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Introduction to Computers/Application software

Course Navigation

This topic will assist you in understanding software that helps people (not computers like system software).

License Not Ownership
Unless you commission (pay) someone to write software for you, when you purchase software you receive an exact copy of a piece of software most often in 'object' form to run on your computer. As the company or person who wrote the software will sell copies to many other people and businesses, they cannot sell you the software, as that implies a transfer of ownership. Instead they provide the software and provide you with a licence to use that copy.

There are many different licences, which have very different terms and conditions. Many licences restrict your use of the copy of the software. Most companies offer several different licences to customers. These vary from individual use of one copy, to large volume use licences preferred by large organizations which are cheaper per user. There are also special reduced-cost licences for educational and charitable organisations.

A few licences exist that rather than restrict your useage of software, actualy grant you, and everybody else, rights to use, copy and change software. These are known as 'Free software' licences, which are not exactly the same as 'Open source' licences.

Pirates
"Pirating" refers to ways of obtaining software without the permission of the software holder. Different countries hold different laws concerning the use of software, however, for the most part, pirating includes:

Copyright_infringement_of_software
 * Creating a copy then selling it.
 * Creating a copy to serve as a backup. - This is permissible in some countries.

"Cracked" software can also be considered pirated software. Obtaining this type of software is risky, as your computer may contract viruses. To discourage this, software manufacturers ask for the owner to register their software. If it isn't registered it won't work properly.

Abandon
Abandonware is generally software that is older than 4 years or not sold/supported by any company (including the one that made it).

According to U.S. Law and International Treaties, a copyright belongs to the author of a software product for 70 years beyond the life of the author, or, if the work is done by a corporation or anonymous source, 95 years after the copyright date. Before the date of expiry, nobody (except the author) has the right to copy that piece of software.

A Curious Note... Abandonware has started to be revived by some game manufacturers. For example; Nintendo, Atari, Activision, and Sega (to name a few) are re-releasing games that have previously been abandoned.

Shareware

Shareware is copyrighted software with free of charge use for a limited time (usually 30 days), or small money contribution which will allow you to get updated versions and technical support. It is distributed through the internet and can be sent to friends who will pay a registration fee.

The software's distribution license often requires payment. Shareware

Freeware
Freeware is copyrighted software available for an unlimited time period and distributed at no cost. Freeware software includes public domain and propriety software. Freeware

'Free software' is used in place of 'freeware' but it is not the same thing. Freeware

Everything created with the freeware programs can be distributed at no cost Freeware

Because the creator of the software usually prefers to have some credit for their creations, they tend to retain control over future development (not open source)Freeware

Public Domain
This type of software is not under copyright, meaning that anyone may access and duplicate the software. The software may be developed by government agencies or donated by its creators, enabling complete usage for everyone to enjoy it. Public domain is defined by works that are not categorized as copyright infractions, such as works that were not eligible for copyright, or whose copyright has expired. w:Wikipedia:Public_domain

It is software that is open to the general public. Open_source

Open Source
Open Source Software is software that is often free to download from the internet, and allows the programmer to change it with suggested modifications. The term Open Source Software comes from OSI (the open source software initiative) which was designed to prevent people from attempting to profit by modifying other free software.

The FSF Argues that there are fundamental differences between terms such as open source and free software. In order to count as free software a licence has to guarantee four things 1. The freedom to run a program for any purpose 2. The freedom to study how a program works, and make changes to it           3.  The freedom to redistribute the program, either changed or unchanged 4. The freedom to improve a program and distribute your improved version
 * 1) list text

This does not prevent anyone from charging for either the original or modified copies of these programs. However you must pass the program on with the same rights you recieved, you cannot take a Free program and sell it under a non-free licence.

If you write a program in its entirety however, and you are the copyright holder you can release a copy as Free software and still release an improved version under a non-free licence this happens to a large number of free software projects.

An open source licence does allow you to have and read the source code for a program, but does not always grant all four of the rights listed above. Often rights 3 & 4 are restricted. Programs such as Linux, and Firefox are examples of open source software. This software is open to the general public.

Open source will start to dominate software for providers of SAAS(software-as-a-service) within three years.Open source provides lower cost and better flexibillity. SAAS provider will help customers with open source software when it comes to a problem. Customers will have to pay for this service.

Commercial
Also called proprietary software or package software, commercial software It is offered for sale. Examples include Microsoft Word and Adobe Photo Shop. This software is copyrighted, which means the seller has rights to stop any copying without permission. Commercial software itself is not sold, what one buys is the license to use it. However, some commercial software which is used for newcomers or for financial purposes are offered for free.

Commercial software can be useful in schools, businesses, hospitals, banks, co-operate organizations, and others.

Free
Free software (not to be confused with freeware) is copyrighted software that does not cost anything to use. Free software is usually offered over the internet. Creators let their software go free so that they can see how users will use it, and come across any problems in that they can then fix. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech", not as in "free beer." Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.

Vertical Market
Vertical market is a particular industry or group of enterprises in which similar products or services are developed and marketed using similar methods (and to whom goods and services can be sold). Broad examples of vertical markets are: insurance, real estate, banking, heavy manufacturing, retail, transportation, hospitals, and government.

Vertical market software is software aimed at a particular vertical market and can be contrasted with horizontal market software (such as word processors and spreadsheet programs) that can be used in a cross-section of industries. Vertical market (or Niche Market) refers to a software developed for a group of people, usually businesses and customers that require the same type of software for their industry. Horizontal market software usually refers to something intended for a much larger consumer base.

Vertical_market

Word processing
A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material. See Word_processor.

Examples of word processors are Libre Writer (all operating systems), Microsoft Word (Windows and MacOS) and Calligra Words(unix-like and Windows).

Edit
Editing is when the user makes alterations in the content of a specific document. Some different types of editing include: insert/delete, find & replace, cut/copy & paste, spelling checker, grammar, and dictionary/thesaurus. Everyone needs to remember that sometimes the computer is not always right. Even though that red or green line appears under the words does necessarily means that they are wrong.

Format
A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file.

Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information. Within any format type, e.g., word processor documents, there will typically be several different formats. Sometimes these formats compete with each other.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format

Format refers to the design and layout of a word document. It can refer to characters:
 * fonts (Times Roman, Arial, Courier)
 * font size
 * bold
 * italics
 * underline

Paragraphs:
 * justification
 * spacing before and afterwards
 * indenting
 * columns

Document:
 * margins
 * tables
 * decorative lines
 * borders
 * headers/footers
 * page numbers

Pre-formated documents can be made with templates and wizards.

language
In most word processors, an incorrectly spelled word can be corrrected corrected with the "spelling checker". This function underlines errors in red as you type. If a word is not in its dictionary, there is a special add-on button.

As well, there is a grammar checker that underlines sentences in green that are not complete, or written poorly. These grammar errors will be underlined with a different color than used for a mispelled misspelled word.

Online word processors such as Google documents can also add on extensions to do translations on the fly, making it efficient while working with foreign text.

tracking
Word allows you to make any changes that are made to the document visible. This is a helpful function if numerous people are editing a document. You can choose different colors for each editor and you can also have comments which are visible during mouse roll over. Document can be printed with change tracks visible or hidden.

Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets consist of rows and columns where information or data can be entered in the same manner as the book-keeping ledgers of days gone by. Spreadsheets were one of the first commercial uses of the computer, using financial data. Spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel, Libre Calc or w:Calligra_Sheets:Calligra Sheets enable the user to enter data (text, numbers or symbols) into rows and columns.

The operator is able to perform simple calculations or create graphs from the data - quickly and easily - create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. Other uses such as mileage logs, employee hours, benefits information can all be used in the spreadsheet program.

label/value
Labels can be found on a spreadsheet. Labels are descriptive text that identifies categories. Ex: Rent, October, etc.

Value is a number or date that can be entered into a cell on a spreadsheet. Ex: dollars, grade points, etc.

formula/function
Formula is the instruction for calculation in a spreadsheet. Ex: =A5+C16

Functions are formulas that can be used in a spreadsheet for calculating common equations. =SUM(A5:C16)

format
Formatting is changing the appearance of the document, such as using bold letters, writing in italics or changing the color of the font. You can also format by changing the amount of rows and columns, or the alignment of your document.

Another type of formatting is adding headers/footers and page numbers.

chart
Charts, also called Analytical Graphics or Business Graphics, make interpreting numeric information easier because it is arranged as bar or pie charts so relatively values are visually apparent.

relational
A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. The relational database was invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970. The standard interface to a relational database is the structured query language (SQL). SQL statements are used both for interactive queries for information from a relational database and for gathering data for reports. In addition to being relatively easy to create and access, a relational database has the important advantage of being scalable. After the original database creation, a new data category can be added without requiring that all existing applications be changed.

