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Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Emily's Journal

Jounal 1

The Land Ethic

Leopold discusses the extension of ethics in "The Land Ethic," and describes an ethic, in philosophical terms, as a thing that has its origin in the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve models of co-operation. If the complexity of ethics has increased over time, does that mean that ethics evolve over time in a way similar to the way biological organisms evolve? It seems to me that as cultures and societies become more complex, so too do their ethics. If one were to look at a culture or civilization as a living organism, that society could be seen to be experiencing evolution. As new technologies emerge, a society's culture will evolve to incorporate new modes of subsistence. Language will evolve and change over time as well. In our society, our ethics need to further evolve so that we see the biotic community as interdependent to individuals and society while society develops a feeling of obligation towards the land. Just as we feel obligated to give something back to those who have given us something, so too should we feel towards the land.

Journal 2

When I read Leopold I am reminded of how I spent most of this past summer, and that involved being outside.. I was fortunate enough to have a job that involved being outside all day. I worked as an archaeological surveyor, looking for the cultural remnants of the first people who lived on the Colorado Plateau. Walking up to ten miles a day through the Kaibab Forest allowed me to fully experience the environment I live in. I came to recognize the various features of the land. It was a privilege to be able to trek through places very few people have been and to see the forest from the inside. Walking through a patch of old growth trees was perhaps the most tranquil moment of my summer. In other places the trees grew strange and twisted but still perfect in their deformities. Hiking up to a high point and looking down upon the land I had just transversed and being able to see the different land forms with a sense of great connection is something I will not forget nor stop experiencing for the rest of my life.

Journal 3

Living in Arizona has greatly influenced my life thus far. Having moved here from the midwest, the diverse and beautiful landscape of this state has lead to the development of my great appreciation for nature. Reading Leopold's essays on Arizona and Sonora brings back pleasant and fond memories. Reading about bobcats, coyotes and mesquite gives me a warm feeling, after having lived in the Sonoran desert for several years. I was especiallly intrigued by his quest for "el tigre." It is common knowledge that virtually all the jaguars of Sonora and Arizona are extinct. I remember last when Macho B was euthanized. It was such a terrible shame that his death was the result of incompetant land managers. There is perhaps a very small chance that jaguars still exist in the wilderness of Arizona. I have my suspicions that there could be. I once camped at Perkinsville Bridge for a night. We arrived late, and by the time we had caught some catfish and prepared it it was dark. After eating, we heard strange noises on the other side of the water. It sounded like something heavy had gone into the water. Then, we heard large twigs cracking, like they were underfoot something heavy. Perhaps the smell of blood from the catfish had attracted it. to our sheer terror, whatever the thing was let out the most otherworldly shriek ever heard. It sounded like a shrieking human at first, but then rose into a banshee-like wail, then ended in a gutteral growl. We heard it splashing in and out of the water and kept shining our lights over to where we thought it might be, but we saw nothing. We heard the creature begin to wander downstream, shrieking all the while until it was out of earshot. We never could figure out exactly what it was. We immediately ruled out bigfoot, and it probably wasn't a rarely seen inhabitant of perkinsville. The only other conclusion we came to was that it was probably a big cat, like a mountain lion, or maybe even a jaguar.

Journal 4

While reading John Muir's "The Trees of the Valley" it is easy to understand his reverence for these mighty works of nature. He describes each tree: the yellow pine, the incense cedar, the Douglass Spruce. the Oaks, the Juniper, the Poplar, and others. His descriptions are both scientific and naturalistic. He gives the scientific names for many of the species he describes, yet the language he uses while doing so paints a perfect picture of the beauty of the tree itself. It is easy to see how much Muir loves the land.He describes the trees with a kind of intimacy, telling their various attributes. He is able to inform the reader of how to identify each tree and at the same time inspire the reader to want to go out and experience each tree.

Journal 5

In Thoreau's chapter "Economy<" he discusses the modes by which men participate in society to make ends meet and suggests an alternative for the normal way of doing things. When he writes "When we consider what, to use the words of the catechism, is the chief end of man,Note and what are the true necessaries and means of life, it appears as if men had deliberately chosen the common mode of living because they preferred it to any other. Yet they honestly think there is no choice left." The words of the catechism would say that man's chief end is to glorify God and to enjoy him forever.It appears Thoreau would not have used this answer, but he might suggest that men lack joy in their lives. People are limited by the number of choices they believe they have in this life, when in fact the possibilities are endless. I think Thoreau is suggesting that each day is the opportunity for a fresh start and that it is never too late to let go of prejudices. While their is wisdom to be had from the past experiences of those who came before, tradition need not be followed strictly for the sake of tradition.Accepting ideas just because they are traditional and old will probably come to no good end.

Journal 6

In Thoreau's chapter on solitude it is apparent that he connects with nature with his body and his mind. Sound and touch are just as important to him as sight. Because of his keen senses, he is able to notice when visitors have stopped by by the broken blade of grass or the lingering smell of pipesmoke.

While Thoreau enjoys a solitary existence, he is by no means cut off from human contact. In fact, he often would walk into town for the services he could get there but not do for himself. His aloness is his own choice. He does not feel the need to contantly be around other people, and in his solitude he sees nature as a companion. His sense of knowing the land he lives on allows for him to connect to all of nature.

Journal 7

As Thoreau discusses his precious bean field, he wonders why he even made the effort to grow them. His attempt to alter a small patch of land from what it would be without human touch was a learning experience as well as a small gain of personal satisfaction. Thoreau greatly values wildness, content to sit and watch nature's displays. Now he has chosen to farm and control nature, albeit he finds worthy components in weeds and woodchucks. It seems like he has often spoke negatively of farmers and their desire to make money off of nature, yet now he is becoming one of them to make a living so he can live by the pond. It seems he has made a sort of trade-off in this way. However, Thoreau does realize that others feel that the only crop with value is the crop that benefits man, all others may as well be weeds. But Thoreau recognizes the value of wildness for other than monetary means.

Journal 8

In his essay “Self-Reliance,” Emerson begins with a quote in Latin, N”e te quaesiveris extra” which translates in English to "Do not seek outside yourself.” It is apparent that Emerson values individual experience as being greater than any knowledge gained from books. He states: "To believe that what is true in your private heart is true for all men — that is genius." The message Emerson is conveying in this essay is for individuals to follow their own intuitions rather than basing their lives on the opinions of others. To live ones life with conviction while being true to oneself is the only way to live. In doing so, the individual will find acceptance in others with similar convictions and ideas. Emerson emphasizes for the individual to “trust thyself.” It is of no use to be affected by the judgements of others. The person who exhibits self-esteem without seeming selfish will come across as both childlike and mature. Emerson would have us live our lives as if on a quest with the curiosity and assurance of a child. Children represent self-reliant behavior because they are too young to understand cynacism or hypocrisy, so these qualities are not part of their lives. Emerson makes the analogy between young boys and the idealized individual. Both apply their own personal standards to everything they see. There is no question of where their loyalties lie. In contrast, most adults live their lives with caution, being preoccupied with their reputations and approval from others. Living in such a way removes spontaneity a genuine quality of life.

