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User:Marshallsumter/Dominant group/Classes

Each article containing the term "dominant group" uses it within at least one class of meanings. These classes of meanings relate to categories of relative synonymy for "dominant" and "group" and allow each article's usage of "dominant group" to fall within one of the genera differentia of "dominant group".

=Meaning=

Of the classes of meanings for "dominant group", there is overlap with the genera differentia. "Majority" (category 100) has relative synonymy with category 36. "Plurality" (category 100) does not have relative synonymy with category 36, but "majority" does and its most popular category of meaning is category 100 not 36. "Despotism" is in category 739.

"Radiation" and "diversity" usually refer to the maximum or greatest radiation or diversity, sometimes relatively the maximum (as in plurality) so that category 36 is implied: superior radiation or diversity.

The second most popular meaning for "control" is in category 739.

The third most popular meaning of "power" is arguably category 171 "influence".

"Whole" refers to such entities as "the fifth note of the diatonic scale" ; i.e., a group of dominants. This is relatively synonymous with category 462.

=Class 1: majority= Majority is included in Dominant group/Classes of meaning as majority. Number of members: 38

2011 January Archaeology, Anthropology

"Slaves' masters were obliged to teach their pagan slaves Islam ... as it justified slavery and facilitated the control of a dominant group". "Slave owners were Africans". "Although most and the biggest slave owners on the coast and islands were Muslims, there were also Christians and native Africans who were slave owners."

2008 Language

"[M]ost inhabitants are Afrikaans-speaking (70%), with the so-called coloureds (almost 52%) as the dominant group."

2007 August Astronomy

"The fundamental properties of the dominant group of nonmagnetic white dwarfs have been invaluable in constraining the theory of single star evolution." , of the 2551 white dwarf stars from the full spectroscopic white dwarf and hot subdwarf sample within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) first data release, DR1, 1888 are non-magnetic DA types and 171, non-magnetic DBs,, the "dominant group" is a majority (80.7 %).

2007 January Ethics, Psychiatry

“I learned that there was a dominant white group and a nondominant black group, and the interactions between the two groups were complicated, often abrasive, and pervasively contentious.” “[B]lack responses to the white dominant group are so complicated that the problem of responding strategically to whites is, in my view, a lifelong task within Levinson’s scheme.” "[D]ominant white group" appears to equal "white dominant group". “I am also concerned that dominant group psychiatrists, some of whom spend little time reflecting on the situation of their nondominant group colleagues, often pursue with enthusiastic single-mindedness the political interests of the dominant group in the context of our professional organizations.”

2007 Planetary science

"Ureilites occur about half as often as eucrites (Krot et al. 2003), are relatively friable, have less a wide range of cosmic-ray exposure ages including two less than 1 Myr, and, like the dominant group of MM precursors, contain carbon." , MM is an abbreviation for micrometeorite, "the carbonaceous material [is] known from observation to dominate the terrestrial MM flux." , from the number of different asteroidal precursors, the approximate fraction in MMs is 70 % carbonaceous.

2006 April Planetary Science

"The dominant group of detectable eclipsing binaries consists of two detached main-sequence stars."

2006 March Ethnicity, Sociology

"Dominant groups enjoy disproportionate access to the vehicles of transmission for discourse, including government, educational institutions, and the media (van Dijk 1997)."

2005 December Planetary Science

"The recent investigation of the orbital distribution of Centaurs (Emel’yanenko et al., 2005) showed that there are two dynamically distinct classes of Centaurs, a dominant group with semimajor axes a > 60 AU and a minority group with a < 60 AU."

2005 December Psychology, Sociology

"On the few occasions that discussion diverted from the dominant consensus, awareness of alternative languages and logics was vital in establishing a consistent oppositional argument. In the following exchange, for example, John refers to an ‘ecocentric’ ethic to argue against the prevailing logic of the group". A later portion of a sentence "John eventually acquiesced to the dominant group logic," suggests synonymy between "prevailing logic" and "dominant ... logic", where "of the group" has been replaced not with "group dominant logic" or "dominant logic of the group" but with "dominant group logic". The phrase "dominant consensus" suggests a subgroup that may be a majority of the group; hence, a "dominant group".

2005 August Psychology, Sociology

"White selves: conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity" is the title of Knowles' article.

2004 September Astronomy

"Of a total of 21 objects in the sample, we have covered more than 8 full cycles for 13 regular variables, mostly Mira-type stars." , "The goal was to record between 10 and 15 spectra per pulsation cycle in Mira-type variables, the dominant group in the sample." , here again "dominant group" represents a majority (or close to it, ≤ 61 %).

2004 January Chemical physics

"[T]he dominant group velocity manifests as a linear dependence of the wave packet maxima with time."

2004 January Economics

"The dominant group gains from discrimination, rationalizing why a majority may be reluctant to eliminate discrimination."

2004 Ecology, Biology

"The dinoflagellates appropriated plastids from both red and green lineages; however, the dominant group in the contemporary ocean is overwhelmingly red."

2003 April Ecology

In a freshwater ecosystem such as the large shallow Chinese lake, Lake Taihu, depending upon the time of year (summer or winter), location (Meiliang Bay or lake center), wind speed and direction, "temperature, underwater light climate, nutrients and grazing by zooplankton and" fish, the lake has a dominant species, dominant genera, and/or a dominant group.

2002 November Planetary Science

"In addition to that dominant group of glasses, we find smaller groups of more feldspathic glasses, in particular a tight cluster of ‘‘highland basalt’’ glasses, similar to glasses and soils found at the Apollo 16 site and in lunar meteorites (Figure 5 and Table 2)."

2000 April Linguistics, Religion

"A reliability test with another study (Jakobsen 1996a, 1996b) produced correlations from 0.78 (the size of the linguistic dominant group) to 0.95 (the size of the religious dominant group)."

2000 March Planetary Science

"The dominant group of Martian meteorites, shergottites, are divided into two subgroups consisting of basalts and lherzolites." , nine of fourteen (a majority, 64 %) Martian meteorites can be classified as shergottites.

1998 December Psychology, Sociology

"By virtue of being 'outnumbered' in society, minority group members typically have more familiarity with dominant group members than vice versa."

1998 June Planetary Science

"It is found that near 1 AU, the dominant group of the local geometrical cross section changes."

1997 June Ethnicity, Sociology

Article title: "Dominant Group Ethnic Identity in the United States: The Role of “Hidden’ Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations". "For purposes of this analysis, I define a dominant ethnic group as the ethnic group in a society that exercises power to create and maintain a pattern of economic, political, and institutional advantage, which in turn results in the unequal (disproportionately beneficial to the dominant group) distribution of resources."

The dominant group is "whites" at ~75%.

1997 Petrology

"Orange to pale-green serpentinized harzburgites with a well-defined spinel and orthopyroxene foliation are the volumetrically dominant group of samples (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988)."

1996 Clinical physics, Neuroscience

"The difference with the area upon stimulation of the non-dominant eye was statistically significant in the right eye dominant group."

1994 February Nursing, Demographics

"In 1950, African-Americans were the dominant minority group, accounting for 75% of the minority population."

1991 January Agriculture

"Dairy heifers were superovulated in the presence (dominant group, N = 8) or absence (non-dominant group, N = 6) of a dominant follicle".

1985 January-February Ichthyology

"The dominant group is the Nototheniiformes, which make up nearly three-quarters of the coastal fish species."

1981 Ethnicity

"[T]he category of "dominant group" has unclear limits and varies from one geographical region to another."

1975 November-December Planetary Science

"[I]f the dominant Group 2 component at Apollo 17 comes from the Serenitatis projectile, then the component in Boulder 2-1 must come from another projectile, older or younger."

1973 October Pharmacology, Pharmacy

"That is, in the first case there are dominant group-group interactions and in the second case dominant group-solvent interactions."

1971 January Ecology, Entomology

"The arthropods were the dominant group comprising 89 % or 171 species of which the insects constituted 156 species (81 °/o of the invertebrate fauna)."

1969 Petrology

"Included in this dominant group are a wide range of volcanic rocks, both lavas and tuffs." , which are a majority of the total number of pebbles analyzed (895 of 1656), 54.0 %.

1958 Planetary science

"The dominant group in all cases are stony meteors." , "among all the 217 meteors for which we know the beginning there are 70 iron meteors, i. e. about 32 p. c., and 147 stony meteors, i. e. 68 p. c.", where "dominant group" represents 68% (a majority).

1950 February Bacteriology

"[A]t any particular time the E. coli of the bowel consists of a single dominant antigenic type that persists over a long period and several others that are definitely transient in their occurrence." , "Together the two strains, A-17 and A-18, accounted for approximately 73 per cent of all cultures examined during the entire period." , “It was clearly the dominant group during the short period of study.”

1946 November Medicine, Psychology

“These findings have added statistical significance when one breaks down this dominant group.”

1920 September Economics

“It might well repay the students of this subject to pass in review the voluminous evidence that could be brought to prove that these ideas were held almost unquestioningly by the dominant group of economists of that period.”

1916 April Logic, Religion, Theology

“[H]ow can we possibly account for the religious experience that is profoundly antipathetic to the dominant group consciousness”

1912 May Sociology

"These societies interest us as expressions of the consciousness of a group, as efforts to meet crisis and overcome the isolation due to race-prejudice or recent arrival, and as attempts to realize ideals foreign to the adopted or dominant group."

1903 March Entomology

“That the wings are exceedingly important organs has never been questioned, indeed, it is a generally accepted view that they are one of the most important factors in making the Insecta such a dominant group, and the causes which induce their atrophy must be undoubtedly be deep-seated.”

