade- Earth Science 4, Algebra 7, Computer Technology 9-12.6, Computer Technology 9-12.8 Lesson summary: Students will use models and data to show the position of the Earth in the solar system, sun-Earth-moon relationships, history and contribution of the space program, and the students will research and develop presentation on a selected planet.

9th Grade- Earth Science Science 6, Computer Technology 9-12.6, Computer Technology 9-12.9 Lesson summary: Students will use videos and models to understand the different types of rocks and processes. After studying rock types, processes and rock formations, students will conduct their own research on a famous rock feature (i.e. Mt. Rushmore) and develop a presentation on their assigned feature.

10th Grade - Chemistry 1, 3, 5; Geometry 10 & 14, C/T 9-12.8 Lesson summary: Students will discover and predict how a chemical's 3-D geometry influences physical and chemical properties. Students use 3-D simulation and traditional model kits to investigate and determine the VSEPR theory geometry, polarity, and intermolecular force for molecular compounds. Next students investigate various compounds evaporation cooling and relate the differences to each chemical's intermolecular force.

9th Grade- BIO.4d, C/T 9-12.6, A.11 Lesson Summary: Exploring semi-permeable membranes in 9th grade Biology. Students will investigate and understand relationships between cell structure and function. Key concepts include: the cell membrane model, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Students will compare water movement in hyper/ hypo/ isotonic solutions, analyze data using Microsoft Excel to obtain a best fit line, and make predictions algebraically regarding the rate of osmosis.

6th grade - The student will be able to understand that differences in air pressure from fronts causes thunderstorms and can be identified by measuring barometric pressure. Science 6.6 The student will investigate and understand the properties of air and the structure and dynamics of Earth’s atmosphere. b) pressure, temperature, and humidity;

Math 6.15 The student will a) describe mean as balance point; and b) decide which measure of center is appropriate for a given purpose. Technology Research Tools

C/T 6-8.6 The student will use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. • Use databases and spreadsheets to evaluate information. • Use technology resources such as calculators and data collection probes for gathering information. • Use Internet and other electronic resources to locate information in real time.

title: Encorporating STEM in Va. Education


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User:Egm6322.s12.TEAM1.HW/Summer 2012

Water Deprivation and Its Effects
David Wilks ENV 6932 William A. Wallace 6/27/12 (Summer)

Abstract
 * Water is a precious resource and a basic requirement of sustainable life. Throughout history, water has been worshipped, abused, fought over and literally flushed down the toilet. The quantity, as well as the quality of fresh water is an important resource that is coming to the fore front of mankind’s future plans. One city, Atlanta, Georgia in particular, has had to grasp with the modern day situation of supplying a booming population with limited water resources. These resources are increasingly becoming scarce as overall population increases as well as industrial and commercial necessities as well as climate changes have placed an unforeseen and unplanned burden on fresh water supplies. Steps are being taken to try to preserve this resource in the near term, while long term conservation efforts are beginning to take shape. As breathing air is a necessity for human life, so is the need for fresh water supplies, thus making it vitally important to mankind’s survival.

Introduction

 * Water is everywhere. It comprises more than two thirds of the Earth's surface area, but only one percent of the Earth's water is clean enough to be available as a source of consumption. The importance of pure water cannot be understated. Pure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. The ingestion of water in some form is widely recognized as essential for human life. But we usually do not consider water as food because it does not contain any of those substances we regard as nutrients. Yet if its status as a foodstuff remains ambiguous, it is far less so than it has been through much of human history. Water has been considered as food, a solvent for food, a pharmaceutical substance, a lethal substance, a characteristic physiological state, and a spiritual or quasi-spiritual entity. Before it reaches the consumer's tap, it comes into contact with many different substances, including organic and inorganic matter, chemicals, and other contaminants. Water is also known as a natural solvent, thus water needs to be purified prior to and during transit to an individual’s water supply. Public water systems must treat water with chlorine to destroy disease-producing contaminants that may be present in the water in order to produce water pure enough to become potable or fit for human consumption. The simplicity of its easily recognizable symbol, H2O, signifying water’s composition of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, understates its fundamental importance to all life on our planet. Being a basic building block of life, water is second only to our air in sustaining all living things, both animal and vegetable. Water is one of the most essential elements to good health -- it is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food; helps maintain proper muscle tone; supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells; rids the body of wastes; and serves as a natural air conditioning system. The human brain is made up of ninety five percent water, blood is eighty two percent water and lungs composed of ninety percent  A two percent drop in the human body’s water supply can trigger signs of dehydration: fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on smaller print, such as a computer screen. Mild dehydration is also one of the most common causes of daytime fatigue. An estimated seventy-five percent of Americans have mild to chronic dehydration at any given time. This statistic is exacerbated by the fact that the United States is a developed country where water is readily available through the tap or bottle water. Health officials emphasize the importance of drinking at least eight glasses of clean water each and every day to maintain good health, yet society continues to contaminate this precious resource. Why, one may ask is this a limited resource if two thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water? Salinity in the vast majority of the earth’s water supply is the main reason that a large percentage of water is unusable or unfit for animal and plant consumption.  Most water becomes a saline solution as it comes into contact with earth’s soil, atmosphere and oceans. Salinization is a naturally occurring process that requires desalination in order to bring the water back into a potable form that may be safe for human consumption. Human consumption and waste of desalinated water has become critical in recent years as populations have exploded around the world. While the world's population tripled in the twentieth century, the use of renewable water resources has grown six-fold. Within the next fifty years, the world population will increase by another forty to fifty percent. This population growth - coupled with industrialization and urbanization - will result in an increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences on the environment. Another problem with the current water supply, besides increased demand is reduced supply. The sustainable supply of potable water is being diminished by climate changes. Droughts, warming trends in the arctic regions and continued pollution to the world’s water supply have made this commodity a hot topic in some regions of the globe. One location where all three of these factors has factored into a water shortage scenario is Atlanta, Georgia. Not only is Atlanta facing water shortages due to natural causes, it is facing political and social battles that have been brought about by lack of foresight in one of the fastest growing cities in the country. In order to understand the water deprivation issue facing Atlanta, one must first explore the history behind the issue, the importance of the topic, the contributing factors that led to the problem and what has been proposed to resolve the water shortage.

