text:
Bible/Versions

About the actual book
In the Catholic Church the version used is the Douay-Rheims Bible consisting of 73 books. In the Protestant church only the 66 books approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1885, which today is known as the Authorized King James Bible, are used. No other books, neither the Apocrypha, which was included in the original King James Bible, nor the 22 books mentioned or quoted in the King James Bible, are considered inspired.

There was no specific list or accounting of all the books that made up the Bible until the commission of the first Bible by the Emperor Constantine in the 4th Century AD.

The number of books originally considered for inclusion in the Bible is uncertain. We do know Constantine ordered 50 copies of the Bible to be produced by Eusebius in 325 AD to end any dispute over this, which basically left this important decision to Eusebius alone. This collection set the standard. The first ecclesiastical councils to classify the canonical books were both held in North Africa-at Hippo Regius in 393 and at Carthage in 397.

Constantine began what was to become a centuries long effort to eliminate any book in the original Bible that was considered unacceptable to the new doctrine of the church. At that time, it is believed there were up to 600 books, which comprised the work we now know as the Bible. Through a series of decisions made by the early church leadership, all but 80 of those books, known as the King James Translation of 1611, were purged from the work, with a further reduction by the Protestant Reformation bringing the number to 66 in the "Authorized" King James Bible. What we now have in Bible-based religion, whether labeled as "Catholic", or Protesting Catholic, known as “Protestant", is unrecognizable from either the Hebrew religion, now known as the Jewish religion, or the church established at Jerusalem by the Apostles and disciples of Jesus.

title: Bible/Versions


text:
Research purposes

Research involves systematic investigation of phenomena, the purpose of which could be for:
 * 1) Information gathering and/or
 * 2) Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring
 * 3) Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing
 * 4) Theory testing
 * 5) Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations
 * 6) Predictive:  e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios

Examples of research studies with these different purposes can be found in this practice quiz.

Discussion questions

 * How can research help to alleviate poverty on Earth?
 * How can I gain an understanding on why research is nessesary

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Research purposes


text:
User talk:Justin B

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title: User talk:Justin B


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User talk:Dimo

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title: User talk:Dimo


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User talk:Shyra

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User talk:Aerodreamer

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User talk:Victoria~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:11, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Victoria~enwikiversity


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User talk:Imandatta

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User talk:Tejas~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tejas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tejas~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tejas~enwikiversity


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User talk:Colin~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Colin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Colin~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colin~enwikiversity


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User talk:Surzilch

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title: User talk:Surzilch


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User talk:Bbeca

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title: User talk:Bbeca


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User talk:Steve.silva

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title: User talk:Steve.silva


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User talk:Chulsoonlee

Welcome
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title: User talk:Chulsoonlee


text:
User talk:Udunuwara~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Udunuwara. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Udunuwara~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:09, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Udunuwara~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Dannyza1981

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title: User talk:Dannyza1981


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User talk:Kobthamc

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User talk:TSOShadow

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User talk:RSocrates

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title: User talk:RSocrates


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User talk:Macroixmiwa

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title: User talk:Macroixmiwa


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User talk:Alston.castelino

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Alston.castelino, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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title: User talk:Alston.castelino


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User talk:Arthurcheuk

Welcome
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title: User talk:Arthurcheuk


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User talk:Bwong

Welcome
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title: User talk:Bwong


text:
User talk:Ahmed.alnimer

Welcome
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title: User talk:Ahmed.alnimer


text:
User talk:Ibrahi40

Welcome
Hello Ibrahi40, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Licensing
Hello, I would like to remind you to please put licensing information on the images you upload, otherwise certain people will mark them for deletion. If you are able to release the images under the GFDL and you would like to, please see Template:self-GFDL-Cc-by-sa-2.5 or see Category:Document_copyright_tags. Or if you do not own the copyrights to the media that you have uploaded, please see Uploading_files for how to handle that. Thanks. : ) Please let me know if I can be of any assistance. --Remi 00:13, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ibrahi40


text:
User talk:DanAV25

Welcome
Hello DanAV25, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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Image copyright problem with recent uploaded pictures
Thanks for uploading the pictures. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 23:10, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You can find all your uploaded pictures here.
 * and in these pictures I am not quite sure if the figure for the paperclip is copyright. Could you please redo them again (without the paperclip figure) and upload with a correct licence ?
 * Image:Table 3-6.JPG, Image:Table 3-5.JPG, Image:Table 3-4.JPG, Image:Table 3-2.JPG, Image:Table 3-1.JPG, Image:Table3-1-1.JPG
 * I have also emailed you, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 10:00, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:DanAV25


text:
User talk:Usmanahmed

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Usmanahmed, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Usmanahmed


text:
User talk:Joshuatam

Welcome
Hello Joshuatam, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joshuatam


text:
User talk:Group16A

Welcome
Hello Group16A, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Group16A


text:
User talk:Qasim.qasim~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Qasim.qasim, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:31, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Qasim.qasim. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Qasim.qasim~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qasim.qasim~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Simon.murray

