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User:LASFPM

Resumen del Seminario en Politica y Manejo Forestal Latinoamericano 2009 (LASFPM)
Descripcion y Objectivo del Wiki:

Este Wiki sirve como media de comunicacion para los que tienen interes en el Semenario en Politica y Manejo Forestal Latinoamericano, 2009. Aqui es posible encontrar respuestas a preguntas sobre el semenario en general, fechas y lugares, socios del curso, participantes, horarios, y contactos importantes.

Resumen Del Seminario:

El Seminario Latino Americano 2009 en Política y Manejo Forestal (LASFPM) es un curso de dos Semanas, ofrecido por la Universidad de la Florida en colaboración con el U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Forest Service, Centro Amazonico de Desarrollo Forestal, Consejo Boliviano para la Certificacion Forestal Voluntaria, y el Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal.

Fechas y Lugares:

14 a 27 de Junio, 2009 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

Someter solicitud

Favor de bajar el formulario de solicitud de este sitio: www.fs.fed.us/global/is/lasfpm/seminario.htm

Somete su solicitud a Amy Daniels: adaniels@ufl.edu.

La fecha limite es el 24 de April de 2009.

Temas Claves del Seminario Incluyen:

de recursos forestales Marcos legales y gobernabilidad forestal
 * Perspectivas globales—tendencias en la gestión
 * Enfoques del manejo forestal sostenible
 * Visitas de intercambio de conocimiento y tecnología.

Metas del Seminario Son:

1. Mejorar el nivel de conciencia de los participantes en iniciativas actuales para el manejo forestal en todas partes en América Latina y facilitar discusiones en como adaptarlas as a su contexto de trabajo.

2. Promover refl eccion acerca de la sostenibilidad en la gestion de recursos forestales por medio de analizar de varias perspectivas.

3. Construir un entendimiento compartido acerca de los factores biológicos, sociales, económicos e institucionales que infl uyen la toma de decisiones en manejo de recursos naturales desde el nivel local hasta el internacional.

4. Aumentar la capacidad y las herramientas disponibles para integrar múltiples intereses en la toma de decisiones, la resolución de problemas y confl ictos y atravesar asuntos problemáticos en el manejo de bosque.

5. Construir un alianza regional y un dialogo abierto sobre problemas y soluciones en el manejo forestal en América Latina.

Course Partners:

USFS IP--

USAID --

IBIF--

CFV --

CADEFOR--

title: User:LASFPM


text:
User talk:S akgul

Merhabalar..

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:S akgul


text:
User:Tdawggk

Hi! My name is Troy. I am a music student at Ohio University and I am just out to learn as much as I can about anything.

I am a very motivated student and I greatly appreciate all of those who have taught me. If anyone would like to barter lessons/information, I am fairly knowledgeable in music theory and beginning to intermediate French. Actually, I would be happy to help anyone with anything. As I previously mentioned, I study a variety of subjects.

My main interests are: Music Languages (especially French) World History & Cultures Technology Art

title: User:Tdawggk


text: File:GSVA design steps slides.pdf

title: File:GSVA design steps slides.pdf


text:
User:Terence laoshi

Terence Egan’s corporate career has spanned industries including Finance, Advertising, Graphic Design, Publishing, Printing, Telecommunications, IT, Internet and Manufacturing. He has worked for Australian, American, Japanese, European and Chinese multinationals undertaking a diverse range of responsibilities: sales and sales management, copywriting, marketing management, advertising, training, research and consultancy.

As a part-time lecturer at Deakin University, Melbourne, Terence was involved in post-graduate course development and co-authored the MBA course guide for Strategic Marketing.

Since moving to China in 2001, Terence has been Associate Professor in the Business School of Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, where he lectures in a range of courses including:
 * Human Resource Management
 * Cross-cultural Business Communication
 * Career Development
 * Business and Investment in China - for American and European students and executives

Over the past eight years, Terence has also lectured at other universities in Beijing, providing a range of courses such as Corporate Strategy, Marketing and Organizational Behavior. His commercial activities include consulting, research, corporate training and executive course development.

In his ‘spare’ time, Terence has written three books on management and skills-related themes and has edited two Business English textbooks, one of which was included on the China National University Booklist. Terence collaborates on international research projects, has been a weekly national newspaper columnist, appeared in broadcast seminars for Tom.com, and took part as a guest speaker in the Tsinghua Video Training Series.

In January 2007, Terence was honored to receive ‘The Great Wall Friend of China Award’, the highest honor accorded foreigners in Beijing.

Contact: terence_laoshi@163.com

title: User:Terence laoshi


text:
Design for the Environment/Garbage to Energy

This page is part of the Design for the Environment course

Energy from waste is a category of electrical generation facilities that extracts the chemical energy present inside municipal waste and converts it into electricity. Energy from waste facilities reduce human-induced strain on the environment by reducing demand for other dirtier electricity sources, such as coal. Some types of these facilities have the added benefit of reducing the amount of garbage that goes into a landfill.