=Class 2: plurality= Plurality is not included in Dominant group/Classes of meaning Number of members: 71

If the data within each article is insufficient to clearly differentiate between "majority" and "plurality", then the article is listed here under "plurality".

2011 May Physics

"This group, the dominant group, is characterized by the lowest damping and the highest coupling to the pump field".

2011 February Paleobotany

"Conifers (Gymnosperms) became the dominant group of plants in mid-Jurassic forests".

2011 February Paleozoology

"A high diversity of terrestrial vertebrates with dinosaurs as the dominant group is strongly indicated but not much of it is yet recorded."

2010 April Proteomics

"Barnacles are also the most dominant group of fouling organisms and thus the major target organism in antifouling research."

2009 April Ichthyology

The sizes of dominant males and females and size range of subordinates allow comparison and assignment as a parent based on genotypes, parentage is assigned to the dominant group member except when the other potential parent is significant and probability exceeds that of the dominant group member.

2009 Ecology

"While species from many phyla may be found together, often a single species or group is so common; vertical zones are named according to the dominant group (eg, the intertidal balanoid zone named after barnacles in the family Balanidae)."

2009 Ichthyology

"Early neopterygian fishes (Fig. 13.9) shared the seas and fresh waters with the chondrosteans through most of the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods but gradually became the dominant group."

2008 July Environment

"However, at depth, the subseafloor metagenome becomes a unique dataset, with Archaea becoming a dominant group based on ribosomal sequence analysis." .

2008 April Ecology, Entomology

"Such a recent origin for this ecologically dominant group explains their conspicuous absence from Dominican amber (15–20 mya) and may help to explain why, so far as is known, most leaf-cutting ants cultivate the same cultivar species".

2008 March Ecology

"Among them Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I (MG I) was the most dominant group (49.2% of the archaeal library)".

2007 August Geochemistry, Stratigraphy

"A review of geochemical data for the pillow lavas demonstrate: ... a dominant group of alkalic basalts with enriched incompatible elements".

2007 April Bacteriology, Microbiology

"The bacterial members within the dominant group of our clone library belonged to unclassified taxa, while the second predominant group consisted of members of the phylum Proteobacteria."

2007 February Political Science, Ethnicity

"Syria [is] recoded with Alawis as the dominant group."

2007 January Marketing, Sociology

"We should support [the Dominant Minority Group] in their struggle to build their own successful businesses in this country by consuming their goods and services."

2006 September Environment, Microbiology, Bacteriology

"Molecular Diversity, Cultivation, and Improved Detection by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization of a Dominant Group of Human Gut Bacteria Related to Roseburia spp. or Eubacterium rectale", "The human colonic microbiota consists of at least 500 bacterial species" , and "The largest single cluster of cultured strains was found to center on the species E. rectale, which has long been considered one of the most abundant species in the human large intestine". , wherein "dominant group" is referring to "the most abundant species".

2005 December Environment, Ecology

"The group of dominants included species that formed over 5% of the whole community." Later in the article is the portion of a sentence, "The dominant group, over 5% of the whole community was formed by six species".

2005 October Bacteriology, Microbiology

"Only 42·3 % of the clones found with ≥97 % similarity to a named genus were also present in adjacent oligotrophic lakes, including three of the dominant groups."

2004 January/March Botany, Entomology

"Stingless bees are the dominant group of insects that visit flowers in the TAF".

2004 February Physics

"Nonlinear X waves are indeed stationary localized wave packets WP's which have shown to play a key role in the [spatiotemporal] ST dynamics in focusing media with normal group-velocity dispersion GVD or dominant group-velocity mismatch (GVM)".

2003 August Paleoornithology

"Enantiornithes is the dominant group of Mesozoic birds (Chiappe and Witmer, 2002; Hou et al., 2003)."

2003 July Paleontology

"Obviously, other taxa shared the Earth with the reptiles and competed with them for food, but the Sauria were the dominant group."

2003 April Economics, Game Theory

"Specifically, we show that networks with the dominant group architecture, stars, and inter-linked stars are stable."

2002 January Ichthyology

"The placoderms underwent a spectacular radiation during the Devonian (between 410 and 360 million years ago), but at the end of this period all placoderms—large, small, marine and freshwater—went extinct. They were replaced by the actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), which ultimately produced the teleosts, the dominant group of modern fish." .

2000 June Planetary Science

"From the dominant group, the asteroids evolve to intersect the Earth's orbit on a median time scale of about 60 Myr."

2000 May Biodiversity, Mammalogy

"Subtaxa within taxa are often distributed unevenly: Uneven distribution of species among: a, eutherian orders, with rodents being the dominant group; b, rodent families, with murids being dominant; and c, murid genera."

2000 Economics, Ethnicity

"There is a fair amount of anecdotal evidence that in many countries, members of the economically dominant minority group dislike personal interactions with members of other ethnic groups."

1999 December Ethnicity

"For majority group members, the experience of being in a minority enclave will thus tend to have an aggravating effect on attitudes, resulting in defensive intolerance toward the numerically dominant minority group."

1998 July Igneous Petrology, Stratigraphy, Volcanology

"The dominant group consists of normal faults nearly parallel to the arc."

1998 May Botany, Ecology

"Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are presently the most dominant group of terrestrial autotrophs."

1997 December Ichthyology

"[I]t was suggested that 'the actinopterygians (which is the dominant group of fish at the present time with more than 20 000 species) responded to selection pressures by selective enlargement of parts of the brain that enabled a species to occupy an adaptive niche with special success' (Jerison 1973)." , the "dominant group" has the largest number of species.

1997 October Biodiversity, Botany, Paleobotany

"Moist heaths are perhaps the dominant group of communities, occurring in a wide variety of situations, particularly in the low alpine."

1996 July Astronomy, Astrophysics

Surface differential rotation (SDR) "will most easily be detected among stars that have relatively stable modulation over several rotations within a season from a dominant group of ARs that experience a noticeable change in mean AR latitude (corresponding to a change in mean rotational period) between consecutive observing seasons."

1996 January Astronomy

"In almost all close encounters the energy and angular momentum transfer is dominated by disc material becoming unbound from the system, with the contributions from close disc particle - star encounters being significant." , and "The third is by far the dominant group, comprising 50 per cent of particles." , "dominant group" is being used to represent at least the plurality (the largest of at least three groups).

1996 January Stratigraphy

"The trimaceritic coal facies: In this facies, vitrinite, liptinite and inertinite are all well represented. Vitrinite, however, is still the dominant group".

1994 Geophysics

"The dominant group frequency, Ip, which is the frequency of the peak energy over the time length tg."

1993 Paleontology, Stratigraphy

"Unfortunately, so far, Eocene beds have not been adequately studied biostratigraphycally, despite the fact that they have a very abundant microfauna with the predominant group of nummulitines in all levels."

1991 December Paleontology

"Since in all these levels graptolites are the dominant group of macrofossils, shallow marine conditions are excluded."

1990 February Metamorphic Petrology, Stratigraphy

"The granitoid layers include a dominant group of equigranular, coarse- to medium-grained, massive to weakly foliated gneisses that range in composition from granite to granodiorite to quartz".

1989 April Anthropology, Health

"In Senegal, Wolofs and Lebus represent the dominant group (43 per cent of total population) as well as the oldest one in the Dakar area."

1989 History, Religion

"Communalism in the Indian sense therefore is a consciousness which draws on a supposed religious identity and uses this as the basis for an ideology." “In the multiplicity of communalisms prevalent in India today, the major one obviously is Hindu communalism since it involves the largest numbers and asserts itself as the dominant group.”

1988 Fall Politics, Sociology

"While black groups were the dominant minority interest group force in access to Jimmy Carter, they have been replaced by hispanics/latinos as the dominant minority group for the Reagan Administration in terms of access."

1988 Petrology

"It was well known from surface mapping that LPT rocks were the dominant group in the southern Parana, but the borehole data indicate that LPT rocks underlie HPT, and that they in turn are overlain by IPT rocks."

1987 November Planetary Science

"In the second dominant group of ions we generally see more discrepancies in the model and the HIS data".

1986 August Astronomy, Astrophysics

"At the same time, the dominant group members are as likely to be spirals as ellipticals, hence suggesting that systematic merging has not (yet) occurred".

1984 December Astronomy, Astrophysics

"Many such objects might have been categorized as hot subdwarfs (sdB, sdO), the dominant group of PG objects, or as white dwarfs, because the initial spectral classifications were done at low resolution with spectra of highly variable quality."

1981 July Chemistry, Astronomy

"In diffuse clouds the dominant group appears to be -CH3."

1981 Sociology

"These new strains, moreover, may generate a minority within another minority group a multiple minority group, so that the "outsider" becomes the "dominant" minority group as well as the "majority"."

1980 January Paleontology, Stratigraphy

"The numerically dominant group throughout zones A and B is the benthic Fragilaria".

1979 September Paleontology, Stratigraphy

"Brachiopods are by far the dominant group of organisms on the slope".

1974 February Ecology, Zoology

"The dominant group (in terms of biomass) of decomposer organisms in these soils are earthworms (Megascolecidae)".

1973 October Pharmacology, Pharmacy

"That is, in the first case there are dominant group-group interactions and in the second case dominant group-solvent interactions."

1972 Planetary Science

"Because KREEP glasses are the dominant group at the Fra Mauro sampling site and because the Fra Mauro formation is considered part of the Imbrian ejecta blanket, KREEP basalts appear to have been part of the lunar crust prior to formation of the Imbrium Basin."

1968 January Chemistry, Astrophysics

"The preflare spectrum and the 14 kV spectrum both have Fe XVIII as the dominant group of lines"

1964 December Organic Chemistry

"That good correlation can be obtained if one focuses attention on the dominant group can be nicely illustrated with the benzoic acids."

