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User:NOFRIENDS

Help · Contact
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This Wikiversity is written in English. Started in August 2006, it currently contains Special:Statistics articles. You may read and edit courses in many different languages:

title: User:NOFRIENDS


text:
User talk:NOFRIENDS

Welcome
Hello NOFRIENDS, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; for it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other wikiversiters on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 16:58, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:NOFRIENDS


text:
User talk:Extremecircuitz

Welcome
Hello Extremecircuitz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; for it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other wikiversiters on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 17:03, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Extremecircuitz


text:
User talk:Bo Jacoby

Welcome
Hello Bo Jacoby, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; for it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other wikiversiters on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( my talk page, wiki blog ) 19:33, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bo Jacoby


text:
BCP/Ageratum houstonianum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Ageratum houstonianum (Flossflower).

Recent Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 19:59, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 11:37, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Ageratum houstonianum/Logs


text:
BCP/Asparagus officinalis/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:45, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:33, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:33, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 14:44, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:21, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Asparagus officinalis/Logs


text:
Category:SPICE Parts

This is a catagory of SPICE Parts pages. Due to the inability to upload files with SPICE endings such as .asc .asy .sch these pages contain the raw text for the SPICE Modal.

If we can hold to the standard of pages named like "nameofpart SPICE PART" it would be great

Part of the Topic:Electronic Engineering group.

Base any new additions on one of the existing ones or this oneVCC 5V SPICE PART

REMEMBER add a license to your schematic/symbol as they should be held to the same standards as a imageCategory:Document_copyright_tags

title: Category:SPICE Parts


text:
SPICE/VCC 5V

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
(todo image of not gate pointing to 5V thing at top) This is a round +V symbol with a line comming down connecting to a pin pad

Code Listing
5v.asy Version 4 SymbolType BLOCK LINE Normal 0 0 0 -14 CIRCLE Normal 4 -12 -4 -20 TEXT -2 -60 Top 0 +5v PIN 0 0 NONE 8 PINATTR SpiceOrder 1

title: SPICE/VCC 5V


text:
SPICE/2 Emitter NPN

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
(todo image of not gate pointing to 5V thing at top) A standard NPN transistor with 2 emmiters

Code Listing
2innpn.asy Version 4 SymbolType CELL LINE Normal 44 76 36 84 LINE Normal 64 96 44 76 LINE Normal 64 96 36 84 LINE Normal 40 80 16 64 LINE Normal 16 80 16 16 LINE Normal 16 32 64 0 LINE Normal 16 48 0 48 LINE Normal 44 92 36 100 LINE Normal 64 112 44 92 LINE Normal 64 112 36 100 LINE Normal 40 96 16 80 WINDOW 0 56 32 Left 0 WINDOW 3 56 68 Left 0 SYMATTR Value NPN SYMATTR Prefix QN SYMATTR Description Bipolar NPN transistor PIN 64 0 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName C PINATTR SpiceOrder 1 PIN 0 48 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName B PINATTR SpiceOrder 2 PIN 64 96 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E PINATTR SpiceOrder 3 PIN 64 112 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E1 PINATTR SpiceOrder 4

title: SPICE/2 Emitter NPN


text:
SPICE/3 Emitter NPN

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
(todo image of not gate pointing to 5V thing at top) A standard NPN transistor with 3 emitters

Code Listing
3innpn.asy Version 4 SymbolType CELL LINE Normal 44 76 36 84 LINE Normal 64 96 44 76 LINE Normal 64 96 36 84 LINE Normal 40 80 16 64 LINE Normal 16 80 16 16 LINE Normal 16 32 64 0 LINE Normal 16 48 0 48 LINE Normal 44 92 36 100 LINE Normal 64 112 44 92 LINE Normal 64 112 36 100 LINE Normal 40 96 16 80 LINE Normal 44 108 36 116 LINE Normal 64 128 44 108 LINE Normal 64 128 36 116 LINE Normal 40 112 16 96 LINE Normal 16 96 16 32 WINDOW 0 56 32 Left 0 WINDOW 3 56 68 Left 0 SYMATTR Value NPN SYMATTR Prefix QN SYMATTR Description Bipolar NPN transistor PIN 64 0 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName C PINATTR SpiceOrder 1 PIN 0 48 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName B PINATTR SpiceOrder 2 PIN 64 96 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E PINATTR SpiceOrder 3 PIN 64 112 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E1 PINATTR SpiceOrder 4 PIN 64 128 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E2 PINATTR SpiceOrder 5

title: SPICE/3 Emitter NPN


text:
SPICE/4 Emitter NPN

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
(todo image of not gate pointing to 5V thing at top) A standard NPN transistor with 4 emitters

Code Listing
4innpn.asy Version 4 SymbolType CELL LINE Normal 44 76 36 84 LINE Normal 64 96 44 76 LINE Normal 64 96 36 84 LINE Normal 40 80 16 64 LINE Normal 16 80 16 16 LINE Normal 16 32 64 0 LINE Normal 16 48 0 48 LINE Normal 44 92 36 100 LINE Normal 64 112 44 92 LINE Normal 64 112 36 100 LINE Normal 40 96 16 80 LINE Normal 44 108 36 116 LINE Normal 64 128 44 108 LINE Normal 64 128 36 116 LINE Normal 40 112 16 96 LINE Normal 44 124 36 132 LINE Normal 64 144 44 124 LINE Normal 64 144 36 132 LINE Normal 40 128 16 112 LINE Normal 16 111 16 47 WINDOW 0 56 32 Left 0 WINDOW 3 56 68 Left 0 SYMATTR Value NPN SYMATTR Prefix QN SYMATTR Description Bipolar NPN transistor PIN 64 0 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName C PINATTR SpiceOrder 1 PIN 0 48 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName B PINATTR SpiceOrder 2 PIN 64 96 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E PINATTR SpiceOrder 3 PIN 64 112 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E1 PINATTR SpiceOrder 4 PIN 64 128 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E2 PINATTR SpiceOrder 5 PIN 64 144 NONE 0 PINATTR PinName E3 PINATTR SpiceOrder 6

title: SPICE/4 Emitter NPN


text:
Category:SPICE Schematics

This is a catagory of SPICE Schmatics pages. Due to the inability to upload files with SPICE endings such as .asc .asy .sch these pages contain the raw text for the SPICE Modal.

If we can hold to the standard of pages named like "nameofcircut SPICE PART" it would be great

Part of the Topic:Electronic Engineering group.

Base any new additions on one of the existing ones or this oneNOT_TTL_SPICE_SCH

REMEMBER add a license to your schematic/symbol as they should be held to the same standards as a imageCategory:Document_copyright_tags

title: Category:SPICE Schematics


text:
BCP/Viburnum prunifolium/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw).

Recent Logs

 * SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:52, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Viburnum prunifolium/Logs


text:
Talk:Neurodiversity Movement

Why this page is static
Although this resource is my brainchild, I never intended to be the only author! I've finished a small part of Section 1: The Basics, but I can't put it up yet because I'm waiting on two friends who promised to write the segments on OCD and Bipolar Disorder. In the meanwhile, I welcome anyone who is interested to write something- anything- and add it to the page or post it here, on the talk page, so we can edit it into the resource in the apropriate place. Additionally, if you have any suggestions for assignments/activities/other learning experiences that would enrich this resource, I would be more than glad to hear them! --Luai lashire 23:17, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Luai. I've been reading along a bit, and might be able to contribute later. I'm leaving an interwiki template on Neurodiversity for now, which might attract a few contributors.
 * BTW: welcome and expand is actually a cleanup template: it's primary use is to tag empty and non-useful pages a week or so before they get deleted for being empty and non-useful :). --SB_Johnny | talk 23:29, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I wasn't sure it was the right template but I couldn't find one that was just asking for more contributions, so I figured it was the next best thing. ^_^;  --Luai lashire 00:30, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I wonder if you ever saw a book called, "In the mind's eye" by Thomas G. West. I suspect that there has been heavy selection during human evolution for diversity in genes that regulate brain development.....this is one of the ideas I'm exploring at Human Genetic Uniqueness Project. --JWSchmidt 01:03, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That looks like a really interesting project! No, I've not heard of that book, but I'll try to find it.  Thanks.  --Luai lashire 21:18, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Hey Luai, it's Lee (user "ahumanbeing" on aspie for freedom website). This is fascinating. I am a complete amateur in the topic and in using wikipedia. But I am very honored you've asked me to participate. I'll see what I can come up with. Thanks again. --unsigned comment by(assumed) Luai lashire 22:48, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Multimedia Neurodiversity resources?
I want to get people who are interested in this course more involved in creating it, and one of the things I'd like to have happen is making this course more of a multi-media experience. I want to assign the students to read books, watch movies, hunt down articles, go out and meet people, listen to an interview, ect. Part of the goal is to have them find these things themselves, but I also want to have some directions to point them in and some specific resources to suggest. I've found a few, but I want to see what other people can come up with. Movies, radio shows, podcasts, books, articles, whatever. It can be pro-neurodiversity, anti-neurodiversity, or in-between. Post them here. Good hunting. --Luai lashire 01:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a growing list of possible sources for learning resources at Hunter-gatherers project. --JWSchmidt 01:39, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Mabye you could have people write essays and then use those to start a debate? --Rayc 07:07, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Question about Aspie pride?
There is an antipsychiatry group called the Icaurus Project who feel that they have gifts to be cultivated and taken care of, rather than a disease or disorder...Is this similar to Aspie pride? I am interested in this concept being that I work here on Wikiversity on recovery psychology and while I identify myself as in recovery from depression I know that I can maintain my attention span and stay on a subject for as long as twelve hours a day non-stop, while the normies are exhuasted after only 45 minutes and they will think of me to be manic however I have expierinced mania, and my wiring (as I call it) does not run very well in a manic state. I know I am wired different from others because as a child I learned to read and write developmentally delayed somewhat, but was inspired by the fact that George Lucas had been a screen play writer, and I understood at the age of 5 or 6 that movies like Star Wars were products of the mind. I can not think of other childern who think on that level at such a young age. Is it possible that I will forever expeirince fustration and depression because my wiring is not in step with the "normies" the "non-icuarians?"
 * Hi! Yes, the Icarus Project is part of a larger movement known as the Mad Movement (on which Wikipedia, oddly enough, doesn't have a page), which are opposed to the stigmatization and over-medication of "psychiatric disorders".  The Neurodiversity Movement and the Mad Movement do cross borders a lot; for example, some people who feel they have gifts from their Manic Depression identify with the Mad Movement, whereas others identify with the Neurodiversity Movement, believing that Bipolar is a Neurotype.  I personally identify and agree with both of them.  As for whether or not you will always experience depression and frustration...  Well, that probably depends on your attitude and your actions.  For example, I don't really make close friends with people that are not willing to accept quirky folks.  All of my friends are extremely open-minded and like me just the way I am.  Many of them are NT.  Such people do exist, although they can be hard to find at times.  If I were surrounded entirely by close-minded people, I would not be as happy as I am now.  --Luai lashire 17:22, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