All databases have tables. And all tables have rows (called records) and columns (called fields). But a relational database has a record in one table the same as one (or many) on another. For instance your name is housed once on a table of student records, but many times on a table of students enrolled in courses (assuming you have enrolled in many courses).

integrity/integration
Database integrity refers to the check that data entered into a database is accurate and valid. "Rules" applied to entities within the database ensures that data entered into these entities follows the "rule(s)", thus making the data valid, accurate and consistent.

table/form
Tables are organized in rows (records) and columns (fields). You can type data directly into a table, or you can use a form to fill the contents of a record in. Forms are popular with users.

query/report
Query is a form of questioning in a line of inquiry. A query may also refer to precise request for information. There are different ways of specifying query, query language and data base query language. Reports are printed documents containing data from a database.

PIMs
Stands for Personal Information Manager. These are applications or software that are used to organize personal information such as notes, address books and reminders etc. They have independent (non-linked) tables and are therefore NOT databases.

Personal_information_manager

Some popular PIMs are Microsoft Outlook, GNOME Evolution and Mozilla Thunderbird.

Presentation
A Presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.Presentation_program

Presentations take place when someone has a information on a specific topic and demonstrates to an audience. Computer presentations usually use a presentation software, such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Libre Impress or Calligra Stage for presentation

templates
A template is a document that is pre-formatted. This provides tools needed to change the layout, style, and text of the final document. For example the pre-created slides in PowerPoint.

- Most programs come with built-in templates (such as brochure outlines in Adobe Illustrator), but additional templates can be downloaded from product sites such as Microsoft or just by searching on the web for designs.

You can download templates from online!

Templates can also be created by yourself

design
Designing slides or pages in a presentation program allows the inserting and placement of text, graphics, movies, and other objects in a user defined way using drag and drop features.

outline
Outline is when one will create a series of slides or pages and the user can see an overview of them and add comments on each slide. The user can then more easily see the whole presentation by viewing it in an outline format.

animation
Animation in a presentation software allows the user to key positions for the motion of graphics or the user can used predefined motion for the user to use. Animation is used in lots of different media types such as; videos, games, and movies. An example of animation is |The Simpsons.

In presentation software animation describes how the slides come into view in presentation mode.

Animations can be produced by various programs, and one of the early format was the gif format. It works by layering picture on top of each other in a certain time frame to create a moving picture. This concept is introduced in Flash to speed up the production process. Flash can recognize object and targets and save time by allowing modifications without redrawing every single slide.

financial

Financial Software can range from personal finance managers to entry level accountant programs and business financial management packages. This software is a powerful management tool as well as a small business program. Financial software can also consist of investment software packages and retirement planning. Financial software is a range of different programs that can be installed onto a computer to aid in the organization of accounts, numbers, employee information, etc. It can be used to start a business from scratch or to do one's taxes. It is an spreadsheet type program that does all the 'hard' work for the user. All that the customer needs to do, is enter the appropriate numbers into the appropriate place..and viola....the computer will organize all of the information and calculate anything that the user wants. MYOB is an example of a financial software company. They provide help to financial software owners such as accountants and business owners.

project management
Project management is an organized effort in order to accomplish a task. For example, creating a new computer program. Project management requires a project plan which defines the goals and objectives, what resources are needed ext. It also requires a project plan, which acts as a map or guideline on how the project should be approached.

CAD/CAM
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer processing to aid in the design of a product. These designs range from 2D Vector drafting systems to 3D modelling systems that can auto generate 2D drafts for distribution.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software tools that assist engineers and machinists to create in prototype product components for the end goal of manufacture. CAM is used in conjunction with CAD. The first CAM was first used in 1971 for car body design.

CAD or computer aided design usually used by civil engineers and architects CAM or computer aided manufacturing allows products to be input into a manufacturing system This can make 2D drawings or 3D models of objects being designed

Some example software used for 2D CAD or Drafting would be LibreCAD and QCAD. There are not many 2D drafting only applications for designer's most focus on 3D with CAM and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) featues now. There are suites of software for the purpose of 3D design but two renown suites would be Autodesk or Dassault Systèmes as both make a range of software for CAD but for Autodesk; AutoCAD, Fusion 360, Inventor and Revit are popular CAD software's. For Dassault Systèmes; CATIA and SolidWorks are the popular 3D design software's.  There is also the free FreeCAD but is not widely used.

draw/paint/photo
Drawing software allows us to design, illustrate objects and products. Painting allows us to simulate a paintbrush.

Photo allows us to edit and post photos onto our computer.

Paint can be used to edit pictures

video/animation

An animation is a rapid sequence of images used to create the appearance of motion. This is mostly used in video games, motion pictures and video programs. A video is transmitted in two ways: One, a file as movie or video or second, a file as a streaming video. There are 3 types of animation; traditional animation, stop motion and computer animation. Traditional animation was the process most commonly used in animated films of the 20th century. Stop motion refers to animation created by manipulating objects and photographing them to create the illusion of movement. Digital animation is created digitally or on a computer.

desktop publishing
Desktop publishing is used to produce high quality commercial printing by mixing text and graphics. Desktop publishing combines a personal computer and page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale publishing.

multimedia authoring
Multimedia authoring combines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applications.

Multimedia applications were uncommon until about the mid-'90's because of the necessary hardware and it's expense.

web design
Web design is a process of conceptualization, planning, modeling, and the execution of electronic media delivery via Internet. It is in the form of Markup language (the "ML" in HTML or XML) suitable for interpretation by Web browser and display as Graphical user interface (GUI).

Web design is intended for the base of web pages, its a collection of electronic files that are on a web server. Web_design Web pages are typically classified as static or dynamic. Web_design

Web App
Google is offering to host enterprise Web applications on its own infrastructure with a new tool for developers, App Engine. Similar to Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud and Salesforce's Appexchange less expensive.

Google's goal is to make it easy to start with a new web application, and then easy to scale.

App Engine is based on technologies Google already uses. It is powered by Bigtable, a distributed storage system currently used by its Google Earth service, and by Google's own file system GFS.

This is a pilot launch by Google; the version launched on Monday is a preview release, and is by no means feature complete, and only 10,000 developers will be able to sign up initially, but that number will increase.

During the preview period, capacity will also be limited. Applications will for example be able to use 500M bytes of storage, and transmit up to 10G bytes of data per day. Google expects most applications will be able to serve around 5 million page views per month within those limits.

The price the service is not relaeased, but applications operating within the limitations of the preview release will remain free, even when App Engine goes live.

App Engine will initially only support applications written in Python, but Google is looking to add support for other languages as well.


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PHP/Databases

Database Selection
As with any web scripting language, PHP would not be complete without the capacity to communicate directly to hosted database for data storage and retrieval. This lesson will discuss the basics in that communication. While there are many database options, we will focus strictly on MySQL as the database of choice.

Prerequisites

 * This article assumes that you have a basic understanding of databases and their usage.
 * This article assumes that you have a MySQL database to which you have access to connect and query.
 * If you would like to set up a testing environment to test this or any other PHP lessons, you may do so by installing WAMP or XAMPP.

Making a Connection
Since we are using MySQL for this introduction, let me first direct your attention to the list of MySQL functions in the PHP manual. This page will give you the details about options, settings, versions and other information regarding the usage of MySQL that we just won't take the time to cover at this time.

Function: mysql_connect
As the function name suggests, this function will create a live database connection through which we may communicate. Once this connection is made, sending, retrieving and manipulation of data is possible. This function allows for up to five optional parameters:
 * Database Server (defaults to localhost:3306)
 * Database Username
 * Database Password
 * New Link (if TRUE, this forces a new connection to be established instead of replacing the existing one)
 * Client Flags

Typically, the average user will not use the Client Flags option, but if you wish to read up on the flags yourself.

For the most part, a MySQL database connection should look very similar to the following:

If the database connection is not completed, the function returns a boolean FALSE, otherwise, the connection resource is returned to be used. So, we must always validate that our database connection is successful before going on with our scripts to avoid any unnecessary headaches in debugging down the road:

Function: mysql_select_db
Once the connection to the database server has been successfully made, you must determine the database to which you wish to send your queries. The mysql_select_db function is for just this purpose. By passing in two parameters—one to declare which connection resource you wish to use and one to declare which database to which you wish to connect—you can select the database and all subsequent queries will be sent to that database:

You may have noticed that in the example above, the select db function was called within an if statement. This is because mysql_select_db returns a boolean TRUE or FALSE upon a successful or failed attempt to carry out your request. In this way, if you check both your initial host connection and your selection process, you will be able to run your queries with confidence that your database connection is solid.