1944 Evolutionary Synthesis

"In the history of life it is a striking fact that major changes in the taxonomic groups occupying various ecological positions do not, as a rule, result from direct competition of the groups concerned in each case and the survival of the fittest, as most students would assume a priori. On the contrary, the usual sequence is for one dominant group to die out, leaving the zone empty, before the other group becomes abundant."

1936 April Evolutionary progressivism

"Still more important for the comparatively immediate future is the relation of the dominant group-incentive to reproductive morality, law, and practice."

1932 July Psychology, Religion

“The single exception is the case of Baptist parentage. But this again checks the previously observed item of distribution in the United States where we found the South was far behind in its quota. Baptists are probably the dominant group in this region.”

1931 Ecology, Zoology

“The group spatted in 1926 was the dominant group at all stations, especially at Stns. 21 and 8 in the middle of the beds where density is greatest.”

1921 April Ethics, Ornithology, Psychology

"And, secondly, the pigeons are a "dominant" group; that is to say, the pigeon family is found all over the world, it has evolved into a large number of species, and the number of its individual members is enormous."

1920 November Geography

"The river traffic is not concentrated; there is no one dominant group of docks, wharves, warehouses, etc.; on the contrary the traffic is widely dispersed along the shores."

1919 April Botany

"It might possibly be maintained that at the present day the Angiosperms are a dominant group entirely on the up-grade, in which extinction has not yet begun."

1918 November Political Science

"In both cases it might be possible to draw a line which would include these Slovene communities in the new state without encroaching upon the dominant German elements; but it is not to be assumed offhand that all such minorities would desire the alteration of traditional administrative boundaries where they have shared in the privileges of the dominant group."

1918 January Bacteriology

“The blue-greens are the dominant group.”

1911 November Economics, Evolution

"The partisan quality, however, shown in the extreme to which the author has thus gone in holding to one dominant group of biological assumptions and conclusions (for the two are hard to distinguish), is precisely what gives to his work its chief significance." "Now modern biology, from a new standpoint and with new significance, reasserts the privilege of birth."

1906 July Paleobotany

"There are many indications that the Pteridosperms we're a large and dominant group in Upper Palaeozoic times."

1895 February Botany

"[W]e find a number of nearly related forms in competition for a similar position in the soil, for a favorable position in the sunlight, and for the aid of the same pollinating agency. The process of producing similar forms may go until the competition becomes so severe that it becomes disadvantageous. Then it becomes advantageous for some of the forms to avoid competition1 with the dominant group by migrating to a different region, or to a different kind of soil, to modify their floral characters so as to attract a different set of visitors, or to separate their times of blooming so that they may not have to compete with a great many similar flowers for the attention of the same kinds of insects." , where the criteria of dominance seems reasonably indicated if not quantified.

1880 Palaeobotany

“The Plant life of this Period was of a very varied and luxuriant character, and the Angiosperms had now become the dominant group.”

1877 June Entomology

“When we consider this singular apparatus, which in some species is nearly half an inch long, the arrangement of muscles for its protrusion and retraction, its perfect concealment during repose, its blood-red color, and the suddenness with which it can be thrown out, we must, I think, be led to the conclusion that it serves as a protection to the larva, by startling and frightening away some enemy when about to seize it, and is thus one of the causes which has led to the wide extension and maintained the permanence of this now dominant group”. Quoting Alfred Russel Wallace in Natural Selection Am. Ed. 135.

1871 Natural Selection

“The third law is, that the species which resemble or “mimic” these dominant groups, are comparatively less abundant in individuals, and are often very rare.”

1867 Natural Selection

“The third law is, that the species which resemble or “mimic” these dominant groups, are comparatively less abundant in individuals, and are often very rare.”

1859 Biology, Botany, Natural Selection, Zoology

“The dominant species of the larger dominant groups tend to leave many modified descendants, and thus new sub-groups and groups are formed.”

=Class 3: despotism= Despotism is not specifically mentioned in Dominant group/Classes of meaning. Number of members: 28

2008 March Ecology, Ornithology, Psychology

"Studies in group-living fish and mammals have shown that dominant group members can control group membership of subordinates, and failure to be accepted into a group or being evicted from a group can be costly for subordinates".

2007 July Culture, Ethnicity, Psychology

"Intragroup marginalization is defined as the perceived interpersonal distancing by members of the heritage culture when an individual displays cultural characteristics of the dominant group."

2007 January Ethnicity, Marketing, Sociology

"We should support [the Dominant Minority Group] in their struggle to build their own successful businesses in this country by consuming their goods and services."

2007 Arts, Psychology

"The creation of an imagined community through artistic representation necessarily entails exclusion of minority groups and interests as the dominant group attempts to create a homogenized identity and national unity". "At times, this exclusion of certain groups may even lead the dominant group to reassert its own identity and power over other groups within that same community through prejudiced actions or policies." "[T]he dominant ethnic group, the Hindus, has often excluded minority ethnic groups, notably Muslims, from this community."

2005 October Law, Politics

"Members of dominant groups assume that their perceptions are the pertinent perceptions, that their problems are the problems that need to be addressed, and that in discourse they should be the speaker rather than the listener."

2001 September Aesthetics, Psychology, Sociology

There may be enhanced social identification that "can ultimately act as a buffer against the threat of [mainstream] social rejection that discrimination represents." "[M]embers of devalued groups are likely to engage in social creativity by rejecting dominant group standards and instead placing greater emphasis and value on how they differ from the dominant group". "[W]hen confronted with discrimination, disadvantaged group members disidentify with the normative standards of the dominant group and increase the relevance of dimensions on which the ingroup is distinct". "[D]isadvantaged group members who are confronted with discrimination actively distance from the norms of the dominant group".

2001 June Entomology

"[D]ominants performed antennal boxing and biting, while subordinates did not." "[D]ominants ... perform 'sexual calling'". "[D]ominants mated with foreign males". "None of the subordinate workers mated". "[A]n increase in dominance interactions ... [led] to a new group of dominants that eventually laid reproductive eggs." "Only workers that belong to the dominant group will mate and reproduce sexually". For this particular article, the association of "group of dominants" and "dominant group" suggests synonymy.

2000 April Sociology

"A third approach on the part of the dominant group is to celebrate difference: in this approach the group continues to be marginalized and treated as “different.”"

2000 January Culture

"For the non-dominant group marginalization means renunciation of one's heritage culture as well as the refusal of relationships with the dominant group."

2000 Economics, Ethnicity

"There is a fair amount of anecdotal evidence that in many countries, members of the economically dominant minority group dislike personal interactions with members of other ethnic groups."

1999 December Economics, Sociology

"Oppression and marginalization are intertwined." "Some social and economic opportunities may be open to" [marginalized groups] "because of their similarity to the dominant group."

1999 December Ethnicity, Sociology

"For majority group members, the experience of being in a minority enclave will thus tend to have an aggravating effect on attitudes, resulting in defensive intolerance toward the numerically dominant minority group."

1999 September Language

"Later writers followed Speke in arguing that they had originally migrated as pastoralists and had established themselves as the dominant group, having lost their language as they assimilated to Bantu culture. " from the Wikipedia article Hamitic.

1999 July Psychology

"A rejection–identification model was proposed where stable attributions to prejudice represent rejection by the dominant group." "[R]acial discrimination attributions among African Americans are likely to represent a violation of procedural justice that should evoke hostility toward the dominant group."

1997 June Ethnicity, Sociology

"[W]hat is significant for this analysis is that these challenging paradigms (reflecting the increased political power of historically dominated peoples) have focused upon subordinate group victimization and resistance or dominant group mechanisms of oppression".

1997 Justice, Sociology

"A condition of social oppression exists when the following key elements are in place: ... The target group's culture, language, and history is misrepresented, discounted, or eradicated and the dominant group's culture is imposed."

1993 September Psychology, Anthropology, Mammalogy

"Interactions with dominant group members may thus provide infants with the raw material for recognizing variation in food quality."

1991 Sociology

"White males have long been the dominant group in sociology, and the sociological worldview understandably reflects the concerns of this group of practitioners."

1990 Politics

"Others reject their cultural context and work against their own best interests by enforcing the dominant group's specialized thought."

1986 October-December Sociology

"White males have long been the dominant group in sociology, and the sociological worldview understandably reflects the concerns of this group of practitioners."

1979 Psychology

"Some writers (including Gregor & McPherson, 1966; Morland, 1969; Milner, 1975, p. 93) have argued that the status relations between dominant and subordinate groups determine the latters' identity problems. (By social status we mean a ranking or hierarchy of perceived prestige.)"

1969 January Ornithology, Psychology

"The fights would take place between those without feeding positions and those with, i.e. between a group of subdominants and a group of dominants." "The birds occupying feeding positions would be inside the circle while those without feeding positions would be outside the circle. This means that the dominant group were close together in a confined circle while the subdominants were more widely separated around the outside of that circle."

1944 January Ornithology, Psychology

“The order of feeding and the formation in moving toward food followed the sequence of the interspecific peck order in that the most dominant group fed first, followed by the next in dominance, down the scale.”.

1943 April-June Anthropology, Culture

"Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position."

1922 June Political Science, Sociology

"We must then study the coercive pressure of the dominant group which stimulated or hindered the explosion."

"This was true because in the historical evolution of the Russian empire the pure Russian Slavic group had been in the main dominant and hence tended to retain control in its own hands."

"Underneath their devout exteriors the priests often acted as agents of the Tsar's police and usually obeyed the dictates of the upper classes. They were men to be feared and obeyed. The dominant group saw to it that the church was subservient to its interests and this inevitably widened the breach between the two classes."