Welcome
Hello Simon.murray, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simon.murray


text:
User talk:Loureiro1

Welcome
Hello Loureiro1, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loureiro1


text:
User talk:Bbr

Welcome
Hello Bbr, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bbr


text:
User talk:Taewonha

Welcome
Hello Taewonha, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Taewonha


text:
User talk:Mariam

Welcome
Hello Mariam, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 15:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mariam


text:
User talk:J.zhuang

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:33, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello J.zhuang, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:33, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:S-LCA.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:S-LCA.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:51, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:J.zhuang


text:
User talk:Fungkaic

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:37, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Fungkaic, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:37, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Eiolca.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Eiolca.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:46, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Blow Extrude Process.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Blow Extrude Process.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:47, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Plastic bag eiolca.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Plastic bag eiolca.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:47, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fungkaic


text:
User talk:John.Cheng

Hello John, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello John.Cheng, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ECOTEC 2.4L I 4 VVT (LE5).jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ECOTEC 2.4L I 4 VVT (LE5).jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * the same goes for:
 * Image:CA0922 aura1 09-22-07 6C76FLF.jpg
 * Image:Equinox fuelcell.jpg
 * Image:ECOTEC 2.4L I 4 VVT (LAT) Hybrid.jpg
 * Image:Sequel chassis.jpg, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:58, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:John.Cheng


text:
User talk:Louisebailey

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Louisebailey, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Louisebailey


text:
User talk:Timdy.wong

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Timdy.wong, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timdy.wong


text:
User talk:Leojohnjoseph

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:55, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Leojohnjoseph, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:55, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leojohnjoseph


text:
User talk:Bosompra

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:55, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Bosompra, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:55, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bosompra


text:
User talk:Marluians

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:59, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Marluians, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 15:59, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Off964-42.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Off964-42.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikiversity are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. --Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:04, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * same goes for:
 * Image:Water-bottle-top.jpg
 * Image:650ml Brown Rectangular Glass Bottle.jpg
 * Image:EIOLCAEnergy.JPG
 * Image:DSC06108.JPG, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:08, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

File Tagging File:MIE315waterbottle.JPG
Thanks for uploading File:MIE315waterbottle.JPG. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikimedia Commons (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page. If the content is a derivative of a copyrighted work, you need to supply the names and a licence of the original authors as well.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag, then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use to release it under the multilicense GFDL plus Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike All-version license or PD-self to release it into the public domain. See commons:Commons:Copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find all your uploads using the Gallery tool. Thank you. TeleComNasSprVen (discuss • contribs) 09:24, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marluians


text:
User talk:SBaek

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:11, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello SBaek, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:11, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:SBaek


text:
User talk:Sissonsj

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Sissonsj, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:12, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sissonsj


text:
User talk:Kdupont

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:13, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Kdupont, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:13, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kdupont


text: Category:Graphing

title: Category:Graphing


text:
Wikiversity:Sandbox Server 0.5/Archive - file hosting account requests

Here you find file hosting account requests from the past:

File hosting account requests

 * Could i get a account also? Im and me research group doing self-depended learning courses in computer science. --miostyle
 * Thanks for activating your "email this user" feature. I sent an email with your sandbox server account password. --JWSchmidt 19:12, 7 January 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Green tick.svg|20px]]
 * I have created a planing page at Sandbox Server/Mu301 --mikeu 17:31, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * done - you have your login + pwd in your mailbox, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:53, 9 January 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Green tick.svg|20px]]
 * I would be interested in help testing mediawiki extensions sometimes. I have installed a wiki on my computer; but recently my computer has had battery failure. Hillgentleman|Talk 23:45, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * see your mailbox please for the pwd, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 23:51, 9 January 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Green tick.svg|20px]]
 * I am planning to toy with Free top level domains and Wikiversity Distributed Virtual Supercomputer. Thanks. --Remi 07:42, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * You have an email. Please reply since: "Now required for legal reasons. Do not create accounts without requesting and verifying an email address." More info in this mail. Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  16:19, 26 February 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Green tick.svg|20px]]


text:
Programming Under X Window

The goal of this learning project is to provide up to date information on writing graphic programs that work under X Window. Due to the lack of up to date and easily accessible material available both online and in print, it is also hoped this material may some day become the bases for a book on Wikibooks. Everyone is encouraged to contribute any information they know about writing programs for use under X Window.

X Window is a server application that provides basic functions for displaying graphics and gather user input transparently over a network or locally.

