text:
Smoking/Cessation

Smoking Reduction May Lead To Unexpected Quitting
"Cutting back is approved as a method of quitting in several European countries, but not in the United States," said lead author John Hughes, M.D., a professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. "Our review contradicts the commonly held belief that quitting requires stopping abruptly and provides evidence that smokers can quit successfully by reducing the amount of cigarettes smoked." --Medical News Today, 12 Dec. 2006[]

More smoking dosage reduction options (beyond merely fewer cigarettes!)
The following ideas for a syllabus of smoking cessation, going beyond the parameters of Hughes et al.[] ("reduction in the amount of cigarettes smoked"), will start by  eliminating the cigarette altogether, and substitute any of several dosage reduction options including the $$ vaporizer, the $$ e-cigarette or portable vaporizer, etc.

1. Initially, more cheaply, try a screened single-vapetoke utensil, or flexible-drawtube one-hitter, which offers a uniform 25-mg. serving size, replacing the hot-burning-overdose-monoxide 700-mg-per-lightup commercial cigarette (or, in India, 450-mg beedi)! This requires that the user learn an easy vape-instead-of-smoke procedure which reforms the inhalation process-- away from hasty huff-puff toward smooth and slow.

Typewriter compliant diagram: conversion of conventional hotburning bigbowl tobacco pipe (load: 1-2 grams) into #40-screened single-toke one-hitter (load: 25 mg.)

(4x enlarged)

1/4" (6.3-mm.) ,6-mm. or 5.5-mm.(7/32") i.d.                   __________ <-> __________ /         \           /  xxx=    \ /          |x         x| cupshaped \ ________ /           |x         x|<-- screen  \ ________ /       \|            |x         x| (#40 wire) |/        \ |        |             \xxxxxxxxx/             |         | |        |             |         |    wood     |         | |        |<--tight fit |         |    bead,    |         | |        |             |         |   branch    |         | |        |             |         |   segment,  |         | |        |             |         |     etc.    |         | |        \             |         |             /         |       |         |\            |         |            /|         |       |         | \___________/         \___________/ |         |       |         |                                     |         |       |         |                                     |         |       |         |                                     |         |       |         |                                     |         |       |         |       Vacant space helps cool       |         | |        |       smoke before it reaches       |         | |        |       point of inhalement           |          \__________ |        |                                     |       |         \                                     \_____________________       \          \        \          \                                         original pipe stem--> \         \                                        plus flexible extension drawtube \         \_______________________________________________________           \            \________________________________________________________________

2. Exploring different types of tobacco one toke at a time, thus breaking the single-brand $lave Loyalty habit! Bum one cigarette off someone, empty the contents into a canister labeled with the name of that brand, and arrange it into a dividered box with the rest of your collection. Or continue with the favorite type within a dosage limitation such as ten 25-mg. single tokes per day (total 250mg. = slightly more than one third of one present-day "normal" 700-mg commercial cigarette).

If Hughes et al. are correct about a reduced number of (700-mg.)cigarettes, the above restricted number (say, ten) of reduced-dosage tokes (25 mg. each) may result in a rising percentage of smokers who eventually "forget to smoke any more". (Later they may say they got caught up in the real life they had been missing while on chainsmoke regimen.) Those who continue "smoking" will do so with major risk-reduction, by partial if not total conversion to monoxide-free vaporizing (vape pens, plug-in vaporizers, one-hitters).

History of smoking: not the tobacco, the cigarette is the problem

 * Relevance to Wikiversity presentation:
 * (a) I think everyone should investigate this history, understanding how we got into the 6,000,000-a-year fix will help us get out of it;
 * (b) any reader-- including you-- might with luck figure out which historic ad campaign GOT YOU HOOKED in your time, and reviewing that may help you kick the habit now!

For centuries, partly because tobacco was expensive, smoking pipes usually had a long stem and a narrow bowl (crater) in which it was possible to heat or burn small amounts of tobacco at a comparatively low temperature by sucking more slowly than on a present-day cigarette. Tobaccos were rare, expensive, strong-tasting and harsh compared to modern "cured" doctored "mild" cigarette tobacco designed for massive inhaling-- in past ages most users either didn't inhale or inhaled very little as shown by the small size of the pipes.

Technology first, then marketing opportunists
In the late 19th century cigarette-rolling machines were developed (replacing hand-rolling sweatshop laborers, like Carmen in the opera), and marketers discovered they could sell much more tobacco by attracting customers to the heavily advertised "sanitation", "convenience", "mildness" etc. of machine-rolled paper tubes ("untouched by human hands") with a heavy load of specially pre-toasted mild tobaccos inside, of which one could inhale large overdoses without coughing, and get a large intake of nicotine quickly, right into the bloodstream.

Instead of learning a more sophisticated art of sucking continuously very slow, possibly for 5-15 seconds (such as hatha yoga/pranayama breathing), youngsters (through picture ads, movies, etc. and filtered down through imitation within peer groups) were taught to suck hard for a short time (a one-second "puff", a 2-second "pull", a 3-4 second "drag" or a longer "bogart") from a device (the cigarette) which is designed to burn hot enough to keep burning and be ready, without re-lighting, for several minutes of up to ten further "puffs". Particularly strong heroic men were supposed to be able to "drag" without flinching-- making the material burn even hotter. Abusing oneself ostentatiously (like by breathing fire) relieved social anxieties by showing others, especially bullies, that one was fearless and capable of inflicting punishment (either on oneself or, by implication, on others). This was and remains relevant at tough urban schools where bullies are looking for any excuse to pick on you and you must prove yourself to be as "tough" as they are.

20th C.: 200 million
Besides the social benefit of exhibiting brave self-punishment, there is also a magic "pleasure"-- (= bloodsugar)-- the nicotine causes a temporary rise in your blood glucose level, even quicker than candy! (Temporary: an hour later you'll crave another one.) This "temporary" pleasure lured the customers on to inhale massive amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), PAH's, ammonia, tars etc. By the mid-20th century research began to show catastrophic death increases, but by that time it was too late to head off a possible 200 million human fatalities, the greatest genocide (so far) in the history of the human race. Individuals in India or China who began age 15 in 1965 are dying in their 60's now.

21st C.: 1 BIL?
The World Health Organization (May 30, 2011) estimates the current yearly cigarette death toll at 6,000,000 and predicts in a generation it could rise to 10 million (approaching a BILLION per century) as the wave of Third World teenagers who began to have enough money in the 70's and 80's to buy overdoses and get hooked will be dying off.

Eliminate SSS; SHS not so bad

 * Q.-- How to reconcile above allegations with scientific evidence that shows small amounts of second-hand smoke detrimental to non-smokers in the vicinity of smokers?  citations needed  How do the suggested reduced doses above compare to dose ingested via second hand smoke?

 * Thanks, it was published in the 1970's that "side-stream" smoke(SSS)-- the part that rises directly off the tip of a cigarette, NOT the same as "second-hand" smoke (SHS)-- contains 5 times as much carbon monoxide (the no. 1 cardiovascular toxin), 5 times as much sulfur dioxide, 30 times as much ammonia etc. etc. as "main-stream"(MSS) (the part inhaled directly from the device).

 * Eliminating the cigarette format (and all other overdose combustion smoking methods that produce more smoke than the smoker inhales, such as a big wide pipe) and substituting a utensil with narrow (1/4 inch or 6.0 or 5.5 mm i.d.) enclosed screened crater (bowl) in which only a small amount (25 mg) of herb can be loaded at a time, just enough for the user to inhale in one take ("toke") and no more, eliminates the "SSS" problem. Then, it turns out, true "second-hand" smoke (SHS), that part which has been in and out through a smoker's lungs, actually contains the LEAST carbon monoxide, for his/her lungs have somewhat "purified" that smoke and made it less bad for bystanders than either the SSS or the MSS.  Substitute a vaporizer for combustion smoking, or learn how to vaporize with a one-hitter, eliminating all SSS.

 * (Taboo has made it difficult for modern humans to admit to themselves that in every crowded ballroom, church, courtroom or auditorium they routinely rebreathe expired breath from other humans-- largely harmlessly of course. They look for ways to either ignore or disparage such breath-- such as confusing "side-stream" with "second-hand" smoke and ignoring the vital biomedical distinction between the two!  As soon as they "discover"-- i.e. admit the latter, there might be prompt widespread agreement on the virtues of a single-toke utensil which does eliminate Side-Stream but not necessary the less harmful Second-Hand.  And if users VAPE instead of "smoke", even their PBE-- personal breath effluent-- is much more harmless.

The 3 fractions, proposed clarification

 * MSS = Mainstream Smoke - the part inhaled into mouth through cigarette-filter-end or pipestem

 * SSS = Sidestream Smoke - the part which, being lighter than ambient air, rises initially off the tip of a cigarette-- especially from a cigarette or pipe just after a smoker has finished puffing on it and it is burning particularly hot. The cigarette is designed to offer continued burning and "convenient" readiness for the next puff any time you want it, but only if you bring the temperature up to nearly 700C/1292F on each puff!  Right after you finish such a mega-puff is when most of the "sidestream smoke" is released.  (Admittedly this term confuses some persons because the smoke rises directly up and does not leave the cigarette in a sideways direction except due to wind.)

 * SHS = Second-hand Smoke - the part which has been breathed in and breathed out by the smoker; generally least harmful but ignorantly feared most by victims.

Cigarette advertising history, or there's a sucker started every second
An overwhelming barrage of trillion dollar advertising has been the key to recent genocidal "success" of the tobacco industry. Surplus profit from overdose addicts was recycled into massively presenting seductive ads to create new addicts (ad + diction = addiction, get it?).

 * In 1913, with the introduction of the Camel (Kill-'em-all, get it?) brand, U. S. cigarette makers launched an unprecedented advertising onslought. One source has alleged that the U.S. cigarette market doubled between 1913 and 1918.  Oh, yes, something else happened between 1914 and 1918-- a war or something.  Well, cigarettes were promoted as more convenient for soldiers in the trench worried about losing their pipe, right?   Enabled the munition moguls to recruit more soldiers easily and get a war started.  Victorious  General Pershing praised "tobacco" as the nation's number one soldier, or something like that.  Nicotine helped soldiers stay awake during the endlessly boring guard duty (watching for enemies to shoot dead) by paralyzing the sleep process, and focus their mind (on spying, aiming the gun, killing etc.).  Sound like a modern watchman or bureaucrat?

