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Guide for New Librarians

The Library of Congress is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States and it is the largest library in the world.

'''Librarianship is a dynamic career path. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "employment of librarians is expected to grow by 7 percent from 2010 to 2020." Librarians fill a vital need in society and the community, especially by helping patrons find information. As the world becomes increasingly digital, and electronic resources more prevalent, librarians will be needed to help understand this information and these technological mediums.'''

Online Resources
1. The American Library Association is the professional agency which represents and supports libraries and librarians all over the world. Its mandate from its inception in 1876 was for work in advocacy, diversity, promotion of librarianship and helping libraries everywhere keep current in the fast changing world of technology. This website should be one of the first that any new librarian visits to learn about the profession, find resources, look for employment opportunities, and generally learn anything there is to learn about libraries and librarians.

http://www.ala.org

2. The Internet Public Library is an invaluable online resource for librarians and their users. It has a large collection of web links - journal articles, websites, educational material, and special collections for children and teens. It has thousands of links that are vetted by librarians and updated frequently. Ipl2 offers an "Ask the Librarian" service which allows web users to ask any reference question and receive an answer in a timely manner.

http://www.ipl.org/

3. The Library of Congress serves as the research arm of the Congress and houses the world’s largest library including millions of books, recordings, photographs, maps and manuscripts. The Library of Congress is a vital resource for librarians and researchers alike.

http://www.loc.gov/index.html

4. Gale Cengage Learning is a world leader in e-research. It is a massive database used by many libraries in the U.S. It is famed for its authoritative reference content as well as its links to full text journal and newspaper articles. The Gale Virtual Reference Library is a tool any librarian can use. In addition, Gale has relationships with all of the biggest players in information services. It's basically a one stop shop for librarians.

http://www.gale.cengage.com/

5. Library Technology Guides Library Locator is the premiere website for library automation and the newest technologies that libraries are adopting. In addition, the library locator allows users to find any library in the U.S. – whether it be in their backyard or across the country. It’s a great way for librarians to help users find resources anywhere in the country.

http://www.librarytechnology.org/libwebcats/

6. I Love Libraries is sponsored by the American Library Association and its purpose is to keep the public abreast of what’s happening in all kinds of libraries in the U.S., including public, school, academic, corporate and institutional libraries.

http://www.ilovelibraries.org/

7. The Library Journal has been a trusted and respected resource in the library community for more than 100 years. It features reports covering technology, management and policy to all kinds of libraries. The publishers and editors at Library Journal review over 8000 materials including books, ebooks, audiobooks, videos/DVD’s, databases, systems and websites. This is a resource that helps librarians everywhere stay on the cutting edge of library services in the ever evolving world of information services.

http://lj.libraryjournal.com/

8. The World Catalog is “the” global catalog for library collections. A Librarian can look up any library material on the World Catalog and find information about the book, ebook, audiobook, etc. including where you can get that resource and its subject headings.

http://www.worldcat.org/

Post MLS/MLIS Education
This is a listing of American Library Association accredited post masters programs in Library Science

1. Dominican University in River Forest, IL

 * Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (Ph.D)

 * Post Masters Education
 * • Archival and Cultural Heritage Resources and Services Certificate
 * • Certificate of Special Study
 * • Informatics Certificate
 * • Knowledge Management Certificate
 * • School Library Media Endorsement
 * • Youth Services Specialized Study Certificate

For more information visit Dominican University's Program Site: Dominican University

2. Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies (Ph.D)
 * Post Masters Education:
 * • Advanced Certificate in Information Studies and Technology (ACIST)
 * • Archives Specialist Certificate
 * • Digital Libraries Specialist Certificate
 * • Youth Services Specialist Certificate
 * • Competitive Intelligence and Knowledge Management Specialist Certificate

For more information visit Drexel University's Program Site: Drexel University

3.University of Arizona in Tucson, AZ
 * Doctor of Philosophy with an emphasis in Information Resources and Library Science (Ph.D)
 * Doctor of Philosophy with an emphasis in Information Resources and Library Science minor
 * Post Masters Education:
 * • Digital Information Management

For more information visit University of Arizona's Program Site: University of Arizona

4. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign, IL
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (Ph.D)
 * Specialization: Information in Society
 * Post Masters Education:
 * • Certificate of Advanced Study (C.A.S.)
 * • Certificate of Advanced Study in Digital Libraries
 * • Certificate in Special Collections
 * • K–12 School Librarianship

For more information visit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Program Site: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

5. University of South Carolina in Columbia, SC
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (Ph.D)
 * Post Masters Education:
 * • Certificate of Graduate Study in Library and Information Science
 * • Certificate of Graduate Study in Health Communication
 * • Specialist in Library and Information Science Certificate

For more information visit University of South Carolina's Program Site: University of South Carolina

6. University of Toronto in Toronto, ON
 * Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
 * Concentrations in:
 * • Critical Information Studies
 * • Library & Information Science
 * • Archives & Records Management
 * • Information Systems, Media, & Design
 * • Cultural Heritage
 * • Knowledge Management & Information Management
 * • Philosophy of Information
 * Post Masters Education
 * • Graduate Diploma of Advanced Study in Information Studies

For more information visit University of Toronto's Program Site: University of Toronto

7. University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, WI
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies
 * Concentrations in:
 * • Information Organization
 * • Information Policy
 * • Information Retrieval
 * Post Masters Education
 * • Archives and Records Administration Certificate
 * • Digital Libraries Certificate

For more information visit University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee's Program Site: University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

National Job Boards

 * ALA Job List
 * Library Job Postings
 * LIS jobs
 * Lib Gig

State by State Library Job Resources

 * Alabama Library Jobs
 * Alabama Library Association
 * Alaska Library Jobs
 * Alaska Library Association
 * Arizona Library Jobs
 * Arizona State Library, Archives, and Public Records
 * Arizona Library Association
 * Arkansas
 * Arkansas Library Association
 * California
 * California Library Association
 * California State Library
 * Colorado
 * Colorado Library Jobline
 * Colorado State Library Jobline Links
 * Connecticut
 * Connecticut Library Consortium
 * Connecticut Library Jobs
 * Delaware
 * Delaware Library Association
 * Florida
 * Florida Library Jobs
 * Georgia
 * Georgia Library Jobs
 * Hawaii
 * Hawaii State Public Library System
 * Idaho
 * Idaho Commission for Libraries
 * Idaho Library Association
 * Illinois
 * Illinois Library Association
 * Library Jobs and Careers in Illinois
 * Reaching Across Illinois Library System
 * Indiana
 * Jobs in Indiana Libraries
 * Indiana Library Federation
 * Iowa
 * State Library of Iowa Job List
 * Kansas
 * Kansas Library Association
 * Kentucky
 * Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives
 * Louisiana
 * Louisiana Library Jobs
 * Maine
 * Maine Library Jobs
 * Maryland
 * Maryland Library Association
 * Massachusetts
 * Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners
 * Michigan
 * The Library Network
 * Michigan Library Association
 * Minnesota
 * Metronet Jobline
 * Minnesota Library Association
 * Mississippi
 * Mississippi Library Jobs Online
 * Mississippi Library Commission
 * Missouri
 * Missouri Library Association
 * Montana
 * Montana State Library
 * Nebraska
 * Nebraska Library Commission
 * Nevada
 * Nevada Library Association
 * New Hampshire
 * New Hampshire State Library Job Links
 * New Hampshire Library Jobline
 * New Jersey
 * New Jersey Library Association
 * New Jersey Special Libraries Association
 * New Mexico
 * New Mexico State Library
 * New Mexico Library Association
 * New York
 * New York State Library
 * Library Careers New York
 * North Carolina
 * State Library of North Carolina
 * North Carolina Library Jobs
 * North Dakota
 * North Dakota State Library
 * Ohio
 * Ohionet
 * State Library of Ohio
 * Oklahoma
 * Oklahoma Department of Libraries
 * Oregon
 * Oregon Library Association
 * Oregon State Library
 * Pennsylvania
 * Pennsylvania Library Association
 * Special Libraries Association (Philadelphia Chapter
 * Rhode Island
 * State of Rhode Island Office of Library and Information Science
 * Rhode Island Library Association
 * South Carolina
 * South Carolina's Information Highway
 * South Carolina Library Association
 * South Carolina State Library
 * South Dakota
 * South Dakota Library Association
 * Tennessee
 * Tennessee Library Association
 * Texas
 * Texas Library Association
 * Texas State Library and Archives Commission
 * Utah
 * Utah Library Association
 * Vermont
 * Vermont Library Association
 * Virginia
 * Virginia Library Association
 * Library of Virginia
 * Washington
 * Washington Library Association
 * West Virginia
 * West Virginia Library Commission
 * Wisconsin
 * Wisconsin Library Association
 * Wisconsin Valley Library Service
 * Wyoming
 * Wyoming Library Association
 * Wyoming State Library

Technology
1. Library and Information Technology Association

This is a professional association focused on the access to recent and cutting edge technology for librarians. It is a division of the American Library Association and provides workshops and continuing education classes for librarians seeking to improve their knowledge of technology.

http://www.ala.org/lita/about

2. ALA Techsource: The ALA Techsource is a publication that produces reports on recent developments in library technology. The website features information on subscription, workshops, newsletters, and a blog with online technology articles.

http://www.alatechsource.org/

3. The Wired Librarian:

This blog is written by an elementary school librarian and discuses the changing technology of libraries and its impact on schools and school libraries. The author discusses technology and its place in the library and classroom. The blog is archived by year, month, and content.

