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User talk:Susann

 Hello Susann, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 12:22, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:22, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Motivation and emotion/Book/Eudaimonic well-being
FYI - I've left some feedback on the EW chapter on its talk page here: Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/Eudaimonic well-being Sincerely, James -- Jtneill - Talk - c 13:41, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Talk page help
Here's some info about how talk pages work: Help:Talk page. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 13:43, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Fixed up your chapter heading - hope this is ok. If you don't like, just delete.
Just making sure you don't miss that I changed your chapter heading along the lines you said you wanted. You just need to delete if you don't want it. You might still want to look at your title though - it appears to overlap itself. Good luck. :) Jeanette 05:56, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Susann


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User:Courtney.reis

Hi Guys!
I am really excited to be the tutor for Motivation and Emotion 2013.

I am a current Master of Clinical Psychology student at UC - first year :)

I did my undergraduate and honours through UC also.

Feel free to email me on u3028246@uni.canberra.edu.au at any time with any questions.

You can also check out my book chapter from the 2011 course :) Dealing with Conflict

Courtney.reis (discuss • contribs)

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text: User:Pinksalt

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text: User:JayAr

title: User:JayAr


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User talk:JayAr

 Hello JayAr, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 12:30, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

 Hello , you can call me Jacob Frank. I'd like to be your mascot and welcome you to Wikiversity. Even though I was a plain and untutored man back in 18th-century Europe, that still didn't stop me from contributing my ideas to the world. Neither should it stop you. As a religious leader who developed the doctrine of "purification through transgression," my advice to you is to be bold and to ignore all rules—yes, these are two of Wikiversity's official policies! Happy editing.

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:30, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

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title: File:DFT.5.B.Analysis.20110810.pdf


text:
Naturality

1. Naturality Story
The Most Beautiful Book

A teacher asked five students to find the most beautiful book in the world. After one year they returned and displayed their books.

The first student showed a holy book of scripture, and said that it was the most beautiful book in the world because it contained knowledge about God.

The second student showed a book of science and said that it was the most beautiful book because it contained the knowledge on how to make us safe, comfortable and live longer.

The third student displayed a book on art and philosophy and said that it was the most beautiful book because it revealed the depth and beauty of life.

The fourth student showed a book of ethics and said that it was the most beautiful book because it helped us to live in harmony.

The fifth student had no book to show. She was asked, “Where is your book?”

She pointed in all directions and then towards herself and said,

“I have the book of life all around and inside me. That is the most beautiful book. All other books come from the book of life.”

She received the award for the most beautiful book.

2. Naturality: Right Care all the Way
Dharma Daham, Dharma Manas, Dharma Buddhi-Atman

Right care to body, feelings, intellect and natural self

Dharma Priya Jan, Dharma Serva Jan, Dharma Desh, Dharma Dhara

Right care to family, community, country and the earth

Dharma Neham, Dharma Ekam, Dharma Hee Gatisheelta

Let love, oneness  and movement sustain right care

Dharma Jeevan, Dharma Chetan, Dharma Hee Ananda Param.

Let right care bring the bliss of conscious living.

Sahajam Asti Asti Asti - I affirm this, affirm this, affirm this

3. What is Naturality?
Jivasu the founder of Naturality movement.

Naturality is a process of understanding the natural order and rhythms of our body, mind, and feelings and align our lives with those laws. The learning expands to the natural order and rhythms of the world and universe around us. Then we are not only the individual person but also the part of the cosmic flow.

Many of us have enough knowledge and experiences but they remain fragmented. In Naturality we learn to integrate our fragmented knowledge and experiences and weave them into a harmonious whole. The drops of our experiences and knowledge merge to form a trickle; these trickles become a stream of insights; these streams a river of ever-widening consciousness; and the river flows between the two shores of passion and peace towards the sea, its destination to become free from fear and guilt.

4. Why Naturality?
We are living in an exciting era of transition, turbulence and transformation. For the first time in human history, a world culture is emerging. Old cultural, religious and racial boundaries are disappearing and the world is becoming a global village.

Three unique features define this young world culture are – the pervasive influence of science and technology, the desire for material well-being, and the emphasis on individuality. Old faiths, religions ideologies and spiritual authorities are either being questioned or rejected. Young people are refusing to submit to old traditions, rules and rituals. As a result, many are sensing a void in their lives and searching for new paths. There is an interest in self-inquiry and an aspiration for self-knowledge that connects us to our daily lives.

Naturality is a response to this yearning of the young world culture. Naturality is to live according our nature and walk our own path. Naturality doesn’t belong to any specific culture, religion or spiritual tradition. On the path of Naturality, anything relevant to human life including religion, spirituality, science, arts, business, politics and sports become a door to understanding the fullness of life.

The foundation of Naturality is science because science is the language through which this new world culture communicates and the lens through which it sees. Science is the foundational myth and the epic story of this world culture. Science has the ability to connect us, regardless of race, color, language or culture. It pervades all aspects of global life.

The goal of Naturality is not to create a revolution, another religion or a new system of philosophy. Naturality is born out of awareness that revolution is already happening in the world. Naturality simply articulates and expresses this revolution’s essence and form. Naturality’s aim is to create a platform where many can gather, connect, experience and express themselves in creative way irrespective of their background.

Naturality points towards the source that compels us to live more naturally; this source is the natural self within all of us. Without consciously connecting to the natural self and living according to it, the current natural movements remain incomplete, and our actions are merely rituals rather than a force, which could transform our life in radical way.

5. Naturality is a natural path of four awakenings
1. Awakening to the Problems

Fear and guilt are the two core problems of human life.

Fear is the fear of death of the body and also fear of death of the ‘I’ or personal self.

Guilt is the guilt of not living to our full potential; the guilt of feeling selfish if we are trying to live up to our full potential and the guilt of not fulfilling our responsibilities.

2. Awakening to the Cause of the Problems

Emergence of ‘I’ or sense of personal self

3. Awakening to our Response to the Problems

Escape into the world to avoid fear and guilt; which results in alienation from life; which then results in life-energy being blocked

4. Awakening to the Solution to the Problems

Path of Naturality – Our unique natural path

Naturality is a natural path of awakening innate to us.

On Naturality path we understand the natural laws and rhythms of our body, mind, and feelings and align our lives with those laws.

Many of us have enough knowledge and experiences but they remain fragmented. In Naturality we learn to integrate our fragmented knowledge and experiences and weave them into a harmonious whole. The drops of our experiences and knowledge merge to form a trickle; these trickles become a stream of insights; these streams a river of ever-widening consciousness; and the river flows between the two shores of passion and peace towards the sea, its destination to become free from fear and guilt.

Naturality starts with building a healthy identity if we don`t have one. We need to have a stable source of self-esteem to find our place in the world, which then prepares the ground to enter into our natural personality with which we were born. Knowing our natural personality is to read the book of our own life. It helps us in healing our emotional scars, cleans us from the burdens of the past and allows us to arrive at the Natural Self.

The Natural Self is the essence of our life. Without our natural self we merely become the reflection

and shadows of our family, society and culture. Family, society and culture are essential for rooting in early life, but later on we have to go beyond their ways to find who we are.

By realizing our Natural Self we discover five natural virtues inherent in us. The first virtue is our inner power, to become an independent and creative person; the second is the meaning of our life which comes from within; the third is the experience of self-love through which we accept who we are; the fourth is the inner happiness which is not dependent on the world and the fifth is realizing our destiny, knowing what we are supposed to do in the world.

Beyond Natural Self, we experience expansive mind, expansive stillness and expansive fullness to arrive at unconditional love and freedom.