"Unlike groups as characteristically as unlike individual organisms react in unlike ways, and if in close contact tend to have conflict. Consequently the dominant group erects a binder of coercive pressure about the other."

1921 February International Law, Political Science

"The insulting intimation that profitable trade with Russia is so important in the American mind that we would permit our own institutions to be undermined and destroyed and our liberties submerged if we can but have access to that trade only reflects the brutal, materialistic conceptions of the dominant group in Russia."

1919 January Ethics

"The sex codes of the Puritan or the Hebrew, the military demands of the classic patriotism, the ancestor-cult of the Chinese, the marriage-lot advocated by Plato, the intimately regulated rabbit-hutch kind of home demanded by the mediaeval religions, and the human stock-farm of the extreme eugenist or birth-control advocate - all these involve interference in the family relation by a dominant group claiming superior wisdom and demanding an artificial birth-rate."

1916 November Law, Philosophy, Sociology

"Thrasymachus's definition of justice as the interests of the stronger, finds its modern form in the definition of right as the will of the sovereign, of the people, or of the dominant group."

=Class 4: radiation= Radiation, often used for diversity is not specifically used in Dominant group/Classes of meaning. Number of members: 11

2011 Paleontology

"Since its origin in the Late Permian or Early Triassic, the archosaur clade has been a successful and often dominant group"

2007 Phylogenetics, Zoology

"Caenogastropoda is the dominant group of marine gastropods in terms of species numbers, diversity of habit and habitat and ecological importance." .

2005 February Ichthyology, Evolutionary biology

"[M]odern haplochromines gave rise to several major adaptive radiations; the most prominent ones are those of [Lake Malawi] LM and [Lake Victoria] LV." , the radiation of the Tropheini from Lake Tanganyika (LT) "must now be considered as an additional radiation of the modern haplochromines, corroborating the much older perception that LT accommodates several independent species flocks", and "This implies that the ancestor of the Tropheini successfully re-entered the lake habitat and evolved into the presently dominant group in the rocky littoral zone of LT."

1998 May Botany, Ecology

"Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are presently the most dominant group of terrestrial autotrophs."

1990 Archaeology, Linguistics

"Such a relationship may just as well result in the adoption of the dominant group's language as a lingua franca without significant pidginisation."

1987 June Evolutionary biology, Ecology

"The usual interpretation attributes our pattern of early bottom heaviness to "adaptive radiation" following either an evolutionary innovation or an ecological vacuum caused by extinction of a previously dominant group." .

1943 April-June Anthropology, Culture

"Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position."

1929 November Mammalogy, Phylogeny

“The subfamily Leporinae is the dominant group of rabbits and hares of today, being native to all the continents except Australia.”

1921 April Ethics, Ornithology, Psychology

"And, secondly, the pigeons are a "dominant" group; that is to say, the pigeon family is found all over the world, it has evolved into a large number of species, and the number of its individual members is enormous."

1887 October Botany

"A dominant group is characterized by the abundance of its forms, both in species and individuals, over wide areas, this being the index of its vigor and consequent ability to maintain itself against competitors, and its adaptability to varying conditions of environment." .

1859 Biology, Botany, Natural Selection, Zoology

“The dominant species of the larger dominant groups tend to leave many modified descendants, and thus new sub-groups and groups are formed.”

=Class 5: diversity= Diversity is included in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Dominance as a variation on biomass. Number of members: 8

2011 Paleoornithology

"Nearly every known Cretaceous avifauna had an enantiornithine component and even where they coexisted with other birds, both more primitive and more advanced, enantiornithines often represent the dominant group in terms of diversity and numbers."

2008 Paleozoology

"The archosaurs became the dominant group during the Triassic period, though it took 30 million years before their diversity was as great as the animals that lived in the Permian." .

2007 Evolution, Phylogenetics, Zoology

"Caenogastropoda is the dominant group of marine gastropods in terms of species numbers, diversity of habit and habitat and ecological importance." .

2005 February Evolutionary Biology, Ichthyology

"[M]odern haplochromines gave rise to several major adaptive radiations; the most prominent ones are those of [Lake Malawi] LM and [Lake Victoria] LV." , the radiation of the Tropheini from Lake Tanganyika (LT) "must now be considered as an additional radiation of the modern haplochromines, corroborating the much older perception that LT accommodates several independent species flocks", and "This implies that the ancestor of the Tropheini successfully re-entered the lake habitat and evolved into the presently dominant group in the rocky littoral zone of LT."

2003 December Microbiology

"A variety of phylotypes belonging to green nonsulfur bacteria were detected, primarily in the topmost clay layer, where they were the dominant group"

1921 April Ethics, Ornithology, Psychology

"And, secondly, the pigeons are a "dominant" group; that is to say, the pigeon family is found all over the world, it has evolved into a large number of species, and the number of its individual members is enormous."

1887 October Botany

"A dominant group is characterized by the abundance of its forms, both in species and individuals, over wide areas, this being the index of its vigor and consequent ability to maintain itself against competitors, and its adaptability to varying conditions of environment." .

1859 Biology, Botany, Natural Selection, Zoology

“The dominant species of the larger dominant groups tend to leave many modified descendants, and thus new sub-groups and groups are formed.”

=Class 6: superiority= Superiority is in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Regions. Number of members: 5

2008 October Archaeology, Culture

One group is "placed in a position of economic and communicative superiority: Its products were more valuable than those of the other two groups, and all trade had to be conducted through it." "The results showed that although the dominant group earned more than the other two groups, all groups increased their earnings over the successive generations."

2007 January Ethics, Psychiatry

“The dominant group is taken with superiority and the image of spreading their ideas to others.”

1984 October Aesthetics, Art, Culture

"We must also remember that every art object may simultaneously serve several purposes or functions." "He would say that aesthetic preference plays a part in cultural supremacy and that sometimes the taste of the dominant group is an aggressive assertion of mastery."

1943 April-June Anthropology, Culture

"Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position."

1908 November Art

"Boston painters of the dominant group have the right idea." "The showing made by the Boston men this season is certainly more extensive and apparently higher in quality than at the first Corcoran exhibition."

=Class 7: master= Master occurs in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Associated groups as mastery. Number of members: 11

2011 January Archaeology, Anthropology

"Slaves' masters were obliged to teach their pagan slaves Islam ... as it justified slavery and facilitated the control of a dominant group". "Slave owners were Africans". "Although most and the biggest slave owners on the coast and islands were Muslims, there were also Christians and native Africans who were slave owners."

2007 January Ethics, Psychiatry

“There, Dr. Flint, the slave master, certainly rises to the task of effectively representing the group of autocratic slave owners. And he demonstrated that the dominant group can also take on the burden of representation.”

2005 August Psychology, Sociology

"[A] group is dominant if it possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power."

1992 June Sociology

"When the pattern is imposed by the dominant group, segregation to keep people in “their place” appears."

1992 Politics, Sociology

"Borrowing a phrase from Useem (1984), we shall refer to persons who sit on the top governing boards of two or more policy-planning groups as the "inner circle" of the policy-planning elite." "The evidence in this table [Table 4] is consistent with the claims of those who view business leaders as the dominant group within the policy-planning establishment. Of those persons who hold leadership positions in two or more policy-planning groups, over 90 percent are top corporate executives."

1990 October Politics

"[B]ecause political democracies generally arise from a compromise between contending organized elites that are unstable to impose their will unilaterally or the unilateral action of one dominant group, usually the armed forces, this does not bode well for democratization in situations in which the armed forces are inextricably tied to the interests of a dominant (and antidemocratic) agrarian class."

1982 June Education

"But in most Third World countries, these differences are tremendously accentuated by the fact that a small, dominant group not only owns the means of production but also dominates the higher echelons of the state apparatus, including the technocratic elite."

1974 Winter Ethnicity

"The entry of newcomers is largely controlled by the "seen needs" of the economy directed by the dominant group. They are then encouraged to operate in intermediate roles between elite and masses."

1963 August Sociology

"By admitting new elites to The Establishment, the members of the old land-based aristocracy retained ascriptive rights to diffuse elite status." "It includes rejection of behavior patterns associated with one's own group as uncouth, negative judgments concerning the value of occupational roles characteristic of the group, and the desire to leave one's group and "pass" into a dominant group."

1923 April Art, Culture, Political Science, Sociology

"It is but natural that when aristocratic ideals should impose themselves upon any polity the art of that polity should reflect the taste, the culture, the ways of life, and the very being of the dominant classes."

“At any rate, here is confirmation of the thesis that art voices the will of the dominant group in society.”

1911 November Economics

"The partisan quality, however, shown in the extreme to which the author has thus gone in holding to one dominant group of biological assumptions and conclusions (for the two are hard to distinguish), is precisely what gives to his work its chief significance." "Now modern biology, from a new standpoint and with new significance, reasserts the privilege of birth."

=Class 8: control= Control is in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Control groups, Sources, and Accident. Number of members: 13

2011 January Archaeology, Anthropology

"Slaves' masters were obliged to teach their pagan slaves Islam ... as it justified slavery and facilitated the control of a dominant group". "Slave owners were Africans". "Although most and the biggest slave owners on the coast and islands were Muslims, there were also Christians and native Africans who were slave owners."

2009 Medicine, Sociology, Psychology

A definition of dominant group: "a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society." occurs in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.

2008 May Culture, Nursing, Psychiatry

"According to Young (1990), cultural imperialism “involves the universalization of a dominant group’s experience and culture, and its establishment as the norm” (p. 59). Furthermore, the dominant group makes the “other” group feel insignificant to the point of being “invisible.” This invisibility is created when the dominant group fails to understand or cannot identify with the perspective of the “other” group (Young)."

