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User talk:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009summeranalytical/group 4

i have the part to the ratings, still working on it ill have it finished tonight 9.01.09 so look for it tonight sometime, it sould be done, i have most of it i just think it needs a little more! MerrisaShepherd _______________________________________________________________________________________

Week 8 Assessment
As per our discussion yesterday:
 * 1) Replace the definitions at the top of the paper with a nonfiction piece. We discussed a few options.
 * 2) Presently, there are some headings that are underused, such as the Dangerous Communications segment. Decide whether these should be expanded or eliminated.
 * 3) In the solutions section, fill out the information on music ratings and the MPAA.
 * 4) Generally, there should be nothing remaining that looks like notes--everything should be written out fully.
 * 5) Complete the source list at the end with all relevant source material.

Once these items are finished, move forward on editing. Best, Stevenarntson

MIDTERM GRADES
Hello Analytical Writing groups, Just a note to let you know I posted midterm grades today. These grades are not based on accumulated points,and have no permanent affect on anything, but I wanted to give the groups a heads up in terms of where I feel everyone is at. On week 7, your group will meet with me according to the following schedule. Please post all materials you can on your main page before that, so I can talk to you about it during our meeting.

 * Group 1: 12:30-1
 * Group 2: 1:10-1:40
 * Group 3: 1:50-2:20
 * Group 4: 2:30-2:50

All group members should be present and prepared to discuss what they're researching and writing.

Best, Stevenarntson

 * Hi Group 4,
 * These topics both seem interesting. One intriguing aspect of the death with dignity issue is that I've read many articles by people who fear that terminally ill patients might be pressured to end their lives against their will--but I've never heard of an actual example of this happening. For the past few years, Oregon was the only state with a death with dignity law, and it would be interesting to research some specific cases of individuals who invoked that law, and why.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

Our Topic
22:57, 20 July 2009 (UTC) Hi Group! so since we decided to research two more topics i found it hard to narrow it down to just 2 but i found some really interesting topics that i feel strongly about. So here are some of them and i guess we can juse decided on some either through discussion or in class next time we meet. If your finding it hard to think of some ideas, just go to google and type in social topics/issues and it gives you hundreds or ideas! talk to you ladies soon! :]

My topics: Animal Rights

Euthanasia/Assisted Suicide (elgerly people in assisted living situations)

Child Labor

Drugs & Alcohol

If i had to choose one i would really like to do the topic on Euthanasia and assisted suicide, theres a lot of really good articles on this topic as well as in the news quiet often about people pulling the plug on the elderly people who do not have a voice. but i want to see what other people have in mind.MerrisaShepherd

Hi guys, Merrisa those are good topics. out of yours I am also drawn to the Assisted Suicide one. The topics I have come up with are

- 1. Social and welfare issues, with the economy the way it is & all the job loss how is this issue being taking care of & why the program is the way it is. (a big mess).

- 2. Same sex Marriage, why is there such a hang up on this issue, if two people are in love that's what should matter & the government should'nt tell us who we can or can't spend the rest of our lives with.

when we talk in class if we have a hard time picking one of the topics we all agree on - maby picking one out of a hat, so to speak, will be the option. we will figure it out :) :XinaDeMoss

Free Speech with Internet
What is free speech?

What is censorship?

History of Free Speech and Censorship?

 * Body suggestions

 * Why censorship is bad/good?
 * Free speech through?
 * Conversation?
 * Book?
 * Radio/TV?
 * Internet?
 * Does it happen all around the world?
 * Where is the most serious place that be affected?
 * Asia ---> China
 * America ---> United States
 * Middle East ---> Iran
 * Euroupe ---> ???
 * Africa ---> ???
 * Big event already happened?
 * Solution?
 * Existing solution and its result?
 * Future solution?

Kimaule

= Organizing our stuff =

I think it could be a good idea to outline what kind of stuff we are thinking of and what we want to do with it. In this section, everybody has their own area so when we are ready, we can just copy and paste stuff to the main group page!

Kimaule

Purpose: To protect society from corrupting ideas

 * 1.	Pornography

 * a)	Can give people the wrong idea about sex

 * b)	Downside: if censorship is too broad, you can’t communicate any idea about sex, even important information.

 * 2.	Books

 * a)	Persepolis

 * b)	Comics Code Authority

 * 3.	Movies

 * a)	Hayes Office

Censorship and propaganda go together

 * 1.	American media about WWII and Vietnam War

 * a)	"Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips"

 * 2.	Vietnam burning French and American media after the war

 * 3.	China censoring internet

 * a)	“The Great Firewall of China”

 * b) Studying Chinese blog censorship

 * c)	Anniversary of Tiananmen Square

Possible solutions

 * 1.	Government

 * a)	Do you trust the government not to be corrupt?

 * 2.	Self-censorship

 * a)	Media companies have their own interests in mind.

 * 3.	How can Free Speech and Censorship help each other?

Alternative to censorship:

 * 1.	Give both sides of argument

 * a)	Commercials for alcohol and cigarettes

 * Now they must include warnings about the dangers of drinking/smoking

 * 2.	Ratings systems

 * a)	MPAA rating system

 * Downside: do you trust the ratings people?

 * “This Film Has Not Been Rated”

 * b)	Music

 * Parental Advisory – Explicit Lyrics

 * Customers get a choice of “clean” or “explicit” versions

Conclusion
=Discussion=

XinaDeMoss
I found a web site that fights for the rights of free speach & the like its call Electronic freedom foundation (or Electronic Frontier foundation.) here is the link [EFF] :XinaDeMoss

Here are some links I found. [fcc] [early radio] [BFE] [pdf] [some links] [wiki] [d halper] [us] [Censorship][tv] [net iran] [time][China] [time line] :XinaDeMoss

here is some really good info on early radio regs [radio regs] interesting info for UKRAINIAN TV JOURNALISTS PROTEST CENSORSHIP [protest] some on net regs [cnet] interesting...Iran censoring net [Iran] ACLU Internet... [aclu] China... [China]

The discussion of freedom of speech and freedom of expression is a long hard road. It is true that people have the right to their speech and expression and everyone has a widely different point of view, which makes this topic a very passionate one. Who is to say what should or shouldn’t be censored? Who is to say what is right or wrong, because to each individual this changes. The question is; should there be censorship in the Medias? If so who are the ones that make these choices and what lines are to be drawn. Does censoring freedom of speech and expression aid or hinder mankind?

Governments have stepped in for many generations to try and tell its peoples what is right or wrong for them, albeit some with good intentions; most have tried to hide the truth from their peoples as a means of control.

When a Government does something, that can and will affect the peoples of its nation, be it good or bad, and hides it from them, they are effectively telling its people they have no rights, that they do not know what is best for them. We understand that each government and the peoples of that nation are very different with different points of view and thoughts on what is considered right and wrong. And this should be respected. But governments are supposed to be there for the people, to protect the people from harm. Not harm of what we watch, hear, learn, speak or even do, but to keep us safe from the harm of enemies. Governments should not be allowed or feel they have the total control over what we as people chose to say, think, believe, watch, hear or do. It is our right to self censorship not the governments.' Beings that the topic of what should be censored or not in our Medias is an ongoing, passionate topic that will not go away anytime soon and there will always be people on both sides of this issue, there should be some guides to help people make their own choices.' One idea is to have warnings of what the topic might be, another might be to put an age limit on who can have access to certain materials, how about we put ideas and topics to a vote, .

How can the people, Medias, and governments come up with solutions to this argument? Who are the ones that will be speaking for the masses, and how do they decide what and how much censorship or lack thereof is appropriate? And why can’t the masses decide for themselves?

With the United States government, we elect into office representatives that are suppose to stand up for our beliefs; be it the laws we put into place to detour crime, what programs we want run to help those that cannot help themselves and even how we interact with other governments.

The United States government was put into place by the people for the people so that the people could live free without restrictions or dictatorships. Over the decades the masses with the controlling voice has become more complacent, allowing someone else to “make up the rules” for them. The People need to stand up again and hold those accountable that where voted into office to protect our freedoms. The people can do this by not re-electing those that go against the public’s wishes.

The Medias were meant to report the news, both sides of it, and not be biased, have an agenda or censor what is reported. It was set up as a way to inform the people of all the events. Good or bad. The people should boycott the major controlling Medias that are not standing to those original values.

People should stand together to be heard, take back the freedoms they have given up over the years by becoming complacent, and rejecting the officials and Medias that hinder these ideals and have agendas that hinder these freedoms.