http://wlteam.blogspot.com/

Notable Lists
1. The American Library Association provides a list of "Best of" Awards for print and media contributions. This comprehensive list includes suggestions for readers of all ages, and all literary genres.

http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/awards/browse/rlist?showfilter=no

2. The Pulitzer Prize is regarded as the most prestigious literary award in the United States. In addition to awards for journalism, there are awards recognizing excellence in Literature including Biography or Autobiography, Drama, Fiction, General Nonfiction, History, Music and Poetry.

http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat

3. The National Book Awards, presented by the National Book FoundationNational Book Foundation, are an annual set of literary awards given to works of fiction, nonfiction, poetry and young adult literature written by American authors.

http://www.nationalbook.org/index.html http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2012.html#.T8vSdZiQPh4

4. The Man Booker Prize is an annual award that recognizes outstanding achievement in fiction by authors from Great Britain and Ireland.

http://www.themanbookerprize.com/prize/man-booker-prize

5. The Edgars, given by the Mystery Writers of America, recognize achievement in mystery fiction, nonfiction, and television. This award is considered the most prestigious award of the mystery genre.

http://www.theedgars.com/nominees.html

6. The Notable Books List is arranged by The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA), a division of the American Library Association. This list, released yearly, includes 25 books for adults in the categories of fiction, nonfiction and poetry.

http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/notablebooks

7. The Reading List is also released yearly by the Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) and highlights different genres of fiction, specifically adrenaline titles (suspense, thrillers, and action adventure), fantasy, historical fiction, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction, and women’s fiction.

http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/readinglist

8. The New York Times puts out weekly lists of Best Sellers in the Sunday Edition. These lists are comprised of sales data for the previous week. There are a number of Best Seller lists provided by the New York Times, including lists of e-book Sales.

http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/overview.html

9. Booklist annually asks the editors from its Adult Books division to compile a list of the most outstanding books of the year, with a wide range of subject matter and taste taken into account. This list places emphasis on titles that would be suitable in libraries.

http://www.booklistonline.com/ProductInfo.aspx?pid=5203748&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1

10. Time Magazine created a list in 2005 of the All-TIME 100 Novels. This list is comprised of English-language novels published since the magazine's inception in 1923.

http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/#the-adventures-of-augie-march-1953-by-saul-bellow

11. The Guardian's "100 Best Books of All Time" is a list that was compiled after a vote of 100 noted authors from 54 countries, and was released by the Norwegian Book Clubs in 2005.

http://www.listsofbests.com/list/21-100-best-books-of-all-time

Book Reviews
1. Booklist has been the most reliable source for librarians for finding learned, unbiased reviews of library materials. When a librarian is looking to add materials to their library, Booklist is usually the first source they go to. Booklist is sponsored by the American Library Association and has been publishing reviews for more than 100 years. In addition to reviews, navigating the website allows users to find further information on the books, magazines, ebooks, etc. they want information on

http://www.booklistonline.com/

2. Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries is exactly what the name implies. It is the premiere source for reviews of academic books, electronic media and internet resources for academic libraries. Choice prides itself on reviews that are timely, authoritative, concise and easy to use. For the Academic librarian, there is no better “choice”.

http://www.ala.org/acrl/choice/

3. Publishers Weekly has business news, book reviews, bestseller lists, commentaries, and much more. This is an international resource about book publishing and for libraries and book sellers.

http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/home/index.html

4. Kirkus Reviews provides critical, descriptive and concise reviews of forthcoming books. These reviews typically are available two to three months prior to publication, giving librarians a chance to order appropriate materials for their libraries in a timely manner. Kirkus also tends to review books that might not get notice elsewhere, so is a good source of little known, but of interest, material.

http://www.kirkusreviews.com/

5. Books & Authors, powered by Gale, is a new resource that offers many ways for users to explore mixtures of books, authors and topics. Users and librarians can look up their sources by any of the above and, in addition, can find similar materials in an “if you like” feature. This website delivers current, reliable information in an organized and responsible manner.

http://bna.galegroup.com/bna/

6. The Library Thing is a fun new website that allows users to upload their own books and tag them accordingly. The website features subject headings by users which give a more accurate and robust view into a book or source. It includes Library of Congress subject headings for those who would compare the tags with “official” library subjects. It is a dynamic, current and interactive site for book lovers of all ages and backgrounds.

http://www.librarything.com

7. Fantastic Fiction is an indispensable tool for librarians and readers. One can look up any book by any author and find a list of books by the author in order of when they were written. For the reader who likes to read series in order, this is an invaluable and unique website.

http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/

Book Reviews for Children and Teens
1. The School Library Journal, powered by Library Journal, reviews books, multimedia and technology for children and teens. It has been the world’s largest reviewer for youth multimedia for many years. Librarians trust this site for its recommendations for reliable and age appropriate materials for their young users.

http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/

2. American Library Association has three websites geared toward children and teens.

“YALSA”, the Young Adult Library Services Association, has a mission to expand and support library services for teens. In addition, its mandate is to engage, service and empower teens.

http://www.ala.org/yalsa/booklistsawards/booklistsbook

3. “ALSC”, The Association for Library Service to Children, supports and develops library services to children. It is an innovative consortium of children’s librarians whose goal is to provide creative programming for children at their local libraries. In addition, the ALSC, publishes information for both the prestigious Caldecott and Newbury medal winners. The Caldecott honors contributions in illustrating children’s books and the Newbury Medal honors American literature for children.

http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecottmedal

http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal

Advocacy
1. American Library Association's Clearinghouse for Advocacy

This page is a collection of links on advocacy and legislation organized into subtopics such as a legislative action center, state and local resources, and federal resources. Each page has expanded information on the topics as well as contact information for further assistance.

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/advleg/advocacyuniversity/advclearinghouse

2. School Library Monthly

This is an online blog with resources for school librarians and teacher librarians. It is updated monthly and has a convenient list of past issues as well as a categorical list. The link provided leads to all resources on advocacy but the entire site is worth exploring.

http://blog.schoollibrarymedia.com/index.php/category/advocacy/

3. Survive and Thrive!

Survive and Thrive is a general resource for school libraries aimed at assisting librarians in communicating the importance and continued relevancy of school librarians. The site is organized into sections of target audiences including businesses, parents, and legislators.

https://sites.google.com/site/caslsurvive/

Relevant Articles
1. There are a number of scholarly journals, trade publications and magazines focused on librarians which address and explore current job trends and practical issues of professional librarianship. Additionally some publications include literature reviews. Valuable articles for new librarians can be found in:

 * • Library Trends- http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/library_trends/

 * • Library Journal- http://lj.libraryjournal.com/

 * • School Library Journal- http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/

 * • American Libraries- http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/

 * • Computers in Libraries- http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/ciltop.htm

2. A 2007 paper by Elizabeth Cox entitled "I'm a New Librarian!...Now What?", originally published in the publication Informed Librarian Online, includes steps and tips on how to progress in the field of librarianship. The links provided therein also are useful for new librarians to explore.

http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/morris_articles/10/

3. The New York Times website has a subheading entitled Libraries and Librarians under the heading, Topic Search. This search brings up all articles relevant to libraries and librarians that have been published in The New York Times, both in the print and online versions.

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/l/libraries_and_librarians/index.html

Happenings You Won't Want To Miss
This calendar is devoted to events specific to librarians, so please check out and add trade shows, conferences, and other events that would be of interest to librarians.

View and Add Events Here.

Keep and Share .com (R)

title: Guide for New Librarians


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=External links=

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Geology resources


text: File:2F2S ReportCase2.pdf

title: File:2F2S ReportCase2.pdf


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Caregiving and dementia/Wiki training

{|
 * - valign="top"

Overview
This is a wiki training resource for the caregiving and dementia wiki project.

A one-day training day will be followed by team teleconferences and individual mentoring.

The training seeks to achieve three goals, described in the table below.
 * }
 * }

title: Caregiving and dementia/Wiki training


title: File:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120529.pdf


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If only I had (past participle)

If only I had (past participle) is used to express regrets. It means "I wish I had (past participle)".

title: If only I had (past participle)


text:
Category:Regrets

These are TESOL resources concerning expressing regrets in English.

title: Category:Regrets


text:
Category:Describing things

These are TESOL resources concerning describing things in English.

title: Category:Describing things


text:
Category:Expressing emotions

These are TESOL resources concerning expressing emotions in English.

title: Category:Expressing emotions


text: File:WxWidgets.Angles wx.20120529.pdf

title: File:WxWidgets.Angles wx.20120529.pdf


text: File:Sampling.6.B.Prefilter.20120529.pdf


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User:Doctree

My main page is on English Wikipedia at DocTree

title: User:Doctree


text:
Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Creatine

"There is a consistent history of research indicating a neuroprotective role for creatine in the treatment of PD. It is sold widely as a nutritional supplement."

Background
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that is produced from amino acids in the kidneys and liver. It is taken up by skeletal muscles, where it boosts the production of ATP. Creatine is not synthesized in the brain, but is made in glial cells. Neurons receive creatine slowly from nearby glia and from the blood via the creatine transporter. The function of a creatine transporter in mitochondrial membranes has not been well characterized. Its potential for use as a therapy for any disease which engenders muscular degeneration has been recognised for some time.

Research
1999

Matthews et al reasoned that creatine and its derivatives might buffer against ATP depletion and thereby exert neuroprotective effects. They administered creatine to mice, which had been rendered Parkinsonian by the application of MPTP.

"We found that oral supplementation with either creatine or cyclocreatine produced significant protection against MPTP-induced dopamine depletions in mice. Creatine protected against MPTP-induced loss of Nissl and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostained neurons in the substantia nigra."