Journal 9

When Emerson writes "Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres Note of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes" in his essay Nature, he is stressing the idea that second-hand ideas and knowledge through books is overly elaborated upon in society.He advises his readers to reject "dead" letters and turn towards nature. Though it is apparent in Emerson's writings that he greatly values the written word and draws from past texts. Emerson values the study of nature and its design. In doing this, one will become closer to the divine and learn more about themselves than they ever could from any books.

Journal 10

In the essay "Circles," Emerson often eludes to the eye, "the first circle; the horizon which it forms is the second; and throughout nature this primary figure is repeated without end. It is the highest emblem in the cipher of the world." The circle is never-ending noe does it have a beginning. It could be compared to the divine, and Emerson makes note of humans' interest in circles throughout history. Emerson writes, "There are no fixtures in nature" amd "Permanance is just a word of degrees." This means that all life is transitory, nothing is permanent, everything is temporal. This means that man's potential is limitless. Setting limitations on individuals or on yourself is a waste when you are living in a transitory state. Emerson stresses that life is a series of surprises. The growth of the soul is undefinable. One should live his or her life like one who is very old and very young at the same time, carrying ancient truths but making them anew and unto themselves.


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User talk:Avicennasis

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title: User talk:Avicennasis


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Conservation and the sustainable use of Vicuñas in South America

Conservation and the sustainable use of Vicuñas in South America

Jorge Bastidas

Willandia Chaves

Antonio Crespo

David Hanson

The term conservation is not a straight forward concept that evokes a single interpretation. Despite its common use in our everyday lexicon, conservation is understood in many different ways by different people; variations exist even in groups that seem homogeneous. For example, a group of graduate students from the University of Florida were asked to respond to a quote that evokes the concept of conservation:

"The days a man spends fishing or spends hunting should not be deducted from the time that he's on earth. In other words, if I fish today, that should be added to the amount of time I get to live…I plan to fish and hunt as much as I possibly can...." George Bush, quoted in Los Angeles Times (December 1988)

For this purpose we used a participatory technique called The Open Statement (Metaplan 1998) in which the target group is asked to vote on their level of agreement or disagreement with a given statement. Afterwards, the group is asked to elaborate on the reasons for agreeing and disagreeing with the statement. The results from this simple enquiry confirmed the wide amplitude of ideas people have on conservation, despite the relative homogeneity of the group. For some, conservation is related to the permanence of natural resources; for others it relates to opportunities for recreation and for others it means isolating pristine areas from human influence.

The literature gives the following definitions for conservation:

•	The management of human use of nature so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. (Hesselink, et al. 2007)

•	The management of human interactions with genes, species, and ecosystems so as to provide the maximum benefit to the present generation while maintaining their potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations; encompasses elements of saving, studying, and using biodiversity. (Hesselink et al. 2007)

•	Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land. (Aldo Leopold)

The concept of Conservation Through Management has been proposed as a valid conservation strategy that links the idea of sustainable use with the long-term permanence of species, ecosystems and genes. If the species has social and economic value (e.g., people use the species or habitat for their livelihood, public good or recreation), one approach to conserve that species is to establish a management strategy for conservation. This idea requires a strong management strategy that includes a regulatory framework, a continuous feedback/monitoring system and sustained enforcement. The ultimate goal is to achieve ecological, social, and economic sustainability (Mulder & Coppolillo 2005).

This concept can be better understood with the case study of the Vicuña, a South American camelid that was almost driven to extinction by excessive hunting. Sustainable management of vicuña’s precious fiber is being developed strongly in Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina.

Vicuña Management

Vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) are one of the wild camelid species in South America. They occur in the Andean regions of Peru (~188,000), Bolivia (~ 62,000 individuals), Argentina (~ 127,000 individuals) and Chile (~16,000 individuals). There is also a small population of over 2,500 individuals that were reintroduced from the other three countries where the species occur (Lichtenstein et al. 2010). Vicuñas can live in family groups (generally one male, three females, and two to three young), bachelor groups, and solitary individuals (Cassini et al. 2009). They produce small amounts of particularly fine wool, which has a high economic value. Each individual can only be sheared once every three years.

Vicuna Management programs are an interesting case study since they show the complex relationship between local communities, a common pool resource, and the global market. Vicunas are managed under both common property in the wild and private regimes in semi-captivity. The vicuna fleece is highly valuable in international markets and this fleece is produced by low income producers in the Andes. As the producers of this elegant fibers are struggling to survive in the rough environment of the Andes, at the end of the chain are wealthy consumers in developed countries who pay exuberant prices for vicuna products; for example, currently in London a vicuna scarf could sell for between US $ 1,418 to $9,900 (Lichtenstein, 2010). The Incas used to call this fleece “the fiber of the gods” and it was highly valued. It would seem rational for the Andean communities to maintain their ancestors’ perception towards vicuñas, but as international policies have burdened these communities with all the responsibility of conservation and in most cases none of the advantages, vicuñas are perceived as a cost rather than a benefit. Therefore, the idea of conservation through management is to allow local communities to conserve the vicunas and to also allow them to extract the vicuna wool and commercialize it.

Vicuna management programs in the Andes follow the logic of community based wildlife management (CWM). There are two general outcomes expected from CWM:

•	Maintenance of wildlife habitats, preservation of the species

•	Improve social and economic well-being of local communities.

Allowing commercial utilization of fiber obtained from vicuñas would encourage local participation and the development of positive local attitudes towards vicuña conservation. In turn, this should result in decreases poaching, the replacement of domestic livestock (e.g. sheep and cows) with vicuñas ,and finally, greater support for conservation measures.

Literature Cited:

Lichtenstein, G., Baldi, R., Villalba, L., Hoces, D., Baigún, R. & Laker, J. 2008. Vicugna vicugna. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on 15 December 2010.

Lichtenstein, G. 2010. Vicuña conservation and poverty alleviation? Andean communities and international fibre markets. International Journal of the Commons 4, 100-121.

Cassini, M., Borgnia, M., Arzamendia, Y., Benítez, V., Vilá, B. 2009. Sociality, Foraging and Habitat Use by Vicuña, in: Gordon, I.J. (Ed.), The Vicuña: The Theory and Practice of Community Based Wildlife Management. Springer, New York, pp. 35-48.

