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Relationships (Psychology A-Level)

Relationship Formation
You will learn the 4 Explanations of Formation of Relationships (Proximity, Reciprocal Liking, Similarity and Physical Attractiveness). You will also learn about the Socio-Biological Explanation and the Reinforcement and Needs Satisfaction Theory

Proximity
Proximity (or the Meer Exposure Effect) tells us that when you see someone more often, you find yourself more attracted to them. This mainly revolves around the distance that you live from the person, so the further you live from someone, the less likely you are to meet and form a relationship.

Reciprocal Liking
Reciprocal Liking shows that the other person must like you, and you must like them in order to form the relationship. This can act as a Self Fulfilling Prophecy because if you believe the other person likes you, you will feel more confident in yourself and they will be more likely to like you.

Similarity
Similarity shows that we are more likely to form relationships with people that we have things in common with. This will increase the likelihood of the two people meeting, and also getting along together. Elaine Hatfield (1961) proposed the Matching Hypothesis, which shows that people will usually form relationships with those of a similar attractiveness level, and that these are the people that we will have long standing relationships with.

Physical Attractiveness
Physical Attractiveness shows that we have to find the person attractive before we can form a relationship with them. This is the most immediate factor that you will notice about the other person.

Proximity
Festinger (1950) found that those who live closest to each other have more friendly relationships than those who live further away from each other. This shows that proximity is included in the formation of relationships, and therefore is supporting evidence for the Proximity Explanation. Although, a criticism of this is that the experiment was done in 1950. This was before the internet and mobile phones were invented, and cars were not as popular as they are now. This shows that we have other means of communication with people so we do not have to be in close proximity to someone to be able to contact them. This does not support proximity as it shows that it is outdated and subject to an age bias. Bossard carried out a study on 5000 married couples and found that before they got married, they lived near each other. This supports the view that Proximity affects relationship formation.

Similarity
Newcombe (1961) carried out an experiment where he paired participants with someone similar to them and let them meet and interact with each other. The results show that the people in the study continued to be friends after the study. This supports the view that Similarity affects the formation of relationships.

Go back to Psychology (A-Level)

title: Relationships (Psychology A-Level)


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Talk:Mobile Web Applications

= Welcome to building Mobile Web Applications = If you have any questions regarding this course as a whole, please post them here to initiate discussion. Peter Rawsthorne 19:50, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Exciting!
Nice one Pete, I can't wait to see this fill out. I discovered this via your blog, which I'm seeing more of now I'm keeping up with my reader. I so agree that web pages need to almost always be mobile ready, and I prefer a website experience to be the same whether I'm on mobile or not. Is this what you mean in consideration 1? That users prefer web apps to mobile apps? That's what I'm agreeing with anyway.. And I'm looking forward to learning how to develop sites for mobile in HTML5. Great to see this on Wikiversity too, which I hope will have the mobile style that is used on Wikipedia soon. :-) Leighblackall 10:49, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Leigh, great to read your words. From a web app to mobile app perspective it seems that people prefer viewing browser apps on their mobile device rather than localized mobile apps. makes things a lot easier for them we only need to target the browser not every different device. There are differences in browsers, I will be covering this in the course. I do like the Wikipedia mobile, they've kept it simple and effective. Peter Rawsthorne 22:27, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mobile Web Applications


text:
Talk:LMCC/Obesity

Body fat is a better indicator of fitness for athletes (especially the ones like Arnie the Governor in his youth). The BMI fails when most of the weight is muscle. Gravitoweak 20:37, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:LMCC/Obesity


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Caregiving and dementia/Outline

Establishment of a Dementia Care Wiki: Project Outline

Executive summary
The Dementia Care Wiki project aims to provide information about key aspects of psycho-social care for people with dementia. It is recommended that the project utilise the Wikimedia Foundation platform. In this way, the project can capitalise on pre-existing resources and functionality, and can contribute additional free and open dementia-care resources for national and international benefit.

A Day 0 wiki will be established (Jan 2012), followed by intensive content development and mid-project review (Mar 2012), leading to project launch May/June 2012 and final report with sustainability recommendations (June 2012).

Deliverables
The Dementia Care Wiki project is structured into Phase 1 (30/11/2011) and Phase 2. (30/6/2012).

Phase 1: Outline
Phase 1 describes the vision, wiki platform, budget, plan, and resources. This includes development and provision of:

 * 1) Recommendations for wiki platform
 * 2) Options
 * 3) Criteria
 * 4) Recommendation and implications
 * 5) Project budget for the next stage of wiki development
 * 6) Time allocation to phases/steps
 * 7) Travel
 * 8) Training resources
 * 9) Project plan and timeframe for the next stage of wiki development
 * 10) Phases/steps
 * 11) Milestones
 * 12) Outline of resources required
 * 13) Training logistics and resources

Phase 2: Implementation
Phase 2 implements the wiki set-up, engages in strategic planning, and uploads content so that a usable and useful site for stakeholders and the public is available by 30/6/2012. This includes, development and provision of:

 * 1) A wiki-based platform for national dissemination of dementia training-related materials
 * 2) Integration of wiki project into broader strategic planning (e.g., with national website developers)
 * 3) Facilitation of content upload:
 * 4) Day 0 site creation (early 2012)
 * 5) Mid-project site for feedback (Mar-April 2012)
 * 6) Version 2 (mid-2012 - ready for wider use and feedback)
 * 7) Weekly meetings to plan and review project progress

Wiki platform
A wiki is a type of website that is easily editable, which makes is ideal for crowd-sourcing information. The most widely known and used wiki is Wikipedia, a publically-edited, free, online encyclopedia. However, there are many other wiki projects and wiki software platforms.

Tables 1 and 2 summarise the wiki-platform options and their pros and cons.

Table 1.Recommended self-hosted and externally-hosted commercial and free and open wiki platform software

Table 2. Pros and cons of self-hosted versus externally-hosted wiki platforms (in a nutshell)

Table 2 depicts the choice for wiki platform as between:

 * 1) Externally-hosted using the Wikimedia Foundation free and open wiki platforms which cost little, offer much pre-existing content and support via engaged community, but with potential risks around lack of complete control over editing of content.
 * 2) Self-hosted platforms which allow total control over content, look/feel and who can access and edit, but relatively high cost, responsibility, and time to set up, develop, and sustain.

In consideration of the suggested wiki platform options, the following criteria suggest additional considerations for the Dementia Care Wiki project choice wiki platform:

 * 1) Hosting and management costs
 * 2) Short-term: How much does it cost to get started?
 * 3) Long-term: How much does it cost to sustain?
 * 4) Sustainability of content and community
 * 5) How will knowledge be updated?
 * 6) How will a dementia care wiki editing community establish critical mass?
 * 7) Access/Permissions
 * 8) Who can view?
 * 9) Who can edit?
 * 10) Note that all content on WMF Projects is publically viewable and editable.
 * 11) Licensing
 * 12) Who owns the content copyright?
 * 13) Creative Commons or Public Domain licensing help to maximise knowledge transfer and is now a federal standard - see AustralianGovernmentsetsdefaultcopyrighttoCreativeCommonsbyAttribution. All rights reserved and other restricted licenses hamper knowledge transfer.
 * 14) Creative Commons Attribution is main recommended license for Wikimedia Projects. Wikimedia projects require that all contributed content is openly licensed.
 * 15) Importability/Exportability - Ease of importing and exporting content?
 * 16) Editing and usability
 * 17) Usability for viewers
 * 18) Usability for editors
 * 19) Technical capabilities and functionality - What can/can’t be done?
 * 20) Governance
 * 21) Content is subject to the host’s terms of use
 * 22) Content is subject to the host communities’ editing policies and practices
 * 23) Strategic integration
 * 24) What Interaction and integration of the wiki platform is desired with existing websites, social media and electronic communication networks used by stakeholders?
 * 25) Exit strategy
 * 26) What if things change?
 * 27) What are the worst case scenarios?

For more information, see ComparisonComparison of wiki softwareofComparison of wiki softwarewikiComparison of wiki softwaresoftware (Wikipedia).

