text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Progression of Topics

Conductivity
Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. When an electrical potential difference is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving rise to an electric current. The conductivity σ is defined as the ratio of the current density $$\mathbf{J}$$ to the electric field strength $$\mathbf{E}$$:

$$\mathbf{J} = \sigma \mathbf{E}$$

Ohm's Law
Ohm's law states that,at constant temperature in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

$$I = \frac{V}{R}$$

where I is the current in amperes, V is the potential difference between two points of interest in volts, and R is a circuit parameter, measured in ohms (which is equivalent to volts per ampere), and is called the resistance. The potential difference is also known as the voltage drop, and is sometimes denoted by U, E or emf (electromotive force) instead of V.

The Hall Effect
The Hall effect refers to the potential difference (Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an electrical conductor through which an electric current is flowing, created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the current. Edwin Hall discovered this effect in 1879.

Particle in a Box
Finite Potential

Infinite Potential

Cubical Atom (1902)
The cubical atom was an early atomic model in which electrons were positioned at the eight corners of a cube in a non-polar atom or molecule.

Plum-Pudding Model (1904)
In this model, the atom is composed of electrons (which Thomson still called "corpuscles," though G.J. Stoney had proposed that atoms of electricity be called electrons in 1894), surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's negative charge, like negatively-charged "plums" surrounded by positively-charged "pudding".

Rutherford Model (1913)
The Rutherford model or planetary model was a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford.

Bohr Atom (1913)
In atomic physics, the Bohr model depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus — similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity.

Sommerfeld Model
Several enhancements to the Bohr model were proposed; most notably the Sommerfeld model or Bohr-Sommerfeld model, which suggested that electrons travel in elliptical orbits around a nucleus instead of the Bohr model's circular orbits.

Glasses
Glass in the common sense refers to soda-lime glass, or any similar substance: a hard, brittle, transparent solid made by fusing soda with lime and cooling rapidly. In the technical sense, glass is any amorphous solid, i.e., any non-crystalline solid.

Metals
In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. Metals form ionic bonds with non-metals. They are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons. The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals. On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left are metals; elements to the upper right are nonmetals.

Ceramics
The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramos). The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat. Up until the 1950s or so, the most important of these were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, along with cements and glass.

Polymers
A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. The word is derived from the Greek, πολυ, polu, "many"; and μέρος, meros, "part". Well known examples of polymers include plastics, DNA and proteins.

Ionic Crystals
An ionic crystal is a crystal consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction. Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides, including potassium fluoride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, sodium fluoride, and other combinations of sodium, caesium, rubidium, or lithium ions with fluoride, bromide, chloride or iodide ions.

Intermetallics
Intermetallics or intermetallic compounds is a term that is used in a number of different ways. Most commonly it refers to solid state phases involving metals. There is a "research definition" adhered to generally in scientific publications, and a wider "common use" term. There is also a completely different use in coordination chemistry, where it has been used to refer to complexes containing two or more different metals. Although the term intermetallic compounds, as it applies to solid phases, has been in use for many years, its introduction was regretted, for example by Hume-Rothery in 1955.

Semiconductors
A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically. Semiconductors are tremendously important in technology.

Composite materials
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.

Lattice Centerings

 * Primitive centering (P): lattice points on the cell corners only
 * Body centered (I): one additional lattice point at the center of the cell
 * Face centered (F): one additional lattice point at center of each of the faces of the cell
 * Centered on a single face (A, B or C centering): one additional lattice point at the center of one of the cell faces.

Arrangement of Electrons

 * Bloch Theory
 * Kronig-Penney Model
 * Nearly-free electron approximation
 * Tight-binding model
 * Density-functional theory

Crystal Systems

 * Triclinic
 * Monoclinic
 * Orthorhombic
 * Tetragonal
 * Rhombohedral
 * Hexagonal
 * Cubic

Texture
Texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a sample.

Surface Reconstruction
Surface reconstruction refers to the process by which atoms at the surface of a crystal assume a different structure than that of the bulk.

Electronic Band Structure
Brillouin Zones

Density of States
In statistical and condensed matter physics, density of states (DOS) is a property that quantifies how closely packed energy levels are in a quantum-mechanical system.

Resistivity
The electrical resistivity ρ (rho) of a material is given by

 * $$\rho=R\frac{A}{\ell}$$

where

 * ρ is the static resistivity (measured in ohm metres, Ω-m);
 * R is the electrical resistance of a uniform specimen of the material (measured in ohms, Ω);
 * $$\ell$$ is the length of the piece of material (measured in metres, m);
 * A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen (measured in square metres, m²).

Electrical resistivity can also be defined as

 * $$\rho={E \over J}$$

where

 * E is the magnitude of the electric field (measured in volts per metre, V/m);
 * J is the magnitude of the current density (measured in amperes per square metre, A/m²).

Stress Terms
$$\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$$

Compressive Stress
The stress state when the material (compression member) tends to compact. A simple case of compression is the uniaxial compression induced by the action of opposite, pushing forces. Compressive strength for materials is generally higher than that of tensile stress, but geometry is very important in the analysis, as compressive stress can lead to buckling.

Tensile Stress
Tensile stress is a loading that tends to produce stretching of a material by the application of axially directed pulling forces. Any material which falls into the "elastic" category can generally tolerate mild tensile stresses while materials such as ceramics and brittle alloys are very succeptable to failure under the same conditions. If a material is stressed beyond its limits, it will fail. The failure mode, either ductile or brittle, is based mostly on the microstructure of the material.

Shear Stress
Shear stress is caused when a force is applied to produce a sliding failure of a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the applied force

Yield Strength
Yield strength is the lowest stress that gives permanent deformation in a material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is hard to define, thus it is usually given as the stress required to cause 0.2% plastic strain.

Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is a limit state of compressive stress that leads to compressive failure in the manner of ductile failure (infinite theoretical yield) or in the manner of brittle failure (rupture as the result of crack propagation, or sliding along a weak plane - see shear strength).

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength is a limit state of tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner of ductile failure (yield as the first stage of failure, some hardening in the second stage and break after a possible "neck" formation) or in the manner of brittle failure (sudden breaking in two or more pieces with a low stress state). Tensile strength can be given as either true stress or engineering stress.

Fatigue Strength
Fatigue strength is a measure of the strength of a material or a component under cyclic loading, and is usually more difficult to assess than the static strength measures. Fatigue strength is given as stress amplitude or stress range (Δσ = σmax − σmin), usually at zero mean stress, along with the number of cycles to failure.

Impact Strength
Impact strength, it is the capability of the material in withstanding by the suddenly applied loads in terms of energy. Often measured with the Izod impact strength test or Charpy impact test, both of which measure the impact energy required to fracture a sample.

Engineering Strain
when a uniaxial tensile force is applied to a rod, it causes rod to elongated in the direction of the force such a displacement is called strain.

Deformation
Deformation of the material is the change in geometry when stress is applied (in the form of force loading, gravitational field, acceleration, thermal expansion, etc.). Deformation is expressed by the displacement field of the material.

Strain
Strain or reduced deformation is a mathematical term to express the trend of the deformation change among the material field. For uniaxial loading - displacements of a specimen (for example a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient of the displacement and the length of the specimen. For 3D displacement fields it is expressed as derivatives of displacement functions in terms of a second order tensor (with 6 independent elements).

Deflection
Deflection is a term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element bends under a load.

Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its previous shape after stress is released. In many materials, the relation between applied stress and the resulting strain is directly proportional (up to a certain limit), and a graph representing those two quantities is a straight line.

The slope of this line is known as Young's Modulus, or the "Modulus of Elasticity." The Modulus of Elasticity can be used to determine stress-strain relationships in the linear-elastic portion of the stress-strain curve. The linear-elastic region is taken to be between 0 and 0.2% strain, and is defined as the region of strain in which no yielding (permanent deformation) occurs.

Plasticity
Plasticity or plastic deformation is the opposite of elastic deformation and is accepted as unrecoverable strain. Plastic deformation is retained even after the relaxation of the applied stress. Most materials in the linear-elastic category are usually capable of plastic deformation. Brittle materials, like ceramics, do not experience any plastic deformation and will fracture under relatively low stress. Materials such as metals usually experience a small amount of plastic deformation before failure while soft or ductile polymers will plasticly deform much more.

Thermodynamic Properties

 * T temperature [K]
 * ρ density [kg/m3]
 * cp specific heat at constant pressure [J/(kg·K)]
 * cv specific heat at constant volume [J/(kg·K)]
 * μ dynamic viscosity [N/(m²·s)]
 * ν kinematic viscosity [m²/s]
 * k thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]
 * α thermal diffusivity [m²/s]
 * β volumetric thermal expansion coefficient [K-1]
 * H enthalpy [J/kg]
 * S entropy [J/(kg·K)]
 * G gibbs free energy [J/kg]
 * p pressure [N/m²]

Diamagnetism
Diamagnetism is a weak repulsion from a magnetic field. It is a form of magnetism that is only exhibited by a substance in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. It results from changes in the orbital motion of electrons. Applying a magnetic field creates a magnetic force on a moving electron in the form of F = Qv × B. This force changes the centripetal force on the electron, causing it to either speed up or slow down in its orbital motion. This changed electron speed modifies the magnetic moment of the orbital in a direction opposing the external field.

Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic fields, hence have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one (or, equivalently, a positive magnetic susceptibility). The force of attraction generated by the applied field is linear in the field strength and rather weak. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect. Unlike ferromagnets paramagnets do not retain any magnetization in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field, because thermal motion causes the spins to become randomly oriented without it. Thus the total magnetization will drop to zero when the applied field is removed. Even in the presence of the field there is only a small induced magnetization because only a small fraction of the spins will be oriented by the field.

Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the "normal" form of magnetism with which most people are familiar, as exhibited in horseshoe magnets and refrigerator magnets. It is responsible for most of the magnetic behavior encountered in everyday life. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is "the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today," according to a classic text on ferromagnetism.

Antiferromagnetism
In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the spins of electrons align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins pointing in opposite directions. This is a different manifestation of magnetism. Generally, antiferromagnetic materials exhibit antiferromagnetism at a low temperature, and become disordered above a certain temperature; the transition temperature is called the Néel temperature. Above the Néel temperature, the material is typically paramagnetic.

Ferrimagnetism
In physics, a ferrimagnetic material is one in which the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, as in antiferromagnetism; however, in ferrimagnetic materials, the opposing moments are unequal and a spontaneous magnetization remains.

Metamagnetism
Metamagnetism is a physical state of matter characterized by a superlinear increase of magnetization over a narrow range of applied magnetic field.

Diffusion
Diffusion is the spontaneous net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in a given volume of fluid (either liquid or gas) down the concentration gradient. For example, diffusing molecules will move randomly between areas of high and low concentration but because there are more molecules in the high concentration region, more molecules will leave the high concentration region than the low concentration one. Therefore, there will be a net movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Initially, a concentration gradient leaves a smooth decrease in concentration from high to low which will form between the two regions. As time progresses, the gradient will grow increasingly shallow until the concentrations are equalized.

Fick's First Law
Fick's first law is used in steady-state diffusion, i.e., when the concentration within the diffusion volume does not change with respect to time ($$\, J_\mathrm{in} = J_\mathrm{out}$$). In one (spatial) dimension, this is

$$J = - D \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}$$

Fick's Second Law
Fick's second law is used in non-steady or continually changing state diffusion, i.e., when the concentration within the diffusion volume changes with respect to time.

$$\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t} = D\,\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2}\,\!$$

Sputtering
Sputtering is a process whereby atoms are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic ions. It is commonly used for thin-film deposition, etching and analytical techniques.