Ideas

 * Create a collection of links to helpful resources that could be used to begin lessons.
 * Examine the source code for Xorg, examine the source code for Xlib, or find developers who have the time to contribute to this learning resource
 * Examine the source code for popular programs that are still being developed for clues to what has changed
 * Get the freedesktop.org community motivated in helping
 * Study some of the programs that come included with X Window
 * Review of existing material to the topic (benefit also might be: identify new ideas for this project)
 * please add further ideas

title: Programming Under X Window


text:
User Interfaces

Requisites
Software Engineering

Design patterns

Motivation
After correctly applying Software Engineering to automatize an user's working environment, the bottleneck of his tasks often shifts away, from the repetitive tasks, to the decision-making parts or to the interaction with the new automatized information system.

The application of software to aid users in their decission-making processes is dealt with in the Artificial Intelligence branch known as Knowledge Engineering.

The methodologies used to reduce the time spent by the user in driving the interface of the information system are studied in the branch of Software Engineering known as User Interfaces. Evidently, most of the work and progress is made specifically for Graphical User Interfaces, although the basics are common to all kind of interfaces.

Basics
A good user interface optimizes the criteria of readiness, intuitiveness and accesibility.

Readiness means it needs to present the information needed by the user at the moment as readily as possible. This usually involves having in the same window different panels, each one presenting different sets of data (and maybe some of them using lists, others using trees, others icons, etc.). The effort made by the interface to try and guess which information will an user most probably need, depending on the tasks he's performing, is analogous to the one done by caché memories to bring close to the CPU the information it will most probably need.

Intuitiveness means the user will find the way to do an action for the first time as quick as possible. This imposes, for example, that a command to zoom in is placed in the "view" menu, instead of the "file" menu. Another consequence of this is the need to name things (objects, tasks, ...) in the interface the same way they are called in the specific domain of the application. The mimic of the domain must, indeed, go beyond namings: The UI should follow the flows of actions documented in the Use Cases model. A third consequence of the need of intuitiveness, is the need of coherence: Once the user learns something about the behaviour of the GUI, that knowledge should be exploited by the GUI designers to alleviate the curve of learning of the rest of the GUI. That means exploiting the standard meanings of some existent UI elements, like assigning Ctrl-S to save, or using the usual names for the menus. Furthermore, lack of coherence usually results on unrest in the user (As Joel brilliantly exposes in [www.joelonsoftware.com his blog]).

Accesibility in this context means the most available operations presented by the UI to the user should be the ones he will have to perform more often. In other words, taking into account the penalization in time needed to reach a certain command, and assign those penalizations in a Huffman code's way. For example, in a text editor, the command to turn text bold should be located in the toolbar (the bar with icons), while the command to insert a custom OLE object should be buried in the menus of the menubar. Optimizing this, in an analogue way to market segmentation, can be achieved if the set of commands presented to the user changes according to the state of the application (from which one can infer the task the user is performing). A straightforward example of this happens when you click "print preview" in any MS Office application.

Other fundamentals

 * The risk for accidential damage (e.g. deletion) should be (e.g. by, which Mozilla Firefox still does not do for browsing history as of 2019-09-28).
 * Property editing interfaces and settings with rich menu:
 *  OK  – Saves changes and close menu.
 *  Apply ☑auto  – Save changes without closing menu. Tickbox “auto” makes changes being saved automatically.
 * Close (or Cancel ) – Discard changes and close menu.
 * Discard – Reset changes since last saving, without closing menu.

UI Patterns
Good reads:

 * http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/salaakso/patterns/

 * http://developer.yahoo.com/ypatterns/index.php (although specific to web applications)

 * http://www.time-tripper.com/uipatterns/
 * http://www.designinginterfaces.com/

title: User Interfaces


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File:ELE-PRE-MAT2-4.png

Licensing
euclidean geometry

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User:Ankit.maths.genius

I am a mathematical genius.

title: User:Ankit.maths.genius


text:
User talk:Ankit.maths.genius

Welcome
Hello Ankit.maths.genius, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 11:15, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Hi!
We both should make a School of Olympiads, for viewers like us. We can collaborate our problem solving skills with them.

Tushant Jha 15:46, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ankit.maths.genius


text:
User:Daniel Jones

Daniel Jones is an undergraduate student at the University of Sydney studying Philosophy and Physics.

title: User:Daniel Jones


text:
User talk:Daniel Jones

Welcome
Hello Daniel Jones, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 12:08, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Aussie
Good to see a fellow Aussie on board :) Welcome. -- Jtneill - Talk 12:08, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

ArsDigita Universities' Computer science
Daniel, that sounds like a fantastic project for all sorts of reasons. I think you'll find a lot of support here for taking this on. I'll be keen to help if I can and learn more. Could I suggest you might also be interested to post a message about this to the Colloquium? Keep in touch. -- Jtneill - Talk 13:52, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Jones


text:
R (programming language)/Tutorials/Loading data

This tutorial demonstrates how to load data in R.