Wikimedia Foundation
The Dementia Care Wiki project could be developed using the ecology of Wikimedia Projects. The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) is an American, non-profit, educational organisation, with an Australian chapter. The Wikimedia projects reside on hosted servers and use Mediawiki software. The Wikimedia projects include, but are not limited to:

 * 1) Wikipedia (encyclopedic articles),
 * 2) Wikiversity (learning materials and activities),
 * 3) Wikibooks (new books),
 * 4) Wiktionary (dictionary),
 * 5) Wikinews (news), and
 * 6) Wikisource (previously published books)
 * 7) Wikicommons (files, including images, audio, and video).
 * 8) Full list of projects

A key advantage of partnering with the Wikimedia projects is that the Dementia Care Wiki project can build on, and contribute further to, pre-existing resources, such as:

 * 1) Wikipedia
 * 2) Dementia
 * 3) Caregiving and dementia
 * 4) Alzheimer's disease
 * 5) Wikiversity
 * 6) Dementia
 * 7) Wikibooks
 * 8) Dementia (search)
 * 9) Wiktionary
 * 10) Dementia
 * 11) Wikinews
 * 12) Dementia (search)
 * 13) Wikisource
 * 14) Dementia (search)
 * 15) Wikicommons
 * 16) Dementia (search)

Perusal of these links will illustrate that whilst some useful information about dementia and dementia care exists within the Wikimedia projects, that these resources are also in need of further development. Priority areas for dementia care training in Australia could be fruitfully targetted.

A partnership with the WMF could also be advantageous to the extent that the Dementia Care Wiki project aligns with the WMF mission:

“The mission of the WikimediaFoundation is to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under aen:free contentfreeen:free contentlicense or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally.

In collaboration with anetworkofchapters, the Foundation provides the essential infrastructure and an organizational framework for the support and development of multilingual wikiprojects and other endeavors which serve this mission. The Foundation will make and keep useful information from its projects available on the Interneten:gratisfreeen:gratisofen:gratischarge, in perpetuity.”

It is possible to pursue the project informally (the wiki platforms are open for use) or to formally partner with the WMF by working with the local Australian chapter:

“The mission of Wikimedia Australia is to support the Mission of the Wikimedia Foundation in Australia in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity.

We will undertake outreach activities, develop resources and build systems that empower and engage people to collect, develop, share and promote Free Cultural Works. In recognition of Australia's role in the Asia-Pacific region, we will assist in building the capacity of the Wikimedia and Free Culture movements internationally.”

As outlined above, and based on Dementia Care Wiki project discussions to date, the recommendation for a Dementia Care Wiki platform is to utilise the Wikimedia Project platform and to thereby build on and further develop existing free and open resources and editing community.

Vision
The Dementia Care Wiki project seeks to provide a platform for information and training materials about psycho-social aspects of care for people with dementia from a wide range of disciplines including nursing, psychology, architecture, interior design, exercise physiology and dietetics.

Aims
The aims of the Dementia Care Wiki project are to:
 * 1) Provide a growing body of current information on many aspects of the care of people with dementia.
 * 2) Contribute to the establishment of the community of interest essential to all knowledge transfer strategies by involving many practitioners in providing, reading, monitoring and using current information.
 * 3) Provide international access to the view of Australian practitioners.

Background
The Dementia Care Wiki project was inspired by a Wikiversitypage submitted as one of the 100+ entries in the NSW/ACT DTSC sponsored University of Canberra essay competition. It illustrates the quality, ease of use and attractiveness of this form of information dissemination. The intention is to build on this to establish a wiki containing evidence based information on a wide variety of topics related to the care of people with dementia.

Health-related wikis are emerging as sources of information (e.g,. cancer, depression and anxiety, and broadly-based wikis like ageing well in the UK). There is, however, no existing dementia wiki project which holds general information on dementia and is aimed at supporting people with dementia and their carers.

The Dementia Care Wiki project is a priority of the NSW/ACT Dementia Training Study Centre (DTSC), which is part of the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health at the University of Wollongong (UOW). The NSW/ACT DTSC is led by Professor Richard Fleming, and is responsible for three national priority areas: 1) Knowledge transfer; 2) Environmental design and assistive technology and 3) Nursing.

The Dementia Care Wiki is a Knowledge Transfer project which aims to develop new ways of bringing researchers, and the results of their work, into contact with practitioners so that practitioners receive timely advice on new developments and researchers can hear about the needs of practitioners. Print media, websites, social media and events such as mini-conferences will be used to achieve this.

More generally, the aim of the DTSCs is to improve the quality of care and support provided to people living with dementia and their families through education of the dementia care workforce and the transfer of knowledge into practice.

Scope
Based on the vision, the scope of the Dementia Care Wiki is information and training materials about psycho-social care of people with dementia. The wiki provides information from a wide range of disciplines including nursing, psychology, architecture, interior design, exercise physiology, and dietetics.

In addition, particular emphasis will be placed on fostering and communicating new knowledge from the researcher to the practitioner and on providing opportunities for practitioners to identify priority areas for research.

Here are some example projects of roughly equivalent size, scope, etc.:

 * 1) Motivation and emotion - http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion - Lectures, tutorials, and collaboratively-authored book (3rd year undergraduate psychology unit at University of Canberra)
 * 2) The history of the paralympic movement in Australia - http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia - An official history of the paralympic movement in Australia which is being developed through Wikipedia, Wiki Commons, and Wikiversity
 * 3) Wisdem: Understanding Dementia. Improving quality of life - http://www.wisdem.org - Global website project sharing knowledge about nonpharmacological approaches to enabling more people live well with dementia and connecting communities affected by dementia. The site uses CC-A-NC licensing which means that the content cannot be re-used on the Wikimedia Foundation Platform without seeking further permission. Notable pages include:
 * 4) Mission - http://www.wisdem.org/en/about-us/presentation
 * 5) Key areas - http://www.wisdem.org/en/about-us/key-areas
 * 6) Blog, Twitter, Facebook, Video etc.
 * 7) No discussion forum, no public editing, contributions are vetted
 * 8) Dementia Enabling Environments Project (DEEP) - work in progress

Currently, there is no open-platform for developing and sharing dementia care information. Thus, the Dementia Care Wiki project targets this gap.

Format
'''Wiki content can be formatted as text, figures, tables, images, audio, and video, however the content must be in an open format in order to be uploaded to WMF servers. '''Pre-existing content is often stored in proprietary formats (e.g., .doc, .xls, .ppt, .avi, .mov, .flv) and thus requires conversion to open formats.

Licensing
Content on WMF servers must be placed into the public domain or openly-licensed to allow free re-use by others, such as through Creative Commons Attribution licensing. Pre-existing content is often copyright restricted (e.g., all rights reserved) and thus requires negotiation to request that the copyright owner re-release under a less restrictive terms of usage.

Day 0 wiki
Early in Phase 2, a simple “Day 0” Dementia Care Wiki project page will be established. This will allow low-level launch of a working site. At Day 0, content will be minimal, but a basic structure will be provided. What should be provided initially? Considerations include:

 * 1) Structure:
 * 2) Start page:
 * 3) Use a simple start page structure, branching off to other places/content
 * 4) ~ 3-5 things that people might want to do
 * 5) Priority/demo areas?
 * 6) Environmental design
 * 7) Knowledge transfer
 * 8) Nursing
 * 9) Content
 * 10) Explain scope
 * 11) Recommended existing resource URLs
 * 12) Help documentation (wiki training - how to use the wiki)
 * 13) Discussion (community hub for dementia care wiki editors)
 * 14) Plan with milestones & progress indicators

Sustainability plan
A sustainability plan for the wiki will be developed as part of Phase 2. This would involve Phase 3 (Engagement) which aims to engage community contributions to the Dementia Care Wiki via:

 * 1) Ongoing wiki content development
 * 2) Wiki champion training program to facilitate researchers and other stakeholders to actively contribute to the wiki.
 * 3) Integration of wiki with dementia training communities and social media communication platforms.

Budget
The budget represents 80 hours work @ $100/hour, which is $8,000 plus $2,000 (20%) Faculty of Health, University of Canberra management fee (Total: $10,000). Any travel time and cost would be additional at standardUCtravelrates.