6. Many doors to Naturality
Anything positive or negative, good or bad can become the starting point on the path of Naturality. On Naturality path everything is an opportunity for self discovery including:

-         Religion and spirituality

-         Science and arts

-         Adventures and sports

-         Politics and business

Trauma and losses, sufferings, pain, and Illnesses

7. Preparing for the journey
Three prong action of prepare us to walk on Naturality path.

 * Building a healthy identity
 * Knowing our natural personality
 * Naturality practice

a. Building a Healthy Identity: Finding our place in the world
A healthy identity roots us in a family, society and culture and helps us to survive and function efficiently within the world. If we are not well adjusted, an unhealthy identity forms, which leads to many physical, emotional and mental health problem. Naturality guides us to build a healthy identity.

Healthy identity has five features:

Self-care

Care of others

Trust

Boundaries

Quest

b. Knowing our Natural Personality: Enter into the door to freedom
Identity buries the nature but it can’t hide it completely. Unique nature expresses itself as natural personalities. If we become aware and follow natural personality, the doors to freedom open. This awareness is key for nurturing the relationship with the world and ourselves.

We are the combination of three personalities

1. Earth

2. Fire

3. Wind

c. Naturality Practice: Cultivating Calm Awareness
Without practice Naturality path remains incomplete. But practice without passion and patience wouldn’t take us far.

The Naturality Practice is a combination of body poses, breathing techniques and meditation, which can be completed in less than an hour.

Naturality poses are called Point Poses as they activate some of the major energy points in the body. They bring greater vitality and relieve stress and pain, particularly in the head and face area. For those who experience pain, disability and/or old age, Naturality poses are particularly effective. In Naturality, any pose that the body naturally takes can become an effective Yoga pose as long as:

-         The body part involved in the pose is gently stretched

-         The pose is sustained for more than forty seconds

-         Breathing is normal

-         Awareness of the pose maintained.

The “Breath of Dissolution” follows a set of poses. This is a breathing technique that can be practiced either lying down or sitting comfortably in a chair. The Naturality Practice ends with Expansiveness Meditation.Way of Naturality: Living According to one’s Nature, walking one’s own path

Naturality can be seen as a process of metamorphosis in which mind’s habitual patterns are shattered, releasing individuals into an ever- expanding freedom to live according to their own nature and walk their own path. This process includes intimate knowledge of one’s innate intelligence and leads to the full expression of one’s nature in the world; this is the state of Becoming. Naturality is also a state of Being; in this state, stillness roars with energy, peace meets passion, and living and dying are movements of life.

a. Natural Crisis: Diving into the unknown
In order for us to progress further beyond the bounds of the identity’s structure and natural personality, we have to face our subconscious. Conscious life is only a small part of our total existence. It’s like the tip of the iceberg, while hidden underneath is a vast ocean of human experience. Here lie feelings of guilt, anger, and fear; memories of trauma, failure and despair; wounds and scars from painful events of the past. But this mysterious ocean of human experience also includes light, insight, creativity and joy—the most precious gifts of the subconscious. These treasures can be discovered when we enter the dark world of the subconscious and illuminate it with the light of consciousness. We can then transform its energy and integrate it into our daily lives.

So we see that a shattering experience of disillusionment can actually become the catalyst for great natural growth. We become vulnerable and receptive, acquiring the sensitivity required for change. When we reach this level of sensitivity, then the distraction and protection provided by the identity is no longer effective. If this process is allowed to take its own course, it leads to the experience of natural self. A second birth occurs within us as we are born into the wholeness of natural self. We become creators and recreate ourselves. Rebirth is the result of this mind-body union.

b. Natural Self: Discovering the Destiny
A major milestone on the Naturality path is the discovery of our inner guru, which is when our natural self completely awakens. It is a feeling of being centered within and being at home wherever we are. It is the inner GPS that guides us through the complexities of the world with clarity, calmness and full awareness.

Our inner guru brings a natural discipline to life and allows us to express our creativity fearlessly, effortlessly, and with joy. It allows us to feel deeply and completely healed from within, as our body functions with ease and natural balance, our emotions is vibrant and smooth as they connect our inner and outer worlds, while our thoughts flow, articulate and communicate with their natural rhythm. In essence, our inner guru helps us to fulfill the natural purpose of our life. We become like a river and experience flow.

Flow is the feeling of gliding through the world with ease and energy. In flow, we are fully aligned with our surroundings. The body is relaxed, the senses are sharp, and the mind is calm, open and focused. We touch new peaks of creativity and become pioneers. These are the moments when our natural self finds its true and full expression.

By realizing our Natural Self we discover five natural virtues inherent in us. The first virtue is our inner power, to become an independent and creative person; the second is the meaning of our life which comes from within; the third is the experience of self-love through which we accept who we are; the fourth is the inner happiness which is not dependent on the world and the fifth is realizing our destiny, knowing what we are supposed to do in the world.

Natural self is also the celebration of body and the earth where inner nature meets the outer nature. Body gets reconnected with the earth. The individual live in harmony with the nature.

c. Expansive Mind: I am the world
As we move beyond the natural self we enter into  Expansive Mind and feel a sense of oneness with the world, and the world becomes the expression of the one conscious force. It brings the experience of universal love, a love that is not selective or limited. In Expansive Mind, death and life become lover and beloved and can’t be separated. This brings further freedom from the fear of death because we realize that there is no death, and that when our body dies, the something lives on in Expansive Mind.

d. Expansive Stillness: The nameless silence
When God, mystery, creator, creation, time and space are all emptied out, then only pure consciousness is left. This consciousness is without name, form, time or space. It is stillness, tranquility and silence. The brain has no ripples of thoughts and becomes a clean mirror, reflecting what goes on within and outside. In Expansive Stillness all events, states, thoughts and feelings are experienced as impermanent. Life moves and changes on its own without an absolute self or mover. All is experienced as oneness.

e. Expansive Fullness: This is full, that is full
In expansive fullness, the gap between absolute, timeless consciousness and the time bound relative world disappears. They merge into each other as one movement of life. Body, feelings, thoughts, living and non-living beings are filled with their inherent fullness. There is no deficiency in this state and so there are no desires. There is total silence exploding with energy and complete action. Nothing is illusion. All is truth without a beginning or end. One arrives at the very source of existence.

9. Conclusion
The journey of Naturality begins with our birth. We are born as a body just like the body of any other living being on earth. We are part of nature and fully embedded in it. Although the body is conscious, its consciousness is reflexive. Within the body, life and death occur simultaneously and are not separated from each other. There is a perfect balance. It is the state of peace and pleasure and without any mental boundaries. This state of peace is disturbed when biological survival is at stake, although it is regained when survival is assured.

This state of perfect balance and harmony in the body comes to an end with the growth of the brain as we experience moments of consciousness. As we become more conscious of ourselves and the world around us, we develop a fear of both death and life and suffer from guilt. In order to escape this fear and guilt, we build an identity as protection. This identity is constructed using elements borrowed from family, society and culture. Identity is vital to live in the world. But identity impinges on the body and brain, compromising its balance, peace and pleasure. And so our quest begins to regain that lost, peaceful state. Our life becomes more and more complex and takes many detours on this search. Many of us are lost.

During this search, we may experience a natural crisis where our identity is dismantled and its protective thoughts, concepts and dreams crumble. The experience leads us to our natural self which was always there, but hidden beneath the smoke screen of identity. We develop witnessing consciousness and the body is freed from identity. It wakes from its slumber and begins to express and regulate itself more naturally, which brings peace and natural pleasure back into daily living. We are effortlessly connected with nature and accept our mortality.

The process continues and we proceed from the natural self into expansive consciousness where we experience an intimate connection with the world and nature and feel at one with it. In this state, the body feels more freed and is at ease with nature. Death and life become intimate companions and there is no fear of death anymore and guilt comes to an end. As this process continues, we move into expansive stillness. Now the body functions with its natural rhythm just like when it was born. Life and death again become two sides of one experience. Pleasure and peace reign in the body and we experience a state of perfect balance and harmony within and with the world around.