SuzanneZimmer
Hiya, So i'm sure this is late enough on Sunday that you all won't see it before class tomorrow, but with my dad's b-day today, i haven't gotten to a computer all weekend. my 2 subjects that i came up with were - still the legalization of marijuana but spacifically on how its asinine for the government to regulate stupidity and it would be more cost effective to legalize it just like alchohal and just tax the crap out of the use/purchase. the second one is a little more personal for me but and that is - the issue of how internet affects free speech in the world. the recent events in Iran with the woman who was shot and it was put onto youtube and how countries are no longer able to keep control over their media thanks to the internet. see you tomorrow afternoon.:SuzanneZimmer

Hey Xina that is really cool, a really useful website.:SuzanneZimmer

71.113.127.84 23:58, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Definition of the word Censor
1.	an official who examines books, plays, news reports, motion pictures, radio and television programs, letters, cablegrams, etc., for the purpose of suppressing parts deemed objectionable on moral, political, military, or other grounds.

2.	any person who supervises the manners or morality of others.

3.	A faultfinder. The very word censor is to actively limit written word do to it being faulty or objectionable. Censoring is just another word for banning or forbidding people to read hear or see what others have to say.

Early History
Freedom of speech has been challenged and censored all throughout history of man and organized government. The ancient Greeks persecuted Socrates and put him to death for publicizing ideas outside of the religious beliefs of the time in 399BC. In early Chinese history as well as many other countries it was believed that censorship was a legitimate way to control moral and political movements/ideas of the populous.

Book Banning
Countries have banned books for a variety of reasons. The Bible has been banned in different times in history from England in the 1400s, any bible translated from the original text was forbidden. During Queen Mary’s reign she put forth a proclaimation "that no manners of persons presume to bring into this real any messages, books, paper, etc. in the name of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Miles Coverdale, Erasmus, Tyndale etc. or any like books containing false doctrines against the Catholic faith" (http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/). More recently in history in the soviet union banned all religious texts including the Koran, Bible and Talmud. Before and during WWII Nazi-Germany banned several books including all publications by Karl Marx, this banning was included in all occupied countries as well. All works by Jewish authors were similarly banned even Bambi, by Felix Salten. Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf is still banned today in many countries in Europe and all but the English and Dutch versions are owned and controlled by the government of Bavaria, when it was found that German citizens could perchase the books through amazon.com and barnsandnoble.com after public outcry both companies agreed to stop selling this book.

Censorship in the US
The main problem as I see it is that most Americans don’t think or realize that on a daily basis our media and information is censored. The government and mainstream media report how Americans should think and what they should know. In 2003 an article was published in the Gaurdian a publication of the UK written by Michael Meacher who was at the time an environmental minister regarding the Iraq war titled “This War on Terrorism is Bogus”. The article was almost completely ignored by American and Canadian media except a brief mention in the Toronto Star. In a time when the American media was bombarded with headlines such as “War on Terrorism” and other sensational headlines all with backing and support of the Bush administration it is somewhat sad that Americans did not even get to see a contratidicting article.

American Free Speech
The Bill of rights in the constitution of the United states of america The first amendment: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.”

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations on December 10, 1948. This was a historic event that was encouraged by the UN to be publicized and spread throughout the member countries and one of the basic things it says is, “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

Kimaule
Hi guys, sorry for a very late update. I had some stuff is going on this weekend so now I finally can hoop on the internet. Here is some of my research about the Tiananmen Square event happened in China in 1989, so in case any of us doesn't know much about it, you guy can read and get an idea how it happened.

Tiananmen Square, 20 Years Later

Check this out also Chinese Internet censorship: An inside look

Media Control and Self-Censorship in Hong Kong

lU.S. news media and the Vietnam War

 * Kimaule

This is all of my thought on the topic so far. I know it's kinda messy and the word is not all correct but you guys can feel free to fix anything.

Hey guy, I came up with the new outline for the essay so please take a look and see if you guy agree with it or not. I'm kinda throwing the idea to the outline so anybody interested in any part can write about it. I hope you guy won't mad at me because i changed it a lot. I just feel the old one kinda too simple and unclear.

'''Introduction

My friend once told me a story about when he was young. He never tried spicy food until he was in college. As a child his mother wouldn't let him try it. Whenever he asked she would just says "It's too spicy, you wouldn't like it!". Years later, he tried and loves it. Only then did he realized that his mother wouldn't let him ate spicy food because she didn't like it herself. This is how he realized that what is right for one person may not be right for someone else.

The desire to protect people from harmful ideas is a very basic one. Parents have to decide what to expose their children to from the day they are born. In all forms of communication, people try to put themselves in a positive light. On a human level, this is natural. But when people control forms of mass communication, this natural tendency has a different term: censorship. Whether it's to protect a populace from offensive ideas, or to suppress opinions which may weaken a corporation or government's position, censorship is common in all societies.

'''Government control and propaganda

Censorship is often used as a form of control by many governments. Government censorship blocks differing opinions to keep people from questioning what the government does.

From the 1990s, the Internet gave people a new way to communicate and exchange information. Since the commercialization of the Internet in China in 1995, China has become one of the fastest-growing Internet markets in the world. The number of domestic Internet users is doubling every six months. With the development of the Internet, news reaches China from a multiplicity of sources enabling people to form opinions, analyze and share information and to communicate in ways previously unknown in China. Lively on-line debate characterized the start of the Internet in China. However, the potential of the Internet to spread new ideas has led the authorities to take measures to control its use. In 1998, the government of China began work on the Golden Shield Project, designed "to construct a communication network and computer information system for police to improve their capability and efficiency." This project has become known outside China as The Great Firewall of China, a pun on the ancient Great Wall of China. The preliminary work on the Golden Shield Project alone cost up to $800 million US dollars. The project includes a wide range of provisions that limit how information can be disseminated. Chinese web sites cannot show news from outside media without approval. Only licensed publishers can run news sites; other sites may only publish information already released by other sources. All sites must get approval from government offices. The project is estimated to use 30,000 police officers to monitor for illegal content. Unacceptable messages from online forums are often deleted within minutes of being posted.

Many outside websites are completely blocked from access. Other sites must follow strict guidelines in order to be available in China. Many companies proved pre-censored versions of their services for Chinese customers. This has led to criticism in other countries, who claim that these companies are helping the Chinese government to continue suppressing free speech.

One of the latest censorship events is the argument around Internet access during Beijing Olympics in 2008. China has branded the Beijing Olympics as the "High Tech Olympics!" and the "People’s Olympics!". Despite this, use of the Internet remains highly restricted in China. According to the International Olympic Committee for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the Chinese government guarantees that the accredited media would have unrestricted Internet access during the games. However, journalists soon found that sites containing politically sensitive material were inaccessible.

Obviously, when it comes to free communication, it will be censored. Perhaps the government has a good purpose in mind; maybe they genuinely want to give their people the understanding that everything their country does is good. But instead of making people "harmonious", the censorship has the opposite effect. Skepticism, denial, and infuriation are the usual results.

Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation, aimed at serving an agenda. Even if the message conveys true information, it may be partisan and fail to paint a complete picture. Some people define propaganda as the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognition, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Along with censorship, propaganda plays an important role in persuading people to believe and to trust one political view or idea.

The Chinese and Vietnamese political environment is becoming increasingly critical. As this has yet to affect the personal interests and daily lives of ordinary citizens, most people do not feel strongly about this.

An evolution has occurred when it comes to questioning the government in Vietnam and China. From the 1970s to 1980, people in Vietnam never questioned anything about their government. After the Vietnam war, the communist party become the only political system. At the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s when the war was over, a lot people fled from the country. They have different political opinion than the current government. The two separate political systems within the country has created a conflict between the people that still live in Vietnam and those that live overseas. In Vietnam, China and Taiwan most issues are turned into “black or white”, within the political party and most people only support one side. People truly believe that the party is representative of them, when is the people who have become representative of the party. The government creates nationalistic pride to the point that the government is never wrong, and everything it does is good. Nationalistic pride, mixed with a feeling of racial superiority and with the idea that the government is never wrong creates a dangerous situation in Vietnam. This process is known as "boiling the frog by warming the water "If the water is warmed up gradually, the frog may not feel it; by the time the frog feels the heat, it won't be able to jump out of the boiling water. Among the various changes in the political environment, media control and self-censorship are the most worrisome.

Censorship is a way to control differing opinions; it shields the truth, and allows the people who support the government to come forward without hindrance. Even if someone might have a different view, they would rather not go against their culture, government, people, or race. When self - censorship happens, it is not the government controlling the people. Self - censorship it is billions of people putting their fingers in their ears and saying “I can’t hear you and I don’t want to hear you!!!”

After the Vietnam War, Vietnamese Government gave the order to burn all the book, CDs and videos that belong to the French and American. They think books from France and America portray incorrect information about individuals or groups that have the potential to evoke violence. People who followed the old, South Vietnamese, government were treated unfairly when they tried to get a job. Students and family who were followed under the old South Vietnamese government was treated unfairly to get a job. Lower class people were easier to get a job than the upper class because they were associated to the communism. Valuable book from France and America was burned when they kept Moscow and China book, which no longer up-to-date.