2006

NINDS NET-PD Investigators This trial was to test whether creatine and minocycline alter the course of early PD relative to a predetermined futility threshold for progression of PD in a randomized, double-blind, Phase II futility clinical trial.

200 subjects were tested and the conclusions stated:-

"Both creatine and minocycline should be considered for definitive Phase III trials to determine if they alter the long term progression of Parkinson disease (PD)."

2007

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) announced a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of the therapeutic effects of creatine. It invlves 1720 people with early-stage PD at 51 medical centres in the United States and Canada. The study is scheduled to last from 5 to 7 years.

2008

Adhihetty and Flint-Beal made a detailed case for consideration of creatine as a neuroprotective agent.

NINDS NET-PD Investigators carried out an 18-month follow-up on a creatine and minocycline futility study.This comprised a cohort of rently diagnosed PD patients not yet prescribed dopamine replacement therapy.

By 18 months, symptomatic treatment of PD symptoms was required in 61% of creatine, 62% of minocycline, and 60% of placebo-treated subjects.

2009

Yang et al examined whether a combination of CoQ(10) with creatine can exert additive neuroprotective effects in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

"The combination of the two agents produced additive neuroprotective effects against dopamine depletion in the striatum and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) following chronic subcutaneous administration of MPTP."

"The combination treatment resulted in significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and pathologic alpha-synuclein accumulation in the SNpc neurons of the MPTP-treated mice."

"We also observed additive neuroprotective effects in reducing striatal lesion volumes produced by chronic subcutaneous administration of 3-NP to rats."

"The combination treatment showed significant effects on blocking 3-NP-induced impairment of glutathione homeostasis and reducing lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage in the striatum."

"Lastly, the combination of CoQ(10) and creatine produced additive neuroprotective effects on improving motor performance and extending survival in the transgenic R6/2 HD mice"

2010

Kones carried out a comprehensive review of the potential of vreatine in neurotherapy.


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-0

title: Template:Convert/roundi


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Template:Convert/fourLreck

L/100 km

title: Template:Convert/fourLreck


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Template:Convert/fourmigb

mpg-imp

title: Template:Convert/fourmigb


text: Template:Convert/cuyd

title: Template:Convert/cuyd


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Template:Convert/list of units

The table below lists units supported by template undefined undefined . The list is not complete—more complete lists are linked for each dimension. A complete list is at the full list of units.

The convert template uses unit-codes, which are similar to (but not necessarily exactly the same as) the usual written abbreviation for a given unit. These 'unit-codes' are given in column 3 of the following tables, and are accepted as input by the convert template as the second and third unnamed parameters. For example,  produces "100 kg"  and   produces "100 lb"
 * Explanation – unit codes

Some units have alternative unit-codes; these are shown in brackets in column 3, e.g. °F (F): either may be entered for Fahrenheit (but not lower-case f).

The unit-codes should be treated as case-sensitive, especially in cases like, which produces "100 Mm".

The output of convert can display multiple converted units, if further unit-codes are specified after the second unnamed parameter (without the | separator). Typical combination output units are listed below in column 7. For example,  produces "55 nmi", and   produces "1 oz".

title: Template:Convert/list of units


text: Template:Convert/list of units/explanation


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/short list


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Template:Convert/list of units/item

The Template:Convert/list of units/item processes one unit-code to display within the tables of the documentation page Convert/list_of_units for Template:Convert. The parameters are:
 * T      - the unit code
 * note  - a text note to display in the table
 * rowspan - the number of table rows the unit will span
 * altab - the altab
 * us     - the spelling for a U.S. variation
 * fmt    - beginning markup to format the conversion factor
 * fmtend - ending markup to format the conversion factor
 * d      - (internal) template name to format data as a table row

This template invokes a typical conversion of a unit, but rather than converting to another unit, it triggers the display of the internal data used to calculate the specified conversion.

title: Template:Convert/list of units/item


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Template:Convert/list of units/row

 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
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The Template:Convert/list_of_units/row displays one row of the unit-code tables in the Convert/list_of_units documentation page. The template operates as a conversion output formatter, invoked during a partial conversion as the {d} display template (rather than converting to another unit). Parameters:
 * parameter 1 - the unit text title
 * parameter 2 - (not used)
 * parameter 3 - the rowspan setting (1 or 2)
 * parameter 4 - the {altab} text to show "" after the unit text, else {fmt}
 * parameter 5 - beginning markup {fmt} to format conversion factor {b}
 * parameter 6 - ending markup {fmtend} for conversion factor {b}
 * {n}, {u}, {t} - the unit name, symbol & article title of the unit
 * {s} - the U.S. spelling of the unit (aka us=...)
 * {b} - conversion factor defined for unit "zz" in {Convert/zz}

This template, used for documentation, is invoked from each {Convert/ } to display one of the rows in each section's table of the short list of Convert's unit-codes. However, several rows in {Convert/list_of_units} are hard-coded rather than using this template to display {n}, {u}, {t} and {b} for a particular unit-code. The assignment of the 6 numbered parameters, as passed here, is set by template Convert/list_of_units/item, acting as a dynamic template which changes it's target template based on the unit-code.

title: Template:Convert/list of units/row


text: Template:Convert/Mm

title: Template:Convert/Mm


text: Template:Convert/list of units/facdisp

title: Template:Convert/list of units/facdisp


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 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
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title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowtop


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Template:Convert/list of units/foot note

long code "" outputs ' (and never ')


text: Template:Convert/AU

title: Template:Convert/AU


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User:Clarkcj12/Sandbox

14 hm3

title: User:Clarkcj12/Sandbox


text: Template:Convert/km mi

title: Template:Convert/km mi


text: Template:Convert/chain

title: Template:Convert/chain


text: Template:Convert/ft m

title: Template:Convert/ft m


text: Template:Convert/fathom

title: Template:Convert/fathom


text: Template:Convert/furlong

title: Template:Convert/furlong


text: Template:Convert/ly

title: Template:Convert/ly


text: Template:Convert/nm

title: Template:Convert/nm


text: Template:Convert/nmi

title: Template:Convert/nmi


text: Template:Convert/pc

title: Template:Convert/pc


text: Template:Convert/rd

title: Template:Convert/rd


text:
Category:User nds-1

Users in this category indicate they have skill level 1 for language Low German.

title: Category:User nds-1


text: Template:Convert/Å

title: Template:Convert/Å


text: Template:Convert/µm

title: Template:Convert/µm


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 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
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 * valign=top|

title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowbrtop


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 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
 * align=center valign=top|
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 * valign=top|
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title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowNa


text: Template:Scinote

title: Template:Scinote


text:
Template:Scinote/doc

Usage
This template converts a decimal expression into scientific notation.
 * e.g. gives "$$"

To round to a given number of significant figures, specify this number as the second unnamed parameter.
 * e.g. gives "$$"

For engineering notation set.
 * e.g. gives "$$"

Trailing zeros are preserved.
 * e.g. gives "$$"

title: Template:Scinote/doc


title: Template:Scinote/P1


text:
Template:Scinote/e

× 10 ^ undefined This subtemplate gives a × 10 b where a and b are given by unnamed parameters  and  respectively. must be numerical, negative values are displayed with a proper minus sign. The multiplication sign is spaced with thin non-breaking spaces.

Example:

Compare e:

title: Template:Scinote/e


title: Template:Scinote/S1


text:
Template:Scinote/Sordomag

This subtemplate calls Scinote/Sexp to display rounded to  significant figures in scientfic notation by calculating the order of magnitude of.

title: Template:Scinote/Sordomag


text:
Template:Scinote/Sexp

This subtemplate calls scinote/e to display ×10undefined, adding trailing zeros such that there are at least − 1 significant figures after the decimal point (limited to twelve) using rnd/-.

title: Template:Scinote/Sexp


title: Template:Scinote/Peng1


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length

title: Template:Convert/list of units/length


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/SI


text: Template:Convert/Gm

title: Template:Convert/Gm


text: Template:Convert/list of units/item2

title: Template:Convert/list of units/item2


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/itemnontable2

empty


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/itemnontable

empty


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowbr

 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
 * align=center valign=top|
 * align=center valign=top|
 * rowspan= valign=top|
 * rowspan= valign=top align=right|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowbr


text: Template:Convert/hm

title: Template:Convert/hm


text: Template:Convert/dam

title: Template:Convert/dam


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/metric


text: Template:Convert/dm

title: Template:Convert/dm


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/impus


text: Template:Convert/pole

title: Template:Convert/pole


text: Template:Convert/perch

title: Template:Convert/perch


text:
Template:Convert/hand

The Template:Convert/hand converts hands of horse height, such as with inches, metres or cm. The conversion is 1 hand = 4 inches. A fraction indicates inches, so "13.2" denotes 13 + 1/2 hands, rather than 2/10 or 1/5 hand. Examples:
 * {{convert|57|in|hand}} → 57 in
 * {{convert|2|m|hand}} → 2 m
 * {{convert|9.1|hand|in}}    → 9.1 hand
 * {{convert|14.1|hand|in}}    → 14.1 hand
 * {{convert|14.1|hand|cm}}  → 14.1 hand
 * {{convert|14.1|hand|in cm}} → 14.1 hand