At this stage, consciousness is not reflexive but rather a pure witness with stillness. This stillness is dynamic. In this primal dynamic stillness, the body functions at its peak, the senses are open and alert but the mind is silent. The process comes full circle. Naturality begins with the body and eventually comes back to the body. At the beginning the consciousness is reflexive. By the end, it is in a pure witnessing state.

This is the pinnacle of human life. Here, not only is conscious stillness experienced but the body also functions at its zenith. While conscious stillness takes us to our highest potential, the body connects us to the earth and all of nature.

10. The essence of Naturality
 -         Fear of death of body and personal self and guilt are the twin problems of human life

-         Naturality is not a goal but a process, and each point and experience in the process is part of the Naturality. Naturality is in the beginning, in the middle and in the end

-         A healthy identity is the first milestone on Naturality path

-         Biology and the body are the  underpinning of all experiences on the Naturality path

-         Naturality is an education. Education means realizing what is already there within us

-         The Naturality teachings are like scaffolding. They help us to build our life and live it fully. Once life is built, the scaffolding is no longer necessary

11. Six Elements or Yogas of Naturality
Six Yogas of Naturality form a comprehensive and clear framework that can help us to deal with the problems as they arise at various aspects and stages of our life.

a. Yoga of Love and Relationships
We seek love and relationships to fulfil our desire for security, pleasure and attention. In our search for love, we try to live our life through others. When we make others the objects of our desire, we become tempted to try to mould them to fill our needs and to share our world view. However, this misguided approach brings an end to love. Love can only exist between two individuals who are equal and are not trying to change each other. When this relationship of equality does not exist, love is bound to wither and die. That is why so few people experience an enduring love, and instead keep on seeking new relationships.

Once connected with our natural self, we experience love within, a love that illuminates others with its glow. In this love, there is no search for security or desire to change others. Such love paves the path for universal love and eventually unconditional love.

b. Yoga of Emotional and Mental Health
Emotions and feelings form the core of our natural personality, without which we can’t function in the world. Knowing and understanding our emotions and feelings are the essence of living. Naturality begins with building a healthy identity or ego, which can protect against emotional and mental illnesses. Although we may still experience turbulent emotion, a strong identity prevents the progression to serious mental illness. Later, by discovering our natural personality we learn to live in a state of love, well-being and creativity.

c. Yoga of Aging and Old Age
Many feel burdened as old age approaches. Our minds can’t accept the fact we are aging and we can’t do the same things that we did in the past. We don’t realize that aging brings many blessings. We have to know how to use those blessings rather than remaining stuck in the patterns of our youth.

In Naturality, aging and old age is the time for adventure, for exploring the outer world as well as the world within. It’s a time to fulfil our dreams and discover our natural self. That process brings delight to our daily living as well as an outpouring of creativity that we’ve never experienced before.

d. Yoga of Death and Dying
Life and death are two sides of the same coin; they are both complementary sides of nature. We cannot live fully without accepting death, and we cannot die in peace if we have not lived fully. However, our minds hold life and death as two separate and mutually exclusive concepts, instead of accepting that they are as closely integrated as light and dark, night and day. Our mind urges us to cling to life and to escape death, but in truth, our fear of death becomes a mental prison. Our fear and anxiety prevents us from living a fulfilled life. Yet when it is finally time for death, we are anxious that we have not lived fully enough and so we don’t want to die.

As we live according to our natural self, the cycle of fear and escape comes to an end. We accept our mortality, and as a result we start living with increased vitality. Naturality explores the causes of the fear of death, the physical process of dying, and answers a most haunting question: what happens when we die?

e. Yoga of Digital Culture and Artificial Intelligence
In our times digital culture of computers, automation, genetic engineering, nano-technology and artificial intelligence is rapidly progressing. Many are worried that it will take over our world and reduce us to the inferior and subservient place.

Yes that is possible if we go along with it and not counter it with ever increasing awakening within us. It happened in the past also with industrial and information revolutions upto some extent. Many started serving the machines rather than remain the masters of the matter.

Awareness is always supreme if we let it grow constantly to keep pace with the material developments of science and technology. Without increasing awareness we will be diminished to mere biological patterns or algorithms that can be measured, calculated, dominated and manipulated.

f. Yoga of Complete Beauty
In the emerging world culture, old definitions of beauty are outdated. We can't define the beauty on the basis of our height, skin colr or the shape of our facial features. Beauty has to include the inner qualities of a person rather than merely the beauty of the body.

Naturality defines beauty as the experience of delight and well-being brought by the harmonious functioning of the mind and the body. It's reflected in radiant skin, lustrous eyes, erect posture and energetic movements, also in becoming loving, attentive, patient and calm. Then we are living in complete beauty.

12. Naturality: Where science meets the sacred
All Naturality teachings and experiences have an underpinning in human biology and body with special connection to the brain and nervous system. In Naturality, ancient insights seamlessly unite with contemporary science.

However what is described below doesn’t indicate precise differences between three functional parts of the brain and also the divisions between left and right brain. All brain functions overlap and we can’t assign them to only one anatomical location. They are described to give approximate idea of relationships with the various consciousness states. Some of the explanations are theories, based on personal experiences and inference from scientific research.

Universal nature is the source of all that exists. From the most primitive life forms, a process of evolution towards greater and greater complexity began. It took billions of years for the human brain to evolve into its present form, the most marvellous instrument of perception in the universe. Because our brain was fashioned by Nature, the brain is capable of revealing Nature’s secrets and intelligence. This is why it is sometimes referred to as the “three-pound universe.”

Primal consciousness is infinite and contains all possible forms and levels of consciousness. What is experienced depends on how developed the brain is. As our brain develops more and vibrates at a particular frequency, we experience a specific level of consciousness. As self-aware human beings, we can change the structure and physiology of our brain and become conscious of those experiences that are not available to other living beings. This is conscious evolution.

Within us, all possible levels of consciousness are already there, so consciousness itself does not evolve. Rather, the brain evolves and gains more access to different levels of consciousness. All Naturality practices are about changing the structure and physiology of the brain in order to tune into more conscious experience. The natural ability of brain to change is called neuroplasticity.

On the path of Naturality, neuroplasticity is of great significance. As we learn to live according to our nature, our brain becomes freer from the past conditioning. As we experience the process of becoming more natural, the brain is changed radically. It begins to function as a harmonious and integrated unit, filled with peace, passion and bliss.

Below are the various levels of consciousness depending on which part of the brain is involved in perception.

a. Physical Consciousness: Unicellular and Multi-cellular Organisms
The first active expression of consciousness is in the form of a single cell, which represents the consciousness of the body in its most rudimentary form. The entire cell functions as a brain because nothing is differentiated. However, this single cell is the seed of the fully differentiated human body and brain.

From a functional point of view, the brain has three components: the Reptilian brain, Mammalian brain and the Neo-cortex or human brain. These three components interpenetrate each other and their functions overlap. There is no precise location for the various functions carried out by our brains.

b. Physical Consciousness: The Reptilian Brain
The brain stem is the reptilian brain. This is where consciousness emerges but without the element of self-awareness or self-reflection.

At this level, the organism lives in survival and reproduction mode with all systems controlled by nature in a predictable pattern. There is no sense of time and space. The organism lives in an unconscious eternity. To become aware of this state is the ‘Expansive Stillness’. We can also call the experience of “Natural Non-Duality”, as there is complete sense of oneness without the other.

c. Emotional Consciousness: The Mammalian Brain
Emotional consciousness occurs in the limbic system or mammalian brain. This is where the pleasure centers and the centres for the autonomic nervous system, vital for homeostasis and mind-body interface, are located. Experience is based on emotions, not reason.