History
 * The consumption of water by humans has played a significant role in the growth of civilization. Ancient hunter- gatherers did not stray far from water sources, continually returning to fertile river valleys to grow crops and hunt the animals that came to partake in the necessary water for their survival. Thus, when people stopped living the nomadic life and began settling in one place and growing crops for sustenance, it was invariably near water sources like rivers, lakes, or groundwater springs. It is apparent in our study of ancient civilizations that they established themselves around water sources due to the necessity of water for drinking, irrigation, cleaning and a variety of other daily tasks. Water has also been used since as a symbol by which to express devotion and purity. Some cultures, like the ancient Greeks, went as far as to worship gods who were thought to live in and command the waters. Whole cities have been built by considering the location and availability of pure drinking water. The place of gathering was around the wells, which is perhaps the following trend in building fountains in the middle of piazzas. As civilizations moved forward and time progressed, humans began discovering new ways to control, store and utilize water. Water usage was controlled thru irrigation, drainage, and impoundment. These three types of water control have had a major impact on landscapes and water flows. Since the dawn of irrigated agriculture at least 5000 years ago, controlling water to grow crops has been the primary motivation for human alteration of freshwater supplies. The Mayans were one of the first noted civilizations to discover the importance of water. The Mayans used irrigation as a major resource to growing food. The Mayans also relied on the nearby water for consumption, cleaning and other various chores. Unfortunately heavy deforestation along with a severe prolonged drought brought forth the realization that water was essential to the survival of a civilization. Today, the principal demands for water are similar to those of the Mayans, with the notable exception that water is now heavily used in industrial settings. Most water consumed in modern times is cleaned or purified before being delivered to the consumer. Many cities water supplies come from surface runoff, although mining of "fossil water" from underground aquifers is an important source in some areas. Runoff or surface water which comes from rivers, streams and springs has not always been a clean supply from which mankind could draw upon. In ancient Rome, sewers carried human waste into the Tiber River. By 312 B.C. the river was so polluted the Romans had to construct aqueducts to obtain clean drinking water. The pollution of water with raw sewage has been a catalyst of many health epidemics in many parts of the world throughout history. In the mid 1800's fecal contamination of surface water caused severe health problems including typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery in some major North American cities, most notably Chicago, where 5.5 percent of the population died from cholera alone. The connection between water pollution with human waste and the outbreaks of diseases such as cholera was not understood until the 1850s. In 1854, a devastating cholera outbreak gripped the Soho part of London, centering on the Broad Street well. A physician named John Snow, in what has become one of medicine's most celebrated sleuthing cases, deduced that the cause of the outbreak was contamination of the Broad Street well. Since no one believed him, Snow suggested taking off the well pump's handle. Once the well was not in use, the epidemic ended. The cause was later traced to washing a sick baby's dirty diapers in a cesspool that seeped into the well. Unfortunately for Soho, calls for eliminating cesspools from the vicinity of wells in that area went unheeded for quite some time. Even today, in numerous developing nations, cholera still kills tens of thousands each year because clean drinking water is not available, or accessible, to everyone. Like many places in the United States, Atlanta used open watercourses to capture storm water and divert it into nearby brooks and creeks in its early days. As the city grew, and as sinks, bathtubs, and flush toilets became popular, storm water sewers became conduits for carrying household wastewater as well. These drains were covered and transformed into combined sewers for the collection of storm water and sewage. Combined sewers were a common method of sewage disposal in major cities. Since these systems were not designed to remove waste, and this combined waste was being discharged into the city’s streams, they eventually became a threat to public health as it had in so many other large cities. In the late 1880s, sanitary sewers were built in the outlying areas of Atlanta to receive wastewater generated by urban households. Although the image of water as a public good, essential for meeting universal standards of health and decency usually supplied the rationale for undertaking water-supply projects, the ulterior motives of private interests were often more important in actually getting waterworks built. Perhaps the most significant of these private interests were industrial users. Many industries required large quantities of relatively high-quality water, and the capital costs of obtaining such supplies were prohibitive for individual firms. Consequently, they sought to obtain those supplies (sometimes at subsidized prices) through the sanitary betterment of society. In port cities with much warehouse space, the threat of fire was another underlying incentive for a public water supply1. Other contaminants in U.S. water systems began to sprout up during the age of the industrial revolution, when industrial waste was also being discarded directly in rivers and streams. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, water pollution became a major crisis. Factories found water sources, especially rivers, a convenient means of waste disposal. The trend continued well into the twentieth century. The Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire several times since the 1930s, a result of oil slicks and flammable industrial waste dumped in it. Coupled with widespread industrial and human waste contamination of rivers, a fire on the Cuyahoga in 1969, led to the enactment of the 1972 Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act prohibits pollutants' discharge into navigable waterways, and there is no doubt it has improved water quality in the United States considerably. However, there is no realistic standard as to how clean is clean, and the act has been criticized for leading to wasted money without effective controls and monitoring systems. There is also the difficulty inherent in controlling nonpoint source pollution—pollution from diffuse or not-easily identifiable sources—a harder task than controlling point source pollution, which can be predicted, controlled, and monitored.

Water Quality
 * While the importance of ample water quantity for drinking and other purposes was apparent to our ancestors, an understanding of drinking water quality was not well known or documented. Although historical records have long mentioned unpleasant appearances, tastes or smells with regard to drinking water, it took thousands of years for people to recognize that their senses alone were not accurate judges of water quality. Water quality has many different meanings to different people around the world. For some, water quality may be defined as clean, clear, free from any toxic impurities and without any taste, whereas an individual from another location may simply hope that the water they drink is potable and will not make them ill. The goal of water treatment, usually from surface sources such as lakes, reservoirs, or rivers, is to remove contaminants and organisms through a combination of biological, chemical, and physical processes to make it safe for drinking. Some of these occur in the natural environment, whereas others occur in engineered and constructed water treatment plants. The engineered processes usually mimic or build on natural processes. Water-treatment concepts underlying those used today were developed in Europe during the 1700s. At the point in which the United States began using chlorine to disinfect drinking water (1908), Europe was also using chlorine but exploring the possibility of employing ozone to treat drinking water. The U.S. Public Health Service developed the first drinking-water regulations in the United States in 1914. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency later assumed responsibility for this task when it was established in 1970. The Safe Drinking Water Act became law in 1974, and was significantly revised in 1986 and 1996. The revisions reflected improvements in analytical methods to detect contaminants at lower levels and improvements in automated monitoring used to evaluate treatment plant performance. The revisions also started to address the need to balance immediate (acute) risks versus long-term (chronic) risks. The need to disinfect water to kill pathogens to protect against acute illnesses, versus the formation of disinfection by-products and their chronic health effects is an example of this risk balance. The United States has continued to examine water treatment practices in Europe, particularly water-quality standards established by the World Health Organization. Although there are some philosophical differences between the United States and Europe relating to the treatment of the distribution system and its operations, the United States has benefited from the European experience. One such philosophical difference is that the European water treatment community does not see the maintenance of a disinfectant residual to the end of the distribution system as a necessary public health protection measure. The United States drinking water community sees this as an important step to protect customers and the water system from bacteriological regrowth or recontamination. As the United States entered the twenty-first century, researchers were collaborating with scientists around the world to continuously improve water quality and treatment, and openly share their research findings. Another consideration in the quality of fresh water is the cyclical nature of how fresh water is obtained. Consider the water cycle and the water-use cycle. Water falls to the earth in the form of precipitation. It drains into rivers, lakes, and streams either naturally or via constructed storm-water-drainage systems. Industrial manufacturers and wastewater treatment plants discharge waste from their processes into lakes and rivers. Under the Clean Water Act these facilities have water-quality limits that their discharges must meet. These limits have been established to protect the water ecosystem and downstream users. Water suppliers withdraw water from lakes and rivers to be treated for human consumption and other uses. The water is treated and delivered to customers' taps through a system of pipes and storage facilities that make up the water distribution system. After the water is used, it is conveyed to a wastewater treatment plant and discharged again to a receiving water body. If the water is used outside, it either seeps into the ground or drains to a storm-water system, which may go to a treatment plant or directly to a river, lake, or another body of water. The cycle continues as the water flowing to the ocean evaporates, ultimately falling again as precipitation. Source water protection, often referred to as "watershed protection," is the reduction or prevention of water pollution at its source. This kind of protection is not always possible, but has been very effectively implemented by several water systems. A water system that has access to a high-quality source may not need as extensive a treatment plant as a system with a poorer-quality source. This is especially true if a high-quality source, such as a reservoir in an isolated natural area, can be protected by limiting human activity close to that source.

