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User:Amrut Saini

Self Assessment
The begin of the class was very slow where everybody were busy working on their own assignments from different classes and including me too. Dividing the time equally to all my classes was a big challenge for me at that begin. I would say my group when we all started to bring our peices together which help me to put interest in this class.

The information i received in this class has made mind more broad and it helps me to think right and wrong between cultures and personal feelings. The best part of this class was where everybody had something to say or were able to pass comments on every bodies work and were able to give their view points very easily. Since i have a different background it was a little hard for me to talk about cosmetic surgery or even hear about it but after having a good debate all those feelings have some new route in which i am understand between religion, self respect and personal choice. These points made me more strong mentally.

My topic was about Tattoo and Piercing in which even i was able to learn new stuff where i came to know more about my Indian background and different religious belief. It used to be fun when religion and emotion and practical society clash together and it used to form a debate one person who is an observer comes to all the different visual answer. My mind was very confuse to give solution to our wide topic range of Body Modification but now personally i believe it is all about our choices. Sometimes we make them goo and sometimes we do it wrong.

Response
Ben Wheeler Art sculpture story - Schubert Sonata - Artist Mark di Suvero

I really like the idea of Ben Wheeler which talks about the future war and its consequences to some extent. The concept Idea of war between East vs West. The Fourth world war which came to an end on 2186 and a new war for peace began it looks like it is never ending story.

The best part of this story is that one person can actually understand both ends of the world and can realize what is good and bad. The Peace Bringer weapon can actually be seen as a Peace Bringer or you can also call it as a threat. This story can actually make you think what things can happen.

Immobilizing a country who is having a weapon of mass destruction shutting down all the electric appliances or weapons for good, It is indeed a very good strategy since in today's world and in future electricity is going to be one the major needs in each and every country. But my Question will be is this Peace bringer weapon is only going to immobilize only the Military or the country it self or lets change the perspective of vision.In this war are innocent people who don't want war are also going to be the victim of paralyzed country. My point is there has been incidents where people don't want war but government goes to war. It can also be seen in the past itself it has always been one man greed or selfishness where others suffer OR we can again change the Perspective of Vision and see, Is immobilizing a country for good, should taken as a lesson to all other countries that war doesn't do any good or it should act like fear of losing the pleasure of electronic lifestyle.

Well the end of the story is really nice that things can't be imposed they should be accepted by choices and personal consideration. The eastern countries have learnt their lesson and understood the meaning of peace. in this story you can see the future and ca realize what can happen it will good to have a Peace Bringer weapon in real life or in present world. The Peace Bringer being a monument which should be remembered by each and evey country that brought peace to the world and taught a valuable lesson. In his story i was able to see different aspect of conflicts this story has some mystery and some unanswered questions which brings me in multiple conclusions that i can imagine of. I believe that is the best part of his story is unanswered question which an individual think more about what can happen in the future and one should prepared of.

Compare/Contrast
In my opinion, Mark Twain and Robert Frost has their own unique style of writing. Robert Frost (1874-1963) was born in San Francisco, California. His father William Frost, a journalist and an ardent Democrat, died when Frost was about eleven years old. His Scottish mother, the former Isabelle Moody, resumed her career as a schoolteacher to support her family and Mark Twain was born on Nov. 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri. Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, one of the major authors of American fiction. Twain is also considered the greatest humorist in American literature.

After reading both the poems i personally belief that they both Mark Twain and Robert Frost are trying convey the same message. It make me think both these poets are using their own personal experience and are trying to express their own point of view. Huck Finn is talking about the freedom which he wants like drinking and smoking and whatever he wants. Well he alaso have observed a hard life but having a a freedom with no rules and not following society structure can backfire real bad. Robert Frost is very observative and he choose one path and wants to go long with and never want to look back but what if later down the road the path one person has choosenn is wrong then consequennce won't be one persons favour. It was good to read both of their experiences but life is full of strange dramatic events we don't know what is going to happen.

Ekphrastic
Stain less Tree

Art Sculpture Story

[This story does not represent any religion or caste it purely fiction created from my own Imagination.]

Centuries are gone, people die, new century and new era began and there was only one eyewitness who saw and felt what happened on this planet. It was the very first tree which ever grow on this planet called Earth. It used to be green tree and its root are so deeply connected to all the other trees and life on this very planet that It has seen the History being made and changed and karma being created and destroyed this centuries old tree will tell the epic battle happened in India. It is said to be that there was a time when even Gods left their heaven and descent on the planet earth to show mankind a right path and the meaning of life.

One Day when this tree was growing more deep roots and was planting more trees somewhere in India trees were being chopped of to create weapons of mass destruction. Deep down from the hell where even demons started to use roots of tree to transport themselves on the surface so that can create more destruction bring evil so that they control over the world. This tree, which is also known as “Tree of Knowledge”, was suffering pain from human as well as from the Demons from the hell.

Being tree it symbolize patience, growth and virtue. It is said to be that tree changes according to the nature and it maintains the balance. It a make sure that when one energy is being destroyed then other should be created. So after suffering so much pain it was finally time of the Gods to come down and to put end to this Misery. Finally a prediction was made by a Saint called “Akira” That God will come to this earth to care of the demons in the human form so that we can understand the true meaning and purpose of our life.

After hearing this words from Saint Akira demons started to find the woman who was going to give birth “Lord Krishna” They started to slaughter every single life or anything which used to oppose against them. Knowing what was going to happen the tree of knowledge create a mystic land and puzzle so that even demons cant figure out where is that child going to be born. The woman who was going to give birth to “Lord Krishna” is called “Kuunti “ Finally Demons came to know where to find this woman they used all there power to reach their but due to mystical lands they were never able to over come that power. Lord Krishna was now born it human avatar where trees and animal and other enjoyed the birth of lord Krishna. Tree started spring flowers on the god as the God started to grow up started to realize his purpose he started to talk to this Tree of knowledge and he started to learn what was happening on this planet earth and they decided to bring everything to an End. He was a God but still a human who can feel pain and hunger the Tree of Knowledge told to Meditate so that he can awake his hidden powers and use it wisely.

Time was passing by, demons started to create army for one big battle. He was outnumbered Lord Krishna did not had enough men to battle against so many Demons and then he asked Tree to help him out by taking part in this epic battle Good VS Evil. Tree said that he will take part in this battle too but he wants Lord Krishna to Revive Older roots so that he can ask "Tree hood" to enter in this battle too. After reviving all the roots of the tree, Tree of knowledge was able to ask all the animals and other living form to help Lord Krishna. Drum roll started to beat Songs were sung for victory Tree Of knowledge and fellow Animals and other trees started to move towards the battle Ground. When the army of darkness was arriving the sky turned black with a mixture of red in the sky and the ground started to shake as if there was an earthquake. It was one ruthless battle were people were ripped by the bare hands of the demons. Their one demon was equal to ten humans together even theg ods power was becoming less in front of this huge army. Humans were getting slaughter and then final moment came a head on battle with ultimate "Demon Ravana" and a God. Krishna being a feirceful warrior with amazing power started to become weak. He was not able sustain Evil spirit Strength From each Blow he was becoming weaker until the final blow was given by the Demon.Lord Krishna fallen down with no strength left in his arms his pounding heart came to a stop. Everything at that moment came to an end Humans thought that prediction were false and they started to lay down their weapons. A ray of light hits on the head of Krishna and again it became dark. Ravana standing on the corpses of the human and laughing loud declaring his victory over god.

When suddenly he notices Krishna standing up on his feet soon his laughing face turned into an angry face. He realized that somehow Krishna is able gather up a great amount of chakra. Being Very scared he concentrated all his energy to give a final blow to him which did not do any effect on Lord Krishna. Krishna started to transform, He was able to consume all the blows from the demon and was able create a great amount of power. His eyes looks like there is lightning going, which is ready to be released, and then final blow was given.

Tree of knowledge lost its green life and turned into an aluminum tree that now uses solar energy to provide good amount energy to his roots and other trees that are connected to him. Tree was, is and will be the only thing that knows how actually life originally began.

Sequel/Prequel
AVP (Alien vs Predator)

It was a long time ago, during the time of Aztecs and in the era Egyptian empire the earth’s most thinking animal known as human started to experiment with their own kind. Humans which are also known to be freaks of nature because of their Omnivorous behavior which also human itself in its food chain. Modifying human in name of God or sacrificing a human for the natures blessing human started to believe that they themselves our God and can change the way they want.

In 1462 some group of people started a journey, a journey with no destination they were known to be as explorers of time and space. Their vision and imagination was just to see the future. On there exploring time they were able to Egyptian Mummies and Aztec symbols and body fossils. Egyptian people used to preserve their dead bodies in a very good manner since they believe that people who die today will come to life tomorrow in future. These groups of people repeated the same mistakes what people or priest did during the time Egypt and Aztec, They played with life.