course outline
hello luai, i was wondering as a potential participant in this project, how did you design the outline of topics? for example, i believe it would make more sense to put the chapter about "causes and cures" second, before "a history of abuse". id be happy to hear your way of thinking about the outline order and content, assuming a lot of thought was put into designing it. Hush ftw 13:58, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi hush,

I wrote up that outline a long time ago, so it's a bit difficult to remember little details of why I chose to do it that way. I don't think it's really that important, but looking at it again, I thought that putting the "causes and cures" section later on was a good choice because I want to introduce students to the experiences and perspectives of the people themselves, so it would be easier to understand why most of the object to the idea of a cure. If the resource launches right into the science of the causes and a discussion of the possibility of a cure right away, then the students aren't aware of the Neurodiversity perspective so much. I want them to be already doing things like picking out places where something very biased has been said, or thinking to themselves, "hang on, that isn't right" when something inaccurate or cruel has been said, before we get to that point. Sorry if this response doesn't make much sense, I am having trouble translating thoughts to words today. --Luai lashire 15:52, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

My thoughts
Sadly this course is inactive. :( However, I want to give my thoughts on why I support neurodiversity and to advance the understanding of curious people who don't understand it.

I am Autistic (Asperger's in DSM-IV, ASD in DSM-5), ADHD-C and my doctor confirmed I have OCD, something I had long suspected. I support neurodiversity because those conditions are literally how my mind is wired and how it works. I don't think I've ever lived without stimming, rocking, obsessive interests, impulsiveness in conversation, and inattention. I've also had some subclinical obsessive-compulsive traits for a while, and it probably become clinical OCD around 2013, for a while. I remember not letting people close doors because I was afraid of being locked in, even if the doors didn't have locks.

You will never see a person with asthma say "I'm happy being asthmatic, I am not broken and I don't want to be cured." However, Stephen Fry and all the manic-depressives/bipolar people (whatever term you prefer) interviewed said they wouldn't take a pill to cure their condition. Why? Because it is how your mind works. You are your mind, and if you weren't bipolar, autistic, etc. you wouldn't be you (assuming you had those conditions to start with). I wouldn't take a pill to cure my Autism, ADHD or even my OCD (although I want treatment to alleviate most of the symptoms). If I didn't have obsessive interests, I wouldn't be on Wikipedia all the time. If I didn't need stimulation all the time, I wouldn't be on Wikipedia all the time.

I don't believe a cure is likely in my lifetime. Yet I am strongly opposed to it because of the message it sends to me. "Your natural behaviors are broken and need to be fixed," and "you don't deserve a happy life if it means 'enabling' your differences." It sends the message that I can't stim, rock, or do all the Autistic and ADHD behaviors I love to do. It says, we don't want you to be you and, if the chance arises, we would like it if you become a completely different person and give up who you are. This is why I stress that, if there was a cure for Autism or ADHD I would never take it, even if I could.

I understand that Autism and ADHD can only be diagnosed if there is impairment but where does the impairment comes from. I understand my impulsiveness impairs conversation, my "Autistic inflexibility" impairs my ability to deal with authority, my hyperactivity leads to me destroying chairs by moving around too much in 'em, my inattention impairs my ability to do classes I'm not interested in, my communication style can be hard to understand and I can have trouble understanding others and my ultrasensitivity to background noise is extremely impairing. There are probably a lot of impairs I'm missing because that is my normal life. However, am I impaired because my brain sucks or because the system makes very little room for me and demands me to act neurotypical? Based on my experiences it is the latter. The value of my brain shouldn't be judged by how much it conforms with society and how much capitalists can make money off of it.

If you have any questions, please ask. Clr324 (discuss • contribs) 02:59, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Section 2, some help needed.
Hi there, I'm apolo234, a fairly new contributor to this, and currently trying to make Section 2.

I added some examples of "curing" autism I found relevant, but, I wanted to ask if there was another to-be contributor who's got experiences with other disorders, (RAD, Bipolar disorder...) To put some examples on the topic, as I'm still not very knowledgable on them.

Thank you all!

This is very biased
Should be able to inform and instruct about this movement without pushing and promoting it so hard. Equinox (discuss • contribs) 23:54, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Your opinion on Wikidata item?
Usually most main article pages have Wikidata items and so does this main page "The Neurodiversity Movement". I created a Wikidata item for this Wikiversity project that is currently linked with this project.

In a suggestion on Wikidata:Project chat it was suggested that the more well known Wikidata item be chosen to link to your main project page.

What item should your project be linked to? LotsofTheories (discuss • contribs) 01:57, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Neurodiversity Movement would be the correct link. There is no advantage to including "The" here. I've renamed the pages. Thanks! -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neurodiversity Movement


text:
SPICE/NOT TTL

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
The internal schematic of a standard TTL NOT gate

Dependances

 * SPICE/VCC 5V

Code Listing
NAND.TTL.asc Version 4 SHEET 1 880 680 WIRE 272 32 272 16 WIRE 272 32 112 32 WIRE 384 32 272 32 WIRE 112 48 112 32 WIRE 272 48 272 32 WIRE 384 48 384 32 WIRE 384 144 384 128 WIRE 272 192 272 128 WIRE 320 192 272 192 WIRE 112 240 112 128 WIRE 272 256 272 192 WIRE 384 272 384 240 WIRE 208 304 160 304 WIRE 64 336 64 304 WIRE 64 336 -48 336 WIRE 384 352 384 336 WIRE 496 352 384 352 WIRE 384 368 384 352 WIRE 272 416 272 352 WIRE 320 416 272 416 WIRE 64 464 64 336 WIRE 272 464 272 416 WIRE 64 560 64 528 WIRE 272 560 272 544 WIRE 272 560 64 560 WIRE 384 560 384 464 WIRE 384 560 272 560 WIRE 272 576 272 560 FLAG 272 576 0 FLAG -48 336 A FLAG 496 352 X SYMBOL 5v 272 16 R0 SYMATTR InstName X1 SYMBOL npn 320 368 R0 WINDOW 0 30 34 Left 0 WINDOW 3 32 62 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q2 SYMBOL npn 320 144 R0 WINDOW 0 35 37 Left 0 WINDOW 3 33 61 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q3 SYMBOL npn 208 256 R0 WINDOW 0 41 32 Left 0 WINDOW 3 37 58 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q4 SYMBOL diode 80 528 R180 WINDOW 0 -30 19 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 -2 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Value "" SYMBOL res 256 448 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 1k SYMBOL diode 368 272 R0 WINDOW 3 34 54 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Dout SYMATTR Value "" SYMBOL res 368 32 R0 SYMATTR Value 125 SYMBOL res 288 32 M0 SYMATTR Value 1.6k SYMBOL res 128 32 M0 SYMATTR Value 4k SYMBOL npn 160 240 R90 SYMATTR InstName Q1

title: SPICE/NOT TTL


text:
SPICE/NAND 2 Input TTL

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

Description
The internal schematic of a standard TTL 2 input NAND gate

Dependances

 * SPICE/VCC 5V
 * SPICE/2 Emitter NPN

Code Listing
NAND.TTL.asc Version 4 SHEET 1 880 680 WIRE 272 32 272 16 WIRE 272 32 112 32 WIRE 384 32 272 32 WIRE 112 48 112 32 WIRE 272 48 272 32 WIRE 384 48 384 32 WIRE 384 144 384 128 WIRE 272 192 272 128 WIRE 320 192 272 192 WIRE 112 240 112 128 WIRE 272 256 272 192 WIRE 384 272 384 240 WIRE 32 304 -48 304 WIRE 48 304 32 304 WIRE 208 304 160 304 WIRE 64 336 64 304 WIRE 64 336 -48 336 WIRE 384 352 384 336 WIRE 496 352 384 352 WIRE 384 368 384 352 WIRE 272 416 272 352 WIRE 320 416 272 416 WIRE 32 464 32 304 WIRE 64 464 64 336 WIRE 272 464 272 416 WIRE 32 560 32 528 WIRE 64 560 64 528 WIRE 64 560 32 560 WIRE 272 560 272 544 WIRE 272 560 64 560 WIRE 384 560 384 464 WIRE 384 560 272 560 WIRE 272 576 272 560 FLAG 272 576 0 FLAG -48 304 A FLAG -48 336 B FLAG 496 352 X SYMBOL 5v 272 16 R0 SYMATTR InstName X1 SYMBOL npn 320 368 R0 WINDOW 0 30 34 Left 0 WINDOW 3 32 62 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q2 SYMBOL npn 320 144 R0 WINDOW 0 35 37 Left 0 WINDOW 3 33 61 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q3 SYMBOL npn 208 256 R0 WINDOW 0 41 32 Left 0 WINDOW 3 37 58 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName Q4 SYMBOL 2innpn 160 240 R90 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMBOL diode 48 528 R180 WINDOW 0 37 18 Left 0 WINDOW 3 25 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Value "" SYMBOL diode 80 528 R180 WINDOW 0 -30 19 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 -2 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value "" SYMBOL res 256 448 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 1k SYMBOL diode 368 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName Dout SYMATTR Value "" SYMBOL res 368 32 R0 SYMATTR Value 125 SYMBOL res 288 32 M0 SYMATTR Value 1.6k SYMBOL res 128 32 M0 SYMATTR Value 4k

title: SPICE/NAND 2 Input TTL


text: Template:Czech-helper

title: Template:Czech-helper


title: Template:Czech-1


text: File:NAND 2input TTL SPICE.SCH.png

title: File:NAND 2input TTL SPICE.SCH.png


text: File:NOT TTL SPICE.SCH.png

title: File:NOT TTL SPICE.SCH.png


text:
User:Jfromel

John Fromel

I don't do code, I just write, so if you are frustrated by the lack of links in my articles plese add them yourself. I am good at content not presentation.