 * The famous Eleanor Roosevelt, whose husband (also a cigarette smoker, died age 63) was then U. S. Undersecretary of the Navy, served as one of the kind ladies who appeared in hospitals providing free cigarettes to wounded Navy boys in 1918. (See Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 1972.)

 * In WWII every US soldier got C-Rations (for Cigarette, right?)-- those who didn't $moke presumably could afford to buy more whoretime? Got some French women hooked prior to childbearing years, today France is still 33% addicted while US has declined to 15%.

Show biz showed kids how to smoke

 * When Frank Sinatra stepped out to sing, "Light Up a Lucky, It's Light-Up Time" and pre-programmed audiences of pubescent girls screamed on cue, pubescent boys listening to the radio learned the "lesson" that girls will respond to men who "light up" a $moke.

 * Ronald Reagan earned future campaign money in 1937 (a picture postcard says, "Yours for Kentucky Club, (signed) Dutch Reagan"), 1943-- a magazine-page picture ad says, "Chesterfield is My Cigarette, (signed) Ronald Reagan", another says, "I'm giving my friends Chesterfield for Christmas this year" etc., even though Reagan was personally a non-smoker (See Life Magazine, Dec. 1980). He took the money, used it to run for office, gave us the "Just Say No" drug policy cracking down on cannabis.

 * Such recruitment, slowed in the US, has accelerated in Asia-- a survey showed 89% of movies made in India (2004-5) contained depictions of tobacco use, over 70% of it by the leading stars of the picture. (The India Ministry of HealthMinistry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(India)Indian_health_ministry], publicly embarrassed, has since promised to take action against such abuse.)

What's behind the anti-cannabis laws?
As President, Reagan promoted the War on Drugs, really a War Against Cannabis-- an alternative herb which can substitute for tobacco. By 2007 over 872,000 Americans were arrested for cannabis "violations" in a single year, with an estimated $20 billions of dollars for all this arresting and processing law-enforcement function amply covered by over $36 billion (as complained-- or bragged?-- on an R. J. Reynolds website) collected by the selfsame government entities in the form of tobacco excise taxes, license fees, etc., not to mention campaign contributions primarily to the Republican Party, its leaders (such as Boehner: two tobacco corporation lobbyists on his advisory board) and its candidates.

Why Big Tobackgo fears cannabis
In ascending order:

 * 2. Over 100 million persons smoke cannabis today worldwide, and it could, if legalized, readily REPLACE tobacco among many smokers now each paying up to $4000 a year (pack a day in a high-tax US state) to that Industry;

 * 1. (Much worse) because cannabis contains no overdose-addictive drug such as nicotine, many users are content to use infinitesimally small amounts, such as a 25-mg single toke, in a miniature pipe or single-toke utensil.  If this conservative behavior, legalized de facto along with the cannabis, began to be adopted widely by tobacco smokers instead of the profitable 700-mg overdose cigarette (net weight not listed on the label! I weighed a Winston once to find out), the industry profit margin would be doomed.

 * The above is medically disputed. THC is an active addictive element in marijuana.  Further, despite the early hysteria and humor associated with propaganda like "Reefer Madness" shown in U.S. schools in the 60s and 70s, scientific studies have found a clear correlation between use of Marijuana and subsequent use of harder drugs such as cocaine, heroin, meth, etc..

 * While THC may appear to be psychologically addictive for some, it is rare to encounter anyone craving 20 hot-burning monoxide 700-mg cigarettes (1/2 ounce!) of it a day-- "pack-a-day" routine for nicotine. For a discussion of gateway drug theory, see Talk page.

Why Big Pharma fears cannabis
In ascending order:

 * 2. Cannabis is alleged to be a viable cheap, natural substitute for many present-day highly profitable drugs;

 * 1. Should cannabis legalization result in a sudden drastic reduction in illnesses caused by tobacco, due to correlative legalizing of an anti-overdose smoking utensil which can be used by tobacco smokers instead of the profitable overdose cigarette format, the result could be a matching drastic reduction in the demand for high-profit drugs and treatments needed by patients suffering "tobacco-related" diseases such as high blood pressure which result from chronic cigarette overuse.  A 2014 study found that treating illness caused by cigarette smoking cost the US economy $135-bil a year-- which surely for the most part consists of profits to the medical care industry.

Why so many present-day cannabis users smoke a "joint" or "blunt" rather than use a conservative utensil

 * 3. Partly, of course, it's the longtime cigarette advertising, creating a profitable "tradition" which offers a glamorized grown-upness of fearlessly gesturing with a kind of symbolic torch in your hand (like the gun in typical crime drama shows-- "Winston tastes good, like a !!!!  !!!!  (gunshots) cigarette should!").  The hot burning overdose "joint" helps an emotionally insecure user borrow a media repertory of trucculent defiant tobacco cigarette (or gunwaving) gestures, relieving personal anxiety by intimidating others.

 * 2. More recently, it is alleged that, since the 90's, tobacco companies slipped money to "wRAP" artists to include references to "blunts" in their songs.  (A "blunt" is a cigar-skin with the tobacco filler discarded and an overdose of expensive cannabis rolled (wRapped) inside.  User poses as a hypermasculine bigshot with the big "cigar", also it's dark-colored, helping some to assert a racial identity etc.  Because the cigar wrapper contains nicotine, it's a sneaky way to get youngsters hooked! (If the nicotine helps get them hooked on further drugs, prohibitionists can then conveniently blame that on the cannabis.)  Note tobaccularity of key artist names such as "Cool" and "Tu-Pac".

 * 1. The main reason is fear of the (paraphernalia) law-- it's easier to hide or dispose of a "joint" than a pipe, you're in less danger of being arrested while they fish for evidence of something even worse to book you on, or of losing your investment in the utensil (such as a $600 vaporizer).  People say, "If the cops find one of those in here, they'll confiscate my car!"

Some legal ideas concerning utensils

 * Try to get a signed official letter from your congressman or other government official, or a prescription from a physician, authorizing you to possess and use an anti-overdose smoking utensil, on the premise that its purpose is to enable you to protect your health by REDUCING ("tobacco") consumption.

 * Q. Keep in mind that in the U.S. no letter from an official can exempt you from equal application of statutes as written. At worst it may embroil the official in criminal conspiracy charges.  [2007]
 * A. That being the case, let's remind politicians that suppressing anti-overdose smoking equipment to prevent "drug use" is like suppressing condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
 * Q. Be aware that some medical cannabis users in the U.S. have found federal law enforcement willing and able to lock up medical users despite full compliance with local and state laws. I am looking for citations from California. Please find links provided below. Mirwin 02:49, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * http://www.canorml.org/news/EasternDistrictCrackdown.htm
 * http://www.canorml.org/home.htm

 * A. True, but bear in mind the above suggestions concern only possession of a utensil, for stated tobacco-reduction use, and not possession of cannabis. In the above recommended letter, and in political advocacy, maybe one could present the argument that possession of an anti-overdose utensil is evidence of the intent to be a sober responsible citizen, more within the law than a reckless self-destructive hot-burning-overdose torchbearing slavewarrior.  Note: as legalizing states are seeking guidelines for addressing cannabis use, it might be wisely suggested that possession of a vaporizer or a 25-mg nano-toke utensil be required to purchase or possess cannabis legally.

Vaporizer
The most effective way to eliminate cigarette-smoking immediately may be to acquire and use a vaporizer, which instead of burning herb material at 1500° F/860° C every time user sucks on it, can be set to heat the herb (ANY SPECIES) at an appropriate temperature (tobacco around 300F, cannabis 385F) thus entirely avoiding the combustion toxicity which accounts for the majority of health damage from smoking.

The top-of-the-line Volcano, selling for $600, has been endorsed by Allen F. St. Pierre, Executive Director of NORML, for medicinal cannabis patients (2007). Note that instead of cannabis, an amount of shredded tobacco removed from a cigarette can be inserted, or strong pipe tobacco, or a segment cut from a cigar. At first glance, the price looks steep, but consider that a pack-a-day cigaret addict is burning up $4000 a year in high-tax New York City).

If, according to 2014 US Surgeon General estimate, medical consequences of cigarette smoking cost, for example, the US economy $289 BILLION every year, it would be cost-effective for the taxpayer to buy all 45 million cigarette addicts each a Volcano vaporizer for a one-time outlay of $27 billion! This could be paid for out of the 1998 Clinton $200B tobacco settlement money-- in case any of it is left over from roads, schools, police etc.; that money was supposed to be used for stop-smoking programs.

Vaporizer Cafes
If, in the meantime, you wish to try vaporization, there are numerous brands which operate several different ways; where can one try more than one kind of vaporizer to decide which to buy, or get some practice and counseling so that after investing the money you don't break the device by some mistake which voids your rights under the guarantee?

One way to address this hurdle and introduce larger numbers of persons to vaporization is by setting up vaporizer cafes, at which one can for an introductory fee try various vaporizers and have the services of a trained staff person or coach, as you learn the art of vape toke etc.

E-cigarette
This product, developed in China, has a rechargeable battery and a heating element which vaporizes liquid nicotine, along with propylene glycol, to create a smoke-like fog after each toke, and may include other flavorings so you can get one which tastes like a cigar, a Marlboro etc.

Single-toke utensil
For most of the 1.2 billion smokers worldwide, vaporizers may not be affordable immediately so it would certainly be cheaper to manufacture several billion miniature "smoking" utensils (oneheaters), which deserve to be named semi-vaporizers, for if while sucking slow and steadily the user holds a moderate lighter flame (one-half inch high-- use a cheap Chinese lighter with a flame height dial) the right distance below the top opening of the crater-head, (A) heating the glass or metal wall (conduction), (B) heating the air going in (convection), much of the herb essence will have time to vaporize out from each particle being heated or, once burning has started, by adjacent burning particles, before that particle itself catches on fire.