It is possible for us to become aware of emotional consciousness, which leads to living in the present moment and the experience of the natural self.

d. Intellectual Consciousness: The Human Brain
With the development of the neo-cortex and prefrontal cortex in humans, the size and weight of the brain increase. At this stage of evolution, humans develop logic, rationality, language and the ability to plan for the future. Linear time emerges at this part of the brain.

e. Existential Consciousness:  The Experience of Dissolution
Here, the prefrontal and neo-cortex lose their dominance and the turbulent energy of the mammalian and reptilian components of the brain take over. This results in mental chaos, a loss of cognitive control and a loss of a sense of self and identity. In existential consciousness, social and cultural customs, rewards and achievements are stripped of their meaning and we are left psychologically naked and exposed.

f. Witnessing Consciousness: Integration and Wholeness
This stage follows existential consciousness. In the state of integration and wholeness, we become a fully functional individual. We develop a natural and spontaneous witnessing consciousness. The reptilian, mammalian and neo-cortex complexes work in harmony. This is experienced as “flow,” or bliss.

The brain functions as one and as an integral part of the body. This is experienced as oneness of mind and body. The brain is awakened and dormancy is over. This leads to persistent activation of pleasure centers, bringing a sense of well-being.

Increased connectivity and communication exist between various parts of the brain and the body. This results in a feeling of wholeness. This is also felt in the form of tingling sensations in the body and a fountain of energy intermittently pouring into the brain.

The prefrontal cortex thickens and increased “mirroring” properties of neurons are activated, resulting in witnessing consciousness.

Right and Left Brain
The Western concept of the Identity or self differs from the Eastern concept. In the West, the identity or self is primarily a sense of “I” while in the East it is the feeling of “I Am.” “I” is achieved when intellectual consciousness is added to emotional and physical consciousness but they don’t function in unison and harmony. “I Am” contains all three types of consciousness working in harmony, which results in mind-body integration. “I” belongs to the left-brain and is primarily connected with linear time. “Amness” is related to the right brain, which is being aware of one’s existence in the here and now. “I” has sense of time and bound by it, while “Amness” goes beyond time but retains a sense of space.

13. Naturality's other elements

 * Science and Arts
 * Economics
 * Politics
 * Education
 * Environment

On the spectrum of human experience and knowledge, the arts belong to one end and science to the other. The arts provide exploration into the personal, physical, mental and mystical world; the explorations of science delve into the material and mental realm which can verified, observed, and confirmed by many. Science The word Science comes from the Latin: scientia meaning "knowledge". According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." Science can affirm and confirm the path and process of Naturality and make it more democratic and available to the majority. That is the true contribution of science in human life. Whatever is happening in humans at the physical, mental and mystical level is all reflected in the body and brain. We now know for certain that any happening from within or without brings changes in the electrical, biochemical and energetic composition of the brain and body. Arts Britannica Online defines art as "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others." Middle English art from Old French art from Latin artem, accusative of ars "art". Displaced native Middle English liste "art" (from Old English list). Human effort to imitate, supplement, alter, or counteract the work of nature. Creativity’s biggest challenge lies in the process of recreating ourselves. A true artist’s life itself becomes an art. Fragments of life come together, fuse and become whole and living through the creation of a symphony, painting or a poem. Art is a rebellion to the mass and mundane way of life. It’s an effort to discover one’s unique way of being in the world and express it fully - a realm between ego and soul. As a dissatisfied person, the artist wants to interpret the world and nature in a unique way, becoming both creative and the creator. For this reason, art can be a step towards discovering one’s naturalness on the path of Naturality.  Economics

The English words "economy" and "economics" can be traced back to the Greek words οἰκονόμος "one who manages a household" (derived from οἴκος "house", and νέμω "distribute (especially, manage)"), οἰκονομία "household management", and οἰκονομικός "of a household or family". Money is indeed sacred if it doesn’t accumulate and become stagnant. The movement of money is a sacred movement and if it remains a means and not an end, it helps a person to be fully functional, moving towards wholeness and well-being. Money takes away the worries of basic survival in the beginning and later on helps individuals discover and express the destiny for which they were born, which is also the goal of Naturality

Politics

The word politics comes from the Greek word Πολιτικά (politika), modeled on Aristotle's "affairs of the city", the name of his book on governing and governments, which was rendered in English mid-15 century as latinized "Polettiques". The purpose of politics is to find consensus within a group, community, nation or the world. Politics has the responsibility to make daily living safe and manageable for the people, providing them with equal opportunity and recognizing the inequities with which they are born. Such movement of politics helps people to walk the path of Naturality.

Education

Etymologically, the word education is derived from educare (Latin) "bring up", which is related to educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead". What is education? Education is a process of bringing forth what is within. We all are born with an innate intelligence. The purpose of education is not to impose a specific mode of knowledge on children and students but to find out what their innate intelligence and then offer an education according to that. Then only education becomes a process which brings out what is embedded in a child as potential. Such education doesn’t neglect skill building to learn one’s livelihood but it goes also beyond to discover and express what is there within. If education takes that route, a child will remain in touch with his/her true nature and will live in harmony and flow with it. This is the essential condition of wellness and well- being.

Further Readings

 * J Krishnamurti – a Biography by Pupul Jayakar Penguin Books 2003, ISBN 9780140103434
 * The ending of time, J Krishnamurti, David Bohm, London : Gollancz, 1985 ISBN 0060647965
 * Krishnamurti's notebook, J Krishnamurti, Bramdean, Hampshire, Krishnamurti Foundation Trust Ltd, 2003. ISBN 9781888004632
 * The Other Side of Belief : Interpreting U.G. Krishnamurti, Penguin, Rao, Mukunda ISBN 0144000350, Year: 2005
 * Meditation: First and Last Freedom, Osho  Publisher: St. Martins Press, USA ISBN 0312336632
 * Self-Realization: The Life and Teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi, by B.V. Narasimha Swami ISBN 81-88225-74-6
 * Sri Aurobindo, or, The adventure of consciousness, 2nd ed. Satprem. Published 1984 by Institute for Evolutionary Research in Mount Vernon, ISBN 0938710044
 * The Mind of the Cells by Satprem(1982) Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY ISBN 0-938710-06-0
 * Molecules of Emotion by Candace Pert - Publisher: SIMON & SCHUSTER ISBN 0684846349
 * Sex, Ecology, Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution, 1st ed. 1995, 2nd rev. ed. 2001: ISBN 1-57062-744-4
 * Buddha's Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation, Richard Davidson: ISBN 0618378294
 * How God Changes Your Brain: Andrew Newberg, (coauthored with Mark Robert Waldman), Ballantine Books, 2009,ISBN 978-0-345-50341-1
 * Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, Antonio Damasio, revised Penguin edition, 2005 ISBN 1-56170-885-2
 * The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Antonio Damasio, 1999 ISBN 9780151003693
 * The Strange Order of Things: Antonio Damasio, 2018 ISBN 9780307908766
 * The Birth and Death of Meaning, Ernest Becker 1971. ISBN 0-02-902190-1
 * The Denial of Death, Ernest Becker Collier-Mac, 1973. ISBN 0-02-902310-6
 * Escape from Evil, Ernest Becker Free Press, 1975. ISBN 0-02-902340-8

About Naturality
Founder: Jivasu Inspiration: UG Krishnamurti, JKrishnamurti, Osho, Sri Aurobindo, Mother of Pondicherry. Path: A Natural Path of Four Awakenings and Six Yogas Core Learning:
 * Preparing for the path: Healthy Identity, Natural Personality and Three Fold Naturality Practice
 * Experiences on the path: Natural Crisis, Natural Self, Expansive Mind, Expansive Stillness and Expansive Fullness

Goal: To live in our Natural Self and go beyond Experience: Freedom from Fear and Guilt and living in Peace, Passion and Bliss Specific practices: . Naturality poses and Pooja Yoga or prayer yoga

 * Kalajayi breath or breath of Dissolution
 * Expansive or Brahamn meditation

Headquarters in Hamilton - Canada and Rishikesh - India

www.naturalitypath.com        jivasu.natural@gmail.com                 mira.rostami@hotmail.com

title: Naturality


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Voting systems

 * /Score voting/
 * /Single transferable vote/
 * /Instant runoff voting/
 * /Bucklin voting/
 * /Approval voting/
 * /Asset voting/
 * /Delegable proxy/
 * /Condorcet criterion/
 * /Condorcet methods/

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Voting systems/Delegable proxy

An experiment with Delegable proxy has been started on Wikiversity: Delegable proxy.