Not only are conflicting ideas censored, but any negative events or occurrences within those countries. As many people known the Tiananmen Square events that produced a stir on 1989 when the Chinese government ordered the suppression of a peaceful protest movement that had been carried out by students and civilians in China's major cities over two months in the spring of 1989. The center of the protest movement was Tiananmen Square, Beijing, where tens of thousands of students camped out to press their demands for democratic reform and a halt to China’s escalating corruption problem. More than one million people marched carrying banners and shouting slogans. On the night of June 3, 1989, the government ordered the Army to clear the square. On the afternoon, martial law troops moved into Beijing and clashed with civilians trying to block their way to Tiananmen Square. The troops cleared the square and opened fire on unarmed students and civilians in the surrounding area who resisted the suppression. More than 2,000 people died in various Chinese cities, 182 victims, including three who died at Tiananmen Square. More than 500 people were imprisoned in prison, and an unknown number were imprisoned in other cities. An additional unknown number were executed. Therefore, Tiananmen Square event became a warning for who dare to go against with the government’s law.

From that time, people try to adept more to environment of being obeyed the issue or pretending the issue and the fact do not exist. Ignoring everything, and try not to go against ones culture, government, people, and race. And today, almost people live in Vietnam and China has the belief that whatever their government does, it is right.

Censorship is not just a way of controlling the people; it is there to make it easier on the people to be right no matter what. It is much easier to just magically make things go away, than to address them and possibly find an error. It would stop people from having to think of the unthinkable. It would stop people from questioning long held beliefs and it would in turn, make the party or government stance “undeniable” again.

'''Dangerous Information

Proponents of censorship often talk about dangerous information that should be controlled. They say that some information can be used to commit crimes and hurt people. In 1971, William Powell published the Anarchist Cookbook, a book that contains recipes and instructions for the manufacture of explosives, rudimentary telecommunications phreaking devices and other dangerous and illegal items. Many people were outraged and frightened that it would be used to encourage terrorist acts.

In fact, the Anarchist Cookbook was mostly compiled from other sources of information which were already freely available. Also, over the years, it has been updated, expanded and even moved online with new information, by a large number of other contributors. In some ways it can be considered to be an early version of a Wiki!

This shows how difficult it can be to censor something. Even if a government decided that some information should be censored, where would they start? If the Anarchist Cookbook is illegal, what about the sources that Powell used to create it? Furthermore, what about good use for the information? For example, the Anarchist Cookbook includes sections on lock picking. While lock picking can be used in crime, it can also be used to rescue people or even just to open things when their keys have been lost.

Even now, the book is maintaining a remarkably high sales rate on Amazon. Few people seem to care that some of the "recipes" were quickly discovered to be dangerously, even mortally inaccurate, although several of the readers offering reviews of the book did revile it as "The Disgruntled Idiot's Guide to Rebellion" or, worse, as a catalyst for school shootings.

Ultimately, the book itself serves as a history lesson. This period in history was a very difficult one, and reading the book can help give us a perspective on what people thought at the time. In fact, it can show us how people's perspectives can themselves change. William Powell has changed his mind about the book. "The book, in many respects, was a misguided product of my adolescent anger at the prospect of being drafted and sent to Vietnam to fight in a war that I did not believe in. The central idea to the book was that violence is an acceptable means to bring about political change. I no longer agree with this." (He explains that the book was copyrighted under the publisher's name, not his, so he has no control over its continued dissemination.)

But fans of The Anarchist Cookbook are not so sympathetic to the author's aged retraction. As one of the readers reviews: "It is unfortunate that we lose our sense of outrage and angst as we grow into adulthood. Such is the case of William Powell. The Anarchist's Cookbook is a masterpiece and a perfect example of what the freedoms of the Constitution gives us to speak what we wish."

'''Censorship of the Arts

We have seen a lot of arguments on censorship of pornographic materials, in some people’s idea, it helps preventing the corrupting of the children. As on research, kids who watch pornographic videos, at an early age they would usually have the wrong ideas about love and sex. In contract, if sex-related topics are completely censored, it becomes difficult to teach children and teenagers about the danger of HIV/AIDS or pregnancy. There are lots of cases in which young women become pregnant because they are lacking the knowledge about un-protected sex.

'''Corporate Censorship

In today world, corporation can own many companies, including media or Information Company. These companies want to present a good face in the public so they don’t want to say anything bad about themselves. Therefore, they may use censorship in the media that they own to suppress the unfavorable information, both media that they own and in media that they spent the advertising dollar.

Corporations use money and power to influence the media throughout the world. If a report is going to hurt a company's bottom line, then that report will not be shown on the nightly news. Reporters fear reporting the complete news because their jobs and position will be threatened. One example of corporations controlling the news was at the beginning of this summer. Two reporters from competing channels were in the midst of a rivalry that involved one slamming the other continuously with facts and information regarding the habits of the parent company who owned the station that they worked for, MSNBC and Fox. This was in June of 2009 between MSNBC's Keith Olbermann and Fox's Bill O'Reilly. GE owns both MSNBC and Fox so having both of these reporters slanders the other were causing GE to lose money. It was later revealed that the two were “reconciled” by order of the CEO of GE. But at the end of this one of the parties involved was quoted saying, “I promise you, CBS News and ABC News and NBC News are not influenced by the corporations that may own those companies.” a quote by Charlie Rose (Greenwald). Yet, after this reconciliation anything that negatively portrayed GE was no longer reported on either of these very popular news shows. A viewer responded to the change,”In my personal opinion, this was one of the rare useful pieces of information O'Reilly ever presented to his audience, and Olbermann was there to show how lousy the rest of O'Reilly's information was. Though it was in the context of a bitter feud, the two men were actually engaging in real journalism, at least in this case.”(Greenwald)

Maybe the biggest concern with corporate censorship is in conjunction with media conglomeration. After the Television Act of 1996, the FCC allows companies to own many more media outlet. As the result of this, a small number of companies own almost all the media in the United States. Many people are concerned that this will lead to an oligarchy, in which the media company that come together and decide what will be covered in the entire major news outlet.

'''Alternatives to Censorship

People are always learning and copying from each other so by seeing scenes of people consuming alcohol or smoking, it gives a bad influence on the society. Hence censoring such scenes serves a useful purpose. In the 1980s and 1990s, many young teenagers were influenced by the media to think that smoking cigarettes made them look cool. This made widespread smoking among the youth a big problem because it was illegal to smoke at under 18, but the rules were being broken by "rebels". Today commercials warn people that smoking is bad and even highly hazardous to a person's health. The Truth.com has a series of commercials illustrating what could happen if you smoke, such as having your larynx removed due to cancer. A lot of teenagers changed their minds about how smoking made them look and now are more likely to try being healthier. Censoring one way, lead to a widespread misunderstanding of facts.

Censorship is often started with good intentions, but because of the problems outlined above, it can have bad results. Often people do not wish to be exposed to things that they find offensive, but censorship takes control away from people. One alternative to censorship is a system of rating content. Perhaps the most well known attempt at self regulation is conducted by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), which rates motion pictures for particular audiences. For example, the contents of "G" rated movies are considered suitable for all audiences, "GP" requires parental guidance, "R," "X," and NC17 are considered appropriate for adults. These standards are offered as a guide to audiences and have never been strictly enforced. Parents may take children to see X-rated movies if they so desire. This approach retains the filmmakers' freedom to create any kind of movie they wish, and also the people's freedom to choose what kind of material they wish to see.

On the other hand; another type of censorship would be art censorship. Most people probably wouldn’t even think about movie ratings as being a type of censorship but quite frankly it is. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) decides what films get put out for the eyes of audience to watch.

Structure of English essay on Free Speech in American vs. the censorship in other countries, should we consider using censorship in the United States?
'Introduction: To help students better understand and fully grasp the freedom of speech in the first amendment, it helps to give them the history behind how it all started not only in the United states but how other countries consider using freedom of speech and the use of censorship.

History of Free Speech in the United States: the right to freedom of speech dates all the way back to the first settlers whose desire to experience religious freedom necessitated the right to freely speak about their beliefs. The constitutional basis for freedom of speech, however, can be traced directly to the 1735 trial of John Peter Zenger, a German immigrant who worked as a Colonial newspaper publisher. John peter Zenger was arrested and tried on July 29, 1735 for publishing critical threats against the New York Governor. In 1776, The Virginia Declaration of rights started with the first formal rights to citizens. Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights contained two proposed amendments dealing with freedom of speech. One said "The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be unchallengeable." The other stated: "No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or of the press." Although freedom of speech is now protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. There are some certain protection rights to the Freedom of Speech such as the miller test for obscenity, (which is when the United States Supreme Court can test whether speech or expression can be labeled as obscene, child pornography laws, & commercial speech such as advertising rights. From colonial settlers speaking their minds on faith, to John Peter Zenger’s outspoken press, to provocative debates ignited by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, free speech continues to be among the most contested of American rights today which brings us to whether or not the United States should consider using limited censorship on speech and expression such as the Chinese countries would use.

