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Design for the Environment/Hydrogen Production

This page is a part of Design for the Environment course

Electricity, Solar Power Generation, and Renewable energy generated from natural resources are one of the few methods of energy production that will dominate the world’s energy systems in the near future. The usage of Hydrogen is one such example. Hydrogen is known as an environment friendly fuel that combines with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat. Today, 50 million metric tons of hydrogen is being produced on annual basis, most of which is employed in industrial and chemical industries. The world is gearing towards optimizing its energy production. Hence, it is anticipated that majority of the countries will shift their energy usage towards hydrogen economy, thereby increasing the demand of hydrogen production in the future.

This report aims at comparing the characteristics of the two proposed alternatives (Solar electrolysis and Thermochemical Decomposition of Water) to the baseline alternative (Stream Methane Reforming) and evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of each. To achieve this, a set criterion is established to compare each alternative by selecting a potential client. The client for this report is a fuel cell company that aims at fulfilling the fuel requirements of the buses operated by Toronto Transit Commission. There are a total of 1799 buses owned by TTC according to the 2007-operating statistics, which cover a total distance of approximately 110, 684, 880 km per year. According to the current economy a bus travels approximately 16 km per kg of hydrogen and the energy density of hydrogen is 143 MJ / kg. Using the given figures TTC buses require approximately 6,917,805 kg of hydrogen annually. The report focuses on the demand for fuel established above and the environmental impact of each process to achieve this demand.

The analysis of each process was divided into the following five components

 * 1) Functional analysis
 * 2) Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) - Qualitative Environmental Impact
 * 3) Economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) - Quantitative Environmental Impact
 * 4) Cost analysis
 * 5) Societal analysis

Project Information
Section 2, Group B22

Mohammad Saad Khan (immsk)

Brendan McDermott (brendanmcdermott)

Arsalan Samdani (arsalan_samdani)

Qazi Wajahat Sohail (wajahat87)

Highlights and Recommendation
Processes

Three processes for the production of Hydrogen are being discussed namely Steam Methane Reforming, Solar Electrolysis and Thermochemical Decomposition of Water. In Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), methane reacts with steam to yield Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide. The reaction occurs in a series of steps with Fe2O3–Cr2O3–CuO and CuO– ZnO–Al2O3 as catalyst beds.

The Solar Electrolysis process, on the other hand, involves use of photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electric energy. Electrolysers then utilize this energy to electrolyze water into pure hydrogen and oxygen.

Lastly, Thermochemical Process utilizes the heat energy obtained from Generation IV nuclear reactors, to split water into hydrogen and oxygen using S-I Thermochemical cycle.

Performance

Each of the three alternatives are ranked on a scale ranging from zero to five on the basis of their performance in each process stage analyzed in the following sections. Each process stage is assigned a weighting factor depending on its significance in relevance to the report. Environmental impacts, being the most important factor in hydrogen production, are assigned a combined weighting factor of 0.50. Cost impact is the second most important factor with a score of 0.25 followed by function and societal impact having a weight factor of 0.15 and 0.10, respectively. The weighting factors add up to 1.00. The total score for each alternative is the sum of individual score multiplied by its associated weighting factor.

Steam Methane Reforming is the most efficient and economical option to obtain Hydrogen at large-scale, with an efficiency of 65-75%. Also, SMR is an established technology being employed all across the world to generate hydrogen for industrial and commercial use. However, the major drawback of this technique is its dependence on extraction of non-renewable and limited natural gas resources. Further, the emission of carbon dioxide as a byproduct accounts for as much as 25% of greenhouse effect, which calls the need for an alternative technique.

Solar electrolysis technique, the first potential alternative to SMR, has a complete lack of material inputs and negligible emissions associated to it, with water being the only input and Hydrogen and oxygen being the only products. However, the major set back is the high capital and environmental cost, as evident from table 1, required to setup the entire infrastructure.

Lastly, Thermochemical Decomposition of Water, which is the second proposed alternative, is an efficient method as it requires minimal input of raw materials. Apart from water, iodine is utilized which can be recycled and reused. Also, the heat energy required to produce hydrogen is achieved from already existing nuclear plants, which ensures a low operating cost. However, like the solar electrolysis method, it has a high capital and distribution cost associated to it, but according to Guthrie method the cost per unit of hydrogen descends as the production capacity of Thermochemical plant increases.

Recommendation

It is evident from the analysis that Thermochemical process is a technically feasible method for hydrogen production. The cost per unit kg of hydrogen is reasonable as compared to solar electrolysis method and carbon and other toxic emissions are minimal unlike the steam methane reforming process. Further, the cost per kg of hydrogen will decrease by a considerable amount when the production capacity of thermochemical plant increases to 200 tonnes per day. Hence, thermochemical process is a reliable method for large-scale production of hydrogen in the near future.

Steam Methane Reforming
Looking at the various hydrogen generation methods that currently exist and those that are being proposed, it seems that Steam Methane Reforming presents a greater possibility for optimization as it is a mature technology having been in use for many years now.

The raw materials used in Steam Methane Reforming are as the name indicates methane and steam. Before the steam reforming process can take place the natural gas has to go through a purification process in a hydrogenation vessel in order to remove sulfur impurities. A small amount of hydrogen is used from the product stream for this. The product of this process, H2S gas, is then removed in a ZnO bed. The essence of the process is taking purified natural gas (methane) and reacting it with steam at a high temperature (700°C -1100 °C), this process takes place over a nickel-alumina catalyst: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2. The Carbon monoxide produced is then reacted with steam at 2.6 MPa over a catalyst, in a two-stage process known as water gas shift, to produce hydrogen and Carbon dioxide. CO + H2O → CO2 + H2. Water gas shift occurs in two stages called high temperature shift and low temperature shift, a reformer can be designed to work on only one of the stages, but it’s been observed that incorporating both the stages improves efficiency and increases the amount of hydrogen produced. These shift reactions use two sets of catalysts in two stages, the first stage known as the High temperature shift uses a Fe2O3–Cr2O3–CuO catalytic bed; the second low temperature shift stage uses a CuO– ZnO–Al2O3 bed The reactions can thus be summarized as: CH4 + 2H2O → CO2 + 4H2.

This project is addressed towards the Toronto transit commission (TTC) as mentioned above, the TTC would require about 6.9 million Kg/year, the plant being proposed in this analysis would be able to produce 8.5 million kg/year. Hence initially the plant would be operating at below capacity but in time, as the TTC fleet expands, the extra capacity will be made useful.

Solar Electrolysis
An alternative method for obtaining hydrogen from water is solar electrolysis. In this method, solar energy is collected and then converted into a standard alternating current (AC) electric current. This current is applied to the water with the intent of splitting the water into pure hydrogen and water molecules.

H2O + 0.079 kWh → H2 + 1/2 O2 (in the presence of aqueous KOH as an electrolyte)

One of the most attractive features of the solar electrolysis process is that it requires virtually no inputs and emits virtually no waste emissions. There is a small carbon footprint when converting the solar energy collected by the silicon based photovoltaic cells, into AC electricity. There is also an input of KOH during the electrolysis process, as the water requires that an aqueous electrolyte be introduced in order to split when the current is applied.

As indicated above, the prospective client for this process would be the TTC. With the required hydrogen production being 6.9 million kg/year, the solar electrolysis process would require that 1.29 GWh of electricity be generated each day in order to meet quota.

It is this figure that provides the prohibiting factor to implementing a solar electrolysis system. With current solar cell technology, PV cells operate at approximately 25% efficiency. This factor, along with the fact that the cells must be exposed to at least 5 hours of direct sunlight each day, make the potential for failure to provide 1.29 GWh/day very high. Furthermore, the cost to manufacture and install the required amount of solar cells would be extremely high (likely prohibitive in the current economic climate).

Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
One method of obtaining hydrogen from water is through the thermochemical decomposition of water. High temperature heat drives a thermochemical cycle to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The nuclear energy driven thermochemical hydrogen production is a process in which waste heat from Nuclear reactors is used to provide the necessary heat to drive the thermochemical cycle.

It is envisioned for the generation four nuclear reactors to be able to discharge high temperature heat (700°C -1200°C), which would be sufficient to drive this thermochemical process. One example is the Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled reactor, which uses helium gas instead of water as its reactor core coolant. The helium gas is able to carry very high temperature heat in large amounts. It would cool the reactor core and in doing so, store enough thermal energy to drive the reactor turbine for electricity generation and also drive the thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production.

The Sulfur Iodine Cycle is one of the proposed thermochemical cycles for large-scale hydrogen production. Water is decomposed in the presence of Iodine and Sulfur dioxide. A large inventory of these chemicals is required initially. Sulfur dioxide and Iodine are introduced to the cycle as catalysts and at the end of each cycle the amount spent is reacquired and reentered for the next cycle. The cycle consists of the following three stages :

STAGE 1: Iodine and Sulfur dioxide react with water at 120°C to produce Hydrogen iodide and Sulfuric acid.

I2+ SO2 + 2 H2O → 2 HI + H2SO4 (120°C) STAGE 2: The Sulfuric acid acquired in stage one is decomposed at a high temperature of 830°C to obtain Sulfur dioxide,water and oxygen.

2 H2SO4 → 2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O2 (830°C)

STAGE 3: Finally, the Hydrogen iodide from stage one is decomposed at 450°C to produce iodine and hydrogen. Thus the amount of   Iodine spent in stage one is reacquired. 2 HI → I2 + H2 (450°C)

Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment
In Streamlined life cycle assessment (SLCA) each alternative is scored in twenty-five different categories pertaining to five life cycle stages of the process and its five environmental impacts. Each category is assigned a rank from zero to four based on the environmental impact that a specific process had relative to the other two and an explanation is provided to justify the ranking. Hence, SLCA provides a qualitative analysis, in printed and tabulated form, of the life cycle for each process

Process Legend for Table 2

SE - Solar Electrolysis SMR - Steam Methane Reforming TDW - Thermochemical Decomposition of Water

Steam Methane Reforming
As can be seen from the SLCA Table 2 above resource provisioning is the most environmentally detrimental stage of the lifecycle of a Steam methane reformer this is because of the heavy environmental impact of extracting and transporting natural gas. In the process implementation stage the steam methane reformer fares comparatively better, construction which is the main activity carried out in this stage requires large amounts of energy and the materials required for construction such as concrete and steel need raw materials that are extracted from the earth. It is in the primary process implementation stage, where the largest amount of carbon dioxide emission takes place. The catalysts used during this stage require trace metals and even though the quantities used are small their extraction results in significant environmental impact. The end of life stage involves the demolition of the plant and the disposal of the products of demolition, since the main material used in construction is concrete and as is usual this concrete ends up in landfills. The steel, on the other hand, can also be recycled, but there is considerable energy expended in this process.

Solar Electrolysis
The first two stages of the SLCA for solar electrolysis of water have the worst effect on the environment, as can be seen on the chart above. This is due to the current lack of infrastructure in place to contain this process. In order to implement a solar electrolysis system on the desired scope, a solar energy collection field must be installed, power lines constructed from there to the electrolysis station, water pipelines laid to the electrolysis station, and factories to manufacture all necessary components must be constructed.

In the Resource Provisioning Stage, all virgin materials must be extracted from the earth by a variety of mining processes. This requires material and energy inputs, and produces a large quantity of waste material in the form of solid and liquid slag, and greenhouse gases. In the Process Implementation stage, all components, machinery and infrastructure must be manufactured and installed. This stage uses all the virgin materials from the previous, and additionally has a large energy input from the factories used in the manufacturing process. Further, there is a great deal of waste output from the various factories, as well as a further gaseous output from transporting components to their installation site.

It can be seen from the above chart that the Primary and Secondary Processes (solar energy collection and hydrolysis of water) are completely clean processes. They require no inputs in the case of energy collection, minimal input in the case of electrolysis and have only negligible harmful outputs. The majority of the components in the solar hydrolysis process are recyclable or reusable as well.

Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
Table 2 shows that the Resource Provisioning and Process Implementation stages pose the greatest environmental concerns in the thermochemical hydrogen production life cycle. This is due to the large quantity of chemical inventory required to initiate the process. Energy is consumed in the extraction, processing and transportation of Iodine and Sulfur to the plant site. Apart from that, carbon steel and nickel are required in high quantities along with other construction material for the implementation of the process. Extraction and processing of these fossil resources leaves a considerable impact on the environment.

The Primary process of the nuclear driven thermochemical cycle is an attractive feature of the plant. The process uses Iodine and Sulfur to decompose water. The only two outputs of the closed cycle are oxygen and hydrogen. The energy used is the waste heat discharged from the nuclear reactor, and therefore there are no major emissions related to the operation of the plant.

JAEA has given recommendations for an S-I thermochemical process for the Japanese HTTR, and it has been decided that the thermochemical plant would be built as a non-nuclear grade chemical plant. Therefore the decommissioning and disposal concerns for the nuclear reactor facility would not apply to the thermochemical plant.

Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment

Economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA), developed by the Green Design Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, estimates material and energy resources and the environmental impacts resulting from economic activity. To use this methodology, either in hybrid or custom mode, the total annual direct (capital, operating and disposal) and indirect (environmental, societal)costs serve as the input to analyze the environmental effect. For our analysis, we consider the impacts of Resource Provisioning and Process Implementation and Primary Process stages on GWP, SO2 emissions and Energy use for each alternative. Further, the total primary process operation costs over the life span of the plant are considered to achieve a fair analysis. The Data obtained from EIOLCA analysis was used to plot comparison charts for each alternative which are provided in figure 4 and 5.

Steam Methane Reforming
This analysis has been conducted over the lifetime of the Steam methane reactor, for the three main stages of the life cycle i.e. Resource Provisioning, Process implementation and Primary Process Implementation stages. From the above table it is clear that most impacts are caused during the Resource Provisioning stage, the reason for this is that during the resource provisioning stage large amounts of Natural gas are used, and as was mentioned in the Streamlined Life Cycle Analysis, the extraction and transportation of natural gas are very environmentally stressful. The primary process operation stage and Process implementation stage are not as environmentally stressful hence to optimize the environmental impacts of this process over its life cycle; research needs to be done on developing better methods of Natural gas extraction and transportation, methods that are more Energy efficient, and less environmentally damaging.

Solar Electrolysis
Unlike steam reforming and thermochemical decomposition, only two stages of the solar electrolysis are necessary to complete an EIOLCA. The primary process for solar electrolysis (production of solar energy and electrolysis of water) is a clean process. The amount of pollutants and waste materials produced are negligible when compared to the outputs from the Resource Provisioning and Process Implementation stages.

During the Resource Provisioning and Process Implementation stages, the greatest contributor to GWP, SO2, and energy use, is the power generation sector. This indicates that it takes a great deal of energy to operate the equipment and systems required to extract the raw materials from the earth and manufacture them into the required solar electrolysis infrastructure and components. From a deeper analysis of the EIOLCA generated for the solar electrolysis process, it is revealed that the power generation and supply sector is the major contributor to almost all toxic releases. The most notable exception is the CO output, which has Truck Transportation as its primary contribution.

In general, even during resource provisioning and process implementation, it can be seen that solar electrolysis poses a lesser environmental impact than steam reforming and thermochemical decomposition.

Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
The comparison in the above table gives us an idea of how different stages of the life cycle contribute to GWP, Energy demand and SO2 emissions. It is clear from the data that the primary process operation sector is the largest contributor to all three environmental outputs considered. This is a very logical result,considering that the amount of emissions and energy consumption accumulated as a result of energy requirements and maintenance activities over the assumed 30 years life span of the plant.