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User talk:Jivasu

 Hello Jivasu, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 20:22, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Your identity
Jivasu, you have taken as a username the name of the teacher Jivasu. Are you Jivasu himself? If so, I'll want to verify this. If you are someone serving him or wanting the educate about him and his teachings, that's okay, but I'll want to suggest that your user name be changed, so that there is no confusion. Thanks. --Abd 20:47, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Confirmation of Identity
Jivasu created this account and asked me to post. Should I post under a different name? I created an account for myself for testing things. I am not even sure if this is the correct place to post this article. Jivasu wanted it on wikipedia, but from what I was reading it appears that it is not in a correct format for a Wkipedia article. Jivasu 18:51, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. One person posting with the account of another is disapproved. I suggest that you register a different account, for yourself, and use it for participation here, and I suggest to Jivasu that he use this account only for his own editing, if he wants to edit. That way, he's responsible for what he does and you are responsible for what you do.
 * When you create a new account, connect it by mention on your user page with this account, acknowledging that you did edit, under instruction, for Jivasu at one time, and disclosing your relationship.
 * Yes, the page you created here would almost certainly not be appropriate for Wikipedia, as-is. But I did see a value to it being here, and so I placed it in context. I cannot personally assist you on Wikipedia, but I may be able to give you some advice, I know Wikipedia quite well.
 * For Jivasu's protection, I'm thinking of blocking the account until it can be independently established that he has control of it. That block would not be any kind of "punishment," it would simply be protection against unauthorized usage by any person other than Jivasu. But there is no rush here. Do please establish an account for yourself and acknowledge it by a dual edit (i.e., you edit the same page, perhaps the user page of the new user, with both accounts, to show you have control of both. From that point, you should not use the Jivasu account any more. Okay? --Abd 19:28, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks I will try and do so. my account is christine42Jivasu 14:34, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Christine42 is editing this page from her new account. She will not use Jivasu's account Christine42 14:38, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Christine. I'm going to trust your assertion that you won't use this account again, and I recommend to Jivasu that he change his password for security and not allow anyone else to edit using his account. It's fine if he asks you to help, as he did, but it should be done through another account. (It probably doesn't matter, but he could specifically authorize you through an edit to your user page, having established identity through off-wiki means, contact me by email to inquire about this.)
 * There is an experimental process which I have started whereby Jivasu could name you as his "proxy" on Wikiversity; this would simply mean that you'd be considered, in some general way, to represent him or his interests. See Delegable proxy and Delegable proxy/Table. (One way that this might be of use is that someone who has a question to ask of Jivasu might ask you, and you could pass it on if you thought that worthwhile, or respond from your own knowledge.) --Abd 15:18, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jivasu


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School talk:Life

Proposed additions to list of resources

 * Landmark Education --Abd 20:37, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

title: School talk:Life


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Category:School of Life

Resources connected with the School of Life.

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Computer Hardware Types

This is a lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science

Hardware Details
[[File:Personal computer, exploded 5.svg|thumb|left|300px|Inside a personal computer: 1. Monitor

2. Motherboard 3. CPU(Microprocessor 4. Main memory(RAM)

5. Expansion cards. 6. Power supply unit. 7. Optical disc drive. 8. Hard disk drive (HDD). 9. Keyboard. 10. Mouse.]] Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. Also referred to as the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; It's inside the computer case.

I/O lets the computer talk with the world around it. Sometimes its necessary to add functionality to a computer to keep it up to date, or make it better. The amount of I/O a computer has can be changed, by adding expansion cards that support I/O. A graphics card can be added to a computer to let it talk with a display, or a WiFi card can be added, which will let a computer talk to other computers without a connecting wire. Sometimes functionality can be added through a universal port, a port that supports multiple kinds of I/O. USB, FireWire, and Thunderbolt (Types of I/O) support multiple data types. Your keyboard, mouse, and monitor all connect to a computer's I/O.

CPUs or processors perform computations. They do the math for your calculator application, they compare the size of numbers; people have likened the CPU to the "brain" of a computer.

Memory is what allows a computer to remember things. Similar to human memory, there's long term memory (a hard disc or optical media (like a CD)) and short term memory (RAM). When a computer is turned off, it forgets everything in the RAM, so the computer saves everything it knows it will need later on in the long term memory. The short term memory is easier to use because it can do I/O faster, so when a data is needed by the CPU, it's sent from the hard disk drive (HDD) to the RAM. The short term memory lives on RAM, while the long term memory is in the hard disk drive (HDD). Optical disks let you change certain parts of the memory, it's kind of like having a book or notebook that you might read and get information from.

The motherboard is a piece of hardware that makes connections in the right places between all of the other components in a computer. It tells data where it should go. When the CPU is finished processing some data, it might say to the CPU, OK, put this in the HDD, and the motherboard will figure out where the HDD is and send the data there.

Introduction to Motherboard
A motherboard is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects hardware devices attached to it. At a minimum it includes one or more Central processing units, and the main processing activity of the computer takes place on it. However, other connected printed circuit boards may contain their own pre-processing or post-processing CPUs, to take some of the load off of the motherboard; these, together with other plug-in boards without CPUs, may be called "daughter boards." It was called a "mother" board in relation to these. A PC motherboard may have a series of sockets, allowing daughter boards to be plugged in directly. Other connectors on the motherboard allow communication through cables with various peripheral devices, both inside and outside the computer case.

Ports
Ports are used by a motherboard to interface with electronics both inside and outside of the computer.

Serial
A legacy technology, serial ports were most often used to connect a mouse or modem. By circa 2000, most personal computers stopped relying on serial ports and were replaced by PS/2 and/or USB ports. Serial ports are sometimes still used for specialized applications such as industrial automation systems, scientific instruments, and point of sale systems.

PS/2
PS/2 ports (now outdated) were for connecting peripherals such as your keyboard and mouse to the computer. PS/2 based mice and keyboards have now been replaced by USB ports as the popular standard. This trend for USB over PS/2 started in circa 2004.

Parallel
Parallel ports are used to connect other peripherals such as joysticks, and more commonly, printers. Similar to the serial port, this technology is slowly being phased out in favour of USB. Parallel ports can still be found in many motherboards today.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Pronounced "scuzzy", this was used primarily as a connection interface for tape drives and hard disk drives. SCSI has been superseded in favour of newer and cheaper technologies such as USB and Firewire.

USB
USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices. A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers.

Firewire
Technically known as the IEEE 1394 interface, but dubbed by Apple as Firewire, this connection medium hoped to surpass USB in terms of speed and popularity. While it did outperform USB v2 in speed tests, uptake was very limited due to the existing widespread use of USB.

Slots
Slots are an opening in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted to add new capabilities. All personal computers contain expansion slots for adding more memory, graphics capabilities, and support for special devices. Expansion slots come in different flavours, which will be described below. An alternative explanation for expansion slots can be found here.

Graphics card
Graphic cards are also called video cards or a video adapter. They are in all PCs. Graphic cards convert signals into video signals so the images can be displayed on the monitor. While many graphics cards are integrated into the CPU these days, enthusiasts will invest in standalone graphics cards with stronger and more powerful processing capabilities. This allows for heavy image editing, or better rendering and framerates in computer games.

Graphics cards are designed to offload rendering from the CPU. Graphics cards are powered by the motherboard and require a PCIX or PCIX 2.0 slot to install. Some cards require more power and thus will need a 6-8 pin connector that runs directly to the power supply. Graphics cards also include on board memory for efficient rendering. Typical sizes include 128-1024mb of memory. Today, high end graphics cards have multiple core processors that are largely parallel to increase texture fill and process more 3D objects in real time.