Note

 * This stub content was copied from an import of R Programming/Tutorial originally to How to use R/Tutorials/Introduction.

Direct loading
1970   45    78 1980    52    95 1990    59    25 2000    63    34
 * Given the data file data.txt located at  :

setwd(" ")               # change working directory data <- read.table("data.txt") # load data
 * This data can easily be loaded into R using the following commands:


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R (programming language)/Tutorials/Plotting

This tutorial demonstrates how to plot data in R.

Note

 * This stub content was copied from an import of R Programming/Tutorial originally to How to use R/Tutorials/Introduction.

Load the data
1970   45    63 1980    52    59 1990    59    52 2000    63    45
 * Given the data file data.txt located at  :

setwd(" ")               # change working directory data <- read.table("data.txt") # load data
 * This data can easily be loaded into R using the following commands:

Plot the data
plot(0, type = "n", main = "Plot Title", xlab = "X axis", ylab = "Y axis", xlim = c(1970,2000), ylim = c(0,100)) grid                             # add grid lines(data[,1], data[,2], lty = 1) # draw first dataset lines(data[,1], data[,3], lty = 2) # draw second dataset legend("topright", c("first dataset", "second dataset"), lty = c(1, 2) )
 * Plotting can then be performed as follows:
 * 1) Setup empty plot window

 * Export of the plot to pdf is easilty performed by adding pdf("filename.pdf") prior to the plotting, and dev.off after the plotting.
 * Export to png can simmilarly be performed by calling png("filename.png") prior to the plotting, and dev.off after the plotting. png("r_plot.png", width = 420, height = 340) will, for example yield the following figure:


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German Language/German I

The German language is a West Germanic language spoken primarily in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. While its close linguistic and developmental relationship with English makes it quite easy to learn in some aspects, it is, unlike English, very "grammatical", having much declension and conjugation. This lesson, one of several to come, will introduce you to the basics of the German language.

Pronunciation
See the wikipedia page on German phonology if you know your IPA. If not:

Consonants
f, k, l, m, n, p, t, x, are identical in usage and pronunciation to English.
 * b is p at the end of words, b elsewhere.
 * ch is "hissed" like a heavy "h" before e, i, ä, ö, ü, ai, ei, oi, eu, oi and between consonants; and "rasped" like Scottish "loch" after o, a, u, au
 * d is t at the end of words, d elsewhere.
 * dt is t.
 * g is always 'hard', like in goat, except for the suffix "-ig" at the end of words, where it is always "hissed" like a heavy "h".
 * h, when after a vowel, is silent and lengthens the vowel.
 * j is pronounced like consonental English y.
 * q is only seen with u, and this is pronounced qv.
 * r is "gurgled" like in French, or (in some areas e.g. in the south of Germany) rolled like in Spanish.
 * s is sh before radical p or t, z before or between vowels, and s otherwise.
 * sch is sh.
 * ß is always s. (ß is a double 's' = 'ss')
 * tsch is (English) ch.
 * v is f.
 * w is v.
 * z is ts.

Word Order
The German word order is similar to English, i.e. Subject-Verb-Object. However, as its declension system ensures that grammatical relationship between words is never lost, it is more flexible. The absolute first cardinal rule of German word order is that the verb, in a normal clause, MUST be second. The others can swap: in order to show emphasis, the more important element is placed first. However the verb must always stay where it is, and where the subject is not first, it must follow the verb. Predicate word order is Time-Manner-Place (when, how, where), and it is common for native German speakers to put time first (punctual as they are). In questions, this changes with verbs being put in first place unless it's behind question word (how, when, where, etc.), where it's put back into second position.

Nouns
A noun is the part of speech that nominates a thing, eg. dog (Hund); idea (Idee); theme (Thema). German is a gendered language, which means that every noun possesses a particular set of grammatical attributes: masculine, feminine, and neutral, and plural: (der Hund (masc.), die Idee (fem.), das Thema (neutr.)). As with most European languages, these genders are not semantic: while there are a few obvious ones (der Mann the man; die Frau the woman) gender is mostly arbitrary (das Mädchen the girl). However, a noun's gender is intrinsic to it, as it is necessary for declination, which is very integrated in German, and therefore genders must be memorized along with roots. The plural functions somewhat as a fourth gender, although (thankfully) declination in the plural is uniform across the genders. (see articles and declination sections of this lesson) Nouns are always capitalized.

Plurals
Plurals are formed with a variety of suffixes, and so each noun's plural form must be memorized. This is not as bad as it sounds as there are some patterns present and plural forms are often intuitive, with the majority of plural nouns ending in -en or -n.

''Note that some common noun forms uniformly take a plural form, e.g. -ung nouns always become -ungen. Additionally -um to -en is rare, normally for latin loanwords. And -nen is only ever for female (person) forms of nouns of occupation/status etc: der Student--> die Studentin---> die Studentinnen''.