ALD
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a gas phase chemical process used to create extremely thin coatings. The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals, typically called precursors. These precursors react with a surface one-at-a-time in a sequential manner. By exposing the precursors to the growth surface repeatedly, a thin film is deposited.

Evaporation
Evaporation is a common method of thin film deposition. The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object (substrate), where they condense back to a solid state. Evaporation is used in microfabrication, and to make macro-scale products such as metallized plastic film.

CVD
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In a typical CVD process, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired deposit. Frequently, volatile byproducts are also produced, which are removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber.

Types of CVD

Classified by operating pressure

 * Atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) - CVD processes at atmospheric pressure.
 * Low-pressure CVD (LPCVD) - CVD processes at subatmospheric pressures. Reduced pressures tend to reduce unwanted gas-phase reactions and improve film uniformity across the wafer. Most modern CVD process are either LPCVD or UHVCVD.
 * Ultrahigh vacuum CVD (UHVCVD) - CVD processes at a very low pressure, typically below 10-6 Pa (~ 10-8 torr). Caution: in other fields, a lower division between high and ultra-high vacuum is common, often 10-7 Pa.

Classified by physical characteristics of vapor

 * Aerosol assisted CVD (AACVD) - A CVD process in which the precursors are transported to the substrate by means of a liquid/gas aerosol, which can be generated ultrasonically. This technique is suitable for use with involatile precursors.
 * Direct liquid injection CVD (DLICVD) - A CVD process in which the precursors are in liquid form (liquid or solid dissolved in a convenient solvent). Liquid solutions are injected in a vaporization chamber towards injectors (typically car injectors). Then the precursors vapours are transported to the substrate as in classical CVD process. This technique is suitable for use on liquid or solid precursors. High growth rates can be reached using this technique.

Plasma methods (see also Plasma processing)

 * Microwave plasma-assisted CVD (MPCVD)
 * Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD) - CVD processes that utilize a plasma to enhance chemical reaction rates of the precursors. PECVD processing allows deposition at lower temperatures, which is often critical in the manufacture of semiconductors.
 * Remote plasma-enhanced CVD (RPECVD) - Similar to PECVD except that the wafer substrate is not directly in the plasma discharge region. Removing the wafer from the plasma region allows processing temperatures down to room temperature.

 * Atomic layer CVD (ALCVD) – Deposits successive layers of different substances to produce layered, crystalline films. See Atomic layer epitaxy.
 * Hot wire CVD (HWCVD) - Also known as Catalytic CVD (Cat-CVD) or hot filament CVD (HFCVD). Uses a hot filament to chemically decompose the source gases.[1]
 * Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) - CVD processes based on metalorganic precursors.
 * Hybrid Physical-Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD) - Vapor deposition processes that involve both chemical decomposition of precursor gas and vaporization of solid a source.
 * Rapid thermal CVD (RTCVD) - CVD processes that use heating lamps or other methods to rapidly heat the wafer substrate. Heating only the substrate rather than the gas or chamber walls helps reduce unwanted gas phase reactions that can lead to particle formation.
 * Vapor phase epitaxy (VPE)

Reactive Ion Etching
Reactive ion etching (RIE) is an etching technology used in microfabrication. It uses chemically reactive plasma to remove material deposited on wafers. The plasma is generated under low pressure (vacuum) by an electromagnetic field. High-energy ions from the plasma attack the wafer surface and react with it.

Deep Reactive Ion Etching
Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) is a highly anisotropic etch process used to create deep, steep-sided holes and trenches in wafers, with aspect ratios of 20:1 or more. It was developed for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which require these features, but is also used to excavate trenches for high-density capacitors for DRAM.

Capacitor
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate.

Properties of Capacitor
The capacitor's capacitance (C) is a measure of the amount of charge (Q) stored on each plate for a given potential difference or voltage (V) which appears between the plates:

$$C = {Q \over V}$$

The capacitance is proportional to the surface area of the conducting plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. It is also proportional to the permittivity of the dielectric (that is, non-conducting) substance that separates the plates.

The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by:

$$C \approx \frac{\varepsilon A}{d}; A \gg d^2$$

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

Bipolar Junction Transistor
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor. It is a three-terminal device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes. A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes. Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional diffusion of charge carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge concentrations. This mode of operation is contrasted with unipolar transistors, such as field-effect transistors, in which only one carrier type is involved in charge flow due to drift. By design, most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high-concentration emitter into the base where they are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector, and so BJTs are classified as minority-carrier devices.

Introduction NPN BJT with forward-biased E–B junction and reverse-biased B–C junction

An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode. In typical operation, the emitter–base junction is forward biased and the base–collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base–emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.

To minimize the percentage of carriers that recombine before reaching the collector–base junction, the transistor's base region must be thin enough that carriers can diffuse across it in much less time than the semiconductor's minority carrier lifetime. In particular, the thickness of the base must be much less than the diffusion length of the electrons. The collector–base junction is reverse-biased, and so little electron injection occurs from the collector to the base, but electrons that diffuse through the base towards the collector are swept into the collector by the electric field in the depletion region of the collector–base junction. The thin shared base and asymmetric collector–emitter doping is what differentiates a bipolar transistor from two separate and oppositely biased diodes connected in series. [edit]

Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
The heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is an improvement of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that can handle signals of very high frequencies up to several hundred GHz.

MOSFET
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is by far the most common field-effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. The MOSFET is composed of a channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor material (see article on semiconductor devices), and is accordingly called an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also commonly nMOSFET, pMOSFET).