Educational interest include Philosophy, Music, Theology, Economics, and the rest of life.

title: User:Jfromel


text:
Talk:C++/More Functions

When will this page be fully created?
 * You must ask the author of that page. BUT: you can also edit pages, see Be bold. Erkan Yilmaz ( my talk page, wiki blog ) 05:56, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:C++/More Functions


text:
User talk:Smartguy583~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Smartguy583, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; for it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other wikiversiters on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( my talk page, wiki blog ) 05:57, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Smartguy583. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Smartguy583~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smartguy583~enwikiversity


text:
Ancient Hebrew

Ancient Hebrew, also known as Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew, is the original language of the Torah, the religious text of Judaism. This text was later appropriated by Christians as the Old Testament.

Hebrew is read from right to left, just the opposite of English and many modern languages which are read from left to right.

In its original written form, Hebrew contained no vowels, only consonants. It was not until the Masoretes, between the 7th and 10th centuries AD, added to the translations of the Hebrew text, markers under the letters to indicate vowels, as a help in pronunciation. One exception is when the name of God was written. YHWH spelled in Hebrew as יהוה, contains only four letters and is commonly known as Yehweh, Yehovah, or Jehovah. As an interesting side note יהוה is the first "four letter word" known by scholars as the tetragrammaton (Greek for "four letter word")

God officially introduced himself by name to Moses in Exodus 3:14 as אהיה אשר אהיה (I am that I am), and YHWH strictly translated in Hebrew is the unconjugated verb "to be". Jewish tradition holds that it is a sin to speak the name of God and such is the reason for leaving out helps for pronunciation when transcribing the text in Hebrew. Today Jews pronounce יהוה as HeShem (the name), a pronoun for "The Name of God"

Beginning students of Ancient Hebrew, especially those whose first language is of Latin origin need to strip away what they know about modern language, forget all the rules they learned in school about grammar and punctuation, and start fresh. Reading from right to left and top to bottom. Biblical Hebrew is a dead language and was breathing its last breaths about the same time Jesus was walking the earth. Hebrew texts were written, and transcribed on scrolls not in bound books and the Bible of Biblical times looked very different from the Bible of today. The modern equivalent to what the Hebrew bible might have looked like in ancient times is rolls of architectural drawings in the planning department at city hall.

In its original form, Ancient Hebrew is all but gone. The Dead Sea Scrolls are the best example of Biblical Hebrew that exist today. In modern times scholars and students of Biblical Hebrew use the Masoretic Text (MT). The MT was formed by the Masoretes (mentioned above) who added markings under words to aid with pronunciation as well as give definition to the text with designations for chapter and verse within the books of the Old Testament.

New students of Biblical Hebrew should start with the MT because it includes the vowels that the original text does not. Conventionally the book of Ruth is the starting point for new translators to Biblical Hebrew. The book of Ruth is the easiest to translate, perhaps because the book does not contain any controversial theological topics, or because beautiful love stories are easily understood despite language barriers.

title: Ancient Hebrew


text:
User talk:Meanmon13~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Meanmon13, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; for it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other wikiversiters on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( my talk page, wiki blog ) 06:05, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Meanmon13. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Meanmon13~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meanmon13~enwikiversity


text:
Statistics/Introduction/A confusing problem

Aka - A Totally Confusing Problem that Shows how Difficult it is to Conquer Intuition

You visit your grandma in Los Angeles, and she insists upon taking you to a game show that she enjoys watching on television. By a strange course of fate, you end up on stage as a contestant. The host of the show tells you that behind one of the three doors in front of you lies a brand new Cadillac Escalade. Behind two of the other doors is a booby prize.

He asks you to make your choice. You choose door number one. "Contestant chooses door number one!" announces the host. One of the hostesses walks over to stand between door number one, and door number 2. "Sherry, lets show our contestant what's behind door number TWO!" says the host. The hostess opens door number two, which contains a booby prize (in this situation, we assume that the show always opens another door that contains a booby prize when the contestant makes his selection).

The host tells you you have a chance to think about your decision, and pick door number three if you want. What do you do?

The Answer is Here


text:
Statistics/Introduction/A confusing problem/Answer

Switching your choice to door number three doubles your chance of winning.

Why? This seems counter-intuitive, as many would assume it makes no difference if you switch or not. Many would think that with only two doors left, it's a 50-50 shot. So why is there actually a 2/3 chance that the prize is behind the other door you chose? The reason is that the information has changed in the two steps of the problem. Given two random doors, yes, there is a 50% chance that the prize is behind the door you choose. But in this problem, we have information from the first part, changing the odds. There are a few different ways to look at it.

The first way is to say that there is a 1/3 chance that the prize is behind the original door you choose. That leaves a 2/3 chance that the prize is behind one of the two doors you didn't choose. So say you choose door one, the chances that the prize is behind either door two or door three is 2/3. When the host opens door two, the probability that the prize is behind door two goes down to 0. The probability that the prize is behind door two or three is 2/3, and the probability that is behind door two is 0, thus making the probability that it is behind door three 2/3. Therefore, by switching from door one to door three, you double your chances at winning.

If you still don't believe that, a second way to look at it is this: For now, let's assume the prize is behind door one. If you choose door one in the first picking, then the host opens door two, showing nothing. In this case, if you switch doors, you will lose. Now, if you pick door two originally, the host will reveal door three (because he can't reveal door one, as that is where the prize is). Now, if you switch from door two to door one, you win. Along the same lines, if you choose door three at first, the host will reveal door two, and by switching you win. In short, if you pick the door with the prize in the first round, then switching will make you lose. If you pick a door without the prize, then by switching you will win. Since there is a 2/3 chance of picking a door without the prize in the first round, there is a 2/3 chance that switching your door choice will make you win.


text:
Introduction to Statistics/Still confused?

Consider a simpler situation involving a deck of two cards: the queen of spades and the two of spades. We'll define our joint probability again as "the chance of drawing a queen or a spade", and naively express it as. $$P(Queen \cup \spadesuit) = P(Queen) + P(\spadesuit)$$ We can draw a card from our two card deck. We are guaranteed to draw a spade, so $$P(\spadesuit) = 1$$. Our chance of drawing a queen is 1 in 2, or $$\tfrac{1}{2}$$. Let's add everything together. $$P(Queen \cup \spadesuit) = 1.5$$ or 150%. This obviously doesn't make sense.

If we use the correct definition of the probability for this event: $$P(Queen \cup \spadesuit) = P(Queen) + P(\spadesuit) - P(Queen \cap \spadesuit)$$ $$ = 0.5 + 1.0 - 0.5$$ we get the answer we expect.


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School:Physics and Astronomy/Style

This page will be a handbook of style for writing physics text for the School of Physics and Astronomy. If you're looking for the general manual of style, see the Manual of Style.

Language
Either U.S. or UK English should be used consistently within any individual learning resource. Try to make sentences clear and concise; we want these resources to be easy to grasp.

The first time an important word is used, it should be bolded and defined. It wouldn't be a bad idea to link significant terms to Wikipedia the first time (atom, electron, Schrodinger's equation, etc.).

Mathematics
Mathematical expressions should be presented in LaTeX format for anything of significant complexity. A good rule of thumb is that, if you would have to use parentheses in the expression, you should put it in LaTeX.

For example, F = m*a and F = dp/dt are fine in plaintext, but
 * $$\Delta p = \int_{t_i}^{t_f} F(t) \, dt$$

needs to be in TeX.

As seen above, an equation that breaks the flow of text (that is, changes line spacing) should be put on a separate line. Equations that will be referred to should be numbered:
 * Gauss' law
 * (1)  $$\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{E} \equiv \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0}$$
 * (2)  $$\oint_{S} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{a} \equiv \frac{Q_{total}}{\epsilon_0}$$

Units
Units should always be expressed in the system of units most widely used in that subject, which is usually SI. In exceptional cases, such as optical astronomy, the relation of the units to the SI system or method of calibration must be given. When a new unit is introduced, it is acceptable (and probably desirable) to give conversion factors for other units; conversion into the fundamental SI units should always be given:
 * The meter is the SI unit of distance and is abbreviated 'm'. 1 meter = 1 m = 3.28 feet
 * The volt is the SI unit of electrical potential and is abbreviated 'V'.
 * $$1 \mathrm{V} = 1 \mbox{volt} = 1 \frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{C}} = 1 \frac{\mathrm{N}\,\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{A}\,\mathrm{s}}$$

Units are treated like ordinary nouns.

title: School:Physics and Astronomy/Style


text:
Thermodynamics/Thermal Properties Of Matter

Phase Diagram
A Phase Diagram is graph between Pressure(P) and Temperature(T) showing their relation to a given substance's phases. It shows: However, at points of phase change two (or three) phases exist in equilibrium. Such points are on the lines in the graph.
 * A substance's phases (solid, liquid, gas)
 * What phase is present for each Pressure-Temperature coordinate.
 * What Phases can exist for certain ranges of Pressure(P) or Temperature(T)
 * At most points on the diagram, only 1 phase can exist.