 * 1) $3,000 - Phase 1 - Establishment of a Dementia Care Wiki: Initiation and Planning Phase (24 hours)
 * 2) Face to face and phone meetings (5 hours)
 * 3) Preparation of project outline (19 hours)
 * 4) $7,000 - Phase 2 - Implementation (56 hours)
 * 5) Set up wiki platform (4 hours)
 * 6) Write detailed description of the platform
 * 7) Project naming and nomenclature
 * 8) Agree on URL site location(s)
 * 9) Liason with host e.g., Wikimedia Foundation Australian Chapter
 * 10) Day 0 structure and content (8 hours)
 * 11) Wikify initial content
 * 12) Set up initial pages
 * 13) Mid-project development (20 hours)
 * 14) Create exemplar content
 * 15) Gather review comments
 * 16) Final project development (20 hours)
 * 17) Create, edit, and wikify content
 * 18) Evaluation, final report, and sustainability plan (4 hours)

title: Caregiving and dementia/Outline


text:
User talk:Sohbet~enwikiversity

 Hello Sohbet, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 23:21, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sohbet. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sohbet~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:01, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sohbet~enwikiversity


text:
User:Egm4313.s12.team17.axelrod.a

My name is Allan Axelrod, I'm a third year mechanical engineering student.

title: User:Egm4313.s12.team17.axelrod.a


text:
User:Dmhapasekar

Department of Distributed Systems

title: User:Dmhapasekar


text:
User:DamonEdward

Damon Edward is a teacher and student in the field of Astronomy. His goal is to help those with minimal knowledge on the subject find their way into more challenging branches of Astronomy, while learning what he can along the way.

title: User:DamonEdward


text:
User talk:Cyrus~enwikiversity

No promotional content, please
Please refrain from adding promotional content to Wikimedia Foundation projects. Mathonius 08:20, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cyrus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cyrus~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cyrus~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:DamonEdward

 Hello DamonEdward, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 08:23, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:DamonEdward


text:
User:Henrytjones

Georges St Pierre came into this world on 18/5/1981 in Saint-Isidore which is in Quebec,Canada born to Pauline and Roland St Pierre. Georges St Pierre had a troubled adolescence.He went to a school that sometimes found the other pupils stealing his money and on occasion even his clothes. So with this in mind he began to learn the art of Kyokushin karate aged just seven years old. At first he learnt from his dad and then a while later on,he began to learn more advanced techniques from a Kyokushin Karate Master in order that he could defend himself against a bully who attended his school.Later on he started to do Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and wrestling shortly after his karate teacher unfortunatly died during this time he also he also trained as a boxer. Before going pro as a MMA, Georges St Pierre also spent some time working as a bouncer at a club called Fuzzy Brossard,in the South Shore,Montreal. He also worked in the garbage disposal industry for a short while in order to pay for his studies. Georges St Pierre trained with many,many people in lots of different of gyms right the way through his MMA carreer. Before the bout against B.J. Penn at UFC 58 he was training in New York at the at the Renzo Gracie Jiu Jitsu Academy.Georges St-Pierre attained his brown belt in Gracie Barra Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu from Renzo Gracie on 21/7/2006. In Sept 2008 ,Georges St Pierre got his black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Bruno Fernandes Georges St Pierre started to train with Keith Jardine, Donald Cerrone,Nathan Marquardt,Rashad Evans and other highly skilled mixed martial arts practitioners at the Greg Jackson Submission Fighting Gaidojutsu New Mexico school. A few of Greg Jackson’s pupils went with Georges StPierre to Montreal and helped him to prepare for the bout at UFC 94 which was against B.J. Penn in the Tristar Gym, including Nathan Marquardt Rashad, EvansKeith Jardine, Nathan Marquardt. Georges St Pierre’s conditioning and strength trainer is Jonathan Chaimberg from the Montreal Adrenaline and Performance Centre l. Georges St Pierre’s top/head coach is Firas Zahabi out of  Zahabi MMA, from the Tristar.These two close friends have been in the corner at all of St-Pierre’s most recent fights. At the moment St-Pierre is training in Muay Thai with Phil Nurse in New York. During September 2010, Georges St Pierre went on a promotional tour of the Philippines for the promototion of MMA to the Filipinos. Georges got a very friendly welcome at his first visit to Manila.Ultimate Fighting Championship Georges St-Pierre had his initial his UFC bout at UFC 46, in which he comprehensively battered Karo Parisyan and won by a unanimous verdict. Georges next bout in the UFC saw him come up in battle with Jay Hieron at UFC 48.Georges St-Pierre claimed another great victory here as he beat Hieron in 142 seconds thanks to a technical knockout After Georges 2nd victory in the UFC, he was up against Matt Hughes at the UFC 50 for the vacant UFC Welterweight belt. Inspite of a gutsy fight against the vastly more experienced man,George St-Pierre had to tap out to an armbar with merely 1 sec left of the 1st round.This loss was the first of GSP’s fighting career,which he took on the chin helped him to learn a lot,he has since said that he was in awe of Hughes going into the match. St-Pierre bounced right back after his loss to Matt Hughes with a convincing win over Dave Strasser at TKO 19 by a 1st round kimura tapout. Georges returned after this to the UFC to fight Jason Miller in UFC 52, beating Miller with a unanimous verdict after which their was plenty of blood to be mopped up. Georges St-Pierre was then slated in against one of the top contenders, Frank Trigg at UFC 54. St-Pierre maintained control throughout the fight and eventually got him in rear naked choke move with less than a sixty seconds left on the clock in the first round.He then fought the soon to be lightweight champ Sean Sherk at UFC 56. In the middle of the second round,St-Pierre became only the 2nd man to beat Sherk and the first fighter to ever finish him inside the time limit. During the UFC 58, Georges St Pierre beat the old UFC welterweight champ B.J. Penn which made him the number one guy in contention f for the UFC welterweight belt. Georges St-Pierre beat him by split judges decision.Georges was then about to have the rematch with champion Matt Hughes at UFC 63,unfortunately however Georges St-Pierre had to to withdraw from the match, due to a groin injury,he was then replaced by B.J. PennThe UFC said later that Geoges St Pierre would be able to have the title title fight when he was fully healed.

title: User:Henrytjones


text:
TAO/Silver Surfers' Social Networking Services/Study 60Plus

Aims of this learning activity

 * To identify the dominant obstacles for persons aged 60 to 75 years in using online communities.
 * To infer how online communities could become more attractive to potential users of that age group.
 * To describe solutions for promoting older persons’ use of online communities.

Target groups of this learning activity
Intermediaries: Persons operating online communities and wishing to attract a greater number of persons aged 60-75 years.

Teachers: Persons wishing to point out how online communities can become more attractive to persons aged 60-75 years.

Older Adults: Older adults wanting to learn about the potential benefits of online communities.

Where is the knowledge about this topic derived from?
Knowledge about the topic was gathered by conducting a qualitative empirical study. The study was carried out with 18 internet literate persons aged 60 to 75 years from the German speaking part of Switzerland. The sample included 6 active users (3 f, 3 m) of online communities, 6 persons (4 f, 2 m) expressing an interest in joining an online community (intenders) and 6 persons (3 f, 3 m) not showing an active interest in online communities (hesitators). A group of 6 skeptics (refusers; 1 f, 5 m) were interviewed by phone. Means for age were 64.5 (SD=3.8) for active users, 65.7 (SD=2.2) for hesitators, 70.0 (SD=5.1) for intenders and 65.0 (SD=2.1) for refusers. The participants were diverse with regard to place of residence (German-speaking Switzerland only) and concerning professional and educational background. Since the sample consisted of “younger” seniors, access to the internet was not an issue. Active users were treated to one usability test session while intenders and hesitators went through two usability test sessions. Each test session included a series of tasks (scenarios) and was preceded and followed by a semi-standardized interview. A semi-standardized telephone interview conducted four weeks after the second test session marked the end of the study.

Key Findings
Usability problems are abundant: The tested online communities all had considerable usability problems leading to unsatisfactory user experiences. Usability issues included unattractive content, lengthy and complex registration processes, insufficient overview of the whole website and the specific community features as well as difficulties contributing to and thus becoming involved with the online community. At the root of these usability problems is a lack of user guidance and fundamental explanations.

Active users have found their niche: Users of online communities have found a particular niche, i.e. the participation in the online community fulfills a particular need or desire, corresponds with important beliefs or values and is accordingly perceived as beneficial. Active users entered online communities either by introduction through close family members, by “ideological affiliation”, i.e. contributing their knowledge to a cause in accordance with their values or beliefs, or in order to be informed about social real-life activities with people sharing their interests. All of them derived a personal benefit from using a certain online community. They were either very motivated to overcome any hurdles in joining the respective communities and/or were supported by family members in doing so.