History of Censorship in China & other Countries: Censorship in the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, was eliminated in 1987. The media is generally allowed to broadcast what they choose as long as it does not contravene slander and libel statutes. Censorship in the people’s republic of china is the limiting or suppressing of the publishing rights, broadcasting, and viewing or certain information in the People’s Republic of China as known as the (PRC). Censorship in China includes anything that will essentially all capable of reaching wide audiences, the audience that they’re implying are T.V., radio, newspapers, film, radio, text messaging, instant messaging, video games, literature, education and the internet. A good example of the use of censorship would be the issue of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. :MerrisaShepherd

hi ladies, so i know we are supposed to write whatever each of us decided to write about and so far im only seeing what i wrote unless im really not looking or posted in the wrong spots i hope everyone is putting there part in b/c without everyone this paper will no be a sucess. but anyways mine is just a starter i know there are alot of this missing and wrong but its just structured out untill i can finish the rest and research more things that i need to put in the history part of my essay! hope everyones doing well! please please please contact one of us if you are having problems! lets kick things into gear and achieve this paper i think its going to be a sucess and i talked to someone about it and they said its an excellent topic to be discussing on. x0-:MerrisaShepherd

What is the MPAA? The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) serves as the voice and advocate of the American motion picture, home video and television industries, domestically through the MPAA and through its internationally counterpart the Motion Picture Association. The MPAA was founded in 1922 as the trade association of the American film industry, the initial task assigned to the association was to stem criticism of American movies, which were then silent, and to restore a more favorable public image for the motion picture business. The MPAA has broadened its mandate over the years to reflect the diversity of an ever changing and expanding industry.

Today the association continues to advocate for strong protection of the creative works produced and distributed by the industry. The Motion Picture Association analyzes the work produced by the film companies and rates each film with appropriate ratings on which they have created for the public.

Who in the MPA gets to rate the movies we watch, what are the ratings, and what do the ratings stand for? Believe it or not but the people who rate the movies we see are actually parents, most people would not have guessed parents would be rating our movie raters. The ratings are decided by a full-time Rating Board located in Los Angeles, California. There are 10-15 members on the board who serve various lengths of time. They work under the classification - Rating Administration which is funded by the fees charged to producers and distributors for the rating of their films. There are no particular qualifications for the rating members, except that the members must have a shared parenthood experience, must be possessed of intelligent maturity and most of all, have the capacity to put themselves in the role of the most American parents so they can view a film and apply a rating that most parents would find suitable for certain age groups and find it helpful in aiding their decisions about what movies their children can and cannot see.

This brings be me back to a time when I wanted to go see a certain movie that was rated above my age group and required one of my parents or an adult over the age of 17 to attend with me. Neither could attend so I wasn’t allowed to view the movie.

The rating system provides certain age group censorship so not everyone can view the film, depending on how appropriate the film is. Many families agree that certain rated R movies should not be shown to young children and only certain shows should be censored to an extent, yet they do not see the significant effect that regular television shows really have on their children. As a child grows, more and more statistics are proving that they are being exposed to too many shows that should be censored. Many studies have concluded that young children are most affected by what they see on television (Dritz, Russel 1996).

Most of you are wondering but what are the ratings and what do they stand for? The ratings for films are G, PG, PG-13, R and a rating most people haven’t been familiarized with NC-17. What do the ratings stand for, G is your typical children’s motion picture that contains no inapropriate language(swearing), nudity, sex, violence or other matters that, in the view of the Rating Board, would offend parents whose younger children view the motion picture. The G rating is not a “certificate of approval,” nor does it signify a “children’s” motion picture. Some snippets of language may go beyond polite conversation but they are common everyday expressions. No strong words are present in G-rated motion pictures. Depictions of violence are minimal. No nudity, sex scenes, or drug use are present in the motion picture.

A PG motion picture rating should be investigated by parents before they let their younger children attend. The PG rating indicates, in the view of the Rating Board, that parents may consider some material unsuitable for their children, and parents should make that decision.

The PG-13 motion picture rating is a sterner warning by the Rating Board to parents to determine whether their children under age 13 should view the motion picture, as some material might not be suited for them. A PG-13 motion picture may go beyond the PG rating in theme, violence, nudity, sensuality, language, adult activities or other elements, but does not reach the rating R. The Board of raters however may rate such a motion picture PG-13 if, based on a special vote by a two-thirds majority, the Raters feel that most American parents would believe that a PG-13 rating is appropriate because of the context or manner in which the words are used or because the use of those words in the motion picture is inconspicuous. A R-rated motion picture, in the view of the Rating Board, contains some adult material.

A R-rated motion picture may include adult themes, adult activity, hard language, intense or persistent violence, sexually-oriented nudity, drug abuse or other elements, parents are counseled to take this rating very seriously. Children under 17 are not allowed to attend R-rated motion pictures unaccompanied by a parent or adult guardian. Parents are strongly urged to find out more about R-rated motion pictures in determining their suitability for their children. Generally, it is not appropriate for parents to bring their young children with them to R-rated motion pictures.

And for the rating not as many people are familiar with is the motion picture rating NC-17 which is not viewed in theaters. An NC-17 rating is one that, in the view of the Rating Board, most parents would consider patently too adult for their children 17 and under. No children will be admitted. NC-17 does not mean “obscene” or “pornographic” in the common or legal meaning of those words, and should not be construed as a negative judgment in any sense. The rating simply signals that the content is appropriate only for an adult audience. An NC-17 rating can be based on violence, sex, aberrational behavior, drug abuse or any other element that most parents would consider too strong and therefore off-limits for viewing by their children.

In conclusion, we as a group believe that censorship plays a huge part in everyone's life. It is both important in each aspect that we need censorship and sometimes we really shouldn’t need it at all. For example, censorship on music is wrong in our opinion because artist should be allowed to say whatever they wish to write in a song. That is what our founding fathers based this country upon: freedom. On the other hand I think the rating system that we utilize is working fairly useful. The latest poll results that 78% of parents with children under the age of 13 found the rating system to be “fairly useful”. If parents have a problem with the rating system, it is because they did not properly supervise their children, and there are other alternatives to censor programs without the rating system.

 * finish with some other things related to your topic....i touched on music and the rating system!!


text:
User:XinaDeMoss

Bio
Hi I am Xina (but sounds like Seena) I am the mother of two wonderful children. My son Eric is 13 & just a hair shorter then me (already sheesh lol) my daughter Michelle will be 10 in aug. They are my world. I am in the Interior Design BFA program & am so amped for school. I think I will try to stay in school forever (in some form lol)

Group Name
Kim-Au Le, Suzanne Zimmer, Merrisa Shepherd, & lil ol me :)

Censorship: What and How Much

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:XinaDeMoss


text:
User talk:XinaDeMoss

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

 Hello XinaDeMoss, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu talk 01:01, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:XinaDeMoss


text:
User:Amandavanpoucke

Bio
Industrial Design Student

Group Name
Corporate Responsibility

Self Assessment
I thought throughout the quarter that I had stayed pretty well on track. As I am an 'older' student, I see traits that some younger students don't have. In all honesty, I am truly trying to get an education and learning fills me up, where other things in my life can't. So, with that said, going into this class I felt excited to challenge myself and really just ready to dive in. I had a great group and topic and not much of a social life to interfere. Much of the excitement I had was related directly with the topic my group chose. I found it much less work since the research process was a truly interesting venture for me. The more I read, the more I got sucked in and the more passionate I felt about Corporate Responsibility. I actually couldn't stop researching and had a hard time drawing the line when it was time to write, that is when I slowed down. I found organization came naturally, and as stated before, content was abound, but when it came down to writing I often procrastinated. I have difficulty articulating and my vocabulary lacks a bit and I feel I could have done better in certain areas of the paper. This is great example of why it can be beneficial to work in groups. Overall, I was pleased with my group. Harry and I are old friends and have established a solid comradery in past classes, therefor working well together and filling each others voids in the assignment where necessary. He is wonderful with words, articulate and EXTREMELY intelligent. I am good and organization, editing and research, so you may see how we may have carried the group paper through to fruition. The others in our group also did well and ultimately 'cared' about the assignment, which to me is the most important thing.

title: User:Amandavanpoucke


text:
User:Karolinaberglof

Bio
I am me, and if I wasn't me I might be you, and if I was you I would not be me at all.