 * {{convert|14.1|-|14.6|hand|cm}} → 14.1 - 14.6 hand
 * {{convert|50|-|57|in|hand}} → 50 - 57 in
 * {{convert|2|-|3|m|hand}} → 2 - 3 m
 * {{convert|57|or|59|in|hand|abbr=on}} → 57 or
 * {{convert|137|-|139|cm|hand|lk=on}} → 137 - 139 cm
 * {{convert|37|–|162|cm|hand|2|abbr=in|lk=out}} → 37 –
 * {{convert|37|–|162|cm|hand|0|abbr=in|lk=in}}  → 37 –

Unlike most Convert subtemplates, Convert/hand has 4 sections of special calculations to transform amounts in "hands.inches" notation, for x-to-hands, hands-to-x, range-to-hands, or hands-to-range of other units. The logic changes any fractional hands into decimals .1, .2 or .3 by checking parameter 2 to have "(" using {{padleft:|1| }} then resetting parameter 2, with the fraction multiplied by 100 & divided by 250, as one-tenth the multiple of 25. This is the first Convert subtemplate to calculate numbers which are not in decimal format (where ".1" is not ), as would be a complex format also for hexadecimal or binary numbers.

title: Template:Convert/hand


text:
Template:Convert/or

0 The Template:Convert/or (for ranges using "or") is invoked as the first template below {Convert}, for converting ranges such as {Convert|2|or|4|ft|m}. It immediately invokes Convert/{4}, for the input unit {4}, passing the range of input numbers as "{1}|or|{3}". Having obtained all 8 parameters, {1}|or|{3}...{8}, it sets the precision "s" from either parameter {5}, {6} or {8} (depending on whichever is the numeric round-number); otherwise, the precision is set as: s=(0.5)+(0). It passes {d} down as Dual/{d} to invoke subtemplate Convert/Dual/{d} which displays the dual-range (rather than a typical single amount). For any customization, such as disp=x, the parameters {6} and {7} are passed as {5} and {6} (or null if none).

title: Template:Convert/or


text:
Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAonDbSoff

0

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAonDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/Dual/LonAoffDbSoff

0

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LonAoffDbSoff


text:
Template:Convert/test/Ain

This is a testing subtemplate.

title: Template:Convert/test/Ain


text:
Template:Convert/or/AonSoff

or

title: Template:Convert/or/AonSoff


text: Template:Convert/Dual/Lon

title: Template:Convert/Dual/Lon


text:
Template:Convert/Dual/LoutAinDbSoff

0

title: Template:Convert/Dual/LoutAinDbSoff


text: Template:Convert/in cm

title: Template:Convert/in cm


text: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDoutSoff

title: Template:Convert/LoffAoffDoutSoff


text:
Template:Convert/

ERROR {Convert}: Invalid parameters: 1= 2= 3= 4= 5= 6= with {u}= n= . Try using range: {{convert|||...}} to convert a range of numbers.

title: Template:Convert/


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/other


text: Template:Convert/Gpc

title: Template:Convert/Gpc


text: Template:Convert/Mpc

title: Template:Convert/Mpc


text: Template:Convert/kpc

title: Template:Convert/kpc


text: Template:Convert/Gly

title: Template:Convert/Gly


text: Template:Convert/Mly

title: Template:Convert/Mly


text: Template:Convert/kly

title: Template:Convert/kly


text: Template:Convert/list of units/length/maritime


text: Template:Convert/oldUKnmi

title: Template:Convert/oldUKnmi


text: Template:Convert/Brnmi

title: Template:Convert/Brnmi


text: Template:Convert/admi

title: Template:Convert/admi


text: Template:Convert/oldUSnmi

title: Template:Convert/oldUSnmi


title: Template:Convert/pre1954USnmi


title: Template:Convert/pre1954U.S.nmi


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowaltab

 * align=center valign=top|
 * align=center valign=top|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowaltab


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowbraltab

 * align=center valign=top|
 * align=center valign=top|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/short list


text: Template:Convert/tsubo

title: Template:Convert/tsubo


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowtopNa

 * rowspan= valign=top align=center ||
 * align=center valign=top|
 * rowspan= valign=top|
 * rowspan= valign=top align=right|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowtopNa


text:
User:Peterrawsthorne/Badges/MWA

= Badge Evidence =

Chapter 1: Building a mobile web page with HTML5
Criteria: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/MWA/Ch01/criteria Evidence: http://bit.bc.ca - This single mobile web application implements all features required by the chapter criteria.

Chapter 2: MVC Three-Tier Architecture – The Architecture Described
Criteria: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/MWA/Ch02/criteria Evidence:

Chapter 3: Building the Model and Controller - Bringing context to the web page
Criteria: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/MWA/Ch03/criteria Evidence:

title: User:Peterrawsthorne/Badges/MWA


title: Template:Convert/km2


text: Template:Convert/sqmi

title: Template:Convert/sqmi


text: Template:Convert/sqin

title: Template:Convert/sqin


title: Template:Convert/cm2


title: Template:Convert/mm2


text: Template:Convert/sqyd

title: Template:Convert/sqyd


text: Template:Convert/cuin

title: Template:Convert/cuin


title: Template:Convert/cm3


title: Template:Convert/mm3


text: Template:Convert/sqnmi

title: Template:Convert/sqnmi


text: Template:Convert/dunam

title: Template:Convert/dunam


text: Template:Convert/list of units/volume/short list


text: Template:Convert/cumi

title: Template:Convert/cumi


title: Template:Convert/km3


text: Template:Convert/cc

title: Template:Convert/cc


text: Template:Convert/kl

title: Template:Convert/kl


text: Template:Convert/kL

title: Template:Convert/kL


text: Template:Convert/l

title: Template:Convert/l


text: Template:Convert/impgal USgal

title: Template:Convert/impgal USgal


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/triple

Allows triple output units. See: full list.

title: Template:Convert/list of units/triple


text: Template:Convert/cl

title: Template:Convert/cl


text: Template:Convert/impoz usoz

title: Template:Convert/impoz usoz


text: Template:Convert/cL

title: Template:Convert/cL


text: Template:Convert/ml

title: Template:Convert/ml


text: Template:Convert/mL

title: Template:Convert/mL


text: Template:Convert/impbbl

title: Template:Convert/impbbl


text: Template:Convert/l impgal USgal

title: Template:Convert/l impgal USgal


title: Template:Convert/multi3LoffAonSoff


text: Template:Convert/impbsh

title: Template:Convert/impbsh


text: Template:Convert/l impgal usdrygal

title: Template:Convert/l impgal usdrygal


text: Template:Convert/impbu

title: Template:Convert/impbu


text: Template:Convert/impgal

title: Template:Convert/impgal


text: Template:Convert/l usgal

title: Template:Convert/l usgal


text: Template:Convert/USbbl

title: Template:Convert/USbbl


text: Template:Convert/l USgal impgal

title: Template:Convert/l USgal impgal


text: Template:Convert/impqt

title: Template:Convert/impqt


text: Template:Convert/ml usoz

title: Template:Convert/ml usoz


text: Template:Convert/imppt

title: Template:Convert/imppt


text: Template:Convert/impoz

title: Template:Convert/impoz


text: Template:Convert/ml USoz

title: Template:Convert/ml USoz


text: Template:Convert/U.S.bbl

title: Template:Convert/U.S.bbl


text: Template:Convert/oilbbl

title: Template:Convert/oilbbl


text: Template:Convert/USbeerbbl

title: Template:Convert/USbeerbbl


text: Template:Convert/U.S.beerbbl

title: Template:Convert/U.S.beerbbl


text: Template:Convert/U.S.gal

title: Template:Convert/U.S.gal


text: Template:Convert/L impgal

title: Template:Convert/L impgal


text: Template:Convert/USqt

title: Template:Convert/USqt


text: Template:Convert/U.S.qt

title: Template:Convert/U.S.qt


text: Template:Convert/USpt

title: Template:Convert/USpt


text: Template:Convert/l imppt

title: Template:Convert/l imppt


text: Template:Convert/U.S.pt

title: Template:Convert/U.S.pt


text: Template:Pop density

title: Template:Pop density


text:
Template:Pop density/doc

Usage
This template converts a population and area to a density.

Examples

 * no conversion

 * reverse outputs

 * give only raw numerical output

title: Template:Pop density/doc


text:
Template:Convert/PopDensity/in/paren/flip-off

(round0) This is a subtemplate of pop density.


text:
Template:Convert/PopDensity/in/paren/flip-on

 ((round0)) This is a subtemplate of pop density.


text:
Template:Convert/PopDensity/in/num/flip-off

This is a subtemplate of pop density.


text:
Template:Pop density/LoffAonSoff

/

title: Template:Pop density/LoffAonSoff


text:
Template:Convert/PopDensity/out

* This is a subtemplate of pop density.

title: Template:Convert/PopDensity/out


text:
Template:Convert/PopDensity/out/num

* This is a subtemplate of pop density.

title: Template:Convert/PopDensity/out/num


text:
Template:Column-count

-moz-column-count: ; -webkit-column-count: ; column-count: ;

title: Template:Column-count


text:
Template:Column-count/doc

This template is a shortcut for producing columns using CSS. It generates the CSS for various browsers. Supported browsers are the current versions of Firefox, Safari and Chrome.

Usage
Insert this template within a style tag of any block-style element:

The default number of columns is 2.

Example

 *
Lorem ipsum...
 will produce:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

title: Template:Column-count/doc


text:
Template:Column-width

-moz-column-width: ; -webkit-column-width: ; column-width: ;

title: Template:Column-width


text:
Template:Column-width/doc

This template is a shortcut for producing columns using CSS. It generates the CSS for various browsers. Supported browsers are the current versions of Firefox, Safari and Chrome.