They started make up some chemicals thinking that they can learn some human anatomy or learn more about the ancestors. In this experiment they accidentally created a virus called Xenon which a form of bacteria which makes its survival only in decomposing body. These people injected those viruses in those dead bodies as soon as they injected these viruses they started breed in that body. This virus turns out to be self learning virus which learnt human body really fast. The virus was able to take a glimpse on the persons past and emotions.

The body started to form its own fluid and a different type hard surface which looks like skin and increased the bones size and was able to format the human body and then after one week when explorers came to see the body it turn out to be vanished they thought that virus was very deadly which decomposed the corpses totally and a Slimy Liquid is left behind. The truth was bacteria was able to form an armor or one person can a dead body got a new life which has seen the past through memories and is a Carnivorous freak who is about to use Human as its bate. In other words Predator was born.

As the time past by Predator became smarter and was able to form other Predators by murdering some humans and passing the Virus xenon in them too. He became so sensible that he strive on female and made them Predators so that he can breed his generation in them. A silent cold war was declared between the humans and Predator. Predator realized that sooner or later they will get discovered by humans and it wills humans who will hunt Predator. Even though Predator is very strong Physically and smarter mentally he knows very well that Human are in millions and they are just hand full, so he decided to find a new world where he can breed and increase number of Predators.

In 1630 they were able to make their first space craft which is know to us as UFO. They made their first launch on 19th may 1630 which known as the first UFO encounter which just looked like a beam of light. It was seen in New England and from their has been a news which said one whole region with no people is found as if a wind has blown away all the people away. It was that time when Predators decided to take vengeance on Humans in brutal means. During this journey they even encounter different species they had their battle a forceful battle which made them stronger and smarter the more they encounter the more they learn. It was one special species which also breed on other living form it was very unique. They loved to hunt these species for pleasure, loyalty and glory. This species is known as Aliens fast, strong acidic body which had a very strong sense of survival. It is extremely very violent. They loved hunt them down but one day realized that they can become smarter if humans are their bate and then captured the species and brought to earth from that very point of the day Human and planet is going to be doomed.

Analysis
William ShakeSphere Sonnet 4:-

unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spend

upon thy self thy beauty's legacy?

Nature's bequest gives nothing, but doth lend,

and being frank she lends to those are free:

Then, beauteous niggard, why dost thou abuse

The bounteous largess given thee to give?

Profitless usurer, why dost thou use

So great a sum of sums, yet canst not live?

For having traffic with thy self alone,

thou of thy self thy sweet self dost deceive:

Then how when nature calls thee to be gone,

What acceptable audit canst thou leave?

Thy unused beauty must be tombed with thee,

Which, used, lives th' executor to be.

1st Gloss

I did not actually understand what this poem is actually about but it looks like he is talking about nature being the alpha and omega. It gives you a feeling that he is even talking about rich people who use natural resources and do not respect it or use it wisely. They even have a lot of money but they are still very alone. At some point i even felt like he saying that humans are the mean medium of destruction.

2nd Gloss

Memorization
<> Phenomenal Woman Pretty women wonder where my secret lies. I'm not cute or built to suit a fashion model's size But when I start to tell them, They think I'm telling lies. I say, It's in the reach of my arms The span of my hips, The stride of my step, The curl of my lips. I'm a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me.

I walk into a room Just as cool as you please, And to a man, The fellows stand or Fall down on their knees. Then they swarm around me, A hive of honey bees. I say, It's the fire in my eyes, And the flash of my teeth, The swing in my waist, And the joy in my feet. I'm a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me.

Men themselves have wondered What they see in me. They try so much But they can't touch My inner mystery. When I try to show them They say they still can't see. I say, It's in the arch of my back, The sun of my smile, The ride of my breasts, The grace of my style. I'm a woman

Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me.

Now you understand Just why my head's not bowed. I don't shout or jump about Or have to talk real loud. When you see me passing It ought to make you proud. I say, It's in the click of my heels, The bend of my hair, the palm of my hand, The need of my care, 'Cause I'm a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me.

Maya Angelou

http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/phenomenal-woman/

Self Assessment
This class has actually been very fruitful to me because i was able to challenge my own creative side. The 11 weeks in this class went very fast we covered lots of topics, I got to learn about American Culture too from this class. It was a very good blend mixture of imagination and reality. I overall loved this class.

It was really nice to actually sit and think about a poem and try to figure out what actually poet was thinking which I never did in my country in India so always loved the session where we are trying to understand a persons feeling and that person's struggle. There was no pressure from the teacher to submit the assignment which was really nice because of that I think I benefit from it because it made me think for about the assignment and about all the poets and their poems.

The trip to sculpture park and to choose a sculpture and create a story out of it, this assignment was one of favourite assignment because felt the power to create. I learn lot of new stuff and i would like to have another class from Steven Arntson in coming future.

title: User:Amrut Saini


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User talk:Amrut Saini

Hello Former Student!

I'm writing to you because you took a class from me in the past few years at the Art Institute. As of Spring, 2010, I'll not be teaching further classes at AIS for the foreseeable future. (We're parting ways on good terms!) Until now, you've been able to reach my Wikiversity educational resources from my website, but I've decided to delete that link. You can still reach all of those materials here.

If you're interested in what I'm up to in the future (which will include an album in 2010 and a novel in 2011) you can friend my facebook page or drop me an email at info@stevenarntson.info and you'll receive a periodic update about performances, classes, and publications.

If you know any current or former students of mine who might be interested in any of this, please forward this information if you have a moment.

I hope all is well for you.
 * Best! Stevenarntson

 Hello Amrut Saini, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 17:28, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack(Russell). I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Amrut Saini


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User talk:Inthecloudsmp

 Hello Inthecloudsmp, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 17:28, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

title: User talk:Inthecloudsmp


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User:Maherkristen

Self Assessment
I feel that in this class I learned the real importance of self motivation. It is difficult to balance all of these school projects at once, and I’m glad that this one was for the most part really chill and stress free. But it was definitely one that I found I had to constantly remind myself about, and keep pushing myself to work on more and more. In the class overall, I tried to contribute what I could to the group. I know that I wasn’t a key player, but we couldn’t have put the whole paper together without all of our brainstorming and collaborations. I feel that what I added the most though was just variety. Most of the other topics and sections within the paper are about really technologically advanced programs, which is in some a lot of ways different than the fashion section. Which I really like. I hope that the variety helped. I feel prepared to continue my studies. I feel that I learned that good writing takes time. And that for me was the whole underlying theme of the class itself. Without that thought to carry me, this would have been a little boring. And at times it was. I kind of felt that it is difficult to have the same assignment for the whole quarter and only have that to work on because I personally just got bored with it. But at the same time I guess that is the challenge about it. To me, I know that you aren’t always going to have assignments that you like or that are interesting, so you need to make them interesting for yourself instead. And overall I feel that that is what I had to do with this class.

title: User:Maherkristen


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User:Alex Lee~enwikiversity

Response
I really like your Pangea story. I thought it was unique, and it reminded me of a book I read a long time ago. It sets up the scene quite well, and although there isn't really any character interaction I do feel that it has a nice amount of depth overall. I would love if you revisited this story to further explains the other effects of the virus (Are there mutations? If so, what kind?) just more overall detail and refinement would make it a more complete piece, but as a blurb or a starting point it is quite effective. You could also go into maybe a small story of one such event of upper tier people starting rumors, or more about the survivor. Who is he? Where did he come from? How is he surviving?

Style
Using Doug Nufer's style of limiting my self to one vowel I created a poem in class.

We Recycle Cycles never end. were cycles reels? Cycles end never... Reel cycles weren't the end. The recycle. Never reel cycles? Cycles we feel. Recycles end...

This style was kind of tough. I found it was incredibly hard to write a poem that not only held to the previously mentioned stipulations of only one vowel (e), but also was even mildly coherent.

Complaining aside I really enjoyed using a different style to produce a piece of art. I also feel like I learned some pretty awesome techniques from it, and plan on doing some more things in the vein of this.

I even attempted to try and use the same words in each section, along with the same punctuation, but I think it turned out a little off.

The for this poem came from the recycle bin in front of my chair. I noticed the words on it, hence the title, but also the little diagram showing the ways we recycle and though it would be neat to do the poem that also recycles which words it uses. I hope it is enjoyable by others!

Compare/Contrast
Today, I'd like to compare and contrast the nutritional value of a vitamin water, to that of Robert Frost's poetic work. I will start writing down a piece from each. And have chosen the flavor "essential" because I feel it fits this piece, and it is what I was drinking today.

VitaminWater

essential

orange-orange (c+calcium)

warning:although this product contains many of the same vitamins you need in the morning as "part of a nutriious breakfast," we feel it's neccessary to remind you that this is not a breakfast cereal.despite the fact that it is packed with vitamin c, and is a very good way to start off your day, this bottle doesn't contain many of the cool prizes you usually discover at the bottom of the box.

that said, do not expect ot find the following inside: a secret decoder ring, those rubber frogs that stick to walls or a pack of my little pony(r) lick on tattoos.

Now. A piece by Robert Frost:

Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.