Querying the Database
Simply connecting to a database is pretty useless in and of itself. Without being able to send and retrieve information from the database, there is no point to connecting. This is where one of the most used—if not the most used-function in the mysql set comes in.

Function mysql_query
Once again, as the name suggests, this function simply passes our query along and processes it via the mysql connection we have created. The function receives one required and one optional parameter. The required parameter is actually our text for our SQL query. Secondly, the optional parameter allows us to declare which connection resource through which to run the query. This allows one to have multiple database connections running in a single script and to keep the queries straight. For simplicity's sake, we will simply assume there is only one connection in our examples. This is the most common type of script you may come across in your studies: As we have seen with the mysql_connect function, the return value of this function is a resource. In and of itself, it is fairly useless, so we need to read on to the next section to see how we deal with parsing and handling data returned from the database queries.

Function mysql_insert_id
One of the most useful functions you may find if you are inserting information into database tables is the mysql_insert_id function. This function may be called immediately following an insert query processed with mysql_query, and it will return the AUTO_INCREMENT value that was generated by the query that was just completed. This is especially useful if you are inserting related data into multiple tables and you need to keep your constraints in check.

Handling Database Query Resources
Once you have successfully queried your database and gotten a returned resource, you must do something with it in order to extract the data. One of the most common errors I see when dealing with new PHP developers is the assumption that your data is returned in the result from mysql_query in some way. Consider the following:

Notice that by outputting the result of our query, you simply get a Resource Id, not any usable data. It is this resource from which we can now extract our information. The most common way to extract data from the resource is to iterate through the resource and return the data one record set at a time. There are a number of functions that are at your disposal to do this, but we will focus on mysql_fetch_assoc in this lesson, since it returns a nice associative array that is easy to work with.

Function mysql_fetch_assoc
This function will return the next row in our result set. Once there are no records left to be returned, the function returns a boolean FALSE. With this knowledge, we can quite easily set up a loop to gather all of our returned records. Let's assume for a moment we have created a table named userList using the following SQL statement: Let's look at how we might be able to query this table and retrieve all usernames and their corresponding email addresses to be displayed in a table in your script: This simple script is all we need to do to gather all of our users from the userList table and print them to the screen. You'll notice that I added an anchor tag around the email addresses to actually hyperlink them with the mailto protocol. This is a good way to make a very simple contact list and allow for easy access to everyone's email addresses.

Now, what if I were looking for the email address of a specific username? I don't necessarily want to have to loop through the entire table and return the one record that matches. For a case when there is a very specific value you wish to return, you can use the next function.

Function mysql_result
The mysql_result function is an interesting animal in some respects because it allows you to select the actual record and column of a specific value to return. This is most useful for things like counting the number of records for a certain filter or other query that is likely to return exactly one row. So, to take into account the example above, we could find the email address for a specific username quite easily with this function rather than looping through the entire table: Notice how we pass three parameters to the function call. The first is the Resource Id as you would expect. Then, we have two optional parameters we can pass to the function: the row number of the result set to be returned and the column of the data to be retrieved. If either of these are left out, the default value is set to 0 or the first row and column. So, since our query was so defined, we could have actually called our mysql_result like this, with the same result:

Conclusion
While many of the very basic principles of database communication through PHP were touched on in this lesson, we have barely scratched the surface of what is available at your fingertips. In addition to simply querying the database, whether that is to insert or retrieve information, there is a world of other knowledge that must be gleaned to have a solid and working understanding of PHP database integration. While querying the database yourself is very helpful, you will undoubtedly get to the point where you wish to query based on user input and give your visitors a more personalized experience. This type of database interaction unveils a whole new level of security issues that must be dealt with... but that will have to be another lesson.

In the meantime, do a little research. Decide which database best fits your needs. Practice the different querying and data retrieval techniques. Research the PHP manual to get a list of other functions related to your database of choice. These few steps will get you well on your way to learning to properly use your PHP database communication.

Ghenson 20:31, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PHP/Databases


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Introduction to Computers/Networks

Course Navigation

A network is a group of computers (or a group of smaller networks) that are connected to each other by various means, so that they may communicate with each other. The internet is the largest network in the world.

Resource Sharing

Networks are able to share one resource, such as a printer, for numerous computers. This allows many individual computers to access a single network resource. This saves money and space for the organization. Computer_printer

Data
Once networks were setup, people found that the next best thing was the ability to easily share documents. The type of server that stores files is called a file server. Data can be in the form of text, images, numbers or characters. Data

Programs
Server or Network based programs are programs that are loaded onto an online server or network as opposed to directly onto the individual computers. This program can therefor be accessed by any computer possessing the correct amount of bandwidth and system specifications. In short it uses the server as an application server.

Work better
Many organizations use networks for many purposes such as making schedule for colleagues, pick up days for meetings (when everybody will be able to attend) and provide useful online connections for network-linked employees.

Employees can communicate on a network with other employees through email.

Computer_networking

mainframe
Mainframe computers are typically large, metal boxed computers with large processing abilities. The terminals are called "dumb terminals" because they only send and receive data, leaving the processing to the mainframe. Mainframe_computer

Client server
The client/server refers to the way two computer programs interact with each other. The client makes a request from the server, who then fulfills the request. Although this idea can be used on one computer it is an efficient way for a network of computers in different locations to interconnect.

LAN
LAN stands for Local Area Network. The first LANs were created in the late 1970s. LANs are small networks constricted to a small area like a house, office, or city. LANs are used to share resources like storage,internet,etc... Local_area_network

A 'node' on a LAN is a connected computer or device like a printer.

WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. WANs are very large networks that interconnect smaller LAN networks, for a large geographic area like a country(i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.) Wide_area_network

WANs are usually for private companies, however, some built by internet service providers connect LANs to the internet.

 * WAN can use a combination of satellites, microwave, and link and variety of computers from mainframes to terminals.

A 'node' on a WAN is a LAN.

MAN
When the LANs that you want to connect are not far apart, just blocks away, then you can make a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network). The main difference between a WAN and a MANs is the speed of the connection. Because the LANs are so close in a MAN, high speed fiber optic cables are affordable. Metropolitan_area_network

PAN
Personal Area Network: a network on you. Usually, uses short range wireless technology is used to connect devises like a cell phone and a PDA. Personal area network

HAN
Home Area Network: uses cable, wired, or wireless connections to connect a homes' digital devices. For example, fax machines, computers, DVD's etc. See Home network.

Usually home networks work on P2P because one of them can't be spared to just be a server. Files are shared from each computer held in shared folders.

BGAN
Broadband Global Area Network supports mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs and satellite coverage areas. Example: Mobiles,internet etc..... Broadband Global Area Network

P2P
P2P (peer-to-peer) is a type of network where "each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities".
 * Link to document on P2P networks.

MP3's
MP3 is a format that allows audio (usually music) files to be compressed so they are small enough to be sent over the internet or stored as digital files. It is popular because the compression method takes out the sounds that less audible to humans thus retained as much sounds that can be heard by human ear in a relative small storage.

They are shared frequently on P2P networks on the internet. A portion of your hard drive becomes a server, so each P2P member is both a server and a client, both serving and receiving mp3 files. Napster is an example of a "pure" P2P network. Through this type of decentralized system, you are able to communicate from node to node, with out the use of a server.

Internet
The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol. It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW). So the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. In contrast, the Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with various others including e-mail, file sharing, online gaming and others.

Internet

Intranet
Intranet is a private computer network used by companies for employees. It is only accessible within a limited area, thus increasing the security of the network. It is not public and can't be accessed via WWW.

It can be described "a private version of the Internet," Intranet

Extranet
Extranets are basically intranets between a company and its as well as suppliers and customers who must login.

Extranets may be used for simple transactions such as purchasing and have become very popular.

VPN
Virtual Private Network shares wires with another network, but has encrypted packets of data that only you can see. It is private through technology, thus virtual. Virtual_private_network

Bus
All nodes are connected to a single wire or cable (the bus) which has two endpoints. Each communications device on the network transmits electronic messages to other devices. If some of those messages collide, the sending device will wait and then try to transmit again. The advantage of bus network is that it can be organized as a peer-to-peer network or client/server network.

It is also relatively inexpensive to install.

The disadvantage is that if the bus network fails, the whole system network fails.

The wider the bus the better!

Ring
The ring network is a network in which all communications devices and microprocessors are connected in a continuous loop. Electronic messages pass around the ring until they reach the correct destination; there is no central server.

The advantage of a ring network is that messages only flow in one direction.