Usage
Insert this template within a style tag of any block-style element:

The default column width is 30em.

Example

 *
Lorem ipsum...
 will produce:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

title: Template:Column-width/doc


text:
Template:Column-rule

-moz-column-rule: ; -webkit-column-rule: ; column-rule: ;

title: Template:Column-rule


text:
Template:Column-rule/doc

This template is a shortcut for adding column dividers using CSS. It generates the CSS for various browsers. Supported browsers are the current versions of Firefox, Safari and Chrome.

Usage
This template must be used in conjunction with either Column-count or Column-width. Insert these templates within a style tag of any block-style element:

The default value is.

Example

 * (default) will produce:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

 * will produce:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

title: Template:Column-rule/doc


text: Template:Included

title: Template:Included


title: Template:Rh2


text:
Template:Rh2/bgcolor

 * edf

title: Template:Rh2/bgcolor


text:
Template:Rh2/doc

The Rh2 row header template is usually for a discontinued or inactive thing (software, company, etc.). It does not take a parameter; the content should be placed after the template call, separated by a pipe (|) character. You may put a list of legend in the article where Rh and Rh2 are used. For example: shows The documentation for the templates series is shown below:
 * {{legend|#ececec|Development status: Current/Active}}
 * {{legend||Development status: Inactive}}
 * {{legend|#ececec|Development status: Current/Active}}
 * {{legend||Development status: Inactive}}

title: Template:Rh2/doc


text: Template:Legend

title: Template:Legend


text:
Template:Legend/doc

Shows a legend row with a colored box.

Usage
{{ legend|color|label|outline=outline color|border=css border }}

color is passed to the css background-color property of the color box. The optional outline parameter is the color of the outline around the box. If you need to customize the border further, you can use the border argument, which overrides the outline argument and sets the css description (e.g.,  ) of the border that will be drawn around the box.

Use in text
{{legend|black|Africa}} {{legend|green|Americas}} {{legend|blue|Oceania}} {{legend|#ffa|Europe|outline=silver}} {{legend|#ff2800|Asia}}

{{legend|black|Africa}} {{legend|green|Americas}} {{legend|blue|Oceania}} {{legend|#ffa|Europe|outline=silver}} {{legend|#ff2800|Asia}}

title: Template:Legend/doc


text: Template:Nightly

title: Template:Nightly


text: Template:Pending

title: Template:Pending


text: Template:Dropped

title: Template:Dropped


text: Template:!!

title: Template:!!


title: Template:Precision/1


text:
Template:Userbox-level/doc

Usage
Also note that the 0, 3 & 5 levels have a choice of two different colour schemes which can be specified by using the a or b suffix, for example level = 3b.

title: Template:Userbox-level/doc


text: Template:Userbox-r

title: Template:Userbox-r


text:
Template:Userbox-r/doc

This template can be used to quickly create a userbox for display on a user's user page without having to know HTML or Wikitable syntax.

Usage

 * Text size is assumed to be in points
 * If border-c is not specified, id-c will be used
 * All parameters are optional

Deprecated Old syntax, for compatibility.

Basic details
Most HTML-based tables only use a handful of these attributes. The following subset can be used to quickly convert an HTML userbox into the format used here.

title: Template:Userbox-r/doc


text: Template:User nl-1

title: Template:User nl-1


text: Template:User nl-1/doc

title: Template:User nl-1/doc


text: Template:Color

title: Template:Color


text:
Template:Color/doc

This template can be used to add a span of text with a given color.

Usage
For example:

results in Hello, world!

results in Hello, world!

Wikitext generated:

See w:Web colors for a list of colors.

title: Template:Color/doc


text: Template:S-start

title: Template:S-start


text:
Template:S-start/doc

s-start is the initial component in a template series for succession boxes. It replaces the previous formats for succession tables but still allows for most of their use indirectly. In the new format, every succession box begins with s-start, and thus it is an essential component of the new system. If you find a succession template not in this standard, please contact WikiProject Succession Box Standardization.

The purpose of this page is to document the whole succession system based on s-start and to provide instructions for the correct creation and editing of succession boxes. The page is divided into three large sections: the first one provides a brief overview of the succession templates and an explanation of the function of parameters; the second one gives instructions for the creation of succession boxes; the third section goes further into detail about the succession templates and gives examples of their use. Complete examples of succession boxes of varying complexity are given in the end.

Templates examined in this page
Template s-start is to be used with the rest of the succession templates. The following is a list of all succession templates, with the exception of headers:

 * Template:s-start — Opens a new Wikitable
 * Template:s-end — For closing Wikitables
 * Template:s-break — For creating breaks (a replacement for hard-coding "|-")
 * Template:s-bef — For listing predecessors
 * Template:s-aft — For listing successors
 * Template:s-ttl — For listing titles and years
 * Template:s-new — For new titles
 * Template:s-non — For no successors
 * Template:s-inc — For incumbents
 * Template:s-vac — For vacant titles (predecessor or successor)
 * Template:s-tul — For titular monarchs (legitimate but not ruling)
 * Template:s-hou — For royal house/individual information
 * Template:s-ref — For citations of succession boxes
 * Template:s-line — Used for succession boxes of rail and subway/underground railway networks

The first five items on the list are the most basic for the creation of succession boxes and the most heavily used throughout Wikipedia; the others (with the exception of s-hou and s-line) are used as substitutes for one of the first five, depending on the circumstances.

Note that s-line is not currently described in this page, something that will, however, change in the future.

A list of the templates and all their parameters, along with basic information about the use of each template and parameter, can be found in SBS's Cheatsheet.

Parameters
Most templates work in the same way: the template's name is written between double curly brackets, and the text or code of the template appears in the page. A basic difference of succession templates is that most of them require the editor to include names, titles, or other text that will be displayed in the boxes, and which is different every time.

Such text is inserted into the templates by means of parameters, fields separated from the template name and from each other with pipes ( | ). The function of parameters is to alter the appearance of the cells created by these templates, usually by adding specially formatted text or changing the text already present. Although some parameters simply accept the desired text and are told apart by their place within the template, many parameters have names, separated from the text by an equal sign ( = ); while in the first case empty parameters must still be included if before one with text, many (but not all) named parameters can be omitted if they are not used, irrespective of their position. Furthermore, some named parameters do not require text at all; the simple inclusion of their name will activate a feature of the template. Blank spaces may be inserted between the text and the pipes, equal signs, and double curly brackets, but this is not necessary and can sometimes even be confusing.

In the following example, "s-vac" is the name of the template, "abeyance" is a parameter without any text but its name, and "last" is a parameter with both a name and text, in this case enclosed in double square brackets (thus wiki-linked).

Most succession templates accept parameters; the inclusion of some of them is essential for the correct function of the templates, while the inclusion of others is optional. The only templates from the list of the previous section that do not accept any parameters are s-start/start and end/s-end. Most of the header templates, however, are also used without parameters.

There are various types of parameters. There are parameters that allow for the inclusion of names, titles, and dates, both obligatory and optional. The row parameter allows for the creation of complex tables and is described lower in this page. And the title parameters change the text normally appearing in s-new, s-inc, and s-vac.

Instructions for use
There are many types of succession boxes, as the combinations of the various templates previously mentioned are virtually endless. We shall begin by demonstrating the use of simple boxes, and proceed with the analysis of more complex boxes of many lines and multiple titles.

Simple boxes
The very purpose of a succession box is to show the place of the subject of the box (the person—or other entity—whose article the box is in) in a succession of people (henceforth referred to as a succession chain). Because of this, most boxes include three people, namely the subject, their predecessor, and their successor.

The quintessential succession box consists of three cells, which go from left to right in the same order that the three persons' terms succeeded each other: the left cell names the predecessor, the middle one names the title of the subject and the years that mark their term in an office (the person's name is already mentioned in the article's title and is thus not repeated here), and the right one names the successor.

Simply enough, the creation of a box follows the same order. First comes the predecessor (template s-bef), the title and years follow (template s-ttl), and then comes the successor (template s-aft). It should not be forgotten, of course, that every succession box opens with the s-start template, and ends with the end template. Each command should be given its own line in the edit box.

Have a look at this diagram.

 * Enter the start field so that the program recognises the table:
 * Enter the name of the predecessor:
 * Enter the title of the person on whose page you are working:
 * Enter the name of the successor:
 * Once everything is done, type:
 * Enter the name of the successor:
 * Once everything is done, type:
 * Once everything is done, type:
 * Once everything is done, type:

This is an example of the technique, taken from the article of Henry VIII of England. Writing...

...will produce this:

Note that the names of the predecessor and the successor and the name of the title are enclosed within double square brackets; this allows for the names in the box to link to their respective articles. Although it is strongly suggested that you do link the names in the boxes even if they do not have their own article at the time (resulting in a red link), there can be exceptions (see SBS's Guidelines for more details).

It is encouraged that you include the title-holder's dates of term or reign whenever possible; if a date is dubious or disputed, use the s-ref template to include references that will back up that date (see the relevant section for details). Please do not link the dates except in a limited number of cases, which are described in the Guidelines page.

Advanced boxes
Many people, like monarchs and prime ministers, active businesspeople, prominent scientists and talented athletes have held multiple offices and/or titles in their life. As it would be unwieldy to create separate boxes for all these titles, we include all of them in a single succession box. Thus, each article has one box at the bottom, which is easier to manage and more aesthetically pleasing.

In some cases, succession boxes consist of many separate rows that are made up of the previous section's simple boxes, and thus their creation follows more or less the same rules; the only difference is that special care should be given to the placement and relative order of said simple boxes, as well as to the inclusion s-break (a template version of "|-") between the lines where necessary.