Selection of appropriate mini-utensil

 * The premier qualifying attribute is smallness of the burning chamber (bowl, or to make it sound smaller, crater). The narrower the diameter of the crater, the lower temperature can be achieved-- VAPE, NOT BURN!  By sucking slowly and steadily through an extension tube you can get all the product, eliminating  all side-stream smoke (ETS) which has been determined to contain several times more carbon monoxide than main-stream smoke inhaled directly through the device.

 * Ideal crater size is 5.5 mm (7/32"), 6.0 mm or 1/4 inch (6.3 mm) i.d., with a Mesh-40 (40 windows per linear inch) wire screen sitting at a depth of 3/16 inch/4 mm. This is small enough to permit a 25-mg.(1/40 gram) "single toke" serving of sifted herb-- 28 of these from one broken-down commercial cigarette, 20 from a typical "joint".

 * The flexible extension tube should be long enough to provide maximum distance for heated aerosol (preferably more vapor than smoke) to travel, cooling down, before it reaches your trachea-- and the crater end is far enough from your face that you can see what you are doing as you enact the easy-learn, heat-not-burn Vapetoke Technique. Fancy tubes such as those used on hookahs are acceptable, or some clear flexible p.v.c. tubing, most often 1/4" o.d. or 3/8" o.d.

Chillum
Made in India and Jamaica, traditionally a stick of wood or other material 4-5 inches long, with a channel running end to end and a wider opening at one end. See the wikiHow.com free article on How to Convert a Wasteful Wide-Mouth Chillum into a Long-Stemmed One-Hitter (which currently includes unique but imperfect typeface illustrations which need to be replaced by a handdrawn cartoon diagram format when someone with scanning technology gets around to it).

Kiseru

Used in Japan since about 1600, this has a wrought metal crater-head and mouthpiece with a long stretch of bamboo in between. You can substitute a flexible drawtube (pvc etc.) for the bamboo piece. Get a cylindrical-shaped crater instead of conical so your screen will sit securely inside. For a store marketing kiseru on line (and a special Japanese type of stringy tobacco like corn silk), see [].

Midwakh
A small pipe of Arabian origin, in which dokha is smoked, a confection of tobacco and other herbs. Especially popular in the U.A.E. where teenagers were reported to be converting to it from cigarettes, in the wake of $moking bans introduced in September 2007. You might attach a long hookah tube when using it.

Sebsi

Made in Morocco with a clay L-shaped head and a long bamboo or hardwood drawstem. If the stem is not long enough, attach a flexible pvc drawtube to it.

Consider making your own

 * The easiest utensil to make features a quarter-inch (or 6 mm. or 6.5 mm.) socket-wrench. Wedge a screen 3/16"/4 mm. down into the hex end and cram a long quarter-inch o.d. flexible tube up into the square (driver) end.  A layer of tape wrapped around your tube might make it fit tight and secure in the square hole.   Tape around to air-seal the crack between the metalpiece and the tube.  Use 1-mm. colorful plastic-shielded land-line telephone wires (the kind in grey cables, that you find being thrown away when buildings are remodeled) to wrap tight around the taped area, then form a 5-inch braid leading out to a big 2-inch safety-pin.  This will be handy every time you need to clear screen windows!  See wikiHow.com free article: "Make Pipes from Everyday Objects".

 * Use a brass barbed hose-nipple-- look for a quarter-inch i.d. crater, or you may start with one that is too narrow and drill it wider, using a quarter-inch Speedbor drill bit in a variable speed electric drill). Drill up to 3/16" depth, forming a shoulder that holds the screen in place above where the passage narrows.  The extension tube slips tight over the barbed butt end of the brass piece.

 * Glass: with oxy-acetyl flame, a 1/4-inch o.d. carbon rod (for crater-shaping) and needle-nose tongs, little Pyrex glass utensils are easily made, shaped like the hose-nipple described above, use needle-nose tongs to stretch out a narrow tip over which the flexible tube fits. Get some instruction first in safe use of the glassmaking equipment.

 * Stone: with a set of (expensive) diamond masonry drill bits in an electric hammer-drill, making first smaller, then larger and larger holes, it is possible to produce a crater-head from a beautiful hard stone pebble, imitating the interior shape of a socket wrench with its narrower mid-channel.

 * In a hardwood bead or branch segment you can make a quarter-inch crater, to a depth of 3/16"/4 mm., with a narrower mid-channel as above, or narrowing down further leading to a tightly inserted 3/16" brass tube segment as an exit arm over which the extension tube fits. You can get away with not lining the wood crater by only heating the herb, or burning little herb at low temperature, and by having an upside-down-bottlecap-shaped screen whose side legs stick 1/8" up the side(s) of the cylindrical crater.

 * To use a beautiful piece of softwood, drill a 9/32" crater-hole to depth of 3/16" and slip a ring of brass tube, 9/32" o.d., 1/4" i.d., down inside it. You'll need a tube-cutter (cheap) to make a ring 3/16" long.  Telescoping sizes of brass tubing (esp. 3/16", 7/32", 1/4", 9/32" outer diameters) are available from K & S Engineering, Chicago [].

 * Jan. 31, 2008: cannabis-advocacy organizations such as NORML should be lobbied to invest their advocacy power in legalizing and legitimizing a cheap hand-made anti-overdose utensil, as described above, for everyone (regardless of herb used) who can not afford to buy a vaporizer or have had an expensive one confiscated by "tobacco enforcement" officials.

Preparation of tobacco

 * Make your first decisive "break" with the overdose habit by carrying just one or two cigarettes around instead of a whole pack (20)!

 * Tear a tiny amount of tobacco off the tip of a cigarette and cram it in the screened 1/4" crater. The shredded tobacco found in most cigarets will do just fine.

 * Pipe and cigar tobaccoes, and other herb species, may require to be first sifted through a Mesh #16 screen strainer (window size = 1/16th-inch/1.6-mm.), producing uniform-sized smooth-vaping/burning particles. Don't smoke larger chunks.  Suggestions for sifting very delicate expensive herb species are found in "Re Manufacturing", on the Talk Page of Wikipedia Article, "Kief" [w:Talk:Kief].

Directions for use

 * First practice sucking continuously very slow for up to 15 seconds through an unlit utensil (after perhaps consulting articles about hatha yoga breathing exercises).

 * Use a Chinese lighter that has a little black dial to control flame height, and set it for a half inch so it can be kept burning 19 seconds or so without getting too hot.

 * After loading a long-stemmed utensil, hold it crater-upright and, while sucking slowly, hold the lighter flame an inch or more below the slightly tilted crater opening, so that air entering upon the 25-mg load of sifted herb will be about 350F (for tobacco, other herbs have other vaporizing temperatures).

 * If after a while the herb starts glowing, keep sucking, and with the metal shield at the head of the lighter (another reason why matches won't do) tap the top of the crater several times, shaking the coal (burning herb) so that it falls downward into a compact mass over the operative middle screen windows and continues burning to completion. Hopefully you got the nutrient you want-- nicotine or other-- out during the vaping stage and now you are just finishing off some tasty left-over cellulose.

 * After burning appears exhausted, you can briefly light once again to finish any unburned material.

 * One underestimated easy way to get more enjoyment from fewer smaller tokes is after finishing, before you exhale, hold a Breathbonnet (breadbag) over your breath organs (nose and mouth), then breathe 30 warm wet W's out through the mouth into the bag, in through the nose into the bloodstream-- 30 TIMES AS MUCH FUN AS WHAT YOU USED TO DO WITH A CIGARETTE BUT NOW GENTLER WITH LESS MONOXIDE. Remember, your aim is to make this 25-mg. single toke substitute for an entire 700-mg. cigarette.

 * Guess what-- afterwards you can suck out and eat the ashes (yes even tobacco, if completely burned)-- they contain nutritious minerals which the combustion has rendered more digestible.  (Why pass up any benefit or enjoyment?)  Swish the material around on your tongue to get an idea of the taste.  Gently scratching the screen with the maintenance utensil (see above) while sucking from the other end of the tube will loosen up some remaining ashes for this purpose.

 * With cigarettes, of course, the "official" (i.e. expensively advertised) "light-up" method has always been to hold the flame near for a second or two while sucking hard enough to get the entire tip of the cigarette burning at 1500° F/860° C.-- and that's seven inches from your trachea! No, not to make it "smoother", "better tasting" or anything, but just to get it started burning on its own power so it "Conveniently" doesn't go out until you have had those 9-10 more overdose "puffs" they have taught you to want-- which are the KEY TO ADDICTION.

 * (They want you to feel guilty about throwing some away without "using it up", but you wouldn't dare put it out for later use and try to carry The Butt with you on a bus, would you? Yukh.)

 * "Hold light an inch below,
 * suck smoooooooth, slow,
 * don't start any glow
 * till after 9-19
 * seconds or so."
 * (If in doubt, consult a hatha yoga expert.) By contrast, a "puff" on a hot-burning cigaret usually means about 1-2 seconds, a "drag" is 2-4 seconds.  (Think how hot that gets, Humphrey Bogart died age 57 of cigaret cancer.  What a drag.)

Double toke
With a two-stemmed utensil and a partner, the following surprising benefits are available:
 * While burning the same 25-mg. serving size, each partner sucks twice as slow-- twice the yoga training. Count how many seconds mentally while you slowly steadily suck.
 * Each partner gets half the heat,
 * making it twice as mild!
 * Then use a double-ended breathbonnet, stare in her eyes and hypnotize.
 * You need the encouragement/resocialization. (Think of the advertising money they spent making you think overdose cigarettes or passed-around "joints" were something shared or sociable.  Instead, victims were isolated, each with their own thumb-suckin' cigarette gesture language, living in a fantasy world of fear of germs or whatever, using that side-stream smoke to fend off children and enemies.)

Paperwork-- not the rolled kind
Many smoking cessation experts recommend keeping a diary. Here's how it works with your reduction utensil program:

 * On a single line, after maybe just the date, write a "t" for each single toke you did and a capital "C" for each entire cigaret. It might look something like this:

 * Monday, December 12: ttCtttCtttttCttt   (etc.)