Hesselink, F., Goldstein, W., van Kempen, P., Garnett, T.  and J. Dela. 2007. "Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) toolkit: A toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP coordinators”. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and IUCN. Montreal, Canada

Metaplan, 1998. Primer for the Metaplan technique: How to moderate group discussion using the Metaplan Technique.

Mulder, M. B., Coppolillo, P. 2005. Conservation: linking ecology, economics, and culture. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.


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User talk:Antoniomcrespo

 Hello Antoniomcrespo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User:Collinsnunyonameh

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Fair Trade Resource Network (2010), The New Consciousness Consumer: Expanding Economic Justice through Fair Trade, Boston, Red Sun Press

This book provides comprehensive and detailed information on the concept of fair trade. Targeted at both those already involved in the fair trade movement and those outside of it, the book describes or defines fair trade, its goals, and differentiates fair trade from other types of trade. The authors further provide very useful and current statistical data on the fair trade industry, highlighting the challenges and making compelling arguments why an outsider must consider supporting fair trade. This book is especially ideal for those interested simply expanding their knowledge about fair trade, as well as researchers interested in understanding key trends in that industry.

Arnould, Eric J., Plastina, Alejandro, and Ball, Dwayne (2009), Does Fair Trade Deliver on Its Core Value Proposition? Effects on Income, Educational Attainment, and Health in Three Countries, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 28 (2), 186–201

This paper provides some partial, extremely useful answers to a lingering question on concept and practice of fair trade, which is whether fair trade delivers on its normative underpinnings of delivering benefits to small producers? While discussing the arguments, justifications and denunciations of the fair trade concept, the authors demonstrate that fair trade does deliver on some very important indicators of socio-economic improvement: health and education. Policy makers, industry insiders, researchers and students may find this paper very useful and informative.

title: User:Collinsnunyonameh


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User talk:Collinsnunyonameh

 Hello Collinsnunyonameh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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SkyCam/Testing

First images (2008)
The images below show some of the first test images taken in April 2008 before the camera was permanently installed. The camera was placed on a table on the rooftop deck of the observatory. The first image is of the observatory. The building appears distorted due to the fisheye lens which is used to capture a very wide field of view. The next two images capture the sky and also a portion of the building including the fireplace chimney and dome.

Leonids images (2010)
A series of images were taken during the morning of the 2010 Leonids. The sky was relatively clear and dark.

The meteors appear as a short and thin trail (or streak) as they move during the time exposure. Click on an image to open a larger view to more easily them.

The camera was then mounted on the roof of Ladd Observatory on Dec. 13, 2010.

Quadrantids images (2011)
A series of images were taken during the early morning of the 2011 Quadrantids. There was a large amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. The camera is very sensitive to city lights reflected off of atmospheric moisture.

The meteors appear as a short and thin trail (or streak) as they move during the time exposure. Click on an image to open a larger view to more easily them.

Quadrantids images (2012)
Another series of images were taken during the early morning of the 2012 Quadrantids.

The meteors appear as a bright trail (or streak) as they move during the time exposure.

title: SkyCam/Testing


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Wiki as a time saver for researchers

The intention of this resource is to draw researchers' attention to Wikis as a potentially efficient new means for scientific/technical communication/education/collaboration. The author believes the current approach (papers) alone is not very efficient for idea exchange among researchers.

Assuming a learner new to a field has already read some classic textbooks for systematic knowledge acquisition, and already had the framework of the field on his mind, and is going to specialize on a specific problem. At this point, he has to search for and read existing papers on this topic, which can be an extremely painful hunting and digestion progress. Whether if he just wants to get informed of as many previous efforts on the problem as possible, or if he believes he has got an original idea and wants to ensure the originality, he probably has to undertake an extensive search with Google/CiteSeer for all papers available online with a seemingly relevant title. He has to scan through a screenful of downloaded papers. Even after doing this, there can still be new papers found later to be relevant.

Papers are essentially individual units of information shattered over the Internet, and the current approach to find them -- search engines connect researchers to them via a keyword combination. Not to mention that we can't be sure the wanted papers all contain such a keyword phrase, the prohibitively enormous amount of search results can always bury critical information.

On the other hand, web sites that have a well organized collection of papers on a topic, as an information gateway alternative to search engines, are easy to get out of date and miss the latest useful discoveries for a topic.

The idea of using Wiki came to my mind last night. It can be useful in both scenarios below:

 * 1) A newcomer to a field who wants to investigate all existing efforts on a specific task;
 * 2) Experienced researchers who want to effortlessly keep track of new ideas/solutions to a specific task (or any specific task in a field).

So what is Wiki? Wiki is an easy way to collaboratively edit online documentation via a Web interface. A live example is Wikipedia, which is an online encyclopedia on general knowledge.

How can Wiki be used in scientific communication? Usually, what a researcher discovers is a new idea, or an enhancement to an existing idea. He can contribute this new idea to a Wiki page where all historical efforts for a task are documented in an organized manner. Readers interested in a specific task can directly go down to that context and get all the relevant details about previous efforts. This is like a precisely targeted advertising model which immediately connects scientific authors and readers of the same specific research interest. It also helps a new idea to quickly propagate to researchers who set a "news alert" to capture all new efforts on a specific problem.

How specific can a problem be defined? It's unlimited and up to your needs. It can be far more specific than what categories are defined in Yahoo Directory or Dmoz Directory.

If the Wiki way of scientific communication becomes popular, researchers can save countless hours from "search", and put more time on problem solving.

To generalize my initiative, the Wiki way is useful not only in sci/tech communication, but also in any general domains where the current state of the art of search engines can't return relevant and comprehensive results.

title: Wiki as a time saver for researchers


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User talk:Lawlolawland

 Hello Lawlolawland, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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Tuberculosis

Latent vs. Active TB

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is commonly known as TB. The bacteria affect patients usually by attacking their lungs causing the common symptoms that one thinks of when they think of TB. The bacteria can affect any part of the body besides the lungs. TB is spread through the air (i.e. breathing, sneezing, coughing, speaking, etc.) and cannot be contracted through daily activities such as touching or sharing food.

TB can infect a person in two different ways. The first way is active TB; this form is the most people think of as TB, because Active TB is more noticeable. Patients with active TB have noticeable symptoms such as coughing for more than three weeks or unexplained weight loss. The other form of TB is latent TB. Latent TB occurs when a person come into contact with the TB virus and shows no obvious signs of illness. This makes latent TB harder to diagnose. Latent TB is the most common form of TB There are many differences and a few similarities between active TB and latent TB. Tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose because doctors are more likely to look for more common illnesses. A lot of times TB is diagnosed too late or even not at all. The laws regarding reporting TB require Active TB to be reported but Latent TB may go unreported until it becomes active. There are also a lot of people who may not know that they are infected with TB and may never know unless it becomes active.