Obvious differences between the two:

Frost is allegedly dead. The writer for this bottle is alive. The bottle is to interest you in the product. As far as we know, Frost was not selling anything with his poem. The information on the bottle is technically not a poem.

Ways they compare:

Both are short and sweet Both prey on human nature(the bottle to our need to be healthy, and Frost's being THE FEAR OF GOD-AH) Both use some form of rhyming Both possible could have been written by Frost(more on this later)

I would like to use this writing as a chance to shed light on something that could shake the very foundation of the writing world, and that is this. Robert Frost isn't dead, but is in fact alive and writing witty things on food products. Who else would have the literary genius to explain a product so well in such a few amount of words? Frost was always known for his deliberate use of words, and in most cases minimalist use of the English language. Not only that, but as we have made a point of in class, Frost had an odd sense of humor (as discussed with the idea of two roads) and clearly this would be the perfect way. No one would expect a famous, early 20th century poet to not only fake his death and live to an age not done before by any human, but to continue writing for labels is quite genius! Possible things aside, let us look at the hard evidence of the two writings.

The titles: Vitamin water doesn't actually have a title so much as a flavor, so we'll use that instead. It is called essential on the most superficial layer because it provides your body with the things you need which would be vitamin C and Calcium. What we have on a more psychological level is the ability to provide the consumer with some level of "safety" that being that "If I drink this, I will be more healthy, and live longer!" so not only does this help your body, but in some ways it "saves" the mind by allowing you to not be concerned about those parts of your diet. Now, not only does Frost( or a very good impersonator) use his amazing abilities of minimalist writing and intense thought of what words to use and where to create the writing on the bottle, but he does it cleverly only using his rhymes sparsely and changing his diction quite dramatically almost as if they were not the same person, but we know better don't w

Poetic
So. As much as I enjoy reading poetry I am quite terrible at writing poetry, and here are the few poems I have been able to do. Even though they are not of Beowulf/Gilgamesh proportions they felt as such when I wrote them. In short I am a poetry wuss. Please forgive me.

Robots in disguise Always changing but the same Polymorphism, yay!

Rings...     Golden. Curled. Linked. Flowing freely and beautifully White...    Dancers in a row. Moving up and down in union Smashing, slicing, but graceful Their beauty disguising their power Love. Fleeting for some Permanent for others. Permanent.

Analysis
My analysis of Shakespeare's XIX poem in poem form:

A poem of death and sadness, The Earth's creations doomed, Time's Cruel hand touches all, A plea of love for his love, Let not the artisan of time carve his lines, But he knows his love's beauty shall fade, The youth shall remain for in poem.

It explains the lust of the poet, and how he does not want time to take away his love's beauty, as it does everything in the world. Although he will die, his memory will remain in his poem. Shakespeare also touches on beauty breeding beauty.

Personal
Transcription: A tale from when I was a child.

When I was a kid, two or three.(Maybe four?) It was my mother's birthday! An exciting day I was told. A cake was bought as per usual for a birthday, there were other fun birthday things. Family, food, presents. I was a toddler, obviously and playing with my toys, and my cousin's toys who had been put near me to play with (she was a year younger than I) She had a toy that was kinda like a vacuum cleaner but instead of the vacuum part, it was a plastic dome with colorful balls in it. As you ran it over the carpet the balls popped around and moved, which is quite entertaining for a child. Anyway. When it was time for the cake to come out, the parents decided it would be sweet if I carried my mother's cake to her. Seems simple enough from what I was told, I apparently had good enough motor skills to hold said cake and carry it to her. This was a nice, white cake on a crystal plate with red frosting. Now from hat I am told, while in transit to my mother with the cake. I tripped, which hurts my own confidence in my ability to walk, but it's okay! The cake broke my fall. It seems I tripped over the very same toy my cousin had brought over, and landed face first into this cake. Well. Naturally the adults found this quite hilarious, baby covered in cake and all, and no one seemed alarmed that there was red all over my face and cake. Eventually someone caught on what happened when I started crying. Apparently when I fell, the crystal plate cracked, and cut me between the eyes,up along my eyebrow to my forehead. Once they realized what happened, they washed me off and whisked me to the hospital where I received a huge bandage. I still have a scar to this day from the event. My pride in walking has also not healed.

Memorization
For my memorization I plan to memorize a poem by Langston Hughes called Jazzonia. This is my favorite poem by Hughes, and feel that given the length I can recite it without need of memorizing a second.

Jazzonia

Oh, silver tree! Oh, shining rivers of the soul!

In a Harlem cabaret Six long headed jazzers play. A dancing girl whose eyes are bold Lifts high a dress of silken gold.

Oh, singing tree! Oh, shining rivers of the soul!

Were Eve's eyes In the first garden Just a bit too bold? Was Cleopatra gorgeous In a gown of gold?

Oh, shining tree! Oh, silver rivers of the soul!

In a whirling cabaret Is long-headed jazzers play.

title: User:Alex Lee~enwikiversity


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User:Sbynoe

Bio
Group 1

title: User:Sbynoe


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Olin College Student Courses/Introduction to 3D Art

Introduction to 3D Art will be taught at Olin College in Needham, MA in the Fall of 2009. The primary goal of this course is to teach basic sculpture techniques through two projects students will work on throughout the semester. Students will review each other's work throughout the process and learn to offer constructive criticism. Note: this is not ceramics.


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User:Jemebius

Opened Wikiversity account on April 22nd 2009 Opened Wikipedia account on July 24th 2005

title: User:Jemebius


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User:DouglasPardoeWilson

Personal Introduction and Plans

I go by the name Doug Wilson, and for many years posted on mailing lists and on the web under the name Douglas P. Wilson, but even that name is not sufficiently specific. However I believe that I am the only Douglas Pardoe Wilson in the world, so I am using my full name now.

I have a Master's degree in Linguistics and System Theory from Simon Fraser University, where as as teaching assistant I usually helped with a course on the social implications of computing. This topic is quite related to the one I now work in almost exclusively, Social Technology. I have had mailing lists and/or web pages on social technology for well over a decade, and believe I was the first person to use the term on the Internet. Please dispute this claim!

I plan a course on Social Technology: past, present and future, which will include a discussion of WikiMedia as well as the better known Facebook as current social technologies.

title: User:DouglasPardoeWilson


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User:Jwjens

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

Stream live audio on my website. I'm doing this because I've always wanted to start my own online radio station.

 * Research Component

The Library, Internet, journals and web postings that relate to servers and html.

 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

 * week 4

The first thing I have to do is study enough html to create my own basic webpage. And also get started looking up live streaming.

 * week 5

Create my own webpage. Start figuring out how I will be able to play music on my website so when others go to my page they will hear it to.

 * week 6

Doing research on how to do this. Prepare for the stream and have content to play.

 * week 7

Start my stream and program the music/content in a basic media player until I am able to have a custom player to embed on my site. Work on finding an automation system that's not to expensive so I can schedule shows and content for certain days of the week at certain times.

 * week 8

I will have a basic website up and running with music streaming from my webpage.

Why Do I Like What I Like?
The piece I didn't like right away at the sculpture park was Bunyon's Chess by Mark Di Suvero. It made no since at all to me. As I read about the piece at the park all it said was the artist likes to make things suspended in air. So it was logs hanging, this didn't appeal to me at all. As I read the history on the piece though it just keeps getting more and more interesting. Di Suvero studied art in college but worked construction until he was critically injured in a freight elevator accident. During rehabilitation he learned to work with an arc welder. His exploration transformed over time into a focus on I-beams and heavy gauge metal. He made this piece referencing Paul Bunyon a mythological lumberjack who appears in tall tales of American folklore. This piece was commissioned by Virginia Wright in 1965. One thing I found funny was while making the piece he stayed with the wrights in their home during this time he rearranged their paintings, helped himself to their wine cellar and threw a party when they weren't home. I really like this guy now. The stories behind Paul Bunyon are hilarious too. I can honestly say I like this piece do to the fact of all the history behind it. It really is larger than just what we see with are eyes.

title: User:Jwjens


text:
Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/April 2009

MIcroprocessor learning project
Hello. Any one interested in this learning project? or if anyone has completed this project contact me ASAP by sending me a mail on jigsaw.18june@gmail.com or post it here

thanks

Below is the project statement :