 * All those little "t"'s and big "C"'s will keep reminding you that you are "Ctttttin' down!"

Other brands

 * Try substitutin' tobacco from other cigaret brands (trade off one-for-one with this friend and that friend, etc.!) and get knowledgeable about different tastes in your new format.

 * Try high-nicotine brands, including $$ exotic imports, using tiny amounts of course.

 * Try cigar and pipe tobaccoes (use that 1/16th-inch screen sifter). Get a collection of little cannisters to carry the different tobacco types in.

Herbal alternatives
Here's a list of "smokable"/vapeable herbs, almost all legally available from health food stores, usually bought by the ounce or a few ounces in a package at even lower prices than the tobacco marketed in cigarettes.

 * (*)Starred items-- if of appropriate dryness-- should be broken down in a blender at slow speed, then handgrindsifted through a 1/16"-mesh screen (sieve), (unless the supplier has already provided an even-particle-size product).

 * Any chunks too large to go through the 1/16" sifter can instead go in the "pot"-- tea pot, I mean! Any "dust" so fine it would clog the crater-screen of your single-toke utensil may be shake/separated out with a 1/30"-mesh sifter and used to co-flavor your next crockpotload of veggie stew.

 * If you wish to toke that fine "dust" because it is expensive high-value kief loaded with trichomes, use a sharp pin to gently scratch the screen of your utensil while sucking through the drawtube (may take several seconds, be patient) to reopen all central windows before each serving. The ashdust is nutritious, contains minerals liberated during the previous toke.

Please add further information to this list-- both names of herbs you know about (original research encouraged) and information on how to sift, prepare and serve them in a vaporizer, one-hitter or other suitable utensil.

 * alfalfa, anise (leaf), aloe (leaf), Althaea officinalis (marshmallow leaves)

 * basil (considered the King of Herbs by ancient Greeks), borage, *buchu(Barosma), burdock

 * camomile, catnip (Nepeta cataria. Actually, there are over 250 species of genus Nepeta, probably all usable), *chaparrel or creosote bush (Larrea tridentata.  One living Arizona specimen of this shrub is allegedly 11,600 years old), clover, comfrey, corn silk (wait till they get brown and chop them down)

 * damiana, dandelion, dill

 * echinacea, elder(yellow flowers), *eucalyptus

 * fo-ti-tieng

 * garlic (the dried outer paper), ginkgo, ginseng(leaf, not root), goldenseal, gotu kola

 * hawthorn, heather, hibiscus, hops (Humulus lupulus-- use the yellow flowers; mildest of all smoking/vaping-herbs), huckleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus:leaf)

 * *kinnickinnick or bearberry (Uva ursi-- leaf; widely used by ancient Americans in mixtures with and without tobacco)

 * lavendar(three or four little buds per serving), lemon balm (Melissa), lemon grass, linden, lobelia(often recommended because the effect mimics nicotine)

 * marjoram, marygold, *matté, mugwort, mullein

 * nettle (Urtica-- the soft green minus the stingers, a surprisingly mild toke)

 * orange(flowers, very sweet), oregano (most popular of all herbs. Two cents worth of oregano adds $4 to the price of a pizza)

 * pennyroyal (mint), peppermint, plantain

 * rosebud, rosemary (chop little logs of 3-mm. length and use 4 to 6 at a time)

 * saffron(flowers), sage (Salvia; dozens of legal species, all good, even if you can't get the famous divinorum), St.-John's-wort (Hypericum), sassafras (leaves), savory, scullcap, senna, slippery elm, spearmint, stevia

 * tarragon, thyme

 * verbena

 * willow (bark shavings or leaf), wintergreen, wormwood (Artemisia absinthia; grotesque-tasting but safe in moderate quantity despite its reputation)

 * yarrow, yohimbe (bark shavings)

 * Just about any dried flower petal salvaged from a wedding or funeral...

 * Hundreds of other good herbs can be tracked down in herb guide books and websites.

 * At the end of the summer, gather dry brown leaves from your favorite trees and bushes. (Grinding usually needed; store sifted herb in little cannisters properly labeled on top).  Get to know nature right in your neighborhood more safely than with illegal carbon-monoxide leaf-bonfires.

 * Concerning the #1 Alternative herb, recently legalized in 4 States, DC and Uruguay:

(a) keep and use such small quantities you're unlikely to get caught or ticketed (Holder memorandum, August 2013)-- a gram is 40 tokes;

(b) use such small quantities it can hardly do any harm (limit a half dozen tokes a day);

(c) keep a few tokes in a cannister with the name "Oregano" or other legalese on the top to satisfy a rogue cop or literal-minded stoolpigeon.

Like, real drugs

 * The War on drugs is there to protect you from trying concentrated pharmaceutical weapons like cocaine and heroin; meanwhile have you ever tried toking a little bit of coca leaf? poppy petal?  Could a 25 mg. single toke of one of those possibly be more dangerous than 200 sledgehammer overdoses of carbon monoxide a day (reckoning 10 puffs x 20 cigarets)?

Fetal = fatal
Frankie or his successors got your mother hooked on smoking cigarettes, or on spending time with hooked males, or on being seen hearing cool music in scenes where it was necessary to sit inhaling sidestream smoke from dozens of cigarettes, i.e. you as egg (ovum) were already chronically exposed to nicotine even decades before you were conceived and born.

"Cool"
It started in school-- or in the schoolyard, among bullies, where the key to escaping being bullied was to be "cool"-- i.e. inconspicuous, impassive, undemonstrative, unemotional, someone they can't "get a rise out of". Nicotine constricts the capillary system so the blood vessels leading to the skin carry 40% less warmth (to drive flushing, quivering or other evidence of emotion) and you're really "cool".

School
Not at first, but once you have inhaled enough side-stream smoke hanging out with the cool kids, or sucked a few sucker-hits yourself, one of those nights arrives when the big test is the next day!-- and you know if you smoke a few cigarets you will be able to stay awake and cram all night, or slog through writing the tedious source-theme that is due tomorrow. This is the critical Sleep-Suppression-Emergency (SSE) moment when true crutch-dependence is established. Fortunately you're grown-up enough now, i.e. no more beginner symptoms-- Chills, Nausea, Dizziness, Faintness-- your immune system's resistance is blown away, and you can take it like a man. Excellent "training" for a post-schooling military career where everything may depend on not falling asleep through millions of hours on guard when "nothing happens" (quote from some famous WWI British poem?).

"Parental"
Well, after all, if you don't qualify to get into that Ivy League college you'll never get the diploma needed to qualify for the high paying job, after your parents spent so much money on you & now they are counting on you to be a source of economic security in their old age!

They probably won't like your cigaret smoking but... "Well, I guess it means he's going to settle down and get a steady job." (Besides, it might help you hide your cannabis use-- watch it, they've seen all those Drugfree Partnership scare ads.) Your dad will threaten; your mother will burst into tears. "Please don't throw away all we did for you, we'll die soon enough and then you can do anything you damn please!"

Marriage ritual
If kissing scares you (the Propa & Ganda Co. taught you to fear germs), it's less disgusting if both partners do something even more disgusting first, i.e. a cigarette, you're USED to that.

Playboy Magazine cartoons often show someone in bed, after sex, smoking a cigarette. That might not directly improve sex, rather is counted on to "cool" the seething inner quagmire of unresearchable post-childhood emotional turmoils that sabotage sex.

Feeling full
"Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet."-- 30's jingle. Nicotine (snack-eatin') is said to reduce cravings to munch on (or substitute for) fattenin' foods. Many, especially women, fear to quit due to warnings that they will gain weight.

Harold Washington Syndrome
According to Salim Muwakkil, writing in In These Times, Harold spent a career appearing at innumerable dinners showing solidarity by eating good old Soul Food. At the height of his power (1987) his heart doctors forced him to quit smoking; his weight ballooned to 284, he bent over to pick up a pencil, could neither get up nor breathe, heart attack, died on the spot. Would Harold have lived (and served 20 years as Mayor of Chicago as he intended) if he had been prescribed a Choomette long-stemmed single-toke utensil and a gram (40 tokes) of oregano?

Career tool
What steroids are to a notorious big time athlete, nicotine is to the stayawake bureaucrat busywork hireling. You need the money; survival is the issue. "Stay awake, look busy, fool the boss, bring home paycheck." Final payoff: in the last decade of your life you may have to pass on much of that money to doctors, hospitals, drug companies, etc. in order to squeeze out a few more years, see a grandchild or two and disappear safely into the "average" lifespan statistics leaving a depleted estate for their coolege oops sorry college needs.

What about weight gain?
Today one of the most controversial grounds for dependency on smoking is weight control. Can a dosage reduction without quitting be the key to maintaining weight control without paying the overdose-disease price for it?

 * Keep a small knife in your purse or briefcase for cutting easily carried things like pears, apples, etc. Let long chewing episodes with a mouthful of veggies replace the 5-10 minutes that you used to keep a cigaret going.

 * If you open a can of beef stew, use it as a flavoring and budget yourself a week to use it up. Program meat and junk foods etc. to be used in small amounts or occasionally.  Carry zapsacks (ziplock bags) with you to put meat or heavily oversalted, oversugared foods in, to take safely to your distant refrigerator, instead of eating them on the spot out of megadose guilt.

 * PLEASE ADD FURTHER HINTS TO THIS LIST.

Quitting through short-term memory reduction

 * The nicotine addict is a prodigy athlete of scheming and planning. He or she takes on tons of mental exercise just planning when and where the next cigaret, the next ten cigarets, etc. will be served up, and how and when the next pack will be purchased.  (Even a major percentage of car mileage consists of driving somewhere where cigarets are sold at any hour, etc., adding in all the further esoteric bureaucracy-- parking and unparking, not losing the car keys etc.))

 * Something can be done to unlearn that obsessive mental grip on the schedule, the sequence of smoking breaks etc. littering the available waking time of addicts. One (1) toke of any other herb than tobacco (not just cannabis, many others listed above) can break the grip of this overcommitted memory function, which is the body's response to a nicotine overdose.

 * In the first minutes after any toke, if there is any short span of time when it is necessary to wait for something, try to fill up that interval with a few isometric (small muscular) exercises, and mentally count how many you do as they are going on.