Link to everyday life decisive for further community usage: In spite of the mentioned difficulties, 5 out of 12 community beginners (3 intenders and 2 hesitators) decided to keep on using the tested online communities after the study had ended. They had managed early on to establish a link between their everyday lives and the respective communities and were able to focus on a limited number of tasks within the community offers. Others did not find content that made them want to return or held perceived risks, such as possible loss of control or privacy and security breaches, accountable for not continuing to use online communities. A lack of reciprocity as well as a general dissatisfaction with the contacts established in the online community were also among the reasons for discontinuing usage.

User profiles: Age not the decisive factor: Users of online communities are not a homogeneous group. Motivations, interests and hobbies as well as real-life social network activities differ as strongly between persons aged 60 to 75 as they do between members of younger generations. Only a small number of participants appreciated a community focus on older age groups. Many perceived risks were similar to those mentioned by younger user groups and discussed by ICT professionals. Thus, online communities do not simply appeal to one particular type of senior user. Rather, online communities are a means to an end and its users benefit from specific domains.

Opportunities for social integration through online communities: Persons having a hard time making social contacts in the "real world" may also find it more difficult to participate in an online community than persons who are socially well integrated. Nevertheless, online communities can contribute to social integration by helping to organize and structure everyday life and by assisting to maintain social integration after retirement. Online communities can also motivate to engage in certain (offline) activities and connect people with similar interests. In addition, successful participation in an online community can strengthen one’s self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Recommendations
A model of action: attracting and retaining (senior) members of online communities: In order to turn potential users of online communities into active ones, it is necessary to take action on three levels. Firstly, users have to be attracted and activated by attractive content and clearly framed and communicated benefits. Secondly, they have to be guided through the process of registration and familiarization with the online community. (User-centered design is an approved process for reaching these aims.) Thirdly, new members have to be rewarded swiftly for their first contributions and efforts in the community.

Success through collaboration of different stakeholders Making use of online communities for social integration requires efforts from many different actors. Community operators face the challenge of developing an attractive platform by investing in high quality content for the target group, by providing a proven-to-be user-friendly application and by building trust through adequate, well-tailored communication. Current community members, offline organizations, businesses from the private sector and the media will be in charge of creating a supportive framework for the development of online communities and their contributions to social integration.

Quality guidelines needed It is essential that quality guidelines for effective online communities are set, legal protection of privacy is ensured and that quality improvement in services offered by non-commercial and commercial stakeholders is promoted. This can be achieved through establishing and promoting a database of user-friendly communities and by initiating regular checkups and incentives (e.g. awards) for existing online communities.


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User talk:Cpt.Daniel

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title: File:CORDIC.Background.4.A.20120210.pdf


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User:Je7den

Ryan Hanold Student Howard Community College Columbia MD, USA

These are the classes projects I am involved in.
 * /enes100/

title: User:Je7den


title: File:Iea.s12.sec7b.djvu


text:
RIBOSOME 70S

The crystal structure of the bacterial 70S ribosome refined to 2.8 angstrom resolution reveals atomic details of its interactions with messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). A metal ion stabilizes a kink in the mRNA that demarcates the boundary between A and P sites, which is potentially important to prevent slippage of mRNA. Metal ions also stabilize the intersubunit interface. The interactions of E-site tRNA with the 50S subunit have both similarities and differences compared to those in the archaeal ribosome. The structure also rationalizes much biochemical and genetic data on translation.

Mapping of 70S Ribosomes in intact cells

For its abundance (6.000 to 40.000 copies in a E. coli cell), and crucial function as molecular machine responsible for protein synthesis, the 70S ribosome is a relevant target to be analyzed by Cryoelectron Tomography (CET) in the framework of visual proteomics pursued within our Department. Fundamental questions about cellular distribution of ribosomes and spatial interactions between them and with other cell component, e.g. the membrane, can be addressed with our approach. We have applied pattern recognition techniques (template matching and scaling index segmentation) for the detection and identification of 70S ribosomes in frozen-hydrated, intact thin cells (Spiroplasma melliferum and starved Escherichia coli).

To recover translation information from noisy tomograms, it is indispensable to average many copies of ribosomes in similar state. 3D-averaging and 3D-classification of subtomograms containing identified ribosomes allowed us to derive ribosome density maps of moderate resolution for Spiroplasma and starved E. coli. A first example of ribosomal supramolecular organization detected in E. coli is the dimerized form of 70S ribosomes associated with starvation (100S or hibernating ribosomes). These dimers had been previously observed only in isolated fractions. With increasing improvements in subtomograms classification methods and tomograms quality, we expect to identify in situ ribosomes associated to smaller complexes. Native 3D-organization of ribosomal clusters double-2

The prokaryotic ribosome has been a subject of structural study for more than five decades. There is available a collection of crystal structures and cryo-electron density maps of high resolution solved by Single Particle Analysis (SPA), which present the ribosome in different conformations and attached to diverse macromolecules. However these approaches generally require isolated material or quite homogeneous in vitro reconstituted systems, which demand a good understanding of the biochemical processes underlying the formation of such complexes. Moreover, transient and flexible interactions are difficult to access by X-ray crystallography or SPA.

As described above,based on Cryo-Electron Tomography, template matching, 3D-alignment, 3D-averaging, and 3D-classification, that allows purification in silico of diverse species of 70S ribosome complexes developed. We applied these methods for a description of 3D-organizations of ribosomal clusters. We showed that E. coli ribosomes adopt two preferential relative orientations in densely-packed polysomes formed in vitro. These alternative manners of ribosomal pairing result in variable 3D polysomal organizations, i.e, pseudo-planar or pseudo-helical polysomes (See movie). More recently, we also proved that it was possible to purify in silico a particular ribosomal arrangement of the two 70S ribosomes from heterogeneous cytosolic fraction. That is the case of the above mentioned hibernating ribosomes, reversibly inhibited ribosomal dimers which show additional associated densities close to the exit of the mRNA tunnel. Molecular environment of 70S Ribosome 70S_enviroment_medium

The image on the right shows an isosurface representation of the 70S ribosome (50S blue; 30S yellow), derived from a crystal structure of E. coli ribosome - Schuwirth et al (2005). The structure is embebed in a sphere of radius ~25 nm. A systematical structural description of unknown ribosome binding macromolecules inside this sphere is one of our goals. Visualization of cellular complexity

We have integrated the use of molecular visualization software, e.g. Chimera (UCSF; San Francisco) and Amira (Mercury Computer Systems, and Zuse Institute, Berlin), with the application of scripting tools of commercial software for modelling and animations (e.g. 3ds Max, Autodesk), for a visual representation of our experimental results and formulation of hypotheses. Even though Cryo-Electron Tomography basically provides snapshots of cell processes, our experimentally determined spatial arrangments of complexes in conjuncion with known crystal structures could provide a platform for molecular simulations. In an effort to add an adequate physicochemical behavior of macromolecules to our static views of the cell and its complexes, we have started collaboration projects in the field of molecular dynamics.

title: RIBOSOME 70S


text:
User:Marshallsumter/Keynote lectures (draft)/Sex integration

Sex integration is the intermixing of people or groups previously segregated on the basis of sex, for any social endeavor, activity, or a society that is made up totally of one sex. During childhood development sex differences, gender identity and labeling may lead to some sex segregation. Automatic sex integration may occur during and after development naturally as indicated by studies of such early peoples as the San people of southern Africa, where individuals of either sex are relatively equal and the society egalitarian.

"Continuing segregation in a variety of forms suggests that it would be fruitful to focus more attention on the variability existing within already “integrated” occupations."

The same may be written of social groups and societies.

Integration
Def.
 * 1) an "act or process of making whole or entire",
 * 2) a "process of fitting into a community, notably applied to 'visible' (ethnic, immigrant...) minorities",
 * 3) an "operation of finding the integral of a function", or
 * 4) a "process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent; supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in species' development",

is called integration.

Sex
Def.
 * 1) a "main division into which an organism is placed according to its reproductive functions or organs",
 * 2) a "sum of the biological characteristics by which male and female and other organisms are distinguished", or
 * 3) sexual "intercourse; the act of sexual intercourse"

is called sex.