Latent TB is more difficult to diagnose than active TB. Latent TB is only diagnosable by a blood test. A person with active TB will have a positive sputum test, skin test, blood test, and chest x-ray. Latent TB occurs in about 90% of people infected with TB. In the state of Missouri there are about 3000 reported cases of Latent TB. There are no laws requiring latent TB to be reported so this number maybe larger. On average about 10% of latent TB cases will progress to becoming Active TB. Active TB is contagious and can cause serious side effects if not caught soon enough. Latent TB is not contagious but due to the risk of it later becoming active it still should be treated.

The risk of being infected with TB, latent or active, is higher in patients with a compromised immune system. A person’s risk of coming in contact with TB is also much higher due to latent TB. Because Latent TB has no signs or symptoms and is not contagious it is harder to identify. This makes identifying active TB more difficult later. On average about 3%-5% cases of latent TB will turn active with in a year of contacting the disease. Later your chances of developing active TB increase to 5%-15%. Latent TB will take advantage of a weakened immune system and turn into active TB. If Active TB is not caught early enough it can become deadly.

Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, November 24). CDC- Tuberculosis. Retrieved October 15th, 2010, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/ Essig, M. G. (2009, April 23). Tuberculosis (TB) - Topic Overview: WebMD. Retrieved October 15, 2010, from WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/lung/tc/tuberculosis-tb-topic-overview Mayo Clinic Staff. (2009, January 28). Tuberculosis- Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 15th, 2010, from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372

title: Tuberculosis


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Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Tom's Journal

The ecosystem law suit.

It is amazing how similar our situation with the environment is to a typical lawsuit. As we borrow more and more resources from the Earth without the slightest inclination of slowing down or giving back, the Earth seems to be acting as its own legal entity. So what would entity 1(Earth) do if entity 2(Humans) owed it money but refused to pay up? It would sue the crap out of entity2. However it is not as if we can print a bunch of money and burry it in the ground, so I figure geoengineering is kind of like our bankruptcy.

We can get on a payment plan through attempting to sooth the earth by reflecting sunlight or growing algae blooms in the ocean, but this does not actually replace anything we have taken. Like many who go bankrupt we as a civilization will never be out of debt to the Earth, because we have taken too much.

Our legal situation with the earth is an exact reflection of ourselves; many live ravage financially unsustainable lifestyles, borrowing what we cannot pay back. And now the Earth seems to be collecting dues.

Everyday virtues and signs

In prehistory like today virtues could be found in all nooks and crannies. For example there was virtue in a rock, which could be used as a projectile or formed into some sort of flesh piercing weapon. And like today, in order to ensure survival one needed to be able to follow a signs. For instance, if a hunter-gatherer was struggling with the gathering aspect of life they might follow the sign of a hoof print in order to eat. Although in prehistory if an individual did not master the virtues of a rock and the reading of signs such as hoof prints this may have lead to starvation.

Our ancestry probably had varying difficulties in the art of survival, often dependent on geographic fortune. Setting lottery aside, today is no different than ancient times. Our lives still demand a rigorous analysis of our own virtues the virtues other present to us, and the signs we choose to follow or not follow. In order to make the right decision everyday experiments can help guide so we can learn how to trust our own decisions. Because today instead of a hoof print leading us in the wrong direction it could be anything from an advertisement to a parent and more often than not our ourselves. So in order to help set ourselves up for success, one must always be able to properly reflect in order to see the signs that signal the need for a change in our personal virtues.

Trust… Adaptability and self-reliance, these are two intertwined virtues, which I am begging in to hold dear. Adaptability because obviously those in nature who are able to adapt the fastest survive and self reliance obviously because those who are the most self reliant can adapt the fastest. This is not to say I desire to push those are in some way reliant on myself away, but instead help them adopt these qualities as well, this is also not to say at this point in my life there are many of these.

However what Dr. Downard said in one class on the week of November 29 really struck a cord. This is not an exact quote but essentially it was, get ready to graduate and face the fact that life sucks. I’m sure everyone in the class can attest to the fact that life is in no way easy; to quote Emerson “It is a deliverance which does not deliver”. Just like the evolution of the universe our lives become more complex as time goes on. The only way we can prepare for this is through a self-reliance and improved adaptability.

Next Journal

It comes as no surprise to me that while reading Leopold, hunting scenes are what usually grabbed my attention. As a child growing up against the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles, I would often take my bow and arrow and venture into the mountains for the day. These mornings and afternoons usually consisted of myself venturing alone in search of prey, occasionally I would get close enough to a bird to attempt a shot and several times I had the opportunity to take out a deer, both times missing. I never actually killed anything, in part because my farther would blunt my arrow tips with a mettle file, but there would good memories all the same.

Although I do not consider myself an aggrieve person there is undoubtedly within my genetics an inclination toward some sort or war or at least physical competition. My brother being a 1st team all American football player out of Georgetown and myself being a 1st team all San Gabriel Valley football player in high school. Both of us seem to be decent productive members of society and both of us seem to have a decent land ethic, I can remember being young and littering on the beach, my brother came out of nowhere, hit me on the back of the head and said, “I guarantee a fish will eat that if you don’t pick it up.” So what I am asking myself is where does an ethic come about and where do we fail to respect life in general?

I remember reading a Newsweek article about the desire of many to divide an conquer, for instance George Bush Jr. Did we really need to go to war in the Middle East or was this just our so called leaders attempting to spreading our western virtues. Although not always in the form of war we can see this type of shock capitalism everywhere; many were overjoyed by the ravaging of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina, this of course allowing for new business to brought into the economically downhearted city. There is a connection between the desire for types war and our disregard for a land ethic, someone having a room full of trophy kills from exotic hunts is no different than a nation seeking imperialism.

The next journal

What is the point of all this imperialistic action? To put it into terms of a college campus, an NAU fraternity was recently expelled or suspended from campus for beating their own virtues into another fraternity’s pledge. Does this not sound mindless, it is certainly not ethical. To quote Leopold “No important change in ethics was ever accomplished without an internal change in our intellectual emphasis, loyalties, affections, and convictions.”

Leopold states that the proof of the fact that conservation has not yet entered the foundations of human conduct can be found within philosophy and religion, both of these having never mentioned a land ethic. So how are we supposed to go about changing this ethic?

Next

“I am convinced, both by faith and experience, that to maintain one’s self on this earth is not a hardship but a pastime”-Thoreau

“Rescue the drowning and tie your shoe-strings. Take your time, and set about some free labor”-Thoreau

These are easily two of my favorite quotes.. The only challenge is setting about in following them. I can say that most of my life school was no priority, now that the real world is approaching I hope to graduate with honors and if I do the grades did not come easily. Yet like most, there are few things that I would enjoy more than to have life be a pastime.