 * Spend a few hours each week learning long-term material, such as music, through memorization practice. Reading a score or libretto while hearing music (do-it-yourself audio-visual) provides practice in the form of mental coordination effort.  Singing in a choir or congregation supplies the same kind of exercise.  The better you know any song or piece, the more easily it can draw you into exercising spontaneously, should that same tune emerge in your mind at an opportunte time.  Conductors, who read scores while hearing music, are said to have the longest life span in western society.  They study a piece until they have a merging of identity with it which is expressed in their rhythmic arm movements conducting, and so an identity of present-moment exercise and 1ong-term memory is achieved.

 * Socially obligatory eating rituals and how to escape them, or the Haro1d Washington Syndrome (in preparation)

The NOT program

 * Program designed by the American Lung Association for adolescents actively wanting to quit using Tobacco. Has shown to be more effective than previous programs mainly because it works at a voluntary level. Most students going through the program are ready to quit but need the extra resource to do so.

 * Offers many unique opportunities and teaching styles. The NOT program: includes 10 session about 50 minutes long; offered in small-groups; voluntary rather than punitive; covers all aspects of quitting (from preparation to relapse); delivered by same-gender facilitators (emphasis on gender issues); has 4 booster sessions; covers issue relevance in teen-friendly language; uses peer group discussions, journals, and experiential activities; integrates nutrition and physical activity.

 * In a recent studies the valid 15-month quit rate for the NOT program was somewhere between 11% and 22%. This is significant compared to other programs focusing on cessation. Of those participants, half of them were still involved in the NOT program 15 months after it began, and they attended 70% of the program.

title: Smoking/Cessation


text: Template:LMCCFamilyMed

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:LMCCFamilyMed


text:
Family Medicine (LMCC)

Welcome to the content development project for the LMCC. This project is where Wikiversity participants create, organize and develop learning resources for the LMCC.

Modules
Each module corresponds to a subsection of study for the LMCC.

title: Family Medicine (LMCC)


text: LMCC/Abdominal Pain

title: LMCC/Abdominal Pain


text: LMCC/Acne Vulgaris

title: LMCC/Acne Vulgaris


text:
LMCC/Adjustment Disorder

Diagnosis

 * emotional/behavioural symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occuring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor
 * sypmtoms consist of either:
 * 1) marked distress in excess of what would be expected from exposure to the stressor
 * 2) significant impairment in social/occupational functioning
 * once the stressor has terminated, the symptoms do not persist for more than an additional 6 months
 * common stressors include: termination of romantic relationships, marital problems, job-related stressors, developmental events (ie. leaving home, becoming a parent, retirement)

Treatment

 * brief psychotherapy
 * crisis intervention
 * medications
 * benzodiazepine may be used for those with anxiety symptoms
 * SSRI's may be used for those with both anxiety and depression symptoms

title: LMCC/Adjustment Disorder


text:
LMCC/Alcohol

Definitions
One standard drink = 12 g of pure alcohol
 * beer (5% EtOH) = 12 oz
 * wine (12-17%) = 5 oz
 * fortified wine = 3 oz
 * hard liquor (80 proof) = 1.5 oz

Diagnostic categories are along a continuum
 * Abstinence
 * Low risk drinking
 * <2 drinks/day
 * <9 drinks/week for women, <14 drinks/week for men
 * Alcohol abuse
 * consumption above low risk level with one or more of a) alcohol related physical or social problems b) continued use despite hazardous consequences c) inability to fulfill major life roles d) legal problems associated with use, but no evidence of alcohol dependence
 * Alcohol dependence

Epidemiology

 * 10-15% of patients in family practice are problem drinkers
 * >500,000 Canadians are alcohol dependent
 * 10% of premature deaths and 50% of fatal traffic accidents in Canada are alcohol related
 * most likely to miss diagnosis in women, elderly, patients with high socioeconomic status

Cage Questionnaire
C Have you ever felt the need to CUT down on your drinking?

A Have you ever felt ANNOYED at criticism of your drinking?

G Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?

E Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover? EYE OPENER
 * > 2 for men or > 1 for women indicates possibility of problem drinking and need for further assessment

Questions for Alcohol Abuse - HALT FATAL BUMP DT
H do you ever drink to get High?

A do you ever drink Alone?

L do you ever Look forward to drinking?

T are you Tolerant to alcohol?

F any Family history of alcohol?

A ever been a member of AA?

T do you use Tranquilizer to calm your nerves?

A do you ever think about Atempting to quit?

L any Legal problems related to alcohol?

B have you ever had Blackouts?

U do you ever use alcohol in an Unplanned way?

M do you ever use alcohol for Medicinal reasons?

P do you tend to Protect your alcohol supply?

D do you ever drink and Drive?

T do you Think you are an alcoholic?
 * asses drinking profile
 * setting, time, place, occasion, with whom
 * impact on: family, work, social
 * quantity-frequency history
 * how many drinks per day?
 * how many drinks per week?
 * maximum number of drinks on any one day in the past month?
 * if identified positive for alcohol problem
 * screen for other drug use
 * identify medical/psychiatric complications
 * ask about drinking and driving
 * ask about past recovery attempts and current readiness for change

 * complications of problem drinking
 * GI: gastritis, dyspepsia, pancreatitis, liver disease, bleeds, diarrhea, oral/esophageal cancer
 * cardiac: hypertension, alcoholic cardiomyopathy
 * neurologic: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, peripheral neuropathy
 * hematologic: anemia, coagulopathies
 * other: truama, insomnia, family violence, anxiety/depression, social/family dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, fetal damage

Investigations

 * GGT and MCV for baseline and follow-up monitoring
 * AST, ALT (AST:ALT = 2:1 in alcoholics)
 * CBC (anemia, thrombocytopenia), PT (decreased clotting factor production by liver

Management

 * intervention should be consistent with patient's motivation for change
 * regular follow up is crucial

Alcoholics anonymous

 * outpatient/day programs for those with chronic or resistent problems
 * family treatment (Al-Anon, Alateen, screen spouse and child for abuse)

In patient programs
Use if:
 * dangerous or highly unstable home environment
 * severe medical/psychiatric problem
 * addiction to drug that may require in patient detoxification
 * refractory to other treatment programs

Pharmacologic

 * diazepam for withdrawl
 * disulfiram (Antabuse)
 * blocks conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid which leads to flushing, headache, nausea/vomiting, hypotension if alcohol is ingested.
 * naltrexone
 * competitive opioid antagonist that reduces cravings and pleasurable effects of drinking
 * can trigger withdrawl in opioid dependent patients

Prognosis

 * relapse is common and should not be viewed as failure
 * monitor regularly for signs of relapse
 * 25-30% of abusers exhibit spontaneous improvement over 1 year
 * 60-70% of individuals with jobs and families have an improved quality of life 1 year post treatment

title: LMCC/Alcohol


text: LMCC/Allergic Rhinitis

title: LMCC/Allergic Rhinitis


text: LMCC/Anxiety

title: LMCC/Anxiety


text: LMCC/Asthma/COPD

title: LMCC/Asthma/COPD


text: LMCC/Acute Bronchitis

title: LMCC/Acute Bronchitis


text: LMCC/Chest Pain

title: LMCC/Chest Pain


text: LMCC/Common Cold

title: LMCC/Common Cold


text:
LMCC/Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Epidemiology

 * Approximately 50-75% of Canadians use CAM at some point in their lives.
 * CAM use is highest in Western provinces and lowest in Atlantic provinces.
 * CAM is more likely to be used by younger patients, as well as those with higher education and higher income.
 * Examples of CAM: chiropractice, acupuncture, massage, naturopathy, homeopathy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda
 * Most commonly used for chronic diseases, such as back/neck problems, gynecological problems, anxiety, headaches, and digestive problems.
 * More than half of Canadians do not disclose CAM use to their physicians.

Herbal Products

 * Over 50% of Canadians use natural health products.
 * Most herbs have not yet been shown to be effective in clinical trials.
 * Many patients believe herbal products are inherently safe and are unaware of potential side effects and interactions with conventional medicines.
 * All natural health products must be regulated under the Natural Health Products Regulations; these products include herbal remedies, homeopathic medicines, vitamins, minerals, traditional medicines, probiotics, amino acids and essential fatty acids.
 * Questions to ask patients who may be taking herbal products:
 * Are you taking an herbal products, supplement or other natural remedy
 * Are you taking any prescription or non-prescription medications for the same purpose as the herbal product?
 * Are you allergic to any plant products?
 * Are you pregnant or breast-feeding?


text: LMCC/Depression

title: LMCC/Depression


text: LMCC/Diabetes Mellitus

title: LMCC/Diabetes Mellitus


text: LMCC/Dysuria

title: LMCC/Dysuria


text: LMCC/Epistaxis

title: LMCC/Epistaxis


text: LMCC/Fatigue

title: LMCC/Fatigue


text: LMCC/Headache

title: LMCC/Headache


text: LMCC/Hearing Impairment

title: LMCC/Hearing Impairment


text: LMCC/Hypertension

title: LMCC/Hypertension


text: LMCC/Low Back Pain

title: LMCC/Low Back Pain


text: LMCC/Men's Health

title: LMCC/Men's Health


text: LMCC/Osteoarthritis

title: LMCC/Osteoarthritis


text: LMCC/Sexually Transmitted Diseases

title: LMCC/Sexually Transmitted Diseases


text:
LMCC/Sinusitis

 * inflamation of mucous membranes in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
 * fluid within these cavities or the underlying bone

Etiology

 * divided into
 * acute: < 4 weeks
 * recurrent: 4 or more episodes per year lasting at least 10 days
 * chronic: > 12 weeks
 * common pathogens are S. pneumoniae, H.influenza, M.catarrhalis

Risk Factors

 * medical conditions: respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis cystic fibrosis or immunodeficiency
 * anatomic: deviated septum, polyps, adenoid hypertrophy, tumour
 * irritants: environmental, tobacco smoke, air pollution, chlorine
 * iatrogenic: topical decongestant overuse, cocaine, trauma