On other occasions, a person might inherit more than one title from a single individual, and/or pass multiple titles on to one person. The several separate crowns of the Commonwealth Realms, held by the same Queen, are one good example (see Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom). It is also possible that someone might take over an office from two different people who had held it jointly until then, or join several different titles into one that will be inherited by a single heir.

For these, and other scenarios, it is possible to create succession boxes that can clearly show those connections by making use of the advanced features of the hereinbefore presented succession template model. The system for the advanced boxes is slightly different from the simple forms demonstrated in the previous section, and it relies heavily on the s-break template, as well as on the correct counting of the rows.

Counting the rows
Basically, the format is the following: if a box is taking up more than one rows of the table, it can be specified how many rows exactly that will be by inserting a row parameter immediately after the template name (s-... field) and before every other parameter. That can be done by typing:

The number corresponds to the number of rows this name or title overlaps in regard to the other rows, as opposed to denoting a specific height for a cell. In other words, if, for example, all three cells of a line were given a "rows=2" parameter, the box would appear as if none of these cells was assigned a rows parameter at all, the comparative heights of these cells to one another being identical.

The titles in succession boxes are usually listed in the order of the granting of the title—beginning with the oldest titles held—but other schemes exist as well. All notable successive titles should be noted, though titles tied together permanently can be listed in the same cell and some subsidiary titles may be omitted altogether. (See the Guidelines for more details.)

s-break (the "|-" character)

 *  In the past using "|-" was fine. However, to improve the layout of PDF and books, please use s-break instead and replace any instance of "|-" you see by "s-break".

In theory, it is necessary for the box to work to place "|-" between every line of the box, even if every cell is restricted to its own line. However, "|-" is already imbedded into most of the templates, so it is no longer necessary to add it to boxes that consist of simple one-row lines, with the exceptions of templates s-vac and s-non: if a line ends with one of these templates, you need to place this character or the computer will not recognize a new row. Similarly, if a line begins with s-vac, the character must be placed before that row.

Still, things are different with more complex tables that incorporate multiple-row cells covering more than one lines each. Complex patterns are created and it is not always easy for the computer to display all the lines correctly. This is why s-break is so important in these cases, and although its placement is unneeded between many of the lines, it is much more preferable to use it redundantly in a table than to create a non-functional box, where it will often be difficult to locate the mistake.

That said, and even though it is a safe option to place s-break between every pair of lines in a box, it is naturally better to avoid such practices to the extent this is possible. Here follow a few simple tips that can limit its redundant usage to a minimum without leading to mistakes:

 * When considering the placement of s-break, it is important to note the presence or absence of succession templates in a line. That is, a template for a multiple-line cell is always placed at the line from which the cell starts, therefore that line has a template for that cell while the other lines that share the cell do not. As a result, a line from which multi-line cells begin but into which no cell continues from a higher line has templates for all three cells and there is not any need to place the character before it unless this is necessitated by the presence of a s-vac or s-non template.

 * In the following example, note the lack of s-break between the first and the second line and, more importantly, between the fourth and fifth lines:

 * When only the predecessor cell of a line stretches between the line in question and a previous one (it does not matter whether it continues into a lower line), s-break needs not be inserted between that line and the previous one. Similarly, if only the successor cell covers multiple lines and begins in a line above the one in question, then the s-break that could follow the concerned line's s-ttl parameter can be omitted. And the situation is even easier with a multi-row title cell (a rarer occurrence), as it is usually not directly affected by line changes. Generally, it is easier for the computer to separate the lines when only one template is missing from a row's three.

 * Always use the preview button before saving. If you are not certain about the inclusion of a s-break, you can try removing it and then previewing the page; if a succession box has an error, that will generally be readily visible. Keep in mind that each line in a box ought to have three cells, each line and column should align perfectly, and the two side columns should have the same width, which normally is slightly smaller than that of the middle column (a 3 to 4 ratio).

Have a look at the following example. In its first iteration (left), s-break is used to separate every line from its previous and next ones. In its second version (right), s-break is used only as many times as it is necessary for the box to work properly: none. The result is exactly the same in both cases, and can be seen below the code.

Analysis of succession templates
Here follows a detailed description of the succession templates, with information about the circumstances in which they are used and examples of their use in succession boxes. The five basic templates are not included, as their function is standard (see previous section) and their parameters are documented separately lower in this page.

The templates are analysed in sections according to their place in succession boxes.

Predecessor/successor templates
These are the templates that are used to substitute s-bef and/or s-aft when a box documents a succession different from the usual format of "predecessor-subject-successor", like at the beginning or end of a succession chain and at a vacancy. The templates in this category are four: s-new, s-non, s-inc, and s-vac.

S-new
S-new is used instead of s-bef to signify the beginning of a new succession chain, where there is no predecessor before the subject for a specific title. Titles can be created any time and for any reason: along with the birth of new states, in times of governmental reform, and at the creation of new political parties, educational institutions, electoral districts/constituencies, or other foundations or entities.

Simply using will produce a plain "New title" cell. Using parameters can change this title: "creation" produces a "New creation" cell instead of the "New title" one, "party" produces a "New political party" one, etc. (see the template page for an exhaustive list). There is also a "reason" parameter, which gives the option of entering the reason behind the title's creation, using a short sentence.

Here follow three examples of the usage of Template:S-new, taken from the articles of Alfred Deakin, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, and Robert Walpole respectively:

Which will appear like this:

S-non
S-non is the opposite of s-new: it is used to signal the conclusion of a chain of succession, replacing s-aft in the box's successor cell. All titles at one time or another expire, become extinct, are abolished, or otherwise fall in disuse, and those that have not yet met such a fate will undoubtedly do so in the future.

As the reasons for the end of a title are more numerous and possibly more difficult to describe than those for its creation, s-non is an open template, allowing for the insertion of practically any message (using the "reason" parameter, which cannot be omitted). It is preferable, however, that these messages are as short as possible, and there are many such labels whose usage is dictated by guidelines, like "Extinct" and "Merged in the Crown" for peerages, "Office abolished" for offices, and "District eliminated" for electoral districts.

S-non must be followed by a |- character in complex tables, or error might occur in the display of these succession boxes. The use of this character is not necessary if a reason is given, as the use of a reason incorporates the use of the | character. The very first and last lines of each table (counting headers and other templates) are also excepted, as it is not necessary to add the character before the first line and after the last one.

Here follow three examples of the usage of Template:S-non, taken from the articles of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, and John Quincy Adams respectively:

Which will appear like this:

S-inc
S-inc is used instead of s-aft to show that the subject is the current holder of a title, and that for this reason there is no successor to the title for the duration of the subject's term. There are incumbents for all succession chains that have not already ended, with the exception of those currently vacant.

One will normally use the proper s-inc template,, which will produce a simple "Incumbent" cell. There are two parameters that can change this title when it is inappropriate: "recent" produces a "Most recent" cell, suitable for the latest awards and election candidacies, and "current" produces a "Current holder" cell, fit for holders of records and trophies. Along with the aforementioned ones, there is the "heir" parameter, which allows one to include the name of the incumbent's heir (if any), as well as the "heir-type" parameter, where an heir's specific title or status can be stated (usually "Heir apparent" or "Heir presumptive").

Here follow three examples of the usage of Template:S-inc, taken from the articles of Angela Merkel, John McCain, Juan Carlos I of Spain, and Fedor Emelianenko respectively:

Which will appear like this:

S-vac
S-vac may be used in place of either s-bef or s-aft (or both in the same line), and its purpose is to indicate breaks in succession chains, primarily vacancies. A vacancy is a length of time during which a title is unoccupied—for monarchs, such periods are known as interregna. Vacancies occur to most offices, although it should be noted that the short period that often passes between the end of the previous holder's term and the election/appointment of the next holder does not count as a vacancy.

There are two basic versions for s-vac, each of which requires a parameter. The version for the predecessor cell uses a "last" parameter, where the name of the title's holder before the vacancy can be filled, while the version for the successor cell uses the parameter "next". Furthermore, there are title parameters that change the message displayed ("Vacant"), depending on the specific circumstances: "commission" produces an "In commission" label and "suspended" produces a "Suspended" one, to furnish two examples (see the template page for an exhaustive list).

Apart from the standard edition of s-vac, there is also a pair of versions for the cases where title holders are unknown, and thus there are again missing links in the chains of succession, even though the titles were actually occupied at those times. In these occasions, the "last" and "next" parameters are replaced with "unknlast" and "unknnext" respectively, while the "unknown" title parameter ought to be used. This way readers can navigate unobstructed along even incomplete succession chains.

For all four versions there is also an optional "as" parameter, for changes of title names (see the relevant section lower in this page), as well as a "reason" parameter (preferably only used for vacancies), where a brief explanation for the vacancy can be entered.

Note that s-vac must in every event be preceded (when a predecessor cell) or followed (when a successor cell) by a |- character in succession boxes, because serious errors can occur in the display of these boxes if the character is omitted. The very first and last lines of each table (counting headers and other templates) are excepted, as it is not necessary to add the character before the first line and after the last one.

Here follow four examples of the usage of Template:S-vac, taken from the articles of Charles, Prince of Wales, Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, Charles I of England, and Winston Churchill respectively:

Which will appear like this:

Titles and offices
The only title cell template other than s-ttl is s-tul and it is used for titular titles or titles held in pretence. For other forms and functions of s-ttl, see the "Additional features" section.