There are several types of energy from waste facilities, but three common ones are landfill gas, incineration, and gasification. There are examples of all three of these facilities in Canada, and they are generally owned by private industrial companies wishing to profit by selling electricity to the grid. For this comparison, the landfill gas option was represented by EPCOR’s Clover Bar Landfill in Edmonton, Alberta; Algonquin Power’s Energy from Waste incineration facility in Brampton, Ontario; and PLASCO’s gasification facility in Ottawa, Ontario.

Project Information
       Section 1 Group A18 Aziza, Arial Brooks, Jonathan Hoffer, Ronald (Hoffer.ronnie) Lundy, Steven (Steven.lundy)

Highlights and Recommendations:
Landfill gas, incineration, and gasification all generate electrical energy from municipal waste. The landfill gas facility requires a pre-existing landfill, whereas the gasification and incineration facilities can be built anywhere, so long as garbage trucks have access to them.

A comparison of landfill gas, incineration, and gasification on the basis of environmental friendliness showed that gasification is the best option. A streamlined life-cycle analysis (SLCA) implies that landfill gas is the most environmentally friendly option. However, as the scores are similar for all three alternatives, a conclusion as to the best alternative cannot be drawn based on this rough comparison.

A cost analysis shows gasification to be the most economical in terms of capital costs. At $1217.6 per kilowatt of power, the cost of construction per unit power capacity of the plant is lowest for gasification. As all three facilities in this comparison are privately owned and operated, accurate operating cost data is scarce. The available data shows that landfill gas has the lowest operating cost of the three facilities, at $18 per megawatt-hour of energy.

The economic input/output life-cycle analysis (EIOLCA) shows gasification to be the most environmentally friendly energy from waste option. In the categories of toxic releases, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollutant emissions, gasification creates fewer emissions than the other two options, especially in the implementation phase.

These three alternatives are associated with various societal issues that affect their suitability for installation in different situations. The offensive smell and tremendous land consumption of landfills are negative influences on the overall public opinion of landfill gas, but the actual burning of the gas in a turbine is a well-proven process trusted by the public. Incineration is associated with severe toxic emissions, which would be justified in the event of a failure of the plant’s exhaust scrubbers. Gasification is a less proven technology than landfill gas or incineration, and thus receives increased skepticism from investors and community members alike.

Functional Analysis
Following is a basic description of how each of the three alternatives accomplishes the task of converting garbage into electricity.

Landfill Gas
As trash in a landfill decomposes, it releases a mixture of gases composed 40-60% of methane. The remainder is mostly CO2 with and trace amounts of other non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs). Many areas require by law that these gases be collected and flared to reduce their impact on the environment. Instead of flaring it, the landfill gas (LFG) can be collected, cleaned and used to supplement natural gas in the production of electricity.

To extract the LFG there are vertical perforated pipes throughout the landfill which are attached to a pump or compressor. The gas is pumped to a treatment plant where it is upgraded to a higher quality through a number of processes. It is then transferred to a chamber that extracts malodorus chemicals and then funneled through chambers with chemicals which bind to the CO2.

After it has been treated, the LFG is up to a level where it can be used to supplement a primary supply of natural gas. The gas is burned to fire boilers create steam which is used to drive steam turbines and generate electricity.

Incineration
Incineration is an effective chemical process by which everyday waste is converted into usable energy, supplying electricity to the very municipality that created the waste in the first place. Garbage trucks dump their waste in a storage area known as the tipping floor, from which it can be transported to a large hopper as required. The hopper feeds the waste into the primary combustion chamber with the aid of a transfer ram where it is burned for 6 hours. Throughout the burning process the transfer ram is continuously moving the trash around to ensure that no areas are left unburned. The remaining ash is removed and used for landfill cover, while the combustible gas material is sent to a secondary chamber where it is further combusted. The heat generated by this secondary combustion process is utilized in a boiler to generate the steam used to drive a power-turbine, which in turn generates electricity which can then be both sold/distributed and used internally. The toxic flue gases generated by the process are treated with hydrated lime, powdered activated carbon, and catalytic reactors, before being released into the environment in a much safer form. Obvious advantages to the process are that it essentially takes what is otherwise landfill trash and reduces it to ashes while capturing the energy stored within. Not only does this drastically reduce the waste being dumped in landfills – an issue that is very prominent today because of the required space and environmental concerns due to released toxins – but it also makes use of the otherwise wasted energy inherent to the waste. Disadvantages are that many toxic gases are still being released into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion process, and an incineration facility is extremely expensive to build and maintain.