	If a substance is heated at constant P (line A), melting and boiling T are the T at which line A crosses the fusion and vaporization curves. The fusion curve is the line separating the solid and liquid regions. The vaporization curve separates the liquid and gas regions.

	Similarly, if a substance is compressed at constant T (line B), condensation and freezing T are the T at which line B crosses the vaporization and fusion curves.

	At a constant and low P, a material can be sublimated i.e. transformed from solid directly to vapor (line C).

Water phase diagram:

Water contracts on melting. Its fusion curve always slopes upwards to the left.

Melting point:

As P is reduced to p1, melting point of ice increases to TA’. Thus, ice melts at high T if P is reduced. Also, water freezes at lower T if P is increased. This is why skiers press on snow by weight of their body, to create a thin layer of water that helps in skiing.

Boiling point:

As P is reduced to p1, boiling point of water decreases to TB’. Thus, water boils at lower T if P is reduced. This is why a person living on high mountains cannot cook his food properly, because of the low boiling T of water. High pressure vessels are used to cook food in shorter time because the high P produced on water inside the vessel increases the boiling T of water.

Triple point and Critical Point

	Triple point = point at which the 3 phases exist together. There is thus only 1 P and T at which all the 3 phases can coexist.

	Critical point = end of vaporization curve, at which liquid and vapor has the same density.

	Above critical T, no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs for any P.

	Above critical P, no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs for any T. Thus, only 2 phases occur: crystalline solid phase and amorphous phase. As T is raised, the amorphous phase changes continuously from a state which behaves like a liquid to a state which behaves like a perfect gas.

	H and He have very low critical T, so it is hard to liquefy them.

Thermal Expansion
	Increase in length (∆L) is directly prop. to increase in T (∆T) if ∆T is not too large: ∆L = α L0 ∆T

Where α = coefficient of linear expansion, characteristic for each material, unit = (°C-1).

	For isotropic solids, change in length for a given ∆T is the same for all the lines in the solid. Thus, change in area is given by:

∆A = 2 α A0 ∆T = β A0 ∆T

Where β = coefficient of area expansion, unit = (°C-1).

	Change in volume is given by

∆V = 3 α V0 ∆T = γ V0 ∆T

Where γ = coefficient of volume expansion, unit = (°C-1).

	Fluids have no definite shape, so their volume expansion is large with the T rise.

	Liquids generally expand 10 times greater than solids with increasing T.

	As for water, and above 4°C, it expands as T rises. But when T is lowered from 4°C to 0°C, it expands instead of contracting. Density of water is thus maximum at 4°C.


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BCP/Vitis × labruscana/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Vitis × labruscana (Hybrid Grape).

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 20:04, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 15:33, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:27, 8 June 2008 (UTC) ('Concord')

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Vitis × labruscana/Logs


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Thermodynamics/Temperature And Heat

Temperature
	It is the measure of how hot or cold an object is, relative to a chosen standard. It is also a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the object.

	2 bodies are in thermal contact with each other if energy exchange can occur between them in the absence of mechanical work done by one on the other.

	Thermal equilibrium = situation in which 2 objects in thermal contact with each other fail to have any net energy exchange due to a difference in their temperature.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics
“If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other and they have the same T”.

Thermometers and temperature scales
•	A thermometer is a device used to define and measure the temperature (designated as "T") of a system. It makes use of the change in some physical property with T. For example:

- the change in volume (designated as "V") of a liquid in a rigid container such as a glass tube.

- the change in dimensions of a solid, such as the length of a metal rod.

- the change in pressure (designated as "P") of a gas at constant volume such as inside a rigid walled container ( like a bottle).

- change in V of a gas at constant P.

- the change in the electrical resistance (designated as "R") of an electical conductor.

- the change in color of a very hot "body" (solid, liquid or gas) as it is heated or cooled.

•	T scale = scale with 2 standard T called “the fixed points” having arbitrary no.

•	Degree = equal divisions dividing the interval between the 2 standard T.

•	Familiar T scales:

1) Celcius (centigrade) scale

Basis: Freezing and boiling points of water.

Lower fixed point: 0°C = T of melting of ice.

Upper fixed point: 100°C = T of boiling of water.

2) Fahrenheit scale

Basis: Freezing and boiling points of a mixture composed of equal amounts of ice and salt table.

Lower fixed point: 0°F = freezing point of the salt solution.

Relations with Celsius grade: Melting of ice = 32°F Boiling of water = 212°F

3) Kelvin (absolute) scale

Basis: Molecular motion of atoms.

Lower fixed point: 0 K = absolute zero at which molecular motion almost vanish Zero point vibrational energy = KE of atoms at absolute zero.

Relations with Celsius grade: Melting of ice =  273 K Boiling of water = 373 K

Equations

TC = TK – 273

TC = 5/9 (TF – 32)

Thermocouples
	It is a thermometer formed of 2 junctions, each formed by 2 different metals A and B.

	One of the 2 junctions is placed in the material whose T is to be measured.

	The other junction is maintained at a constant reference T.

	When reference T is different from the T of the rest of the junction, an emf appears between the 2 end wires and can be measured by a voltmeter. 	Emf α ∆T. Thus unknown T can be measured.

	Advantages: o	Small mass that enables it to quickly reach thermal equilibrium with the material being probed.

o	Capable of detecting T ranging from -180°C to 1500°C, depending on materials used in the junctions.

Heat and internal energy
•	Quantity of heat = thermal energy that flows from one body to another because there is a T difference between them.

•	Internal energy U = KE (from the motion of the molecules forming the system) + PE (from the intermolecular forces).

•	For ideal gas, molecules are not subject to attractive forces, so PE = 0. U is thus completely KE and only depends on absolute T of the gas and not its V or P.

U = KE = 3/2 N k T = 3/2 n NA k T = 3/2 n R T

Where NA = Avogadro’s no. (no. of molecules in 1 mole). n = no. of moles in the gas. R = universal gas constant.

Unit of heat and the mechanical equivalent of heat
	Unit of heat = calorie = amount of heat needed to raise T of 1 gm of water by 1°C, from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.

	Mechanical equivalent of heat J = no. of joules equivalent to 1 calorie.

1 cal = 4.186 Joule = 4.186 x 10 ^ 7

J = W / H  (Joule / cal)

Heat capacity, specific heat and molar specific heat
•	Heat capacity = amount of heat needed to raise T of body by 1°C.

Heat capacity = Q / ∆T

•	Specific heat (s) = amount of heat needed to raise T of unit mass of the material by 1°C. It is also the heat capacity per unit mass.

s = Q / (m ∆T)

Q = m s ∆T

•	This law is only valid if the material gains or loses heat but stays in the same phase.

•	If ∆T is not too great, s is constant. If not, then s varies and we must take an infinitesimal T change: dT.

Q = m ∫ s dT

•	Molar specific heat (c) = amount of heat needed to raise T of 1 mole of the material by 1°C.

c = Q / (n ∆T)

•	If c is a function of T (varies), we take an infinitesimal T change: dT

Q = n ∫ c dT

Latent heat
	Latent heat of transformation (L) = amount of heat needed to change unit mass of a substance from one phase to another at constant T and P.

L = Q / m

Q = m L

	Types: latent heat of fusion (Lf), of vaporization (Lv), and of sublimation (Ls).

	Latent heat does not result in a change in T. It involves a rearrangement of molecules to accomplish a phase change. E.g.

Latent heat of vaporization Lv

Molecules in a liquid are close together, and forces between them are stronger than in a gas. Thus, work must be done on the liquid against these attractive forces in order to separate molecules. This amount of energy is Lv.

Latent heat of fusion Lf

Molecules in a solid are fixed in their position. Thus, work must be done to increase the amplitude of vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position and overcome this attractive binding force. This amount of energy is Lf

	Lv is much larger than Lf because the distance between atoms in the gas phase is much larger than that in liquid or solid. So more work is required to vaporize a given mass than to melt it.

Methods of heat transfer
a)	By conduction:

	It is the method by which heat is transferred in solids.

	Energy is transferred without transfer of mass of the medium.

	Energy transfer is due to vibration of atoms and motion of e. When one part of the material is heated, KE of molecules in this part increases. Due to molecular vibrations, KE is transferred to neighboring molecules and energy increases.

	Metals are good conductors of heat because they contain large no. of free e that can move through the metal and transport energy from one region to another.

∆Q = k A ∆t (∆T / L)

Where ∆Q = amount of heat, k = coefficient of thermal conductivity (watt/m . K), A = area of contact, ∆t = time interval, ∆T = T difference, L = distance between hot and cold bodies, (∆T / L) = temperature gradient = change in T per unit length of material (K / m).

	Rate of flow (H) = amount of heat conducted per unit time.

H = (∆Q / ∆t) = k A (∆T / L) = A [∆T / (L / k)] = A (∆T / R)

Where R = L / k = R value = resistance of the material to heat flow.

b)	By convection:

	It is the method by which heat is transferred in liquids and gases.

	Hot parts of a fluid have lower density than cold parts. So, the hot fluid moves upward and transfer heat from one part to another.

	Thus, heat transfer is due to movement of a heated substance.