2008 March Ecology, Ornithology, Psychology

"Studies in group-living fish and mammals have shown that dominant group members can control group membership of subordinates, and failure to be accepted into a group or being evicted from a group can be costly for subordinates".

1999 January Sociology

"Thus, as a socially subordinate group increases in size, so does its perceived level of threat to the dominant group, which leads to increased hostility among members of the latter toward the former and to discriminatory acts to protect the dominant group's control of resources."

1995 April Culture, Language, Linguistics

"Early in Linguistic Imperialism Phillipson makes the distinction between core English-speaking countries, in which the dominant group consists of distinction native speakers of English. e.g.. Britain and the USA (Kachru’s ‘inner’ circle) and periphery-English countries."

1993 Humanities

"Gramsci points (in his Modern Prince): "This means that the dominant group is concretely coordinated with the general interests of the subordinated groups and that the life of the State is ... like a continual passage of unstable equilibria ..., equilibria to which the interests of dominant groups bring it, but only up to a certain point, that is, not up to the paltry interests of corporative economy.""

1992 Sociology

By controlling access to knowledge and resources through the control of space, the "dominant group's ability to retain and reinforce its position is enhanced."

1987 May Education

"Thus it is founded on the idea that traditional scientific inquiry has perpetuated the dominant group's control over which questions and issues are researched, how they are researched, and which resolutions to those issues are outlined."

1983 Culture, Linguistics

"But surely we can remark that in spite of dominant group control and manipulations, subordinate group members do make themselves aware of powerful moments in their own history."

1979 April Economics, Political Science

"Esman asserts that regimes committed to the dominance of one communal group at the expense of another (or others) will "always use three methods of conflict mangaement": 1) proscribe or closely control the political expression of collective interest among dominated groups, 2) prohibit entry by members of dominated groups into the dominant community, and 3) provide monopoly or preferential access for members of the dominant group to political participation, advanced education, economic opportunities, and symbols of status such as official language, the flag, national heroes, and holidays, which reinforce the political, economic, and psychic control of the dominant group."

1973 History, Sociology

"The major attraction of nationalist movements is that parallel institutions or societies could be established free of, or removed from, dominant-group control."

1919 October Political Science, Economics

"Moreover, within the [American] Federation [of Labor] the dominant group - the pure trade-union, non-socialistic and non-state interventionist group - had made its control complete and pervasive."

=Class 9: power= Power is included in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Entities. Number of members: 17

2010 Political Science

Hegemony is the ""political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless of the explicit consent of the latter" (Upton et al. 2001)."

2005 August Psychology, Sociology

"[A] group is dominant if it possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power."

2000 Culture, Linguistics

"They also do it by forcibly moving children from one group (indigenous or minority) to another group (the dominant group) through linguistic and cultural forced assimilation in schools."

1999 Spring Linguistics

"I first argue that the cultural dichotomy promoted in the applied linguistics literature is constructed by discourse that reflects and creates particular power relations in which the dominant group defines the subordinate group as the exotic Other."

1998 September-October Ethnicity

"Racial boundaries reflect relations of power, in particular the ability of the dominant group to construct and impose definitions upon others."

1997 June Ethnicity, Sociology

"The strategic use of dominant group identity and its role in the reproduction of group hegemony are a third focal issue, for the sociological significance of dominant group ethnicity stems from its use in intergroup resource competition."

1997 March Ethnicity, Language, Linguistics, Psychology

"In some cases, only the language of the dominant group may be found on outside public signs, whereas the weaker language may coexist with the dominant language on signs inside state and private buildings."

1996 Culture, Sociology

"Insofar as the culture of the dominant group is seen as the 'norm,' then awareness and sensitivity cannot be built without first recognizing the hegemony of the values, traditions, symbols, and governance of that group and its relationship to minority groups."

1994 Art, Business, Humanities, Social Sciences

"But once this dominant group has been deposed, other [art] producers take their place and can assert their hegemony, drawing authority away from consumers by a process of de-commodification."

1994 Art, Business

"But once this dominant group has been deposed, other [art] producers take their place and can assert their hegemony, drawing authority away from consumers by a process of de-commodification."

1993 Winter Politics

"As I have argued at length elsewhere, the political Right in the United States has been very successful in mobilizing support against the educational system and its employees, often placing responsibility for the crisis in the economy on the schools. Thus, one of its major achievements has been to shift the blame for unemployment and underemployment, for the loss of economic competitiveness, and for the supposed breakdown of traditional values and standards in the family, education, and paid and unpaid work places from the economic, cultural, and social policies and effects of dominant groups to the school and other public agencies." "The current call to “return” to a “common culture” in which all students are to be given the values of a specific group-usually the dominant group-does not in my mind concern a common culture at all."

1992 Sociology

"[T]he power of a dominant group lies in its ability to control constructions of reality that reinforce its own status so that subordinate groups accept the social order and their own place in it."

1990 July Religion, Sociology

“[W]hether religious leaders defend the hegemony of dominant social groups or contribute to the creation of an oppositional culture depends on the development of ... mutually supportive conditions”.

1943 April-June Anthropology, Culture

"Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position."

1936 July International Law

The League of Nations failed to achieve “corporate unity to overcome the conflicts of nationalistic interest within the dominant group of the Great Powers.”

1922 Spring History, Religion

"Persecution, viewed from the standpoint of the dominant group of society, is the preservation of the ancient belief from attack. It is part of the august process of maintaining the moral order."

1921 October Education, Ethics, Sociology

"The whole educational machinery will very shortly be employed deliberately in the interest of the dominant social group."

"The dominant group, be it what it may, will poison citizenship in the making in order to perpetuate itself in power. And that would be the greatest calamity mankind could be called upon to suffer, for it would make normal what is after all still exceptional, - the encroachment of this dominant group upon the most sacred domain of life, the moral potentialities of youth."

=Class 10: influence= Influence is included in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Associated groups and Dominance. Number of members: 19

2009 December Psychology, Sociology

"[O]nly dominant group members who derive a sense of belonging and social value from their membership in the dominant ingroup should be motivated by group-based identity concerns to show signs of defensiveness in response to external explanations."

2005 January Psychology

"As a result, in societies in which group dominance is evident, there is likely to be a perception that there are not enough valued resources to go around, fueling the belief that groups are chronically competing for valued and scarce resources. Dominant group members are especially likely to be high in Social Dominance Orientation and to hold a belief in zero-sum competition between groups because it is in their interests to maintain the hierarchy (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999; Duckitt, ch. 24 this volume)."

2003 March Psychology

"Just as is the case with humans, in at least some species of nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees, dominant group members regularly adopt postures that make them appear as large as possible".

1992 July Politics

"Feminists criticized the idea of 'universal man' and his transhistorical rationality; what has been claimed to be true for 'man' and 'reason' is in fact characteristic (at best) only of men in the dominant groups in the West and the forms of reason that they favour." "They simply are the subjectivities who have experience that provides the raw material for creating dominant group conceptions of knowledge and history."

1990 July Religion, Sociology

“A concern for how socially dominant groups attempt to influence the interests and preferences of subordinate groups and how subordinate groups attempt to resist domination and to achieve autonomy was at the core of Antonio Gramsci’s sociology of religion.”

1990 Archaeology, Ethnicity, Language, Linguistics

"Such a relationship may just as well result in the adoption of the dominant group's language as a lingua franca without significant pidginisation."

1987 Art, Psychology

"[A]n art object expresses the interests and ideas of a particular social group even where the work seems to claim an aesthetic transcendence" "In one of its definitions, ideology is a set of ideas and values that reflect the interest of the dominant group within a given social order."

1984 October Aesthetics, Art, Culture

"We must also remember that every art object may simultaneously serve several purposes or functions." "He would say that aesthetic preference plays a part in cultural supremacy and that sometimes the taste of the dominant group is an aggressive assertion of mastery."

1971 September Philosophy

"[U]nless and until a rigorous definition of the term 'dominant group' is rendered, the argument fails to establish its conclusion due to the fact that one of its premises is meaningless."

1964 3rd Quarter Sociology

"The dominant group's definition of its permeability is the controlling variable that determines the nature of the social field."

1962 Philosophy

"Of the meaning of 'dominant group' he writes: 'Now when a technical word is coined to designate some non-linguistic phenomenon, or when a word (such as 'dominant') is taken over from ordinary speech and used to designate the phenomenon, a new semantic rule is required. Otherwise, the range of application of the word will be unspecified.'"

1961 Philosophy

"Now when a technical word is coined to designate some non-linguistic phenomenon, or when a word (such as 'dominant') is taken over from ordinary speech and used to designate the phenomenon, a new semantic rule is required. Otherwise, the range of application of the word will be unspecified."

1959 March Anthropology, Language, Linguistics

“When intelligibility is non-reciprocal, the language or dialect spoken by the culturally dominant group, or the language or dialect with the greater functional value, seems to be the preferred medium for interlingual communication.”

1938 January Criminal Justice, Law, Psychiatry

Crime “means simply those varieties of behavior or of manifest allegiance which are so experienced by dominant group elements as to touch off the ultimate or primitive defensive responses in question.”

1938 Psychology

“The dominant group was differentiated by a higher socio-economic status, greater independence, stronger identification with the father than the mother, less association with adults and with girls, and more with older children.”

1932 July Psychology, Religion, Sociology

“The single exception is the case of Baptist parentage. But this again checks the previously observed item of distribution in the United States where we found the South was far behind in its quota. Baptists are probably the dominant group in this region.”

1930 October Psychology

“It is easy, furthermore, to predict quite accurately within the dominant group on the basis of mental ability, roughly, at least, that a member of this group will excel submissive persons in academic endeavors.”