Resource provisioning and Process implementations have a considerable impact on the GWP factor. This is due to the extensive extraction and processing of iodine and sulfur inventory, and of carbon steel and nickel required for construction.

Steam Methane Reforming
The cost of the hydrogen obtained from a steam methane reformer is highly dependent on the price of natural gas in the market. Other major costs that contribute to the price of hydrogen are the capital costs and operating costs of the reformer. The plant considered in our analysis is based on a model created by the US department of energy to analyze the feasibility of transitioning to a hydrogen based economy. It needs to be pointed out that the costs detailed in the analysis carried out by the US department of energy are for a plant located on the US gulf coast hence there will be difference in costs when setting up the plant in Canada. The scope of this cost analysis is limited to production and storage of hydrogen on site, a much more detailed analysis that includes the cost of setting up hydrogen distribution stations among other things, needs to be considered to get the true cost of hydrogen to the consumer.

Solar Electrolysis
The cost of implementing and running the solar electrolysis process depends most highly on the cost to produce and install the solar cells. At twenty-five years, solar cells have the shortest life span of all the components, so the replacement costs for this system would be fairly low. This cost table cannot be taken as a set-in-stone price quote, as it relies on several assumptions. For instance the cost of solar panels is predicated on the assumption that the panels are able to receive five hours of direct sunlight each day. Under this assumption and current technologies, hydrogen could be produced through solar electrolysis for $4.09/kg, a cost much higher than that for steam reformation or thermochemical decomposition.

Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
We have assumed in this analysis a thermochemical hydrogen generating plant comprised of four units rated at 600MWt each with a 42% thermal efficiency (4200mol/reaction rate). The main economic concern for this process is the high costs of capital related to it. Approximately $269,000,000 in capital investments is required to implement the thermochemical cycle for large-scale hydrogen production. This is mainly due to the large amount of Iodine inventory required to initiate the reaction process, carbon steel and nickel required for construction, as well as the engineering that goes into the complex plant design. According to the Guthrie method of estimating costs, for chemical plants the cost per unit of capacity decreases with increase in size. Therefore the plant capacity will have to be large enough in order to be able to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost. Due to the large cost of capital for the implementation of this process, a production capacity of less than 50tons/day would not be cost effective. Since waste heat from a nuclear reactor drives the thermochemical cycle,the operation of the process is comparatively more economical. Operating costs are primarily dominated by the cost of production of ultra pure water. An estimated amount of 1,917 million kg/year of ultra pure water is required for the production capacity under analysis. Therefore at a rate of 8cents/kWh, the estimate electricity cost to acquire the desired amount of ultra pure water in US dollars is approximately $2,000,000. At a production level of 150tons/hour, the cost of hydrogen in US dollars is estimated to be 2.01$/kg.

Steam Methane Reforming
Steam methane reforming is an economical and a technically feasible means of generating hydrogen. But the question one needs to ask is, will it end our dependence on fossil fuels? The answer to this question is no, using natural gas as a feedstock, steam methane reforming will only shift the source of carbon emissions from the fossil fueled vehicles to the Hydrogen generating facility. This does not mean that Steam methane reforming has no place in the future hydrogen economy, in fact Steam methane reforming can play a very crucial role in helping us transition to a hydrogen economy, until cleaner more economical ways of generating hydrogen can be found. In terms of emissions the major emissions given out by the plant itself are Carbon dioxide emissions; with the ongoing research in carbon sequestration techniques there is a possibility that a viable solution to this emission problem will be available in the future. As with any industrial project, setting up a steam methane reformer would bring it with issues concerning noise and visual pollution a possible solution to this problem would be to locate the facility in an industrial zone, away from the city.

Solar Electrolysis of Water
Current trends in public thinking show a recent shift towards environmental consciousness. One of the most popular aspects of this is operating automobiles using hydrogen as the fuel. With this in mind, the idea of a perfectly clean process to produce hydrogen, and using that hydrogen to operate buses should be a project that would be responded to in an extremely positive manner. However, the cost to implement this system would be so high, and the fact that the TTC would have to retrofit their entire fleet of buses to run on hydrogen, there would be a drastic increase in TTC prices. Logically this increase would be a minimum of 100%, as hydrogen costs twice as much to produce (by distance traveled) than does gasoline. This price increase would be considered unacceptable by the TTC riders.

Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
The two attractive features of the thermochemical hydrogen production cycle are that it runs on waste heat from a nuclear reactor and it uses water instead of fossil resources to produce hydrogen. Therefore, the large-scale production of hydrogen using this process would be welcomed.

That having been said, since high temperature nuclear reactors are required to run the process, and the development of this technology still requires more research and experimentation, the general public might not welcome nuclear trials for the swift implementation of new nuclear designs. Nuclear technology has been criticized in the past due to the devastating effects as a result of accidents such as the Chernobyl incident in 1986. It has also been discovered recently that the French government’s nuclear experiments have had diverse effects on people living in the vicinity of the trial sites. Such incidents do a great deal of negative publicity for nuclear technology. Nuclear experiments have never been widely welcomed by the general public and hence this might pose a great obstacle in conducting large scale experiments for advanced nuclear reactors. This would delay the implementation of advanced nuclear reactors for hydrogen production.


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Design for the Environment/Scooter Transportation Alternatives

This page is part of the Design for the Environment course

Scooters offer a unique advantage over the more common modes of transportation since they significantly reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions while making transportation economically efficient. The following report will analyze three types of scooters which will be utilized for daily transportation for potential customers living in the downtown Toronto area. The Vespa LX150, a gas combustion engine scooter, is chosen as the baseline, while the Vectrix VX-1 and the Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emission prototype represent the electric motor scooter and hydrogen fuel-cell scooter, respectively. Comparisons of each scooter type are made in terms of their functional, environmental, and economical perspectives to provide a milage of 80,000km over a 10-year lifetime.

Project Information
Section 101: Group A16

Baseline: Vespa LX150
The Vespa LX150 has been selected as the baseline of this analysis. With a maximum speed of 95 km/h, the main source of energy found in the Vespa LX150 is supplied by its single cylinder (150cc), 4 stroke catalytic LEADER engine. The Vespa LX150 can travel 260km with a full fuel tank. It also utilizes a load bearing steel chassis. The maintenance of this scooter is similar to an automobile, therefore resources for the gas powered scooter are easily accessible.

Alternative 1: Vectrix VX-1

The Vectrix VX-1 follows the same function as the Vespa LX150, with approximately the same maximum speed of 100km/h. However, it consists of an Aluminum frame that utilizes a rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery that powers a Brushless DC (BLDC) Electric Motor. It is Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) that does not consume any gasoline and does not output any emissions. Nevertheless, the batteries of the Vectric VX-1 would need to be charged through electrical means. It requires 3.5 hours for a full charge and has a range of 56-89 km per charge. The expected life of the battery is 80000km.

Alternative 2: Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emissions
There is no mass-produced hydrogen fuel-cell scooter currently available to since the hydrogen infrastructure is inadequate for mass production. Hence, the discussion on hydrogen fuel-cell scooters will be relegated to a prototype with appropriate assumptions. The Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emission is a prototype two-seater scooter intended for transportation around the Downtown Toronto. It achieves speeds of 85 km/h with the help of a 6kW, 8 horsepower Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel-Cell (PEMFC). It has a riding range of 140km.

Highlights and Recommendation
Each scooter type is given a score from one to five (five being the best) in terms of their functional, environmental and economical perspectives. The weight of Importance has been assigned to each sub-category such that the critical factors get compensated in the functional and economical analyses.

Functional Assessment
The Functional Assessment consists of key objectives to consider when purchasing a scooter. The Vespa LX150 dominated the functional category, with a score of 82. Since the two alternatives are relatively new, their full tank driving ranges were far below to the Vespa’s 260km range per tank. Vectrix VX-1 could runs on average 72km per charge, while the Aprilia Atlantic prototype runs approximately 140km per tank. Since there are only two hydrogen re-fuelling stations in the Toronto area, the Aprilia Atlantic Zero Emission Scooter was significantly penalized in this category.