S-tul
S-tul is used instead of s-ttl to signify that a title (usually a regnal one) is held by a person, but the power normally associated with it is not. This may take two forms: titular rulers and pretenders.

 * Titular rulers are people who legitimately deserve a title yet are somehow incapable of securing it, as in the case of Louis XVII of France, heir to the throne during the early years of the French Revolution. Generally, a titular ruler's title will again be inherited by someone with power and remains only temporarily suspended. There is generally only one titular claimant to a title.

 * Pretenders are people who may or may not have a rightful claim to a title, but regardless do not possess any legitimate authority. Perhaps the most famous pretenders were Prince James Francis Edward Stuart and his son, Bonnie Prince Charles, who were respectively known to the Jacobites as James III and VIII and Charles III but nicknamed by others the Old Pretender and the Young Pretender. While James Stuart was the legitimate heir to his father, the Glorious Revolution irrevocably overruled that power in favour of his half-sister. Therefore, he lost his legitimacy to govern but still claimed his hereditary titles, as did his son. Pretenders are not always successive, as titular leaders generally are, and there can be multiple pretenders at the same time (as in France's Legitimists and Orléanists).

S-tul is used for the above described cases because of its basic difference from s-ttl: the word "Titular" appears above the title in the displayed cell, and there are formatting differences as well. Apart from the obligatory "title" parameter and the optional but basic "years" parameter (as well as the omnipresent "rows" parameter), this template accepts no parameters.

Here follows one example of the usage of Template:S-tul, taken from the article of Nicholas II of Russia:

Which will appear like this:

Additional features
As the purpose of succession boxes is to succinctly convey useful information to the readers, there exist parameters that allow the introduction of data into the boxes beyond the already examined capabilities of the succession templates. In particular, there are eleven parameters: the "as" parameter, which is used in predecessor and successor cells, and the "regents" family along with the "alongside", "lords", and "creation" and "dynasty" parameters for the title cell. All of them are optional.

"As" parameter
The parameter as, which can be found in the s-bef, s-aft, and s-vac templates, is used to inform the reader of a change in the title's name from the previous or next holder. In these cases, even though the title retains more or less the same power and the succession chain is not interrupted, the title's name is different. As readers might be confused to see the title suddenly change during the course of a succession chain, the "as" parameter is used to prepare them for the impending change in both directions, added to both the succession box before and the one after the name change.

Please note that certain changes in title names, like the inclusion in a title of "Queen" instead of "King", or that of other gender-specific words, need not be clarified with the "as" parameter.

Here follows a pair of examples of the usage of the "as parameter", taken from the articles of Louis XVIII of France and Napoleon I of France:

Which will appear like this:

"Regents" parameter
This is a group of six parameters, which are used exclusively in s-ttl in order to indicate regencies and other joint occupations of offices and titles. This characterisation applies to occupation of the very same office, and not of similar ones (as is the case with parliamentary seats—see the next section on the "alongside" parameter). Each cell supports up to three regents, whose names can be inserted into parameters "regent1", "regent2", and "regent3" respectively; if there are less than three regents only the first one or two parameters need be used.

For each of the regents there is a corresponding parameter for the years during which they held the office jointly with the subject: "years1", "years2", and "years3". If a regent held the title during the entire term of the subject, however, no years are necessary. The order of the regents should be chronological, with the one assuming the office earlier coming first; if a regent held the office throughout the subject's term (no regency dates), that regent ought to have precedence.

Here follows one example of the usage of the "regents" parameter:

 * |regent2= Enter name of title of second regent |years2= Enter second regent's years }}
 * |regent3= Enter name or title of third regent |years3= Enter third regent's years }}
 * |regent2= Enter name of title of second regent |years2= Enter second regent's years }}
 * |regent3= Enter name or title of third regent |years3= Enter third regent's years }}
 * |regent3= Enter name or title of third regent |years3= Enter third regent's years }}

Which looks like:

"Alongside" parameter
The purpose of the "alongside" parameter, used in the s-ttl template, is to show that the subject has served in a parliament or congress for the same constituency, district, state, or other kind of electoral division, as long as that division traditionally elects between two and four representatives. The ultimate number of names that is filled in the parameter is equal to, or greater than, the number of the seats in the district in question minus one, and greatly depends on the length of the subject's term. There are no years for this parameter, and the names are only separated by commas; line breaks can be used to improve the box's layout.

Here follows one example of the usage of the "alongside" parameter, taken from the article of John F. Kennedy:

Which looks like:

"Lords" parameter
The "lords" parameter (again, only found in s-ttl) shows that a person is a member of the House of Lords, and gives the years for which that membership lasted. These years are entered into the "lords" parameter, and their inclusion is compulsory if the parameter is to be used. As all peers in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom were automatically entitled to a seat in the Lords before the 1999 reform of the House, the years of their membership were usually contemporaneous with those of their holding the peerage titles granting them their seats, and thus the "lords" parameter can be omitted for subjects whose most senior titles belonged to one of the three aforementioned peerages. On the other hand, the parameter is useful for:
 * representative peers
 * peers who lost their seats in the Lords in 1999
 * peers whose most senior titles were in the peerages of Scotland or Ireland and whose seats in the Lords were held through one of their junior titles (before 1999)
 * Bishops of the Church of England entering the Lords after 1999 (with the exception of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, who are ex officio members of the House of Lords)

Here follow four examples of the usage of the "lords" parameter, taken from the articles of John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee, Charles Alan Andrew Cathcart, 7th Earl Cathcart, and Kenneth William Stevenson respectively:

Which will appear like this:

"Creation" parameter, "dynasty" parameter
"Creation" and "dynasty" constitute a pair of parameters identical in appearance, though somewhat different in purpose, currently the newest ones in template s-ttl. The "creation" parameter helps keep track of peerage successions for titles created multiple times; "xth creation" ought to be filled in the parameter for every box in the specific chain, and creation parameters should be used for all creations of the same title. The "dynasty" parameter gives information of more complementary nature, mainly designed for Egyptian Pharaohs.

Here follows an example of the usage of the "creation" parameter, taken from the article of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland:

Which will appear like this:

Headers
Headers are coloured horizontal bars that help categorise offices and titles in succession boxes. Each header is placed above one or more succession lines of the same type (more specifically, the type given in the header), effectively organising the boxes. Each header has a different colour, something which eases navigation in large succession boxes. Another characteristic that aids quick navigation is that the headers (and the succession lines beneath them) are placed in a specific order (found in SBS's Guidelines page).

Apart from lessening the feeling of confusion large succession boxes tend to create to the reader, headers also provide useful disambiguation information by naming specific legislative bodies, religions, peerages etc. to which the titles below these headers belong. This can be done by using parameters, each producing a different variant of the basic template created by the unparametered header templates, with the same colour but different, though similar, text. Parameters also create headers for different subtypes of offices which are not populous enough as categories to allow for separate header templates.

The following table lists all the header succession templates, showing each header and the wiki-code that produces it; for headers that are specialised by parameters, both the proper header and an example of a specialised one are shown. More information about their proper usage can be found in the relevant section of the Guidelines page. Exhaustive lists of the templates' parameters, along with examples of their use, can be found in each template's individual documentation page, which can be accessed from the links in this list.

Other optional templates
Apart from the headers, there are two more templates whose inclusion in succession boxes is not necessitated by any technical restrictions, but they convey useful information and their usage may be required by guidelines. As of February 2008, these templates are s-hou and s-ref, but more might be added in the future.

S-hou
S-hou generates a cell with royal house information for use in the boxes of all members of royal families. This cell tops the succession box and covers its entire width, and it establishes which royal house the subject belongs to, as well as provides basic information about the subject, namely their name and title, their birth date, and (if applicable) their death date. It may also name the older house from which the aforementioned house is a cadet branch of, if such information exists.

Template s-hou is written right after the s-start template, and the data is inserted into nameless parameters—save for one which does have a name ("name"). The structure is the following:

Each number corresponds to the type of information that goes into the specific field, according to the list that follows:

 * 1) The royal house to which the subject belongs
 * 2) The date of the subject's birth (if known)
 * 3) The year of the subject's birth (if known)
 * 4) The date of the subject's death (if any, and known)
 * 5) The year of the subject's death (if any, and known)
 * 6) The royal house that the above house is descended from (if any, and known)
 * 7) The name (and title) of the subject, in case that the correct form is different from the article title

The fields for which there is no available information may be left blank, and any blank fields that happen to be at the end of the template can be omitted overall. However, an unknown birth or death year (but not a missing date with a known year) should be indicated with the word "Unknown", unless both years are unknown, in which case they should both be left blank, resulting in the date line not appearing at all. The death date and year should be left completely blank if the subject is living, so that the death information will not appear.

Also, there is no point whatsoever in including s-hou in the succession box if the royal house is not known. Finally, the "name" parameter should only be used if the article's title, which normally appears in the cell's first line, is different from the correct name and/or title of the subject. As the very last field in the template, it should be omitted instead of blanked if its use is unnecessary.

Template:s-hou (with others)

Which will look similar to this:

S-ref
Template s-ref exists to provide notes and references related to the information in succession boxes. On one hand, citing sources is becoming increasingly important in Wikipedia, and succession boxes are no exception; references from outside Wikipedia ought to be given for the successions and dates stated in the boxes wherever possible. On the other hand, explanations are often necessary for some of the more unusual events documented in succession boxes, and giving them in the main body of the boxes rather than at their end can create some very unwieldy configurations of footnotes and annotations that do not aid standardisation in the least.