Earth sciences
Def. or
 * 1) belonging "to the sex which typically produces eggs, which in humans and most other mammals is typically the one which has XX chromosomes; belonging to the sex which has larger gametes (for species which have two sexes and for which this distinction can be made)"
 * 1) belonging "to the feminine (social) gender"

is called a female.

Def.
 * 1) belonging "to the sex which typically has testes, which in humans and most other mammals is typically the one which has XY chromosomes",
 * 2) belonging "to the masculine (social) gender", or
 * 3) pertaining "to or associated with men, or male animals; masculine"

is called a male.

Some animals such as the West African bullfrog can change sex in a same-sex or single-sex environment.

Def. a "period of time when certain ungulates mate" is called rutting.

Def. "the time of year when certain animals mate, for example in the deer family" is called rutting season.

"Average peak date of the whitetail [deer] rut in the United States: November 13. Average peak date of the whitetail rut in Alabama: January 15. [Rutting season may last 40-80 or more days.]"

Colors
As the image at the right illustrates, there are many different types of sex determination depending on chromosomes.

Theoretical sex integration
Here's a theoretical definition:

Def. an occupation that is "between 45.0 and 55.0 percent female" is called an integrated occupation, or sex integrated occupation.

Def. any group of adult hominins that is between 45.0 and 55.0 percent female is called a sexually integrated group.

Strong forces
"[F]or the vast majority of children, there is coincidence of biological sex, social gender label, and psychological gender identity, which is sufficient to produce same-sex segregation."

"[Y]oung children who passed a gender labeling task were more likely than those who failed the task to choose same-sex peers (Fagot, Leinbach, & Hagan, 1986), suggesting that gender labeling promotes sex segregation."

"[S]ame-sex segregation is a group phenomenon that arises from social processes that are related to gender identity and labeling common to all members of a sex, rather than to similarities in sex-typed activities."

Sex segregation in children reflects social factors common to all members of the sex and is a group phenomenon resulting from gender identification and labeling, rather than to similarities in sex-typed activities.

Weak forces
"On playmate preference, there was little overlap between control boys and girls (see Figure 2). The boys who scored within the range of girls were very young, and young children do not show strong same-sex playmate preferences (Hartup, 1983; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1987)."

Continua
A sex difference in humans is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics associated with either males or females of a species.

Quantitative differences are based on a gradient and involve different averages.

For example, most males are taller and stronger than females, but an individual female could be taller and/or stronger than an individual male. These differences and their extent vary across societies.

The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role, notably the endocrine (hormonal) systems and their physiological and behavioural effects, including gonadal differentiation, internal and external genital and breast differentiation, and differentiation of muscle mass, height, and hair distribution.

Externally, the most sexually dimorphic portions of the human body are the chest, the lower half of the face, and the area between the waist and the knees.

Males weigh about 15% more than females, on average. For those older than 20 years of age, males in the US have an average weight of 86.1 kg (190 lbs), whereas females have an average weight of 74 kg (163 lbs).

On average, men are taller than women, by about 15 cm (6 inches). American males who are 20 years old or older have an average height of 176.8 cm (5 ft 10 in). The average height of corresponding females is 162 cm (5 ft 4in).

Male and female pelvises are shaped differently. The female pelvis features a wider pelvic cavity, which is necessary when giving birth. The female pelvis has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth — an even wider pelvis would make women unable to walk. In contrast, human male pelves did not evolve to give birth and are therefore slightly more optimized for walking. The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact. The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male inlet is more heart-shaped.

Sex differences usually describe differences which clearly represent a binary male/female split, such as human reproduction. Though some sex differences are controversial, they are not to be confused with sexist stereotypes.

Backgrounds
Def.
 * 1) a "division of [words, specifically] nouns and pronouns (and sometimes of other parts of speech), [into categories] such as masculine, feminine, neuter or common",
 * 2) "a division into which an organism is placed according to its reproductive functions or organs",
 * 3) "the sum of the biological characteristics by which male and female and other organisms are distinguished",
 * 4) identification "as male/masculine, female/feminine or something else, and association with a (social) role or set of behavioral and cultural traits, clothing, etc typically associated with one sex", or
 * 5) a "sociocultural phenomenon of the division of people into various categories such as "male" and "female", with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc"

is called a gender.

Usage notes

"Some speakers, particularly in informal contexts, use sex and gender synonymously (interchangeably). In formal contexts, a distinction is usually made between sex (which is biological) and gender (which is social)."

Neutrals
Def.
 * 1) a "state or quality of being neutral; the condition of being unengaged in contests between others; state of taking no part on either side; indifference",
 * 2) a "condition of a nation or government which refrains from taking part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other powers", or
 * 3) those "who are neutral; a combination of neutral powers or states"

is called neutrality.

Def.
 * 1) applicable "or available to either gender (to both males and females)",
 * 2) not "indicating or restricted by gender, and thus applicable or available to those of any gender and to those of no gender", or
 * 3) in "languages where words are assigned to one gender or another, lacking such an assignment"

is called gender-neutral.

"[E]qual sex representation in occupations does not necessarily produce gender equity at the job level, nor does equity in labor market rewards necessarily follow integration."

"[O]ccupational desegregation does not necessarily yield gender equity."

Unisex refers to things that are suitable for either sex, but can also be another term for gender-blindness.

Hair stylists and beauty salons that serve both men and women are often referred to as unisex. This is also typical of other services that traditionally separated the sexes, such as clothing shops.

Egalitarianism
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term has two distinct definitions in modern English. It is defined either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social, and civil rights or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity.

Def. "[t]he political doctrine that holds that all people in a society should have equal rights from birth" is called egalitarianism.

Egalitarian mortality
Egalitarian mortality (or mortality equality) is the study of mortality within groups, settlements, or societies, where the longevity of groups such as men and women appears to be approximately the same. "Say, for example, those who died before 80 always died at 50 and those who survived past 80 died at 85. Then if no one survives to 80, we have a completely egalitarian mortality distribution—everyone dies at 50." Over the last century, mortality inequality has declined drastically in high-income countries and is now comparatively trivial; i.e., approaching mortality equality. "[A] number of studies show more gender-egalitarian mortality among the poor."

Sex segregation
Def. "[p]eople separating geographically, residentially, racially, religiously or by sex based on happenstance, voluntary choice or cultural attitudes [as enforced by law or the passing of laws]" is called segregation.

Sex segregation is the separation of people according to their sex. The term gender apartheid (or sexual apartheid) also has been applied to segregation of people by gender, implying that it is sexual discrimination. In some circumstances, gender segregation is a controversial policy, with critics contending that in most or all circumstances it is a violation of human rights, and supporters arguing that it is necessary to maintain decency, sacredness, modesty, female safety, or the family unit.

Adult sex segregation may have other origins. For example, the cosmological order underlying Polynesian notions of aristocracy, apparently originating from high volcanic islands whereby males have higher status by living higher on the volcano, is compromised by spatial ambiguities when living on an atoll consisting of a ring of islets, and the hierarchical social order becomes insupportable leading to a more egalitarian basis for social relations.

Patriarchy
"[S]ex integration [may eliminate] gender hierarchy. [...] Male dominant norms can and do sexualize hierarchy [...]."

“[G]ender is the central device for the simultaneous oppression both of women and of sexual minorities [including single men] under hetero-patriarchy. . . . [S]exual orientation actually and ultimately is sex-based.”

But, "gender inequality of [the institutions and practices of sex, motherhood, and marriage] is not necessarily transformed through sex integration.61"

"Privacy’s freedom does not make you equal, but freedom and equality can be harmonized if equality is not compromised."

Male senior managers captured by the men's club concept, may well be the product of “corporate patriarchy” in which cultural processes and practices discriminate against and form a resistance to women.

"When gender imbalance at the top (with men in the majority) is combined with greater sex integration further down the hierarchy, women experience greater “fit” within the organisation than when that gender imbalance permeates all management levels." Further, an integrated top management team in terms of gender mix is possibly the single most important factor in creating a culture in which women feel comfortable and valued.

Occupations
"Occupational segregation by sex is extensive in every region, at all economic development levels, under all political systems, and in diverse religious, social and cultural environments. It is one of the most important and enduring aspects of labour markets around the world."

"It is a major source of labour market rigidity and economic inefficiency. Excluding a majority of workers from a majority of occupations, as at present, is wasteful of human resources, increases labour market inflexibility, and reduces an economy's ability to adjust to change."