Importance of Fresh Water
 * Given that so much of our civilization has been based on fresh water supplies, one may wonder why it is so important and how is it that something that is so inexpensive and seemingly expendable be considered such a valuable resource? In general, water composes nearly three-quarters of Earth's surface. Of that water, only three percent of the Earth's water is fresh. Of that three percent, less than one-third is in a form or place that makes it readily available for human consumption, thus fresh water is truly an important resource due to its limited supply. Water is one of the most essential ingredients to life as we know it. Since life on Earth began in water some 3.5 billion years ago, living organisms have evolved an amazing variety of techniques for surviving in different watery conditions—from the deepest oceans to the driest deserts. Humans are about 60 percent water by weight-though the percentage is slightly higher on average for men than for women. Humans know the worth by putting water to work in an endless number of ways. Water is much more than just a basic human need. It is an essential, irreplaceable element to ensuring the continuance of life. Water is intrinsically linked to fundamental human rights such as the right to life, to food and to health. Access to safe water is a basic human right. In a Message to the Bishops of Brazil in 2004, Pope John Paul II wrote, "as a gift from God, water is a vital element essential to survival, thus everyone has a right to it". Defining access to safe water as a human right is an important step in making this access a reality in the lives of many people living in poverty. Water is a dimension of what is referred to today as resource security. Conflicts have already occurred for control over water resources and others may come center stage the more water scarcity manifests its consequences on the lives of the human beings and their communities. One such example of a conflict is Atlanta’s fight to pull water from Lake Lanier. Forty miles northeast of Atlanta lies Lake Lanier, created in the 1950s when the Army Corps of Engineers built the Buford Dam. As chronicled in “The Big Thirst,” by Charles Fishman, Atlanta refused to finance the dam, partly because, at the time, it wasn’t clear the city would ever need water from Lake Lanier. As Atlanta has grown, its need for water from the lake has become increasingly obvious. In 1989, the Corps of Engineers recommended that 20 percent of the water used for hydropower be diverted to Atlanta’s water supply. Thus began a dispute known as the tri-state water dispute. The dispute centers around the drain from Lake Lanier and the downstream effects it is having on neighboring states, Alabama and Florida. Alabama and Florida representatives argue that diverting the area’s already limited supply to Atlanta will cause environmental and economic damage. The dispute has worked its way through the court system and has yet to be fully resolved. Much more severe consequences are occurring worldwide due to water depletion. Two examples of severe fighting over water supplies are occurring at the Horn of Africa and in the Middle East. The extreme drought in the Horn of Africa is intensifying ethnic tensions and conflicts for the control over the few, still available, water resources. This drought is threatening the food security of already poor populations and has lead to a food emergency situation. In the Middle East, the main problems with water are related to tensions among countries generated by water scarce environments, although often masked by ongoing political tensions. Water scarcity can present a clear danger to the internal stability of countries in the region. Water can in so many ways become an indispensable element for the security of peoples and nations. However all too often water is not perceived as the luxury it really is and is wasted. This action of wasting water is morally unsustainable. Citizens in some countries are used to taking advantage of a privileged situation without thinking to the consequences of their wasting water on the lives of the rest of the world. In other situations, water is lost or wasted due to an infrastructure that is old, badly or improperly constructed or inadequately maintained. There is an urgent need to regain a "culture of water", to educate society to a new attitude towards water. In many ways, esteem for water has fallen. Traditionally water was revered and protected, even celebrated. Today it runs the risk of becoming a mere consumer product. In the face of waste, water cannot be treated as a mere product of consumption among others since it has an inestimable and irreplaceable value. Cultural traditions and societal values determine how people perceive and manage water. Poor water management is a major contributing factor to most of the water problems evidenced today. Governance is therefore perhaps the most important requirement for solving problems of access to safe water and sanitation. Another theory is to put a price on water and let the market fix the problem. It is assumed that fi the price of water rose then usage would drop. The problem with this theory is any rise in the price of water will also dramatically increase the price of food and many other commodities.

Availability versus Consumption
 * The reality of supply versus demand shows that when demand rises, thus dwindling supplies, prices rise accordingly. What occurs when the supply of a product is limited due to its available quantity? In general, prices will rise as the supply dwindles until no more of the supply remains. While global population is rising, the supply of fresh water is remaining constant, thus leading to certain doomsday scenarios. In reality, the current supply of fresh water on earth can handle a rising population, to a certain point, given that precautions are taken early enough to prevent pollution and contamination from fouling the supply. An example of the problem of water consumption versus its availability is in Atlanta. In Atlanta, three percent of the available fresh water is used in industrial settings, twenty one percent by commercial entities, single family homes consume forty three percent and multi-family homes (apartments) use anther twelve percent. This statistic shows that residents, not industry, in Atlanta use over half of the available fresh water for personal use14. Other factors that place a burden on municipal water systems are increased consumption due to population increases and climate changes that affect rainfall. Atlanta’s water shortage was not always the epidemic that it has become in recent years. Atlanta was settled as a train depot, unlike most other major cities that were founded near a port or body of water that could be used for transporting goods. In turn, Atlanta was far from any major river or lake. In 1839 homes and a store were built there and by 1842, the settlement—now named Atlanta—had six buildings and 30 residents. By 1890, the city had a population over 65,000; by 1910, the city had more than 150,000 residents. The Atlanta metro area had a population of 2.9 million in 1990 and 4.1 million in 2000, and its daily draw on the water reserve was 320 million gallons in 1990 and 420 million in 2000. With 2 million more residents projected by 2030, water use is expected to rise to more than 700 million gallons a day.  With this type of population growth and the finite supply of water, the growing pains of a city ill prepared to deal with this type of water consumption are beginning to emerge. It is estimated that if Atlanta’s population do not begin to use water more efficiently, they are expected to run out by the year 2030. While the metropolitan area of Atlanta is relatively large, the city has a small surface water supply relative to its populations. As a result of this water supply and demand imbalance, Metro Atlanta is disproportionately affected by water shortages—a condition likely to worsen as Atlanta continues to grow.