Environmental Assessment
The Environmental Assessment is the focus of this analysis. These scores were directly taken from theStreamlined Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). Although both alternatives have significantly reduced emission levels during the Operational Use stage, their disadvantages are in the Pre-Manufacturing and Manufacturing stages. The alternatives require extraction of rare metals and advacnced technologies that pose environmental impacts. The Delivery stage for all scooters is roughly the same, since all scooters follow the same delivery procedures and all originate from Europe.

In addition to the SLCA, an Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) was conducted as custom product for each scooter. These assessments are based on the US Department of Commerce 1997 Industry Benchmark Model. It was used to examine the potential environmental impacts in Conventional Air Pollutants, Greenhouse Gases, Energy Use and Toxic Releases with respect to the Pre-manufacturing and Manufacturing stages. The results concluded that the Vectrix VX-1 is the most polluting scooter. However, the results may be subjective since the assessments are based on the price of each scooter (which varies significantly) and key assumptions made in scaling may have been a factor.

Economical Assessment
Complete Cost Analyses were done for each scooter that considered Capital Costs, Operation Costs and Disposal Benefits. Vectrix VX-1 is proven to be the most economical option due to its remarkable reduction in operational costs, the average rate of electricity for household consuming up to 1000kWh is 5.6cents/kWh for 3.7kWh NiMH battery compared to the 95.1cents. However, if the initial Capital Cost was a priority to the client, the Vespa LX150 is more attractive. The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of the Vespa is $5699.00CDN compared to the Vectrix’s MSRP of $11,990 US ($15,200.32CDN) .The disposal benefits were also taken into consideration disposal benefits. It assumed that the benefits would be higher towards the Vectrix VX-1 due to the recycling incentive programs for NiMH batteries.

Final Recommendation
After conducting the functional, environmental, and economical assessments, the Vespa LX150 was chosen as the most suitable scooter for the client with 163 points. Despite producing higher levels of emissions during its operational stage, its functional score credits itself for being the most useful type. The Vectrix VX-1, which came in second with 161 point, lack functionality but was strong in the environmental and economical assessments. The least favorable option is the Aprilia Atlantic Zero Emission Scooter. The scooter significantly lacks in functionality, with mediocre scores in the Environmental and Economical Assessments. Considering a difference of only two points between the Vespa LX150 and the Vectrix VX-1, the subjective scores in the SLCA and the weights of Importance could have resulted in a different outcome. The following list is the possible scenarios that could have affected the decision making process:

1.	Maximum driving range of full tank is improved

2.	Due to the presence of competitors, the purchasing prices have decreased

3.	A client grants more values on the disposal benefits

Unfortunately, the Aprilia Atlantic Zero Emission is not considered due to the lack of re-fueling stations.

Vespa LX150
The strongest section for the Gas Powered Scooter is the End of Life. Upon disposal, Dave Graf of New Life Cycle & Salvage stated that many companies are willing to purchase scooters for their parts and any scrap metal. All damaged parts are utilized by recycling companies and undergo smelting and refining processes. The weakest score comes from the Pre-Manufacturing stage. Particulate matter is emitted during the refining of raw materials. Its emissions are primarily caused by fugitive sources, handling, transportation, storage, and from gases caused by smelting and sintering operations. Waste water is produced in numerous stages of refining such as leaching, purification, cooling, and surface runoff. These processes are implemented due to the composition of the scooter, which is assumed to be similar to an automobile.

Vectrix VX-1
The strongest life stage of the Vectrix VX-1 is in the Operational Use. The Zero Emission Vehicle does not produce any pollutants and does not consume any materials during operation. It should not be overlooked that it still requires electrical energy, and as result, may indirectly create emission via coal or natural gas burning power. Although the Pre-Manufacturing stage for material extraction is proven weak, the majority of the materials used in the Vectrix can be obtained by recycling streams. The Vectrix VX-1 is comprised of several materials such as Aluminum (for the frame) and Copper wire (for the electric motor). Aluminum recycling requires 88% less energy and produces 90% less CO2 emissions than primary aluminum production and Copper wire windings from electric motors can be reused with minor cleaning. . The NiMH batteries used in this scooter are also recyclable. However, it requires six to ten times more energy to reclaim metal through battery recycling than by any other means due to the thermal heat processes required.

Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emissions
The Operational Use is the strongest life stage of the Atlantic because the only outputs during its operation are water-vapor and heat. However, the Pre-Manufacturing stage is very energy-intensive since the Atlantic PEMFC is composed of a diverse set of materials. Similar to the Vectriz, the chassis is made of recycled Aluminum which requires less energy. Perhaps the biggest qualm in the Pre-Manufacturing stage is that the electrodes of the PEMFC require Platinum catalyst, which is a precious metal.

Vespa LX150
For Conventional Air Pollutants, the Gas Powered scooter contributes to the emissions of Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide. The Iron & Steel Mills sector is responsible for nearly 29% of the total CO emissions and is largely responsible for the releases of particulate matter. It is known that Smelting, sintering, coking and refining will result in significant releases of CO, SO2 and NOx. For Greenhouse Gases, Power Generation and Iron & Steel Mills are the largest contributors. Steel manufacturing facilities are highly energy intensive and will result in emissions of CO2. This is caused by the combustion of coal for heat, and electrical energy. In Energy Use, it is found that Iron Ore Mining is responsible for nearly 28% of the total energy required followed by Power Generation and Iron & Steel Mills. Multiple processes in mining such as transport, extraction, grinding, drilling, and ventilation require a large amount of energy. In regards to Toxic Releases, Iron and Steel Mills contribute the most. In Iron & Steel Mills, there is a large amount of solid waste in the form of waste water, sludge and particulate matter.

Vectrix VX-1
Carbon Monoxide was the leading Conventional Air Pollutant with 168mt. The Primary Aluminum Production Sector contributes the most to CO emissions making up for 64.5mt. This is most likely due to the methods used in Aluminum production (i.e. Hall-Herault process where aluminum oxide is reduced to aluminum metal) that generate CO emissions. CO2 emissions were leading Greenhouse Gas category by making up for 17300MTCO2E of the 21500MTCO2E of Global Warming Potential produced. The contributing sector in the CO2 emissions was from Power Generation and Supply, most likely due to Coal Burning power. The total energy used in the production of the Vectrix VX-1 is 267TJ. However, the majority of the energy used is in Natural Gas with 140TGJ. The Alumina Refining sector consisted of 62.7TJ of the Natural Gas. Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production contribute 1940kg and 1640kg, respectively, to Total Air releases (i.e. emissions from smelting and refining processes). The Copper, nickel and lead, zinc mining sector and the Gold, Silver and other metal ore mining sector contributes significant land releases with 339000kg and 82800kg, respectively.

Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emissions
The major Conventional Air Pollutant emitted is Carbon Monoxide (CO). In all, the total amount of CO released during these stages was 94.1 mt. The Iron and Steel Mills sector contributed the most to these emissions. As mentioned before, Iron & Steel Mills are major sources of CO. The main Greenhouse Gas released during the initial stages of the Atlantic is CO2. This can be attributed mainly to the Power Generation & Supply and Alumina Refining industries which account for 28% and 23% of those emissions, respectively. The main energy sources used are Natural Gas, Coal and Distillate. It is seen that Alumina Refining and Power Generation & Supply are the most energy intensive sectors. Apart from being essential in Alumina Refining, Natural gas is used in steam reformation for the production of hydrogen hence it is extensively used. Some of the significant contributors to Toxic Releases were Copper mining, Other Metal Ore Mining and Alumina Refining sectors. These sectors made up for the bulk of the Total Releases with Copper mining accounting for 72% and Other Metal Ore Mining, 19% of those releases. This was expected since copper and platinum are used extensively in motors and fuel cells, respectively.