∆Q / ∆t = q A ∆T

Where q = coefficient of thermal convection (watt/m2　　. K). It depends on the orientation and shape of body and the wind speed.

c)	By radiation:

	It is the method by which heat is transferred in vacuum (e.g. heat from sun).

	Heat radiation is an IR radiation belonging to electromagnetic spectrum.

λ f = c E = h f = h c / λ

Wien’s displacement law

Wien's displacement law shows us that the peak of the curve of a blackbody radiation "displaces" to the left as temperature is increased.

Black body = ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it. A hot blackbody of temp. T emits a spectrum of radiation of different λ with various intensity.

λ max = B / T

Where B = 2.898 x 10^-3 m °K. Thus, hotter bodies emit shorter λ.

Stefan’s law of radiation
	“The amount of heat emitted by radiation per unit time from a body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute T”.

P = Q / ∆t = σ e A T^4

Where P = emitted radiation rate, σ = Stefan’s constant = 5.67 x 10^-8 W/m2　　K,       e = emissivity of surface.

	For black body, e = 1 (perfect emitter and absorber but poor reflector).

	For white shiny surfaces, e = 0 (perfect reflector but poor emitter).

	Thus, e is large for dark rough surfaces and small for light smooth ones.

	When a body of temp. T is in a medium of temp T0, net P emitted or received is

P net = P out – P in = σ e A (T – T0)

	When the object is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, it radiates and absorbs heat at the same rate, so its T remains constant. When it is hotter than its surroundings, it radiates more energy than it absorbs, so it cools.

	Let T of body be changed by dT and P be changed by dP. Thus,

dP = 4 σ e A T dT

	Relative change in the rate of heat radiation is

dP / P = 4 (dT / T)

Thus, the relative change in the rate of heat radiated from a body is 4 times the relative change in its absolute T.

title: Thermodynamics/Temperature And Heat


text: Category:BCP/Family/Vitaceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Vitaceae


text:
Thermodynamics/The First Law Of Thermodynamics

Introduction
	Thermodynamics = study of the transformation of E. from one form to another, and from one system to another.

	Thermal energy = E. associated with motion of atoms and molecules in a substance.

Thermodynamic systems
•	System = definite quantity of mass bounded by a real or imaginary closed surface.

•	Surrounding = any systems that can interchange E. with a given system.

•	A system exchange E. with surroundings by doing mechanical work or by heat flow.

•	If no E. interchange takes place, then the system is isolated.

Thermodynamic coordinates (state variables)
They are the values that determine the state of a system (e.g. P, T, V, mass and density).

Properties
Macroscopic properties

Gross quantities of the system, measured by lab operations. (e.g. P, V, T, m).

Microscopic properties

Quantities that describe the atoms and molecules of the system and their properties (e.g. m and v of molecules).

Processes
Process = change in the thermodynamics coordinates.

Reversible process

Process in which the system is always in equilibrium with its surrounding.

Irreversible process

Process in which the system is not in equilibrium with its surroundings.

Occurs when the change in thermodynamic coordinates is large and sudden.

Equation of state

 * It is a relation between P, V and T of a substance.

 * It exists for every homogenous substance.

 * E.g. P may be considered as a function of V and T: P = f (V,T).

Common forms of the equation of state of an ideal gas:
 * A perfect gas is one in which intermolecular forces are considered negligible.

PV = nRuT ... PV = mRT

Where n is the number of moles, Ru is the universal gas constant, and R is the specific gas constant. The universal and specific gas constants are related as follows: R=Ru/M, where M is the molecular weight of the gas. Using this relation and the fact that n=m/M, the two equations above can be derived from each other. The value of the universal gas constant is: Ru=8314J/(kg*mole*K)=4.97*104(ft*lb)/(slug*mole*R)

Note: Some textbooks do a poor job of specifying whether to use the universal or specific gas constant. Remember that if the equation contains mass (or density) use the specific gas constant. If the equation contains the number of moles, use the universal gas constant. If you still aren't certain, make sure the units check out.

 * State function = function that depends only on the state of the system and does not vary as long as the system has definite and fixed state variables.

Mechanical work
Consider a gas in a cylindrical piston. F = p A ---> dW = F dx = p A dx = p dV ---> W = ∫ p dV  (= area under p–V curve).

Work done by the gas

The gas expands.

Work is +ve.

Work done on the gas

The gas contracts.

Work is –ve.

Work and heat depend on path

 * From initial state a to final state c, a system may take path

o	a b c, doing greatest work.

o	a d c, doing minimal work.

o	a c, doing intermediate work.

 * Work thus depends not only on final and initial states but also on intermediate ones. Work is thus not a property of a system.

 * Same result follows by computing flow of heat during the process. Thus, both work and heat depend on path and neither can be conserved alone.

 * Notes:

o	Work = E. transmitted from one system to another so that a difference in T is not directly involved.

o	Values of specific heat depend on conditions:

At constant volume (isometric)

Qv = n cv ∆T

cv = molar specific heat at constant V

At constant pressure (isobaric)

Qp = n cp ∆T

cp = molar specific heat at constant P

Note that

cp = cv + R, Qv + p∆V = Qp, but ∆T = ∆T.

1st Law Practice Problems
Q: Which of the following would increase the Internal Energy of a System by 5(J)?

Ans:
 * 1) Heat the System, 20(J), and have it do 15(J) of work. (True, ΔU = +5J)
 * 2) Heat the System, 20(J), and do 15(J) of work on it. (False, ΔU = +35J)
 * 3) Cool the System, 20(J), and have it do 15(J) of work. (False, ΔU = -35J)
 * 4) Cool the System, 20(J), and do 15(J) of work on it. (False, ΔU = -5J)

Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
1)	Isometric process:

 * It occurs at constant V. Thus, W = 0.

 * From the 1st rule of thermodynamics,

∆U = Qv = n cv ∆T

 * Quantity of heat supplied to a system at constant V is thus equal to the increase in the internal E. of the system.

2)	Isobaric process:

 * It occurs at constant P. e.g. water boiled and vaporized in a steam engine.

 * W = ∫ P dV = P ∫ dV = P (Vf – Vi)  ; Q = m Lv.

 * From the 1st rule of thermodynamics,

∆U = m Lv – p (Vf – Vi)

Where Vf = volume of vapor, Vi = volume of liquid.

3)	Cyclic process:

 * In which final state and initial state are the same. Since internal E. is a state function, internal E. doesn’t change during cyclic process. Thus, ∆U = 0.

 * From the 1st rule of thermodynamics,

Q = W

 * Thus, in a cyclic process, the amount of heat gained or lost through the cycle is equal to the amount of work done = area enclosed by the cycle.

4)	Isothermal process:

 * It occurs at constant T. e.g. in thermostats. Thus dT = 0.

 * P = n R T / V ---> WT = ∫ (n R T / V) dV = n R T ln (Vf / Vi).

 * Since T is constant, Pi Vi = Pf Vf

 * (Vf / Vi) = (pi / pf).

WT = n R T ln (Vf / Vi) = n R T ln (pi / pf)

5)	Adiabatic process :

 * It occurs so that no heat flows into or out of the system. E.g. by sealing the system off from its surroundings with insulating material or by performing the process quickly (because flow of heat is slow). Thus Q = 0.

 * From 1st rule of thermodynamics,

∆U = Uf – Ui = – W

 * Thus, if work is done on the system, internal E. increases by exactly the amount of work done on the system.

 * If work is done by the system (gas expand), internal E. decreases by exactly the amount of external work it does.

Heat content or Enthalpy

 * In isobaric process,

Qp = ∆U – W = (Uf – Ui) + p (Vf – Vi)

Qp = (Uf + p Vf) – (Ui + p Vi)

But H = U + pV  ; where H = enthalpy = state function depending only on the state of the system and not on the path taken. Thus,

Qp = Hf – Hi = ∆H

 * Thus, heat gained or lost in any isobaric process = change in enthalpy of the system.

 * In endothermic reaction, heat is gained by system, so Qp > 0 and enthalpy increases.

 * In exothermic reaction, heat is lost by system, so Qp < 0 and enthalpy decreases.

Molar specific heats of an ideal gas
•	Gas can be heated to a temp. T isometrically or isobarically.

•	In isometric process, dUv = n cv dT.

•	In isobaric process, dUp = n cp dT – p dV.

•	From ideal gas equation, p V = n R T  p dV = n R dT.

•	Thus, for isobaric process, dUp = n cp dT – n R dT.

•	Internal E. depends only on T  change in internal E. is the same in both process.

•	Thus, dUv = dUp  n cv dT = n cp dT – n R dT  cp – cv = R.

•	For ideal gas, U = (3/2) n R T. Thus,

cv = (1 / n) ( dU / dT) = (1 / n) d / dT[(3 / 2) ( n R T)] = (3 / 2) R And cp = cv + R = (5 / 2) R.

•	γ = cp / cv. (constant). cv, cp and γ vary according to type of gas:

Monoatomic gas

cv = (3 / 2) R

cp = (5 / 2) R

γ = 5 / 3 = 1.67

Diatomic gas

cv = (5 / 2) R

cp = (7 / 2) R

γ = 7 / 5 = 1.40

Polyatomic gas

cv = (7 / 2) R

cp = (9 / 2) R

γ = 9 / 7 = 1.29

Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas

Adiabatic ---> Q = 0 ; W = p dV ---> dU = n cv dT = - p dV ---> dT = - p dV / n cv.

Since p V = n R T ---> p dV + V dp = n R dT = – (R / cv) p dV. Since R = cp – cv,

p dV + V dp = - [(cp – cv) / cv] p dV = (1 – γ) p dV. Dividing by (p V),

dV / V + dp / p = (1 – γ) dV / V ---> (dp / p) + (γ dV / V) = 0. Integrating the eqn,

ln p + γ ln V = constant > p (V) ^ γ = constant. Thus,

pi (Vi) ^ γ = pf (Vf) ^ γ

But p = n R T / V. Thus,

Ti (Vi) ^ (γ – 1) = Tf (Vf) ^ (γ – 1)

For isothermal process, p V = constant > p dV + V dp = 0.