Occupational "segregation by sex is detrimental to women. It has an important negative effect on how men view women and on how women view themselves. This is turn negatively affects women's status and income and, consequently, many social variables such as mortality and morbidity, poverty and income inequality. The persistence of gender stereotypes also has negative effects on education and training and thus causes gender-based inequalities to be perpetuated into future generations."

"[F]emale-male wage differentials are very small for single persons [...] married persons account for almost all of the observed female-male wage differential [...]."

As the image on the right shows workplaces are still out of balance, especially in leadership roles, and as described in Recent history below the very recent history has worsened.

The image on the left illustrates the effect of having a first child has on career retention of scientists, technologists, engineers, and mathematicians, or (STEM) professionals.

"More than 40% of women with full-time jobs in science leave the sector or go part time after having their first child, according to a study of how parenthood affects career trajectories in the United States. By contrast, only 23% of new fathers leave or cut their working hours."

"The analysis [...] might help to explain the persistent under-representation of women in jobs that involve science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)."

"90% of people in the United States become parents during their working lives".

The "Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System, a database provided by the US National Science Foundation [...] contains information from surveys of the US STEM workforce every two to three years. From the 2003 data, Cech and Blair-Loy picked the child-free scientists in full-time employment and tracked their familial status in the next wave of the survey, in 2006. This gave them two groups of scientists to compare — 841 who became parents during this period, and 3,365 who remained childless throughout."

New "parents are significantly more likely to leave a full-time science career for full-time non-science careers than their child-free colleagues ."

"By the end of the study period, 23% of men and 43% of women who had become parents had left full-time STEM employment. They either went part time, switched to non-STEM careers or left the workforce altogether. This compared to 16% of child-free men and 24% of child-free women. The team controlled for potential confounding differences between people with and without children."

"For a subset of the people who had left science, the data set also included an entry on why they had left science. Around half of the new parents in this subset cited family-related reasons, compared with just 4% of people without children."

"Taken together, these findings suggest that parenthood is an important driver of gender imbalance in STEM employment."

"STEM work is often culturally less tolerant and supportive of caregiving responsibilities than other occupations. So mothers — and fathers — may feel squeezed out of STEM work and pulled into full-time work in non-STEM fields."

"The results showing that fathers also leave STEM reinforces the hypothesis that the problem is a structural one, in which dedicated professionals are not expected to have a personal life, and, indeed, are punished for so doing."

"Women can become exhausted from constantly having to prove themselves in a professional environment that is, at best, challenging to everyone and, at worst, openly sexist."

"These young women are smart and tenacious. When these young women start a family, they realize that this exhaustion and stress is not sustainable."

"Policies on family leave should send the message that having children is expected and accepted, for example. Senior researchers should mentor junior members of staff, and people should accept the challenges women in science may face. We need to have candid, non-blaming conversations about [these issues]."

Financial institutions
"Final joint standards just released by six federal agencies for assessing the diversity practices of the financial institutions they regulate represent a complete failure to seriously address diversity in the banking industry."

"The standards were issued by the Offices of Minority and Women Inclusion (OMWIs) in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Securities and Exchange Commission, National Credit Union Administration and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as required by section 342 [of the Dodd-Frank financial reform law]."

“These standards lack vision.”

“Congress gave the OMWIs a chance to help this critical sector of our economy truly reflect America, but what came out today sends the message that either the OMWIs or their bosses don’t care. Imagine you’re back in school and your teacher tells you that you can decide whether or not to take a final exam, write it yourself, grade it yourself, and any bad results won’t appear on your transcript. That’s what they’ve done. It’s just staggering.”

“The standards issued today unfortunately fall short of what is necessary to achieve real progress.”

“As I noted in my recent Corporate Diversity Survey, it’s no secret that the financial industry has a long way to go to improve the diversity of its leadership, workforce, and supplier base. The Offices of Minority and Women Inclusion were created to help address the lack of diversity within our financial sector, and we need much more than voluntary self-assessments to bring about much-needed transparency and meaningful change. The time has long passed for substantive and far-reaching standards to expand management, employment, and business opportunities for women and racial or ethnic minorities at all levels of the financial sector. The OMWIs must begin to live up to their potential and use their authority to push for greater diversity across the board.”

“In the end, the Agencies have chosen to do what is convenient for the companies, rather than the right thing for the long-term benefit of our country.”

The "industry [has a] long history of severe underrepresentation of minorities and women. For example, white men constitute only 31 percent of the U.S. workforce but occupy 64 percent of executive and senior level positions in the financial industry. Many believe that lack of attention to communities of color contributed to regulatory neglect of problems that led to the financial crash of 2008."

Specifically, these are richer married white men (much less than 15 percent of the U.S. workforce), not necessarily single white men who are the majority of white men in the U.S. workforce.

"The standards allow financial institutions to do a self-assessment of diversity practices, but do not require any reporting to the public or to the OMWIs. Neither do they set any standards for reporting that would allow for meaningful comparisons between companies."

"Effective models for promoting diversity among regulated businesses, without coercion or quotas, already exist."

"In California, for example, both the Public Utilities Commission and Department of Insurance have programs under which regulated firms report the degree to which they contract with firms owned by women, minorities or disabled veterans. These programs, based on transparency and including clear reporting standards, have produced marked increases in contracting with diverse businesses."

“Congress directed the OMWIs to assess the diversity policies and practices of the entities they regulate, and these standards don’t fulfill the congressional mandate. Letting the companies decide whether to report, what to report and how to report it is like having no reporting at all. We’re shocked and disappointed that they’ve disregarded so much constructive input.”

Corporate America
"[W]omen and people of color remain grossly underrepresented at the highest ranks of corporate leadership and in corporate procurement practices. The numbers are dismal – and they haven’t improved much since I started this effort in 2010."

"For example, white men continue to represent the overwhelming majority – 63% – of boards of directors. And, as you can see in the chart below, taken together with white women, white directors represent 82% of all board members. This disparity is even more pronounced on executive teams, as my survey found that 88% of all senior executives at participating Fortune 100 companies are white."

"It is unacceptable that Corporate America reaps record profits by marketing goods and services to diverse communities, but women and minorities are not in leadership positions. It is unacceptable that our nation’s leading companies spend less than 5% of their total procurement dollars with minority-owned businesses, and only 3% with women-owned businesses, at a time when women- and minority-owned firms are flourishing in America and driving our nation’s economic growth."

"On Monday [6/1/2015], Google said the percentage of women in technology jobs at the company had risen only slightly since last year, from 17 percent to 18 percent. The percentage of women in leadership roles also barely budged, from 21 percent to 22 percent."

"Early indications show promise, but we know that with an organization our size, year on year growth and meaningful change is going to take time. There isn't a simple solution to solving the diversity challenges our company and industry faces, which is why we're committed over the long run to work that spans efforts."

Just "14 percent of the software engineers it hired the previous year through university outreach efforts were women, but that number grew to 22 percent this past year — outpacing the percentage of computer science graduates who are women (18 percent)."

Military
The Caracal Battalion is an infantry combat battalion of the Israel Defense Forces, composed of both male and female soldiers, of both Jewish and Arab descent. It is named after the Caracal, a small cat whose sexes appear the same. As of 2009, approximately 70% of the battalion was female.

Israel is the only country in the world with a mandatory military service requirement for women.

With respect to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), "[t]he 2000 Equality amendment to the Military Service law states that "The right of women to serve in any role in the IDF is equal to the right of men."

Women currently comprise 33% of all IDF soldiers and 51% of its officers, fulfilling various roles within the Ground, Navy and Air Forces.

Backlashes
At a local retail outlet that uses a baler in its backroom, employees 18 and over are all trained to make bales when the baler is ready. But, women who work or supervise sales floor operations when the baler is full from their cardboard consistently order bales to be made from men working in the backroom (not part of their job tasks) rather than make the bales themselves. One backroom woman in charge of recycling does make bales whenever possible. Women stocking shelves or racks on the sales floor also will not make bales, although required to when the baler becomes full with their cardboard. Out of some eleven women, including the store manager, only the woman handling recycling consistently makes bales. All of the rest, the majority, are made by men.

Antarctic ice sheets
Antarctica is "an enchanted continent in the sky, pale like a sleeping princess".