Group
I am in an analytical writing group together with my jolly classmates Noorah, Doug and John, and we are currently trying to decide what social problem we are about to sink our fangs into...

title: User:Karolinaberglof


text:
User talk:Karolinaberglof

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

 Hello Karolinaberglof, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 03:58, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

title: User talk:Karolinaberglof


text:
User talk:Amandavanpoucke

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

 Hello Amandavanpoucke, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 03:59, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack(Russell). I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

title: User talk:Amandavanpoucke


text:
User talk:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009summeranalytical/group 2

Week 8 Assessment
You are about ready to start editing, I think. Here's where I'm seeing some possibilities for additions before that begins:
 * 1) Add a personal nonfiction element somewhere in the paper, possibly the 'bicycle conundrum' we were discussing.
 * 2) The WTO section still needs content.
 * 3) I'd like to see an anecdotal example or two in the solutions section, so the paper can end on a strong image of what your group envisions.
 * 4) The source list should be considerably expanded to include every referenced source.
 * 5) Then, start sifting through one another's work. Generally speaking, shorter paragraphs and typo fixes.

 * Best, Stevenarntson

MIDTERM GRADES

 * Hello Analytical Writing groups,

Just a note to let you know I posted midterm grades today. These grades are not based on accumulated points,and have no permanent affect on anything, but I wanted to give the groups a heads up in terms of where I feel everyone is at. On week 7, your group will meet with me according to the following schedule. Please post all materials you can on your main page before that, so I can talk to you about it during our meeting.

 * Group 1: 12:30-1
 * Group 2: 1:10-1:40
 * Group 3: 1:50-2:20
 * Group 4: 2:30-2:50

All group members should be present and prepared to discuss what they're researching and writing.

Best, Stevenarntson

Well there is the usual INTERNATIONAL TRADE wikipedia page that gives a good overview over the theories of international trade. Karolinaberglof 04:25, 14 July 2009 (UTC)karolinaberglof

Isolationism and free trade are a result of economic standings
I found an intersesting article regarding the state of the economy and trade.

The article states that when the countries economy is good, the trade barriers are open. This allows the citizens to spend alot of money and bypass inflation

while when the economy is bad, politicians try to protect or isolate our trade barriers. This cuts the country off from trade and as a result all nations suffer. The world than develops a weakened economy.

This was witnessed in 1930 when the Smoot-Hawley Tariff act past and as a result created an international trade war.

With in the country, domestic jobs which produced exporting goods, declined. (the question I ask on this sentence...Why not create jobs to help produce goods for the country?)

Now it seems 70 years later we are repeating this pattern. The United States is experinceing a failing economy. During his speeches Obama has expressed the need for Free trade, and yet allows congress to pass material inhibiting free trade and promoting protectionism and isolation of our barriers.

I found this subject matter to be intersesting. Please bring fourth anything else you guys have found of interest. This is only one very small sliver of the pie.

Here is a link the article

Global Research

 * John burbridge

So I was doing some more research on free trade and closed trade barriers and I think that perhaps this debate should be our topic. Now that I understand the concept more clearly I think it would be very interesting

From what i understand. Free trade raises our standard of living.

I believe we should lower our standard of living becasue we hurt our Earth to achieve these high standards. Therefore I think free trade may be not as good as it sounds.

 * John burbridge

 * Hi Group,
 * This sounds fascinating to me. Consensus?
 * Stevenarntson

WTO Policies & Opposing POV
Later in this section I will post what I have written for the final paper so far. Basically what I have learned over the past few weeks is that while the WTO is necessary for the world economy to function with some degree of efficiency, it also must be regulated. But this of course brings up several problems.

First, who should we entrust to regulate an organization like the WTO?

Second, how much control would they have over WTO, over us?

Third, who regulates the regulators?

Fourth, how much regulation is too much?

I am sure that you can think of some more examples; however, these are just a few I have come up with.

Also, I want to make sure that we clarify (probably will take place in my section of the final paper) that the way the WTO polices its members, and accepts or denies membership (either by monetary barriers, or by legal & trade base barriers) to nations. Because on the surface, the WTO puts up a great front for uniting nations under trade agreements.

Quick Facts: 193 nations in the world (recognized by the United Nations-meaning that a nation does NOT have to belong to the United Nations to be recognized)

153 Nations are members of the WTO

Leaving 40 Nations who are non-members of the WTO

There are 42 Nations (recognized by the U.N.) who are considered to be third world economies (6 of those nations did not give/have data) this means that there are at least two U.N. recognized nations who are members of the WTO. I will look on the membership list at www.wto.org and the third world nations list for the third world nations who are/may be members of the WTO.

ok, with that here is my paper thus far, let me know what you think. I will add in some more obvious citations within the next week or so.

Doug Sheets Analytical Writing :: WTO Policies & How They Help or Hurt Fair World Trade August 24, 2009

The World Trade Organization is the leading entity for world trade and economics. The “Organization” is made up of first world and even some second world nations who meet several times each year to discuss and debate then finally make into “trade agreement law” policies they believe are beneficial to the Organization’s members.

Upon hearing this, one might assume that the World Trade Organization is a pretty good group, after all they are meeting with one another, debating an issue from all sides and then finally coming to a consensus on the matters; which is a lot more than we can expect out of the United States Congress. However, the more one looks into the membership rules and application process, listed on their website, as well as who is and who is not benefitting from the policies listed on opposing organizations websites such as the Global Exchange, the more the WTO looks similar to a major corporation exploiting poor nations who will do the labor for less. Of the 193 recognized (by the United Nations) nations in the world, 153 of them are members of the WTO leaving 40 non-member nations. There are currently 42 nations considered to be third world nations (this number includes the six nations where data was unavailable). At the very best two third world nations are members of the World Trade Organization; leaving all real power over the world economy to developed and developing nations i.e. the wealthiest nations. The WTO does have a purpose and an important use; however its power must be regulated like anything else. Trade is not always going to be truly fair and we should not expect that it ever will be; but the point we want to make is that while one group may always come out on top in a trade deal, we should not support or allow an organization who essentially bans poor nations from joining their organization, and then exploits them economically to operate; especially in our name and for our benefit.

the end Dc.sheets

Global Market needs new policies
According to this paper written by The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy and CIDSE, the world is experiencing an ever growing food crisis.

The European Union and the Unitied States are the biggest supporters and users of unregulated or free trade. They have the ability to change their policies and redirect their methods in order to improve the food crisis.

At this point in their policies the EU and US belive that a global market is the answer for stable food, but as experience shows, this is not the case.

Some reasons a global market has not worked. The EU and US have placed policies inhibiting the use of governmental support of agriculture for developing countries. While at the same time creating policies that fully supported the EU and US agricultural and food industries.

Basically for fear of protectionist trade barriers, the EU and US have made it almost impossible for developing countries to be sustainable. Making these countries dependent on the EU and US which has cause a global food crisis.

John burbridge

Here is a link to the paper on which I recived this information

The Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy, CIDSE

Hey everyone, i had a quick tour w/ some people at the WTO two weeks ago> they showed me around a little and essentially "tooted" their own horn about how great they are and how beneficial their policies are to anyone and everyone. Of course they have a biased point of view, as we all do. I asked why one must pay to be a member and why no one who is not a member can join in on the discussions about world trade policies, the answer she gave was that "There would be too many parties involved to efficiently manage the world trade policies."

I believe that there is some truth to that; however, I also believe that the reason we would have to pay to become a member is so that the top dogs in the organization can maintain a large profit margin. I will be doing some research this weekend & I'll be loging back on then to read everything you guys have come up with so far.
 * Dc.sheets

Contemperary view point: opposing internaiton trade organizations rough draft (un-finished)
Hey guys I have written a short rough draft on my section. I am placing it up here in hopes to better the unified idea of our paper.

 * The current approach to international trade and its policies need to change. It is apparent that the present organizations that control the flow of trade have done a poor job supplying the world citizens with the proper necessities to live. The resources of our world are distributed unevenly amongst countries; to the extend that in certain places, people have an over flux of materials, while people are unable to survive because of a lack of materials. With the current system of international trade, places that need resources have been put in a situation where they are dependent on other countries for their necessities and have become unsustainable.
 * The organizations that control the world trade claim to be advocates of free trade. The term free trade refers to a trading policy where governments do not add taxes or tariffs at trade barriers. Yet countries that belong to these trade organizations still have tariffs and taxes at their trade barriers. For example the United States and European Union regulate their trade barriers for imports coming from countries belonging to other governances. Interestingly, countries that are boardering the United States have true free trade with the United States and there are no regulations placed on traded goods. Similarly, all countries belonging to the European Union have true free trade. If the world is to trade properly, all countries must have the same benefits. When the trading organizations state they advocate free trade, they must allow all countries to gain from their ideals equally.
 * The policy of free trade inherently raises our standard of living. This can be a great outcome for the whole world. The current international trade policies makers have done nothing to balance the standard of living equally to every person on the Earth. People are dying due to such low living standards. Others standards are so high, that in order to sustain, our Earth and its inhabitants have been put into jeopardy.