Graphics Card on Wikipedia

Sound card
A sound card, also referred to as an audio card facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. Sound cards for computers were uncommon until 1988, which left the single internal PC speaker as the only way early PC software could produce sound and music.

Sound Card on Wikipedia.

Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Network Interface Cards can be a network card, network adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card). They are a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is used for fault communication via cable. Data is transmitted over a cable network. The NIC connects computers and other devices such as printers. Many modern motherboards have NICs built in by default.

NICs on Wikipedia

PC Card
A PC Card (originally PCMCIA Card) is a device that uses a specific peripheral interface designed for laptop computers.

PC Card on Wikipedia

title: Computer Hardware Types


text:
What is a motherboard?

This is a lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science

Introduction to the motherboard
The components inside a computer need to be able to talk to each other for the computer to operate. The motherboard is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects the hardware that's attached to it. At a minimum, it connects a CPU and memory. Sometimes there are smaller processors that help take some of the load off of the CPU; busses process destinations for data, so the CPU can be left to do what it does best.

A motherboard normally has a set of expansion slots, which allow the motherboard to be expanded; it can be given extra functionality that it didn't have originally. Smaller boards called cards fit in these expansion slots, and these cards contain specialized circuits that let the motherboard do more. Typical motherboards also have a series of sockets for input and output, allowing communication through cables with various peripheral devices, both inside and outside the computer case.

Expansion slots
These are connectors on a motherboard where a circuit board can be inserted to add new capabilities. All personal computers contain expansion slots for adding more RAM, graphics capabilities, and support for special devices; some are more specialized than others.

Graphics card

Graphics cards are also called video cards or sometimes video adapters. They are in most PCs. Graphic cards convert data signals into video signals so the images can be displayed on the monitor. While graphics processors are often built into a motherboard and a card isn't needed, graphics cards have stronger and more powerful processing capabilities that allow the display of 3d images, heavy image editing, or better rendering and frame rates in computer games.

Graphics cards are designed to offload the burden of making images from the CPU. Graphics cards also include on board memory for efficient rendering. Typical sizes include 4gb-6gb of memory. Today, high end graphics cards have multiple core processors that are largely parallel to increase texture fill and process more 3D objects in real time.

Sound card
A sound card, also referred to as an audio card, allows the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. Sound cards for computers were unusual to find until 1988. Until then, the single internal PC speaker was the only way early PC software could produce any sound. Uses of a sound card include the audio components for multimedia applications such as games, video/audio editing software, and music composition. Most computers today have sound capabilities built into the motherboard, however others require expansion cards to execute these functions.

Network Interface Cards (NICs)
A network interface card can be a network card, network adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card). They are a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

PC Card
A PC Card (originally PCMCIA Card) is a type of expansion card designed for laptop computers. They are about the size of a credit card, and give the laptop the same capabilities as a PC in a compressed size. There are three types of PC Cards, which are distinguished by their physical thickness. Type 1 cards are the thinnest, while Type 3 cards are the thickest. PC Cards add peripheral capabilities to laptops, such as additional memory, modems and network connectors, and other functions which were not built into the Laptop. As technology has improved, PC cards are being phased out, and are usually only found on older laptops.

ExpressCard
ExpressCards are replacing PC cards in modern computers because of their smaller size.

Ports
Ports are used by a motherboard to interface with electronics; that is to say, they are a way of getting input and output to and from hardware. Ports are commonly used to attach peripherals, specifically, hardware that exists outside the computer's case, although some ports connect to things inside the computer too. The amount of data that can be transferred over a port during a given amount of time is its bandwidth.

USB
USB is an acronym for universal serial bus. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. They have become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

Firewire
Technically known as the IEEE 1394 interface, but dubbed by Apple as Firewire, this connection medium hoped to surpass USB in terms of speed and popularity. While it did outperform USB v2 in speed tests, uptake was very limited due to the existing widespread use of USB.

Parallel
Parallel ports are used to connect external hardware such as printers, scanners, or fax machines. While this technology is slowly being phased out in favour of USB, Parallel ports can still be found in many motherboards today.

Thunderbolt
A recently developed port called Thunderbolt was released by Intel. It's expected to be a strong competitor to USB, because it can transfer a large amount of information at one time.

Ethernet
Ethernet ports are typically found on NICs. It's a port that connects a computer or other relevant machine to a local network. This allows for data transfer from one device to another, as long as they are connected to the same network. Devices on the same network are connected via a router, which contains the central ethernet ports which each device connects to with a wire. Some printers have network capabilities with ethernet ports.

quiz
{Graphics cards are also known as ________ or sometimes ________. + video cards | video adapters - video processors | video converters - display cards | video screens - video boards | video circuits
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Graphics cards are also referred to as video cards or video adapters.
 * Incorrect. The correct terms are video cards and video adapters.
 * Incorrect. The correct terms are video cards and video adapters.
 * Incorrect. The correct terms are video cards and video adapters.

{Graphics cards convert data signals into ________ signals so the images can be displayed on the monitor. + video - audio - ethernet - power
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Graphics cards convert data signals into video signals.
 * Incorrect. Graphics cards deal with video, not audio.
 * Incorrect. Ethernet is related to networking, not graphics.
 * Incorrect. Power is not a type of signal.

{A sound card is also referred to as an ________ card. + audio - video - ethernet - power
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! A sound card is also known as an audio card.
 * Incorrect. That refers to graphics cards.
 * Incorrect. That refers to network interface cards.
 * Incorrect. Power is not a type of card.

{A network interface card can also be known as a ________, ________, or ________. + network card | network adapter | NIC - audio card | sound adapter | NIC - video card | display adapter | VIC - power card | energy adapter | PIC
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! These are all names for a network interface card.
 * Incorrect. Audio and sound adapters are related to sound cards.
 * Incorrect. Video and display adapters are related to graphics cards.
 * Incorrect. These terms are not related to network interface cards.

{A PC Card is a type of expansion card designed for ________. + laptop computers - desktop computers - smartphones - tablets
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! PC Cards are designed for laptop computers.
 * Incorrect. PC Cards are specifically for laptops.
 * Incorrect. PC Cards are not for smartphones.
 * Incorrect. PC Cards are for laptops, not tablets.

{ExpressCards are replacing ________ in modern computers because of their smaller size. + PC cards - USB - NICs - sound cards
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! ExpressCards are replacing PC cards.
 * Incorrect. USB is a type of port, not a card.
 * Incorrect. NICs are network interface cards.
 * Incorrect. Sound cards are for audio.

{Ports are used by a motherboard to interface with ________; they are a way of getting input and output to and from hardware. + electronics - software - internet - power supply
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Ports interface with electronics.
 * Incorrect. Ports deal with hardware, not software.
 * Incorrect. Ports are for hardware connections.
 * Incorrect. While some ports can supply power, they primarily interface with electronics.

{USB stands for ________. + universal serial bus - unified system bus - universal system board - unified serial board
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! USB stands for universal serial bus.
 * Incorrect. The correct term is universal serial bus.
 * Incorrect. The correct term is universal serial bus.
 * Incorrect. The correct term is universal serial bus.

{Ethernet ports are typically found on ________. + NICs - sound cards - graphics cards - USB
 * type="[]"}
 * Correct! Ethernet ports are typically found on network interface cards (NICs).
 * Incorrect. Sound cards deal with audio.
 * Incorrect. Graphics cards deal with video.
 * Incorrect. USB is a type of port, not a card.

title: What is a motherboard?


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Computer networks

Main Course Launch Page - Data Size and Speeds Exit Supplmental Material

Supplemental Course Navigation This is a lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science

Definition of network
Providing an ability in a specified place and time, is called "Network". In better conditions, they provide an ability everywhere and at all times and its ideals:

provide " everything " in " everywhere " and " every time ".

The abilities of water networks, electric networks, road networks, communication networks and treatment networks respectively are "water", "electricity", "relocation", "sound", etc. In computer science this ability in computer networks is data. The locations access to the ability in network is called a "Node".