Slopeisothermal = dp / dV ---> Slopeisothermal = – p / V.

For adiabatic process, p V ^ γ = constant ---> γ p (V) ^ (γ – 1) + (V ^ γ) dp = 0

Slopeadiabatic = dp / dV ---> Slopeadiabatic = – γ (p / V). Thus,

Slopeisothermal / Slopeadiabatic = γ

Note:

Wadiabatic = (pi Vi – pf Vf) / γ – 1


text:
BCP/Sassafras albidum/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 17:27, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:26, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:15, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 21:11, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 21:11, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Sassafras albidum/Logs


text: Category:BCP/Family/Lauraceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Lauraceae


text:
Thermodynamics/The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction

 * The 1st Law of Thermodynamics tells us that an increase in one form of energy, E, must be accompanied by a decrease in another form of energy, E.

 * Likewise the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics tells us which processes in nature may or may not occur. For instance, with two objects in thermal contact, heat will spontaneously flow from a warmer to cooler object, but this effect does not spontaneously occur in the opposite direction.

 * Irreversible process = processes that occur naturally in only one direction.

Heat engines

Device that converts thermal E. (Qh) into mechanical or electrical E.

During the cycle,

Heat (Qh) is absorbed from a source at a high T.

Work is done by the engine.

Heat (Qc) is expelled to a source at a lower T.

Since it is a cyclic process, ∆U = 0. Thus, W = Qtotal ---> W = Qh – Qc

η = efficiency = ratio of work done to heat absorbed

η = W / Qh = (Qh – Qc) / Qh = 1 – Qc / Qh

η = 100% only if Qc = 0. i.e. a perfect heat engine would convert all of the absorbed heat Qh into mechanical work. From 2nd law of thermo, this is impossible: only a fraction of heat is converted to mechanical E.

E.g. η of automobile engines = 20%.

Kelvin–Planck form of the 2nd law of thermodynamics:

“It is impossible by a cycle to take heat from a hot reservoir and convert it into work without, at the same time, transferring an amount of heat from hot to cold reservoir.”

Heat pumps
Device that converts work into thermal E. (Qh).

Used to heat/cool homes.

During the cycle,

Heat (Qc) is absorbed from a source at low T (e.g. outside air or food) by a circulating fluid.

Work is done on the engine by a compressor.

Heat (Qh) is expelled to a source at higher T (e.g. room).

Since it is a cyclic process, ∆U = 0. Thus, W = Qtotal ---> W = Qh – Qc

K = coefficient of performance = ratio of heat transferred to work required to transfer the heat.

K = Qh / W = Qh / (Qh – Qc)

K can be much larger than 100% (denominator < 1).

Refrigerators
Device that converts work into thermal E. (Qc).

During the cycle,

Heat (Qc) is absorbed from a source at low T (e.g. outside air or food) by a circulating fluid.

Work is done on the engine by a compressor.

Heat (Qh) is expelled to a source at higher T (e.g. room).

Since it is a cyclic process, ∆U = 0. Thus, W = Qtotal  W = Qh – Qc

K = coefficient of performance = ratio of heat transferred to work required to transfer the heat.

K = Qc / W = Qc / (Qh – Qc)

K can be much larger than 100% (denominator < 1).

A perfect refrigerator would transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body without doing any work. From 2nd law of thermo, this is impossible.

E.g. K of a refrigerator = 5 or 6

Clausius form of the 2nd law of thermo:

“It is impossible to use a cyclic process to transfer heat from a colder to a hotter body without doing work on the system.”

i.e. heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot object.

The Carnot Engine
•	Carnot made the most efficient heat engine. Net work taken from the Carnot cycle is the largest possible for a given amount of heat supplied.

•	Carnot’s theorem: No real (irreversible) engine operating between 2 heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot (reversible) engine operating between the same 2 reservoirs.

•	Carnot used an ideal gas contained in a cylinder with a movable piston at one end. The cylinder walls and the piston are thermally non–conducting.

•	The Carnot cycle consists of 2 adiabatic and 2 isothermal processes, all reversible:

A ---> B

Isothermal expansion of a gas placed in thermal contact with a heat reservoir at temp. Th.

During the process, the gas absorbs heat Qh from the base of the cylinder and does a work WAB in raising the piston.

B ---> C

Adiabatic expansion by replacing the base of the cylinder by a thermally non–conducting wall.

During the process, T falls from Th to Tc and the gas does work WBC in raising the piston.

C ---> D

Isothermal compression by placing the gas in thermal contact with a heat reservoir at temp. Tc.

During the process, the gas expels heat Qc to the reservoir and the work WCD is done on the gas by external agent.

D ---> A

Adiabatic compression by replacing the base of the cylinder by a non–conducting wall.

During the process, T increases from Tc to Th and the work WDA is done on the gas by external agent.

•	Net work done in this reversible cyclic process = area enclosed by the path ABCDA  = net heat transferred into the system, since ∆U = 0.

•	Since the internal E. of an ideal gas depends only on absolute T, then in AB and CD, T and hence U remain constant. From the 1st law of thermo,

$$Q_h = W_{AB} = n\ R\ T_h ln \frac{V_2}{V_1}$$ $$Q_c = -W_{CD} = n\ R\ T_c ln \frac{V_3}{V_4}$$

•	By dividing the equations,

$$\frac {Q_h}{Q_c} = \frac { T_h ln (\frac {V_2}{V_1})} {T_c ln (\frac{V_3}{V_4})} $$

•	For BC and DA,

$$T_h\ V_2^{(\gamma-1)} = T_c\ V_3^{(\gamma-1)}$$

$$T_h V_1^{(\gamma-1)}=T_c\ V_4^{(\gamma-1)}$$

•	By dividing the equations and taking the $$(\gamma-1)$$th root,

$$\frac{V_3}{V_4} = \frac{V_2}{V_1}$$

•	Thus,

$$\frac{Q_h}{Q_c} = \frac{T_h}{T_c}$$

$$\eta = 1-{\frac{T_c}{T_h}}$$

(And this of course applies also to heat pumps and refrigerators. i.e., in their formulas, you can switch the Qh and Qc by Th and Tc respectively)

The thermodynamic temperature scale (absolute T)
	Efficiency of a Carnot engine is:

η = 1 – (Qc / Qh) = 1 – (Tc / Th)

	The zero point of the thermodynamic scale is fixed as the T of the cold reservoir Tc at which η = 1 and hence Qc = 0 and W = Qh.

	T must be the absolute scale because otherwise it may have –ve values, and hence the engine will perform work more than the heat given by the source. i.e. we would create E. from nothing, which is in contradiction to 1st law of thermo.

	Thus, T = 0 is the lowest T in all scales i.e. the absolute zero.

Entropy (S)
•	Isolated systems and physical processes tend towards disorder, and entropy is a measure of this disorder.

•	E.g. If all molecules of a gas in a room move together, this is a very ordered, unlikely state. If the molecules move randomly in all directions, changing speed after collisions, this is a very disordered, likely state.

•	In a reversible process between 2 equilibrium states, change in entropy is given by:

dS = dQr / T

Where dS = change in entropy, dQr = heat absorbed or expelled by the system in reversible process, T = absolute T.

•	Heat absorbed by the system = +ve dQr and S↑. Heat lost = –ve dQr and S↓.

•	The most useful statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics:

“The entropy of the universe increases in all natural spontaneous processes.”

•	For reversible adiabatic process or reversible reactions, ∆S = 0.

For irreversible process or irreversible reactions, ∆S > 0.

Where ∆S = change in entropy of the system + surroundings (the universe).

∆S = ∫dS = ∫dQr / T

For reversible adiabatic process, no heat is transferred between system and surroundings, so ∆S = 0.

For Carnot engine, ∆S = Qh/Th – Qc/Tc. Since Qc/Qh = Tc/Th, then ∆S = 0.

Quasi–static reversible process for an ideal gas
For an ideal gas undergoing a quasi–static reversible process from Ti Vi to Tf Vf,

dQr = dU + dW      ;       dW = PdV. Since it’s n ideal gas,

dU = n cv dT           ;            P = n R T / V.      Thus,

dQr = n cv dT + n R T dV / V.   Dividing by T,

dQr / T = n cv (dT / T) + n R (dV / V). Assuming cv is constant,

by integration, ***

∆S = ∫dQr / T = n cv ln (Tf / Ti) + n R ln (Vf / Vi)

Thus, ∆S is independent of the reversible path and depends only on initial and final states

For cyclic process, Ti = Tf and Vi = Vf, so ∆S = 0.

Heat conduction
	When heat transfers from a hot Th to cold Tc reservoirs, entropy of cold reservoir increases by Q/Tc and entropy of hot reservoir decreases by Q/Th.

	Since Tc < Th, total change in entropy of the system (universe) > 0

∆Su = Q / Tc – Q / Th > 0

	Thus, if ∆Su < 0, process cannot occur (e.g. heat transfer from cold to hot body).

Free expansion

•	An ideal gas in an insulated container occupies a volume Vi. A membrane separating it from a vacuum is suddenly broken and the gas expands irreversibly to Vf.

•	Work done against the vacuum = 0. Since walls are insulating, Q = 0. Thus, ∆U = 0 and Ui = Uf. Since the gas is ideal, U depends only on T. Thus, Ti = Tf.

•	Since ∆S = ∫dS = ∫dQr / T only applies to reversible processes, we cannot use it directly. Thus, we imagine a reversible process with the same initial and final states: an isothermal reversible expansion. Since T is constant, ∆S = ∫dQr / T = 1/T ∫dQr.