1920 November Psychoanalysis, Religion, Sociology

"Further, with the increasing fulfilment of people's instinctive desires in worldly reality, those controlling the church extend its appeal to include interests not primarily spiritual, in order to increase or maintain solidarity, mass, and influence, and thus serve the purpose of the dominant group."

1912 March Political Science

"Without intending to imply that the less influential members were divided on the question in the same ratio as these twenty-five, or that due respect should not be paid to the priciple of simple majority rule, it is illuminating to discover haw many of this dominant group are found on record in favor of the proposition that the judiciary would in the natural course of things pass upon the constitutionality of acts of Congress."

=Class 11: whole= Whole does occur in Dominant group/Classes of meaning under Accident. Number of members: 6

1991 January Agriculture

"Dairy heifers were superovulated in the presence (dominant group, N = 8) or absence (non-dominant group, N = 6) of a dominant follicle"

1987 April Genetics

"There was a higher intrafamiliar correlation in the autosomal recessive than in the autosomal dominant group." Of 101 persons, 38 are autosomal dominant and 40 are autosomal recessive. The autosomal dominant persons are in the autosomal dominant group.

1942 June Genetics, Psychology

“This shift is mainly at the expense of the mixed form-dominant group, since the percentage of color-dominant reactions, as well as their type distribution, remains almost the same.”

1933 Heredity, Mammalogy

“The double dominant group is slightly but not significantly below expectation.”

1909 July Paleobotany

"There is, I think, no doubt that the Lepidodendraceae were a dominant group in the Carboniferous period, the very great specialization reached by Lepidocarpon, and shown generally by the Halonial branches and Ulodendroid scars is, I think, proof of this."

1909 July Paleozoology

"It is a general rule that a dominant group contains members of all sizes and fitted for many different conditions, for example, the Deinosaurs, the dominant group of land animals during the mesozoic, are represented equally by the giant Sauropods, Diplodocus and Atlantosaurus; 80-100 ft."

=References=


text:
HiFi/Glossary

Upshot
Author's notes (John Bessa):

The material below easily explains one of the project amps, the Moviola "Squawk Box," which according the University of Denver tube experts, is "by the book." These experts, Tuttle and Calvert, also supply an old-school RCA reference model high-end amp from the late 50s that is free of controls, and therefore simpler to analyze. (Of course balance and bass/treble control will be necessary for a stereo that would grow from it). Far more troublesome are The latter is so complex that it may become a tear-down to be rebuilt more simplified using the basic amp.
 * the basic workings of tubes and amps, especially how control grids work, and how the amp works as a "whole systems model," and
 * understanding and fixing the recently-deceased and sorely-missed late-model Sherwood 8000 amp and tuner.

(I just got an email from the U of D stating that I can use their material here, so more images will appear soon.)

Still on the agenda is figuring out how these actually work, and, from what I have seen, I honestly don't think that any single person has the full picture. I believe that the amps were created purely based on experimental data, and that people have been gluing on theories that seem to explain phenomena, but don't predict it... not to mention that explanations is so full of personalized technicaleze and obfuscated with math and graphs that we don't need because we can hear the benefits.

Figuring it out
The perception I am getting of tube function is that there is a very highly-charged piece of metal (filament or anode) that actually "evaporates" or "boils" electrons so that they can travel to another piece of metal the anode. The boiled electrons are allowed to make this trip by a grid that is hooked to input, a microphone, for example. To create this effect, the metal has to be very hot (thousands of degrees). In between these two pieces of metal is a "grid" that can stop the passage of electrons when it has the charge of the boiling piece of metal, which is negative, and allow the passage when it has the charge of the other side, which is positive.

The boiling side, or cathode, has to be hot, but in most tubes, the heat comes from a separate piece of metal source making the filament separate from the cathode, on its own power source.

So a high charge is applied to the cathode pin to heat the filament and the opposite of this high charge is brought back to the power supply through the anode pin. The other pins connect to the grids, and very fancy charge control is going to have to be applied to these to grids to achieve actual rather than reverse amplification as the tube will do in its simplest form, and in this charge control lies tube engineering (any clues?, anybody?)

The Triode tube in an amp

This picture of a triode amp is valid, as all input tubes are triodes to allow linearality. The 6sn7 is described as 1/2 of the common 12ax7. It also has two diodes in it that can be used by radios (to make the radio waves in the air that are AC into DC so that they can be frequency filtered, amplified and listened to, but are not relevant here for amps).

The goal now is to explain what each of these components do, and, I imagine the flow of electrons up from the chassis through the various components back to the positive voltage at the top. The input to the left (Vi) sends in a signal (would it be positive or negative, or both?) and the output (Vo) outputs an amplified signal. The control grid is kept at the same charge as the negative ground that is on the the Vi signal input wire by a grid leak. So, assuming the signal coming in has a positive component that is directed towards the grid and resisted from going to the chassis by the resitor, then it will interrupt the negative blocking power of the grid, and allow electrons to flow from the cathode to the anode. As there is a resistor on the anode wire after the output connection, then the evaporated electrons will head down the output wire (as they experience no resistance there, and that is where they will go. ''(This guesswork and combines fluid current analogies with electrical reality and needs validation! But it sounds right for the moment.)''

If charge to the grid blocks electrons, and loss of charge allows them through, then it may be that the input signal (that happens to represent sound) has frequencies and sends waves to the gird open and close the "gate," as it were, for the electrons with the same frequency as the sound, but possibly in reverse. So, it may be the downside of the input signal wave that is creating the upside of the amplified wave going to the output in a preamp, or, alternatively, by the power transformer, to create electricity for the speakers.

The roles of the two capacitors need to be explained; they may be there to steady the flow when charge values change.

I think that the mystery of the narrative ill-logic that plagues tube audio (AudoFOS) is derived from the misconceptions caused by conflict between the particle-flow abstraction (PFA) and the charge model (CM). Electrons flow from negative to positive in the PFA, (though I have read reference to "positrons" which fit the charge model better), and negative happens to be ground causing the "biased" charge to come from the positive side of the power supply. If the first engineers had created a positive ground (as my metal-bodied film cameras have, interestingly), then amp functionality would be more intuitive, but they didn't. So, if the grid (in a triode) is at the same charge level as the negative pole, or ground, then the evaporating electrons cannot go through the grid to the positive side of things (PST). If the charge on the signal wire (Vo) becomes like the PST and less like the negative side of things (NST), the electrons can flow to the PST. In an open output amp (OOA), or pre-amp, the extra electrons go to the PST and then go down the output wire because there is a resistor between the positive connection on the tube and the positive side of the power supply. In a transformer output amp (TOA), the electrons flow to the positive power supply, or PST, through the winding of a transformer coil. Much of that energy is transferred to parallel windings that are part of a loop that goes to, or through, the speakers. Typically, a OOA is hooked to a TOA, and TOAs typically have more grids in the tubes to combat the Miller effect, but more grids translate to more distortion (or less linearity), which is more acceptable on the output side of things (OST).

A problem here is that the signal coming from the signal output (in an OOA) will in be negative in the particle sense, an electron, and this electron will be going into the signal input of the next amp (a TOA). So perhaps there needs to be a signal particle, that is both positive and negative, which may be a frequency wave, such a music is! This brings back the question of control grid; how charge opens and closes the electron flow gate.

In the cases of TOAs, the signal flow will be to the power supply, in other words, signal particles, or musical frequencies, are being sent to the transformer or a battery and presumably to flow back to the NST, or grounded chassis, and then onto the tube's boiling plate. Maybe the positrons go to the boiling plate and the negatrons, or electrons, go to the electron receiving plate, balancing things out. But, I suspect that there is a second wire involved in the signaling which is connected to the chassis, bringing us back to the idea of a positron going to the control grid.

Since there is no material written by anyone with conceptual creativity that I can find, it may be that, after a century, this actually needs to be tested to provide a answer with isolated PST and NST to see how the signal effects the control grid so that control grid phenomena can be explained! This cannot possibly be, but maybe it is!

Pathways (three)
The diagrams provide experimental evidence of what is going on.

There are three pathways through this open-ended triode amp: the signal path, the boiling electron path, and the positron path.

 * Electron path: The boiling electrons arrive from at the electron boiling plate from the ground, or chassis, which is the negative side of things (NST), and travel through the grid "gate" to the positive side of things (PST). In this diagram, there is a resistor that blocks the electrons and sends them down the output path, or wire.  This output is then negative.

 * The signal path comes in the signal input, and travels to the grid where it creates a charge different from the boiling electron plate, meaning positive as the boiling plate is giving off electrons, which (purportedly) allows the electrons through to the PST. The positive charge that came in along the signal path go where?  It seems logical that, using the PFA, the charge, or charged particles as positrons would flow either to the NST or remain in the tube as capacitance.  In other words they go off the signal path, and the signal path continues with the flow of boiled electrons on to the PST, and is directed over to the output wire (by the resistor in the PST wire) as power for the speakers, or more likely, a newly amplified signal for the next amp stage's signal imput wire.

 * The positron path, as mentioned, comes in the signal path to the grid and probably goes from there to the NST or is held as capacitance. The capacitance idea is supported by the existence of the resistor from the signal input (positive) to the ground, or NST, and is called a grid drain resistor, suggesting it drains the grid of stored positrons.

6sj7 pentode amplifier.JPG

The Pentode tube in an amp
It might be helpful to look at a pentode amp now, because they seem to work well in practice for power. The first diagram shows an OOA, rather than a TOA as shown in tetrode power model diagram. The second one shows a TOA. In the first, two grids are grounded, in the second two grids are...

Frequencies
The positron/negatron (or electron) signal-particles-paths abstraction might be real after all! Frequency is clearly an amp "linearity" issue, as according to one document, push-pull systems send opposite ends of waves to two different tubes tp make a much "cleaner" sound.