Water Shortage!
 * Ben Franklin stated that “When the well's dry, we know the worth of water”. As potable water scarcity becomes a reality in many places around the world, the true value of this resource is becoming known. Humans have inadvertently attempted to destroy one of earth’s most precious resources for millennia without knowing how important and scarce it could become. Already there is more waste water generated and dispersed today than at any other time in the history of our planet. More than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water and more than one third lack adequate sanitation. As this resource becomes scarce, tensions among different users are intensifying, both at the national and international level. Over 260 river supplies are shared by two or more countries. In the absence of strong institutions and agreements, changes within a water source, such as a river, can lead to neighboring tensions. When major projects proceed without regional collaboration, they can become a point of conflicts, heightening regional instability. Between 1950 and 2000, the U.S. population nearly doubled, yet public demand for water more than tripled. This increased demand has put additional stress on water supplies and distribution systems, threatening both human health and the environment. In recent years, increased demand and climate change have placed unprecedented pressure on our water resources. The effects of this pressure are felt differently depending on the region of the country. While some areas have experienced higher than average rainfall, many parts of the United States are suffering droughts. A recent government survey showed that at least 36 states in the United States will be experiencing local, regional, or statewide water shortages by 2013. Though Georgia has a humid climate and a statewide rainfall average of fifty one inches per year, periodic water shortages have become a fact of life for the state’s residents. Such shortages are triggered not only by occasional droughts, but also by uncertain supplies and a dwindling number of new surface water sources available to satisfy the state’s growing population. Most of the streams in Atlanta are small and greatly affected by droughts. The only sizeable stream in Atlanta is the Chattahoochee River, which is of marginal size relative to the water demand of a metropolis the size of Atlanta, which currently has over five million inhabitants. Metro Atlanta receives the majority of its water from Lake Lanier and Lake Allatoona, either directly from the lakes or by releases to the rivers. Because of the limited groundwater resources in the area, the Atlanta metro area relies on surface water—water from streams, rivers and lakes for ninety eight percent of its needs. In 2007, Georgia marked the fifty year anniversary of the construction of Lake Lanier, a reservoir on the Chattahoochee River situated northeast of Atlanta. Originally constructed for power production, flood control, and downstream navigation, the lake has become the sole source of water for most of Metro Atlanta, which presents a significant problem for the future security of Atlanta’s water supply. In late 2007, the lake dropped to its lowest point since construction, and persistent drought conditions in 2008 slowed its recovery. Due to extreme weather patterns Georgia experienced in 2009, Lake Lanier made a full recovery; however, given that a hot day can evaporate about 200 million gallons from the lake, and with the continued demand of Metro Atlanta's growing population, major water-efficiency measures are needed to avoid future droughts in the area.

Current Countermeasures
 * Water restrictions are already being placed on the citizens of Atlanta. Some of these restrictions include watering of lawns between the hours of 4 P.M. thru 10 A.M., odd and even day schedules for pressure washing and automobile washing with exemptions being given to commercial agriculture, watering food gardens, water from a private well, watering plants for sale, and watering athletic fields, golf courses or public recreational turf. Other near term planning calls for replacing old plumbing fixtures with high efficiency ones, returning highly treated waste water to its source and implementing an education and public awareness campaign. Another important part of the conservation plan is conservation pricing, which increases the cost of water as the volume of use increases. With this measure, the District hopes to reduce excessive water use—especially outdoor irrigation. The city has begun leak identification and repair programs and another effort to replace old water meters with automated meter reading technology, which reduces leaks and ensures accurate billing. In addition, the city is participating in a low-flow toilet rebate program and creating new policies on landscaping and swimming pools that aim to increase water conservation. Georgia has implemented a number of successful water-efficiency efforts to reduce demand on water sources, from the top levels of government to its neighborhoods. The Georgia legislature recently passed Governor Sonny Perdue’s plan to encourage the conservation of the state’s water supply, including a mandate that state codes will require individual water metering in multi-unit buildings, as well as high-efficiency toilets and other plumbing fixtures in all new construction beginning in July 2012. The state has also hosted a sales tax holiday for the past two years on WaterSense labeled products. For several days in October, Georgia residents pay no state sales tax when they purchase one of these water-saving devices. Cobb County, which includes Marietta, was named a WaterSense Partner of the Year for 2009. Cobb County’s toilet rebate program helped pay for more than 1,650 WaterSense labeled toilets and brought together Lowe’s, The Home Depot, and local partners to make the most of the statewide sales tax holiday. On the other side of the state in Chatham County, residents saved more than one million gallons of water in one year after replacing 600 water-wasting toilets with more efficient models. At the local level, Atlanta’s Brown Village saw water consumption drop by more than 6.1 million gallons per year after distributing efficient toilets, low-flow showerheads, and water-saving tips to 340 residents. If every household in Georgia replaced its showerheads with WaterSense labeled models, they expect to be able to save nearly 9 billion gallons of water, more than $50 million in water bills, and another $120 million in energy costs for heating the water each year.

Long Term Goals
 * With the current state of affairs, correcting measures still can be taken to avoid the long term crisis to be worsening. The Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District expects its constituency to nearly double over the next 30 years. As such, conservation measures have been adopted to help maximize limited water resources. Included in the District’s Water Supply and Water Conservation Management Plan is the completion of new reservoirs and water treatment plants. Continued efforts such as these will help Georgia get the most of its water supply and ensure sufficient water supply for generations to come.

Critique
 * What motivates people to conserve water? Some may be motivated by the knowledge that water conservation is good for the environment, some by the knowledge that saving water saves money, and some by the knowledge that saving water saves energy. More than 12 percent of the energy used in the western U.S. goes to pumping, treating, using, heating, collecting, re-treating and releasing water. There is an increasing awareness that our freshwater resources are limited and need to be protected both in terms of quantity and quality. This water challenge affects not only the water community, but also decision-makers and every human being. Water is everybody's business and as such everyone should be held accountable for their water usage. Whatever the use of freshwater (agriculture, industry, domestic use), huge saving of water and improving of water management is possible. Almost everywhere, water is wasted, and as long as people are not facing water scarcity, they believe access to water is an obvious and natural thing. However with increased demand and limited natural resources not being a well-known or oft discussed issue, ignorance prevails and water is continually wasted. As is most often the case, education is necessary to inform and as a call to action. Individuals must be made aware of how their actions affect the environment and their neighbors. In the case of Atlanta’s water crisis, as the public was informed of the problem, they became more aware of their surroundings and the effects they were having. Changes have been made and the conservation of water is slowly taking effect.