--John burbridge 05:55, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

A little piece of history
this is the beginning to my part of the paper Europe and also the world suffered from two devastating wars in the beginning of last century. WWI was beyond what anyone ever thought could happen, the industrial world finally entered the scene of war. Human against the machine, and the amount of people that died during WWI was something that did not have its match in any previous conflict, the brutality and the slaughter was unheard off. Some even called it, the War that would end all Wars, but how wrong they were. After WWI Germany became the black sheep and was, and isolated Germany a country already left in shatters and was charged to pay for the restoration of the other involved “winning parties”. When the great depression struck and inflation became out of hands, the German population suffered harder than the rest of Europe. Adolf Hitler managed to take the power by promising the Germans that he could bring them back to prosperity, to bring them out of the depression, to create jobs for the nation, to once again raise and put food on the table for his people. Hitler was very successful in creating jobs and blowing hope into a nation in despair, he proposed and started to build the now so famous Autobahn, but that was before he decided to march right into Poland and Austria. Most of us know the gruesome war that followed, and how the first atomic bomb got dropped, the holocaust, the destruction European cities and land. So this is how the Bretton Woods conference came into being, it was a gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations. The meeting was held from 1 July to 22 July 1944 in July, when the agreements were signed to set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). GATT is what later turned into World Trade Organization (WTO). Set up during the meeting was also the Bretton Woods system of monetary management. “The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.” Those institutions were born to give out loans to the war-torn Europe and also to find common meeting grounds, so a war of this caliber never be able to happen again --Karolinaberglof 18:10, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

History rough draft
Here's the beginning of the history section, and a few links to some articles I thought were interesting.

http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/Irwintrade.html

http://finance.mapsofworld.com/trade/history-international.html

http://www.economywatch.com/international-trade/history.html

““Do you guys take American Express?” The woman at the counter looked nervous. “Oh, sure,” I replied, “We take everything. Except pelts. We no longer accept pelts.” She laughed. “I’ve got a muskrat in my purse…” she offered jokingly. The very idea of common trade is funny now, but it really wasn’t that long ago that the trade of raw goods was a much more frequent transaction. The principle is simple: I have something you want, you have something I want, and we trade. I raise chickens, you raise pigs, I trade you eggs for some bacon, and now we both have breakfast. Except that now, I still have chickens, but no longer have a pig. It’s a great deal for me, but now you haven nothing left to barter with. Except that cow. “How about that cow?” I say, “I’ll give you 10 dozen eggs and this leg of prosciutto for that cow.” The leg of prosciutto looks vaguely familiar, but you agree. You need the eggs. A week later, I approach you again. “Have I got a deal for you. Eight gallons of milk, six dozen eggs, and a pound of beef jerky, and all I want in return is permission to fish in your lake.” You reluctantly agree. You need the milk. Very quickly, this simple exchange becomes a sticky situation. This parable is not as farfetched as it might sound. In fact, it’s a lot like international trade. Spices, furs, food, livestock, and raw materials have been traded worldwide for thousands of years. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, basic rules of mercantile economics were established. It was more favorable for a country to export manufactured goods and import raw goods, and ideally, any items exported would exceed the value of the raw goods imported. This kind of balance is impossible to achieve for every country—the system invariably benefits the stronger, more established countries, a trend that continues today. The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. Not only are these trades often unfair, they are not always sustainable. Just like in the bacon and eggs story, the weaker party gives away valuable resources in exchange for what they need in the moment. For example, using farmland to chip away at a national debt, and not directly benefiting the people. Fair trade principles include fair labor conditions, fair market pricing, democratic organizations, community development, and environmental sustainability.

--Stevenaguilar 19:18, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Stevenaguilar 19:10, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Solutions Page?
How are we going to write this section? We all need to contribute.

Our teacher Steven mentioned that we should talk about using more sustainable methods to produce neccesary goods for trade. Also using these techniques for local goods and food locally

So I started a rough draft of the solutions section. Please go back, read over, alter, and add any information you feel neccesary. The current writing is merely a starting point for us to grow on. Something for us to work off of, and by no means thought of as a permanent proposal.

Dc.sheets my take on the solutions...

I am thinking that we need to take a hard lined approach when talking about solutions. I mean this in terms of who is and is not at fault and who has the power to change what is going on.

That being said, I believe that the WTO and similar organizations within international and national governments are mostly to blame, along with the corporate interests who essentially pay (through campaign contributions primarily) politicians and voting members of the WTO to agree upon policies favorable to business. It is up to a large organization which includes all nations to keep the WTO in check, how they do that i do not know, but i think that if they can figure out how to keep the poorer nations in control, they should be able to find a solution to keep themselves under control as well.

AS far as what I think we can do... I don't really know. It is (in my mind) hard to persuade someone to believe that an organization is "evil" when both we and that person benefit (at the very least indirectly) from the trade policies from that organization. But i think that if we can stress the idea of human exploitation of other humans it would bring a powerful image into people's minds. I think everyone knows how it feels to be used. Let me know what you guys think of my ideas thus far, and post some of your thoughts down here as well. thanks

Dc.sheets

Hey guys, I have posted some ideas for our summary and solutions page


text:
User:Vulgar Latina

Hello!

title: User:Vulgar Latina


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Intention and Awareness: Preconscious Processing


text:
User talk:Vulgar Latina

 Hello Vulgar Latina, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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title: User talk:Vulgar Latina


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Random Impulse and Limbic Bias: Unconscious Processing


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Volition and Consciousness in animals


text:
User talk:Microring

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PHOTOS MY WEBSITE: http://jacqui1977.webs.

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PHOTOS MY WEBSITE: http://jacqui1977.webs.

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title: User talk:Microring


text:
Hexpixel Code

Hexpixel Code is an easy-to-use language used to create images in text editors using hex triplets.

Introduction
Hexpixel Code is so-named because it is a language (or code) which uses hex triplets and goes pixel by pixel. With this language, images can be easily created in Notepad.

Starting out
Please read and follow the directions very carefully. Copy and paste code boxes because it is very easy to make a simple typo with character mistakes.

Setting up the workspace

 * 1) Open Notepad or another text editor.
 * 2) Open a small image using a bitmap graphics editor, preferably MS Paint.

Establishing version info

 * 1) Type the following into your text editor: HPC

Adding image dimensions

 * 1) Find the dimensions of your image (width and height).
 * 2) Add -WIDTHxHEIGHT to the text (with no spaces). It should look like this: HPC-WIDTHxHEIGHT
 * If you wish to put your width and height (and other numerals in your code) in hexadecimal form, use a ~ instead of a -.

 * 1) Replace WIDTH with the width of your image and replace HEIGHT with the height of your image. If your width was 4 and your height was 3, the code should now, so far, look like this: HPC-4x3
 * You may wish to not include an x by simply removing it and by verifying that when the number of numerals are even and when split in half, will return the say result. Instead, you could also replace the x with a ,.

Starting the pixels and adding them
Read the following instructions to learn how to properly add pixels (in hex triplets) to your text.
 * 1) Add | to the text (to commence the start of pixels).
 * 2) Add HC1,HC2,HC3 etc. to your text.
 * 3) Replace HC1 with the hex triplet of the first pixel in the first line of your image. For example, if the first pixel in the first line was black, you would look it up here (black is #FFFFFF), and you would replace HC1 with #FFFFFF.
 * 4) Replace HC2, HC3, etc. the same way you did with HC1 above.
 * 5) Delete the #s in the text.
 * 6) When you get to the second line of your image, add a semicolon ; to your text then you may go to the second line of your image.

Transparency
Transparency is available in HPC, to an extent.

Complete transparency
Use T, TT, TTT or TTTTTT or (x being any pixel) x%FF or x%(100) for completely transparent pixels.

Partial transparency
To make a partially transparent pixel, put % after the pixel (but before ending the pixel and any cons), followed by the opacity of the pixel in hexadecimal form (or if parenthesis are present, decimal form).

Animated Images
Read the following instructions to learn how to properly create animated image files.
 * 1) If you have an animated image, after the WIDTHxHEIGHT in the text, add a period ..
 * 2) After the ., add the number of frames your animated image has.
 * 3) After the frames count, add a comma to your text and add the frame rate (in milliseconds) of the animated image - the default is 70 and will be chosen if there are no commas.
 * 4) After the frame rate, add another comma and then how many times the animated image loops. If it loops infinite times, put 0. If it does not loop, put 1, or do not include this bullet at all.
 * When separating in between frames, use a period (.).

Variables
Read the following instructions to learn how variables work, and how to properly assign variables to lower the filesize.

Assigning variables

 * 1) If you use a pixel such as F03826 more than once, you can assign a variable for it.
 * 2) To shorten a pixel such as F03826 to a variable such as XV, after the WIDTHxHEIGHT and before the |, add *XV=F03826 to your text.