The disadvantage is that if a single connection is broken, the whole network stops working. The distributed star or tree topology can provide many of the advantages of the bus and the star topologies. It connects workstations to a central point, called a hub. This hub can support several workstations or hubs which, in turn, can support other workstations. Distributed star topologies can be easily adapted to the physical arrangement of the facility site. (Integrated Publishing)

Star
A network that links all microcomputer and other communication devices through a central server.

The advantages of this hub is that it prevents impact between messages. The network forms a star shape having the central server in the middle with a single branch outward, the branch will not branch to another device.

Other Advantages Include:
 * Good performance.
 * Scalable, Easy to set up and to expand.
 * Any non-centralised failure will have very little effect on the network, whereas on a ring network it would     all fail with one fault.
 * Easy to detect faults
 * Data Packets are sent quickly as they do not have to travel through any unnecessary nodes.
 * It is used for centralised control.

Host
A central computer (mainframe or midsize) that controls a network and the devices on it, called nodes.

The host computer has all the control over who has access to what hardware, software and all other resources on the network.

Node
A node is any device that is attached to a network. Some examples of a node are: printer, terminal, microcomputer, and storage device.

Hub
A hub facilitates multiple input of the same device. It acts like a power bar to enable the multiple plugs to share 1 source of electricity. For example, there is a ethernet hub where all the ethernet cables are connected to to share a terminal. A USB hub will allow multiple units of USB devices to plug into a single USB port.

A hub is called a half-duplex device because data can not be transfered back and forth simultaneously, it only goes one way at a time.

Switch
It connects a single computer to the network and allows it to use all the bandwidth available. Unlike a hub, it sends messages to the computer that is the intended recipient.

Data can be transmitted back and forth at the same time, improving the performance of the network. This is called a full-duplex device.

Can be used in connection with a hub.

Bridge
Connects local area networks which are similar using a bridge interface to make a larger network. It also connects the same kind of networks This is crucial because similar networks can be joined together to make bigger ones!

Gateway
A gateway allows the communication between dissimilar networks. It can be between a WAN and a LAN or 2 LANs on different operating systems or layouts. A gateway can come as either a hardware, software or possibly both.

Router
A router is a device that connects several devices together, and directs messages to communicate them. This is important because high speed routers can handle major data traffic.

Backbone
As the name suggests, the backbone includes significant communication equipment such as gateways and routers that serve to connect computer networks within an organization.

The thing that distinguishes the backbone from other paths on the network is it's speed (bandwidth). The backbone is the fastest. This is important because it is the central structure that connects all other elements of the internet.

bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the amount of information that can be sent through a given communication channel in a given amount of time. When connecting to the internet you have the option of connecting through:
 * narrow bandwidth (100 kbps - kilo bits per second)
 * medium bandwidth (1 Mbps)
 * broad bandwidth (100 Mbps)

twisted pair
A twisted pair is two copper wires that act as insulators that are "twisted" together. Its purpose is to reduce the interference that comes from electric fields. Twisted pair wire has been the most common channel (or medium) used for telephone systems.

coaxial cable
A coaxial cable consists of a center conductor surrounded by an insulator which is in turn surrounded by an outer conducting shield. Coaxial cables are used to carry high frequency (usually radio frequency)signals for long distances. It can be used for cable television.

fiber optic
Fiber optics is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking. It currently supplies the widest commercial bandwith available. Fiber_optic

IR
Infra red light can be used to transfer data wirelessly. This is how remote controls work. Line of sight must be preserved for it to work.

RF
Radio frequency is a combination of electrical energy and magnetic energy that carries communication signals. It is short for radio frequency and is measured in Mhz. Internationally, the RF spectrum is assigned by the International Telecommunications Union in Geneva, Switzerland.

microwave
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter than one meter and longer than one millimeter, or frequencies between 300 megahertz and 300 gigahertz.  Microwaves can't curve or bend around the earth, so there has to be many microwave stations placed "25-30 miles" away from each other (line-distance), with nothing to block the connection. Each station takes signals from the next and makes the signal stronger and then sends it to the following station. (361)

Bluetooth
Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras, and video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth

ZigBee
It is a commerical network wireless protocol. It is low-cost, low-power, long battery life, wireless sensor networks.

Wi-Fi
Open source wireless network protocols. We use it in college to connect wireless laptops. WiFi has a lot of advantages. Wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive. They're also unobtrusive -- unless you're on the lookout for a place to use your laptop, you may not even notice when you're in a hotspot. A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what happens: A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. It sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

GEO
Short for Geostationary Earth Orbit, a satellite system used in telecommunications. GEO orbit the earth at 22,300 miles above the earth's surface. They are tied to the earth's rotation and are therefore in a fixed position in space in relation to the earth's surface. The satellite goes around once in its orbit for every rotation of the earth. The advantage of a GEO system is that the transmission station on earth needs to point to only one place in space in order to transmit the signal to the GEO satellite. GEO systems are used for transmissions of high-speed data, television signals and other wideband applications.

Geostationary_orbit

MEO
Short for Middle Earth Orbit, a satellite system used in telecommunications. MEO satellites orbit the earth between 1,000 and 22,300 miles above the earth's surface. MEOs are mainly used in geographical positioning systems,known as GPS and are not stationary in relation to the rotation of the earth Medium Earth orbit satellites (2000 km). Medium_Earth_Orbit

LEO
Short for Low Earth Orbit, a satellite system used in telecommunications or data communication such as e-mail, paging and videoconferencing.

Low Earth Orbit satellites (400 km) used for communication. More satellites are needed (because fewer are visible around the horizon) but they are cheeper to get up and require less signal strength. Communications_satellite

NOS
NOS stands for Network Operating System. NOS is software that manages the activity of a network through an operating system Network_operating_system

Some examples of popular NOS software are Novell NetWare, Linux, and Microsoft Windows NT/2000.

packet
A packet is a formatted block of data that is carried by a packet mode computer network. When data is converted into a packet, the network can give out longer messages, more reliably. Packet_(information_technology)

Protocol

A standard that controls the connection or communication between two end points of computing. It can be controlled by hardware or software or a combination of the two. In other words, a protocol defines the behavior of the computer.

ethernet
A local area network technology which can be used with almost any kind of computer. Describes how data can be sent in packets, within a range, between computers and other net worked devices. Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks.

token ring
Token Ring is a local area network (LAN) where all computers are connected in a ring or star which a bit is used in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that which would like to send messages at the same time. Is it said that the Token Ring protocol is the "second most widely-used protocol on local area networks after Ethernet".

Source: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci213154,00.html

10 feet accurate
When downloading GPS signals via GPS receiver & software you will get two answers - 1) broadcast ephemeris & 2) precise ephemeris. This is due to an effect known as the Doppler effect. Similar to sound waves from a moving vehicle being heard after a car passes line of sight, satellites will pass before the radio signals reach the receiver on Earth. When you open your file with the downloaded signals you will, depending on the software, get two sets of data. One with a corrected set of coordinates that account for the velocity of the satellites, their instant coordinates & the time it takes for their radio signal to reach Earth, known as Precise Ephemeris. The second set will contain the satellites' position at the time they broadcasted it from orbit, known as Broadcast Ephemeris.

3G smart
3RD GENERATION

4G smart
4th Generation

title: Introduction to Computers/Networks


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User:Jacob J. Walker/MIT Application

Being Part of a Group of "Greatness"
I have thought carefully about whether or not I wish to pursue my Doctorate degree. In fact, the more Ph.Ds that I have met, the more I ask myself if I really want to be in the company of most doctorates. I say this because, my experience with many Ph.Ds has been that they have an amazing amount of theory, but that they often lack touch with reality and practice.

Because of this phenomenon, I do not wish to get my doctorate from just any school. In fact, I do not wish to get my doctorate in the field of Education. I wish to get my doctorate in the field of Organizational Studies, because that is the knowledge that is truly required to change education. Further, I believe that at MIT I will be surrounded by truly amazing people that can benefit my life, and further I believe that I will have an equal amount that I can contribute to them. I feel I will be able to be proud of being part of the group of Ph.Ds from MIT.

The Prestige of an M.I.T. Doctorate
Last, and maybe even least, I can not deny the "selfish" reasons for wanting an MIT degree. I wish to get my doctorate partly for the respect that comes with a doctorate. And I feel that I will get more respect from a doctorate from MIT than nearly any other institution. Before becoming an educator, I started as a computer nerd (and I still am one to a degree [At least to a Masters Degree]). MIT is where LOGO was invented, GNU, [Enter More here]. When I graduated high school, I couldn't even dream that I could go to MIT. But now, I believe I can. I want to, and I'm willing to do what it takes to make this dream a reality.

title: User:Jacob J. Walker/MIT Application


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User:PhishRCool

Hello, I'm PhishRCool!