Conclusions
 * Atlanta’s water issue is not isolated. Many places in the world face consumable water shortages every day. As the Earth’s population continues to expand, either the production of fresh water through desalination or the reduction in usage must occur linearly. The failure of mankind to realize this will create a global epidemic as never seen before. The rise of disease, dehydration and malnourishment will rise in developed countries if conservation efforts are not implemented immediately. Those in underdeveloped and developing nations would benefit greatly by learning from the mistakes that already developed nations made as they were developing and growing. Implementing corrective actions early will save time, money, resources as well as human lives. As Pope John Paul II wrote, "as a gift from God, water is a vital element essential to survival, thus everyone has a right to it". Mankind must preserve this necessary resource such that our neighbors and future generations can and will have access to fresh water which is a basic requirement of life.

title: User:Egm6322.s12.TEAM1.HW/Summer 2012


text:
User:Samwilson/Blog/MediaWiki skins

I was attempting to create a new skin for MediaWiki 1.19.1 and found the official documentation a bit lacking for the new ways of working, especially with regard to the ResourceLoader. These are some notes I made while figuring it out (which I did, in the end).

Reading list

 * [Manual] Manual:Skinning, marked as 'historical' on 6 September 2011. http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Skinning
 * [Dantman] Tutorial: Creating a custom skin for MediaWiki 1.18+ by Daniel Friesen, 8 February 2012 http://blog.redwerks.org/2012/02/08/mediawiki-skinning-tutorial/ webcite
 * [Freek] Creating a MediaWiki Skin by Freek Dijkstra, 1 February 2012. http://www.macfreek.nl/memory/Creating_a_MediaWiki_Skin webcite
 * [VectorTalk] Manual talk:Skinning/Vector discussion of how to clone and modify the Vector skin, last active 14 June 2012. http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual_talk:Skinning/Vector

Conclusion
So, in the end, a skeleton skin contains the following. Obviously, the placeholder skin name is 'skinname' and 'SkinName'. The two files 'style.css' and 'scripts.js' have been omitted.

/LocalSettings.php
Other parts omitted.

title: User:Samwilson/Blog/MediaWiki skins


text:
Open Heart Surgery

Open heart surgery is a surgery in which the patient's heart is opened and surgery is performed on the internal structures of the heart. It was soon discovered by Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow of the University of Toronto that the repair of intracardiac pathologies was better done with a bloodless and motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and drained of blood. The first successful intracardiac correction of a congenital heart defect using hypothermia was performed by Dr. C. Walton Lillehei and Dr. F. John Lewis at the University of Minnesota on September 2, 1952. The following year, Soviet surgeon Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vishnevskiy conducted the first cardiac surgery under local anesthesia. During this surgery, the heart is exposed and the patient's blood is made to bypass it.

Surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia– complex intracardiac repairs take more time and the patient needs blood flow to the body, particularly to the brain. The patient needs the function of the heart and lungs provided by an artificial method, hence the term cardiopulmonary bypass. Dr. John Heysham Gibbon at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported in 1953 the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an oxygenator, but he abandoned the method, disappointed by subsequent failures. In 1954 Dr. Lillehei realized a successful series of operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique in which the patient's mother or father was used as a 'heart-lung machine'. Dr. John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota started using a Gibbon type pump-oxygenator in a series of successful operations, and was soon followed by surgeons in various parts of the world.

Nazih Zuhdi performed the first total intentional hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on February 25, 1960, at Mercy Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later in 1963.[10] In March, 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer, performed open heart surgery on a child, age 3½, using the total intentional hemodilution machine. In 1985 Dr. Zuhdi performed Oklahoma's first successful heart transplant on Nancy Rogers at Baptist Hospital. The transplant was successful, but Rogers, a cancer sufferer, died from an infection 54 days after surgery.[11]

Cardiac Surgery
The earliest operations on the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by Francisco Romero[1] Dominique Jean Larrey, Henry Dalton, and Daniel Hale Williams.[2] The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen on the 4th of September 1895 at Rikshospitalet in Kristiania, now Oslo. He ligated a bleeding coronary artery in a 24 year old man who had been stabbed in the left axillae and was in deep shock upon arrival. Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died from what the post mortem proved to be mediastinitis on the third postoperative day.[3][4] The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896.[5][6]

Surgery in great vessels (aortic coarctation repair, Blalock-Taussig shunt creation, closure of patent ductus arteriosus), became common after the turn of the century and falls in the domain of cardiac surgery, but technically cannot be considered heart surgery. One of the more commonly known cardiac surgery procedures is the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), also known as "bypass surgery." In this procedure, vessels from elsewhere in the patient's body are most commonly harvested using a procedure known as EVH, and grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass blockages and improve the blood supply to the heart muscle. Early approaches to heart malformations

In 1925 operations on the heart valves were unknown. Henry Souttar operated successfully on a young woman with mitral stenosis. He made an opening in the appendage of the left atrium and inserted a finger into this chamber in order to palpate and explore the damaged mitral valve. The patient survived for several years[7] but Souttar’s physician colleagues at that time decided the procedure was not justified and he could not continue.[8][9]

Cardiac surgery changed significantly after World War II. In 1948 four surgeons carried out successful operations for mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever. Horace Smithy (1914–1948) of Charlotte, revived an operation due to Dr Dwight Harken of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital using a punch to remove a portion of the mitral valve. Charles Bailey (1910–1993) at the Hahnemann Hospital, Philadelphia, Dwight Harken in Boston and Russell Brock at Guy’s Hospital all adopted Souttar’s method. All these men started work independently of each other, within a few months. This time Souttar’s technique was widely adopted although there were modifications.[8][9]

In 1947 Thomas Holmes Sellors (1902–1987) of the Middlesex Hospital operated on a Fallot’s Tetralogy patient with pulmonary stenosis and successfully divided the stenosed pulmonary valve. In 1948, Russell Brock, probably unaware of Sellor’s work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later in 1948 he designed a punch to resect the infundibular muscle stenosis which is often associated with Fallot’s Tetralogy. Many thousands of these “blind” operations were performed until the introduction of heart bypass made direct surgery on valves possible.[8]

Cardiothoracic Surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease). Cardiac surgery (involving the heart and great vessels) and thoracic surgery (involving the lungs) are separate surgical specialties, except in the USA, the UK, Australia and New Zealand.