Preassigned variables
The variables below are variables that are preassigned and will be recognized without assigning them. These variables, however are able to be re-assigned with the method above.

Preassigned one-character variables
If there is a hexpixel has the same character (between 0 and F) six times in a row, reduce the pixel by deleting all of the characters and then adding the previously first character only once (make sure a variable is not already assigned). Here are all of its possible outcomes: 0=000000 1=111111 2=222222 3=333333 4=444444 5=555555 6=666666 7=777777 8=888888 9=999999 A=AAAAAA B=BBBBBB C=CCCCCC D=DDDDDD E=EEEEEE F=FFFFFF

Here are all of the other preassigned one-character variables: G=0000FF H=00FF00 I=00FFFF J=FF0000 K=FF00FF L=FFFF00 M=0000CC N=00CC00 O=00CCCC P=CC0000 Q=CC00CC R=CCCC00 S=CCCCCC T=TTTTTT // Transparant U=CCCCFF V=CCFFCC W=CCFFFF X=FFCCCC Y=FFCCFF Z=FFFFCC

Preassigned two-character variables
If there is a hexpixel has the same character (between 0 and F) three times in a row and a different character (between 0 and F) three times in a row after, reduce the pixel by deleting all of the characters, then add the previously first character only once, and then the previously fourth character only written once (make sure a variable is not already assigned).

Examples: AC=AAACCC 01=000111 7B=777BBB

Preassigned three-character variables
If there is a hexpixel has the same character (between 0 and F) two times in a row and a different character (between 0 and F) two times in a row after, and yet another character (between 0 and F) written two times in a row after that, reduce the pixel by deleting all of the characters, then add the first character only written once, then the third character only written once and then the fifth character only written once (make sure a variable is not already assigned).

Examples: ACA=AACCAA 010=001100 DAD=DDAADD

Preassigned five-character variables
If a hexpixel could be a two/three-character variable, but a half/third of the pixel doesn't match, make the variable as normal and for the part the abnormal half/third, write it in full. If the abnormal part is half of the pixel, add a " before the abonormal half, and if it is a third of the pixel, add a ' before the abnormal third.

Examples: F'09F=FF09FF F"090=FFF090

^
^ can be used if a hexpixel repeats itself. Add it to the end of the repeated pixels for them to repeat until the end of the six characters. Examples: FF2^=FF2FF2 FA^=FAFAFA FA^B=FAFAFB FA^BB=FAFABB

!
! is used to repeat the character before the symbol as many times until the end of the six characters. Examples: FF2!=FF2222 BA!=BAAAAA BA!B=BAAAAB BA!BB=BAAABB

Consecutives
Read the following instructions to learn how to properly assign consecutive pixels/variables (cons).

Consecutive pixels and variables

 * 1) If you use a pixel or a variable such as F0F8FF, more than once in the same consecutive order, you can shorten it into a conpix.
 * 2) If you saw a string of pixels (or variables) in an order like this: F0F8FF,F0F8FF,F0F8FF,F0F8FF,F0F8FF You can shorten the string by deleting those pixels and then adding something like this: F0F8FF-5
 * For each non-conpix you can add a -1 within the pixel (or variable) but this is unnecessary because it increases filesize.
 * If different pixels appear in between a sequence of consecutives, you may use a $ to represent the consecutives after the different pixels.

Consecutive lines
*F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0=1 then you can put your three conlines: 1+3
 * 1) If you saw a string of pixels (or variables) in an order, like this: F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0;F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0;F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0 you can shorten the string by assigning a variable, example:
 * 1) When put together, the full text looks something like this: HPC-4x3*F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0=1|1+3
 * For each non-conline you can add a +1 within the pixel (or variable) but this is unnecessary because it increases filesize.
 * If different pixels appear in between a sequence of consecutives, you may use a $ to represent the consecutives after the different pixels.

HPC-4x3|{F0F8FF,0,CADABA,FC0FC0}+3
 * 1) Note that a variable is not needed and can be done with brackets:

@
The @ character denotes a skip to a certain set of coordinates to assign pixel. Eg: @8,9|FF0000,BC0108,|

Examples
Below are examples to help you.

One line
HPC-3x1|F0F8FF,E32636,FFBF00

Two lines
HPC-3x2|F0F8FF,E32636,FFBF00;F0F8FF,E32636,FFBF00

One variable
HPC-3x1*1=F0F8FF|1,E32636,FFBF00

Two variables
HPC-3x1*1=F0F8FF*AI=E32636|1,AI,FFBF00

Multivars
HPC-2x1*F0F8FF,E32636=1|1

Animated images with loops
HPC-3x1.2,7|F,F0F8FF,FFBF00.0,F0F8FF,FFBF00

Consecutive pixels
HPC-3x1|E32636-3

Consecutive lines
HPC-1x3|E32636+3

Consecutive pixels and lines
HPC-3x3|E32636-3+3 HPC-6x4|E32636-3+4,G-3;$-3,F-3;$-3,0-2,Y;$-3,G,R,F

Code
HPC-7x3|0,F,0,F,0-3;0-3,F-2,0,F;0,F,0,F,0-3

Code
HPC-12x11| F-4,0-4,F-4; F-2,0-2,L-4,0-2,F-2; F,0,L-8,0,F; F,0,L-2,0-2,L-2,0-2,L,0,F; 0,L-3,0,L-2,0,L-3,0; 0,L-10,0; 0,L-2,0,L-4,0,L-2,0; F,0,L-2,0-4,L-2,0,F; F,0,L-8,0,F; F-2,0-2,L-4,0-2,F-2; F-4,0-4,F-4

Authors

 * Domthedude001, first author of this Wikibook and creator of the Hexpixel Code.
 * All of the other contributors.

title: Hexpixel Code


text:
Practical Argumentation Framework

Plan Argumentation Framework

Argumentation to compose plans

Author : Maxime Morge

Abstract
We propose in this paper a framework for inter-agents dialogue on actions, which formalize a deliberative process. This framework bounds a dialectics system in which argumentative agents arbitrate and play to reach a practical agreement. For this purpose, we propose an argumentation-based reasoning to manage the conflicts between plans having different strengths for different agents. Moreover, we propose a model of agents which justify the plans to which they commit and take into account the plans of their interlocutors. In the scope of our dialectics system, an agent is responsible of the final decision outcome which is taken according to the authority of the players, the uttered plans and her own rules and priorities.

keyword
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Multi-agent system, Dialogue, Planification

Introduction
The collaboration between autonomous and social agents to solve complex tasks is an open problem with many application areas such as cooperative robotics or services composition. The conflicts in the interests and perspectives of agents is the main characteristic of such systems. In this paper, we aim at formalizing a deliberative process with a formal framework for inter-agents interaction. For this purpose, argumentation is a promising approach for reasoning with inconsistent information and conflicting objectives. Classically, argumentation has been mainly concerned with theoretical reasoning to check beliefs veracity~\cite{dung95acceptability,amgoud2002reasoning,bench-capon02value}.

A coherent framework has been proposed in~\cite{morge05ail} to reconcile, combine and extend these technics. Recent works are concerned with practical reasoning~\cite{bench03pratical,pellier05ceemas,rahwan06pratical}. In~\cite{pellier05ceemas}, Damien Pellier and Humbert Fiorino focus on a generic mechanism allowing agents to compose their competences in order to jointly elaborate a common plan. \cite{ferguson93cooperative} considers an agent to support the planification. In this paper, we consider that such plans are arguments and we focus here on a dialogical mechanism between software agents to reason, exchange and compose them.

Paper overview. Section Motivation introduces the example of dialogue that will illustrate our framework throught this paper. In section~\ref{def:lang}, we provide the syntax and the semantics of the planning language. Section~\ref{sec:AF} presents the argumentation framework which manages the interaction between conflicting plans. In accordance with this background, we describe in section~\ref{sec:argumentation_MAS} our model of agents. In the section~\ref{sec:dialectics}, we define the formal area in which the agents deliberate. The section~\ref{sec:persuasion} presents the protocol used to reach a practical agreement. %Section~\ref{sec:conc} concludes.

Motivation
A dialogue is a sequence of coherent move from an initial situation to reach the goals of participants~\cite{walton95commitment}. For instance, the goal of dialogues consists in resolving a conflict about a service composition. In the initial situation, two services providers do not share the same competence, \textit{i.e.} the same set of services, either because one of them is not qualified or because their services are concurrent. We propose here that two services providers and a buyer play deliberation to reach a practical agreement.