I am a student who recently graduated from the seventh grade at Worcester Academy (a private school in [you guessed it] Worcester, MA.

See my userpage on Wikipedia.

title: User:PhishRCool


text:
User:Sahmeditor

Hello.

title: User:Sahmeditor


text: Template:Film Scoring for Musicians:Sound of Drama:Completed Assignments


text: File:Rainerpusch Sound of Joy.ogg

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User:Jcart1534

I can be found most often at Wikinews.

title: User:Jcart1534


text:
Islamic political thought/Nasir al-Din Tusi

Content for Lecture:
1.	Biography of Nasir al-Din Tusi

•	Though no reading is required for this portion of the lecture, visiting the web links cited throughout the lecture and in the works cited list may give a more comprehensive look at the life of Tusi.

2.	The Philosophy of Nasir al-Din Tusi

•	The two required readings listed below are to be read before the lecture in order to familiarize the student with the basics of Tusi’s philosophy and to have the students read one of his primary texts which much of his philosophy comes from (two other primary texts by Tusi are recommended, but not required).

Required Readings:
Antony Black’s The History of Islamic Political Thought (pg. 145-153)

Nasir al-Din Tusi’s The Nasirean Ethics

Recommended Reading List:
Akhlaq-i-Nasri by Nasir al-Din Tusi (another work of his ethics).

The Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought by Nasir al-Din Tusi.

Course Goals:
1.	Understanding basic biographical background on Nasir al-Din Tusi.

-	Knowing his background with religious groups, since this may help explain what influenced some of his viewpoints.

-	Learning what other accomplishments he made apart from his philosophy, especially in areas of math and science.

2.	Understanding the basics of his philosophical works

-	Grasping his view of human nature, and how his view differs from his contemporaries.

-	Understanding Tusi’s concept of human freedom.

-	Understanding his political philosophy on how a citizen should be judged by the state, as well as the social classes within that state.

-	Understanding how the concept of love fits into his philosophy and how his ideas of love and religion fit into his idea of a virtuous city.

Lecture:
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in Tus (present day Iran) in 1201 C.E. He was born into a Shi’a home, with his father being a well known jurist in the twelfth Imam school (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Tusi gained a scholarly reputation studying math, science, and philosophy. Tusi eventually joined the services of the Assassins, an extremist Isma’ili Shi’a group that controlled castles in Alamut and other parts of today’s Syria in the Middle Ages, gaining their name from being the first group recognized for systematically using political murder (http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org). The Isma’ili people are a sect of the Shi’a community, representing the second largest sect of the Shi’a, with the majority of Shi’a belonging to the sect known as the Twelvers. After joining he became a highly respected member of the Isma’ili court (http://www.unhas.ac.id). While serving on the court, he continued his studies in many fields and began to document his work on the field of ethics. While living in the city of Alamut, Mongol forces invaded and took over, kicking out the Assassins and claiming the castle where he was living in 1256 C.E. (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Instead of fleeing or being dispelled from the castle, Tusi’s intelligence was recognized by the Mongols and he was offered the positions of both scientific and religious advisor to the Mongol invaders. Tusi accepted this offer, and did most of his scholarly work in this position (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Tusi also received this position because the Mongols seemed to serve as Shi’ite liberators, giving prominent and high status positions across the empire to many Shi’ites giving them power when they had long been a minority in the shadows of Sunni rule (Black 145).

His work in the field of astronomy was revolutionary, as he fairly accurately produced a table with mapped out planetary movement, along with a catalogue of the stars (http://www.unhas.ac.id). Along with making great strides in the scientific field, his presence is also felt in the field of mathematics. One of these contributions was treating the mathematical field of trigonometry as a separate mathematical discipline, which is the way it is now commonly taught (http://www.unhas.ac.id). He is also responsible for the discovery and use of the sine formula for plane triangles (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk). Near the end of his life, he also did much work important work with scholastic philosophy, as well as writing many commentaries on Greeks works of math and philosophy (http://www.unhas.ac.id). Nasir al-Din Tusi died in 1274 C.E. in present day Baghdad.

Though Tusi had many achievements and works worthy of discussion, the rest of this lecture will be dedicated to understanding his political and ethical philosophy. As Antony Black sees it, Tusi’s political philosophy is a “synthesis of Aristotelian and Iranian ideas” (Black 147). If one has read a lot of Muslim classical political thought, one may realize that most Muslim political thinkers of the time had a fairly negative view on human nature, much like the famous view of Thomas Hobbes that life is “nasty, brutish, and short”. Nasir al-Din Tusi, on the other hand, takes a different approach, viewing human nature and human action in a much more positive and uplifting light. Tusi praises the nature of humanity, claiming it to be one of Gods greatest creations and the noblest of all things in existence (Black 147). Tusi believed that the nature of a human was neither inherently good nor inherently bad. Instead, humans are merely stuck in the middle of both of these extremes, and in turn choose their own path of life due to the concept of “human freedom” (Black 147).

Tusi also claims that one can find proof of human freedom by looking at the diversity of humankind, claiming that this diversity shows how all humans have free will (Black 147). With all humans having a choice in their path, theoretically all humans naturally starts as equals. Tusi backs this claim when he states that “natural bodies, as bodies, are equal with one another in rank, none having nobility or virtue above the other” and share “equality in potentiality” (Tusi 43-44). It is important to establish this fact about Tusi because ideas about human nature are one of the main foundations that political theories are built upon. For example, if a certain thinker believes that human nature is inherently evil, that thinker may be in favor of harsh government to straighten out human actions. Though Tusi is very vocal about a human having the freedom to choose his own path, he still believes that humans cannot be perfect in their actions without the guidance of God and virtuous rulers (Black 148).

An important part of any political philosophy is how a citizen should be judged within a sovereign state. In the eyes of Tusi, human action in society can be based off either nature or convention, with nature referring to more universal components such as insight or common sense and convention referring to divine customs and laws of a society (Black 147). In what Tusi describes as his ideal political society, a great deal of its success depends on social organization and the co-operation of citizens in the economy and other crafts. With these things in place only three things can affect justice in the political society of Tusi; divine commandment, money, and human arbitrators (Black 148-149). Tusi’s faith in the success of a community government makes sense when you take into consideration his views of human nature and his faith in the human good.

Tusi makes the claim that love is one of the biggest factors of life in his ideal political society, with love being more central to the philosophy of Tusi than any other Islamic social theorist of the time (Black 149). When discussing the religious aspect of his ideal political society, his Imam Shi’ite background creeps into his works. Tusi makes the claim that the ideal and “virtuous city” will come when the whole world bows and down and associates themselves under the Imam (Black 151). His grouping of social status also have this highly religious influence, claiming that people of lower status groupings are not people of the faith and “image worshipers”, with people of faith and “virtuous philosophers” having the highest status in the society of Tusi (Black 151). Though these statements could be viewed as Shi’ite Muslim rhetoric put into action, it makes sense that his utopia would consist of classical Imami Shi’ite thought when looking at his life and beliefs. With that being said, his positive views on human nature, human freedom, and the possibilities of a community government were refreshing and new in the world of classic Muslim social theory.

Discussion Questions
1.	What did Tusi contribute to fields such as math and science?

2.	Explain Tusi’s view of human nature, and describe how it may differ from his contemporaries.

3.	What is Tusi’s rationale for human diversity?

4.	How does the concept of love fit into Tusi’s philosophy?

5.	If Tusi’s ideal society was in existence how would human action be judged as wrong or right? How would that society be virtuous in Tusi’s eyes?

Works Cited:
Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Tusi, Nasir al-Din. The Nasirean Ethics. London: Tinling and Co., 1964.

http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/tusi.html, biographical work done by Dr. A. Zahoor.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html, biographical work done by J.J O'Connor and E.F. Robertson from the University of St Andrews, Scotland.

http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/assassins/index.html, historical work on the Assassins by Anthony Campbell.


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User talk:Cybiko123

Hi everyone
Hi. This is my talk page. To leave me a message, click edit this page at the top.

Thanks
Hey Cybiko,

Thanks for the welcome message on my talk page. I'm a longtime Wikipedia editor, and I just got around to creating accounts on all of the sister sites. I just wanted to mention that although I created accounts on Wikisource, Wiktionary, Commons, etc, yours was the only talk page welcome I recieved. I know how important it is to welcome and encourage new users, and I wanted to publicly thank you for being on the ball. Yvh11a 17:48, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Thank you, Cybiko
Cybiko,

You know ,I am a first time user.I was looking helplessly to this great ocean of knowledge. Anyway after getting your welcome message,I feel that, there is somebody who can guide me to explore this Ocean and get a good catch. Thankyou Cybiko...Thank you very much......