“It is a deliverance which does not deliver.”-Emerson

How would it be possible to balance both of these philosophies? Thoreau’s experience of wading around a pond all day vs. Emerson’s view that life only gets harder. The fact of the matter is that its not.

In order to understand the facts of balancing both views of life, look no further than Emerson’s “Compensation” essay. “Polarity, or action and reaction, we meet in every part of nature; darkness and light, in heat and cold, in the ebb and flow of waters”. It is our choice in how we want to live our lives, what I try to remember is that in 10 years things are going to be much different, so just work with that knowledge.

Trust II

Along with a new philosophical land ethic, which needs to be thought from a young age, so does trust.

I personally do not really trust anyone or anything beyond a select few with anything of actual significance; I imagine this is very normal thing for people, especially college students. However in order for a land ethic to come about, trust needs to be instilled into young people from a young age.

Leopold believes that the foundations of man such as Philosophy and Religion need to mention a land ethic. But a land ethic will not come without cooperation and trust. So perhaps ethics will not evolve until trust does.

Trust III

I have mentioned in past journal entries that I have, up about 1 year ago been a poor student. And part of the problem was the fact I refused to trust anyone, in grammar school, like many children I would shut my brain off to anything an adult was saying, no matter who it was or what they were saying, I suppose I always assumed they were just trying to manipulate me in some way. Once high school rolled around, like many I just stopped caring. in many ways, because I never listened to anyone, I never learned to follow directions. Fortunately now I am starting to follow directions. This relates to the Emerson’s “poet”, we are given so many signs in life, and if we do not learn to follow them we will inevitably end up lost. This is why trust is so important, not necessarily of others, although this is a very valuable skill to have, but more so trust of ourselves. Only we can direct ourselves…I suppose this sums much of Emerson up, we need to have self reliance to be able to navigate the signs we are given. In order to do this we need to distinguish between directions we should follow and those we shouldn’t, and when we do know, we should put everything into it, but not too much as to under compensate for other aspects.

Foolish Middle East

As we know the Middle East has the largest supply of land locked oil reserves on Earth? Due to this massive amount of oil, federations such as the United Arabian Emirate are able to create massive cities such as Dubai in the middle of the parched Arabian Dessert, which sounds even more absurd than Phoenix.

Currently Dubai is home to the world’s tallest building, which stands at about 2700 feet. Unfortunately for the buildings owners, no one actually wants to lease space in the building, this due to the massive worldwide market crash.

My point is, the world gets much of its supply of fossil fuels from the Middle East, and what do they do with all this money. They build the worlds tallest building, which no one actually wants to use and novelties such as indoor ski resorts.

Now with oil reserves quickly being depleted and money not coming from the Emirates real estate ventures, what will the region do? This is up for debate, but in high insight, they should have put all that money into renewable energy. Think about it, they got lucky with the oil thing, now they are going end up with nothing. If they would have invested in renewable energy they would have solved many problems. The first being quickly drying oil fields, the second being they would have actually made profits from investments. Not to mention all the other environmental and political problems it would have solved.

WWJSD

It seems as though a land ethic will not come about until man can truly cooperate. Obviously it might be some time before this happens, but if everyone would just convert to Mormonism the problem would be solved. Think about it, who is friendlier than a Mormon. As I understand they even have their own welfare system. In fact in these harsh economic times, I am surprised more people don’t convert to the teachings of Joseph Smith. You would even get to travel the world for two years, for free, there are people who pay good money to travel that long. Not to mention you get to have multiple wives.

So assuming everyone will convert to Mormonism, for all the obvious reasons, man will finely be able to practice a land ethic. As Leopold stated, conservation is man having a healthy relationship with the land, and now thanks to Mormons we have an opportunity to finally practice Leopold’s final solution of a land ethic.

All you would need to do is teach this land ethic within Mormon philosophy, after all, Mormons like many Christians will believe anything. The difference is that Mormons actually try.

However this still leaves the challenge of getting Jews and Muslims to hop on board, but not to worry there is a solution. So that we might come to have a land ethic.

As I have come to understand, Mormons have to give a certain percent of their income to the Mormon Church and, unlike Catholics, who just wave around baskets on sticks hoping for donations, it is mandatory. Also…as I have come to understand... Jews love money and they are very good with it. Now pay attention, because this is where the Jew-Muslim problem will be solved.

As of this point in time, as with much of the world the Middle East is struggling financially. The United Arabian Emirate has squandered most of its Money in bad investments such as the construction of the worlds tallest building, an indoor ski resort, and man made resort islands which if viewed from above resemble a map of the world. Pretty stupid when you could have just invested in renewable energy, I mean you already have somewhat of a monopoly on oil why not get a head start in the future of energy.

Back to Mormons, like I said, a percent of all Mormons income goes to the Church. So knowing this, Jews all over the world presumably are going to start converting to Mormonism, in order to get their hands on all the money coming into the church. Problem solved…Jews natural inclination towards control money takes care of converting them.

This so far is making logical since right, it takes care of Christian’s and especially Catholics who will convert for the welfare because they are lazy and don’t like to think for themselves, the Jews will convert for the promise of being able to direct funds as they already do, but this still leaves the Muslims…who are now notoriously bad with money.

This is where the plan really starts to take shape, because it solves another Global issue… Jewish-Muslim disputes over Israel and general animosity. As stated Jews are great with money and Muslims are not(this is probably why their always so pissed off), and because all Muslims are terrible with money, they will eventually need to be bailed out from their various stupid investments, and at this point, will have to give into Mormonism…the temptation of a bailout form the new Mormon/Jewish welfare system will become to great, so both Jew and Muslim will have no option but to cooperate. The Christians wont really give a crap.

So there you have it, the Mormons not only will bring about a land ethic through their great community cooperation, but also at last unite all the major religions of the world. All because Jews are good with money, Muslims are not, and Christians (especially catholics) just don’t care as long as their getting theirs, hence polygamy.


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User talk:Jms5831

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Talk:Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Maxwell-like gravitational equations

What is wrong with the article? Why it is in black? Fedosin 02:27, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Fixed some grammatical issues while reading this essay
Would you be ok with these slight adjustments to this article? I made these while puzzling over your equations, and I think they make more sense now with slight adjustments to the wording of your essay.

In the weak gravitational field approximation, Maxwell-like gravitational equations are a set of four partial differential equations that describe the properties of two components of gravitational field and relate them to their sources, mass density and mass current density. These equations are presented in the same form as gravitoelectromagnetism and Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation. They are used here to show that gravitational waves determine the speed of gravity which is close to the speed of light just as speed of electromagnetic waves determine the speed of light.