The Nominative (Subject) Case
Certain words in a sentence can be used to modify specific qualities about a noun. Such words can even entirely replace a noun (“computer” can become “it” so the word “computer” is not used every time that is referenced), in which case that word (“it” in this case) is a pronoun. When these words modify or substitute for the subject, they are in the nominative (or subject) case.

Articles
An article is a word that precedes a noun in order to show whether that noun describes a certain person or object or it refers generically to any person or object. English uses “the”, a definite article because the person or object is specifically referenced, for the first case and “a” or “an” for the latter. German is a little more complex and the article used also indicates number and gender of the noun, as well as the case.

Definite Articles
Nouns in German have preserved the three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) of the Proto Indo-European language, not only for people (like English) but also objects (unlike English). Apart from the noun’s gender, the German definite article in the nominative case also denotes whether the noun is singular (the noun references a single object) or plural (more than one object is referenced).

Definite articles

So in the nominative case die is always used for plural regardless of the noun’s gender.

Indefinite Articles
Just like the definite articles, the indefinite articles are also used to denote the noun’s gender but only for singular nouns.

Indefinite articles

Personal Pronouns
Much like every known language in the world, German makes use of personal pronouns. The pronouns are used to substitute proper or common nouns. Instead of saying “The building is tall.” personal pronouns, in this case, allow the replacement of “the building” (the subject of the sentence, a noun) with “it” (still, the subject of the sentence, but now a pronoun): “It is tall.”

Personal pronouns

Sie (2nd person, formal) is used both in singular and plural when addressing someone or a group of people politely. Generally, when the person being addressed would expect to be addressed using a title (Dr. or Professor) or honorific (Mr. or Mrs., Herr or Frau in German) then the formal pronoun Sie is used. Unlike any other personal pronoun in the nominative case, Sie (you, formal) is always capitalized regardless of its location within a sentence. Since they take the same verb form, Sie (you, formal) and sie (they), are usually both shown together in verb-conjugation tables.

Verb Conjugation In The Present Indicative Tense
Verbs in German have to be conjugated or inflected according to the person, number, and tense among other things. Shown here are verbs that are altered in the present indicative tense (tense that expresses something that is taking place currently) from their infinitive form in accordance with the number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third) of the subject in the sentence. These altered forms are sometimes called “finite”. A parallel in English would be the verb “to be” as none of its forms are identical to the infinitive, exhibiting inflection. Most other verbs are conjugated in English by adding “(e)s” to their third-person singular form (he/she/it).

Sein (to be)

Regular Verbs
Almost all of the verbs in German end in “(e)n” in their infinitive form (an exception to this being sein). The part preceding “en” is called the verb’s “stem” or “root” while “en” itself is known as the verb’s “ending”. To conjugate regular German verbs in the present indicative, the stem of the verb is used followed by a specific ending as displayed below (endings are shown in bold).

To conjugate the verb machen (to make) using the above pattern, “en” is dropped and “mach” is inserted in place of the stem. The same is done when conjugating sagen (to say or tell).

Machen (to make)

Sagen (to say or tell)

Additional examples of regular verbs include gehen (to go), kommen (to come), and wohnen ("to live" as in "to reside", contrary to life).

Some Special Rules For Regular Verbs

 * Verbs that have stems ending in “d” or “t” add an “e” to the stem in the second- and third-person singular forms (du and er/sie/es).
 * Verbs that have stems ending in “m” or “n” preceded by another consonant that is not “l” or “r” also add an “e” to the stem in the second- and third-person singular forms.
 * Verbs that end in “eln” (handeln) drop the “e” in the first-person singular form (ich): ich handle.

Very Strong Verbs
Some verbs will change their stem vowel when declined in the present indicative in their second- and third-person singular forms (the du and er/es/sie) but are otherwise conjugated regularly. These verbs are known as “very strong” as opposed to “strong” verbs which only change their stem vowels in the past tense. Verbs in which stem vowel changes do not occur are known as “weak”. Changes from the regular rule are shown in bold.

“e” to “i”
Sprechen (to speak)

Additional examples include essen (to eat) and geben (to give).

Another verb that somewhat adheres to this rule is nehmen. However, in addition to changing its stem vowel from “i” to “e”, the “h” is dropped and the “m” is doubled in the second- and third-person singular.

Nehmen (to take)

“e” to “ie”
Sehen (to see)

Lesen (to read)

“a” to “ä”
Fahren (to drive)

Laufen (to walk)

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs decline using no preset rule and have to be memorized on an individual basis. As seen above, sein is one of such verbs that do not follow a specific pattern but its prolificacy will help memorizing it through repetition. Other such very-common yet irregular verbs are haben (to have) and heißen (to be called).