JFET
The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of field effect transistor. Like other transistors, it can be used as an electronically-controlled switch.

Solar Cells
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts solar energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

Laser
A laser is an electronic-optical device that produces coherent light radiation.

LED
A light-emitting diode, usually called an LED, is a semiconductor diode that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction of the p-n junction, as in the common LED circuit.

Photoresistor
A photoresistor or LDR is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity.

Photodiode
A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.

Inductor
An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of inductance.


text:
User:Laleena~enwikiversity/Brazilian History

Brazil's History
On April 21, 1500, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese explorer, accidentally discovered Brazil while trying to find a western route to the Indes. He first landed in modern-day Bahia. In this period in the Early Renaissance, Portugal and Spain were basically rivaling each other over who would get more land in the New World. Hearing of Columbus' failure in finding the Indes, but rather finding a New World, Cabral got excited. He set off from Portugal and headed Southwest, hoping he could reach the Indes by going a southerly directions. Like Columbus, he resulted in finding another part of the New World.

Naming of Brazil
Brazil's name past in English has been: (1) Brasilia (the modern capital's name) (2) Brasil (modern Portuguese name) (3) Brazil (modern English name) Brazil's past similar names all derived from the abundance of Brazilwood, a major export in Brazil's early history.

Just Like Georgia
Just like British Georgia and Australia, Brazil was a place to where Portugal sent its criminals.

Previous Names of this Wikibook
(1) Pedro Alvarez Cabral

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:TESOL Materials/Guide

Great idea
Nice guide. The Jade Knight 04:35, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:TESOL Materials/Guide


text:
Hindi 1

Proposed outline

 * 1) /Simple Sentences and Pronouns/
 * 2) /Nouns and Adjectives/
 * 3) /Plurals and Postpositions/
 * 4) /More on Postpositions/
 * 5) /Verbs and Topic Prominence/
 * 6) /The Continuous and Past Tenses/
 * 7) /Pad parichay/
 * 8) /Travel Hindi/

title: Hindi 1


text:
Hindi 1/Simple Sentences and Pronouns

Sentence Order
Hindi follows a Subject Object Verb word order, unlike English which follows a Subject Verb Object word order. This means that the action word in a sentence comes last. Consider the sentence

यह सेब है  yah seb hai  (this is an apple)

The word order is this apple is.

Notably the sentenced did not call the object an apple, only apple. Hindi does not have special articles like English. In English it is compulsory to say the apple, or the house when talking about a specific apple or house. When talking about something that is unspecified, it is compulsory to say an apple, or a house.

Prepositions and the Auxillary Verb
मैं हूँ  maĩ hŭ  (I am)

तु है  tu hai  you are

यह है yah hai this is

वह है vah hai that is (pronounced—vo)

तुम हो tum ho you are

आप हैं āp haĩ you are

ये हैं ye haĩ these are

वे हैं ve haĩ those/they are

Some notes

Hindi does not have separate words for he, she and it. It only uses four words that whether an something is close or distant, and singular, or plural. Hindi tends to favour the use of वह vah and वे ve more than english does. यह yah and ये ye are only used to indicate a particular sense of closeness.

Hindi has three levels of you. This is a very important idea to understand: This level system is important to understand because using the wrong version of you can be very offensive. This also varies from person to person, from region to region, and from generation to generation. The best bet is to use आप  āp  whenever there is any doubt.
 * आप  āp  is for formal use, with superiors and unfamiliar people
 * तुम tum is for more familiar use, with peers, and for use with subordinates, servants etc.
 * तु tu is intimate, used for very close people, in songs etc.

Exercises
Answers

title: Hindi 1/Simple Sentences and Pronouns


text:
User:Yiulamsunny

Hello!I am Sunny Y.L. Chan!

title: User:Yiulamsunny


text:
TESOL Materials/Reading

Welcome to the Reading page for TESOL Materials

title: TESOL Materials/Reading


text:
User talk:LeonardLoh~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello LeonardLoh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 07:16, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called LeonardLoh. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name LeonardLoh~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:LeonardLoh~enwikiversity


text:
TESOL Materials/Speaking

Welcome to the Speaking page for TESOL Materials

title: TESOL Materials/Speaking


text:
User:Dafity

Dafity is Daudi Mlaule a professional computer instructor cum technical staff. He is working with University of Dar es salaam Computing Centre. He is married to one wife and has one boy kid. He has favorites of travelling, watching TV, reading books, sharing experiences with others. He lives in Arusha, northern part of TAnzania

title: User:Dafity


text:
User talk:Dafity

Welcome
Hello Dafity, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 07:54, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dafity


text:
Template talk:Elasticity/Elasticity External links

move to template namespace? --Remi 08:19, 21 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Bidyut

Name: Bidyut Mazumder Profession : Electrical Engineer Country: India Interests: Neural Networks, High Energy Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Micro Electronics, Embedded SystemsBidyut123 08:48, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Bidyut


text: TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English-Module 1:2 (Jobs and Family)


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English-Module 1:3 (Numbers and Times)

Cardinals
One hundred!