Gasification
Before processing, the incoming garbage has all bulk metals removed. The remaining garbage is shredded and sent to the refining chamber, where the gasification process takes place. In this chamber, the shredded garbage is subjected to a high heat of 700 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the garbage volatizes and is changed to a blend of gases. This gas rises to the refining chamber, where it hits a plasma torch, operating at 1200 degrees Celsius. This torch further reduces this gas to a combination of steam, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, as well as other contaminants. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide, also know as Syngas, is burned in an internal combustion engine generator, which converts the chemical energy of the Syngas to electrical energy. A steam turbine generator uses the heat from combustion to produce more electricity. The remaining solids enter the carbon recovery vessel. In this chamber they are subjected to another plasma torch to drive off the remaining carbon. The result is a solid glass slag. Potable water is another by-product of the reaction. Advantages include diversion of garbage from landfills and the relatively low toxic emissions of the clean-burning Syngas engines. Disadvantages include reliability issues, as this is the newest technology of the three alternatives.

Streamlined Life-cycle Analysis (SLCA)
The Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment (SLCA) method of evaluating alternatives is designed to give a quick comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of each alternative at each stage in its life. It is a 5*5 matrix in which each cell contains the score for an environmental aspect of one of the five life stages. A score of 0 denotes poor environmental performance, a score of 4 denotes excellent environmental performance, and 1, 2, and 3 are in between. All 25 cells for each alternative are summed, and the higher the total score, the better the environmental performance in relation to the other alternatives.

The biggest advantages of SLCA are its simplicity and the speed with which the analysis can be performed. The simplicity, however, is also a drawback, as is the lack of detail accounted for and the lack of precision afforded by having a scoring scale of only 0-4. Furthermore, placing equal emphasis on each cell in the matrix is rarely realistic. For example, gaseous residues from the Primary Process Operation are orders of magnitude larger than those from Implementation, yet they are both given equal weight in this matrix.

By the SLCA, landfill gas is the environmental leader. However, the SLCA gives only a rough comparison of alternatives, and so if all three alternatives score similarly, as in this case, no conclusion can be drawn as to which alternative is best.

It is worth noting that the Primary Process Operation, Solid Residue cell was somewhat challenging to fill in, particularly for the landfill gas option. Landfill gas does not produce any solid residues intrinsically, because it simply uses what is already in a landfill. Gasification and incineration do have solid by-products, but it is important to consider that these by-products weigh less than the amount of garbage they diverted from the landfill. For this comparison, the garbage in the landfill itself is considered as a solid residue in the complementary process operation, not the primary. This is because most landfill gas plants are built on existing landfills; landfills are usually not built with electricity generation in mind.

Cost Analysis
Cost analysis examines possible options based on the financial impact they generate over the lifespan of each individual life span. For the three garbage to energy options, the direct costs are comprised of the capital costs involved in building the facility, the operating costs required to keep the facility running, and the final disposal cost of the facility.

Capital Costs
The garbage to energy industry is highly privatized. It is therefore very difficult to get accurate or detailed information regarding the financial requirements of a plant. Using estimations of these costs based on available information, an approximate value of the capital costs of each plant was generated, as shown below.

Variable Costs
The variable costs of running one of the described power plants may come from a number of sources. Most notable would be the power required to run the plant itself, the wages of the employees, and transportation of the fuels. For the most part, transportation costs may vary considerably, as the plants may have any location, close to the supply of garbage, or quite far. In the case of the three representative power plants mentioned above, the power plants were close to the city, and the transportation costs were represented in large by the tipping fees required to send the trash there and the amount of trash processed per day. The estimates of the operating costs of the plant are show here.

The financial information available shows that gasification and landfill gas present much cheaper options than incineration

Economic Input / Output Life-cycle Analysis (EIOLCA)
EIOLCA is a quantitative analysis used to estimate the total environmental impact of an option by detailing how much money is spent on the various associated sectors. The EIOLCA tool uses the amount entered and the known output of those sectors to generate a quantitative summary of the total environmental impact of that option. The impact may be in terms of greenhouse gases (metric tons CO2 equivalence MTCO2E), conventional air pollutant emissions (metric tons MT), toxic releases (kilograms kg), or several others.

Implementation
The following information details the environmental impact of the implementation phase of the three garbage to energy options.

As can be seen in the above information, the gasification option generates the  least harmful environmental impact during the implementation phase

Operation
In the case of power plants in general, the major environmental impact is in fact generated in the operations. In this phase the plant burns its fuel to generate the power. The fumes from this burning contain various pollutants. The following information details the stack emissions generated during the operations of the power plants.

Societal Analysis
The environmental impact of an option is not limited to the toxins and greenhouse gases produced during the life span of the plane. The impacts can include noise, odours, land use and safety related issues. These issues may or may not be considered when choosing one of the possible options.

Landfill Gas
The use of landfill gas to produce energy represents the utilization of an utterly detrimental sector to reduce the environmental footprint made by the energy sector and the waste sector. However the use of the gas requires a landfill, which takes up significant amounts of land. The landfill leaches toxins into the soil and emits offensive odours which decrease the desirability of the area as a living area.