Livin.la.vi.da.loca 04:30, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cybiko123


text: Template:Editing help

title: Template:Editing help


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/McCormack

Self-nomination
McCormack 07:31, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm a little hesitant - I don't think we are ready to adopt an adversarial approach towards vandalism. --HappyCamper 02:30, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The incident in question was blanking of over 100 pages in 15 minutes, including the main colloquium page. I'm generally a dialogue-not-block kind of person. I was just referring to this extreme kind of mass vandalism - it was frustrating to watch this and realise that nobody was around to do anything. See: Special:Contributions&limit=500&target=Stinky_sock. If I hadn't witnessed that, I wouldn't be putting my name forward. McCormack 04:46, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Afterthought: if you're confident you have enough people to protect against this kind of thing, I'm happy to withdraw my application. McCormack 04:51, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey, my comment wasn't intended to come across that that way! Fixing vandalism is more like fishing...sometimes we catch them, sometimes we don't, and that's okay too. The nice thing about a Wiki is that things can be easily fixed. What I don't want to see happening here are well meaning contributors being burned out after fishing trips. For want of a better way to express this, personally, I think it is better to have custodians who mop by thinking "click, click, click, click, *poof*" rather than "zap, zap, zap, zap, *destroy*". My bias is generally towards measured Wiki participants, so why not leave this application around for a little longer while the community gets to know you better? Or repost it in a little bit, whichever your preference is. The bits are handed out to reasonable people, and in my book coming across as being not particularly "power hungry" is a definite plus. So please stick around :-) --HappyCamper 22:23, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, OK. I'll leave this application hanging here until it gets archived :) Unfortunately I don't really have time to hang out on IRC and go through what is probably the conventional route. My thinking was if (note the word "if") Wikiversity is short-staffed, it might think about giving some extra admin rights to part-timers. But I'm really not sure if that's necessary. -- McCormack 10:37, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, hanging out on IRC isn't a prerequisite for custodianship here. :-) I'm not sure what the 'conventional' route to custodianship is really. Each candidate is a little different, so simply do what you like doing, and what you do best. The rest of the candidacy then seems to take care of itself. The nice thing about this is that we end up with custodians with a variety of skill sets which is good for Wikiversity. --HappyCamper 16:28, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to mentor and support McCormack's candidacy - his work on Help:Quiz and comments here indicate a level head and commitment to help. Cormaggio talk 10:17, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Very surprised and very pleased! Thanks :) McCormack 12:01, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

✅ McCormack now has probationary custodian status. sebmol ? 14:02, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Nomination for full custodianship

 * Mentor:
 * Evaluation
 * I nominate McCormack for full custodianship. McCormack has been a probationary custodian since April 24, 2007. Over this period, he has been active in discussions relating to policy, and to developing initiatives to widen Wikiversity's appeal, in the Pre-tertiary portal. He has also been active in dealing with vandalism. I strongly support McCormack's continued custodianship, and trust that he will do his best for the community. Cormaggio talk 17:17, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Questions and Discussion
Five days of community discussion from 5th June to 10th June.
 * I support full custodianship. Question for the candidate: would you be willing to add yourself at CheckUser policy? --JWSchmidt 17:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for the kind comments. On the check user question, I'm familiar with the issues as discussed earlier. It's desirable to avoid too much centralisation of powers, so bureaucrats and candidates for "bureaucracy" should probably not have CU access. But a further point would be that CU access should be given to people who know how to interpret IP addresses. I'm not a network expert. I'd always have to turn to someone else to interpret the results (short of numerical identity, which I could probably spot). -- McCormack 19:34, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Support - I think McCormack would be great custodian. --Remi 23:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Count me in too. . --HappyCamper 19:42, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

'''Closing note: All comments in favour - McCormack made full custodian. Cormaggio talk 07:56, 14 June 2007 (UTC)'''


text:
Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/HappyCamper

I have been thinking that I could serve the Wikiversity community better by making custodial tasks part of my routine here. I'd be happy to work under the wing of any of the available custodian mentors, and learn some new things about custodianship here. Comments welcome! --HappyCamper 00:36, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I strongly support HappyCamper - he's been extremely helpful in his attitude towards other users (especially newcomers), he makes consistently thoughtful observations about policy, and he's already an admin on the English Wikipedia. I don't think he'll need much mentoring, but I'd be happy to at least put my name down for it. :-) Cormaggio talk 14:40, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I also support. Do you have a choice for mentor? --JWSchmidt 14:55, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * How about Cormaggio? --HappyCamper 03:16, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * (In case it's not completely clear from above), I'm very happy to mentor. Cormaggio talk 14:18, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yay! I support HappyCamper's custodianship. We can use his experience and fine attitude. CQ 18:08, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ sebmol ? 18:21, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Nomination for full custodianship

 * Mentor:
 * Evaluation
 * I nominate HappyCamper for full custodianship. HappyCamper has been a probationary custodian since April 28, 2007. Over this period, he has been active in discussions relating to policy, and developing initiatives to attract newcomers to the project, at Template:Welcome/new. He has also been active in dealing with vandalism. I strongly support HappyCamper's continued custodianship, and trust that he will do his best for the community. Cormaggio talk 17:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Questions and Discussion
Five days of community discussion from 5th June to 10th June.
 * I support full custodianship. Question for the candidate: you deleted User:Ivan0072, a page that was created by User:Peegue. I've been puzzled by users such as Peegue who create pages in the user namespace. Do you have any idea why they do it? Do you think Peegue is an honest contributor or a vandal? --JWSchmidt 17:57, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This has puzzled me too. As for the account, probably of the ephemeral sort. --HappyCamper 00:56, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Support He would make a great custodian. --Remi 23:35, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

'''Closing note: All comments in favour - HappyCamper made full custodian. Cormaggio talk 07:58, 14 June 2007 (UTC)'''


text:
User:Pyros~enwikiversity

remedial program:

associates program:

bachelors program:

masters program:

doctoral program:

 * Creation_of_Free_Online_University
 * Introduction_Overhaul_Taskforce
 * Introduction
 * Portal:Learning_Projects
 * Colloquium

 * Policies

Peter Durrilltalk 19:25, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Pyros~enwikiversity


text:
Introduction to Computers/Internet

Course Navigation

Wired
Communication that uses wired is unlimited. (Edit needed here and below)

Identify and explain the three component parts of the Internet. The Three Components are email; Usenet newsgroups; and the World-wide Web.

Advantages:
 * 1) the fastest and most reliable access to compare with wireless and cable and
 * 2) it is “extremely secure against anyone seeing data that they are not supposed to”.

Disadvantages: http://networking.missouristate.edu/wired_connections.htm
 * 1) cost materials and labor for each installation,
 * 2) additional cost if it needs to be moved,
 * 3) must  be a way to get a wire from your computer to “the closest networking equipment in the building.

Wireless
Networks that use radio waves to transmit data, such as Wi-Fi. This type of network allows people to access the internet without having a wired connection. Wireless networks operate over one of three types of transmission: microwave, radio or infrared. Recently concerns have arisen over the effects of such networks on the health of the general populous. Various studies have suggested links between wireless interference and: memory loss, poor concentration, premature senility, nausea and even some varieties of cancer.

Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Wireless

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the rate of bits of data per second (usually Mbps).

Mbps
Mbps is short for megabits per second which is a measurement of data transfer speed.

is equal to 1,000,000 bits per second.Mbps

Narrowband
Typically 56 kbps A channel to the internet of very low rate. Narrowband Mainly connections consist of dial up connections. [ pg 53] Narrowband connecting technology is inexpensive.

Broadband
Typically 5 Mbps High speed connections to the internet. Examples are DSL, ADSL and satellite.

describe a high-capacity, two-way link between an end user and access network suppliers capable of supporting full-motion, interactive video applications

ISP (POP)
An Internet Service Provider (or ISP for short) is a business that provides businesses or consumers with access to the internet.

For example, Shaw Cable and Telus. Internet_service_provider

Download

To download is to RECEIVE data from a remote or central system. It's the transmission of a file from one computer to another. These systems used to receive from are usually FTP (File Transfer Protocol), web servers, mail servers or other types of systems. Download

Upload
The process of sending data from a system to an server, website or remote system. For example, when you upload assignments to MRC Net storage.

Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules used to send information between computers that are connected to each other (e.g. the internet). It is important that a computer follows the protocol it is using correctly, so that any message it sends out can be understood by other computers.