Vespa LX150
The Initial Capital Costs includes the MSRP of the scooter along with Freight Delivery Charges, Predelivery and Inspection, Administration Fees, and GST/PST. Direct Operational costs include gasoline consumption, routine maintenance, and insurance premiums. For gasoline consumption, it was assumed that the price of gas was frozen at 95.1 cents/L, as determined by the average gas prices over the year 2008. This price was then implemented over the five-year-lifetime of the scooter, with the fuel efficiency of 30.823 km/L. Routine maintenance costs were determined by Michael Stevulak of Scooter Underground, and Insurance costs were given as a monthly premium by Sarah Brunning of State Farm Insurance. It should be noted that these yearly costs have been increased with an annual inflation rate of 2.19%. Indirect costs were determined by Commute Solutions, and include costs such as: Waste Disposal Damage, Air Pollution Damage, External Resource Consumption Costs, Road Noise, Water Pollution and Congestion Costs. Disposal benefits were determined by Dave Graf of New Life Cycle & Salvage Ltd., who stated that numerous facilities are offering $100.00 CDN for used scooters. It should also be noted, for the sake of the comparison, the cost for the Vespa LX150 was doubled to coincide with the 10 year lifetime of the Vectrix VX-1 and the Atlantic, since the average lifetime for the Vespa is only 5 years.

Vectrix VX-1
The Initial Capital Costs includes the MSRP of the Vectrix VX-1 along with other charges found in the Vespa. However, there is an exception of a "Green" Incentive Rebate offered by Vectrix. The Direct Operational Cost is calculated using the average rate of 5.6cents/kWh. According to the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), this rate is for all households consuming up to 1000kWh. Since the average mileage per year is about 8000km/year and the Vectrix utilizes a 3.7kWh capacity battery that travels an average of 72km per charge, the total electricity cost for travel was $23.03 per year. The Disposal Benefits also include the incentive for recycling NiMH batteries relative to the battery capacity. Since the electric scooter produces very low noise levels, the only indirect cost from Commute Solutions that applies to the Vectrix VX-1 is the External Resource Consumption.

Aprilia "Atlantic" Zero Emissions

The “MSRP” for this protoype was found by comparing the cost of the Honda Civic to the Honda FCX Clarity and then scaling it to the price of the Vespa LX150. The remaining capital costs, insurance costs, and disposal benefits were assumed to be the same as the Vespa. Operating costs in this analysis include the cost of hydrogen and insurance. The Hydrogen cost was found by taking into account the cost of hydrogen fuel in California, a fuel economy scaling factor, and the projected distance travelled for its lifetime. The fuel economy scaling factor was found by comparing the fuel economy between the Civic & FCX Clarity and the Vespa. The only indirect costs that apply to the Atlantic were Waste Disposal (WD) and External Resource Consumption (ERC) Costs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Nsoulimo/1 Project Information

Project Information
Section 2 – Group B8

Andrew Lazzaro

Ahmed Mahmoud

George Naguib

Mohamad Nsouli (nsoulimo)

title: User:Nsoulimo/1 Project Information


text:
User:Viggnesh

About Viggnesh: Viggnesh kandasamy was born on 24th january 1986. He is currently doing his Master Of Science in Computer Science in Illinois institute of Technology. He completed his Bachelor degree in the field of Information Technology at St.Joseph's college of Engineering, India. Programming had always been an area of fascination and wonder for him right from his schooldays. This fantasy towards programming drove him to undergo training in a plethora of courses in programming languages initiating in C programming. After learning the art of programming he understood that open source is a boon to programmers. His primary area of interest include Operating System design, coordination models, cloud computing and working with open source projects.

Below is the link to his webpage:

title: User:Viggnesh


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User:Wikademia

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title: User:Wikademia


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Design for the Environment/All Purpose Residential Cleaning

The first commercially available detergent was Nekal sold in Germany in 1917, to relieve Germany of soap shortages from WWI. Emergence of detergent has not only made home cleaning much easier, but also enhanced the cleaning effectiveness. Over the past century, detergent have evolved drastically due to its threat to human health as well as environmental impact. For instance, many detergent contained phosphate in the 1960’s, which contributed to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies, causing enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation that disrupted the normal function of the [w:Ecosystem|ecosystem]. Very few modern detergent still contain phosphate. From continuous improvements for almost a century, today’s detergent seek not only cleaning effectiveness, but also reduction in its environmental impact and effect on human health. Alternatives

Three alternatives that chose to analyze and compare

1)Baseline: Lysol All Purpose Cleaner
 * 1200mL
 * $2.89
 * packaged in a pourable bottle
 * comes in multiple fragrances

2)Alternative One: Next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner

 * 500mL
 * $6.49
 * stored in a trigger spray bottle

3)Alternative Two: Ecogent All Purpose Cleaner
 * 3780mL
 * $41.5
 * stored in pourable bottle
 * no scent

A thorough life cycle analysis will be conducted using an Eonomic Input-Output Life Cycle Analysis(EIOLCA), a Life Cycle Assessment(SLCA) and a cost analysis, to analyze and compare the environmental and societal impacts, as well as economic assessments of our three alternatives.

The EIOLCA identifies direct and indirect costs within different sectors, and then converts the economic costs to potential environmental impacts. It has three general types of analyzing models—custom model, hybrid model, and traditional model. The traditional models are the basis of the EIOLCA, given by the website. The custom model is a traditional model with the prices of sectors changed, while the hybrid model is the combination of traditional models. Four major environmental factors, namely Energy use, Greenhouse Gases, toxic release and conventional air pollutants will be analyzed and compared.

Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) is a semi-quantitative method to evaluate a product’s entire life cycle impacts to the environment and society. The goal is to identify environmental burdens associated with a product’s entire life cycle. A 5X5 matrix is used in this method, and each cell holds a score from 0 to 4 (poor to outstanding), with a total score of 100. In addition, each column indicates different product life stage, and each row indicates a single environment factor. SLCA is a fast way to compare a product’s influence to the environment, and gives a comprehensive result for comparing products’ impact to the environment separated by life stages.

A cost analysis is reported for each alternative, which will include direct and indirect costs. Cause minimizing the environmental impact may be the objective for much modern merchandise, yet, good economic performance has always been the absolute foundation for any successful product. Thus there must be a balance between environmental concern and profitability in order for any product to be successful.

Project Information
MIE315 section 01, Team A13
 * Lucy Deng [lucy1111]
 * John Liao [johnl123d]
 * Thomas Cao [Tylc]
 * Jason Hung [Hungjaso]

Highlights and Recommendations

Upon examining the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Analysis(EIOLCA). Lysol is the best alternative in terms of its economic input-output ratio. The other two alternatives are eliminated mainly due to the surfactant ingredient of the next GENERATION cleaner which contributs a major impact to the environment, and the exceptionally high price of the ECOgent cleaner.

According to the Streamlined Life Cycle Anassessment(SLCA) scores, the ECOgent cleaner is the best, followed by the next GENERATION cleaner, and then the Lysol cleaner. This is due to the fact that ingredients in both Next Generation and Eco-gent cleaners are mostly natural, thus the extraction processes and mixing of the chemicals produces less Greenhouse Gases(GHG), while the ingredients in the Lysol cleaner requires much more complex extraction processes(i.e. the dry mill process for producing ethanol). This is because the Lysol cleaner contains a variety of chemicals such as ethanol, which will not naturally degrade when flushed down the drain, and requires water treatment. Finally, we conclude that the ECOgent cleaner is the best alternative in terms of environmental impacts, since ECOgent cleaner is a novelty product aiming to have the most naturally degradable ingredients.

From the Cost Analysis, it is evident that the Lysol cleaner is the best alternative. With a price ratio of almost 2:1 compared to the Lysol cleaner, it will be hard for the Eco-gent cleaner to overcome the price hurdle even though it has the least environmental impact.In conclusion, the Lysol cleaner is the best alternative in terms of economic performance.