Design a microprocessor based EPROM programmer to program 2716.The EPROM can be programmed by applying 25V at VPP and 5V at OE pin. Initially all data of EPROM will be 1's and the user should make the bits zero selectively. The bit parallel data is applied to the data output pins (D0-D7). The address for the EPROM is provided through the address pins. To program the address of each location to be programmed should be stable for 55ms.When address and data are stable, a 50ms active high pulse is applied to CE input.
 * Interesting idea - if you can start a project microprocessor programming(?) for it, so that anyone who is interested can follow it step by step, that would be great. Hillgentleman | //\\ |Talk 17:35, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Category problem
In the categories there are both Schools and Wikiversity_schools. Should these not be combined, or was the 1st meant to be [| Academic Institutions]? Also I would like to make a school that is called an Academy rather than a school.--Dchmelik 21:08, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure the current consensus thinking on this, but we are a wiki and there is no one "right way" to do everything. We do have some issues of capitalization with Categories, and it isn't always clear which one you should put things in (although there is a convention, once people start using a category it can catch on for quite a while).
 * As for as naming goes, be bold and go forth. School or Academy or Topics are just organization pieces, if that greases the wheel for the underlying content that is all the better. If a majority then don't like it, we can chat about it and see where it fits -- it is a wiki, after all. Historybuff 13:43, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually I guess one is accepted academic subjects and the other is any sort of school anyone wants to make up... but I also see many of the latter on one of the main pages--mixed in....--Dchmelik 10:25, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Wikimania 2009: Scholarships
Wikimania 2009, this year's global event devoted to Wikimedia projects around the globe, is now accepting applications for scholarships to the conference. This year's conference will be handled from August 26-28 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The scholarship can be used to help offset the costs of travel and registration. For more information, check the official information page. Please remember that the Call for Participation is still open, please submit your papers! Without submissions, Wikimania would not be nearly as fun! - Rjd0060 02:26, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Culture insights from project GLOBE
--Puttykatlee009 21:20, 2 April 2009 (UTC) I am taking a class in Management and I need information on Asia and Europe. I need to do a comparison and contrast on culture and business climate from the perspective of a Multinational Corporation (MNC)seeking to expand into a new market. From Kathy Shorty

 * This isn't the right place to post this Q, as this is for questions and comments about Wikiversity itself. I will copy this Q to the Help desk, and try to answer it there.  Here it is: Help_desk. StuRat 13:34, 4 April 2009 (UTC)?

 * Why you are run off people from here StuRat? Why we should look on thousands of pages differing by topic? --Juan de Vojníkov 20:26, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * OK. Find a way they are two pages.--Juan de Vojníkov 20:53, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Poster Presentation - affiliation with Wikiversity?
Question moved here from the Help Desk: Help_desk. StuRat 13:37, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

I have edited Wikipedia for a while but am new to Wikiversity. I recently had an abstract of original research accepted to be presented at a poster session at a local university. I am doing this research unfunded and with free licencsed software and plan to create a Wikiversity page and publish the research here.

First, is it possible, appropriate and/or sane to have my affiliation for the poster be with Wikiversity?

Second, has anyone done that before?

The session is very informal, though the poster has the option (up to the authors) of having the poster published on their website. If I chose to allow them to publish the poster on the site, is it still fair to publish the project in Wikiversity (I am assuming yes as it is developing research) but is it possible/appropriate to use the Wikiversity logo/affiliation if I say yes to publishing the poster on their website? This question was added on 02:30, 9 April 2009 by User:Enviropearson.

 * I dont understand your first two questions. So I will just respond to the last one. If they will publish the poster on their website without uniq ("uniq" means, that work can be used just there and reused just after their agreement) license, you can publish it here. Or better here: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, which is a central store of media for WMF projects. You can also publish it with Wikiversity logo, but you must inform about it the Wikimedia Foundation, who is the owner of this logo. Than you cant choose a license for the poster. It must be copyrighted. But it doesnt limit you in this case.--Juan de Vojníkov 20:36, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Philosophers
Hello, if anyone is willing to participate in this discussion, please write your entry based on the instructions. List your favorite philosopher and a quote or excerpt from a work of theirs. --DSAVO 05:36, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * philosophy is indeed a well established subject but it's issues are so riddle with controversy that there is hardly a single question to which there can be said to have an established answer.discuss?

Licensing update
"The Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation invites the Wikimedia community to vote on this proposal to license Wikimedia material so it is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC-BY-SA), while retaining dual licensing with the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)." See Licensing update for more info. --mikeu talk 16:23, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Organization of Wikiversity
I feel that the courses aren't really organized in a user-friendly manner. For example, if there were a real university website, they'd have a course catalog, list of schools, current projects etc. but they'd be so much easier to navigate than Wikiversity currently is. I myself was having trouble identifying projects from topics from classes because their content is more ambiguous than their category suggests. Is there a way to change the main page of Wikiversity so people can navigate through them better? Maybe add a list of courses, that would include ALL courses not just main projects (I was trying to find an English Literature course and navigating from the homepage is a bit annoying since there is no Literature 'Project'. I'm not saying I was doing everything right, I just mean if I can't do it efficiently enough, a lot of other people probably can't). It would be great if we could match it to the typical format used by most colleges and universities online, because that's the format people are accustomed to.

I'd be happy to help with that in any way I can.

This question was added on 13:53, 9 April 2009 by User:Wrtrntrnng.

 * Yes, we know about this problem. But there is now personel for this. It was done by the user McCormack, who left the project about one year ago and I think he stay behind most of the organisation around the Main Page. So if you would like to help us, you are welcomed. It is also possible to change a Main page, but you should propose it somewhere.--Juan de Vojníkov 20:40, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Is there an administrator or anyone I can contact about this? I can definitely help with the organization and stuff but I want to make sure I'm going through the appropriate channel. Does anyone need to be notified or do I just put a note on the main page and start editing? --User:Wrtrntrnng

 * Well, you can do it without notification. But in it will be better to prepare something and then present it to community via this channel. For the Main Page the same, make a new page e.g. here: Main Page/proposal 2009 and than, leave here a link that community can agree your system. The Main Page is normally closed to edit - so you cant change it. So go ahead. If you need and admin help, go here: Request custodian action or ping me. I am the member of support stuff in here:-) You might find usefull a real time communication via IRC chat at freenode.net #wikiversity-en .--Juan de Vojníkov 21:25, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Hi, Wrtrntrnng. Here at wikiversity decisions about organization are made by the community, not by administrators. As Juan said, feel free to create a draft on how you think pages could be better organized and post a note here for everyone to comment on. The only thing you will need a custodian (admin) for is changes to the main page since that is protected to prevent vandalism. You mentioned "if there were a real university website" above. Keep in mind that wikiversity is not just for university education. The name wikiversity can be a bit misleading. This site is for educational materials for all ages and people of all learning backgrounds. Something to keep in mind as you think about organizational structure. Take a look at Browse to see some of the different schemes to organize content that are currently in use. Feel free to mention some ideas here to see what others think. --mikeu talk 12:27, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Why don't we import the French template ? JackPotte 02:07, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * If we do import the French Department template we'll need to have the coding translated into English. DarkObsidian  19:07, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the "Template:Department" and "Template:Lesson" are already used, but as a French programmer I can translate whatever we need where it would be decided from the French Wikiversity:

JackPotte 01:58, 12 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Template:Faculty
 * Template:Department
 * Template:Lesson
 * Template:Course (and its bottom banner)

 * Unfortunately we can't import those as import from other languages hasn't been enabled.--Juan de Vojníkov 06:49, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

What happened to the cafeteria?
I am pretty sure that there was a page called cafeteria in Wikiversity...Was it renamed to Colloquium?? Ricardoramalho 21:43, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * According to this the original name was Community portal, which was moved to Colloquium in 2006. Am I right? --Gbaor 10:44, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The German language version of this page is de:Wikiversity:Cafeteria. --mikeu talk 17:26, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

New demonstration in arithmetic on fr wikiversity
Well Karim Ghariani have put a new demonstration about Bernoulli nombers. If you speak french let's see: This demonstration is more simple for studiants and posted under free licence. If someone could translate in english... fr:Karimation_et_formule_explicite_des_nombres_de_Bernoulli/Article Regards, Otourly 20:01, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

New Wikiversity Funding announced
After years of being overshadowed in the trails of other bigger wikis, the WMF has been pledged a large and substantial gift from tbe Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation of $4.1 Million dollars. One of the conditions attached to the pledge is that the bulk of the donation be directed at educational activities, and specifically mentions Wikiversity as one of the vehicles for this to be realized.