Quiz
{14 + forteen - fourteen - forten - fortean
 * type=""}

{63 - thirty six - sixdy three + sixty three - sixtythree
 * type=""}

{80 -eity -eighdy -eightty +eighty
 * type=""}

Ordinals
... one hundredth!


text: TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English-Module 1:4 (Review Exercises)


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English-Module 2:5 (Video Interactions)

Welcome to the New Dynamic English-Module 2 (Video Interactions) page for TESOL Materials


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Family Schedule)

Welcome to the New Dynamic English-Module 2 (Family Schedule) page for TESOL Materials


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Matrix Vocabulary)

Welcome to the New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Matrix Vocabulary) page for TESOL Materials


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English-Module 2:4 (Review Exercises)

Welcome to the New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Review Exercises) page for TESOL Materials


text:
TESOL Materials/New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Video Interactions)

Welcome to the New Dynamic English- Module 2 (Video Interactions) page for TESOL Materials


text:
User:Stifle

This account is inactive.

title: User:Stifle


text:
User talk:Stifle

Please leave messages for me at w:User talk:Stifle as I do not read this page regularly. Stifle 12:45, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikiversity
 Hello Stifle, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random random project.
 * Browse everything on Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Hillgentleman|Talk 17:59, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stifle


text:
Portal:FLOSS4Science/Learning Resources/Research

 * Research Agenda

more ...


text:
Portal:FLOSS4Science/Research Agenda

The aim of this page is to develop a research agenda and link to relevant research projects.

=Research Questions=

 * Does it make sense to use FLOSS for science? Pros and cons? Examples? etc.
 * How does FLOSS for science fare against non-free software for science?
 * Surveys:
 * Assess the extent of usage of FLOSS in science (in universities and research institutes, etc.)
 * Attitudes of scientists/researchers towards use of FLOSS for science and research
 * Attitudes of commercial scientific organisations
 * Understanding the benefits of commons-based peer production in scientific research
 * Success Stories - Peer Production in Science
 * Please add ....

title: Portal:FLOSS4Science/Research Agenda


text:
FLOSS/FLOSS for Scientists and Researchers

Please help develop this list

Physics

 * PhET

Statistics

 * R
 * etc.


text:
FLOSS

FLOSS stands for Free/Libre and Open Source Software.

There is a list on Wikipedia.

Here we are interested in FLOSS for academics, scientists, researchers and educators. Our School of Computer Science has extensive coverage of FLOSS operating systems and programming.

Resources

 * /Challenges for Developers/
 * /FLOSS4Geography/
 * /FLOSS4Science/
 * /FLOSS and education/
 * /FLOSS for Education/
 * /FLOSS for Educators/
 * /FLOSS for Scientists and Researchers/
 * /FLOSS for Social Entrepreneurs and Students of Social Entrepreneurship/
 * /FLOSS in Science Research Agenda/
 * /Manuals/
 * Linux & BSD

title: FLOSS


text:
Yochai Benkler: The Wealth of Networks

This is a reading group on Yochai Benkler's book The Wealth of Networks. As well as in print, the full text of this book is available online from a dedicated wiki site in several formats:

 * PDF, full text
 * Index of PDF chapters (also includes print-friendly versions that require less paper)
 * Wiki format, separated by chapter, with summaries, reference links, and examples
 * HTML, separated by chapter, formatted in narrower columns
 * Podcasts at (read by Mike Benedetti, available in several audio formats) and  (automated text-to-speech, available on iTunes, contains link)
 * and other formats, translations, and remixes - see http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/

Other discussions

 * Blog-based 'seminar' on Crooked Timber
 * Responses and network-related resources from UW-Seattle post-graduate students

title: Yochai Benkler: The Wealth of Networks


text:
Portal:FLOSS4Science/Learning Resources/Research/more

 * Portal:FLOSS4Science/Research Agenda


text:
Talk:Yochai Benkler: The Wealth of Networks

What format should be we link to for individual chapters? All of them? PDF, Wiki, HTML..? Cormaggio talk 14:23, 21 February 2008 (UTC)


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/White Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Pink Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Red Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Orange Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Yellow Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Green Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Blue Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Purple Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Brown Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Black Flowers


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Black Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Black flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/White Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=White flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Pink Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Pink flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Red Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Red flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Orange Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Orange flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Yellow Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Yellow flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
User talk:Ukkosjalka

Welcome
Hello Ukkosjalka, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:59, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ukkosjalka


text:
Rheumatology

Rheumatology the diagnosis and therapy of Rheumatic diseases. The term Rheumatology originates from the Greek word rheuma, meaning "that which flows as a river or stream" and the suffix -ology, meaning "the study of". Rheumatic problems involve joints, soft tissues and allied conditions of connective tissues.

Examples include:
 * Rheumatoid arthritis
 * Lupus
 * Osteoarthritis
 * Gout
 * Ankylosing spondylitis
 * Psoriasis

title: Rheumatology


text:
User talk:Robert Bond~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Robert Bond, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:02, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Robert Bond. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Robert Bond~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:20, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robert Bond~enwikiversity


text:
Assistant teacher program/Forum/Guidance counseling and mentoring

Guidance counseling and mentoring
Mentoring and guidance counseling have a self-evident connection. A good cooperation between mentors and school counselors should probably put school counselors in the role of instructors and advisors for the mentors. Mentors can thereby learn to be counselors for their protégés in affairs that do not require the expertise of a school counselor or may be difficult to notice for a school counselor.


text:
User talk:Mwesolow

Welcome
Hello Mwesolow, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:03, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mwesolow


text:
Rheumatoid arthritis

What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA for short, is a chronic inflammatory disease. It is also thought to be an autoimmune disease. Its exact cause is unknown. It mainly affects the synovium, the membrane surrounding the movable joints of the skeleton. However it can also affect other organs, such as the skin, lungs, nerves, blood vessels and heart. The inflamed membrane eventually forms pannus tissue. This invades the bone and cartilage, damaging and deforming it.

RA mainly affects joints in the wrist (the metacarpal phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints), and those in the foot. it also affects the joints of the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, jaw, hip, knee and ankle.

In about 10% of cases, the onset of RA is sudden and severe. This is called acute onset.

In 20% of cases, RA develops relatively quickly over a few weeks. This is called sub-acute onset.

In the majority of cases, (approximately 70%), the conditions develop more slowly, over a long period of time. This is called insidious onset.

Incidence

Approximately 0.8% of the U.K.'s adult population have rheumatoid arthritis. other sources have estimated about 400,000 people with the condition in the country.