The first diagram show how the frequency coming into the first amplifier (or stage) sends amplified signal output down both cathode and anode from to become inputs for two different tubes as input; positrons go to one, negatrons to the other based on the "vibration" of the input, or control, grid. (Input is the first grid in the center of a pentode tube on the cathode or "electron boiler" side, and the only grid in a triode.) In the two pentodes, the second or screen grid is on the NST (or grounded), and the final suppressor grid is linked to the cathode (NST), which is linked to the ground (or chassis, NST) through a "capacitor-resistor in parallel" link that always seems to link cathodes to the chssis, or ground, but not in the case of the first amp, or triode to the left. (In some cases this capacitor is polarized (+ sign on top) and other cases, it is not. And in some cases there is just a lone resistor.)

So it appears that the control or signal grid is a vibrator that sends increased signal in both directions, and that the direction of choice is out the anode (or electron receiver), but can go either way. So, perhaps the PST and NST just start oscillating and the oscillation is what causes the speaker to vibrate. What is interesting, or perhaps confusing, is that the signal input to the control grid always seems to be positive in triodes, and the other half of the signal input, negative is always grounded.

Something I have found odd is the use of the word "impedence" in tube documentation when these are obviously DC systems. What I am thinking now, is that there is a blended AC/DC electricity that is the vibration, or frequency. I can see in class A amps that the frequency is preserved, that in class B is it cut in half, and when blended, it becomes double-bumped, and class C where waves are severely hacked. The noise coming form a microphone is AC if you think about it, because a magnet is moving up and down next to a wire driving electricity in both directions. And it may become blended AC/DC if you put it in with the NST/PST scheme of things. So, imagine this, what if one were to put one mic lead one grid in a double triode, and the other lead on the other grid where the negations and the positrons scooch against each other as part of the pushing and pulling that is the AC particle abstraction. If you did it right, you might be able to get both humps in correct phase. Problem that I see is that it may actually be that control grids always have to be charged (negative?) to prevent flow and and therefore sound.

This is the part that is not explained very well, or at all (AudioFOS). And half of tube system cannot be positively charged in mirror of the other half because you need negative charge to boil electrons. Interesting thought, though.

Either way, it looks as if the input amp has to be class A as in the first diagram to preserve both humps.

Going a little farther with the particle abstractions, if the scooching back and forth of negatrons and positrons, then perhaps the particles can be unified for the AC component of the amps (which perhaps "bias" the tubes and the whole system towards the PSA or NSA) giving us signal particles, or signatrons.

This might require some electro magnetism now, because both input (microphones or phono needles) and output (speakers) both open and transformer-based, result in wires in back-and-forth motion with magnets. This I believe creates flux, which is the basis of AC current in alternators, for instance.

Glossary
Note: some things in the positive side of things (PST) can have a charge of 400 volts, so it is hoped that lucidity and simplicity in this glossary will translate to safety (especially for me!).

Terms

 * Inductance and Impedence These two are AC and it is not necessarily obvious what they are doing in DC systems, but it is pretty easy. The swing of the speaker magent which is an amplification of the swing of the mic, is motion between a magnet and wire coil; what produces, and expresses, AC current.  Inductance is the AC equivalent of DC amps, and Impedance is the equivalent of resistance (but with complicated math).  There can be high inductance but low voltage reaching a speaker, so, even though it has low voltage, there is a lot of swinging of the magnet, especially for bass frequencies.  Chokes, for example. prevent AC current, or signal frequency, from going out to the PST to the transformer, which apparently causes hum.  So the choke is impedes AC current but is not a resistor as it does not resist DC electricity by putting both currents through a coil; possibly the fields created by the AC current in the coil cancel each other out (sounds reasonable. Resistors probably impede AC current -- which sounds biased to me! ;)

 * Cathode (might also be filament in some tubes) Negative electrode, heated electron evaporating plate ) / Anode Positive electrode, electron receiving plate
 * Cathode is where the electrons evaporate from to flow to anode to come out as an amplified charge
 * The cathode and filament can be separate, where the filament simply heats the cathode by being near it to make it more efficient and to allow the use of AC current for the heat. This makes one pin a heater pin then that can be AC.

 * Negatron (or electron) Particle boiled off of the cathode that flows through the grid "gate" to the anode.

 * Positron Particle that comes in along the signal wire that gives a charge different than the anode charge, or positive, so that the electrons that are boiled off of the boiling plate, or cathode, are allowed to pass through the grid "gate" onto the positive side of things (PST)

 * Signatron Combined idea of postive and negative particles to explain the "scooching" of particles in AC current that creates AC electricity. Here positive and negative depend on motion which is created by the motion of magnets back and forth across a microphone wire or expressed as the motion of a speaker magnet caused by the speaker wire.

 * Positive side of things (PST) In a triode, everything on the positive (or power supply/hot lead) side of the control grid.

 * Negative side of things (NST) In a triode, everything on the negative (or ground/chassis) side of the control grid.

 * Control grid In a triode, grid in between electron boiling plate, or cathode, and the electron receiving plate, or anode, that blocks the flow of electrons when it has the charge of the cathode, or the ground (chassis), and allows the flow when it has the charge of the receiving plate, or anode.

 * Open output amplifer (OOA) (usually a pre-amp) The output comes directly from the tube. The flow from the tube to the PST but is blocked by a resistor to prevent electrons from going to the PST power supply and instead sends them down the output wire (Vo).

 * Transformer output amplifier (TOA) (usually a power amp) The output comes from a transformer that combines winding from the PST wire coming from the tube electron receiving plate and the wire that goes to the speakers.

 * Particle flow abstraction (PFA) A way of describing the flow in tube amps in terms of moving objects
 * electrons negatrons
 * positrons negatrons moving in the opposite direction
 * signal particle pathway from input to output (in an OOA), or to the PST and onto the power supply. This may be combined positrons and negatrons (or electrons) resulting in frequency

 * Charge model (CM) -- a way of describing positive and negative charges in tube amps in terms of two sections divided by a control grid:
 * positive side of things (PSA)
 * negative side of things (NSA)

 * Two more loops (PL + SL = amp,
 * Power loop PL (DC)
 * Signal loop SL (AC) flux loop connecting mic and speaker, mic flux yields speaker flux through the media of tubes, capactors, and resistors activated by power supplies

This stuff hasn't been categorized yet

 * Screen grid

 * Suppressor grid

 * Polarized capacitor

 * Grid plate

 * Plate

 * AF amplifier

 * RF amplifiers

 * Push-pull

 * Single end (SE)

 * AGC

 * Linearity

 * Inductor (or reactor or coil) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in a magnetic field. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries.

 * Choke (inductor, measured in henries, plate and coil) Inductors called chokes are used as parts of filters in power supplies or can be used to block AC signals from passing through a circuit to prevent AC signal current from going to the power supply (PST) with the current which can create a hum.

 * Capacitor and resistor in parallel (polarized capacitor)

Tubes in ideal ampliphiers

Triode
The electrode in between the filament (cathode) and plate (anode) amplifies signals. As the voltage that is applied to the control grid (or "grid") is lowered from the cathode's voltage to somewhat more negative voltages, the amount of current flowing from the filament (cathode) to the plate (anode) is reduced. The negative electrostatic field created by the grid in the vicinity of the cathode inhibits thermionic emission and reduces the current to the plate. Thus a few volts difference at the grid make a large change in the plate current and lead to a much larger voltage change at the plate, resulting in amplification. From wikipedia tubes article

Tetrode
The addition of a second (tetrode) between the triode's control grid and the plate (anode), known as the screen grid:
 * ameliorates stability problems and limited voltage gain due to the Miller effect found in triodes
 * extra grids increase distortion, making triodes better for input tubes, but tetrodes and pentodes better for output tubes

Pentode

 * "Pentodes add another grid between the screen grid and the main anode, called the suppressor grid (since it suppresses secondary emission current toward the screen grid). This grid is held at the cathode (or "ground") voltage and its negative voltage (relative to the anode) electrostatically repels secondary electrons so that they are collected by the anode after all. This three-grid tube is called a pentode, meaning five electrodes" From Calvert.

From Vacuum Tube Preamplifier Analysis and SPICE Simulation
Vacuum Tube Preamplifier Analysis and SPICE Simulation by Michael S. McCorquodale, 2005 source

Capacitor explained (direct quote -- will be summarized):

"A capacitor behaves as a DC block. However, it will pass AC signals in general, but the transfer will be contigent upon signal frequency, type of capacitor, and total capacitance. These differences are attributed to the mechanism of current flow in each case. DC signals move charge by conduction. Electrons from one point in the circuit travel continuously to another point due to an electric field that is created by a potential difference, or voltage. Once the capacitor is charged fully by the conduction of charge to each plate, the capacitor appears as an open circuit to DC signals. In contrast, AC signals propagate through capacitors by the mechanism of displacement. Small amounts of charge are moved to and from the plates of the capacitor and the charge is never conducted through the capacitor. Nevertheless, this displacement of charge is the means by which AC signals propagate through capacitors. The AC signal is superimposed upon the DC signal, thus the composite signal can be decomposed and each component can be treated separately by superposition. For completeness, it is worth noting that this is only true to a first order since nonlinearities in the circuit will cause AC signal components to give rise to DC signal components, but this is beyond the scope of this paper. Lastly it will be shown that the DC bias of the amplifier affects certain AC properties of the circuit, such as the gain."