Before the formalization of such dialogues, let us introduce the following example in natural language:

 * buyer: Which services can I use to go from Lille to Ottawa?
 * sellerone: My service is suitable to go from Lille to Ottawa and cost 1050 euros.
 * sellertwo: My service is also suitable to go from Lille to Ottawa and only costs 800 euros.
 * buyer: Why your service is suitable?
 * sellerone: Because train to Paris costs 150 euros, Air France fly to Montreal costs 800 euros and the bus to Ottawa cost 100 euros.
 * sellertwo: OK, but the train to Bruxelles costs 100 euros, the Air Canada fly to Montreal costs 650 euros and the bus to Ottawa cost 50 euros.
 * \buyer: I accept to use the train to Paris, the Air France fly to Montreal and the bus to Ottawa which cost 50 euros proposed by the first provider.

In this dialogue, two service providers propose two concurrent transport services from Lille to Ottawa and the buyer compose these two services. This example will be used throughout this paper.

Goal
In this section, we present the syntax and the semantics of the formal language that we use to express automated planning problem instance : the Action Description Language (ADL). This is an extension of the STRIPS~\cite{fikes71strips} language (STanford Research Institute Problem Solver),

syntax
The classical planning environments are fully observable, deterministic (the result of actions are foreseeable), discrete (the environment states are finite) and static (changes happens only when the agents acts). Planners decompose the world into logical conditions and represent a state as a conjunction of positive literals. For example, $$rich \wedge famous$$ represents the state of an happy agent. Literals in first-order state descriptions must be ground and function-free. Contrary to $$near(ag_{1},Ottawa)$$, literals such as $$near(ag_{x},y)$$ or $$near(daughter(ag{x}),Lille)$$ are not allowed. The close-world assumption is used, meaning that any conditions that any conditions that are not mentioned in a state are assumed false.

A planning problem instance is composed of an initial state, the specification of the goal which the planner is trying to reach, and a set of possible actions. Each action is defined in terms of preconditions and postconditions.

An instance is defined by an ordered pair $$\S =\langle \L,C \rangle$$ where:
 * $$\mathcal{L}$$ is the first-order logic language previously presented. We call condition a conjunction of claims. The empty conjunction  (denoted  $$\emptyset$$) is true;
 * $$C= A \cup \{i_\S, g_\S \}$$ is a \textbf{competence}, i.e. a set of rules such as:
 * $$A$$ is a set of actions, each action $$a$$ is a 4-tuple of conditions $$a : \langle \gamma, \delta \rangle \leftarrow \langle \alpha, \beta \rangle$$, where $$\alpha$$ must be true for the action to be executable, $$\beta$$ must be false, $$\gamma$$ is made true by the action and $$\delta$$ ones is made false. The empty action is denoted $$\epsilon$$;
 * $$i_\S : \langle \alpha_i, \beta_i \rangle \leftarrow$$ is the initial state, given as the pair of conditions, which are respectively true and false ;
 * $$g_\S : \langle \gamma_g, \delta_g \rangle \leftarrow$$ is the specification of the goal state given as a pair, which specify which conditions are true ($$\gamma_g$$) and false ($$\delta_g$$), respectively, in order for a state to be considered a goal state.

On one hand, a state a fortiori the initial state $$i_\S$$ is a totally specified state represented as a conjonction of positive ground literals ($$\gamma_i$$) and negative ground literals ($$\delta_i$$). On the other hand, the specification of a goal $$g_\mathcal{S}$$ is a partially specified state represented as a conjonction of positive ground literals ($$\gamma_g$$) and negative ground literals ($$\delta_g$$). A propositional state ($$s: \langle \alpha_s,\beta_s\rangle \leftarrow$$) satisfies a goal ($$g_\S: \langle \gamma_g, \delta_g \rangle \leftarrow$$) if $$s$$ contains all the atoms in $$g$$ and possibly others ($$\gamma_g \subseteq \alpha_s$$ and $$\delta_g \subseteq \beta_s$$). An action $$a$$ is specified in terms of positive preconditions ($$\alpha$$) and negative preconditions ($$\beta$$) that must hold before it can be executed, the positive effects ($$\gamma$$) and the negative effects $$\delta$$) that ensure when it is executed. For example, an action for flying a plane from one location to another is: $$ fly(from,to) : \langle near(buyer,to), near(buyer,from) \rangle \leftarrow \langle near(buyer,from), \emptyset \rangle $$

This rule is also called action schema, meaning that it represents a number of differents actions that can be derived by instantiating the variables $$\from$$, and $$\to$$ to different constants. The action name $$\fly(\from,\to)$$ serves to identify the action, Any variables in the preconditions or in the postconditions must also appear in the action's parameter list. One of the most important restrictions is that literals be function-free.

With this restriction, we can be sure that any action schema can be propositionalized, so turned into a finite collection of purely propositionnal action representations with no variables. For example, we could translate the $$\fly(\from,\to)$$ action schema for $$5$$ airports into $$5 \times 5$$ purely propositionnal actions. Since the preconditions expressing the facts that a flight cannot be made from an airport to itself, cannot be expressed sunccintly in STRIPS, we prefer the Action Description Language to the STRIPS language. To improve readibility, we have divided the preconditions and the effects into lists for postive and negative literals. In ADL, the fly action could be written as : $$ \fly(\from,\to) : \langle \near(\buyer,\to), \near(\buyer,\from) \rangle \leftarrow \langle \near(\buyer,\from), \from = \to \rangle $$

semantics
Having defined the syntax for the representation of planning problems, we can now define the semantics. For this purpose, we specify a direct transition from a state ($$s:\langle \alpha_s,\beta_s\rangle \leftarrow$$) into successor-state axioms whose semantics come from first order logic. An action ($$a: \langle \gamma_a, \delta_a \rangle \leftarrow \langle \alpha_a, \beta_a \rangle$$) is applicable in any state that satifies the preconditions; otherwise the action has no effect. More formaly: $$ s, a  \vdash \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \langle (\alpha_s \cup \gamma_a) - \delta_a ,(\beta_s   \cup \delta_a)  - \gamma_a \rangle   &\si \alpha_a \subseteq \alpha_s \mbox{and}\\ &\beta_a \subseteq \beta_s\\ \langle \alpha_s, \beta_s \rangle &\mbox{else} \end{array} \right. $$

Starting in a state $$s$$, the result of executing an \textbf{applicable action} $$a$$ is a state $$s'$$ except that any positive literals in the effect are added to $$s'$$ and any negative literals are removed from $$s'$$. For example, suppose the current state is described by: $$s: \langle \near(\buyer,\Paris), \near(\buyer,\Lille) \rangle$$. This state satifies the precondition: $$\langle \near(buyer,\from), \from = \to \rangle$$ with substitution $$\{ \Paris / \from, \Montreal / \to \}$$. Thus, after the concrete action $$\fly(\buyer,\Paris,\Montreal)$$ the current state becomes $$s': \langle \near(\buyer,\Montreal), \near(\buyer,\Paris) \et \near(\buyer,\Lille) \rangle \leftarrow$$. Note that if a positive effect is already in $$s$$ it is not added twice, and if a negative effect is not in $$a$$, then that part of the effect is ignored. This definition embodies the assumption that every literal not mentionned in the effects remains unchanged. In this way, we avoid the frame problem.

Since the states could be represented by a pair of conditions, two states $$s_1 : \langle \alpha_1, \beta_1 \rangle \leftarrow$$ and $$s_2 : \langle \alpha_2, \beta_2 \rangle \leftarrow$$ are \textbf{incompatible} (denoted $$s_1 \bot s_2$$) iff: $$(\alpha_1 \inter \beta_2) \union (\alpha_2 \inter \beta_1) \neq \emptyset$$.

Finaly we can define the solution for a planning problem. The transition relation can be extended such that: $$c, \epsilon \vdash c$$ and $$c, (a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n) \vdash (c,a_1\vdash), (a_2,\ldots,a_n)$$. A plan for an instance is a sequence of actions such that the state that results from executing the actions from the initial state satisfies the goal conditions. A plan $$P=(a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n)$$ is a sequence of actions ($$\forall i~ a_i \in A$$) such as $$i,P \vdash g$$. \textbf{$$P$$ satisfies $$S$$} iff $$\alpha_{i} \subseteq \alpha_{i_\S}, \beta_{i} \subseteq \beta_{i_\S}, \gamma_{g_\S} \subseteq \gamma_{g}, \delta_{g_\S} \subseteq \delta_{g}$$. In other words, a solution for a planning problem is just a plan that, when excecuted in the initial state, results in a state that satifies the goal. Below we will use this planning language within our argumentation framework.

title: Practical Argumentation Framework


text:
User:Tbethea

I received my scores back today. I'm happy to say I made a perfect score of 200. This was my first time taking the test. The information on this site was definitely helpful. I did order the School Leadership Series from ETS. There were questions pulled directly from the series. I'm excited to have completed this deal. I prayed and asked my pastor and friends to join in with me. It worked!!! Tbethea 21:10, 14 July 2009 (UTC)Terrie in North CarolinaTbethea 21:12, 14 July 2009 (UTC)Terrie

title: User:Tbethea