Based on the SLCA, EIOLCA, and the cost analysis, we conclude that the Lysol cleaner is the most practical alternative for the present. Even though the Lysol cleaner received the lowest score of 58/100 in the SLCA, one must realize that SLCA's are strictly in accordance with the environmental impacts, and does not fully represent the viability of a product. The Lysol All Purpose Cleaner had the least energy use, GHG release, toxic release, as well as conventional air pollutants out of the three cleaners. The cost analysis further strengthens Lysol as the most practical cleaner, since the price of a Lysol cleaner is almost half as cheap as the second leading cleaner (ECOgent cleaner).

Nevertheless, as technology advances, along with our society's will of becoming a more environmentally friendly community, soon environmentally friendly cleaners may soon become practical.

Baseline: Lysol TM All Purpose Cleaner
LysolTM All Purpose Cleaner is a cleaning product that disinfects and cleans all types of surfaces. It not only disinfects and kills germs on hard non-porous surfaces, but also effectively cuts grease and grime. Furthermore, it also removes tough soap scum. On top of the cleaning the different surfaces, Lysol All Purpose Cleaners also deodorizes the surfaces.

Alternative 1: next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner
The next GENERATIONTM All Purpose Cleaner comes to existence as people become more aware about the environment and start to strive for a greener product than the traditional cleaner. It is as versatile as the traditional all purpose cleaner which is able to clean from the kitchen bench tops to the bathroom sinks. It has nearly the same performance as the traditional one, but contains less harmful chemicals.

Alternative 2 : Ecogent All Purpose Cleaner
The ECOgent all purpose cleaner is a flexible cleaner. Not only is it environmentally friendly, but it also covers a very board range of uses that other cleaners don’t. ECOgent cleaner can be used in all daily household applications. In addition, its 100% natural formula allows it to not irritate skin; therefore it is especially user friendly to customers with sensitive skin. The ECOgent cleaner is non-aquatic toxic, more importantly; it has a low dermal toxicity LD 50 of 2000 mg/kg and a oral toxicity LD 50 of 12526 mg/kg. Therefore it is also safe for when small children and pets are involved.

Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Analysis
General Assumptions
 * All prices are converted to 1997 US$ by using the US department of commerce CPI calculator.
 * The operating costs are minimized (treated close to zero) due to short lifespan of cleaner and therefore are insignificant compare to the other sectors
 * Since most of the ingredients of general cleaners are confidential, the composition of the ingredients is largely based on assumptions based on reports and various resources
 * All products are assumed to come in 500mL / unit

Baseline : Lysol TM All Purpose Cleaner
The EIOLCA is conducted using the traditional model with “soap and other detergents manufacturing” sector to represent the Lysol All Purpose Cleaner. The following chart and graphs show the different types environmental impacts during the five life stages for making 1 million units of Lysol All Purpose Cleaner (estimated price of $1 each).

Energy Use

The above figure shows the energy consumption of each life stage of the Lysol cleaner. As expected, the pre-manufacturing and manufacturing stages are most energy consuming, due to the manufacturing and chemical mixing processes that require great amounts of energy.

Greenhouse Gases

The above figure shows the greenhouse gas emissions from the life cycle of a Lysol cleaner. The life stages are reversed to better show the releases of each stage. Pre-manufacturing and manufacturing are the two dominant stages in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and CO2 releases. This is mainly due to the various manufacturing and chemical extraction processes that cause extensiveGreenhouse gases(GHG) release.

Toxic Releases

The most toxics are released during the pre-manufacturing stage. This is mainly due to the chemical extraction processes that prepare the raw materials for the production of the cleaning solution. Manufacturing and Disposal stages also have considerable amount of toxic releases. For the manufacturing stage, the processes are similar to the pre-manufacturing stage, but with less chemical extraction processes and more manufacturing processes. For the disposal stage, recycling the packaging material of the Lysol cleaner (High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)) requires a complicated process which generates a considerable amount of toxic release.

Alternative 1 : next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner
Since Next GENERATIONTM All Purpose Cleaner has similar performance as the traditional cleaner; therefore, a custom model is employed and 1,000,000 units are expected to be produced annually same as the Lysol cleaners.

Energy Use

Most energy is used during the Pre-production/Manufacturing phase, representing nearly 100% of the total energy usage. This is due to the fact that manufacturing of the chemicals and the extraction of the raw materials consume large amount of energy.

Greenhouse Gases

As shown in the figure, the Pre-production/Manufacturing stage accounts for 99% of the total GWP. Within that section, the production of surfactants cause the most GWP--8680 MTCO2E, while the transportation and the disposal stages together contribute to only 1% of the total GWP.

Toxic Release

Pre-production/Manufacturing phase again has the largest amount of toxic release. Within the sector, production of surfactants release about 7910kg of toxic substances, 74% of the total toxic release. The reason for this large amount is due to the fact that surfactants have a large part in the chemical compositions (about 8%) and its production produces a lot of toxic substances to land, water and air. Since most of the ingredients are biodegradable, the contribution to toxic release from the disposal phase is insignificant.

Conventional Air Pollutants

As shown in the figure,the Pre-production/Manufacturing phases had the largest air pollutants and CO emissions. The production of surfactants contributes the most in the sector and the least contributor is the production of the HDPE containers. The disposal stage causes the least amount of air pollutants emission due to the fact that most of the ingredients in the cleaner are biodegradable.

Alternative 2 : Ecogent All Purpose Cleaner
Since ECOgent all-purpose cleaner contains no detergent and surfactant, its cleaning ability is expected to decrease. Therefore, ECOgent products uses a custom model producing 2,000,000 units each year.

Energy Use

According to the graph, most of the energy is comsumed during the pre-manufacturing stage. Energy used in the extraction of the ingredients is intensive relative to the rest of the life stage operations. It contributes to almost 88% of the total energy consumption.

Green House Gases

According to the graph above, a significant amount of energy is used in the premanufacturing phase, causing high CO2 release, which reaches as high as 2000 MTCO2E annually and contributes to 80% of the total green house gas production. Whereas little CH4, N2O, CFCs are produced as expected, because natural organic ingredients are being extracted which are mostly natural hydrocarbons.

Toxic release

Insignificant amount of toxic components are released during the use and disposal phases of the product, while most toxic release happens during premanufacturing stage as expected. This is due to the intensive use of energy during extraction of chemicals.

Air pollution

Premanufacturing again dominates the total Air pollutant release. Releases of air pollutant during the premanufacturing stage are mostly due to the operations in the factory, instead of the extraction of ingredients.

Baseline : Lysol TM All Purpose Cleaner
Lysol All Purpose Cleaner uses many different chemicals, which are obtained through various industrial processes, such as the dry mill process for obtaining ethanol, and electrolysis of brine for obtaining chlorine. These processes require an excessive amount of energy input. The (High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)) Lysol uses for packaging is mostly recycled, however, HDPE production is energy intensive, using approximately 1kWh of energy for every one million USD worth of HDPE manufactured. Therefore the majority of the environmental impact comes from the consumption of energy. Lysol has an extremely poor rating on energy consumption divided by net revenue, suggesting low energy efficiency. According to study, 86% of primary energy sources are fossil fuels, and the burning fossil fuels releases huge amounts of carbon dioxides, and other harmful gases into the air. Low energy efficiency will translate to a lot more energy consumed for the same amount of cleaning solution, thus generating a lot more GHG and other pollutants compared to other all purpose cleaners (i.e. Sulphur_dioxide sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). In terms of recycling, a lot of solid waste and a considerable amount of energy is used to to transport the bottles to the recycling sites.