Why were networks created?
A "network" allows connected computers to share information and hardware. Imagine a business where there are many computers and a single printer. In this instance, the "network" allows each of the connected computers to access the printer at the same time, without changing the printer cable or moving it from computer to computer.

A "network" also allows connected computers to share files and data as well as hardware resources, i.e., scanners, plotters, projectors and storage devices, making it easier to collect and dispense information, and giving users the ability to collaborate.

The reason your computer has access to the material you are now reading is the result of "file-sharing" via the WIKIVERSITY network.

Different types of computer networks exist to serve different needs; Personal area network (PAN), Local area network (LAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), Campus area network (CAN), Storage area network (SAN) and Wide area network (WAN).

The internet is a "network" as well, and clearly the largest and most complex of all.

LAN
A local area network (LAN) is created by a group of computers that are in close proximity to each other, hence local. The computers typically connect to each other by way of a switch, which is a device that directs signals within the LAN. A wireless network is a LAN that is created using WiFi(a wireless technology) access point instead of wired ones. A LAN is typically created at schools and businesses that have an exclusive network for students and employees. A WiFi hotspot, like the ones found at Starbucks, would also be a LAN.

WAN
A wide area network connects multiple LANs across large physical distances. They're commonly created by leasing a wire from a cable company or internet provider, although WAN typically doesn't require the internet in order to work. If the LAN of one school was connected to a LAN at a school in another state, the two together would be a WAN. A router is used to connect LANs.

The Internet
The internet (Integrated Networks) is a special collection of networks all interlinked together. It is made up of networks called ISPs that interconnect the smaller LANs and WANs around it. There are multiple ISPs across the world, and all of these are connected, to create a global network of networks.

VPN
Virtual private networks provide a special way to create a WAN by using the internet to connect LANs together, without leasing a private cable. An example might be if you were at your house, away from school; you can create a VPN to connect to the schools network, without having to lease a communications cable. A VPN encapsulates your data so that it is secure while traversing the internet.

title: Computer networks


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User:Lynnberry

 * Abstracts

 * /What is an abstract?/

 * /Creating your wikiversity page/

 * /Formatting and media tips/

title: User:Lynnberry


text:
User:Lynnberry/Essay

Words here

title: User:Lynnberry/Essay


title: File:Nm1.s11.Mtg22.pg2.fig1.svg


text:
User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/Mtg40

Mtg 40: Mon, 11 Apr 11

[[media: Nm1.s11.mtg40.djvu| page40-1]]

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg38.djvu| S10 page38-2]] [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg39.djvu| S10 page39-2]] [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-1]]: Element stability analysis FE & BE

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HW*7.1: [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg39.djvu| S10 page39-1]], [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-1]](exact solution), [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-2]]

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$$ x_{max}=15, \ r=1.4 \ $$

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2 cases $$ x_{0}=3 < \frac{1}{2} x_{max} \ $$

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$$ x_{0}=9 > \frac{1}{2} x_{max} \ $$

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$$ t \in \left [ 0,20 \right ] \ $$

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[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-2]] [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-3]] $$ \color{blue} \equiv \ $$ [[media: Nm1.s11.mtg39.djvu| S11 page39-1]], [[media: Nm1.s11.mtg39.djvu| S11 page39-2]]

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HW7.2: [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg40.djvu| S10 page40-3]], [[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg41.djvu| S10 page41-1]]

 * }

title: User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/Mtg40


text:
User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/Mtg42

S10 Mtg38

S10 Mtg39

S10 Mtg40

S10 Mtg41

S10 Mtg42

title: User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/Mtg42


text:
User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/S10 Mtg38

Mtg 38: Tue, 6 Apr 10

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg38.djvu| page38-1]]

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$$ \underbrace{ \color{blue}Newton-Raphson}_{ \color{blue} NR} { \color{blue}method}: F(\hat{Z})=0 \ $$

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 * nm1.s10.Mtg38.pg1.fig1.svg

Similar triangles:

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$$ \frac{Z^{(k)}-Z^{(k+1)}}{1}= \frac{F(Z^{(k)})}{ \frac{dF(Z^{(k)})}{dZ}} \ $$

 * }

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$$ Z^{(k+1)}=Z^{(k)}-( \frac{dF(Z^{(k)})}{dZ})^{ \color{blue} -1} F(Z^{(k)}) \ $$

 * }

End Newton-Raphson method

'''Time-step. algorithm (continued)'''

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg37.djvu| (3) page37-2:]] NR method

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$$ Z_{i+1}^{(k+1)}=Z_{i+1}^{(k)}-( \frac{dF(Z_{i+1}^{(k)})}{dZ})^{ \color{blue} -1} F(Z_{i+1}^{(k)}) \ $$

 * }

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Initial guess: $$ Z_{i+1}^{(0)}=Z_{i} \ $$

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[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg38.djvu| page38-2]]

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Convergence: $$ \left | Z_{i+1}^{(k+1)}-Z_{i+1}^{(k)} \right | \leq \ \ $$  AbsTol, Absolute Tolerance

 * }

or

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$$ \frac{ \left | Z_{i+1}^{(k+1)}-Z_{i+1}^{(k)} \right |}{ \left | Z_{i+1}^{(k)} \right |} \leq \ \ $$   RelTol, Relative Tolerance

 * }

'''End Time-step. algorithm'''

Application: Mathematic Biology, Population Dynamics

Reference: Murray 2002

History: Leonardo of Pisa 1202, rabbit population

Continuous growth model

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$$ x(t): \ $$ population at time t (number of members of a species)

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$$ \frac{dx(t)}{dt}= \ $$ births - deaths + migration

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End Continuous growth model

Malthus 1798, Simplest model:

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migration=0 births= $$ bx(t) \ $$ deaths= $$ dx(t) \ $$ $$ b,d \ $$ are constant.

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$$ x(t)=x_{0} \ exp \left [ (b-d)t \right ] \ $$

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End Simplest model

[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg38.djvu| page38-3]]

As $$ t \to \infty, x \to \infty \ $$ not possible

Population construction by resources (land, food, ...)

fertility rate below replacement, level 2.1

$$ \color{blue} \exists \ $$ a limit to population growth.

Verhulst 1838, New model with growth limit

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$$ \underbrace{ \frac{dx}{dx \to { \color{blue} dt}}}_{ \color{blue} \dot{x}}= \underbrace{rx(1- \frac{x}{x_{max}})}_{ \color{blue} f(x)} \ $$

(1)
 *
 * }

Equilibrium points:  $$ \ f(x)=0 \ $$   (rate $$ \dot{x}=0 \ $$)

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$$ \hat{x}=0 \ \Rightarrow \ f(0)=0 \ $$

$$ \hat{x}=x_{max} \ \Rightarrow \ f(x_{max})=0 \ $$

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Linearization about equilibrium point $$ \hat{x} \ $$

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$$ x= \hat{x}+ \underset{ \color{blue} \underset{small \ perturbation \ about \ \hat{x}}{\uparrow}}y \ $$

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At $$ \hat{x}=0, f(x)=f(0+y)=ry(1- \frac{y}{x_{max}}) \ $$

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[[media: Egm6341.s10.mtg38.djvu| page38-4]]

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$$ f(x) \cong ry \ $$

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$$ \frac{dx}{dt}= \frac{d(0+y)}{dt}= \frac{dy}{dt} \ $$

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$$ \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dt}=ry \ \Rightarrow \ y=y_{0}e^{rt} \ $$  unstable growth

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End New model with growth limit

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HW: Linearization about $$ \hat{x}=x_{max} \ $$

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$$ \frac{dy}{dt}=-ry \ \Rightarrow \ y=y_{0}e^{-rt} \ $$  stable growth

 * }

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$$ y(t) \to 0 \ $$ as $$ t \to \infty \ $$

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$$ x(t) \to x_{max} \ $$ as $$ t \to \infty \ $$

 * }

 * }

title: User:EGM6341.s11.team1.Chiu/S10 Mtg38


text:
What is a computer?