Haben (to have)

Heißen (to be called)

The Imperative Form Of Verbs
Verbs in German also conjugate according to the grammatical mood in addition to person or number. The imperative mood is mostly used when expressing a command (“Wait!” or “Go!”) and can only be applied in the second-person singular or plural (du, ihr, or Sie) and the first-person plural (wir) forms.

The Du-Imperative
The du-imperative is used when issuing a command to someone on a familiar basis (“You go there!”) and is formed in most cases by simply dropping the verb’s ending, “en”. Verbs that have stems ending in “d”, “ig”, or “t” add an “e” to the stem, as do verbs whose stems end in “m” or “n” preceded by another consonant that is not “l” or “r”. Verbs that have infinitives ending in “eln” drop the “e” in the du-imperative.

The Ihr-Imperative
The ihr-imperative is used when addressing a group of people (“All of you, go there!”) and is formed in the same way as the verb conjugation with the pronoun ihr omitted.

The Sie-Imperative
The formal 'Sie' imperative is used to respectfully make commands, in situations and for people who are to be adressed formally. It is formed simply by placing the Sie form of the verb (identical to the infinitive) first, to be immediately followed by the pronoun. As always, the singular and plural forms of Sie are the same.

The Wir-Imperative
The 'wir' imperative is used similarly to the "let's" form in English: to express a desire for action for the speaker and the spoken to, together. It is formed by the wir (infinitive) form of the verb placed at the start of the clause, followed immediately by "wir" (we).

Imperative For The Verbs Sein and Haben
The informal imperative of sein (to be) is sei (be), while for haben it is habe or simply hab. The formal imperatives conform to the formal imperative paradigm (Seien Sie, Haben Sie).

Case in German
There are four cases in German: Nominative (subject); Accusative(direct object); Dative(indirect object); Genitive(possession).

The Nominative Case
The Nominative case is probably the most basic and easy to understand. It is the subject of the sentence, which means it is the 'doer' of the action. I am making a kite (Ich mache/baue einen Drachen): 'I' is the subject because 'I' is the one making something. The dog is running (Der Hund rennt): 'the dog' is the subject because it is the one running; very simple.

The Accusative and Dative Cases
The Direct and Indirect Objects normally cause people the most trouble. The Direct Object is the 'receiver' of the action. I love you (Ich liebe dich) 'you' is the direct object because it is the thing being loved. I'm baking cake (Ich backe Kuchen) 'cake' is the direct object because it is the thing being baked.

However, I'm giving you the paper/I'm giving the paper to you (Ich gebe dir das Papier) 'you' is now the indirect object. Paper is in Accusative, for it is the thing being given. Because the paper is being given TO YOU, 'you' is the Dative.

The thing that is having something done to it is Accusative. Whatever is being affected by what is done to the thing is Dative.

When used without any prepositions, a word in the Dative typically means 'to' that word/object.

The Genitive Case
This case shows possession, and it too is simple, but you must make sure you understand exactly which part of the sentence is Genitive. In most cases, genitive is used where in English, an -'s is used. For example: The boy's father is smart (Der Vater des Jungen ist klug). 'Boy' is in the Genitive case. I have your mother's book. (Ich habe das Buch deiner Mutter ). 'your mother' is in the Genitive case.

It can also be used to mean 'of'; in the first example, "Der Vater des Jungen ist klug" can also mean "The father of the boy is smart", although it seems a bit archaic in English.

Another example: Yesterday was the worst day of my life. (Gestern war der schlechteste Tag meines Lebens .) 'Meines' in this sentence means 'of my'.

Declining Definite and Indefinite Articles
Here is how to decline articles in German:

Using the Accusative Case
For each case you learn, you should first learn the personal pronouns for that case. Here are the Accusative case personal pronouns:

Notice that in both the Accusative in Nominative cases, the ending of the third person personal pronouns corresponds to the declension of the definite articles, this is true for the Genitive and Dative cases, and can help very much when the correct declension of an article or a personal pronoun slips your mind.

Now let's try constructing some simple sentences with both the Nominative and Accusative Cases with two more verbs: Kennen, to be familiar with; Wissen, to know (a fact). Kennen and Wissen both translate to the same thing in English, but have a different meaning in German, make sure you are familiar with this difference.

Kennen is regular, but Wissen is not, so below is a conjugation chart of both:

Now you can make some very simple sentences: Ich kenne dich. Er kennt uns. Du kennst sie. Ich weiß, du kennst ihn Er weiß, wir machen etwas (something) Weißt du die Antwort? (the answer) Kennt ihr mich/ihn/sie/uns/sie? (me/him/her/us/them)

Useful Transitive Verbs
Some of these verbs may be irregular or stem changing, and are marked thus: (irr)

Using the Dative Case
The personal pronouns for the Dative case are as follows:

A verb that very often requires both a direct and indirect object is Geben, to give. This verb is an e-i stem changing verb, so it is conjugated below along with Erzählen, to tell (something), which also usually takes both a DO and IO.