Incineration
Incineration addresses the growing concern that municipal waste accumulates and occupies large tracts of land for many years. There is a general concern, however, that the burning of garbage will decrease the air quality in the surrounding community and may pose health issues to people in the immediate area.

Gasification
Gasification is a clean burning process, reducing the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted, and reduces the dependency on dirty fuels such as coal and oil. Furthermore, there are fewer odours emitted by the plant, and the process results in a better air quality than if a dirty fuel had been burned.


text:
User:Victuallers~enwikiversity

Hi I'm a teacher of ICT and physics and an admin on the english wikipedia

title: User:Victuallers~enwikiversity


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User talk:Victuallers~enwikiversity

 Hello Victuallers, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Victuallers. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Victuallers~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:11, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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User talk:Egm6936.s09.tmh

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User talk:Steven.lundy

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Victuallers 16:28, 2 April 2009 (UTC) Victuallers 16:28, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Terence laoshi

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Victuallers 16:29, 2 April 2009 (UTC) Victuallers 16:29, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Rajantha

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User talk:Radhakrishna

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User:Marioparise

Mario Parisé
As of the time of this writing, I (Mario) am an account manager at Twist Image, a digital marketing agency.

I also run a blog about strategy and copywriting: StrategicText.

title: User:Marioparise


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User talk:Rsgreen11

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User talk:JustinBaker

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User talk:Txzhu

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User talk:Ben Solomon

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text:
User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springanalytical

 * automation
 * body modification
 * music piracy
 * alternative energy


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User talk:Marioparise

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title: User talk:Marioparise


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User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springanalytical/group 1

Coffeeshannon

inthecloudsmp

Mattaebersold MelissaWeaver Maherkristen

Summary
Human history is filled with continuous returns to a restless state, which is driven by an incessant need to innovate. We have always moved towards less effortful solutions to make our existence on Earth easier. Our advancements, unfortunately have made us too successful, which has led to two distinct negative reactions. One, people have been forced out of jobs and replaced by mechanical alternatives. Second there are obvious diseases of affluence which tolls our progress and taxes our health. In order to prosper we must feed our minds as well as our bodies. We can make achieve simply by sitting in front of a computer, but we cannot ultimately survive from an existence tied to a desk chair. What about our creative minds? Along with our human needs to invent, we have always housed desires to create. We are inventors and artists. The influx of automation into art and technology has caused a shift away from the organic arts; resulting in a move toward machine-made art. Technology in the various artistic fields has allowed easier access into the marketplace, yet this accessibility has led to a lowering of bars in these trades. As five art students involved in specific fields that are each uniquely affected by technological advancements, we feel this is a relevant topic. We fear for a loss of the classical arts, a deterioration of intellects and a surge of unhealthy human beings. Though we all agree automation has assisted to push forward each of our fields, there is an undeniable truth that we could eventually be phased out. We believe education could be part of a possible solution. There needs to be an emphasis placed on the funding of arts as well as the physical education programs in our schools. We must continue to push our culture to create as well as maintain healthy lifestyles. In the marketplace, we must find ways to ensure job security, create niches and specializations that can not be replicated by a machine. Furthermore, we must come to terms with the idea that easier is not always better, and that doing less work is contradictory to progress.

Machines Make It Easier
Advancements in automation have left no fields of work untouched. In a country where at one point 90% of the labor force was made up of agricultural workers, today these workers make up less than 1% of the U.S. work force ("Rural Labor and Education: Farm Labor"). We are no longer a society of farmers but of automation assisted workers. Machines have helped make many of our jobs easier. Yet they have also threatened, and in many cases already have replaced human workers. When dealing with the artistic fields, it is hard to argue for or against these advancements. Many of our fields exist today because of certain technologies, case in point, the field of graphic design. The businesses of filmmaking, animation, audio production and fashion design have all progressed due to automation. We started creating things by hand, tangible organic objects that eventually evolved into heavily technologically influenced and enhanced works. The accessibility many of these innovations has provided has helped lower the bar for entrance into the marketplace. This has been a good and bad thing. It is more realistic that anyone could enter and succeed in a field, yet what we have lost is quality. We need a return to the emphasis of excellence and craftsmanship.

Diseases of Affluence
The effects of such technololgies has also taken a toll on our health. Machines have made certain jobs easier, such as filmmaking. Rather than be out on a set moving around, you now have the option to place yourself at a desk and run the show from your chair. So much more can be created while sitting at a computer that we are becoming more and more less active. In a mere two hours sitting a day is linked to a 5 to 7 percent increase in obesity ("Small Choices, Big Bodies"). In 1950 the number of Americans employed in low-activity jobs was 16 million. This number grew to 58.2 million by the year 2000 ("Small Choices, Big Bodies"). We are collecting diseases and symptoms as a result of our lack of hard manual work. One such example is the rising numbers of Type 2 diabetes in our culture. Type 2 diabetes tends to develop more in obese and/or inactive adults ("Diabetes"). Of all the diagnosed diabetes cases, Type 2 accounts for 90 to 95 percent ("National Diabetes Statistics, 2007"). When looking at the health issues caused by our advancements, it is hard to believe that things have become easier.