History

 * recent URTI
 * nasal congestion/discharge
 * fascial pain/swelling
 * maxillary toothache
 * fever
 * headache worse with bending over
 * poor response to decongestants

Acute Sinusitis Score
1 point each for:
 * Maxillary toothache
 * history of purulent nasal discharge
 * poor response to decongestants
 * abnormal transillumination
 * purulent secretions
 * 0-1 sinusitis unlikely
 * 2-3 order x-ray (Water's view)
 * 4-5 likely sinusitis, no x-ray needed, treat with antibiotics

Physical

 * swelling and erythema over symptomatic area
 * tenderness on palpation of paranasal sinuses
 * periorbital swelling
 * nasal speculum exam: hyperemia, edema, crusts, purulence, polyps
 * tranillumination
 * to evaluate frontal and maxillary sinuses
 * of no diagnostic value in children, marginal in adults
 * 55% with +'ve radiologic findings have abnormal transillumination
 * must be in complete darkness

Investigations

 * radiography only when diagnosis of sinusitis is in doubt
 * all patients with pronounced frontal headaches should have radiograph performed
 * CT scans are not routineley used for diagnosis

Management

 * acute: 40% will recover spontaneously

Pharmacology

 * 1st line: amoxicillin x 10 days or TMP-SMX if penecillin allergy
 * 2nd line: Amoxil/clavulin, clarithromycin, ceflacor, cefixime

Adjunct therapy

 * saline nasal spray with humidification
 * topical or systemic decongestants; for short term use only
 * antihistamines are contraindicated
 * nasal corticosteroid spray for chronic sinusitis

Referal to ENT

 * failure of 2nd line therapy
 * >3 episodes/year
 * development of complications (ie. mucoceles, orbital extension, meningitis, intracranial abscess, venous sinus thrombosis)

title: LMCC/Sinusitis


text:
LMCC/Sleep Disorders

insomnia parasomnias excessive daytime sleepiness
 * characterized by one of three complaints
 * difficulty falling alseep, maintaining sleep, early morning wakening or non-refreshing sleep
 * night terrors, nightmares, restless leg syndrome, somnambulism

Epidemiology

 * 1/3 of people have occasional sleep problems
 * 10% have chronic sleep problems
 * > in women with increasing age

History
A thorough sleep history includes:
 * history from patient and partner
 * sleep environment (noise, temperature, light)
 * shift work or life stresses
 * use of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs
 * snoring, apneic episodes, limb jerks, sleep paralysis
 * daytime consequences, impact on quality of life

Investigations

 * complete sleep diary every morning for 1-2 weeks
 * record bedtime, sleep latency, total sleep time, awakenings, quality of sleep
 * rule out specific medical problems (CBCD, TSH)
 * sleep study referral if suspect periodic leg movements of sleep or sleep apnea
 * night time polysomnogram or daytime multiple sleep latency test

Treatment

 * treat and manage any suspected medical or psychiatric caueds
 * psychologic treatment
 * sleep hygiene
 * avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, exercise regularly, comfortable sleep environment, regular sleep schedule
 * relaxation therapy
 * stimulus control therapy
 * sleep restriction therapy
 * pharmacologic treatment
 * short term benzodiazepines

primary insomnia

 * majority of cases
 * person reacts to the insomnia with fear or anxiety around bedtime or with a change in sleep hygiene
 * can progress to a chronic disorder called psychophysiological insomnia

Snoring

 * results from soft tissue vibration at the back of the nose and throat due to tubulent airflow through narrowwed air passages
 * risk factors: male gender, obesity, alcohol consumption, ingestion of tranquilizers or muscle relaxants and smoking
 * Physical exam: obesity, nasal polyps, septal deviation, hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates, enlarged uvula and tonsils
 * Investigations if severly symptomantic
 * noctural polysomnography
 * airay assessment (CT or MRI)
 * treatment
 * sleep on side, weight loss
 * nasal dilators, tongue retaining devices, mandibular advancement devices
 * risk is development of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

 * apnea resulting from upper airway obstruction due to collapse of the base of the tongue, soft palate with uvula, and epiglottis
 * respiratory effort is present
 * leads to a distinctive snorting, choking awakening type pattern as the body arouses itself to open the airway
 * apneic episodes can last from 20seconds - 3 minutes
 * can have 100-600 episodes/night
 * diagnosis based on nocturnal polysomnography
 * >15 apneic episodes with arousal recorded per night
 * risk factors
 * 2% women, 4% men
 * between ages 30-60
 * obesity causing upper airway narrowing: BMI >28kg/m present in 60-90% of cases
 * children: commonly tonsils or adenoids
 * aging which causes decreased muscle tone
 * persistent URT infections, allergies, nasal tumours, hypothyroidism
 * Family medical history
 * consequences
 * Daytime somnolence, nonrestorative sleep
 * Poor social and work performance
 * mood changes: anxiety, irritability, depression
 * sexual dysfunction: poor libido, impotence
 * morning headache due to hypercapnia
 * Hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, arrhythmias
 * pulmonary hypertension, RV dysfunction, cor pulmonale due to chronic hypoxemia
 * memory loss, decreased concentration, confusion
 * investigations
 * blood gas not helful, TSH if clinically warrented
 * evaluate BP, inspect nose, oropharynx for enlarged adenoids or tonsils
 * nocturnal polysomnography
 * Treatment
 * modifying factors: avoid sleeping supine, lose weight, avoid alcohol, sedative, narcotics, inhaled steroids if nasal swelling present
 * primary treatment of OSA is CPAP which maintains patent airway in 95% of OSA cases
 * dental appliances to modify mandibular position
 * surgery: somnoplasty, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
 * report patient to ministry of transportation if OSA is not controlled by CPAP

Central Sleep Apnea

 * pathophysiology
 * brain fails to send appropriate signals to breathing muscles to initiate respirations
 * the defining feature is absent respiratory effort
 * often secondary to CNS diseases ie. brainstem infarct, infection, neuromuscular disease
 * investigations: PFTs, nocturnal polysomnography, MRI
 * treatment: CPAP or mechanical ventilation if brainstem origin
 * prognosis: poor

Sleep Tips

 * Keeping a routine is important. Try going to sleep at the same time every night and get up at the same time every morning.
 * Make sure the environment you sleep in is dark and quiet. Ask others to be respectful of your sleep and not disturb you while your asleep.
 * Do not eat or drink at least two hours before bed.
 * Take only 30 minute naps during the day if needed.
 * Stay away from fatty foods during the day and especially before bed.
 * Exercise on a regular bases but never right before bed. (MayoClinic.com, 2010)

title: LMCC/Sleep Disorders


text:
LMCC/Smoking Cessation

Epidemiology

 * single most preventable cause of illness and death
 * 70% of smokers will see a physician every year
 * of those aged 15 or older:
 * 22% are current smokers
 * average 16 cigarettes /day
 * highest prevalence between 20-24
 * higher in teen girls than teen boys
 * more individuals are quitting than in past

General approach

 * identify users, elicit their smoking habits and establish the results of prior quit attempts
 * every smoker should be offered treatment
 * Highest yield technique is to host >4 counselling session of > 10 minutes in length over a 12 month period
 * 14% will remain abstinent with counselling vs. 10%

The 5 A's for patients willing to quit
Ask if patient smokes

Advise patient to quit

Assess willingness to quit

Assist in quit attempt

Arrange follow-up

Use a STAR to assist patients in developing a quit plan
Set quit date

Tell family and friends

Anticipate challenges

Remove tobacco products

 * if a patient is pregnant advise them to quit without using pharmacotherapy

Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRT)

 * 20% abstinence @ 12 months
 * Form of NRT is irrelevant to abstinence rates
 * Contraindications: recent MI, serious or worsening angina, serious arrhythmia

Buproprion (Zyban)

 * 21% abstinence @ 12 months
 * inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake
 * patient is to smoke for first 2 weeks of treatment and then completely stop
 * can be used with nicotine replacement therapy
 * Contraindications: seizure disorder, eating disorder, MAOI use in past 15 days, use of Wellbutrin (an alternative labelling of buproprion marketed for depression)
 * side effects: insomnia, dry mouth

The 5 R's for patients unwilling to quit
Relevance to patient Risks of smoking Rewards of quitting Roadblocks to quitting Repetition of motivational intervention at each visit

Risks of smoking
Short term:
 * shortness of breath
 * asthma exacerbation
 * impotence
 * infertility
 * pregnancy complications

Long term:
 * increased risk of heart attack and stroke
 * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 * lung cancer/other cancer

Environmental:
 * higher cancer risks in spouse and children
 * increase in sudden infant death syndrome
 * asthma/respiratory infections in housemates

Benefits of smoking cessation

 * improved health
 * improved finances
 * improved taste and smell
 * sets a good example for children

Obstacles to smoking cessation

 * fear of withdrawl
 * weight gain
 * fear of failure
 * lack of support

Repetition

 * reassure an unsuccessful patient that most people have multiple attempts before succeeding.

Recent quitter?