Australia and New Zealand

The integrated advanced training program in Cardiothoracic Surgery is six years in duration with two of these years being devoted to experience in General Surgery, preferably during the first three years. Trainees having completed a training program in General Surgery and have obtained their FRACS will have the option to complete fellowship training in Cardiothoracic Surgery of four year in duration. Canada

Historically, cardiac surgeons in Canada completed general surgery followed by a fellowship in CV / CT / CVT. During the 1990s, the Canadian cardiac surgery training programs changed to six-year "direct-entry" programs following medical school. The direct-entry format provides residents with experience related to cardiac surgery they would not receive in a general surgery program (e.g. echocardiography, coronary care unit, cardiac pathology, etc). Contemporary Canadian candidates completing general surgery and wishing to pursue cardiac surgery often complete a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship in the United States. However, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada affords a three-year cardiac surgery fellowship for qualified general surgeons that is offered at several training sites including the University of Alberta, the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto. United States Surgeon operating.

Cardiac surgery training in the United States is combined with thoracic surgery and called cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiothoracic surgeons in the U.S. first complete a general surgery residency (typically 5-7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2-3 years). The cardiothoracic surgery fellowship typically spans two or three years, but certification is based on the number of surgeries performed as the operating surgeon, not the time spent in the program, in addition to passing rigorous board certification tests. Recently, however, options for an integrated 6-year cardiothoracic residency (in place of the general surgery residency plus cardiothoracic residency) have been established at several programs. Applicants match into these I-6 programs directly out of medical school, and the application process has been extremely competitive for these positions as there were approximately 160 applicants for 10 spots in the U.S. in 2010. As of January 2011, there are now 14 approved programs, which include the following:

Medical College of Wisconsin Stanford University - 2 spots University of North Carolina University of Virginia Columbia University University of Pennsylvania University of Washington Northwestern University Mount Sinai Hospital, New York University of Maryland University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Medical University of South Carolina

The American Board of Thoracic Surgery offers a special pathway certificate in congenital heart surgery which typically requires an additional year of fellowship. This formal certificate is unique because pediatric cardiac surgeons in other countries do not have formal evaluation and recognition of pediatric training by a licensing body.

title: Open Heart Surgery


text:
MediaWiki talk:Sp-contributions-footer

Edit count
Would somebody replace the 'edit count' link with TParis' tool? The actual link is not working (since a half a year, TParis overtook most of X! tools). Regards, Mabdul (talk) 12:18, 29 June 2012 (UTC) PS: Please leave a tb at my enwp page.
 * ✅. Thank you. Mathonius (talk) 12:26, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Recently http://toolserver.org/~quentinv57/sulinfo/ has expired and Special:CentralAuth would be better. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 19:17, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

 * ✅. -- dark lama  22:18, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Sp-contributions-footer


text: User talk:Mabdul

title: User talk:Mabdul


text: User:Mabdul

title: User:Mabdul


text: File:Sampling.9.B.Reconstructor.20120629.pdf


text:
Topic talk:German language

Florian Grotehans, Am Baumgarten 12, 36251 Bad Hersfeld, hat bereits die folgenden Firmen in die Pleite gerissen: 1. T-C-H Service GmbH & Co KG  2. HSG Communication GmbH Florian Grotehans gibt vor, pleite zu sein, macht aber weiterhin Geschäfte und lebt auf großem Fuß. Ist das strafbar? Wenn er de Gläubigern Vermögen entziehen würde, würde er sich ja strafbar machen, oder?

title: Topic talk:German language


text: File:Nils reitet auf einem Besen.jpg

title: File:Nils reitet auf einem Besen.jpg


text:
User talk:Orschstaffer/Archive 1

 O = MC 4  /  π ≠2

Orschstaffer (talk) 20:12, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

is currently creating a research and development concept for an essay in and on Education.Orschstaffer (talk) 23:20, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Categories
Categories that are used to classify encyclopedia articles are for that purpose only. Material that is on user pages, even if being written for inclusion in the encyclopedia, are not to be placed in those categories. Also these categories are not used to show the interests in a particular area. There are userboxes and other categories that can be used for those purposes and are generally used on the users page. 71.49.217.48 19:43, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the info, I'm not sure how or why the category got there, I'm sure I put it there, so I will refrain from that in the future. I'm also not sure what you did in the edit, I see a colon mark preceeding the word category. I'm sure I'll be able to figure the technical aspects soon enough. For the present, no more categories in userspace. Again, thanks for the heads up. O=MC4  17:22, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orschstaffer/Archive 1


text: File:My cnt.systemc.20120630.pdf

title: File:My cnt.systemc.20120630.pdf


text:
User talk:303428mwatson

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. I started to delete deleted some files you uploaded, but as you seem to be still active here I have stopped to give you a chance to rectify the situation. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 19:11, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:303428mwatson


text:
User talk:Nhfzv

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 19:20, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nhfzv


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team8.colocar

Copyright problems on photos
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Files Missing License Information
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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:43, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team8.colocar


text:
User talk:Jyotsmcboats

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 19:22, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jyotsmcboats


text:
User talk:Jef.boogaerts

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 19:26, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jef.boogaerts


text:
User talk:Mbaig5753

Copyright problems on photos
Hello. There is a problem with one or more files you have uploaded. Every file you upload must have a clear statement of the copyright position. If you took the photos yourself, add PD-self if you are placing it unreservedly in the public domain. If you wish to retain minimal rights, add Cc-by-sa-3.0. If you did not take the photo, please add an explanation of why it can be hosted here. I am afraid that if you do not do this, the file wil be deleted. Let me know if you have any problems.--Collingwood (talk) 19:27, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mbaig5753


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team8.kyle

Copyright problems on photos
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title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team8.kyle


text:
User talk:Egm4313.s12.team17.Li

Copyright problems on photos
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Files Missing License Information
Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See Media for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

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The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:
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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:42, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egm4313.s12.team17.Li


text:
User talk:Labala

Copyright problems on photos
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title: User talk:Labala


text:
User talk:Y.Zhang

Copyright problems on photos
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title: User talk:Y.Zhang


text:
User talk:Lsun224

Copyright problems on photos
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title: User talk:Lsun224


text:
User:Collingwood/Todo

Category:Pending deletions

Category:Files needing copyright information: Deletion to Si

More files to review

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Category:Resources added to 4 May 2007 #504

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title: User:Collingwood/Todo


text:
Charges/Interactions/Strong

"The strong interaction is observable in two areas: on a larger scale (about 1 to 3 femtometers (fm)), it is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale (less than about 0.8 fm, the radius of a nucleon), it is also the force ... that [forms and holds together] protons, neutrons and other hadron particles."

"In the context of binding protons and neutrons together to form atoms, the strong interaction is called the nuclear force (or residual strong force). [T]he strong interaction ... obeys a quite different distance-dependent behavior between nucleons ... ."