Reflective Assessment

 * 1. Successes - As a group we did an excellent and thorough job of researching the topics and finding many great links and sources. Coming into the project each armed with knowledge of our own fields, it was easier to become enthused about the topics and more relevant to us as professionals.

 * 2. Failures - Still, nonetheless, there were times when motivation was hard for the group. We had such an abundance of information, it was almost a bit daunting to have to sift through all the possible inclusions.  It took us awhile to all become on the same page, as far as the main objectives of the paper were concerned, and to all understand what specific problems and solutions we wanted to address.

 * 3. Future strategies - In the future, it would be much more productive to have a solidified outline ahead of time, agreed upon by the group. This would allow us to better contribute to the final paper more constructively.

Industrial Revolution
Whether it is the production of robots leading to an impact in population in Japan, or increased monitoring around the workplace, it is usually about the increasing of production and productivity, which very often results in a replacement of people with machines. Much of this replacement has its origins starting during the Industrial Revolution. As we advanced in our culture, we saw positions cut in an effort to make life easier. During the Industrial Revolution, where the simplification of human labor didn't push us out, it often turned the human into a machine-like operator.

Luddites
A very early example of humans being replaced by machines, is the story of the Luddites. They were a group of British textile artisans that protested against their replacement by the mechanical loom in the early nineteenth century. In the early 1800's Ned Ludd sent out threatening letters to local business' in Nottingham ("The Luddites"). Workers who were upset with wage cuts and layoffs started breaking into factories, destroying all of the equipment that had pushed them out of labor. It took a year for the government to consider breaking machines a capitol offense ("The Luddites"). The Luddites had a hard time accepting what the Industrial Revolution was doing for them. Some were angry because goods that were being produced in the home or small business', were now created by machines in factories. However, the Industrial Revolution did many great things for the country. By building factories, and developing more and more machines, businesses themselves still needed to hire people to help the operation along. Mankind today still hasn't felt the change of the Industrial Revolution because it's been going on for so long, yet now in our troubled economy it seems as though some may be having "Ludd" tendencies.

Diseases of Affluence
The lure of more leisure time has been a major inciting factor in the increased development of automated production over the centuries. If we as humans can automate production, we will increase output and therefor hopefully have more leisure time. What we did not factor in, however, was the idea that increasing production would increase our need for more output. More output means more work. Over the past century, this world has seen the most amazing technological achievements. We now have the ability to mass-communicate, travel quickly and efficiently, and have access to a world of information because of the internet. As the technology is enhanced, so has become our needs for automation. In the last nine years, the number of worldwide internet users has increased by over one billion, two-hundred million (Internet Usage Stats). All of these things that we take for granted were not even possible just a short time ago. Take, for example, industry and manufacturing. Ever since the industrial revolution, people began seeing the benefits of factories and large scale productions. Accelerated exponentially by the invention of the assembly line, automation and mass-production has opened up innumerable possibilities. We could then create a product on a large scale, and sell it to the masses. As you might imagine, this process can yield immense rewards, and large profits. The ability to cut labor costs, and automate the production process has further increased profit margins. All of this has resulted in the age of the large corporations, major conglomerates, and immense entities.

Contemporary Situation
The capitalistic society we've created thrives on monetary gain. There seems to be this insatiable appetite to get more, make more, and spend more money. We've created a culture that loves to spend money we don't have in order to buy things we don't need, to impress people we don't like. The root of this mindset is greed. This greed has caused us to sacrifice much in order to gain money. Corporations will sacrifice the environment, the health of its employees, and the quality of its products in order to make the maximum amount of money.

Along with the incredible technological advancements, there has been many downsides. The mania for profit maximization has caused us to use technology inappropriately. We can harness and utilize this technology for the betterment of our health, earth, and society, but more often than not those ideas are oppressed because they cost too much money. It's easier to overlook problems and blame-shift, rather than to tackle these issues head on. As well, we have seen an alarming shift in the products and services we consume in today's world. The use of machines in manufacturing has drastically lowered the quality and artistic nature of the final product. Mostly due to the time and cost to create handmade products, we are trading art and spirit for dollars and cents.

In this paper, we will take a look at the current state of technology utilization in our respective fields, and analyze the trends that are emerging. Ultimately, we will argue which uses of technology in society today, and in our industries specifically, should be encouraged, and which should be discouraged.