Now, of course, the question is: Where is the best place to direct these funds to, and how should the parcelling out be handled? Should a formal committee be struck, or should we write up proposals and forward them to the board for approval? Historybuff 06:27, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Good idea. We need more people to get Wikiversity off the ground.  And people love $$$.   We have had some Wikiversity based courses (e.g. Teemu in Finish Wikiversity, Robert Elliott in film. Ciprian et. co. in computer courses in Romanian, Estonian e-learning teams,...,)  and may be we can use their experience to do a good one.  May be a full package using the entire spectrum of wiki-tools, from wiki-lessons to wiki-notes, wiki-homeworks, wikiquizzes, irc sessions, video conferencing with SKYPE,  wiki-exams etc.  In the end, maybe wiki-grades and a wiki-certificate. Hillgentleman | //\\ |Talk 08:24, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * For comparison, what's the current Wikiversity budget (amount, sources of income, and how it's spent) ? StuRat 14:11, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Is this an April Fools joke? Countrymike 22:08, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I got busy later in the week and didn't see Countrymike's comment until now. River from the toolserver almost got me (since his post was before April 1 in my timezone), so I thought I'd spread the love. :)
 * On a serious note, to respond to sturat, we don't have a formal budget that I'm aware of. We can propose things, but it's hard to get funding of any sort if it's not somehow tied to Wikimedia wikis directly.
 * I think we probably need more content promotion, because some of the above mentioned resources are golden. Historybuff 13:37, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Well, I thin Foundation will come up with some ideas too, or not?--Juan de Vojníkov 20:23, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * What about to get free acces to scientific databases? Such as Web of Science or JSTOR?--Juan de Vojníkov 20:54, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Good idea Juan. I don't have an idea for what uses the rest of the money can be reserved. It would be best to use the money to get some courses from the ground.--Daanschr 20:11, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * This must be an April fools joke nothing is mentioned on the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation  website about wikiversity - in fact they don't have references concerning this site, if something major happened and they did provide funding wouldn't Wikimedia mention it.  DarkObsidian  18:15, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Contacting other teachers
I am overhauling someone's page and I wanted to send them a little note. Is there any sort of email message sending device or do I just edit their my talk page? Thanks.--Fapril 17:01, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * New topics should be at the bottpm of the page :) To answer your question: You can use the talk page (a message pops up to remind him/her that s/he has a new message) or use the template email which sends an email to user to the previously set address. --Gbaor 17:50, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you--Fapril 18:58, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Pandemic prevention.
Wikipedia is used by both mainstream institutuional researchers and researchers of a...more independent variety. And thus is uniquely situated for data sharing in situations such as pandemic prevention where everyones interest in seeing to it that SOMEBODY succeed is greater than their fear of that person not being them.

With that in mind I made a page on Influenza cure research (titled "Influenza cure research" ;-P ) so that those of us with an interest in solving the problem can share data and not waste time on the same dead ends.

If anyone wishes to improve the layout of the page, make it availible in more languages or otherwise raise interest in it please do so!! if ordinary quarentine and hygine measures are ineffective this could possibly be of vital importance.

And even if they are effective and the problem fizzles into nothing, any progress made towards curing Influenza will be a good thing. --NoahGraham 02:43, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you mean Wikiversity (here), or are you telling us about something you did over at Wikipedia ? StuRat 11:11, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Wikiversity. Wikipedia has a strong policy against original research, since the goal of this page is to allow the sharing of original research this seemed a more appropriate forum.

--117.201.68.69 06:41, 1 May 2009 (UTC)hy actully i joind the phylosphy communteis but yet i dont much know about phylosphy so can u tell me about it please?117.201.68.69 06:41, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Way to limit edit to just students in a class
Hi, long time not on site. Working on the Ph.D., so I'm still quite busy, but I hope to get back here more. Anyway, was talking to a professor in my university, and they were talking about buying a $1000 site for students to, build and edit a wiki. I told them about this site, but they said after checking it out that they wanted it to only be editable by the students. I remember that we use to have a restriction that let only the professor edit it- is there anyway we can lock page to be editable only by a group of students specified by an particular author?--Rayc 21:26, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Technically, a mechanical/physical implantation of Template:Protected course--Rayc 21:36, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * People have asked this question often on the mediawiki irc channel and the usual response by developers is that mediawiki is not a CMS (content management system) and that even if there was such an extension there is no guarantee it would completely prevent unwanted editing, because mediawiki wasn't designed for that. -- dark lama  13:18, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I think there is not the tecnical problem (e.g. you may have a extra ns for this), but more like political. If you limit some users from editing some pages, you will limit the Wikiversity idea that everyone can edit it, that it is "an open project".--Juan de Vojníkov 05:29, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Other solution could be to place a message to the top of each page + check the history 2-3 times/day and revert edits from people outside the desired group (+ kindly inform these people why were their edits reverted - one could create a template for this as well). --Gbaor 18:07, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Keeping areas on userspace tends to keep out stray users from editing. Ottava Rima (talk) 15:59, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, many people have the preconceived notion that it would be better to limit write access to page to only small, pre-selected group of people. The success of Wikipedia show that this is an unnecessary and counter-productive restriction.
 * If they still insist that this restriction is absolutely necessary, perhaps you could use the wiki choice wizard to help you build and edit a wiki that includes that restriction (i.e., a wiki with either "Page Permissions" or "ACL" or both). When I pick "page history" and "I would like my Wiki to be hosted by someone else", I get about 25 sites that will host a wiki with such restrictions. That list includes EditMe ($5/month hosted), Confluence ($49/month hosted), Wagn (free for academics and nonprofits), Wetpaint (free for education), PBwiki ($4/user/month hosted), and others.
 * Perhaps you could simultaneously try out more than one site and see which ones work better with your students. --DavidCary 01:05, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Or they can build their own wiki.--Juan de Vojníkov 05:32, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * While I understand and support the general feeling (that pages must be editable by all), there are a few options. First, a course is hard to run if the underlying content is constantly in flux, but that can be solved by some sort of "stable version" extension or explicit versioning URLs. Second, the group might want to have a discussion or a collaboration that is part of a class effort, which will be for actual grades. In that case, they might be accommodated in sub-pages, or something that is outside the content page scope.
 * Wikis, like anything, are tools. The tools should suit the purpose, not the other way around. While it is against the philosophy of Wikimedia to have a closed system, we have to show why an open system is superior. There is no technological reason Mediawiki (or WV, for that matter) can't do exactly what is being asked. Historybuff 17:39, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, do not argue with me, but with Wikimedia Foundation. I am just following the Wikiversity proposal.--Juan de Vojníkov 21:19, 27 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
User:Vetta1

sup all.

title: User:Vetta1


text:
User:Athmpsn05

Bio
My name is Ashley Thompson, and I am in the graphic design major. I am very dedicated to learning my craft and commute from Puyallup everyday on the Sounder Train. I work at a small cafe in a town no one has really heard of, Orting. About 30 hours a week is spent in that god-forsaken building, so on-top of school I don't really have much free time. I was born and raised in Temecula, California and moved to Puyaullup about four years ago. People may think I am crazy, but I would choose Washington over California any day. In fact the recent hot weather has left me longing for the coolness of winter and fall. That's pretty much it, if I am not at school, or working on homework, or just working, I just hang out with my friends doing really nothing at all.

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

I've always wanted to learn how to drag race, like the rest of my family does, so I"m going to take this opportunity to learn and hopefully this summer compete in a bracket race at the Seattle or Bremerton track.
 * Research Component

Research the basics of Drag racing, and the origins of it.
 * week 1
 * week 2

Begin research and work on finding a car to race.

 * week 3

Learn how to drive a stick shift (they provide more consistent results)
 * week 4

Work on practice tree at any available moment. Try to get 5.00 lights consecutively
 * week 5

Take car out to track and do practice runs
 * week 6

Take car out to track again to work on practice runs
 * week 7

Continue practice runs, and look for races to compete in.
 * week 8

Register for race

Why Do I Like What I Like?
I am one of those people who has the natural instinct to find at least one good thing in everything, and every person. Sure, there can be a lot of negative things about something but there is always good, so I had a difficult time finding a piece of art that I didn't like, but the one I like least was the Seattle Cloud Cover by Teresita Fernández. It sort of resembled, to me, a bus stop and was the least aesthetically appealing. I thought it to lacking in originality of design and the intent was unclear.

However, after researching more on the artist's intent for this piece I began to understand her mindset a little clearer. Fernández was aiming to make the clouds stand as a transformation as you walked past them, aiming for a more personal connection with the art. The goal was to make the art and viewer blend together and although I did not experience this while viewing it, this does not mean my reaction is the same for other patrons. This in itself made me have more respect for the piece and see it as original. This is the same with all art I believe, although it may not mean anything to you personally, does not mean it didn't captivate someone else's appreciation and emotion and that in itself demands respect.

I believe this assignment was a success, because I originally thought I wouldn’t be able to find something I genuinely didn’t like. Although this piece wasn’t exactly my favorite I was able to find meaning and respect for it.

title: User:Athmpsn05


text:
User:Maharet

I've joined Wikiversity in order to learn more about the financial industry and commodities futures trading. I'm registered with the Series 7 and Series 66 and am currently studying for the Series 3 Commodities license.