 * the highest rate of relapse is within the first 3 months, therefore prevention at this time is imperative!
 * minimal practice: congratulate on success and encourage ongoing abstinence, reviewing the benefits of quitting and any unforeseen problems
 * prescriptive interventions can be used to address problems of weight gain, negative mood, withdrawal and lack of support.

title: LMCC/Smoking Cessation


text:
LMCC/Social Phobia

 * a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations where one is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny

Epidemiology

 * lifetime prevalence rate ~ 16%
 * Female: Male = 1.5: 1
 * Begins in early childhood and adolescence
 * can lead to significant psychiatric comoribidy including depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and eating disorders
 * often underrecognized by family practitioners

History

 * fear of being humiliated or embarassed in social or performance situations
 * include: public speaking, eating, drinking, writing, public restrooms, speaking on the telephone, social gatherings
 * the fear is recognized as excessive/unreasonable
 * the avoidance, anticipation and distress interfere significantly with social and occupational functioning
 * often presents with somatic complaints of insomnia, fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling of hands, sweating, blushing and GI complaints

Physical

 * hyperhidrosis, tremor, blushing, stuttering, hypertension and tachycardia
 * must do a thorough mental status examination

Management

 * cognitive behavioural therapy
 * exposure therapy (most firmly established therapeutic maneuver)
 * cognitive restructuring
 * social skills training

Pharmacology

 * effective treatments include MAOI, anxiolytics and SSRIs (drug of choice due to effectiveness and lack of significant side effects)

title: LMCC/Social Phobia


text: LMCC/Pharyngitis

title: LMCC/Pharyngitis


text: LMCC/Women's Health

title: LMCC/Women's Health


text:
User:Abhowmick

Name : ABHIJIT BHOWMICK DOB : 26th April, 1980

IM: yahoo : abhijit_convergys@yahoo.com    msn   : v-2abhow@hotmail.com     gmail : ciscovoipresource@gmail.com

I am an IT consultant by profession. Currently located in India, Delhi. My area of interest is VoIP (Voice over IP), IP Telephony, Convergence etc. These are phrases that can be used interchangeably, however there exists subtle differences between them. I design, troubleshoot and understand VoIP systems. Communication protocols also interests me so does Technology Prediction. I believe a day will come when we shall slowly tend to become passive and dumb and machines becoming more intelligent. There will however be a set of people who will be intelligent enough to safeguard themselve from the evil designs of the machines. Enough of sci-fi. Let's get down to work instead.

--Abhowmick 05:02, 18 September 2007 (UTC)Abhijit Bhowmick

title: User:Abhowmick


text:
User talk:Abhowmick

Hello Abhowmick, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
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If you're already excited about editing, our sandbox is the perfect place for all test edits. Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity!

P.S. Do you want live feedback ? You can find us in #wikiversity-en (see Chat) --JWSchmidt 05:22, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Invitation
Dear user of Wikiversity,

Do you like to join a reading club, where you can read and discuss literature? Reading clubs could have active and inactive participants. Active participants could be required to edit on a regularly basis untill a deadline is reached and another topic can be chosen for reading and discussing. Hopefully, reading clubs can ensure a social network on Wikiversity of people cooperating with eachother and becoming friends while discussing knowledge.--Daanschr 09:26, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problems

 * This is the image in question; please provide a license template and source for it. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 21:57, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Networking Regenesis
Hi, I've noticed you are listed as one of active participants in the topic: Computer networks page. If you are still active we are holding discussions as to how we wish to clean up the topic and move it forward. Please see the Topic_talk:Computer_networks page and add your thoughts there. Lysander89 00:22, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abhowmick


text:
User talk:Rmaci537

Hello Rmaci537, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

If you're already excited about editing, our sandbox is the perfect place for all test edits. Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity!

P.S. Do you want live feedback ? You can find us in #wikiversity-en (see Chat) --JWSchmidt 05:23, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmaci537


text:
Network+/Standards/OSI Model/Introduction

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model is a seven layer model developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s. It is a layered, abstract definition for communications protocol and computer network protocol design. Every layer has certain functionalities which provide services to the layer immediately above it and below it. The seven layers are, from Top to Bottom, Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link and Physical layer. The OSI Layered Model defines the following seven layers:

 * 7 - Application Layer
 * 6 - Presentation layer
 * 5 - Session layer
 * 4 - Transport layer
 * 3 - Network layer
 * 2 - Data Link layer
 * 1 - Physical layer

The OSI layers are often referred to by their layer number, for example, "IP is a layer 3 protocol".

It is important to note that the OSI model has long been retired as a real practical use stack in favor of the TCP/IP stack. However, for educational purposes and for a more complete breakdown of how intercommunication works, the OSI model is used for that purpose.

Application Layer
The Application layer provides network services to the user's applications. In essence, this does not refer to the actual application itself (ie. Email client, Web browser) but the actual protocols that it utilizes such as: HTTP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, DHCP, DNS and many others in that same category. These higher level protocols are what the application uses to present the information to you.

Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer exists to make sure that the Application Layer of the sender sends information that can be read by the Application Layer of the receiver. Included in this layer is data conversion, data compression, and data encryption.

In typical real world scenarios this layer is not always used so don't be confused and figure out why sometimes it doesn't make a lot of sense that you can't include this in most intercommunication facets.

Session Layer
The Session Layer is responsible for the establishment, management, and termination of communication sessions between two hosts software applications. This may seem confusing as you might believe that this is the job of TCP to establish, maintain and terminate communication between hosts.

The session layer deals more with how two software applications establish, maintain and terminate communication among themselves completely separate from the actual practical intercommunication of data packets. The capabilities of the session layer are almost always found in API's (Application Programming Interfaces). Examples of session layer "protocols" are: NetBIOS, TCP/IP Socket, RPC and Unix Sockets.

Transport Layer
In the most basic sense the Transport Layer controls the segmentation and reassembly of the message. This layer is also responsible for error control and flow control. This layer is primarily known for two protocols that you will encounter in real world scenarios: TCP and UDP.

Transmission Control Protocol is the famous TCP in TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol is a session/connection oriented protocol. UDP (Uniform Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless oriented protocol that provides no error recovery. It does everything else that TCP does minus that one important aspect. This is useful for communications that do not need reliable communication such as: DNS and VOIP.

TCP and UDP are responsible for taking many connections coming into a server and forwarding the data correctly based upon port numbers. Thus, TCP and UDP are responsible for port numbering for applications. This is best explained if you have ONE server that is running these services: Web Server (80), DNS (53), SMTP (25), IMAP (143) and POP (110). Many people can connect to this server for several reasons. Some people just want to view a web page, thus, the TCP header will include the destination port as 80 and they will get their web page and if they want to relay mail the TCP header includes 25 and the SMTP service answers forwarding the mail.

TCP, unlike UDP, offers error recovery through a process called windowing using SYN and ACK controls. Essentially, a computer send a SYN (Synchronize) to a server and the server responds with an ACK (Acknowledgement) and in that the server itself also includes it's own SYN flag as well for the ACK that will follow from the host and it also includes the size of the window (the amount of unconfirmed packets that can be sent at once before an ACK is sent back). Windowing allows a certain amount of packets to arrive while not receiving an ACK. Once this window is full, in theory, the server responds with an ACK and if that ACK number is in sequence with the next SYN to be sent the sending host knows it received all the packets. If it doesn't get a response it sends all the packets over again and if the ACK from the server is a numeric value LESS than what was sent the host resend the packets that were after that and waits for the correctly numbered ACK.

Network Layer
The Network Layer is responsible for the transport of a packet from one network to another. Logical addressing is used to achieve this. This is not required if two computers are directly connected to one another such as in a LAN setting where MAC addressing can be used to communicate among two computers.

What exists at this layer is most famously the IP in TCP/IP (Internet Protcol v4 and v6). This layer deals with IP addresses to provide "logical" addressing of systems both in a LAN and WAN environments. At this layer routing also takes place to route data between two different subnets. The network layer is also responsible for fragmentation of the packets if they are to be sent down a Layer 2 link that has a smaller MTU.

Most importantly IP is used for routing and logical addressing of machines.

Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is responsible for the transport of ‘frames’ on the same network. Physical addressing is used to achieve this. This layer implements access control to determine which devices are able to transmit on a network with multiple devices using such processes as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection) on networks that utilize full duplex communication.

This layer refers to the physical addressing (MAC addresses) that are burned into the each NIC (Network Interface Card) and is unique among all cards in the world, although the MAC address of certain network adapters can be changed, such as SpeedDemon network adapters.

Physical Layer
The Physical Layer controls the transmission and reception of the bit stream over a physical medium. This layer defines mediums such as UTP/STP, Fiber, Coax etc. It defines cabling pin outs, electrical conductivity, light amplification (fiber), cabling distance and the other physical features.

Goals of the OSI Model
The goal of the OSI Model was to produce an open and standardized network model that would allow vendor-independent communication between networked devices. This was to offer an alternative to the many proprietary protocols developed by companies at the time which had effectively tied customers into buying from one main provider. Alongside the TCP/IP Model, the OSI Model also helps to teach students of networking by breaking down network transmissions into easily understandable modules so it is not uncommon to come across either of the models in a learning environment.


text:
Digital signal processor

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) are electronics component that converts Analog/Digital signal to IP packets and vice versa. These reside on phones that does the conversion. They also reside on Voice gateways. Voice Gateways are routers on which PSTN/service provider lines are terminated. These lines are often analog (if it is CO line) or Digital (if it is T1/E1). The gateway will also have an ethernet interface. The DSPs will convert the PSTN signaling and protocol stack to IP signaling and protocol stack. They also aid in call conferencing, transcoding and compressing voice packets.

For more information to DSPs please visit DSP tutorial

title: Digital signal processor


text:
Talk:History of Western copyright law

Include also to Hogarth's Act (Engraving_Copyright_Act_1734), by which copyright is extended to engravings?

title: Talk:History of Western copyright law


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan boy fifth dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan boy first dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan boy fourth dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan boy second dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan boy third dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan oldman fifth dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan oldman first dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan oldman fourth dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan oldman second dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text:
File:Sushant Sudarshan oldman third dialogue.ogg

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to do Animatic Dialog Recording.


text: File:License dropdown menu.png

title: File:License dropdown menu.png


title: Template:Cc-by-sa-2.0


title: Template:Cc-by-2.0


text:
Template talk:GFDL-presumed

This template might be used when a new Wikiversity editor has uploaded what looks like a self-made image but tagged it improperly. --JWS 14:57, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * From meta:Template:GFDL presumed warning: "Hi. When you uploaded Image:, you did not specify complete source and copyright information. Another user subsequently tagged it with and, for some time, it has existed on Meta-Wiki under the assumption that you created the image and you agreed to license it under the GFDL. This assumption, however well-meaning, is not legally sufficient and the tag is being phased out. Images using it are being deleted."  --mikeu talk 12:25, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Discussion about this template
There is a discussion about this template at Colloquium#. --mikeu talk 13:08, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

"For more about the background of GFDL-presumed, see meta:Template:GFDL_presumed_warning and meta:Template:GFDL-presumed. It seems that these templates were only created to tag images uploaded before a certain date, the date on which the upload form page was modified to state that images without license info would be deleted.  Our MediaWiki:Uploadtext has stated "Images without proper information about their source and their license will be deleted." (emphasis in the original) since November 2006"

I therefore propose that GFDL-presumed be modified to include the phrase "This template is for legacy images and should not be added to images uploaded after November 2006" (insert exact date on which the upload form was modified, Nov. 15?) I believe that this is needed to prevent confusion about the legitimate usage of this license template. Please discuss below. --mikeu talk 12:51, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

At this time there has been no response to the above note that was posted at Colloqium. If there are no objections I will go ahead and change the template. --mikeu talk 18:32, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * What would you suggest we do about images that were uploaded after that date but are currently tagged with this template? Change them to nld? Adambro 19:31, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * There are not that many images in Category:Presumed_GFDL_images. A number of them lack source information, and so will need to get nld anyway.  So we should go through them and ask the uploader to supply the missing info.  I'm more concerned that we alert people that this type of tag is decprecated and it should not be used for new uploads.  --mikeu talk 19:41, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I had a look through the images in the category earlier. If I recall correctly only five of the 17 are actually used in the main space. Most are either unused or only used in the user namespace and so can probably be deleted, no point assuming GFDL if they aren't being used and not worth it outside the main namespace either. So, of the 17, all but five can probably be deleted without much discussion, only the five that are used, I think all in Motion - Kinematics would seem to merit any more detailed attention.