Viewpoint #1 (Film Industry)
The film industry is a perfect example of a field that is routinely technologically transforming. Nowadays, many films are not even shot on film, but rather digitally recorded using new technology. One such example is the RED camera, a high-profile tool that produces a digital image that comes close to the look of film with some of the world's finest optics (Cameras/Red One). Also now performed digitally is the task of editing. We no longer splice the filmstrip, but rather cut with a digital "razor" and shift a clip around on a computer generated timeline. In fact, most post-production of films are done in some form of a digital program. You might look at is as directing from a computer screen. Even actors, called "synthespians", can now be created and manipulated by keystroke ("Computer-generated actors now populate films" ). As can the camera, scenery, costumes and lighting. Backdrops that used to be painted on canvas by skilled artists are more often now created in a program. All aspects can now be orchestrated from an office chair rather than a director's seat. It would seem the true art of filmmaking has been taken out of the process. Many would say the true art of filmmaking has gone missing all together. But what makes art and what makes an artist? The film industry has unquestionably created masterpieces in the art world. Yet more often than not, the films that Hollywood spews out yearly could barely be called art. There is clearly a shift away from the classical modes of creating a movie. With each advancement of technology, the industry moves further away from hands-on labor done with tangible items. There is a problem found in the multi-skilled computer savvy professional, in that they will go further than the creatively talented artist. Could this mean the eventual extinction of the artist in filmmaking? There are advantages in regards to the more efficient time management these advances have created. For instance, minor changes in camera work can now be made without having to schedule a reshoot. It is also true that many new opportunities and functions could not have been made available without certain technological advancements. This industry however does provide a perfect example of a venue where technology could continue to push people out, lower the artistic bar and assist in unhealthy lifestyles.

Solutions
As with many of the other artistic fields, a solution is uniqueness. As artists we must continue to create higher quality products, staying on top of the trends, while also thinking outside of the box. In order to excel in the film industry, you must make yourself a commodity. Having the knowledge to create using the old technologies and the new will be a vital and hard to be matched skill set. This can be obtained by educating yourself in the latest advancements in film automation, the various programs and tools that are currently available. But furthermore, and most importantly, you must have a fresh new idea. Some say the industry has reached a point of repetition, where every story is a recreation of 5 basic plots. In order to stand out, it is necessary that a filmmaker push the limits, raise the bar and provide a distinct and individual product that no machine could touch. This raising of the bar will further create more superior art, will push other artists to create the same, and will further our intellectual strivings as artists.

Viewpoint #2 (Animation)
Within the filmmaking industry, animation has had the most advancements since computer automation was brought into the process. Animation has helped narrow the gulf between trivial artistic images and mathematics on the big screen. While still creating animated scenes for an idea, the overall product when creating a feature is done with animation through computer generated programs. Pixar is one of the top leading animation companies. They're motto, "You can't rush art". Pixar is great because they're artists still do everything free handed or with clay. The characters, set's and props are all created by hand, then modeled directly into 3-D. Dreamworks Pictures is different in a sense that it is all done strictly through computers and CGI, Computer Generated Imagery. Compared with Web Design, Animation is a very hard topic to debate with technology taking over. If you look at all the advancement in technology for animation, one would think that the animators were in heaven. But one must also question whether the advancements are seizing creativity from the artist themselves. When The Simpsons first started, the animator worked with the artist for great lengths of time, immensely drawing slide after slide. Programs such as Maya can create a human characters such as The Simpsons using percentages and codes. Animation will always be around, and will definitely always need artists, whether for creation, and story telling.

Solutions
Animators will be around as long as the human being exists. Whether or not we choose to let machines take over the entire creative aspect of it. It is our job to keep creativity moving, to not stop producing comic books, video games, graphics, etc. Without animation we would have never discovered fantasy, horror, or Sci-Fi films. Us humans would not be able to visualize through film and media if it wasn't for graphics. Let's keep creating, stick the the 'old school' ways of creating on paper. Machines will never fully take over the animation field.

Viewpoint #3 (Web Design/Development)
The art of web design is inextricably connected with technology. This fact gives rise to some interesting issues when discussing the benefits and problems of technology in relation to art. Being a web designer and developer by choice I couldn't do what I love without the use of a computer and internet access. This industry was created based on the technological achievements of the late 20th century. There has been some incredible and astonishing achievements because of online technological advancement. Companies that we take for granted like eBay, Google, and Amazon did not even exist ten years ago. Along with these amazing advancements, points are made that this proliferation of technology has harmed society. One could argue that the internet shouldn't exist in the first place, and the world would be better off without it. People tend to react harshly one way or the other; while often missing the happy medium in between. “With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility." This quote by Stan Lee offers much insight into how we, as a society, need to steward technology. It has opened up so many possibilities, but at the same time needs to be used and handled responsibly.