History
According to McDonald, the first scientist who used Maxwell equations to describe gravitation was Oliver Heaviside. A conclusion was reached that stated, in weak gravitational fields the standard theory of gravitation could be written in the form of Maxwell equations with two gravitational constants.

In the decade of the 1980's, Maxwell-like equations were discussed in the Wald book of general relativity. During the 1990's this approach was further developed by V. de Sabbata, Lano, Sergey Fedosin.

The means by which to experimentally determine gravitational waves and their properties were developed in papers by Raymond Y. Chiao.

Field equations
Field equations in Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation and field equations in a weak gravitational field according to the Einstein field equations for general relativity have the form:
 * $$~ \nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Gamma } = -4 \pi G \rho, $$

 * $$~ \nabla \times \mathbf{\Gamma } = - \frac{\partial \mathbf{\Omega}} {\partial t}, $$

 * $$~ \nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Omega} = 0, $$

 * $$~ \nabla \times \mathbf{\Omega} = \frac{1}{c^2_{g}} \left( -4 \pi G \mathbf{J} + \frac{\partial \mathbf{\Gamma }} {\partial t} \right) = \frac{1}{c^2_{g}} \left( -4 \pi G \rho \mathbf{v}_{\rho} + \frac{\partial \mathbf{\Gamma }} {\partial t} \right), $$

where:
 * $$~ \mathbf{\Gamma } $$ is gravitational field strength or the gravitational acceleration,
 * $$~ G $$ is the gravitational constant,
 * $$~ \mathbf{\Omega}$$ is the gravitational torsion field or simply torsion,
 * $$~ \mathbf{J}$$ – mass current density,
 * $$~ \rho $$ – the moving mass density,
 * $$~ \mathbf{v}_{\rho} $$ – speed of mass current density,
 * $$~ c_{g}$$ – speed of gravity.

From these equations the wave equations are derived:

 * $$ ~\nabla^2 \mathbf{\Gamma }- \frac {1}{c^2_{g}}\frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{\Gamma }} {\partial t^2} =-4 \pi G \nabla \rho - \frac {4 \pi G }{ c^2_{g}} \frac{\partial \mathbf{J}} {\partial t}, $$

 * $$ ~\nabla^2 \mathbf{\Omega }- \frac {1}{c^2_{g}}\frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{\Omega }} {\partial t^2} = \frac {4 \pi G }{ c^2_{g}} \nabla \times \mathbf{J}. $$

These equations describing gravitoelectromagnetism are the gravitational analogs to Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism.

Gravitational constants
Proceeding from the analogy of both gravitational and Maxwell's equations, the following values can be entered: $$~\varepsilon_g = \frac{1}{4\pi G } = 1.192708\cdot 10^9 \, \mathrm {kg \cdot s^2 \cdot m^{-3}} $$ as the gravitoelectric permittivity (like vacuum permittivity);

$$~\mu_g = \frac{4\pi G }{ c^2_{g}}$$ as the gravitomagnetic permeability (like vacuum permeability). If the speed of gravitation is equal to the speed of light, $$~ c_{g}=c,$$ then $$~\mu_g = 9.328772\cdot 10^{-27} \mathrm {m / kg}, $$ and

 * $$~\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_g\varepsilon_g}} = c = 2.99792458\cdot 10^8 \, \mathrm {m/s}. $$

The gravitational characteristic impedance of free space for gravitational waves would then be defined as:

 * $$~\sqrt{\frac{\mu_g}{\varepsilon_g}} = \rho_{g} = \frac{4\pi G }{c_g}. $$

If $$~ c_{g}=c,$$  then the gravitational characteristic impedance of free space is equal to:

 * $$~ \rho_{g0} = \frac{4\pi G }{c} =2.796696\cdot 10^{-18} \, \mathrm {m^2/(s\cdot kg)} $$.

As in electromagnetism, the characteristic impedance of free space plays the dominant role in all radiation processes. One example being, a comparison of the radiation impedance of gravitational wave antennas to the value of said impedance in order to estimate the coupling efficiency of antennas to free space. The numerical value of this impedance is extremely small, therefore it became exceedingly difficult even unto the present to construct receivers with proper impedance matching.

Wave equations in vacuum
The gravitational vacuum wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the propagation of gravitational waves through vacuum in absence of matter. The homogeneous form of the equation, written in terms of either the gravitational field strength $$~ \mathbf{\Gamma } $$ or the gravitational torsion field $$~ \mathbf{\Omega}$$, has the form:

 * $$ ~\nabla^2 \mathbf{\Gamma }- \frac {1}{c^2_{g}}\frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{\Gamma }} {\partial t^2} = 0, $$

 * $$ ~\nabla^2 \mathbf{\Omega }- \frac {1}{c^2_{g}}\frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{\Omega }} {\partial t^2} = 0. $$

For waves in one direction the general solution of the gravitational wave equation is a linear superposition of flat waves of the form
 * $$~ \mathbf{\Gamma }( \mathbf{r}, t ) =  f(\phi( \mathbf{r}, t ))  =  f( \omega t  -  \mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}   )  $$

and
 * $$~ \mathbf{\Omega }( \mathbf{r}, t ) =  q(\phi( \mathbf{r}, t ))  =  q( \omega t  -  \mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}) $$

for virtually any well-behaved functions $$~ f $$ and $$~ q $$ of dimensionless argument $$~\phi, $$ where
 * $$~ \omega $$ is the angular frequency (in radians per second),
 * $$~ \mathbf{k} = ( k_x, k_y, k_z) $$ is the wave vector (in radians per meter), and $$~ \Gamma =c_g \Omega. $$

Considering the following relationships between separate induction variations and the strengths of gravitational fields:

 * $$~\mathbf{\Omega } = \mu_g \mathbf{H_g}, \qquad \Omega=\frac {\Gamma }{c_g}, $$

 * $$~\mathbf{D_g} = \varepsilon_g\mathbf{ \Gamma }, $$

where $$~\mathbf{D_g}$$ is gravitational displacement field, $$~\mathbf{ H_g}$$ is torsion (gravitomagnetic) field strength, we could obtain the following interconnected values:
 * $$~\sqrt{\mu_g}H_g = \sqrt{\varepsilon_g}\Gamma. $$

This equation determines the wave impedance (gravitational characteristic impedance of free space) in a standard form similar to the case of electromagnetism:
 * $$~\rho_g = \sqrt{\frac{\mu_g}{\varepsilon_g}}=c_g \mu_g = \frac{\Gamma }{H_g}. $$

In practice, without exception the total dipole gravitational radiation of each system of bodies, when viewed from infinity tends to zero, due to mutual compensation of emissions of individual bodies. As a result, the main components of the emission of gravitational radiation are quadrupole and higher harmonics. With this in mind, the wave equation in Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation, calculated in the quadrupole approximation, are sufficiently accurate approximations to the results of general relativity and covariant theory of gravitation.