TCP/IP
One of the most common ways used by computers to send information across the internet is by using two protocols (called TCP and IP) together.

IP (Internet Protocol) works by giving each machine on the internet a unique 12 digit IP address (like 142.109.265.155). When a computer wants to send information across the internet, the information is broken into small segments called packets, and each packet is stamped with a "to" and "from" IP address. The packets are then sent across the internet to their destination.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) adds extra information to each packet to make sure that when they are recieved at the destination computer (by using IP) they have not been damaged, none of them are missing, and they are all put back together in the right order. If any packets are missing or damaged, a request is sent back to re-send those packets before the information is reassembled.

UDP/IP
Sometimes TCP/IP is not the best way to send information across the internet. Although the TCP part will ensure that all the information will make it to the other end correctly, it slows things down a lot. Sometimes it is more important to send information quickly than accurately, so UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is used instead of TCP. UDP makes less guarantees, but is a lot faster.

HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

It means pages automatically load (automatically saved in cache instead of asking you where you want to save it). Original use of http was to give people a way to publish and retrieve hypertext pages within the Internet. HTTP

FTP
File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer files over a network to other computers. The difference from HTTP is that you indicate where you want to save the files to (or upload them from) FTP

Files offered cover nearly anything that can be stored in a computer. For example, photos, gaming, music and statistics.

ICANN
ICANN was established to regulate human friendly internet domain names. It stands for Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

It's a non-profit organization formed to manage and assign domain names and IP addresses. It works closely with United States government with boards consisting of members from all continent to insure internationalized goals. ICANN

It has been argued that since this company is controlled by the US, the US is gaining too much info and perhaps an international corporation would be a better solution.

W3C
Is a group of various companies whose interest is in creating standards and recommendations to improve internet quality.

They also engage in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.

Has 144 members as of March 2007 W3C

URL

URL means "Uniform Resource Locator", by definition is a pointer to a websites resource and is needed to differentiate websites.

It is a string of characters that locates a specific piece of information anywhere on the web. (for example: http://www.wikipedia.org is the URL to Wikipedia) This shows an HTTP Protocol.

An URL can also be broken down into parts. *You could add a path component that specifically references the host computer. *You can add a portthat shows where the TCP connection is made on the remote host machine. *You could add a fragment (AKA: reference) that could specify a specific section you are looking for. To see examples:

domains
A domain is a location on the internet. It's a particular web server and is the middle part of the address. The domain name tells the location and the type of address. Components of domain names are separated by periods or dots. The three letter extension at the end describes type of domain such Google (www.Google.com), or Government (www.gov.ca) etc. the "Google" and "gov" are the domains.

top level
Top level domain is the end of a domain. So this is the end of an address. For example .com .org .net. Some top level domain names also include a two letter code extension for the country for ex: .us .mx .uk .ca

email
Email addresses are a type of electronic mailboxes used to send and receive messages, all addresses follow the same format which is : username@domain (i.e. jdoe@gmail.com). The major difference between addresses and URL's are the absence of the "@" symbol

email
Email is short for electronic mail, the transmission of messages over communications networks.E-mail messages are usually encoded in ASCII text. However, you can also send non-text files, such as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary streams. E-mail is one of the protocols included with the Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols. A popular protocol for sending e-mail is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and a popular protocol for receiving it is POP3.POP (Post Office Protocol) means that email is downloaded onto your computer and then deleted from the mail server. Both Netscape and Microsoft include an e-mail utility with their Web browsers.

Email is an abbreviation for electronic mail. Email allows you attach files such as videos, word documents, etc. and send them to other people.

3/4 of college students use the internet 4 or more hours a week!

Newsgroups

Newsgroup is a group email where users can write about the specific subjects and every time they send, it spams to whoever is on the newsgroup. They are free and the cover a good variety of topics.

web 2.0
Dr. Wesch's presentation on Web 2.0

webmail
Web-based or webmail is email that is accessed through the web and stays on the web. The main benefit is that the user can access their mail at any location with a computer that has a internet connection.Webmail The first webmail service was Hotmail and is still one of the most popular.

Discussion boards
Replacing newsgroups, a discussion board is an online bulletin board where you can read and leave messages for the public or members of that site. The first discussion boards were available on bulletin board systems.

IM
Instant Messaging - Anyone on a given e-mail system can send a message and have it pop up instantly on the screen of anyone else logged onto that system. examples of instant messaging systems are AOL, Jabber, MSN and Yahoo

PROS: allows a faster way of communication than email, and can reduce long distance bills CONS: lack of privacy, many IM products don't communicate with another, and can destroy concentration when working.

Blog
A blog (short for weblog) is a personal online journal that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption. Blogs are defined by their format: a series of entries posted to a single page in reverse-chronological order.Blogs generally represent the personality of the author or reflect the purpose of the Web site that hosts the blog. Topics sometimes include brief philosophical musings, commentary on Internet and other social issues, and links to other sites the author favors, especially those that support a point being made on a post.

Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists[2] and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS).

Source!

VoIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol is a type of internet telephony in which the net is used to make phone calls, either one on one or for audio-conferencing. You can make long distance phone calls that are surprisingly cheap or even free.

Skype is one of the most popular program that use VoIP, and is currently expanding into the wireless cellular division. The expansion of the WiMax network will dramatically change the current market of cellular technology.

webcast
Webcasting is where customized text, video, and audio samples are sent to you automatically on a regular basis. You choose the categories or channels of websites that will automatically send you updated information. It saves time because you don't have to search for the information.

www
WWW is an abbreviation for World Wide Web. World_Wide_Web

Tim Berners-Lee
Built a computer with soldering iron. He created the concept of hypertext (hyperlinking which started from the code HTML) This way he could share and update information with his researcher friends. HE CREATED THE WORLD WIDE WEB!!!! He also created the first website http://info.cern.ch/; this explained the World Web, details on owning a browser, setting up a web server... (65)

HTML
Meaning Hypertext Markup Language- It is the markup language for webpages. It uses links to connect with other documents. HTML is used as a set of special instructions that are used to format documents, specify document structure, and links to other multi media documents on the world wide web. An HTML is written in tags, with angle brackets. They can also include embedded scripting language code. Usually, html format data file use a file extension.html or .htm

It enables the creation of web pages. Tim Berners-Lee used HTML as the first code for hyperlinking within the internet.

HTML

Browser
This also known as "web browser"; it is software that allows us to search the different parts of the web. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Widely known browsers: Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome and Safari.

web 2.0
Dr. Wesch's video

portal
A portal's function is to access information on the World Wide Web. A few well known portals are MSN, Yahoo, Google, and AOL. Portals offer services such as search engines, news, stock prices, and various other features. Web_portal

search engines
A search engine is a class of programs that helps to find information by specific keywords, questions, pictures, sounds and many forms of languages. It works by sending special programs which are called spiders (or crawlers, bots, robots, agents) to look through “the World Wide web, following links from one web page to another and indexing the words on that site.” It helps minimize the time for searching information and increase the amount and quality of it you are interested in.

The information stored on the internet is found through a search engine. Search_engine

A search engine works by searching for a particular word or phrase given to it. Google works by searching for specific words, whereas some search engines search within predetermined categories. Google also ranks items by how many people linked to it.

wiki
A wiki is a type of software which enables users to easily create, edit and link websites and pages together. They are used in collaborative efforts to power community websites. One of the most popular Wiki communities is Wikipedia, which is exactly like the site you are on. Wiki

Wiki supports hyperlinks and supports a simple text syntax which helps one create webpages.

Wiki is short for Wiki Wiki which is Hawaiian for "quick" (because it can be edited quickly). It is accessible to anyone, and is edited and written by members of the general public. Like this page.

http://wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki

youtube

Youtube is a website that people use to share different videos. Youtube uses Adobe Flash technology to view different types of videos including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos. Youtube was created in February 2005. Registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos and unregistered users are also able to watch most videos on the site, Streaming is possible thanks to flash technology to compress the videos in a size that can be loaded without too much wait time. http://www.youtube.com/

title: Introduction to Computers/Internet


text:
User:JimD~enwikiversity

I'm also JimD on Wikipedia and some of the other wiki foundation sites.