Maha

title: User:Maharet


text:
User:Egm6322.s09.bit.gk/r7

$$\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x}=-k_{\pm }$$

Similarly,assume

$$\psi_x=k\psi_y$$

$$ak^2+bk+c=0$$

From $$\phi_x=k\phi_y$$  and  $$\psi_x=k\psi_y$$

We have

$$k=\frac{\phi_x}{\phi_y}$$

$$k=\frac{\psi_x}{\psi_y}$$

1-D Wave equation,we have ,

$$\hat{c}^2u_{xx}-u_{tt}=0$$ by looking at the units we have

$$\left [\hat{c}u_{xx} \right ]=\left [u_{tt}  \right ]=\left [\frac{L}{T^2}  \right ]$$

Therefore,

$$a=c^2,b=0,c=-1$$

$$\Rightarrow \xi =x-\hat{c}t$$ and $$\eta =\xi =x+\hat{c}t$$

By Scaling Method

$$\hat{c}^2u_{xx}-u_{tt}=0$$ $$\Rightarrow u_{xx}-u_{tt}=0$$

Coordinate Transformation

$$\begin{Bmatrix} \bar x\\ \bar y=t

\end{Bmatrix}\to \begin{Bmatrix} \xi \\ \eta

\end{Bmatrix}$$

$$\Rightarrow u_{\xi \eta }=0$$

The general form of a linear second order PDE in the matrix form is give as

$$\left[{\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial }{\partial x} &  \frac{\partial }{\partial x}  \\ \end{matrix}}\right]\left[{\begin{matrix} A& B \\ B & C \\ \end{matrix}}\right]\left[{\begin{matrix}

\frac{\partial u }{\partial x}   \\

\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}    \\ \end{matrix}}\right] +\left[{\begin{matrix} D &  E  \\ \end{matrix}}\right]\left[{\begin{matrix}

\frac{\partial u }{\partial x}   \\

\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}    \\ \end{matrix}}\right]+F(x,y)u+G(x,y)=0 $$

and for a second order non linear PDE the general equation in two independent variables is given as

$$F\left ( u,x,y,\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} ,\frac{\partial u}{\partial y},\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2},\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x\partial y},\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}\right )=0$$

Let, $$p=\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}$$; $$q=\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x\partial y}$$; $$r=\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}$$

and denote

$$a=\frac{\partial F}{\partial p}$$

$$b=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial F}{\partial q}$$

$$c=\frac{\partial F}{\partial r}$$

Let the specific solution $$u=u(x,y)$$ be considered at any point (x,y)and the values of a,b,c be calculated and then let the determinant $$\delta $$ be calculated using $$ac-b^2$$

if

$$\delta < 0$$ then hyperbolic

$$\delta > 0$$ then elliptic

$$\delta = 0$$ then parabolic

In a nonlinear PDE the coefficients are not only dependent on the point$$(x,y)$$but also on the selection of the solution.Therefore it is not possible to know the nature of the eqution without knowing the specific solution.

Reference from Andreĭ Dmitrievich Poli͡a︡nin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Manzhirov, 2006 p.653,

Given that

$$U_{\xi\eta}=0$$

and the solution is obtained by

$$U\left ( \xi,\eta \right )=F\left ( \xi \right )+G\left ( \eta \right )$$

To verify this ,we have to differentiate twice,Therefore

= References =

title: User:Egm6322.s09.bit.gk/r7


text:
User:Egm6322.s09.Three.ge/MyIndividualProject

 See my comments below. Egm6322.s09 14:29, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

=Introduction=

Freshwater shortage is predicted by some to be one of the great problems of the 21st century. The desalination of salt water is one method of overcoming this problem, but currently consumes significant amounts of fossil fuels and as such is an unsustainable solution. The use of renewable energy to drive the desalination process is a sustainable method to overcome the problem of freshwater shortage. The use of solar energy as driving input in distillation offers promise since many water stressed areas receive significant solar energy.

Project Description and Goals
The aim of this project is to improve solar diffusion-driven stills by increasing the amount of distillate produced per unit area of still. The way this will be done is by optimizing the heat transfer in the still so that more heat is transferred via latent heat of evaporation. Furthermore, the recycling of heat released during condensation will be achieved by using multiple “effects”. A lab scale single distillation cell will be constructed in order to test the mathematical model.

References, Literature Review

The previous research in this area that is most comparable to this project was done primarily by Tanaka, et al. . In their work, they increased the amount of distillate produced by recycling the latent heat contained in the water vapor. The apparatus consisted of multiple distillation cells placed so that the latent heat of condensation was transferred to the saline water on the other side. An individual cell consisted of a plate receiving a heat flux, a wick on the other side of the plate, the vapor space, and finally the condenser plate which rejected heat. The heat on the evaporator plate drives water vapor off of the wick and across the vapor space to the condenser. At the condenser plate, the vapor condenses and heat is rejected through the plate to the evaporator on the other side. By reusing the latent heat of condensation to evaporate more water, the amount of freshwater distillate that can be produced in increased.

 It would be helpful to have a photo of a real multicell distillation apparatus with each components in a cell labeled. Egm6322.s09 14:32, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

=Modeling with PDEs=

The aim of this project is to increase the distillate production. To do this, the heat transferred by evaporation and condensation should be maximized, which may be accomplished by increasing the heat transferred through each of the walls. The heat conduction through a wall is governed by the heat equation.

The heat equation for Cartesian coordinates given by Özişik is:

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left ( k\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} \right )+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left ( k\frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right )+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left ( k\frac{\partial T}{\partial z} \right )+ g= \rho C_{p} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$$

Where k is the thermal conductivity of the material, g is the energy generation within the material, Cp is the constant pressure specific heat of the material, and ρ is the material density.

For a plane wall that is thin a few key assumption can be made to simplify the heat equation.

Assumptions:

 * No heat generated

$$g=0$$

 * Negligible temperature gradients in y and z directions

$$\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}=0$$

 * Constant thermal conductivity, k

$$\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left (k\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} \right )= k\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}$$

The heat equation reduces to:

$$ k\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}= \rho C_{p} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t} $$

Divide by k $$ \frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}= \frac {\rho C_{p}}{k} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$$

Note $$\alpha=\frac{k}{\rho C_{p}}$$

And the equation finally reduces to:

$$\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}= \frac {1}{\alpha} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t} $$

Description of Boundary Conditions

The boundary conditions for this problem are the prescribed heat flux on one side and convective boundary on the other side (see illustration).

$$ \frac {\partial T}{\partial x}_{x=0}=q''$$

$$-k\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}_{x=L}=h(T-T_{amb})$$

$$T(t=0)=T_{0}$$

The final boundary condition assumes that the initial condition of the plate is a constant temperature, and that that temperature is the ambient temperature.

It should be noted that the boundary conditions are highly variable, depending on the solar heat flux and the convection coefficient of the saline water.

PDE Classification
The Heat equation PDE must first be put into canonical form by moving the time dependent term to the left hand side of the equation, resulting in:

$$\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}-\frac {1}{\alpha} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=0$$

This form can then be classified according to the coefficients of the PDE's (see PDE classification).

It becomes clear that the coefficients of the heat equation are: $$a=1,b=0,c=0$$

Thus, $$ac-b^2=0$$ and the PDE is classified as parabolic.

This conclusion is further reinforced by comparison with the canonical form of a parabolic PDE.

$$\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2}-\frac {1}{\alpha} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=0\\ \xi^2-\eta = 0 \end{matrix}$$

Method of solution
The equation may be solved analytically by the method of separation of variables, but requires some reconfiguring. In order to solve the PDE the boundary conditions need to be shifted in order to make the convective boundary homogeneous, that is to say

$$-k\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}_{x=L}=h(T-T_{amb})\Rightarrow -k\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}_{x=L}=h\theta_{x=L}$$

Therefore:

$$\begin{matrix} \textrm{Let}\qquad \theta=T-T_{amb}\\ \frac{\partial^2 \theta}{\partial x^2}-\frac {1}{\alpha} \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial t}=0 \end{matrix}$$

And the PDE has the following boundary conditions:

$$\frac {\partial \theta}{\partial x}_{x=0}=q''$$

$$-k\frac {\partial \theta}{\partial x}_{x=L}=h\theta_{x=L}$$

$$\theta(t=0)=\theta_{0}$$

Since the PDE is linear, the method of superposition may be used to solve the equation. The PDE may be be described as the sum of a solution that does not depend on the time (a steady state solution, θs) and a solution whose boundary conditions are homogeneous (the homogeneous solution θh).

$$\theta(x,t)=\theta_{h}(x,t)+\theta_{ss}(x)$$

Once this has been done, the PDE may be solved using the method of Separation of Variables.

Solution Using Superposition and Separation of Variables

$$\frac{\partial^2 \theta_{ss}}{\partial x^2}=0$$
 * Steady State

Boundary Conditions

$$-k\frac{\partial^2 \theta_{ss}}{\partial x^2}=q''; \quad -k\frac{\partial \theta_{ss}}{\partial x}|_{x=L}=h\theta_{ss}|_{x=L}$$

Integrate:

$$\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial^2 \theta_{ss}}{\partial x^2}=0 \Rightarrow \int \partial(\frac{\partial \theta_{ss}}{\partial x})=\int0 \partial x \\ \therefore \\ \frac{\partial \theta_{ss}}{\partial x}=constant=\frac{-q''}{k} \end{matrix}$$

Integrate again and solve for the constants:

$$\begin{matrix} \theta_{ss}=\frac{-q''}{k}x+C_{0}\\ C_{0}=q''(hL-k-x)\\ \therefore \\ \theta_{ss}(x)=q''(hL-k-\frac{x}{k}) \end{matrix}$$

 * Homogeneous

$$\frac{\partial^2 \theta_{h}}{\partial x^2}=\frac {1}{\alpha} \frac{\partial \theta_{h}}{\partial t} $$

Boundary Conditions

$$\frac{\partial \theta_{h}}{\partial x}|_{x=0}=0; \quad -k\frac{\partial \theta_{h}}{\partial x}|_{x=L}=h\theta_{ss}|_{x=L} $$

And,

$$\theta_{h}(t=0)=\theta_{0}-\theta_{ss}(x)$$

=Results=

The results of the PDE are highly dependent on the boundary conditions. It should be noted that the heat flux, q", is generally a function of time and that the heat transfer coefficient, h, and ambient temperature, Tamb, may also vary in response to the heat flux.