Word Order Rules
When using both the Acc. and Dat. cases, it is also important to remember which will come first. This depends entirely on the pronouns and/or nouns you use. When using two personal pronouns, the DO comes first, and the IO follows without being indicated by To or For (Ich gebe ihm es; I give it (to) him). When the Acc. object is a pronoun, and the Dat. object is a noun (Ich gebe es dem Hund; I give it (to) the dog). However, when the Acc. object is a noun, but the Dat. object is a pronoun, the order is switched (Ich gebe ihm eine Krawatte; I give (to) him a tie). Again, so is the order when both the Dat. and Acc. objects are nouns (Ich gebe dem Chef die Krawatte; I'm giving the boss the tie).

Dative Verbs and Double Accusative Verbs
There are some verbs in the German language that require only Dative objects. Below are some of the most common [(some are also irregular or stem changing and are marked thus: (irr)]

There is also another very small, obscure class of verbs called Double Accusative verbs that most students don't learn until fourth year or AP German, and most native speakers don't even think about. Both objects will be in the Acc. case, regardless of how it would be translated into English (I'm teaching you German; Ich lehre dich Deutsch) it makes total sense to say "Ich lehre dir Deutsch", but only in theory, and it would be grammatically incorrect.

title: German Language/German I


text:
Assistant teacher program/Forum/Advanced courses for assistant teachers

Advanced courses for assistant teachers
One problem with advanced courses for assistant teachers is that groups of assistant teachers may qualify during a longer time and not at once and some assistant teachers may also lose their qualification for several month. This is the about the worst scenario for an advanced course; new assistant teachers who arrive continually want to participate and the course could have to repeat material that has already been treated earlier almost continually.

Participants from different grades
Courses can allow participants from different grades to join a course in order to correct for different levels of academic proficiency and different individual curricula.

Entry phase
Courses that heavily rely on knowledge from earlier lessons of the course (e.g. mathematical-scientific courses) can offer an entry phase for beginning the course. A new assistant teacher may still be able to follow the course after missing one or two month but could have to wait for the next course to begin after missing a whole semester or more. If courses launch in eighth grade, ninth grade and tenth grade assistant teachers can join almost at any time (or very soon). A disqualified assistant teacher could be allowed to remain in an advanced course for a limited time.

Another reason for offering continual entry phases can be changing interests of young pupils.

Entrance examination
The new participant could possibly have to prepare the missing content as voluntary work at home or in a learning group and pass an entrance examination before being admitted.

Learning groups
Instead of regular courses assistant teachers can also be allowed to join smaller self-organized learning groups if a sufficient number of pupils to warrant a course isn't available at the time. Learning groups can receive guidance and tuition from tutors.


text: Category:Environment

title: Category:Environment


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Assistant teacher program/Forum/Allowing for changing interests

Allowing for changing interests
To take changing interests of pupils into account a course system for assistant teachers should allow pupils to start new subjects as advanced courses whenever possible. Advanced courses can use entry phases and entrance examinations to regulate when and how a pupil can start a course late. An individual curriculum can contribute significantly to interest-driven learning. Being denied freedom of choice can contribute to disinterest of pupils (lack of interest, not unselfishness). Allowing pupils to change learning trails within a class or course can also contribute to interest-driven learning.

Mentoring
Mentoring can help to arrange for interest-driven learning if the mentors monitor the interests and learning motivation of protégés. The learning motivation in regular subjects can be assessed with a questionaire but extra-curricular interests may require more individualized assessment, which is often beyond the scope of contemporary schools.

Voluntary year
As an extreme position one can consider to invite pupils to prepare for new advanced topics during a voluntary year after the final exams (a bit like the scottish Advanced Highers qualification, which is a non-compulsory qualification after university entrance qualification), without discouraging very early specialization like school branches or specialized classes (e.g. MINT in Germany). Participants of a voluntary year can make a valuable contribution as head tutors, tutors and assistant teachers in the school, which can also help the participants to maintain their own learning motivation and discipline during self-study modules.

A voluntary year can allow a student to attend the first university semester from his school and to decide for the second semester whether to attend the second university semester or to prepare for university another semester at the school and to start a year later. This would require that universities would accept credit from schools for first semester university courses (as found in the Advanced Placement Program and Advanced Highers) or from their own courses distributed to the schools (as found in SchülerUni).


text:
User talk:Kanjy

Welcome
Hello Kanjy, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk 14:49, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kanjy


text:
Klingon/Lesson 3

 Previous < Up > Next

Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn how to form sentences with two nouns - a subject and an object. We will also introduce some more verb prefixes and a couple of verb suffixes.

Vocabulary
Here a few more words:

There are two words for yes, HISlaH and HIja'. There is no difference in their meaning.