Main Course Launch Page - Data Size and Speeds Exit Supplmental Material

Supplemental Course Navigation This is a supplemental lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science

Objective
Familiarize the student with the basics of computers. This should give the student a stepping stone to use when learning more specific details about computer hardware.

What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that takes input or output such as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that could be understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video used as input are called data, and all numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video returned as output are called information.

A computer is composed of five crucial parts:
 * An input device
 * A storage facility to hold numbers for processing
 * A processor or number calculator

 * A control unit to direct tasks to be performed
 * An output computer

Keyboard (not all are the same)

 * A computer will process data differently based on the kind of data being handled, using a set of instructions called a program or routine.
 * A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up the system security options screen. A command-line interface is a type of user interface navigated entirely using a keyboard, or some other similar device that does the job of one.

Computer Case
The CPU, motherboard, memory, and any internal components are typically put into a computer case/housing.

 * The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

Monitor
• A computer monitor is the most commonly used graphical output device, for the information processed by the CPU.

Computer System

The minimum requirements for a functional computer system include; a keyboard, a case/ housing containing a CPU and memory (although the case itself isn't strictly necessary), and a monitor. The data is usually entered via the keyboard and the information is usually presented through a screen; however, information can also be presented through speakers, braille displays, or any other output devices.

The way components inside a computer fit together helps describe how the computer works. Data comes in through an Input Device, and is sent to the CPU by Memory. The CPU processes the data, based on the input data and the program which is installed in the computer memory. When the CPU has finished processing the data, it is presented through the output device as information. The information can be stored in the computer memory or presented through an Output Device.

title: What is a computer?


title: File:CORDIC.Background.2.B.20110811.pdf


title: User:Marko12


text:
User talk:Marko12

 Hello Marko12, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 10:45, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack Russell. I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 10:45, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marko12


title: File:Fourier.1.B.CTFS.20110811.pdf


title: File:RAND.1.A.Spectra.20110811.pdf


text:
Motivation and emotion/Evaluation

These pages summarise evaluation and feedback about the motivation and emotion unit each year:

title: Motivation and emotion/Evaluation


text:
User talk:Sharadtaori

 Hello Sharadtaori, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 13:32, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Removed your edit to the Help desk
is not appropriate for that page. If you wish to help create educational resources on Wikiversity, you could have a link to a school with which you are affiliated, on User:Sharadtaori. Thanks. --Abd 13:32, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sharadtaori


text:
User talk:Popo Le Chien

 Hello Popo Le Chien, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 18:06, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Your request for deletion
. You wrote:
 * Please delete the page of Boubaker Polynomials immediately

 * I'm a bit surprised that, as a 'crat on fr.wiki, you'd not know to use a speedy deletion tag if you want quick deletion. I see nothing here that is an emergency. You gave no clear reason for emergency treatment.

 * Please delete the page of the so-called Boubaker Polynomials, they are copied from Chebyshev polynomials by an undergraduate Arab fellow in lack of notability.

 * "Copied" from what page? If there is a copyright or license issue here, that could be addressed.
 * "undergraduate" is irrelevant.
 * "Arab" is not only irrelevant but offensive in this context.
 * "lack of notability" is generally irrelevant on Wikiversity, if there is any possible interest in learning or utility for the material.
 * You can verify there that there are only 2 meaningless sources, no coverage and no reliable sources.

 * Wikiversity is not an encyclopedia, any source may be examined for learning purposes. If a particular source is completely useless, isn't even relevant, of course it could and should be removed.
 * Wikiversity does not require that sources be "reliable," any more than a university class would be prohibited from looking at all kinds of sources. We should avoid misleading material, but we would not necessarily exclude such material, rather we would frame it and warn. Just as would a professor in a university class or seminar. Looking at "wrong" material can be highly educational.
 * Material may be presented simply to stimulate discussion. Discussion of topics is welcome on Wikiversity, we can run "seminars." This is part of deep learning.
 * Please help Wikiversity develop educational resources. Thanks. --Abd 18:22, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Blocked
When I checked the information given on User:Popo Le Chien, I found that there is no 'crat or administrator or even user with that user name on fr.wikiversity. I have accordingly blocked this account indef. for impersonation. I have left talk page access open in case there was some misunderstanding

I am still investigating. There is a fr:User:Popo le Chien, but it seems unlikely to me that the user would misspell his own user name twice. --Abd 18:33, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Global lock has been requested on meta
If the lock is granted, the user will be unable to edit. Tant pis. I found that the user had just registered an account on fr.wikiversity, making this a cross-wiki issue. It was no mere mistake. Better to head this off before it goes further. --Abd 18:51, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Global lock was granted promptly. The real Popo le chien, 'crat and admin on fr.wiki, was asked if this was his account. I'd be astonished if he said yes. --Abd 06:18, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
 * He didn't say yes. This was not his account. --Abd 00:30, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Popo Le Chien


text:
User:Gurupilgrim

Nathanael D. Moss - aka GuruPilgrim Began contributing to WikiMedia on 11 August 2011.

Summary
Recently graduated from YTI Career Institute with an Associates degree as a Computer System Specialist.

Learning Plan

Contributions
Visio

title: User:Gurupilgrim


text:
User:Gurupilgrim/Learning plan

The following is my learning plan. It is intended to be a guideline for my own personal study. In many cases, I may find myself studying something that is not directly mentioned here, but yet in one or several ways helps contribute to this plan as a whole. For instance, I recently began working with a Hot Air Balloon crew. That is not directly related to any of the particular areas of study here, but has already taught me a lot in the way of logic and science, and I suppose you could drop it into the vehicle category.

Keep in mind, the following are my personal goals, not accomplishments, although I may have already learned a lot about many of the subjects below.

Color
In particular, an understanding of the relationships different colors have to each other. This includes an extensive understanding of the various color systems in existence and what advantages each has.

title: User:Gurupilgrim/Learning plan


text:
User:HarryMMM

This is my first time using Wikiversity and I am excited (although still a little nervous) about contributing a chapter for Canberra University’s 2011 Motivation and emotion student-authored textbook. With all the possibilities of this topic, I want to focus on an organisational psychology application. Consumer motivation and emotion is most likely relevant to all readers so I want to answer—what motivates us to shop, and how do retailers manipulate us to make us buy more?

title: User:HarryMMM


text:
Portal:Institute of Bengal Studies

W ELCOME TO THE I NSTITUTE OF B ENGAL S TUDIES

The Institute of Bengal Studies is an International Collaboration. The topic of this Virtual Institute is Bengal art and architecture

Research
Researchers from Architecture, Archeology, History and Art History are welcome to join one of the projects here in the virtual Institute, or collaborate with us by linking their own institute with us, as we search Art and Architecture of Bengal.

Projects

 * Medieval Bengal Architecture
 * Medieval Bengal Temples

title: Portal:Institute of Bengal Studies


title: File:Nm1.s10.Mtg38.pg1.fig1.svg


text:
User:OrangeWxy

 Hello OrangeWxy, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 06:23, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User:OrangeWxy


text:
User talk:U990911

 Hello U990911, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 06:25, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack Russell. I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 06:28, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

Suggestions for the chapter
FYI, we had an edit conflict on the emotional control vs. expressiveness chapter, so your version remains. I put the version I created temporarily here - you may wish to bring copy over any useful changes into the actual chapter, then we'll delete this temporary version: Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotional control vs. emotional expressiveness/temp Sincerely, James -- Jtneill - Talk - c 00:36, 3 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The first link above is the chapter; the second link contains the edits I made - if you like any of them, then I suggest you copy the code and put it into the actual chapter page. Normally, I would have saved this edited version as the chapter, but we were editing similtaneously. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 02:49, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Thank you Margaret

title: User talk:U990911