Alternative 1 : next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner
First of all, the containers for this product are made of HDPE which are recyclable. Large amount of energy is required for the extraction of crude oil and natural gas. The process of turning them into plastic resins and surfactants are also energy intensive. Glycerin and alcohol are produced during the production of surfactants and liquid residues like water are generated in the production of HDPE resins. Manufacturing of the HDPE containers requires extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. All of these processes are energy intensive and produces liquid and gaseous residues. However, not a significant amount of solid wastes are generated since HDPE resins are recyclable. Truck transportation is required to carry the freights and therefore causing gaseous and liquid residues. Energy is also required for the transportation (for example, burning gasoline). The next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner has similar performance as the traditional cleaner. As a result, the amount of cleaner (consumables) used by an average household is minimized. Liquid and gaseous residues are produced during usage of the cleaner. Some chemicals evaporate into the air after the cleaner solution is sprayed on top of the house appliances. Energy is required for the recycling process and the sewage treatment. Some gaseous residues are produced after the solution evaporates. Large amount of liquid residues are generated as consumers pour the solution down the drain.

Alternative 2 : Ecogent All Purpose Cleaner
The ECOgent all purpose surface cleaner is produced from 100% natural substances, meaning that they are also biodegradable after use. Ingredients such as, lactic acid and Xanthan gum are obtained from plants extracts and fermentation. Furthermore, the extraction agents used in the process are natural substances that are approved for the production of natural cosmetics such as carbon dioxide (CO2), alcohol of plants origin, fats and oil from plants origin etc. Other ingredients used in the production of the ECOgent all-purpose surface cleaner are the Polyglycoside wetting agents such as Disodium Cocopolyglucose Citrate, C10-C16 Alkyl polyglycoside and Alkyl Polysaccharide. These ingredients are complex compounds made by the chemical synthesis of glucose and fatty alcohol which are also natural substances. Another important ingredient we should consider is high density polyethylene (HDPE). Combustion of crude oil is required for the preparation of HDPE, to produce 1 kg of HDPE, approximately 1¾ kg of oil is required ( raw material and energy used ).

Detergent surfactants such as [[w:Benzene|benzene] and benzene derived active compounds are the greatest contributor to solid residue. During use, these surfactants leave disinfectant residues on the environmental surfaces which contribute to development of bacterial resistance to biocides and antibiotics . This implies that the disinfectant becomes less effective in cleaning harmful bacteria and pathogens which eventually leads to worse indoor air quality and affect people’s health. Since the ECOgent all-purpose clean promotes detergent free cleaning, it contains no surfactants which leaves no solid residues on environment surfaces.

Furthermore, water makes up 85% of the product. This implies that less concentration of material is used and minimal diversity of material is used. This product is readily biodegradable in both anaerobic and aerobic environment, make it easy to remove and recycle. In addition to the liquid contain itself, after used the HDPE container will also have to be disposed of, and HDPE is also commonly recycled. Since, the product biodegrade readily under anaerobic environment, it participates very little in the sewage treatment process. The recycling of HDPE is a moderate energy intensive process. . HDPE is International Organization for Standardization(ISO) rated as number 2 recycling plastic. However Solid residues are produced during the recycling process of HDPE. In the screening and sorting phase, dirt, stones and rocks, metals, or other physical contaminants that present in the plastics are removed which results in solid residues. In addition, during granulating phase, large pieces of metal are also being removed, adding to solid residues .Since the ECOgent product rarely involved in sewage treatment process, liquid residue that is produced during the process will not be accounted for.

In terms of gaseous residue, the HDPE recycling process requires the heating and melting of plastics which requires the burning of fuel. The heating value for recycling 1 kg of HDPE is equivalent to ¾ kg of oil It is less than oil but still significant. This process results in the production of water and carbon dioxide.

Cost Analysis
Assumptions
 * The operating cost is assumed to be insignificant compare to the other cost and therefore is neglected.
 * All values used are in 2009 US dollar equivalent
 * no sensitivity analysis will be conducted, nor will the time value of money be taken into account

Baseline : Lysol TM All Purpose Cleaner
Injection Molding machines: $200,000/each *2=$400,000 Assembly Cost (robotic arms): $40,000/each*5=$200,000 Labor Cost (Annually): $12/person/hr*1920hrs*50=$1,152,000 All ingredients in the cleaner are assumed to be outsourced. And the cost analysis is based on the production of 1 million units (1 year).

Direct Cost

From the chart above, labor clearly uses the most money, while disposal cost amount to around two percent of the total cost.

Indirect Cost
Through the life cycle of the Lysol cleaner, many processes including chemical extraction, transportation, etc causes environmental damage by greenhouse gas, tox release, as well as conventional air pollutants release. These releases are converted to Global Warming Potential (GWP) in units of mtCO2E. The cost of which can be estimated from the Chicago Climate Exchange. CO2 emission cost is about $4/mt From EIOLCA, the total GWP in terms of mtCO2 is 635.79 Therefore, Indirect cost=$4/mt*635.79=$2,543

By examining the direct and indirect costs, we can conclude that the majority of the cost comes from the labor cost and raw material purchase. Disposal phase of the life cycle uses less than 2 percent of the total economic input.

Alternative 1 : next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner
The cost analysis is similar to the analysis conducted in EIOLCA Injection Molding machines : $200,000/each *2=$400,000 Assembly Cost (robotic arms) $200,000 Labor Cost (Annually): $1,152,000 All ingredients in the cleaner are assumed to be outsourced. And the cost analysis is based on the production of 1 million units (1 year).

Direct Cost
As can be seen from the calculations, the majority of the costs fall under Capital Cost. This includes all the fixed costs from equipments, transportation costs and all the costs related to the outsourcing materials. Since most of the ingredients in the next GENERATION TM All Purpose Cleaner are biodegradable, the disposal cost is minor(less than 1% of the total cost).

Indirect Cost
The product causes environmental costs due to the emission of Greenhouse. This can be estimated from the Chicago Climate Exchange.

CO2 emission cost is about $4/mt

From EIOLCA, the total GWP in terms of mtCO2 is 10,280

Therefore, Indirect cost = $41,120

Direct cost
Assume each bottle of ECOgent all purpose cleaner contains 500mL of liquid. The table below shows a listing of direct cost from premanufacturing and disposal of the product.

Indirect Cost
“It is safe to use and store ECOgent around children or pets without concern for the harmful effects usually associated with cleaning products” For the fact that ECOgent all purpose cleaner has a toxicity very close to water. Medical cost related to accidental ingestion of surfactant, especially by young children has been greatly reduced. In addition, common surfactants leave solid residues on environmental surfaces, which cause the increase in resistant of pathogen to disinfectant; this also contributes to health issues. This cost is difficult to estimate, however the fact that ECOgent leaves no solid residue has greatly reduce the medical cost associated with the problem


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User:XLerate

w:en:User:XLerate

title: User:XLerate


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User:Dchmelik/Ahimsa Academy

Welcome to Ahimsa Academy: a school that works with the Philosophy one in context of the Non-killing Studies one!

'A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain projects for developing learning resources.'

(paraphrase of Socrates answering the following question) 'What should a Philosopher eat?:' '[Plants.]' He may have said cheese, but Pythagoras is only recorded as being vegan.

Intro & Mission Statement
Ahimsa Academy is a neo-Platonic Academy, so it advocates gnosticism, and so it requires studies that may be outside the historical context of neo-Platonism, particularly of Dharma. Ahimsa is a Sanskrit word in Dharma which means harmlessness. Orpheus, Pythagoras, arguably Socrates & Plato & the neo-Platonist scholars practiced ahimsa or at least altruism such as veg(etari)anism. The kshatriyas and monastic martial artists of the Orient also generally practice ahimsa to the extent that they can. In gnosticism, including physics of Classical times, i.e. esoteric mysticism, the mystic principle of love/harmlessness is a pre-requisite--in the context of esoterism. As for mathematics, an important part of Philosophy, one may not be able to be gnostic. Some ideas are proven to be unknowable! However, in other Philosophical studies & practices such as ethics it is generally agreed upon what the truth is--at least in such a 'perennial & universal Philosophy,' i.e. Theosophy, i.e. (because of what Theosophy studies) Philosophy, i.e. (because Philosophy is capitalized) Platonic school as this.