With this simplified equation, and choosing constants that are representative of what may be seen in the experiment.

=Conclusion=

As was mentioned in the results, the mathematical model used in this report was a simplified one. Solar heat flux depends on time, and the convection coefficient depends on what is occurring it the rest of the still.

Furthermore, the focus of the research is not on monitoring the tempurature profile through the evaporator plate, but to maximize the production of freshwater distillate. In order to accomplish this, a mathematical model (simplified) that illustrates the coupling between the evaporator and condensor will be developed, and it will be compared to experimental data.

=References=

=Signed= Egm6322.s09.Three.ge 20:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)


text:
User:Egm6322.s09.Three.ge/MyReport7

=Canonical Form of Ellipse=

HW:Deriving the Canonical Form for an Ellipse

Given the general,modified form of a PDE: $$\lambda_{1}\bar{x}^2+\lambda_{2}\bar{y}^2+d\bar{x}+e\bar{y}+f=0 \qquad \ldots (1)$$

Derive the canonical form representing an ellipse from (1).

The canonical form representing an ellipse is given by the following equation

$$\xi^{2}+ \eta^2 = g \qquad \ldots (2)$$

where $$\xi$$ and $$\eta$$ represent axes in coordinate system that coincide with the principle axes of the ellipse.

In order to show equation (1) in the form of equation (2)the coordinate system $$(\bar{x},\bar{y})$$ must be translated and then rotated.

Step(1)- Translation

Define $$\begin{bmatrix} \bar{\bar{x}}\\ \bar{\bar{y}}\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\bar{x}+r \\ \bar{y}+s\end{bmatrix}$$

Substituting $$\bar{\bar{x}}$$ and $$\bar{\bar{y}}$$ in (1) yields:

$$\lambda_{1}(\bar{\bar{x}}-r)^2+\lambda_{2}(\bar{\bar{y}}-s)^2+d(\bar{\bar{x}}-r)+e(\bar{\bar{y}}-s)+f=0$$

Expanding the squared terms gives

$$\begin{matrix} \Rightarrow \lambda_{1}\bar{\bar{x}}^{2}+\lambda_{2}\bar{\bar{y}}^2+\bar{\bar{x}}(d-2\lambda_{1}r)+\bar{\bar{y}}(e-2\lambda_{2}s)+ f=0 \\ \therefore \\ r= \frac{d}{2\lambda_{1}} \qquad s= \frac{e}{2\lambda_{2}} \end{matrix}\qquad \ldots (3)$$

Where the values for $$r$$ and $$s$$ are set so that equation (3) resembles (2). Specifically, $$r$$ and $$s$$ are found by solving the following equations.

$$\begin{matrix}(d-2\lambda_{1}r)=0 \\ \\ (e-2\lambda_{2}s)=0 \end{matrix}$$

Substituting $$r$$ and $$s$$ into equation (3), the equation reduces to:

$$\begin{matrix}\lambda_{1}\bar{\bar{x}}^2+\lambda_{2}\bar{\bar{y}}^2-\frac{d}{4\lambda_{1}^{2}}-\frac{e}{4\lambda_{2}^{2}}+f=0 \\ \textrm{Let}\quad g=\left[-\frac{d}{4\lambda_{1}^{2}}-\frac{e}{4\lambda_{2}^{2}}+f \right ] \\ \end{matrix}$$

Thus,

$$ \lambda_{1}\bar{\bar{x}}^2+\lambda_{2}\bar{\bar{y}}^2=g \quad\ldots (4)$$

Step(2)- Rotation

Equation (4) can be rewritten as $$\left \lfloor \bar{\bar{x}} \ \bar{\bar{y}} \right \rfloor

\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix}

\begin{Bmatrix} \bar{\bar{x}}\\ \bar{\bar{y}} \end{Bmatrix}=g \quad \ldots (5)$$

Now one applies rotation of coordinates by defining to arrive at the new coordinate system $$(\xi, \eta)$$.

Define the rotation as:

$$\begin{bmatrix} \xi \\ \eta \end{bmatrix}=

\mathbf{J_{\beta}} \begin{bmatrix} \bar{\bar{x}}\\ \bar{\bar{y}} \end{bmatrix}$$

where $$\mathbf{J_{\beta}}= \begin{bmatrix} \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{1}}} & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{2}}} \end{bmatrix}$$

Since $$\mathbf{J_{\beta}}$$ being an orthogonal matrix, (i.e. $$\mathbf{J_{\beta}}^{-1}= \mathbf{J_{\beta}}^{T}= \mathbf{J_{\beta}}$$) it can be shown that:

$$\begin{bmatrix} \bar{\bar{x}}\\ \bar{\bar{y}} \end{bmatrix}=

\mathbf{J_{\beta}}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix}\xi \\ \eta \end{bmatrix}=

\mathbf{J_{\beta}} \begin{bmatrix}\xi \\ \eta \end{bmatrix}$$

Substituting this rotation of coordinates into equation (5) results in:

$$\left \lfloor \xi \quad \eta \right \rfloor

\mathbf{J_{\beta}} \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_{2} \end{bmatrix}

\mathbf{J_{\beta}} \begin{Bmatrix} \xi \\ \eta \end{Bmatrix} =g$$

Plugging in the value of $$\mathbf{J_{\beta}}$$ yields the following expression.

$$\left\lfloor \xi \quad \eta \right\rfloor

\begin{bmatrix} \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{1}}} & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{2}}} \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_{2} \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{1}}} & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{\frac{g}{\lambda_{2}}} \end{bmatrix}

\begin{Bmatrix} \xi \\ \eta \end{Bmatrix}

=g$$

Simplifying the above equation further, we obtain

$$g\xi^{2}+ g\eta^{2} = g$$

Which clearly reduces to:

$$\xi^{2}+ \eta^{2} = 1$$

title: User:Egm6322.s09.Three.ge/MyReport7


text:
User:Egm6322.s09.xyz/hw7 xyz

HW: Matlab to find Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

--Egm6322.s09.xyz 19:52, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Let $$ \mathbf{A} =

\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 5 & 7 \end{pmatrix}

$$

Using Matlab, the eigenvalues are given as:

$$\lambda_1 = =1.0902$$ and $$\lambda_2 = 10.0902$$

The corresponding eigenvectors are the columns of the following matrix:

$$

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

MATLAB CODE: A = [2 5 ; 5 7]; [v,d] = eig(A); %where eigenvalues are given in matrix d, and, %the eigenvectors are the columns of matrix v %such that A*v = b*v*d

HW: Use Matlab to prove that $$\mathbf{V}^{-1} = \mathbf{V}^T$$

Recall that for the matrix given above, the eigenvector matrix is given as:

$$

\mathbf{V} =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

Using Matlab, the inverse of the eigenvector matrix is:

$$

\mathbf{V}^{-1} =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

MATLAB CODE for the inverse of a matrix, V inv(v);

The respective transpose matrix is given as:

$$

\mathbf{V}^T =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

MATLAB CODE for the transpose of a matrix, V v';

$$\therefore \mathbf{V}^{-1} = \mathbf{V}^T \surd$$ (verified)

HW: Use Matlab to show that $$\mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda}\mathbf{V}^T = \mathbf{A}$$

Again, the matrix A is given as:

$$ \mathbf{A} =

\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 5 & 7 \end{pmatrix}

$$

From the information given above, it has already been shown that the eigenvalue (diagonal) matrix, given as $$\mathbf{\Lambda}$$ and the transpose of the eigenvector matrix, $$\mathbf{V}^T$$ are given as:

$$ \mathbf{\Lambda} =

\begin{pmatrix} -1.0902 & 0 \\ 0 & 10.0902 \end{pmatrix}

$$

and

$$ \mathbf{V}^T =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

where

$$

\mathbf{V} =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

Breaking the stated multiplication of the aformentioned matrices into two steps, one can see that:

$$

\mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda} =

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

\begin{pmatrix} -1.0902 & 0 \\ 0 & 10.0902 \end{pmatrix}

$$

$$ \therefore

\mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda} =

\begin{pmatrix} 0.9274 & 5.3047 \\ -0.5731 & 8.5832 \end{pmatrix}

$$

and

$$

\left( \mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda} \right) \mathbf{V}^T =

\begin{pmatrix} 0.9274 & 5.3047 \\ -0.5731 & 8.5832 \end{pmatrix}

\begin{pmatrix} -0.8507 & 0.5257 \\ 0.5257 & 0.8507 \end{pmatrix}

$$

$$ \therefore

\mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda} \mathbf{V}^T = \mathbf{A} =