If in the system of bodies, are bodies with an electric charge which radiate electromagnetically, the balance is disrupted along with some uncompensated dipole gravitational radiation.

Gravitational LC circuit
As a model of LC circuit, consider the case of motion of an ideal liquid fluid in a closed pipe under influence of gravitational and other forces. Suppose that this circuit has a tubular coil through which passes a fluid, due to its rotation creates a torsion field in the space and passes portion of its energy to the field. The tubular coil plays the role of spiral inductance in electromagnetism. In another part of the circuit is a section that accumulates the liquid. For the possibility of fluid motion in two opposite directions in this circuit, on both sides of the section are pistons with springs. This allows for periodical conversion fluid motion energy into energy of compression springs,which is approximately equated to changes in the gravitational energy of the fluid. The pistons with springs act like a capacitor in a circuit, and gravitational voltage $$~ V_g $$ is then equal to the difference of gravitational potentials, and the gravitational mass current $$~ I_g $$  is equivalent to the mass of liquid per unit time through a section of the pipe.

Gravitational voltage on gravitational inductance $$~ L_g $$ is:
 * $$~V_{gL} = -L_g \cdot \frac{d I_{gL}}{d t}. $$

Gravitational mass current through gravitational capacitance $$~ C_g $$ is:
 * $$~I_{gC} = C_g \cdot \frac{d V_{gC}}{d t}. $$

Differentiating these equations with respect to the time variable, we obtain:
 * $$~\frac{d V_{gL}}{d t} = -L_g \frac{d^2I_{gL}}{dt^2}, \qquad \frac{d I_{gC}}{d t} = C_g \frac{d^2V_{gC}}{dt^2}.$$

Considering the following relationships for gravitational voltages and currents:
 * $$~V_{gL} = V_{gC}=V_g; \qquad I_{gL} = I_{gC}=I_g, $$

we obtain the following differential equations for gravitational oscillations:
 * $$~\frac{d^2 I_g}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{L_g C_g}I_g = 0, \qquad \frac{d^2 V_g}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{L_g C_g}V_g = 0.  $$

Furthermore, considering the following relationships between gravitational voltage and mass of the liquid:
 * $$~m = C_g V_g $$

and mass current with flux of torsion field:
 * $$~\Phi = L_g I_g $$

the above oscillation equation for $$~ V_g $$ could be rewritten in the form:
 * $$~\frac{d^2 m}{dt^2} + \frac{1}{L_g C_g}m = 0. $$

This equation has the partial solution:
 * $$~m(t) = m_0 \sin (\omega_{g}t), $$

where
 * $$~\omega_{g} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{L_g C_g}} $$

is the resonance frequency in absence of energy loss, and
 * $$~\rho_{LC} = \sqrt{\frac{L_g}{C_g}}= \frac {V_{g0}}{I_{g0}} $$

then describes the gravitational characteristic impedance of LC circuit, which is equal to the ratio of the gravitational voltage amplitude to the mass current amplitude.

Gravitational induction
According to the second equation for gravitational fields, after a change in time of $$~\mathbf{\Omega }$$ there appears a circular field (rotor) of $$~\mathbf{\Gamma }$$, having the opportunity to lead in the rotation of matter:
 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{\Gamma } = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{\Omega } }{\partial t }. \qquad\qquad (1) $$

If the vector field $$~\mathbf{\Omega }$$ crosses a certain area $$~ S $$, then we can calculate the flux of this field through this area:
 * $$~\Phi = \int   \mathbf{ \Omega }\cdot \mathbf{n }ds,  \qquad\qquad (2) $$

where $$~\mathbf{n} $$ – The normalized vector to the element area $$~dS$$.

To find the partial derivative in the equation $$(2)$$ with respect to time with a minus sign and integrate over the area, taking into account the equation $$(1)$$:

 * $$~ -\int \frac{\partial \mathbf{\Omega} }{\partial t} \cdot \mathbf{n }ds = -\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial t}= \int  [\nabla \times \mathbf{\Gamma }] \cdot \mathbf{n }ds = \int \mathbf{\Gamma }\vec d\ell.  \qquad\qquad (3)  $$

Thi integration formula used the Stokes theorem, replacing the integration of the rotor vector over the area on the integration of this vector over a closed circuit. On the right side of $$(3)$$ is a term, equal to the work on transfer of a unit mass of matter on a closed loop $$~\ell$$, covering an area $$~S$$. As a parallel comparison to electromagnetism, this work could be called gravitomotive force. In the middle of $$(3)$$ is the time derivative of flux such that$$~\Phi $$. According to $$(3)$$, gravitational induction occurs when the flux of fields through a certain area changes and is expressed in the occurrence of rotational forces acting on particles of matter. The direction of motion of the matter will be such that field $$~\mathbf{\Omega}$$ of the matter will be sent in the same direction as the initial torsion field which created the circulation of the matter (this is in contrast to Lenz's_law in electromagnetic theory).


text:
Talk:Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Selfconsistent gravitational constants

What is wrong with the article? Why it is in black? Fedosin 02:28, 16 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Nonstandard physics/Gravitational induction

What is wrong with the article? Why it is in black? Fedosin 02:30, 16 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Education

Feedback
Thanks for sharing this draft. It might have been good to start with a chapter plan because I'm not really clear where this is heading or what the key questions are. However, I've wikified the draft and added some feedback below about the main areas I would target for development.

Structure/content
 * 1) I recommend establishing in the introduction some focus questions. What questions will a reader have answered by reading this chapter?
 * 2) Expand the introduction to tell the reader more about what will be covered and why.
 * 3) Can you provide some examples to help a reader understand the theories you are discussing?
 * 4) Provide a summary/conclusion section which reviews and reinforces the take-away key points of the chapter.
 * 5) When highlighting research studies, provide a bit more information about the research study e.g. who were the participants? What were the measures? What was the size of the relationship?
 * 6) Remember the marking criteria is 33% for reviewing research; currently the chapter focused on theory.

Learning features
 * 1) Consider adding some wiki-links e.g,. Lev Vygotsky and I've added a link to the intrinsic-extrinsic motivation chapter page.