I'm here primarily to contribute to the materials relating to Linux, systems administration, and Python programming.

title: User:JimD~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Pyros~enwikiversity

feel free to leave any comments or do any name calling here.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pyros. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pyros~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pyros~enwikiversity


text:
Wikipedia service-learning courses

This proposal is to create a number of service-learning mini-courses based on making contributions to Wikimedia Foundation projects (particularly Wikipedia, but sometimes one of its sister projects) in various ways that involve skill. Each would grant an informal or semi-formal continuing-ed certificate. These courses would serve several purposes:

 * Provide personal and professional development, since most of these courses would teach skills transferable to the non-wiki world.
 * Give people a new reason to contribute to the Wikimedia projects — namely, to boost their resumés — thus bringing in new volunteers.
 * Provide positive reinforcement to existing contributors to the projects, by assuring them that even if they had not received barnstars, the skillfulness of their contributions was appreciated and their expertise in some area is acknowledged.
 * Help contributors who want to make their contributions more useful by learning to do skilled rather than unskilled tasks.
 * Show a contributor who fails all or part of a certificate where they can improve.
 * Help compile a list of whom Wikimedia projects can go to when they need assistance.
 * To help people figure out whether someone was qualified for adminship etc. (Note, however, that these wouldn't officially be a requirement or increase one's eligibility for anything.)

The size of a course
These courses would be much shorter than a typical semester course in a high school or university. For most of the courses, a committed adult with a five-day work week could probably complete the readings, assignments and test for one course in a weekend. If the course in a subject became much longer than this, it would be split into multiple levels. 80              87 79 9 8 7

Degree and diploma applicability
With the possible exception of the researching-and-writing course, these courses would be too "applied" to count toward any bachelor degrees Wikiversity might grant, but all could possibly count toward the equivalent of an associate degree (U.S. system) or diploma (Canadian system). An entire diploma program could potentially be made up of these courses.

Course requirements and evaluation
Each course would require students to do three things to earn a certificate.

 * 1) Confirm that their Wikiversity account and their account(s) on the contributed-to project(s) were the same person, by each making an edit to its user page saying it was the other.
 * 2) Pass several service-learning assignments. Each assignment would involve finding one or more articles, media files, discussions etc. that needed a particular type of skilled work done on them, and then doing that work; or else showing that one had already done so. A failed assignment could be retried immediately.
 * 3) Pass a short open-book timed quiz and/or timed performance task (e.g. "retouch this photo") that would be administered by appointment over instant messaging. Each student would ideally get a different version of the test. Since the test's content could not be revealed in advance, community consensus would approve a person or team to compose the test (preferably someone who already has the certificate, once enough people do) rather than the test itself. A failed or interrupted test could be retried later, the questions rewritten, with a new appointment.

When a student was to be awarded a certificate, their answers to the assignments and test would be posted (usually in the form of links to diffs) on a Wikiversity page created for the purpose. Here, Wikiversitans could peer-review them and vote pass or fail. (All grades would be pass-or-fail. Failing one evaluation would not force the student to redo the entire course.) Once a student had been granted passes on all assignments and the test, either by consensus or by the support of a designated person with no objections, and gone through the identity confirmation, an administrator would add them to a protected-page list of students who had been awarded the certificate.

Readings
Most courses wouldn't require new lectures to be written from scratch. Instead, links would be provided to suggested readings on sister projects. These would include: Readings external to Wikimedia would be used only as temporary substitutes until replacements could be developed within Wikiversity or on sister projects.
 * Policies and guidelines.
 * Help pages.
 * Wikibooks modules.
 * Wikipedia articles.

Exemplars
If the community thought an answer to an assignment was especially good, consensus could name it as an exemplar to be presented alongside that assignment for future students.

100-299 Text content

 * 101 Copyediting: encompasses spelling, grammar, punctuation, basic wiki markup (headings, links, lists, images, bold, italics, tables) and knowledge of the Manual of Style. Ideally, the recipient of this certificate can consistently produce brilliant prose.

 * 110 Collaborative work: Talk pages, policies. The recipient of this certificate should be able to use all the features of wikimedia to collaborate with other users and join in common projects.

 * 200 Citing: refers to the ability to research relevant, notable, factually accurate, verifiable information and add it to an article in well-written form with references and appropriate illustrations. A wide variety of subject-area specializations would be available as 201-299.

300-399 Text formatting/presentation

 * 301 Templates: includes a knowledge of how to use common templates and how to edit templates. At upper levels, this includes, optional parameters, and variables.
 * 302 HTML/CSS: is an ability to use HTML tags and CSS properties as they apply within wiki pages.
 * 311 Math presentation: includes skill at formatting mathematical expressions and equations using LaTeX, as well as mathematical knowledge of math symbols and equation manipulation (e.g. factoring, simplification, expansion, renaming variables), and how to express mathematical relationships in both equation and prose form.
 * 312 Chemistry presentation: is skill at formatting chemical formulas and equations using HTML (or, if necessary, LaTeX), as well as chemical symbols, equation manipulation (e.g. balancing), and how to express chemical relationships in both equation and prose form.
 * 321 Non-English writing systems: Is an understanding of diacritics, IPA and the structures of writing systems not based on the Latin alphabet, and how to input, format and manipulate them using Unicode, and transliterate between them.

 * 331 Generating dynamic content with MediaWiki

400-499 Media

 * 401 Multimedia research: Is skill at finding relevant, high-quality images, audio and video clips with suitable copyright/licensing status online, performing appropriate format conversion if necessary, and uploading them with a suitable description page.

410-419 Images

 * 411 Photography: is the ability to produce usable original photographs.
 * 415 Graphics: is the ability to produce drawings, charts, maps and diagrams.
 * 419 Image editing: covers the ability to clean up and improve on photographs and drawings.

420-429 Audio

 * 421 Sound recording: Is the ability to clearly and accurately record sounds other than voice.
 * 422 Oration: Is the ability to record spoken articles clearly and accurately with a consistent volume and a minimum of background noise.
 * 429 Audio editing: Is the ability to make existing audio recordings clearer, removing artifacts and extraneous background noise and editing down clips as appropriate. Also includes sound synthesis, i.e. creating useful audio without using a microphone.

430-439 Video

 * 431 Videography: Is the ability to record good-quality, usable original video clips.
 * 435 Animation: Is skill at producing animated charts, maps and diagrams with appropriate use of animation.
 * 439 Video editing: Is the ability to make existing video recordings and animations more usable, performing colour correction, removing visual noise and cropping or editing them down as appropriate.

500-599 Community support

 * 500 Leadership: is an ability to organize groups of editors in such a way that they accomplish clearly defined goals and are happy, while upholding the open-source, sociocratic and newcomer-friendly spirit of every wikimedia project.
 * 501 Dispute resolution: is the ability to resolve disagreements, whether as one of the parties to the dispute or as a mediating third party, in a fair and diplomatic manner, and to the satisfaction of all parties if possible.
 * 511 Technical support: Is the ability to answer technical questions related to hardware or software, raised on Help desk, Village pump (technical), Reference desk/Computing, discussion pages, other wikis, and Wikimedia's IRC channels; and do so diplomatically, concisely, thoroughly and with as few rounds of discussion as possible.
 * 521 Counter-vandalism: is the ability to detect vandalism (including subtle POV/factual accuracy hijacking) when patrolling recent changes and new pages, familiarity with warning templates, and skill at using patrolling tools such as CryptoDerk's VandalFighter.

600-999 Miscellaneous

 * 601 Web law in the United States: includes an understanding of copyright, trademark and fair use law, as well as various free use licenses and the differences and compatibility between them. Also covers privacy, defamation and libel laws as they apply to Wikipedia.

List of interested course developers
Sign up here by adding  to the bottom of this list.
 * 1) JoliePA 04:25, 14 November 2008 (UTC) content looks rather undefined and sketchy right now.
 * 2) Seahen
 * 3) JWSchmidt. "Research and writing" seems very broad. Maybe a more focused topic such as "Research and citation" would be better and the "writing" part could be in a different unit that deals with issues like being careful with use of jargon. If I want to do a specialized module for finding and citing good sources in biology, do I just pick a number like 201 or should we have a subpage for planning this?
 * 4) This has always been on my list of aspirations for Wikiversity... Cormaggio talk 21:51, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 5) D`ang - I came here intending to start something along these lines up, for prospective admins/ behind the scenes work. Any development messages on my talk page appreciated :-) Pumpmeup 00:44, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) user:Rachel Sifuel (undated)
 * 7) Mange01 21:46, 10 November 2008 (UTC) - Currently developing a Swedish university course called "Wikipedia - Authoring, reliability and technology, 7.5 ECTS credits". I have compiled a list of learning resources, externa links, on the page wikipedia.
 * 8) Daanschr 07:33, 18 November 2008 (UTC) Great idea! This method can create a true community out of Wikiversity.--Daanschr 07:33, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 9) Tomaschwutz Seems to be a good idea of learning by doing: I want to learn about these topics, so I can create a course on my way of learning.
 * 10) Banakusum 03:09, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia service-learning courses