Grid resistance explained (direct quote -- will be summarized): "The grid bias resistor, RGB, provides a high resistance DC path to ground, thus it biases the grid to zero volts DC. Moreover, it sets the input resistance into the preamplifier. It is generally desirable for the input resistance of an amplifier to be as high as possible so the input signal is not attenuated by the voltage divider set up by the amplifier input resistance and output impedance of the signal source. The bypass capacitor, CK, provides an AC path from the cathode to ground. Therefore, the cathode resistor, RK, does not influence the AC signal since the cathode is effectively an AC ground. The grid resistor, RG, limits the frequency response of the preamplifier by interacting with the capacitance between the grid and plate to create an RC circuit with a -3dB point, or half power point, of approximately 20kHz as will be shown subsequently. This resistor limits the frequency response and damps any oscillations that may occur at higher frequencies beyond the audio bandwidth. The plate and cathode resistors simply limit the DC current in the tube, or more specifically, they are what set the bias, or quiescent, point."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HiFi/Glossary


text:
User:EGM6321.F11.TEAM1.Prob R*3.2,R*3.12,R*3.14 Bens

=R*3.2 Show Exactness or determine IFM to make exact=

Given
1st order ODE:

 * $$ \left(\frac{1}{3}x^{3}+d_1\right)(y^{4})y'+(5x^{3}+2)\left(\frac{1}{5}y^{5}+sin(x)+d_2\right)=0$$ $$\displaystyle (1) p. 13-4

$$

From lecture notes [[media:pea1.f11.mtg13.djvu|Mtg 13]]

Find
Show that the above is exact or find the integrating factor $$ h $$ to make it exact

Solution
For the the 1st condition of exactness the given equation must be in the form of:
 * $$ N(x,y)y' + M(x,y) = 0 \!$$  $$\displaystyle (2) p. 7-6$$

[[media:pea1.f11.mtg7.djvu|Mtg 7 (b,x)]]

It has been shown in R3.1 that the integration functions must be constant in order to determine the integration factor. Thus the integration functions and constants will be set to zero for this problem, and $$\displaystyle (1) p. 13-4 $$, becomes:

 * $$ \underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{3}x^{3}\right)(y^{4})}_{N(x,y)}y'+\underbrace{(5x^{3}+2)\left(\frac{1}{5}y^{5}\right)}_{M(x,y)}=0$$

which is in the form of the first exactness condition $$\displaystyle (2) p. 7-6$$ so the 1st condition is satisfied.

For the 2nd exactness condition the partial derivatives must be equal per meeting lecture notes 9, [[media:pea1.f11.mtg9.djvu|Mtg 9]]

 * $$M_y = N_x\!$$  $$\displaystyle (2) p. 9-3$$.

It can be seen that:

 * $$M_y \neq N_x$$

An integrating factor will be found such that the given ODE can be integrated exactly.

The strategy is to get the following equation from lecture notes 13:

 * $$\underbrace{\bar b(x,y)c(y)}_{N(x,y)}\ y' + \underbrace{a(x) \bar c(x,y)}_{M(x,y)}=0        \!$$  $$\displaystyle (1) p. 13-2$$.

into the form of equtaion $$\displaystyle (2) p. 12-2$$

 * $$ y'+a_o(x)y=0 \!$$  $$\displaystyle (2) p. 12-2$$.

So first lets calculate the the inputs to $$\displaystyle (1) p. 13-2$$

 * $$\bar b(x)= \frac{x^3}{3}\!$$
 * $$\bar c(y)= \frac{y^5}{3}\!$$

We also know that

 * $$c(y)= y^4\!$$
 * $$a(x)= 5x^3+2\!$$

Plugging these values into $$\displaystyle (1) p. 13-2$$ yields:

 * $$ (\frac{x^3}{3} y^4) y'+ (5x^3+2) y^5=0\!$$

After some algebra to get in the form of $$\displaystyle (2) p. 12-2$$ the result is:
 * $$\underbrace{1}_{N}\cdot y' + \underbrace{\left(3 + \frac{6}{5x^3}\right)}_{a_0}y =0\!$$

From equation $$\displaystyle (3) p. 11-4$$ the integrating factor can be found as follows:

 * $$h = \exp\int^{x}a_0(s)ds \!$$

with the integration constant equal to zero

Substituting $$ a_0\!$$ yields

 * $$h = \exp\int^{x}\left(3 + \frac{6}{5s^3}\right)ds\qquad \!$$

Now the integral can be evaluated, which yields:

 * $$ h = \exp\left(3x - \frac{3}{5x^2}\right)\!$$

This is the integrating factor to make the ODE given exact.

=R*3.12 Linear time-variant system, Rocket Roll Control in matrix notation=

Given

 * $$ \displaystyle \dot{\phi}=\omega $$ $$\displaystyle (1) p. 16-2

$$

 * $$ \displaystyle \dot{\omega}=-\frac{1}{\tau }\omega+\frac{Q}{\tau }\delta $$$$\displaystyle (2) p. 16-2

$$

 * $$ \displaystyle \dot{\delta}=u $$ $$\displaystyle (3) p. 16-2

$$

See lecture notes [[media:pea1.f11.mtg16.djvu|Mtg 16 (b)]] for problem description.

 * $$ \displaystyle \mathbf{\dot{x}}(t)=\mathbf{A}(t)\, \mathbf{x}(t)+\mathbf{B}(t)\, \mathbf{u}(t) $$$$\displaystyle (1) p. 14-4

$$

Reference lecture notes[[media:pea1.f11.mtg14.djvu|Mtg 14]] for form of equation.

Find
Put (1-3)p.16-2 in the form of (1)p.14-4

Solve

 * $$ \displaystyle \begin{bmatrix}

\dot{\phi }\\ \dot{\omega }\\ \dot{\delta } \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & -\frac{1}{\tau } & \frac{Q}{\tau }\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \phi \\ \omega \\ \delta \end{bmatrix}

+ \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \mathbf {u}(t) $$

=R*3.14 Discuss the search for the solution with out making h constant=

Given

 * $$ {h}_{x}+{h}_{y}\cdot P =0$$ $$\displaystyle (1) p. 17-1

$$

Find
$$ h(x,y) $$ with out assuming that h=constant, and discuss the search for the solution

Solution
This problem is assigned in [[media:pea1.f11.mtg18.djvu|Mtg 18 (b)]]

As a starting point I looked at this:

This solution is based on http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Egm6321.f10.team03/Hwk3&oldid=621841#Problem_8-_Discuss_the_search_for_h

To find $$ h(x,y)$$ solve equation $$ (1) p. 17-1 $$ for $$\displaystyle {h}_{x}$$ as shown below

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

 * style="width:95%" |
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle

{h}_{x} = - {h}_{y}P $$ $$
 * $$\displaystyle (3.14.1)
 * }

Use the 2nd exactness condition, which states

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

 * style="width:95%" |
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle

{h}_{xy} = {h}_{yx} $$ $$
 * $$\displaystyle (3.14.2)
 * }

to determine $$ h(x,y)$$. Differentiate both sides of $$\displaystyle (3.14.1)$$ to determine $$ {h}_{xy}$$ using the chain rule (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule)

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{h}_{x}= - {h}_{y} \underbrace_{:= {y}^{'}}

\Rightarrow

 * {h}_{xy} = - {h}_{yy}{y}^{'} - {h}_{y} {y}^{''}

$$ $$ Substituting $$ (3.14.3) $$ into $$ (3.14.2)$$ yields:
 * $$\displaystyle (3.14.3)
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{h}_{xy} = - {h}_{yy}{y}^{'} - {h}_{y} {y}^{''} \neq {h}_{yx} $$ $$
 * $$\displaystyle (3.14.4)
 * }

By comparimg $$\displaystyle(3.14.1)$$ to $$\displaystyle(3.14.4)$$, and realizing $$\displaystyle y' = P $$ ,it can be see that the last term must be zero to satify the given equation.

Since $$\displaystyle(3.14.1)$$ is just $$ \displaystyle (1) p. 17-1 $$ rearranged, in order for $$ (1) p. 17-1 $$ to be true, $$\displaystyle {h}_{x} = {h}_{y} = 0$$.

The next step is to integrate both sides to get $$\displaystyle h(x,y) = constant$$. When integrating math>\displaystyle {h}_{x} and math>\displaystyle {h}_{y} it must be considered that in general a function of of integration is also possible.

For reference a similar answer was obtained by Team 6 Fall 2010, for convienience that solution is shown in its entirety with a slight adaptation of equation numbering only for completeness from http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:EGM6321.f10.team6.cook/hw3&oldid=621925#solution_of_h.28x.2Cy.29

we can get eqn(3.14.6) using definition of $$\begin{align} g(x,y,y') \end{align}$$

where $$\begin{align} P:=y' \end{align}$$

 * without assuming h=const. find the solution of eqn(3.14.6)

We can rewrite the eqn(3.14.5) as (3.14.6)

We are familiar with this equation, as we learned already. Total derivative - Egm6321.f10_HW1_prob#1_team6

As $$\begin{align} \frac{d}{dx}h(x,y)=0 \end{align}$$, we know that $$\begin{align} h(x,y)=f(y) \end{align}$$ only.

It means $$\begin{align} {h}_{x}=0 \end{align}$$

Hence, eqn(3.14.6) becomes,

There are two possible solutions.

1) $$\begin{align} P=y'=0 \end{align}$$

2) $$\begin{align} {h}_{y}=0 \end{align}$$

If 1) were satisfied, whole problems became zero, which is trivial. We can conclude that 2) is the solution.

As $$\begin{align} {h}_{x}=0 \end{align}$$ and $$\begin{align} {h}_{y}=0 \end{align}$$,

Based on the first clarified solution which has been improved for clarity and correctness amd the 2nd solution which was copied almost directly it appears that the search for $$\displaystyle h $$ with out assuming h is constant yiled s the result that $$\displaystyle h $$ is indeed constant to satisfy the exactness conditions.