With a focus on web design in particular, there is an art-form that remains; although hidden. There is a current alarming trend, especially in eCommerce, where web sites are being generated from automated templates. Seemingly lost in a sea, hand-coded web site offers much more personality and attention to detail, than anything that has been created by the push of a button. Think of it like buying a custom, hand-made suit from Europe as opposed to one at the local Target. The quirks and imperfections of the European suit add to the whole experience, where as the Target suit seems dry, impersonal, and generic. The reason for impersonal, generic trends in web site design is due to the insatiable thirst for efficiency and profits. If a website takes half the time to develop, than it doesn't cost as much to create. This then makes profit margins significantly higher; while at the same time sacrificing the artistic nature of the web site. A good counter to this bombardment of uninteresting sites are portfolio websites. Like an oasis in the desert, these types of sites allow web designers to experiment freely, without the constrains of corporate style guides and committees. "There is much more freedom for them to create without thinking about a corporate image or links with specific standards. This allows them to experiment and discover many new ways to navigate, display, and play with works and finally reach viewer's attention in ways previously unimaginable." (Wiedmann, pg. 4, par 2) The use of technology doesn't necessarily mean the site is doomed. Eric Jordan of 2Advanced Studios explains this very well. "Perhaps the most interesting and paradoxical aspect of modern web development is that people want their website to have a certain human quality. We are so suffocated by automated systems and mechanized responses these days that many companies seek new ways of connecting and communicating with people on a human level. Surprisingly, this is where technology and programming can actually shine." (Jordan, pg. 149, par 1)

The desire for efficiency has driven industry for so long, that it has become normative. This attitude is extremely lazy, and in the end, counterproductive. People in general don't want to take the time to learn new technologies and languages, so they would rather have an automated system that does it for them. This is severely limiting because you don't have a good knowledge of the tools. The web-site or application, as a result, will never come close to reaching it's full potential. The same principals described here can be applied to any industry.

Solutions
There are so many amazing web-languages out there, and there has been incredible innovation in a very short amount of time. We need to, if we are to call ourselves web designers, take it upon ourselves to learn the basics of all the major languages. This will greatly influence the collective intelligence of web designers, and cause a huge shift in the quality of the pages out there. So rather than relying on other programs to do all the hard work, we should do the hard work ourselves. It is far more rewarding and creates a much better product.

Viewpoint #4 (Fashion)
Clothing has always been both something we have made necessary and over time it has become a way of showing wealth, status, and interests. Social status, religious leanings, cultural diversity and professional status can all be shown by our clothes and personal fashion (Wells). The progress of our understanding of fashion has also changed with time. Starting from simply covering our bodies with fur to protect it from the environment in the beginning of time, to designing special suits and fabrics made out of different materials to meet the demand. Now, picture this, how about having a single garment that one can use both in the summer and winter. One that would change texture, color, and even shape in response to the external environment (Technology Enhanced Fashion)? All these are continuously changing from fantasy to reality with the advancement of technology. Imagine simply being able to change the color of what you are wearing mid day just to add some variety to you daily style. All of which would easily be possible with just the click of a button. How about trying on a new outfit for a special occasion coming up, but no one was able to make it to the store with you to see the outfit. Not a problem. The dressing room in which you are trying your new outfit will have a kind of “web cam” installed in the mirror. Simply connect you to the Internet for a small fee, and allow you to virtually show off your new outfit.

So what does all of this have to do with us? How is this affecting you, me, we? At first it could be seen that technology is taking over the fashion industry and these new developments are all too much too soon. That there will be no more personal creativity in the raw. And in some ways that could really be true. It is true that fashion designers are challenged by computers and computer programs that are beginning to take away from their personal creative values of using a paper and pencil to create something magical with the whisk of their own hand. Therefore, creating computer generated designs that are taking away from the amazing free handed skill that is nowadays so easily over-looked. Now consider how easy it is to hack into various things using different codes and having an ability to see someone changing in a fitting room. This is something that needs to be taken into extreme consideration when companies consider inserting these web cams into their fitting room mirrors.

All in all technological advancements are actually seen to be benefiting the fashion world in a number of ways. With these new ideas and ways of creating clothing, comes the need of intense creativity and skill. It takes a lot of collaborative brain power and creativity to come up with these ideas. If we have the finances to do so, what is the real harm?

Solutions
If these new developments are coming on way to strong and taking over the fashion industry all too soon, then before many may realize fashion designers will be out of work. Creativity from a paper and pencil will no longer be an art. But instead "drawing" art on a computer screen. Fashion leaders and up and comers have a choice to make. They can either go with the flow of what the world is developing or they can push themselves to create some of the most advanced art and clothing designs that we have yet to see.