"Sir Ernest Shackleton refused the request of "three sporty girls" who wrote to him in 1914, seeking a place in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition because they "[did] not see why men should have all the glory, and women none…""

"1,300 women applied to join a proposed British expedition in 1937. All were denied."

"Russian geologist Maria Klenova was the first woman to conduct research in the Antarctic, in 1956. Argentine scientists followed a decade later. But some countries were slower to thaw, with the US and UK only reversing their formal bans in the late 1960s and 70s."

"The apparent moral peril of mixed accommodation was one argument against including women. Janet Thompson, the first woman to go south with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), had to informally convince the wives of her teammates that she was going as a serious scientist."

Another was turned down because "there were no facilities for women in the Antarctic… no shops… no hairdressers".

As a geologist I "wrote to India's Department of Ocean Development in 1982 declaring my interest in the country's second Antarctic expedition."

"A year later, she and marine biologist Aditi Pant became the first Indian women to set foot on the continent."

"I assumed all kinds of responsibilities - both scientific and tasks that required physical labour… You have to consider yourself equally capable as a man in everything you do."

In Germany, "I was fighting a similar battle. Fascinated by the medical challenges of overwintering in the Antarctic, where brutal weather isolates teams from civilisation for up to nine months, I first began appealing to Germany's polar research institute in 1984."

"They didn't want to have mixed teams on an Antarctic base. I was told this is not possible for women in this century."

In 1947: "There are some things women don't do. They don't become Pope or President or go down to the Antarctic."

In 1957: "Women will not be allowed in the Antarctic until we can provide one woman for every man".

In 1965: "Antarctica [will] remain the womanless white continent of peace".

"In 1989, I led the first all-female team to overwinter in Antarctica. We arrived at the Georg-von-Neumayer station to take over from a male crew who had heard little of the transition that was about to occur. I will not say they were jealous, but they did not like it at all."

"You have to learn a high respect for nature... You have to pay attention. If you don't have respect for nature you will lose."

"Yet women are still less likely to overwinter than men. This is largely down to the nature of the support roles necessary to keep the base running in harsh conditions, with mechanics, plumbers and engineers coming from commonly male-dominated trades."

"There are not normally a high proportion of women on the stations, maybe between 10% and 25%, and I have found that the women I have worked with generally share a kind of extra camaraderie."

Recent history
The recent history period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present.

"As Lieberson pointed out, this analysis misses the fact that "the dominant group ... uses its dominance to advance its own position" (p. 166)".

"Dominant groups remain privileged because they write the rules, and the rules they write "enable them to continue to write the rules" (Lieberson 1985, p. 167; emphasis added)."

"Neoclassical economic theory holds that the market is the mechanism through which wages are set, but markets are merely systems of rules (Marshall and Paulin n.d., p. 15) that dominant groups establish for their own purposes."

"Dominant groups differentiate subordinate groups by physically isolating them--in ghettos, nurseries, segregated living quarters, and so on."

"For example, when their physical integration with the dominant group means that a subordinate group's status differences might otherwise be invisible, special dress is usually required of them, as servants are required to wear uniforms." "Because of the centrality of differentiation in domination systems, dominant groups have a considerable stake in maintaining it."

"The equality gap between men and women would take 100 years to close at its current rate." See the image on the right.

"Women are measured as having 68% of the chances and outcomes that men have. This is slightly down from the 68.3% measured last year." See the image on the left.

"Gender parity is closest in areas of health and education, but significant gaps in economic participation and political empowerment continue to endure across the world." See the table in the center image.

The World Economic Forum (WEF), the source of the foregoing gender gap monitoring, is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, recognized as an international body, with a mission "committed to improving the state of the world [by engaging] the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas."

"The global gender gap has widened for the first time since the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006, bringing to an end a decade of slow but steady progress towards improving gender parity. This year the average gender gap stands at 32%, compared with 31.7% last year. This reversal has been driven by declining gender parity in both the workplace and in political representation."

"Despite roughly equal university education overall, there is a difference in what male and female students are studying. Women are more likely to specialise in fields such as health and welfare or education, while men make up more of those specialising in engineering, manufacturing and information technology degrees. These choices are not based on aptitude, but are made due to perceived opportunities and societal attitudes."

"In the workplace, across industries, there is a further imbalance especially when it comes to leadership roles. Not only must more effort be made to balance talent pipelines, but companies must also adopt better practices and policies when it comes to hiring, retention, promotion, mentorship, sponsorship, transparency and targets."

Academics
Over "the course of their career, the average female academic was paid $400,000 less than her male colleagues."

"About half this gap could be explained by differences in academic research prowess, age, and area of expertise. But this still left women $200,000 worse-off than a man with the same level of expertise and experience."

It "was well known that women faced barriers to matching men's research output but the study found even women who achieved this feat were paid less."

"It means that if I produce at the same level throughout my career as the guy down the hall from me, I can expect to get paid $200,000 less."

One "possible explanation for the gap was the "double whammy effect", where women faced a greater expectation to administer and teach rather than research, while simultaneously being rewarded less for the research they did."

"There is a lot of evidence that employers expect more from women, they expect them to serve on more committees and offer more pastoral care for students. There is also evidence that students evaluate women more harshly."

Men "were more than twice as likely to be promoted to professor than women. Even when women improved their academic performance faster than men, there remained less chance they would be promoted."

There "was also some evidence the scoring system, which typically gave women a lower score than men, may itself be biased against women."

As "well as the time off and ongoing childcare commitments, kids have directly affected her ability to research."

"It is lots of compounding extra commitments that add up to slow you down."

Moving "for a partner's job was common among women in academia but it often meant they started at a disadvantage in a new city. And catching up once you are down the academic ladder is extremely difficult."

"Women senior lecturers are more likely to be overlooked for promotion than their male peers despite making, on average, greater academic strides."

"Advancement to an associate professor depended heavily on boosting one's international profile, including attending international conference and networking."

"It is quite hard to build international peer esteem when you have to turn down conference invitations."

She "would typically spend more time with students and on university committees than many of her male peers, particularly interview panels where a female representative was needed."

"With my department I feel like I have a lot of support but there is something about making that next jump that depends on how you are seen externally."

While "parenthoood added to the hurdles, female colleagues not raising children were also disadvantaged by small things that added up."

"There are a lot of things that are systematic in the university system. Women are judged to different standards".

All "women have "war stories" of ascending the workforce ladder but female academics were now helping change the rules that had once shut them out."

"We are trying really hard to solve this problem, although we are not quite there yet. We would like to move faster."

"Four years ago the university introduced a new promotion policy that gave more weight to teaching, learning and being a good university citizen. Panellists determining the promotion and hiring of academics were also now required to undergo unconscious bias training. Other New Zealand universities were taking similar steps. We are really hoping people understand difference rather than promoting people that look like them or have the sort of career they have had."

What the study needed to look at were the demographics of the panelists evaluating the academics. Other studies have shown that a panel composed predominately of married men will usually systematically discriminate against married women more so than singles (no statistically significant difference of > 2 %) when all other factors were equal.

Mathematics
Def. "[a] policy of formally complying with efforts to achieve a goal by making small, token gestures; especially to hire a minimal number of ethnically diverse or disadvantaged people" is called tokenism.

Tokenism occurs when a group is composed of a clear majority, but there exists a definable subgroup within the larger group comprising less than 15 prcent.

In the arts, employment, and politics, tokenism is a policy or practice of limited inclusion or artistic and/or political representation of members of a traditionally marginalized group, usually creating a false appearance of inclusive practices rather than discrimination. Typical examples in real life and fiction include purposely including a member of a minority race (such as a black character in a mainly white cast, or a woman in a traditionally male universe) into a group. Classically, token characters have some reduced capacity compared to the other characters and may have bland or inoffensive personalities so as to not be accused of stereotyping negative traits. Alternatively, their differences may be overemphasized or made "exotic" and glamorous. An Asian columnist arguing that immigration is too high, or a black pundit arguing that affirmative action is wrong could be considered [the use of] a token minority.

Notation: let the symbol C&EN represent Chemical & Engineering News.

"C&EN's annual survey ... finds that 54 of the 403 directors serving at 42 top chemical companies are women. That is a rate of 1.3 women per firm and 13.4% of the total number of board positions." While this is an increase over the previous year's result, "women aren't any more prominent among chemical company executive officers ... Women hold 41 of 417 executive officer slots at chemical firms ... an overall representation of 9.8%." The previous year representation was 9.9%.