Verb Prefixes
Here are three more verb prefixes:

Transitive Verbs
In lesson 2 we saw simple sentences with only a subject and a verb. In Klingon, the subject is placed after the verb. For example:

In English, the verb sits is intransitive, which means there is no object. Verbs such as see or hit, are transitive - they require an object. The subject is the person or thing carrying out the action of the verb, the actor. The object is the person or thing that has the action inflicted upon them, the target.

In a sentence such as:
 * The woman hit the man.

The subject is the woman and the object is the man and the word order is SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT.

In Klingon, the word order of a sentence is reversed; it is OBJECT-VERB-SUBJECT. The object comes first, then the verb and finally the subject:

Transitive verbs can also be used with verb prefixes with an object:

Verb Suffixes
Verb suffixes are placed at the end of a verb. An example in English would be -er which is placed at the end of a verb such as fight to give a noun such fighter.

Our first suffix is -laH. It is translated as can or is able:

Our next suffix is -'a'. It forms a question: The question is always one that would be answered by yes or no.

We can use both of these suffixes on the same verb. If so, -laH must come before -'a':

In lesson 2 we also saw -be', used to negate a verb.

Exercises
Go and read this lesson again, memorize the new words and then try these exercises. If you need to, go back and read the previous lessons.

 * 1) Vocabulary
 * 2) Affixes
 * 3) Klingon to English
 * 4) English to Klingon

Conclusion
In this lesson, you learnt how to form sentences with a subject and an object.

 Previous < Up > Next

title: Klingon/Lesson 3


text: Template:Circuit Analysis Courses Content


text:
User talk:Waggus21

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:40, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Waggus21, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 16:40, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

short wiki link
A link to an article in english wikipedia is writting  alternativ text  but not  alternative text . Thanks. Crochet.david.bot 18:14, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waggus21


text:
User:Waggus21

Paul
I am a detail-oriented individual, seeking a career in Technical Writing. I believe a career in TW will utilize my ability to gain knowledge on a breadth of topics and my skills in communicating with people who have diverse personalities and disciplines. My creativity and comprehensiveness enable me to absorb new information quickly and then apply it in ways that are adaptable and efficient.

About me
Grew up in Salt Lake City, UT, Traverse City, MI, and Rancho Cucamonga, CA. Graduated from West Jordan High School Class of 2000. Lived and worked in Pennsylvania 2001-03. Earned Associates degree at Utah State University2003-05. Currently an English Major (Junior year) at University of Utahand living in the Salt Lake Valley.

Interests

 * Writing: Fiction, shorts and some poetry
 * Sci-Fi/Fantasy (Orson Scott Card, Frank Herbert, J.R.R. Tolkien), Modern Fiction (Lord of the Flies, Catch 22, American Psycho, David Sedaris)
 * Music: novice guitarist/singer, blues, rock, alternative, weird.
 * Movies/TV: Independent, Comedy, Action, Sci-Fi, commenting on how I could've written a better screenplay.
 * Gaming: World of Warcraft, RPG's, Real-time strategy games
 * Linguistics: Learning Russian, setting my sites on Chinese
 * Wired Magazine

Wiki Courses I've taken:
Technical Writing: Exercises

title: User:Waggus21


text:
User talk:JENNY

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity and btw: you can do test edits at Sandbox, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 19:42, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello JENNY, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 19:42, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:JENNY


text:
Category:Primary education

This category is used by a category tree system for navigation around primary education materials.

nl:Categorie:Basisonderwijs

title: Category:Primary education


text:
BCP/Buxus

Buxus

title: BCP/Buxus


text:
BCP/Buxus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Buxus (Boxwood).

Archived Logs
(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 23:27, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:21, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:32, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Buxus/Logs


text: File:CU wrong.jpg

title: File:CU wrong.jpg


text: File:Film School Illustration CU.jpg

title: File:Film School Illustration CU.jpg


text: File:Film School Illustration OTS shot.jpg


text: File:Film School Illustration Two shot 2.jpg


text: File:Film School Illustration Two shot.jpg


text:
User:Lacope

I still cannot find any topic on women in literature! Any topic is good, but which one is better? Which one is going to be more interesting? How do you determine? I have many on my mind,but not enough time to research! Boooo!

title: User:Lacope


text:
File:Heddesheimer Thumbnail 1.jpg

Example for the WikiU Film School Lesson on Lesson:3D Storyboard

title: File:Heddesheimer Thumbnail 1.jpg


text: File:XYZtable.jpg

title: File:XYZtable.jpg


text:
File:Heddesheimer Thumbnail 2.jpg

Example for the WikiU Film School Lesson on Lesson:3D Storyboard

title: File:Heddesheimer Thumbnail 2.jpg


text:
File:Heddesheimer SBTDS Script Formatting.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script


text:
File:Jiffypop SBTDS Script Formatting.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script