Approximately 12,000 children under 16 have JIA (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis).

It most frequently occurs between the ages of 35 and 45, and affects women more than men, in the ratio of 3:1.

Genetic Factors

Genetic factors have been linked to incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. RA tends to run in families. the condition is often linked with the gene HLA-DR4. However this gene occurs in about 20-30 per cent of the population, and so is thought to make one only more susceptible to an external trigger that sets off the disease.

title: Rheumatoid arthritis


text:
User talk:Agneishd

Welcome
Hello Agneishd, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:42, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agneishd


text:
User:Host~enwikiversity

HOST - House Of Story Tellers is company in India, involved in making commercial and meaningful films in Hindi and English Language. Its a group of people who belive in making movies in a way of Telling stories that has never heard before

title: User:Host~enwikiversity


text:
Portal:Egyptology

Welcome to the School of Egyptology

The fully documented study of "Ancient Egypt" and all pertaining to it, e.g. writing methods, mathematics, astronomy, building construction, philosophy, and reasoning.

=Architecture= Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project

Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara

See Also:History of Architecture

Pyramids
Pyramids at Giza

=Art=

Statues
Hatshepsut: Museum Collections

=Language= Hieroglyphic Writing

Ancient Egyptian Language

Ancient Egyptian vocalization project

Ancient Egyptian vocalization project - General principles

Ancient Egyptian vocalization project - List of vocalized forms

=Literature= Ancient Egyptian Literature

=History= Ancient Egypt

Hatshepsut Project

The Kingdom of Egypt

Nile Civilizations (5000 BC - 300 AD)

=Culture= Egyptian Culture

title: Portal:Egyptology


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Green Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Green flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Blue Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Blue flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Purple Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Purple flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Late Summer/Brown Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Brown flowered plants category=BCP/Late summer order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
User:Johncapuzzi

I am a 43 year old male who lives in San Diego, CA. I am interested in learning french in hopes of one day moving to Rangiroa, a large atoll just north of Tahiti, in French Polynesia.

title: User:Johncapuzzi


text:
User:Dphiance

Adam Bonny | BSc Joint Network Computing and Network Engineering | Staffordshire University | UK | Dphiance.net

title: User:Dphiance


text:
Anthropomorphic Robotics Project/Brainstorming/Human interaction

mirror humans...

if robot percieves human is not feeling well emotionally.. mirror... somewhat..

not matching too closely...

but if it is percieved that a human is feeling poor.. don't respont by feeling Great!

human interaction vignettes

 * H=human
 * R=robot

 * H=Hi
 * R=Hello
 * H=Go mow the lawn
 * R=Okay

 * H: Robot!
 * R: Yes, sir?
 * H: Go mow the lawn.
 * R: Okay

 * H: Hi robot
 * R: Hello
 * H: How are you?
 * R: Okay, how are you?
 * H: Decent enough, please go mow the lawn.
 * R: Okay.

 * H: Hi robot...
 * R: Hello, human.
 * H: Go mow the lawn!
 * R: Yes, sir...


text:
User talk:Lynchoi

Welcome
Hello Lynchoi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lynchoi


text:
User talk:Host~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Host, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Host. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Host~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Host~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Johncapuzzi

Welcome
Hello Johncapuzzi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johncapuzzi


text:
User talk:Dphiance

Welcome
Hello Dphiance, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Networking Regenesis
Hi, I've noticed you are listed as one of active participants in the topic: Computer networks page. If you are still active we are holding discussions as to how we wish to clean up the topic and move it forward. Please see the Topic_talk:Computer_networks page and add your thoughts there. Lysander89 00:29, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dphiance


text:
User talk:Colincrasto~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Colincrasto, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 06:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Colincrasto. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Colincrasto~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colincrasto~enwikiversity


text:
User:Subflux

I like to add information about Rock climbing and Computing Science, since I'm a computing science graduate that enjoys rock climbing.

title: User:Subflux


text:
FLOSS/Challenges for Developers

Feature requests and links to the same in FLOSS you are using, or would use if it had these features.

 * Moodle Tracker

title: FLOSS/Challenges for Developers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/White Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Pink Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Red Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Orange Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Yellow Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Green Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Blue Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Purple Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Brown Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Black Flowers


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Black Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Black flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/White Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=White flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Pink Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Pink flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Red Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Red flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Orange Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Orange flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Yellow Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Yellow flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Green Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Green flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Blue Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Blue flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Purple Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Purple flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Early Fall/Brown Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Brown flowered plants category=BCP/Early fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Help:Abaqus/Cohesive zone models

hello,

I am trying to simulate DCB test using cohesive elements. I am having troubles trying to model cohesive elements. Can I ask if you can help elaborate what are the parameters that need to be specified in the material definition? my problem lies in file input error, i suspect that I have missed certain properties while defining my cohesive elements.

Thanks!

title: Help:Abaqus/Cohesive zone models


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Black Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Black flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall

Late Fall
All flowers (58, see category for list)
 * White flowers (27)
 * Pink flowers (22)
 * Red flowers (14)
 * Orange flowers (8)
 * Yellow flowers (19)
 * Green flowers (2)
 * Blue flowers (6)
 * Purple flowers (22)
 * Brown flowers (2)
 * Black flowers (1)

title: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Brown Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Purple Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Blue Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Green Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Yellow Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Orange Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Red Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Pink Flowers


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/White Flowers


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Brown Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Brown flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Purple Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Purple flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Blue Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Blue flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Green Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Green flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Yellow Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Yellow flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Orange Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Orange flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Red Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Red flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/Pink Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=Pink flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Late Fall/White Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=White flowered plants category=BCP/Late fall order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text:
User:Sotsha

Nkosinathi Sotshangane (Senior Research Associate), Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Nelson Mandela Drive Campus, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

See your "my talk" page (link above).

title: User:Sotsha


text:
User talk:Sotsha

Hi Sotsha,

Many thanks for contributing to the Social Entrepreneurship portal.