•	Since it is isothermal, ∫dQr = W = n R T ln (Vf / Vi). Thus,

∆S = n R ln (Vf / Vi)

Since Vf > Vi, ∆Su > 0. This can also be obtained be eqn *** by putting Tf = Ti

Immortality paradox and contradiction with the exact quantum and classical mechanics
Second law of thermodynamics when considered strictly contradicts both with quantum and the classical mechanics which predict that both quantum and the classical systems when perfectly insulated are evolutionary reversible. Quantum mechanics predicts that a lot of  quantum systems undergo full quantum revival after experimentally reasonable time. In the limit of arbitrary real spectrum and the arbitrary long time it recovers the quantum version of the  Poincaré recurrence theorem. The best example is what we could call a Schrödinger's mouse in the analogy to Schrödinger's cat that can be dead and alive at the same time as the quantum state before the outcome of the experiment is measured. Unlike the famous (or infamous example since the cat may be measured dead in the action of the experiment) the Schrödinger's mouse is closed in the perfectly insulating quantum cavity for all fields and matter waves, young, alive and with the water, food supplies and air life support system or in sort of eternal spaceship that can last for the near-infinite time can age, erode inside, finally stop working but cannot ever exchange neither particles, information photons  or any energy with the outside. It turns out and obviously against the second law of thermodynamics that it is the only way the mouse can stay immortal being periodically alive. As the whole is a thermodynamical system with the low (ordered) life entropy, she will live till she ages and dies, she will undergo natural decomposition but according to Poincaré due to perfect cavity boundaries making the life environment inside a freely evolving system the death processes must reverse and the total entropy is back to lower (even if it took near infinite but finite time) and she will finally wake up alive at the state she was put into cavity in the future. Even without making the detailed calculations and approximating the mouse as the mouse mass particle in the potential well of some meter size for the energy basic spacing of the apparent continuum of quantum states evolving, one may see however that this time is not only many times longer than the current age of the universe but the multiple of a very high power of 10 of it (about $$\hbar^{-1}$$ or about $$10^{34}$$  in seconds or about $$10^{8}$$ times the current estimated age of the universe). Therefore while this time is longer than the current age of the universe it is unphysical and the only spaceship or the cavity of this kind is till now the whole universe itself. The explanation is therefore that we only observe the closed themodynamical systems at the very early stage of the evolution and they cannot reach the reversed evolution stage while we see them. Also there are no perfectly insulated systems as they always interact residually with the bigger system i.e. the cavity with Q equal to exact infinity. One should however observe a clear violation of the second law in small nano scale quantum systems like microscopic Carnot engine build from quantum dots with variable volume and working on few electron gas. For the mouse of the mass of the proton the estimated awakening time is only about 3 years.


text:
BCP/Packera obovata/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:45, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 23:17, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:47, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 23:44, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:29, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:42, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 14:03, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:40, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:18, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:09, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Packera obovata/Logs


text:
BCP/Acer negundo/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 23:11, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 14:40, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 10:47, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 10:04, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 19:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * Jomegat 30 Apr 2009 (backdating)
 * Jomegat 20:11, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs
Multiple pink flowers on single stem
 * Jomegat 00:23, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Acer negundo/Logs


text: Category:BCP/Family/Sapindaceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Sapindaceae


text:
BCP/Acer platanoides/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 23:11, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 14:39, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 17:27, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 19:18, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 22:01, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:17, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Acer platanoides/Logs


text:
BCP/Acer rubrum/Logs

2007 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 13:22, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 19:07, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 09:42, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * SBJ 10:03, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 08:15, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:18, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 10:48, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:48, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 17:23, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 19:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:08, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:21, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 12:39, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:57, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * Jomegat 21:43, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 21:13, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 22:45, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:24, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Acer rubrum/Logs


text:
BCP/Acer saccharum/Logs

2007 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 13:22, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 09:41, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * SBJ 10:03, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 08:28, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:23, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 17:14, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:21, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 00:57, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 17:04, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * Jomegat 20:15, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 03:28, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:24, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Acer saccharum/Logs


text:
BCP/Aesculus hippocastanum/Logs

2008 Logs

 * Chelodonium 00:33, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 01:17, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --Juan 10:50, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Chemgym 19:18, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:40, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 17:08, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Turnvater Jahn 21:30, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --Jomegat 19:52, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

2009 Logs

 * Anna reg 21 April 2009 (Photo)
 * Jomegat 19:50, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:39, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 19:03, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 22:11, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Recent Logs

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 * Jomegat 13:24, 3 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Anna reg 16:39, 29 May 2010 (UTC) (last ones)
 * Anna reg 12:20, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

title: BCP/Aesculus hippocastanum/Logs


text:
BCP/Aesculus parviflora/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:59, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 23:26, 17 July 2007 (UTC) (definitely the last day today)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:00, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:44, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Aesculus parviflora/Logs


text:
Introduction to political science

Unit 1: The Bases Of Politics

 * What is politics? Explain in detail.
 * What is a nation-state? Define its elements.
 * Discuss the contributions of many different political theorists.
 * Compare and describe the different social contract theories.
 * What is Democracy and a Republic?
 * Compare and contrast authoritarianism and totalitarianism. Give examples of each.
 * Using examples in Kenya define politics.
 * What is military politics?

Unit 2: Political Thought

 * Define the term ideology.
 * Classic Liberalism vs. Modern Liberalism
 * Outline the main tenets of Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Anarchism, etc.
 * Culture vs. Politics
 * Discuss the contributions of Feminism

Unit 3: Politics in History

 * Identify world altering political events.
 * Actors vs. Ideas
 * Identify the different civilizations that attempted world conquest. Why?
 * Discuss the American Revolution
 * Discuss the Russian Bolshevik Revolution
 * Discuss both World War I and II

Unit 4: Modern Politics

 * Discuss the governing bodies of modern nation-states.
 * What is the United Nations?
 * Globalization, the savior or destroyer?
 * Terrorism and its effect on politics.
 * Can there really be Democracy in Iraq?
 * The effect of economics in world politics.
 * What is Capitalism?

Class Procedures
This class will be instructed through reading materials, discussion and formal lecture. Please be aware that this class will require that you attend periodic live online voice lectures. After these lectures, students will be allowed to vocally debate and ask questions. These lectures will be once a week, and instructions on how and when to attend these lectures will be emailed to you upon enrollment.

EXAMS
There will be 4 writing component projects that will be considered exams through out the semester. This will require students to critically think about the various elements of their unit of study.

Final Exam will be comprehensive and consist of Multiple Choice, True/False and Matching.

Grade Computation
Lecture exams = 80% Final exam = 20%

Grade scale: 90-100 = A; 80-89 = B; 70-79 = C; 60-69 = D; below 60 = F

Attendance
Students are required to attend the once a week live online lecture. Most of the information needed to fulfill the exams will be discussed in these lectures. Students will be allowed to miss 1 lecture session, thereafter the student will be dropped from this class. The professor of this course gives the effort to teach for free, students must give the effort to attend.

Students
If you have enrolled, please put you name below:

users from Wikibooks
Konulu harpreet singh
 * Naroz Ali Awan
 * Zachjones4
 * Cshelton
 * alexbaldwin
 * alaou
 * madka
 * Commandersa 14:48, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Wutasumi
 * Ikron21
 * Mirwan24
 * Jacky Jackson

Related Reading from Wikipedia

 * Political Science
 * Comparative Politics
 * Political Philosophy

title: Introduction to political science


text:
BCP/Viburnum nudum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Viburnum nudum (Naked Viburnum).

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:52, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:42, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Viburnum nudum/Logs


text:
Political theory

Political Theory
Welcome to the Political Theory class here at the Wikiversity School of Political Science. Here students will learn the science of politics from its theoretical foundations and how they are applied to the mechanisms of government. The purpose of this course is to provide the student with a broad introduction to major topics in political theory. The course focuses largely on a fundamental question of political philosophy: “What should government be like?” We will touch on a number of key topics in political philosophy, and on the specific theories of key political philosophers.

Unit 1: The Base of Politcal Theory

 * What is Poltical Theory? Explain in detail.
 * Normative vs. Descriptive Theory
 * Normative and Descriptive Variants
 * Realism, Classic and Modern Liberalism, and Critical Theories
 * This crosses several categories.  There are ideologies, like Liberalism, Conservativism, etc, then modes of analysis like critical theory, and then epistemological standpoints like Realism.

 * Metaphysical vs. Dialectic Thought
 * Dialectical thought is metaphysical

Unit 2: Thinking About Politics

 * Who is Plato?
 * Who is Aristotle?
 * Machiavelli?
 * Montesquieu?
 * Hobbes?
 * Who is Locke?

Unit 3: Contract Theory

 * What is a social contract?
 * Who is Hobbes?
 * Locke vs. Rousseau
 * Who is Priestley?
 * Who is Rawls?
 * Discuss the possibility of an existent modern social contract.

Unit 4: Theorists and Their Theories
Ancient

 * Hesiod
 * Aristotle

Middle Ages

 * St. Augustine
 * St. Thomas and Thomism
 * Nicholas of Cusa
 * The Carolingians
 * The Scholastics

Reformation and Renaissance

 * Luther
 * St. Thomas More
 * Erasmus
 * Machiavelli

Scottish Enlightenment

 * Hume
 * Hutcheson
 * Adam Smith

European Enlightenment

 * Bayle
 * Rousseau
 * Kant
 * Voltaire

Age of Revolutions

 * Burke
 * Priestley
 * Jefferson
 * Locke

Industrial Age

 * Bentham
 * John Stuart Mill
 * Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
 * Bakunin vs Proudon
 * Lenin

Class Procedures
This class will be instructed through reading materials, discussion and formal lecture. Please be aware that this class will require that you attend periodic live on-line voice lectures. After these lectures, students will be allowed to vocally debate and ask questions. These lectures will be once a week, and instructions on how and when to attend these lectures will be e-mailed to you upon enrollment.