\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 5 & 7 \end{pmatrix}

\surd $$ verified

MATLAB Code for the combined matrix multiplication given above: A = [2 5; 5 7]; [v,d]=eig(A); %note: v = eigenvector matrix and d = diagonal eigenvalue matrix A_mult = v*d*v'; %Comparison of the matrix A to matrix A_mult %will yield A = A_mult

$$\mathbf{V}^{-1} = \mathbf{V}^T$$

$$\mathbf{V} \mathbf{\Lambda}\mathbf{V}^T = \mathbf{A}$$

note: Given any matrix, attempt to change coordinates so to express that matrix as simple as possible. Best = diagonal form. Not all matrices are diagonalizable; best = Jordan canonical form. An important case is the real symmetric matrix

$$

\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1     & \cdots & 0      \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0     & \cdots & \lambda_n \end{bmatrix}

$$

Ref: pg. 34-1, eqn 2

$$ \left \lfloor x \; y \right \rfloor

\underline{V} \underline{\Lambda}\underline{V}^T

\begin{Bmatrix} x \\ y \end{Bmatrix}

+

\left \lfloor d \; e \right \rfloor

\begin{Bmatrix} x \\ y \end{Bmatrix}

+ f

= 0

$$

Definition

$$

\begin{Bmatrix} \bar{x} \\ \bar{y} \end{Bmatrix}

\underline{V}^T

\begin{Bmatrix} x \\ y \end{Bmatrix}

$$

\Rightarrow

\begin{Bmatrix} x \\ y \end{Bmatrix}

= \underline{V}

\begin{Bmatrix} \bar{x} \\ \bar{y} \end{Bmatrix}

$$

 * where $$\underline{V} (\underline{V}^T) = \underline{I}$$

$$ \therefore

\left \lfloor \bar{x} \; \bar{y} \right \rfloor

\underline{\Lambda}

\begin{Bmatrix} \bar{x} \\ \bar{y} \end{Bmatrix}

+

\left \lfloor \bar{d} \; \bar{e} \right \rfloor

\begin{Bmatrix} \bar{x} \\ \bar{y} \end{Bmatrix}

+ f

= 0

$$

HW: ... show forward/backward mult. steps

Note that $$\underline{\Lambda} $$ is a diagonal matrix

$$

\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1     & \cdots & 0      \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0     & \cdots & \lambda_n \end{bmatrix}

$$

OR

$$

\underline{\Lambda} =

\begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix}

\Rightarrow

\left[ \lambda_1 \bar{x}^2 + \lambda_2 \bar{y}^2 \right]

+\bar{d} \bar{x} + \bar{e}\bar{y}

+ f = 0

$$

Consider the cases where:

Case#1: $$\lambda_1 \lambda_2 < 0$$ (hyperbola) or $$\lambda_1 \lambda_2 > 0$$ (ellipses)

Case#2: $$\lambda_1 \lambda_2 = 0$$(parabolas)

HW: state the equivalence

title: User:Egm6322.s09.xyz/hw7 xyz


text:
User talk:Ack~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ack. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ack~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:26, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:01, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ack~enwikiversity


text:
Portal talk:Photography

I belive this site should be merged! Who can do this? Jonathan.andel 21:06, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Photography


text:
Cell biology/Membrane Transport: Permeases and Channels

Here is the link to the ITunes U Lecture from Berkeley. | Membrane Transport: Permeases and Channels

Sisterhood of the Traveling Proteins Part II
Experiment from last lecture reviewed.

 * It is possible to make a Heterokaryon cell with mouse and human cells. The human cell proteins can be visualized with antigens that are attached to a dye, FlTC which fluoresces yellow-green. Mouse cell proteins can also be marked with antigens tagged with rhodamine which fluoresces red.
 * Sendai virus can cause cells to fuse via a cell junction (if there are a lot of cells around-the virus actually trying to fuse to a cell surface to inject the RNA core).
 * The rate of mixing of antigens (attached to proteins in the cellular membrane) is roughly determined by viscosity of the phospholipids. If you cool the proteins with ice, the proteins don't redistribute in the cell membrane. If you add an energy poison that blocks the motile apparatus of the cytoskeleton, the proteins in the cellular membrane still mix.
 * This study shows that proteins are very fluid within the cellular membrane and don't require ATP consumption.
 * This experiment is not very precise because you create antibodies for a variety of different proteins.
 * However this technique can be used with more specificity if you choose a single protein to monitor.

FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching)

 * This technique is very similar to the experiment above but can be monitored with a very specific rate. A laser is shined onto the cell membrane frying out the flourescent molecules but not damaging the cellular membrane. Immediately there is a dark area in the membrane but over time the dark spot goes away because the fluorescing and nonfluorescing proteins mix.
 * This technique allows a very precise measurement of the diffusion of proteins within the cellular membrane, and it works with most cellular proteins.
 * Exception
 * The Band 3 anion transport channel is tied to the spectrin cytoskeleton network. This protein is anchored in place and if you destroy the fluorescing antigen other antigens won't flow into that location.

Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure
Corrections to this model
 * Proteins are able to diffuse throughout the cell through two dimensions of movement (cannot reverse inner-outer orientation). Sometimes proteins are held in place by a cytoskeleton and then they are not able to flow as freely throughout the membrane.
 * Cholesterol and Sphingolipids form a distinct phase in the bilayer called "rafts" and they float throughout the membrane and some proteins have an affinity for these "glycolipid rafts" and they float around the membrane within these spots and are not free to interact with the phospholipids in the rest of the membrane. These rafts are likely to have important functions like improving cell signaling but it is an area still under research.

Pores
Pores (such as porin) allows small molecules into/out of the cell and are not selective. Pores will allow molecules to be transferred in and out of the cell until equilibrium is reached.

Facilitated Carriers
A protein recognizes a particular small molecule (like glucose) and this protein allows molecule to flow into cell until equilibrium reached inside and outside the cell. No energy is consumed and the process is selective.

Active
Transport is concentrating a molecule against it's concentration gradient and is an energy driven process.

Direct
Direct Active Transport is mainly ATP-driven permeases
 * F type (and V type) this type is like the type in mitochondria that pump protons into the intermembrane space and are able to form ATP molecules when the protons flow in through that channel. The V type pumps protons into a vacuole to cause it to become acidic and is very similar to the F-type. Both are formed by large complexes of proteins.
 * P type- ATP is hydrolyzed and covalently attached to an amino acid, aspartamine, which activates a protein and channel changes shape causing it to start functioning
 * ABC type- ATP binding cassette-this can help create channels to expel toxins. It creates a problem with chemotherapy because the chemotherapy agents are forced out of the cell. It has an ATP binding site that directly drives this protein.

Linked to a Gradient
Facilitated carrier becomes active by linking the uptake of a desired molecule with another that has a large concentration difference across the membrane (see below).

Sodium/ Potassium ATPase

 * It is a P-type permease.
 * Potassium is preferred by cells and sodium is driven out of the cell.
 * Formed by 4 subunits: 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
 * The alpha protein spans the cell membrane and is a glycoprotein. The Beta subunits are integral proteins but only present on the outside of the cell.
 * The alpha subunit has the important parts. The ATP binding site is on the cytoplasmic site of the membrane and the sodium binding sites are also on the inside.
 * ATP is bound to one of the two subunits on the alpha protein. (ATP always complexes itself to Magnesium for this process).
 * 3 sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side alpha subunit.
 * ATP's 3rd phosphate (gamma phosphate) is removed from ATP and transferred to an aspartate residue. The shape of the channel changes and the sodium ions are released from the cell and at this time two potassium ions bind to a newly exposed site. The potassium causes the phosphate to transfer back onto ATP and the conformation is returned to its original state.
 * This is called an electrogenic pump. It creates a unequal charge along the plasma membrane which makes them electrically active and is used not only to create an action potential but also is used to transport other molecules.

How do you study the activity of this enzyme?

 * Vanadate plus ADP binds to an ATP site and it is a potent inhibitor that locks the enzyme into a fixed state. Vanadate is particularly selective to this enzyme. Also can be used to figure out if you have the enzyme placed into your own laboratory created membrane correctly because vanadate is difficult to get across a cell membrane.
 * Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside toxin. Potent inhibitors that bind to potassium binding sites. They are particularly nasty venoms because they bind to potassium binding sites. In the presence of Ouabain, the enzyme cannot return to its resting state.

Gradient Linked Active Permease (symport carrier)
One major type of gradient linked active permeases is the sodium-glucose symport carrier. Cells have facilitated channels for glucose. Glucose and Sodium can be symported into the cell against Glucose's concentration gradient but with sodium's concentration gradient. This happens through glucose's facilitated carriers. This allows for the concentration of glucose inside of the cell because the Sodium gradient is much steeper than the glucose concentration gradient.

Please feel free to add details or make changes where necessary. @undefined

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