Theoretical strong interactions
"In field theory it is known that coupling constants “run”. This means that the values of the coupling constants that one measures depend on the energy at which the measurement is performed. [...] the three different coupling constants [one each for the strong force, electromagnetic force, and the weak force] of the standard model seem to converge to the same value at an energy scale of about 1016 GeV [...] This suggests that there is only one coupling constant at high energies and most likely only one symmetry group. [...] The current belief [is] that the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces [are] unified at about 1016 GeV [as such] one has to rely on [the] particle physics interactions which can lead to electromagnetic radiation and cosmic rays".

Behavior of the strong force
"Unlike [the] electromagnetic [and] weak [interactions], the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance. After a limiting distance (about the size of a hadron) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about 10,000 newtons, no matter how much farther the distance between [hadrons]. The ... force between [hadrons] remains constant at any distance after [the hadrons] travel only a tiny distance from each other, and is equal to that need to raise one ton, which is 1000 kg x 9.8 N = ~ 10,000 N. "

"[T]he amount of work done against a force of 10,000 newtons (about the weight of a one-metric ton mass on the surface of the Earth) is enough to create particle-antiparticle pairs within a very short distance of an interaction."

"The strong force is ... nearly absent between such hadrons (i.e., between baryons or mesons). In this case, only a residual force (described below) called the residual strong force acts between [these] hadrons, and this residual force diminishes rapidly with distance, and is thus very short-range (effectively a few femtometers)."

Residual strong force
"The residual effect of the strong force is called the nuclear force. The nuclear force acts between hadrons, such as mesons or the nucleons in atomic nuclei. This "residual strong force", acting indirectly, transmits ... pi and rho mesons, which, in turn, transmit the nuclear force between nucleons."

"The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force which binds ... together ... protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker between neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized within them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der Waals forces) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold the atoms internally together. Unlike the strong force itself, the nuclear force, or residual strong force, does diminish in strength, and in fact diminishes rapidly with distance. The decrease is approximately as a negative exponential power of distance, though there is no simple expression known for this; see Yukawa potential. This fact, together with the less-rapid decrease of the disruptive electromagnetic force between protons with distance, causes the instability of larger atomic nuclei, such as all those with atomic numbers larger than 82 (the element lead)."

Hadrons
A hadron, like an atomic nucleus, is "a composite particle ... held together by the strong force ... Hadrons are categorized into two families: baryons (such as protons and neutrons[)] ... and mesons".

Baryons
"A baryon is a composite subatomic particle [bound together by] the strong interaction, whereas leptons [are] not. The most familiar baryons are the protons and neutrons that make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe. Electrons (the other major component of the atom) are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle (antibaryon)".

"Baryonic matter is matter composed mostly of baryons (by mass), which includes atoms of any sort (and thus includes nearly all matter that may be encountered or experienced in everyday life)."

Mesons
A meson is a composite subatomic particle "bound together by the strong interaction."

"Because mesons are composed of sub-particles, they have a physical size, with a radius roughly one femtometre, which is about 2/3 the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond. Charged mesons decay (sometimes through intermediate particles) to form electrons and neutrinos. Uncharged mesons may decay to photons."

"Mesons are not produced by radioactive decay, but appear in nature only as short-lived products of very high-energy interactions in matter ... In cosmic ray interactions, for example, such particles are ordinary protons and neutrons. Mesons are also frequently produced artificially in high-energy particle accelerators that collide protons, anti-protons, or other particles."

"In nature, the importance of lighter mesons is that they are the associated quantum-field particles that transmit the nuclear force, in the same way that photons are the particles that transmit the electromagnetic force."

"Each type of meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice-versa."

Mesons are subject to "both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction."

"While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and thus exhibit certain higher energy phenomena more readily than baryons composed of the same quarks would."

Electromagnetics
"Sources of electromagnetic fields consist of two types of charge – positive and negative."

The relative strengths and ranges of the charge interactions:

Neutrons
"Due to the very low energy of the colliding protons in the Sun, only states with no angular momentum (s-waves) contribute significantly. One can consider it as a head-on collision, so that angular momentum plays no role. Consequently, the total angular momentum is the sum of the spins, and the spins alone control the reaction. Because of Pauli's exclusion principle, the incoming protons must have opposite spins. On the other hand, in the only bound state of deuterium, the spins of the neutron and proton are aligned. Hence a spin flip must take place [...] The strength of the nuclear force which holds the neutron and the proton together depends on the spin of the particles. The force between an aligned proton and neutron is sufficient to give a bound state, but the interaction between two protons does not yield a bound state under any circumstances. Deuterium has only one bound state."

The "force acting between the protons and the neutrons [is] the strong force".

"A potential of 36 MeV is needed to get just one energy state."

The width of a bound proton and neutron is "2.02 x 10-13 cm".

"Another possibility [regarding neutron stars, called "baryon matter",] is that in the absence of gravity high-density baryonic matter is bound by purely strong forces. [...] nongravitationally bound bulk hadronic matter is consistent with nuclear physics data [...] and low-energy strong interaction data [...] The effective field theory approach has many successes in nuclear physics [...] suggesting that bulk hadronic matter is just as likely to be a correct description of matter at high densities as conventional, unbound hadronic matter."

"The idea behind baryon matter is that a macroscopic state may exist in which a smaller effective baryon mass inside some region makes the state energetically favored over free particles. [...] This state will appear in the limit of large baryon number as an electrically neutral coherent bound state of neutrons, protons, and electrons in β-decay equilibrium."

Protons
A "new type of neutron star model (Q stars) [is such that] high-density, electrically neutral baryonic matter is a coherent classical solution to an effective field theory of strong forces and is bound in the absence of gravity. [...] allows massive compact objects, [...] and has no macroscopic minimum mass."

"Compact objects in astronomy are usually analyzed in terms of theoretical characteristics of neutron stars or black holes that are based upon calculations of equations of state for matter at very high densities. At such high densities, the effects of strong forces cannot be neglected. There are several conventional approaches to describing nuclear forces, all of which find that for a baryon number greater than ~250, a nucleus will become energetically unbound. High-density hadronic matter is not stable in these theories until there are enough baryons for gravitational binding to form a neutron star, typically with a minimum mass ≳ 0.1 M⊙ and maximum mass ≲ 3 M⊙."

 * $$p_m \geq 1836 \times e_m,$$ where m means mass, p refers to a proton, and e refers to an electron. This suggests 917 electrons, 918 positrons, and 1 or more neutrinos.

Opticals
"The molecular cloud Cepheus B is subject to strong forces both trying to compress and to disrupt it simultaneously."

Intergalactic medium
The "scaling of the acceleration efficiency with IGM temperature derived assuming a collisionless IGM may also extend to the case of a weakly-collisionless IGM implying that the conclusion that stochastic acceleration is stronger in the hottest clusters holds for a wide range of (micro-)physical conditions."