Viewpoint #5 (Audio)
The music industry is no exception to the trend of technology taking over what is currently a man powered job. Traditionally, music required physical instruments (guitars, pianos, flutes...) and human players, and the louder you wanted to play, the more effort you had to put into your instrument. Soon came the wonders of electric instruments. Suddenly we can gain incredible amounts of volume by turning a knob or pushing a fader. Next came along the synthesizer. The revolutionizing electronic keyboard-like instrument that makes sounds based on changing levels of voltage going through the machine. This innovation had a short primitive life, soon being given sounds that are pretty close to sounding identical to the real instruments they are intended to imitate. The synthesizer has also developed from a hulk of an instrument, to simple computer programs (such as Reason by Propellerhead). Now we are at a point where acoustic instruments are become obsolete, although there is still the need for human players. This is where musicians start losing work. There are now programs, such as Vocaloid (by Yamaha) where lyrics can be entered along with the musical data of synthesizers to produce real-sounding vocals.

Now let's swing over to looking at the people who record the bands. Once upon a time... or rather, about thirty years ago... if you were involved with music, you played live wherever you could, and dreamed of getting discovered by a major label and making it big. Now that those major labels have been revealed for the scam they are (concerning ownership rights and royalties), more and more people are resorting to recording in their basements. The digital age certainly brought a whole new movement to studio owners, but not in the way they would like. Digital equipment provides limitless possibilities, including facilitating the use of recording equipment at home. For most musicians, this is not only more cost effective, but gives them the feeling that they are more in control of their work. While it's true that today more music is being put every year than ever before, studios are facing a shortage of customers forcing many small studios to shut down, particularly in the failing economy.

A further issue of this digital movement is the ever controversial internet. Be they nobodies in their mother's basement or big name like Radiohead, more and more artists are turning to releasing their work online. This puts another field of work out of business: reproduction. Now there's nobody who needs CDs, or even a design artist.

Technology has developed so far that withing the past 20 years, individuals can now bypass all the previous work that was once required to make their music. They don't need anybody to promote them, they don't need anybody to mix or record them, and they don't even need other musicians, or to be musically inclined themselves. There will of course always be those who can respect the unique sound and experience you can only get from working with professionals at at studio, but as more and more things become accessible, the more it advances and makes it possible to create what was once an aural art literally at one's fingertips at the keyboard.

Solutions
With everything being made more available and easier to use, professionals are being caught between convenience and disappearing business. Now more than ever has been the time to put out great work and take advantage of the tools that are being used to take away their business.

At this point in time, a large amount of songs use a significant amount of artificial instruments, and it's convincing enough to sometimes be mistaken for the real thing. While lots of single out-of-basement artists put their music on their Myspace page this way, professional arrangers and recorders use it when an artificial sound is deliberate, or the sounds were not available to the artist. After all, nothing can imitate the performance of an actual musician and instrument.

Now days, the internet is the go-to culprit for a variety of crimes. Online ordering, cheap selling, finding equipment and people, sharing ideas and files...every bit of information of a world that is difficult to break into is becoming more and more available, when it used to only be for the privileged who could afford the equipment or find a mentor. So by using the same resources to keep connections and get their company's name out more to the local and even international areas.

Going to a school learn about recording is relatively new idea, and it can be seen as a huge contributor to keeping the ideals of the music industry by letting aspiring students learn from many professionals. It quickly becomes apparent that doing it all at home can work out, but there's nothing that beats working in a studio with a team of people who have been recording for years.

Global Solutions
The thirst for automation has always been an integral aspect of human nature. We've been creating devices ever since we've existed. That desire will always be present within us; which makes the main issue stewardship. Advancements in technology have always allowed us access to new opportunities, though often times with elusive downsides and hefty price tags. Some will argue that an increase in productivity directly relates to an increase in leisure time. As revealed in this investigation, an increase in productivity causes us, as determined human beings, to demand more and more of our time. There is an insatiable strive to obtain rewards and profits. Therefore, we do not use the freed-up time for leisure, but rather to take on more work in the hopes of increasing potential returns. In a realistic world, we have to assume this is the case. Technology

We must continue to raise the bar, and not allow professionals to be replaced by amateurs assisted by automation. Specialization is the key to our future success in our respective artistic fields, but the focus should not be solely based on technology. This principal is even true in fields that are mostly technological. There is more to social advancements than logic and processes. We believe art education is becoming absolutely essential in creating a proper balance in today's world. Education is also a vital part of instilling the appreciation in our youth of the organic and original arts. This will help balance our minds so that one side does not overpower, thereby avoiding a skewed and potentially damaging community.

In summary, the issues of stewardship and responsibility rise quickly towards the surface. Mind and body should not be separate, just as science and art should also never be severed. This is a both/and solution, rather than the either/or path society is currently traveling on. Funding and appreciation for the arts, as well as scientific innovation should both be praised and awarded equally. A healthy society will have specialists and following for all interests and categories. The seeds for change have been planted in the minds of today's young people, and as long as we and they do not waiver in resolve, there will be amazing and life changing possibilities on the horizon.