 * As you've said, many of the 17 have no details of their source so it is probably not really to assume the uploader released them under GFDL anyway since we don't actually have anything to confirm that they might actually be in a position to do so. So, if we got the contents of Category:Presumed_GFDL_images down to just the five being used and those lacked any information about their source, we could end up with no images using this template. There could however at that point still be other images lurking about which might qualify based upon their upload date. I think ideally we should work towards the position where we can delete this template. Adambro 20:19, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Template talk:GFDL-presumed


text:
User:Cjapes

Welcome to the virtual office of Carlos Silva (a.k.a. Cjapes). My e-mail is (cjapes@gmail.com).

I'm student of New Technologies of Communication In the University of Aveiro in Portugal.

title: User:Cjapes


text:
Art History/Assignments/19 September 2007

9/19/07 Project 4

As a class students will create a podcast based around the work of artist William Anderson using Mr. Anderson's personal observations concerning his photographs, and an interview with the artist conducted by the class. The project will include:

- Each student will listen to two podcasts listed under the "Podcast Links" section of this wiki. One should be from either The Southern Arts Federation, or the WTMD Artists Interviews links. The other podcast you listen to should be anything you find interesting under the Libsyn link (use the "Libsyn directory" link to find a topic that interests you). '''Post your observations in the reflection section with a caption titled, "Podcast Listening Reflection." This reflection is due by Friday (9/21).'''

- A discussion of William's photography, followed by two person group formulation of questions for the artist interview. Questions are due by the end of class Friday (9/21).

- Mr. Anderson will present on Monday giving each group a chance to revise or develop new questions. A final draft of questions from each group will be due on Tuesday (9/25).

- As a class students will listen to the recording of Mr. Anderson's presentation and question and answer session. Each group of two will decide on a part of the recording they wish to take ownership of when editing the audio file. Each group of two will then edit their section of the interview for final posting to the Westminster website. The final podcast will be due on Thursday (10/4).

Questions for William Anderson Anna and Emma The Struggle Goes On:

-What significance does this picture have for you? -Why did you choose this march to photograph as opposed to others? -Who are these people? -Did you participate in this particular march?

One Minute to Rest:

-What is this person’s occupation? -Where is this? -Where does the fatigue come from? Her life, or her job the day the picture was taken? -Is the porch she is sitting on her house?

Coretta:

-Did you know her or did you ever meet her? -What impact did this have on your life? -Did this feel like the end of an era to you, or a beginning? -Did you ever meet any other civil rights leaders?

Big Boss Man: -What relationship does the man have with the children? -The man looks happy and friendly. Is this just a pose, or do you feel that the white man has a good relationship with black people? -Do you believe that whites are in control of black people, based off of your title? Or is the photo trying to contradict the title? -Is there significance in how the people are dressed?

Woman with a Pipe: -What occupation does this woman have? -She sort of looks angry. Was this what you were trying to portray? -Has she had a hard life, because it looks as if she is sort of ready to give up?

Alison Bennett and Alek Hodges -Kids across the Porch: Who are the people in the doorway? Why are the children lined up in the front of the house? What is the meaning of this photograph as it relates to your life?

-Sleeping Boy: Who is this boy and why is he so important? Why is he by himself, where are his companions? How does this picture fit in with the theme of the exhibition?

-Woman leaning towards the window: What is she looking for? Is she envious of what she sees, or is she happy about what she sees? Is she wishing she could be somewhere else?

-Boy in cap on porch: Who are these people? Where are they? Why do they have that emotion on her face?

Elizabeth and Yeshwanth's Questions: 1. Where is this community? 2. Are the people in the picture related? 3. Why are they going to the clinic? 4. What happens at the clinic? 1.Is there any significance of the shadow cast over the man? 2. Is the title "Evening Shadows" a metaphor for his age? 3. Are the two men mad at each other? 4. Was this picture taken in a rural setting or an urban setting (but on the outskirts of town) 1.Why is this man being baptised so late in his life? 2.He and the people around him seem nervous, was being baptised this man's choice? Was he forced? 3. Is being baptised significant in this particular community? 4. Are the people in the background his family members? 1. What does the title mean? 2. Has this man been walking for a long time or is he preparing to walk? 3. He seems upset? Why? 4. I understand that this picture is a set of two. Why is this one also titled "Gonna Walk All Over" if no feet are shown in the picture? 1. What does the window represent? 2. I have seen three pictures where people are looking out a window. Are they looking at the same thing? 3. Did you choose to take these shots in black and white to show the emphasis on the window's light? 4. Was this picture supposed to be set in the date it was taken or an earlier time? It reminds me of a picture you would see in a history text book as it describes aboliton.
 * The Clinic:
 * Evening Shadows:
 * Baptism:
 * Gonna Walk All Over You:
 * Joanna by the Window:

Connor and Rawson questions: We had some trouble thinking of in depth questions, but we eventually got some.

Skidway Joe Why is it blurry? Who is it? What does the title mean? What is he doing? Why is it the only unfocused picture in your collection?

Gonna Walk All Over What was the meaning of this picture? What were you trying to portray? Why is it titled Gonna Walk All Over? Do you know this person?

Cake Walk What is a cake walk? Who are the people? Why did you include it in your collection? Where does this take place? Have you ever participated in a cake walk?

American Sharecroppers Why do they look so happy, despite their poverty? Why is the kid not happy? Why did you feel like this was picture-worthy? During what time period was this picture taken?

Ghetto Baby What’s the point of this picture? Where is this? Why did you choose to take a picture of a baby in a go-kart? What is the setting of this picture? Where are his parents and why is he in a go-kart? Do you know this baby or did you just take a picture of him?

Retrieved from "http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Art_History--_M._Davis/Reflections/Connor"

Sona and Kristen's Questions

Damn FEMA or Men and a Pickup:

1.) What are the mem discussing? Does it have something to do with where the one person is pointing? 2.)When did this take place? Was this after or before Katrina? 3.) Why are there so many chairs scattered around?

Man Shaving

1.) Why is the man sitting in the dark if he's trying to shave his face? Why doesn't he shave in the light? 2.) Why is he shaving at the front door? He's practically marooned there...

Untitled

1.) What did this woman do for a living, and why is she being disconnected from the house in the picture? 2.) Did the house hold troubling or pleasent memories? What exactly did it represent?

Themes in the photography of William Anderson
Poverty-- American; African-American; rural; ghetto

Humanitarian efforts and issues

Race/Class

Religion-- associations; emotions; implications

Pride -- in who they are, no matter what their circumstances

Change

Heritage

Truth vs. Idealism

Emotional responses: fatigue, sorrow, awakening


text: Template:Quantum mechanics

title: Template:Quantum mechanics


text:
User talk:Cmrvinson

Hello Cmrvinson, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

If you're already excited about editing, our sandbox is the perfect place for all test edits. Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity!

P.S. Do you want live feedback ? You can find us in #wikiversity-en (see Chat) Erkan Yilmaz ( evaluate me!, discussion ) 20:25, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cmrvinson


text:
Making sense of quantum mechanics/observational properties

a definition of "observational": experimental; relying on observation or experiment

The definition above is what I found in a Google search and I hope it is a good starting point. My understanding is that "observation" plays a rather fundamental and controversial role in quantum mechanics, so I want to be clear about the terminology "observational properties".

If I think about the position or velocity of a nail, it is easy to think of ways to measure position or velocity. The position of a nail at a particular time can be observed. However, I am uncomfortable with the idea that the position "relies on observation or experiment". In my mind, a nail has position even if there is no observation or experiment done to measure the position.

In quantum mechanics, is there a distinction to be made between "observable property", "observed property" and "observational property"?

I'm not sure what distinction is being drawn by the term "observational properties". Are there also "non-observational properties"?


text:
User talk:Geology2209blended

Hello Geology2209blended, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

If you're already excited about editing, our sandbox is the perfect place for all test edits. Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity!

P.S. Do you want live feedback ? You can find us in #wikiversity-en (see Chat) --JWSchmidt 22:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikiversity!

 * User pages are usually used for background information on the user and how they are using Wikiversity.  The excellent Geology glossary starting point, or at least a copy, probably belongs in topic page so others can link to it, and edit it, and people do not get confused when they follow the links.   Maybe under one of these portals/schools. Typically people do not edit other peoples' user pages.  Either the content can be cut and paste into a new topic page titled appropriately or possibly the move tab will work.  I am uncertain as to whether a user page can be moved to a topic page.   If this is a class, group, or team I encourage each user to setup an individual account with a comfortable user handle.  The group could setup a portal page to track and coordinate group activities. The utilities work much better this way keeping track of individual activity and interests.  Hope to see you around.  If anyone gets interested in lunar geology (is that an oxymoron? I do not know the ology for moon rock science) assistance would be welcome at Lunar Boom Town identifying what expedition parameters could be used to create revenue.  Mirwin 18:36, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geology2209blended