I have moved your description of your institution to Walter Sisulu University for Technology and Science and placed a link to it from here.

Looking forward to meeting you in March.

Kim 13:41, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sotsha


text:
Portal:Social entrepreneurship/Curriculum/Research/Agenda

Collaborative research ideas.

=Principles and Good Practices=

 * What have we learned already?

=Design=

=Research Questions for Social Entrepreneurship=

 * What assumptions are we making?
 * Projects to check these assumptions.

=Impact=

 * Looking at portfolios of Social Entrepreneurship projects, what impact is being made on the communities?


text:
User:JmG

Hy,

here is a french lecturer.

I will take part of Composing_free_and_open_online_educational_resources.

I already particpate in the wikimedia world mainly in France with same nickname.

Unfortunately having not enough time to manage all I would like...

ToDo
Have a look at History_of_personal_learning_environments

fr:Utilisateur:JmG

title: User:JmG


text:
User talk:Subflux

Welcome
Hello Subflux, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  16:29, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Subflux


text:
Portal talk:Social entrepreneurship/networking/Research/Researchers

This page is for community members to mention their own research activities towards collaboration.


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/March/All


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/March/All/DPL

This page is used to help create a key.

 category=BCP/SEPA/3 order=descending ordermethod=lastedit


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/April/All


text: Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/April/All/DPL


text:
User:Remi/To do

 * move Airplane_Flying_Handbook to Wikisource

title: User:Remi/To do


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Materials for Biomedical Applications

Synthesis of Silver Nanocubes
Synthesis of perfect silver nanocubes by a simple polyol process

Process
Simple poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-directed polyol synthesis process.

Parameters

 * Process Parameters
 * Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/AgNO3 ratio R
 * Reaction temperature T

 * Product Parameters
 * Morphology
 * Size

 * Growth Mechanism
 * Thermodynamically Controlled
 * Kinetically Controlled

Product Properties

 * Ag nanocubes
 * Average edge length of 230 nm
 * Sharp edges and corners
 * Optical Properties
 * Attractive plasma resonance red-shift

Article
http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/sec_subscribe.asp?CID=8951&DID=196410&action=detail

Controlled Synthesis of Monodisperse Silver Nanocubes in Water

Process
In water on the basis of HTAB-modified silver mirror reaction at 120 C (HTAB, n-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide)

Parameters

 * Process Parameters
 * Temperature: 120 C

Product Properties

 * Monodisperse silver nanocubes
 * Edge length of 55 ± 5 nm
 * Single crystal bonded by six {200} facets
 * Assemble into two-dimensional arrays

Article
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2004/126/i41/abs/ja046037r.html

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Process
Reducing silver nitrate with ethylene glycol in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)

Process Parameters

 * Molar ratio of PVP and its molar ratio (in terms of repeating unit) relative to silver nitrate

Product Parameters

 * Geometric shape
 * Size of the product

Product Properties

 * Single crystals
 * Slightly truncated shape
 * Bounded by {100}, {110}, and {111} facets

Link
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5601/2176?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Puntes%2C+V.F.&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

Synthesis and Galvanic Replacement Reaction of Silver Nanocubes in Organic Medium

Process

 * Polyol process in which silver nitrate is reduced by ethylene glycol in the presence of a capping agent, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)
 * A ligand exchange reaction was used to replace the PVP with another capping agent, allowing the nanocubes to be soluble in chloroform
 * Oleylamine, oleic acid, and decane-thiol were among the ligands investigated

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures: The Case of Silver

Process

 * Growth mechanisms for silver nanocubes, nanowires, and nanospheres produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.

Process Parameters

 * Concentration of AgNO3 (the precursor to silver)
 * Molar ratio between poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, the capping agent) and AgNO3
 * Strength of chemical interaction between PVP and various crystallographic planes of silver
 * Crystallinity of a seed
 * Extent of the PVP coverage on the seed

Product Parameters

 * Crystallinity of seeds (e.g., single crystal versus decahedral multiply twinned particles)
 * Morphology of final product

Article
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109800818/ABSTRACT

Morphology and size-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles in aqueous surfactant polymer solutions

Process
Poly(methyl vinyl ether) used with precursor AgNO3 solution reduced using NaOH

Product Parameters
Average length of 29 nm

Article
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b8280v1807904197/fulltext.pdf

Synthesis of Gold Nanorods
Hyperthermic effects of gold nanorods on tumor cells

Gold Nanorods: Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties

Wet Chemical Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio Cylindrical Gold Nanorods


text:
Hindi 1/Nouns and Adjectives

Nouns are words that name things boy, house, thought, food - Adjectives are words that qualify nouns, young boy, old house, interesting thought, fresh food.

All nouns in Hindi are divided into one of two gramatical types, called genders. These genders are Masculine and Feminine. The gender is important becacuse nouns often modify other words in the sentence acording to their gender.

The gender of a noun is not always easy to determine. Nouns describing things with natural gender, e.g. people etc are classed by their natural gender - boy is masculine, mother is feminine for example. Nouns describing things with no natural gender are either classified by their ending (if it is ā or ī) otherwise their is no pattern to their gender.