ASSIGNMENT
There will be 4 writing component projects that will be considered exams through out the semester. This will require students to critically think about the various elements of their unit of study.

Final Exam will be comprehensive and consist of Multiple Choice, True/False and Matching.

Grade Computation
Lecture exams = 80% Final exam = 20%

Grade scale: 90-100 = A; 80-89 = B; 70-79 = C; 60-69 = D; below 60 = F

Attendance
Students are required to attend the once a week live online lecture. Most of the information needed to fulfill the exams will be discussed in these lecutres. Students will be allowed to miss 1 lecture session, thereafter the student will be dropped from this class. The professor of this course gives the effort to teach for free, students must give the effort to attend.

Professor Office Hours
If the student is having problems with grasping the material, he/she may request office time with the professor. This will help facilitate better learning methods for students that are having problems absorbing the extensive information on the subject. Students must not hesitate contacting the professor if help is needed. Contact Gh0st (email:[mailto:ghostiscool@hotmail.com ghostiscool@hotmail.com]) -Instructor of this class.

Students
(If you have enrolled, please put your name here.)
 * Zachjones4 21:45, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Commandersa 21:09, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Political theory


text:
BCP/Stylophorum diphyllum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Stylophorum diphyllum (Celandine Poppy).

Recent Logs

 * SB_Johnny-LM 27 April, 2007 (from photographic log)
 * SB_Johnny-LM May 13 2007 (from photographs)
 * SB Johnny-LM 11:40, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * SB_Johnny-LM 10:57, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 11:28, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Stylophorum diphyllum/Logs


text:
BCP/Sambucus canadensis/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 15:33, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:52, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:36, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:50, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 03:56, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 03:00, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

title: BCP/Sambucus canadensis/Logs


text:
Systems engineering/Workshop on Fundamentals of Systems Modeling/Irwin Consulting Bookkeeping Payroll & Invoice System

Case Study/Example of small administrative system.

Irwin Consulting was a small computer consulting firm operating from 1992 to 2002 in the State of Oregon, USA.

It started with a sole proprietor, grew to approximately 12-14 professional employees and then shutdown with the loss of its major engineering customer and failure to reach market with its multimedia edutainment product.

Along the way, the proprietor established his books on a couple of book keeping systems before settling on Quickbooks and programmed his payroll processes according the IRS publications using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. Standard templates for timesheets, expense reports, invoices, etc. were developed as needed to support the critical administrative tasks.

People/roles involved

 * Owner - Must withhold taxes and file payroll reports with IRS.

 * Bookkeeper - Must collect, classify, enter data and produce final reports for owner approval and filing with IRS.

 * Employee - Must turn in time sheets and expense reports for customer and inhouse projects.

 * Project Manager - Must use time and expense reports to create invoices monthly to large customers for ongoing work.

 * Consultant - Must create task invoice, collect payment, turn in all information to bookkeeper.

 * Customers - feedback, complaints, queries, request for proposals, remuneration for services rendered.

Physical Components Involved

 * Company and Consultant Automobiles
 * Desktop and portable computers and disk media
 * Phones, answering machines, modems,

Software, procedures and data

 * Bookkeeping software
 * Spreadsheets
 * Standard Report Forms
 * Handwritten or verbally provided data
 * Standard rates/tasks

Insert some data flow diagrams here

Interesting variations in processes
 * automated timesheets - prototyping initiated, unsuccessful in field due to software interface problems
 * Change in reporting requirements (IT mangr vs. customer Engr Mangr)
 * Notice from major customer accounting department - $15 dollar invoices to expensive to process ---consolidate into larger tasks or projects.
 * Customer process broken, large invoices will not be paid until subsequent billing cycles
 * FDIC banks not required to accept payments to IRS unless you have a customer account with them. Builtin process time makes timely deposits impossible without preplanning.
 * Employees leaving clear the books only when balance is favorable to them. Policy issue.  Employees must travel and incurr expenses to create revenue but if they will not turn in receipts or clear travel advances company incurrs steady cash loss with employee turnover.

Interesting Questions

1. Cost effective to implement electronic time sheets?
 * How is this affected by operational training requirements and

services delivery and evaluation for customers?

2. Is it possible or desirable to operate without cash advances to employees or is this best solved by budgeting for inevitable loss?

3. Holdback period. Is it adequate, desirable, legal to allow efficient records processing and forwarding of accurate financial reports and cash to IRS or are multiple filings of corrected reports inevitable as information comes available to administrative office?


text:
Systems engineering/Workshop on Fundamentals of Systems Modelling

This workshop will analyze case studies or examples from the real world to assure the material is relevant and reality based. We will start with the analysis of a simple U.S. bookkeeping/payroll/billing system. This is easily applicable to any professional services firm organized in the U.S. By all means, if you have an example system you would like analyzed or constructively critiqued add it to the list below for the class to work with:

 * Irwin Consulting Bookkeeping Payroll & Invoice System

 * Wikiversity Student Grid Portal & Processing Environment (In conjunction with Grid Engineering Department)


text:
Systems engineering/Workshop on Fundamentals of Systems Modelling/Wikiversity Student Grid Portal & Processing Environment

Preliminary Wishlist for Wikiversity Student Grid Portal Project

 * Scalable from one under $1,000 desktop to dot.com, research or philanthropist behometh as wikiversity student progresses from initial studies to worldly stature.

 * Ever decreasing technical requirements to get started and maintain or establish specific levels of capabilities.

 * Active and easy participation in global initiatives to improve grid access, performance, and utilization for benefit of all humanity as well as the individual owner/operator.

 * Standards based access to various free/open development, science, manufacturing and marketing initiatives developing on the web.

 * Easily established and managed business model adequate to finance future requirements and investments.
 * Note Amazon Affiliate Agreement appears to require ownership or equivalent control of internet infrastructure generating income for the affiliate partner. Thus a student page on Wikimedia Foundations server space would appear ineligible as a business profit center to finance student participation.

Preliminary Architectural Issues

 * Peer based - Who wants to be owned indefinitely by a God King or his appointed officers and cabals? Ideally, start small and affordable and grow with personal interests to level of economic and processing activities desirable to personal lifestyle preferences.  Free societies should deliver freedom as earned to productively participating citizens.

 * Secure computing environment. While frackers (friendly hackers) and governments are attempting to crack down on crackers (criminal hackers), terrorists, script kiddies, and NSA assholes or equivalent government agents worldwide ... these are likely to be with us indefinately so we need a secure processing environment to be free of hassle and want sufficiently to pursue advanced studies via the wikiversity.

 * Attention paid to providing standard templates for physical layout and design as well as robust data storage and security available from modern distributed systems. For example:  A key peer might have redundant diverse power supplies and internet connections before it is allowed to participate at various levels within specific architectural areas such as public key infrastructures or ocean store servers.  Another peer might acknowledge freely that it will be used in a variety of ways and only sporadically available to the connected grids ... thus it may best earn micropayments via climate predication modeling or other decoupled activities.


text:
Systems engineering

Systems engineering is the application of the systems theory, systems science and systems thinking, in the real world.

This is not about
Informatics, Computer Science.

 * The above requires clarification. Any meaningful analysis of complex modern high tech systems or projects involving large data sets will of necessity be heavily influenced by both computer science and informatics. Perhaps what is meant is that Systems Engineering focuses on practical results of those fields rather than the leading theoretical edge. Lazyquasar 16:06, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Where to start
In this place we would like to think and develop collaboratively new ideas, concepts and tools related to the learning process of an emerging field: Systems Engineering. (Maybe for the next edit will be a good idea to start a Glossary with links to the Wikipedia).

 * Systems Engineering is not an emerging field. It has been taught in U.S. universities for decades and used by the U.S. military industrial complex since and during World War II. Lazyquasar 16:06, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * System engineering is cross-disciplinary in nature; a system can be biological, chemical, electrical, mechanical or even mathematical. But what characterizes a "system" is the existence of a set of discoverable processes - events and relationships- and a common methodology for analyzing and influencing these processes within the scope of general scientific and engineering principles.

 * (Regretfully, Microsoft recently "corrupted" the meaning of "system engineer" to mean someone who configures and manages the Microsoft suite of server operating system tools - otherwise called a system administrator. Emphatically, a system administrator is not a system engineer.)

Competencies to develop

 * To understand and to apply concepts
 * To define systems
 * To model systems
 * To be able to predict behavior of systems LuMorehead 15:27, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Contributors
Dean: Arturo Tovar. Beno Juarez Solangel Fernandez Paul Giron Milagros Villafani Lu Morehead

Participants

 * Lazyquasar 16:06, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Courses

 * Workshop on Fundamentals of Systems Modelling
 * Structured Analysis of Systems

Links

 * Wikipedia's page about Ludwig von Bertalanffy
 * Wikipedia's page about Systems engineering
 * Wikipedia's page about Systems theory
 * Wikipedia's page about Systems thinking
 * Wikipedia's page about Systems science

title: Systems engineering


text:
BCP/Smilax herbacea/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:05, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:59, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:25, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Smilax herbacea/Logs


text: Category:BCP/Family/Smilacaceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Smilacaceae


text:
BCP/Veronica americana/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 14:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 17:26, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:52, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 13:17, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:26, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 11:38, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 12:28, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Veronica americana/Logs


text:
BCP/Coreopsis lanceolata/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 19:50, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 19:32, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 11:03, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 12:08, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 02:23, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 19:58, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 17:23, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 18:26, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Coreopsis lanceolata/Logs