S-ref supports up to ten sources/notes, which are entered as follows:

Only use as many fields as is necessary in each box. It is very important to note that s-ref already incorporates the function of template end, and it is thus unnecessary to use to close a succession box when s-ref is used.

The notes and sources in s-ref are automatically numbered; they ought to be listed in the template with the order in which the information sourced, or to which the notes refer, is encountered in the box. The resulting numbers should be superscript next to the names, titles, and/or dates to which they refer—to do that, enclose a number in tags like this: 2. (For numbers 1 to 3 one may also use the characters provided in the symbol box under the edit window.)

Sources should be written according to the instructions found in Citing sources, and care should be taken to write notes clearly enough to be useful, but also succinctly and without taking up too much space and cluttering the box.

Complete example
Using the rows feature of the templates, very advanced tables can be created to help in situations with people who hold many posts, especially British Prime Ministers. The following is a hypothetical chart with at least one use of all the forms above:

title: Template:S-start/doc


text:
Template:S-par

|- ! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc" |

title: Template:S-par


text:
Template:S-end

 * }

title: Template:S-end


text:
Template:S-end/doc

Usage
This template duplicates end for technical reasons. See the documentation on that page.

Why this template exists
The various succession box templates are considered navigational content and thus are excluded from print in the PDFs and printed books. However, end can be used to end any table, thus that template cannot be excluded from print. However, s-end can be excluded without any negative repercussions. Similar templates that are unambiguously the end of tables which should be excluded in print should redirect here, rather than to end.

If you see any succession template ending with end, please change it to s-end.

title: Template:S-end/doc


text:
Template:End

 * }

title: Template:End


text:
Template:End/doc

Usage
This template ends any table (with bar-brace "|}") and may be used with any other templates that begin a one-level table, except with template &  which require  to end a Top-table (which has a double-level format).

Severe limitations
WARNING: Template end must be placed on a separate line for ending a table; otherwise, it inserts a literal bar-brace "|}" into the text.

Examples
AABB Result:

AA

BB

AA BB Result:

AA BB

title: Template:End/doc


text:
Template:Col-2

 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |

title: Template:Col-2


title: Template:Col-2/doc


text:
Template:S-bef

|- style="text-align:center;"
 * width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by

title: Template:S-bef


text:
Template:S-bef/doc

This template creates a single first-column succession box column to be used with succession boxes.

Usage
The format is, where parameter is replaced by one of the parameter names shown in the following table. The use of a parameter is optional.

 * as — Adds a title line beneath a predecessor's name to designate a change in title.

This template allows for multiple row-spans using the parameter |rows=| between the template name and the first parameter.

Example
From the Louis XIV of France article:

title: Template:S-bef/doc


text:
Template:S-reg

! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;" |

title: Template:S-reg


text:
Template:S-ttl

|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan=""|

title: Template:S-ttl


text:
Template:S-aft

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""| Succeeded by

title: Template:S-aft


text:
Template:S-inc

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|

title: Template:S-inc


text:
Template:S-off

|- ! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;" | Political offices

title: Template:S-off


text:
User:Peterrawsthorne/Badges

= Open Badges Efforts =

title: User:Peterrawsthorne/Badges


text: File:RaceBoard.jpg

title: File:RaceBoard.jpg


title: File:RaceBoard2.JPG


text: Category:History of Korea

title: Category:History of Korea


text:
History of Korea/Gojoseon Empire

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom.

It is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by Dangun Wanggeom. Archaeological evidence of a Gojoseon-era civilization is found in the transition from the Jeulmun pottery to the Mumun pottery around 1500 BC, when groups of semi-sedentary small-scale agriculturalists occupied most of the Korean Peninsula.

During its early phase, the capital of Gojoseon was located in Liaoning; around 400 BC, and was moved to Pyongyang, while in the south of the peninsula, the Jin state arose by the 3rd century BC.

The territory of Gojoseon was invaded by the Han Dynasty of China during the Gojoseon–Han War in 108 BC, which is said to have led to the collapse of the kingdom into many small states, until the Proto–Three Kingdoms emerged and marked their own period in Korean history.

The people of the Gojoseon-territory are referred to in Chinese records as Dongyi "eastern barbarians." Their language was probably a predecessor of the equally prehistoric Buyeo languages, and perhaps a form of Proto-Korean.

title: History of Korea/Gojoseon Empire


title: File:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120530.pdf


text:
Category:Communicative functions

These are TESOL resources organized by their communicative function.

title: Category:Communicative functions


text:
Category:Describing people

These are TESOL resources concerning describing people in English.

title: Category:Describing people


text:
User:Abbi.E.Normal

User-page now exists, hooray =)

Cheers,

Abbi.E.Normal (talk) 05:55, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Abbi.E.Normal


text:
User talk:Abbi.E.Normal

User-page has Talk now.

cheers ^_^

Abbi.E.Normal (talk) 05:57, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abbi.E.Normal


text:
Category:Reaching an agreement

These are TESOL resources concerning reaching an agreement in English, such as when negotiating.

title: Category:Reaching an agreement


text:
Category:Controlling conversation flow

These are TESOL resources concerning controlling conversation flow in English, such as initiating conversation, changing the subject, or excusing oneself.

title: Category:Controlling conversation flow


text:
Category:Social functions

These are TESOL resources concerning social functions of English.

title: Category:Social functions


text: Template:VBN

title: Template:VBN


text:
Template:VBN/doc

This encloses the past participle of a verb (a VBN).

title: Template:VBN/doc


text: Template:PP

title: Template:PP


text:
Template:PP/doc

This encloses a prepositional phrase (PP).

title: Template:PP/doc


text:
Template:NNP/doc

This encloses a singular proper noun (NNP).

title: Template:NNP/doc


text:
Talk:Warping functions

The Figure "Shear stresses in the cross section of an elliptical cylinder under torsion" seems wrong: there is no explanation, but seemingly the level curves represent the lines where the tangential stress tau has the same intensity. Given that in the Center the shear stress must be zero, it appears that the highest level is found at the two intersection of the contour with the major axis (horizontal). However is well known that the maximum stress is at the intersection of the contour with the minor axis (vertical). Please give a different explanation of the figure or correct it. Luca Bacchi

title: Talk:Warping functions


text:
Object Oriented with Java/Object concepts

This unit will cover:
 * How an object’s response to a messaged based on the state of its attributes.
 * Different types of messages:
 * Messages with/without arguments
 * Message that returns a value
 * Messages that change state of receiver
 * Messages that does not change state of receiver

 * Polymorphism and object collaboration
 * Inheritance, classes and sub-classes

Polymorphism
Different classes may share exactly the same protocol which is known as polymorphism, so those messages may overlap which is useful. So a message to which objects of more than one class can respond is called a polymorphic message.

A polymorphic message:
 * Is found in more than one class with the same name.
 * It may differ in the behaviour or arguments, or no change at all.

Class Fields
Any class is composed of three parts: class name, class attributes and clas methods (protocol)

Assume the below class diagram of a rectangle. Figure1. Class diagram of a Rectangle

You can figure out that:

Class name: Rectangle

Class attributes: length, width

Class methods: setLength(double), setWidth(double), getLength, getWidth, and area.

Class Methods
Methods could be classified into:* Method with/without arguments;
 * Method change the state of an object;
 * Method that does not change object state;
 * Method returns an answer, it does not change the state of an object, it obtains information about object state. This answer could be a value, or an object, and is used as an argument on subsequent message, or to collaborate with other objects.

In Object Oriented Programming Language it is common that when you define an attribute in a class, then you need to define at least two methods for each attribute: setter method and getter method.

 * Setter method: a method that sets the value of one of a receiver's attribute. A setter method name usually starts with set followed by attribute name then parenthesis as in setLength. Any message that changes the state of an object is known as a mutator method.
 * Getter method: a message that returns as its message answer, the value of one of a receiver's attributes. A getter message name usually starts with get followed by attribute name then parenthesis as in getx. A getter message always returns an answer. The getter message is known as accessor method since it is only access the attribute value without doing any change.
 * Getter method: a message that returns as its message answer, the value of one of a receiver's attributes. A getter message name usually starts with get followed by attribute name then parenthesis as in getx. A getter message always returns an answer. The getter message is known as accessor method since it is only access the attribute value without doing any change.

Classes and sub-classes
You may use more than one class in your program. The most popular types of relationship between classes are:
 * "is-a" relationship, which represents the inheritance principle.
 * "has-a" relationship that represents composition principle.

Inheritance: In this case you have a super class (parent class), and a sub-class (child class). The super class will have common attributes and protocols of parent and child. The child class will inherit all attributes and protocols from his parent; in addition the sub-class will have its own special attributes or messages which are not found in the parent class.

Example:

Assume you have two classes: class A, and class B as shown in table 1:

Table1. Class A and B with its attributes and protocols

An attribute declaration is similar to variable declaration, so when you declare it, you need to determine data type then variable name as follows:

Data_type variable_name; int x;  //Java language float z;

Data types: could be any primitive data type or structural data type.

Primitive data types: are fond in all programming languages and may differ in syntax such as:

int  		(number without digits) 	 // denoted as int in Java float    	(any number)  			// denoted as float in Java char    	(one character and denoted by single quote such as: 'a', '+') boolean 	(either true or false)

Structural data type: such as records, and classes.

So in table 1, class B includes all attributes and messages of class A. In addition class B has extra messages: setz, and getz, also an extra attribute: z.

Now to avoid repetition of declaring these common attributes, and messages twice, we put all common attributes and messages in an upper class called “Super-class”, and do another class that inherits these (sub-class), and has its own extra attributes and messages. Such a relationship between classes is known as inheritance.


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