Masculine Nouns

There are two types of masculine nouns:

Type 1

Type 1 masculine nouns end in ā
 * लड़का laṛkā (boy)
 * कुरता kurtā (a collarless indian shirt)
 * खाना khānā (food)

Type 2

Type 2 masculine nouns not ending in ā
 * आदमी ādmī (man)
 * पानी pānī (water)
 * ख़त  kh at (letter)

Feminine Nouns

There are two types of feminine nouns:

Type 1

Type 1 feminine nouns end in ī

 * लड़की laṛkī (girl)
 * पत्नी patnī (wife)
 * गाड़ी gaṛī (car, train)

Type 2

Type 2 feminine nouns not ending in ī

 * माँ mă (mother)
 * दाल dāl (lentils)
 * उम्र umr (age of something)

Adjectives
Adjectives classify a noun. There are two types of adjective, those ending in ā and those not ending in ā. Adjectives ending in ā change their ending to reflect the noun that they clasify. They are said to agree with their noun. Take for example छोटा choṭā (small):

 * छोटा लड़का choṭā laṛkā (small boy)
 * छोटी लड़की choṭī laṛkī (small girl)

Or consider अच्छा acchā (good)
 * अच्छा आदमी acchā ādmī (good man)
 * अच्छी दाल acchī dāl (good lentils)

Adjectives not ending in ā do not change their endings. Consider गरम garm:
 * गरम पानी garm pānī (hot water)
 * गरम दाल garm dāl (hot lentils)

title: Hindi 1/Nouns and Adjectives


text:
User talk:Ellajames23

Welcome
Hello Ellajames23, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  08:42, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ellajames23


text:
User talk:Sacredcowsmaketastyburgers

Welcome
Hello Sacredcowsmaketastyburgers, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  08:49, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sacredcowsmaketastyburgers


text:
Switchgear and control equipment

1. The 3 most imp. characteristic for any relay:

i.	Pickup Current value ii. Time Delay iii. Relay Coordination is ultimately determined by the type of Grounding used in Distribution Systems: a.	Isolated/ Unearthed Neutral b.	Impedance-earthed Neutral c.	Solidly (or low impedance) earthed Neutral- In this, the network is generally earthed on the Neutral of an i/coming delta/star tx.former. When this neutral is not accessible, the network is earthed either through and zig-zag tx.former or through a star/delta tx.former connected to the main busbar.

2. When a Fault occurs, Electrodynamic and Thermal stresses built up.

3.	For an Induction. motor, a starting current of 6 times the Rated Current(Full Load Current) and a Locked Rotor Resistance, R1 of 3 times the R0 (Running Resist.) causes I2 * r to be 6 X 6 X 3 or 108 times normal.

4.	All the elements of universal relay are organized under the application of Feeder Motor Breaker

5.	Feeder application group: It provides 3 separate sets of  Instantaneous, Definite-Time & Inverse-Time elements.

Instantaneous: Their operating time does not depend upon the current level. This responds to Phase current and provided conventional Phase fault protection.

Definite-Time OR Independent Time relays: Their operating time depends on the current level. This responds to Negative-Sequence Current and provides Phase to Phase fault protection.

Application: 	Independent Time relays are used when the short-circuit level is very high OR when short circuit current is likely to vary widely at and given point (eg- when and network is supplied from small generators whose short circuit decrement curve falls off rapidly.) Inverse-Time OR Dependent Time relays: This responds to Residual Current and provides conventional ground fault protection.

Application: Dependent Time relays are used when:

i.	The operation of network includes high-level short-time overloads. ii. Magnetizing inrush currents at switch-on may be considerable for several tenths of and second. iii. Relay operation must be coordinated with a large no. of fuses.

6.	Motor application group: It shares the Phase, Negative-Sequence and Ground Instantaneous and Definite-Time elements to protect the motor of winding faults or faults in the connecting leads. Another element, responding to both Positive-Sequence & Negative-Sequence current, provides for Overload, Locked rotor, or unbalanced current conditions

title: Switchgear and control equipment


text:
Protective relays

1. The 3 most imp. characteristic for any relay:

i.	Pickup Current value ii. Time Delay iii. Relay Coordination is ultimately determined by the type of Grounding used in Distribution Systems: a.	Isolated/ Unearthed Neutral b.	Impedance-earthed Neutral c.	Solidly (or low impedance) earthed Neutral- In this, the network is generally earthed on the Neutral of an i/coming delta/star tx.former. When this neutral is not accessible, the network is earthed either through and zig-zag tx.former or through a star/delta tx.former connected to the main busbar.

2. When a Fault occurs, Electrodynamic and Thermal stresses built up.

3.	For an Induction. motor, a starting current of 6 times the Rated Current(Full Load Current) and a Locked Rotor Resistance, R1 of 3 times the R0 (Running Resist.) causes I2 * r to be 6 X 6 X 3 or 108 times normal.

4.	All the elements of the universal relay are organized under the application of Feeder Motor Breaker

5.	Feeder application group: It provides 3 separate sets of  Instantaneous, Definite-Time & Inverse-Time elements.

Instantaneous: Their operating time does not depend upon the current level. It responds to Phase current and provides conventional Phase fault protection.

Definite-Time OR Independent Time relays: Their operating time depends on the current level. It responds to Negative-Sequence Current and provides Phase to Phase fault protection.

Application: 	Independent Time relays are used when the short-circuit level is very high OR when short circuit current is likely to vary widely at and given point (eg- when and the network is supplied from small generators whose short circuit decrement curve falls off rapidly.) Inverse-Time OR Dependent Time relays: It responds to Residual Current and provides conventional ground fault protection.

Application: Dependent Time relays are used when:

i.	The operation of the network includes high-level short-time overloads. ii. Magnetizing inrush currents at switch-on may be considered for several tenths of and second. iii. Relay operation must be coordinated with a large no. of fuses.

6.	Motor application group: It shares the Phase, Negative-Sequence, and Ground Instantaneous and Definite-Time elements to protect the motor of winding faults or faults in the connecting leads. Another element, responding to both Positive-Sequence & Negative-Sequence current, provides for Overload, Locked rotor, or unbalanced current conditions

title: Protective relays


text:
User talk:Petermerckx

Welcome
Hello Petermerckx, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz Wikiversity:Chat  11:22, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petermerckx