Economics
"In the US, only about 13% of women hold permanent academic positions in economics; and in the UK the proportion is only slightly better at 15.5%."

"Only one woman has ever won the Nobel Prize in economics - American Elinor Ostrom in 2009."

"Because if economists' models are suggesting that sexism doesn't exist, that it's all a result of people's free choices and ... their personal characteristics, then you deny the fact there is a problem."

When "posters on the site [EconJobRumors.com] discussed female economists, they used starkly different terms than those that were used to discuss male economists. [...] Posters tended to discuss a woman's physical appearance (hot and hottie were in the top ten) whereas those terms used with men tended to emphasise their intellectual ability (Wharton and Austrian - for the school of economic thinking - were in the top terms for men)."

An "additional co-authored paper on an economist's resume correlates to an 8% increase in the probability of a male economist getting a tenured post - but only a 2% increase for female candidates."

Per the graph on the right: "While solo-authored papers send a clear signal about one's ability, co-authored papers do not provide specific information about each contributor's skills. I find that women incur a penalty when they co-author that men do not experience."

Female "economists' papers take six months longer to peer review in top journals than their male counterparts; that when women get tenured faculty jobs in economics, they get paid less; and that even if a woman makes it to the front of a lecture hall - there might be no men listening to them."

"There was a very interesting and quick bit of number crunching that was done by the Centre for Global Development which has headquarters in both Washington and London. When they looked at male attendance at the seminars that they run they found that it fell off quite dramatically whenever gender was mentioned in the seminar topic."

"When I think back to my lectures last year for instance out of the 11 lecturers and supervisors I had throughout the year that are based in the faculty - just one was a woman."

"Representation is just something that does affect me because I am subconsciously looking for role models or someone where I can say you know, 'oh that could be me standing up there teaching this lecture'."

"For the moment economists have only looked at the world around them through male eyes and this only provides us with half the story. And with only half the story how can we get results that will help the whole population?"

Technology
"Hakim (1998:28) described policies of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) in Britain, and international bodies such as the OECD, ILO, and European Commission, that see desegregation as the “principal mechanism for promoting equality between men and women.”"

"Men and women in our society have very different experiences in nearly every aspect of their lives, so it is not surprising to find that their experiences with respect to technology are also very different. Boys and men are expected to learn about machines, tools and how things work. In addition, they absorb, ideally, a 'technological world view' that grew up along with industrial society. Such a world view emphasizes objectivity, rationality, control over nature and distance from human emotions. Conversely, girls and women are not expected to know much about technical matters. Instead, they are to be good at interpersonal relationships and to focus on people and on emotion. They are to be less rational, less capable of abstract, 'objective' thought."

Hypotheses

 * 1) Sex segregation is an effective way to control large populations.


text:
Arduino/CloverDisplayLtd

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Inspection/Research
This LCD panel was taken out of a Panasonic fax machine. Ten wires are connected to the ten pins on the board of the LCD. Searching the web for specifications using the information printed on the board (Clover Display Ltd. M235 v4.1) was unsuccessful being unable to find the specific model. Fortunately, there is a tutorial on hacking a LCD to the Arduino in the example libraries of the arduino.exe under 'Liquid Crystal'. "LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:"
 * Register select (RS) pin - controls where in the LCD's memory that data is written to. ie. Data register - holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register - where the LCD controller looks for instructions on what to do next.
 * Read/Write (R/W) pin - selects reading or writing mode
 * Enable pin - allows writing to the registers
 * 8 Data pins (D0-D7) - have states (high or low) that are the bits that are written to a register when writing is enabled, or values that are readable when reading is enabled.
 * Display Contrast pin (Vo) - controls contrariety or variance
 * Power Supply pins (+5V and GND) - powers/energizes the LCD
 * LED Backlight (Bklt+ and Bklt-) - Turn on and off glowing background

Problem Statement
"The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface." This Clover LCD only has ten pins, so will it be compatible with this Arduino library example? Luckily, only ten of the sixteen pins are used in the arduino tutorial.

Decision List
If the same configuration of wires shown in the Arduino tutorial successfully displays the message, then I will be able to identify the pins.
 * Display, "Hello, World!" on the LCD
 * Identify the pins on the LCD board

Materials List

 * Arduino Board
 * LCD Screen
 * 10kΩ Potentiometer
 * soldering iron
 * hook-up wire
 * breadboard

Software List

 * Arduino 1.0 with the Liquid Crystal library

Next Steps
Wiring Run it video
 * 1) Solder wires to the pins of the LCD (more colors makes the process easier)
 * 2) With the pins above the LCD screen connect pins 1 and 5 (from left to right) to an outer terminal (right) on the 10kΩ potentiometer
 * 3) Connect pin 2 to the other outer terminal (left) on the potentiometer and pin 3 to the middle terminal of the potentiometer
 * 4) Connect a wire from the 5V pin of the Arduino to the left terminal of the potentiometer which should be connected to pin 2 of the LCD, then connect a wire from a GND pin on the Arduino to the right terminal of the potentiometer which should be connected to pins 1 and 5 of the LCD
 * 5) Connect pins 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the LCD to Digital pins 12, 11 ,5, 4, 3, and 2 on the Arduino respectively
 * Finally, open the example library in the arduino.exe (File\Examples\LiquidCrystal\HelloWorld) and upload it! Note: the potentiometer adjusts the contrast, and needed to be turned mostly to the left (counterclockwise).

Pin ID

 * Register select (RS) pin - pin 4
 * Read/Write (R/W) pin - pin 5
 * Enable pin - pin 6
 * Data Pins (D2-D5) - pins 7, 8, 9, and 10
 * Display Contrast pin (Vo) - pin 3
 * Power Supply pins (+5V and GND) - pin 2 and pin 1 respectively
 * LED Backlight (Bklt+ and Bklt-) - n/a

title: Arduino/CloverDisplayLtd


text: Category:CIVICS

title: Category:CIVICS


text:
Research types

Three basic types of research can be identified:
 * 1) Experimental - Characterised by random assignment to groups, with full control over extraneous variables, and manipulation of independent variables
 * 2) Quasi-experimental - Characterised by the study and comparison of naturally-occurring groups
 * 3) Non-experimental - Characterised by study of a single sample, without comparison between groups

For some examples, and to test your knowledge, see the quiz.

title: Research types


text:
Research types/Quiz

Research types quiz
{What type of research is the following?

A researcher surveys community attitudes to eating non-traditional meat (e.g. venison, kangaroo). -Experimental -Quasi-experimental +Non-experimental
 * type=""}

{What type of research is the following?

A researcher conducts a study in which the study habits of university students who regularly use marijuana are compared with those of uni students who do not regularly use marijuana. -Experimental +Quasi-experimental -Non-experimental
 * type=""}

{What type of research is the following?

A researcher randomly allocates volunteers to either a morning or evening exercise routine and measures their sleep patterns. +Experimental -Quasi-experimental -Non-experimental
 * type=""}

title: Research types/Quiz


text: Category:Research types

title: Category:Research types


title: File:Math.2.B.Hilbert.20120211.pdf


text:
Bromley by Bow Centre/Organising People, Resources and Power

Assignments
1) Course Work 1

 * Case-study of a successful/failed social enterprise; 1,500 words; 40%
 * Learning outcomes to be focussed on: 1,2,3,4

 * What is expected:

 * Choose an organisation and tell its story from the perspective of two or more forms of resources the organisation’s leadership harnessed . Discuss the concepts of success and failure in relation to different forms of resources.

 * Marking Criteria
 * Clearly defined unit of study
 * Effective selection and organisation of material
 * Critical analysis
 * Original thought
 * Integration of course materials into the assignment
 * A consistent referencing and bibliography system.

2)Course Work 2

 * Essay on skills sets for effective management of NGOs/social enterprise; 2,500 words; 60%
 * Learning outcomes to be focussed on: 5,6,7,8,9,10

 * What is expected:

''Focus on what skill sets need to be in organisations at strategic, managerial and operational levels to realise the mission of the organisation effectively. Use Stakeholder theory and related concepts.''

General guidelines for course works:

 * Keep to the word limit range. Variations of more than 10% will be penalised. Always include the word count on the title page of your assignment.