Spelling, APA style etc. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 03:03, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) "McCaslin, & Murdock" should be "McCaslin and Murdock"
 * 2) (Saliti, & Hoosain 2007) should be (Saliti & Hoosain 2007)
 * 3) Do not include year for subsequent citations within a paragraph e.g., (Azad, 2010) but then in the same paragraph only cite this source as Azad.
 * 4) Use Australian spelling e.g., behavior -> behaviour

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 02:12, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 02:49, 25 January 2011 (UTC)


text:
User:Fletcht

NAME: fairly unimportant

SCHOOL: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

MAJOR: Biochemistry, possibly minoring in physics

INTERESTS: Physics, chemistry, mathematics, computing, music (composing and reciting), and sports

title: User:Fletcht


text:
User talk:Fletcht

 Hello Fletcht, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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title: User talk:Fletcht


text:
User talk:アツがナツいぜ

 Hello アツがナツいぜ, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 10:19, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:アツがナツいぜ


text:
User talk:Berthold Werner

 Hello Berthold Werner, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 10:19, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Berthold Werner


text:
User talk:Kicheko

 Hello Kicheko, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 14:58, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kicheko


text:
User:Nedujchelyn

I am currently doing a research in University of Malaya. I'm doing a research about Teacher Capacity Building. I'm designing my research questionnaire.

title: User:Nedujchelyn


text:
User talk:Nedujchelyn

 Hello Nedujchelyn, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 17:22, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nedujchelyn


text:
User talk:Vijay2010india

 Hello Vijay2010india, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 17:29, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vijay2010india


text:
Quantum m-theory

Quantum m-theory is an extrapolation of quantum statistical mechanics to include a vantage point in m-theory it has been called qm-theory and is a unified theory of astroparticle physics. Strickly a theory at this point, it suggests that projections of Hilbert space in the optical regime is the visible universe and thus the detectable one is a fact of black body radiation of a layered boundary of space-time at the limits of the universe. It is proposed to be derivable from quantum statistical mechanics. It is totally deterministic and involve measurement inside of the universal black body. The crux of the theory is that inside of this universal black body there is effects from next door universes in a m-theory. It talks of the contents of the black body instead of the output. However the output of the black body universe is a question and it expects that the cylindrical shape of our universe is an effect of recoil at the beginning of our set of space-time or during the big bang. It doesn't rule out string theory or m-theory individualy. It extracts the multiverse from m-theory however. The key to understanding qm-theory is in its unification. All of the universe is contained in its likelihood. As the likelihood aproaches all of the constituents of the universe the likelihood is maximized for its parameterspace. This is the details of computational likelihood theory which is just another way to discuss quantum statistical mechanics. The most recent connection is that the projective statistic that should be physical law is now a Hilbert space that can be seen with optics or detected with spectroscopy. By Dennis William Melton

title: Quantum m-theory


text:
Not one

Not one, is just the starting point for qm-theory or quantum m-theory. It is more important that the likelihood is maximized for its parameterspace then all of the multiplication of the probabilities equaling one or a unified unity in physics. Except that the sum of all of the probabilities should be one. So it should be called a Not just one theory. The key to qm-theory is that there is a hierachy in life that the universe holds to. Thus at the boundary of our universe is the bounding living universal decay or the limit of life on the largest scale. It is proposed that in qm-theory this limit is the last boundary of information that contains our universe. Limit boundary is the mathematical foundation that is in question in not one due to likelihood of our universe. As you multiply probabilities once you have included all of them the likelihood quickly becomes an enourmous fraction. You loose precision in taking the logarithm of this function but you begin to use the quantum trick to formulate the dynamics of the universe this way. Call this the quantum trick. There is a situation inside of the likelihood of the universe where one becomes a huge problem. If you take the ratio of the likelihoods that are maximized there is a situation were the ratio becomes one. Taking the log of one is zero. That is why in qm-theory it is called not one. What is the universal correspondence to not one? It is definetly something to find because equally likely means that there is a way to derive agreement in a deterministic way. When ratios of likelihoods are approaching not one what is the dynamics. The whole apparatus of not one was discussed inorder to create a quantum computer. If there is some relationship physically that causes a one to one relationship between likelihoods then a physical calculator can be made to represent other likelihoods. So for instance the quantum computer calculates a high precision likelihood using some form of temperature increment this value once extracted should be able to tell you the answer to any one two one or some realtive relationship it's likelihood. Meaning things that would share the same likelihood. Thus you could calculate a likelihood of some other origin like from a factorialization.

By Dennis William Melton

title: Not one


text:
How to use SPSS/Using syntax

Opening a syntax file
In order to open a syntax sheet with which to work on, you can navigate with your mouse through the file path File>New>Syntax or you can simply click paste when trying to run any statistical test. If you click paste, then the test you were trying to run won't display (like an output window popping up). Instead, you will be presented with the syntax workspace with syntax that is typed. Keep in mind that a syntax file can only be opened by using the file path File>Open>Syntax.

What is syntax?
Syntax is a file type. Syntax is a text file which can store many SPSS commands. Syntax files are very handy. They can be used as a method of saving all of your changes to a dataset and can easily be followed by others. If anyone wants to know what changes you made to a dataset, it is easier for you to create a syntax file and type/paste in all of the statistical tests and changes you are doing to the dataset. Syntax is used to refer to the type of file that it is and a command is the text that you type into the syntax file. You might also notice some lines stating that a certain dataset will be used for the syntax file. Generally, this is just stating which open dataset the syntax will be using currently to run the commands. It's important to have the right dataset open before you highlight and run your statistics. Otherwise, you might generate a bunch of unknown errors.

To get syntax into a syntax file, you can:
 * Use the drop-down menus (e.g., Analyze) to set up analyses, and then click "Paste" instead of "OK"
 * Click on a line and type, edit, copy etc. syntax commands directly into the syntax file

As SPSS users become more experienced, directly editing the syntax becomes more efficient than navigating through the pull-down menus.

Once you have a syntax workspace up, you can highlight and run the syntax by pressing the green button that looks like a play button or type in the syntax file to generate a new statistical test, table, or report.

Examples
Here are two examples of syntax commands:

desc vars = age.

freq vars= sex.

The first command will create Descriptive Statistics for the variable Age. The second comment will create Frequencies for the variable Sex.

There are sometimes many different ways to run a statistical test or tell SPSS to run the same syntax.

Next it is followed by the "=" to suggest what variables to look at. Next is the variable name that you want to analyze. In this case, Age and Sex are the variables being used in the analyses. You must always use the same variable name that is in the dataset. If you mistype or use the wrong name for a variable you will most likely see an error message.

Syntax commands end with a full-stop. Be sure to end a command with a period - this is a common error. If you don't, you will see an error message when you try to run the command. Some other different commands that you might encounter when using spss are:
 * Recoding
 * Compute
 * Frequencies

title: How to use SPSS/Using syntax