The "turbulent magnetic compressions on the scale of the mean free path and less are the most effective for inducing the instability*. As the scattering happens on magnetic perturbations induced by the instability, the mean free path of particles decreases as a result of the operation of the instability. This results in the process being self-regulating, i.e. the stronger the turbulence at the scale of injection, the smaller is the mean free path of plasma particles and the larger is the span of scales over which the fluid behaves as essentially collisional."

"*MHD turbulence theory has a long history (see Biskamp 2003) and its details are still a subject of hot debates. However, recent numerical calculations are roughly consistent with the model of strong Alfvenic turbulence in Goldreich & Sridhar (1995) (see Beresnyak & Lazarian 2009) and cofirm scaling of compressible modes reported in Cho & Lazarian (2003) (see Kowal & Lazarian 2010)."

Recent history
The recent history period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present.

"Before the 1970s ... it was known that the nucleus was composed of protons and neutrons and that the protons possessed positive electric charge while neutrons were electrically neutral."

"A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound together despite the protons' mutual electromagnetic repulsion. This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the nucleons (the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus). Experiments suggested that this force bound protons and neutrons together with equal strength."

Hypotheses

 * 1) The strong interaction is relateable to the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction by distance and charge (electromagnetic, the number).

title: Charges/Interactions/Strong


text:
Portal:French/Intro

French (français, fʁɑ̃sɛ) is today spoken around the world by 72 to 130 million people as a native language, and by about 190 to 600 million people as a second or third language, with significant speakers in 54 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France, where the language originated. The rest live in Canada, Belgium, Switzerland and Lebanon.

French is a descendant of the Latin language of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Romanian. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.

It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French "La Francophonie": the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations.

title: Portal:French/Intro


text:
French/Old

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Bienvenue au Département de français de la Wikiversité !

French Division
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Welcome to the French Department at Wikiversity, part of the Center for Foreign Language Learning and the School of Language and Literature.

Introduction to French
French (français, fʁɑ̃sɛ) is today spoken around the world by 72 to 130 million people as a native language, and by about 190 to 600 million people as a second or third language, with significant speakers in 54 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France, where the language originated. The rest live in Canada, Belgium, Switzerland and Lebanon.

French is a descendant of the Latin language of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Romanian. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.

It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French "La Francophonie": the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations.

Streams

 * List of French Learners and Teachers

Courses, Lessons and Resources
Courses currently being offered by the French Department: Other Resources: Other projects:
 * Français I
 * Français II
 * La Littérature du 18e siècle
 * French Wall Charts and Posters
 * French Phrase Books
 * The French Mentoring Project is now live. Sign up to get a French Mentor, or if you'd like to be one.
 * Do you know that there is a French Wikiversity ? Visit their projects (Faculté de Français, Département:Français langue étrangère, ...) and get in contact with native French speakers
 * Do you know that there exists the French Wikiversity chat: fr:Wikiversité:IRC #wikiversity-fr - click here to go there now
 * La Littérature Française - A subdepartment for studying French literature.

Planned

 * Français III
 * Français IV

Tasks

 * 1) Use existing Wikibooks materials in the French Department (e.g. why not create a quiz ?)
 * 2) Merge current pages with Wikibooks.

Vocabulary

 * See the lists at the French Appendices on Wikibooks.

Verb conjugation

 * For a list of tenses and how to conjugate them (regularly), please see French tenses sorted by Mood and Type.
 * To learn how to conjugate irregular verbs, please see Irregular verb conjugations in French.

Typing Accents

 * For general information on how to type French characters in all contexts, please see Typing Characters in French.

Department news

 * November 4th, 2008 The French Mentoring project has been launched!
 * June 11th 2008 French Literature has been created and new interest in French Department has been received.
 * December 25th 2006 The French Department's first course, Français I is in development!
 * September 27th, 2006 - Department founded!
 * }

title: French/Old


text:
Portal:French/Division News

June 30th, 2012
 * Updated French stream.
 * The French Department begins major renovation. Archived page.

title: Portal:French/Division News


text:
French/Division News/Archives

 * November 4th, 2008 The French Mentoring project has been launched!
 * June 11th 2008 French Literature has been created and new interest in French Department has been received.
 * December 25th 2006 The French Department's first course, Français I is in development!
 * September 27th, 2006 - Department founded!

title: French/Division News/Archives


text:
Portal:French/Things You Can Do

The following is a list of tasks that need to be worked on or completed in the French division and subsequent departments:
 * Organize Category:French by making sure all pages are properly categorized and structured accordingly.
 * Make sure no red links exist.

title: Portal:French/Things You Can Do


text: Portal:French/External Links

title: Portal:French/External Links


text:
Portal:French/Staff Members

The following are staff members at the French Language Division. Staff members actively contribute and maintain the division, departments, and courses. They are fluent or proficient in French, and available to help students in the division.

 * Hérisson grognon (discuss • contribs)

title: Portal:French/Staff Members


text:
Talk:French stream/Archive

These lists should be replaced with the new (Wikiversity) ones at Topic:Foreign Language Learning. The Jade Knight 01:15, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've taken care of this. The Jade Knight 08:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

I see a lot of red links for user names...maybe people don't know that a Wikipedia account doesn't transfer to wikiversity? --Courtjester555 02:18, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Many red links for user names originated at Wikibooks. --JWSchmidt 02:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I actually cleared those out last year. The Jade Knight 07:54, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Remaining red links are simply people without user pages. The Jade Knight 10:00, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

We have plenty of potential contributors…
Now we need a way to organize this page and harness all these names to the betterment of the department. Any ideas? I'm thinking, we could set up some coordination, and have someone go out and contact potential contributors. I could do this just for an initial run, at least.

We could perhaps keep a directory of potential learners at various levels, and allow interested instructors to contact them. --The Jade Knight 02:52, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Can anyone suggest a text?
I plan to prowl the local college bookstores for a text, or two, that might help me get reimmersed in vocabulary, grammar and idioms. I would appreciate any recommendations. Major 19:05, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Le Petit Prince or La Nuit.Elatanatari 22:35, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Le petit prince is one of my all-time favorite books. I can second that recommendation.  But neither of those are textbooks, unfortunately, but rather story-books.  The Jade Knight 02:48, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I third "Le Petit Prince" but I think its status as a storybook is more of a benefit than a drawback. I could easily see an intermediate course structured around the book, pointing out vocabulary and sentence patterns, or perhaps as a straight literature course using both books. I'd also like to suggest "Comme un Roman" by Daniel Pennac as an advanced-intermediate text for discussion. Eleraama 05:32, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Centering an intermediate course around Le Petit Prince is actually an excellent idea. The Jade Knight 20:39, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:French stream/Archive