This is a place for those who are interested in ahimsa ethics and beyond--the dharma--vidya--gnosticism--Platonism--to learn and teach. It is an school of general Philosophy & academia and advanced esoterism in which just about anything is on-topic, including topics combined from the 2 schools that are joined here: such as practical ahimsa, and esoterism & selflessness (the latter pair also in the metaphysics topic in the Philosophy school.) Feel free to discuss topics in any Wikiversity school in context or if it is a topic that you use to learn or teach Classical Philosophy.

Courses, learning resources, and projects

 * PHIL 101 Introduction to Philosophy
 * PHIL 102 Nonkilling Philosophy
 * PHIL 103 Nonkilling Anthropology
 * PHIL 104 Nonkilling Linguistics

Thanks and remember to have fun!

Divisions and departments
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the Topic: namespace. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the Naming Conventions. Note: there are additional philosophy pages that need to be imported from Wikibooks.

 * Initial Questions
 * Analytic Philosophy
 * Logic
 * Epistemology
 * Metaphysics
 * Ethics
 * Moral and Political Philosophy
 * Philosophy of Mathematics
 * The History of Western Philosophy
 * Ancient Greek Philosophy
 * Eastern Philosophy
 * African Philosophy
 * (add section on the Therapeutae)
 * Modern African Philosophy
 * Continental Philosophy
 * (add any appropriate sections)

Reading list
General
 * trivium (particularly Organon,) quadrivium, math, algorithms, physics, chemistry, Earth science, cosmology, biology
 * Dharma, many texts
 * texts on the Nazarites, Essenes, Nazareans
 * Kenneth Guthrie, The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library
 * Lao-tzu, Tao Te Ching
 * Plato, works
 * Euclid, Elements
 * Gnostic texts
 * Plotinus, Enneads
 * Theosophy
 * Magna Carta
 * Declaration of Independence, US Constitution
 * UN texts (e.g. Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
 * Gandhi

Projects:

 * What is The Question?

Departmental Message Board

 * Philosophy Department message board
 * Who is who in the Philosophy Department

Library
This is the gateway for information about the courses and philosophy in general. We hope that its size and scope will increase dramatically as participation in the School increases. We welcome input from all philosophies and philosophers.
 * The Library
 * Kant's Categorical Imperative

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here in alphabetical order (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed). 🇨🇴
 * dchmelik

School news
 Category:Specialty Schools Category:Alternative Schools

title: User:Dchmelik/Ahimsa Academy


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User:Inhol24/Crip Theory

Av Ingela Holmström

"In the end, wouldn´t you rather be hearing?" är en fråga som den som är döv ofta får, skriver Robert McRuer i Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability (s. 8). Han menar att det finns en uppfattning bland dem som är "funktionsfullkomliga" (eng. "able-bodied") att funktion är att föredra framför ickefunktion och att det är något som alla önskar. Den fråga som egentligen ställs till den döva personen ovan är "Yes, but in the end, wouldn’t you rather be more like me?” (s.9). Funktionsfullkomligheten, skriver McRuer, ses som en ickeidentitet, helt enkelt som ”the natural order of things” (s.1).

Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability har sitt ursprung i Cultural Studies, som ifrågasätter sakers beskaffenhet och som betraktar på vilket sätt de är konstruerade och naturaliserade, hur de är inneslutna i komplexa ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella relationer, och på hur de kan ändras (s.2). I cripteorin vänder man bort blicken från funktionsnedsättningar för att istället ifrågasätta normaliteten. McRuer teoretiserar i sin bok konstruktioner som funktionsfullkomlighet och heterosexualitet och kopplingar dem emellan. I bokens andra och tredje kapitel fokuserar McRuer till exempel på högt värderade institutionella och institutionaliserade platser, där kulturella tecken på "queerness" och handikapp förekommer, som på sjukhus och i TV-program och i fjärde kapitlet vänder han sig mot universitetet där han menar att rädsla för queer och handikapp också är tydlig (s. 149).

Det engelska ordet "crip" kan översättas till krympling på svenska och McRuer använder sig av Carrie Sandahl då han förklarar begreppet närmare. Sandahl menar att crip är "fluid and ever-changing, claimed by those whom it did not originally define" och att termen har utökats till att inkludera inte bara de med fysiska hinder utan också de med känslomässiga eller mentala störningar (McRuer, s. 34). McRuer bygger i boken vidare på Sandahls arbete, i ett försök att visa hur cripteorin kan fungera och vad det kan innebära att "komma ut crip".

Att "komma ut crip" innebär bland annat att man avidentifierar sig med de mest familjära typerna av identitetspolitik menar McRuer (s. 57) och som exempel berättar han hur han själv, i Maastrict, år 2004, kom ut som HIV-positiv fast han, såvitt han vet, inte är det (s. 53). Han menar alltså att funktionsfullkomliga som känner en samhörighet med t.ex. handikappkulturen kan välja att positionera sig som crip. Det är dock viktigt, enligt McRuer, att crips som inte själva är handikappade kan erkänna att de privilegier som funktionsfullkomliga har inte magiskt försvinner, bara för att de förnekas på individuellt plan, eftersom de krafter som finns, som ger icke-handikappade människor fördelar, är starkare än en individs till synes frivilliga förnekande av dem (s. 36).

Med hjälp av frågor som handlar om vem man är eller inte är, så kan man ställa upp några preliminära principer för cripteorin, menar McRuer. Vi kan enligt honom säga att cripteorin eller att "komma ut crip" nu eller i framtiden kan medföra att man ska:

(s. 70ff)
 * 1) Kräva handikapp och en handikappidentitets-politik trots att det samtidigt fostrar till en konkurrerande relation till denna identitetspolitik.
 * 2) Göra anspråk på queers historia om att komma ut ("ut ur garderoberna, in på gatorna"), medan man samtidigt emotsäger moderkulturen.
 * 3) Begära att en annan värld är möjlig - att en tillgänglig värld är möjlig.
 * 4) Insistera på att en "handikappad värld" är möjlig och önskvärd.
 * 5) Röra sig bortom ramperna, mot frågor som rör hur privat eller offentlig kultur som handlar om förmåga eller oförmåga är föreställd, förverkligad, placerad och befolkad.

Man skulle, enligt McRuer, kunna dra slutsatsen att vi alla är queer/handikappade eftersom vi lever i kroppar som har skapats och börjat existera, innan alla särdrag blivit lyckosamt placerade i dem. McRuer vill dock både motsätta sig denna tanke och utveckla den vidare. Detta leder till att han ser på frågor som "Actually, we´re all disabled in some ways, aren´t we?" (från Linton resp. Gill) som att de på ett indirekt sätt talar om för en individ att han/hon inte behöver tas på allvar. På några viktiga sätt är vi alla inte handikappade/queer, menar McRuer, för "The fact that some of us get beaten and left for dead tied to deer fences or that others of us die virtually unnoticed in underfunded and unsanitary group homes should be enough to highlight that the heterosexual/queer and able-bodied/disabled binaries produce real and material distinktions" (s. 157).

Kommentarer
Här kan du skriva in de kommentarer eller tankar du har kring min text ovan.

title: User:Inhol24/Crip Theory


text:
Swimming

For living creatures, a swimming is a way of moving in water. For human, swimming is an activity that can be both useful and recreational. Its primary uses are bathing, cooling, fishing, recreation, exercise, and sport. In the sport you can swim butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, or freestyle.

History
Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times, the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age, from around 7,000 years ago. Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events. It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.

Other pages

 * Winter swimming

title: Swimming


text:
User:Sarahsheets

Bio
Hello, I'm Sarah Sheets. I am a 21-year old student of Media Arts and Animation. I've lived in Seattle for 3 years now, and I love it.

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

Designing and sewing a garment of some sort.

 * Research Component

Researching the history of the garment I decide to create; Researching patterns & design and sewing techniques.

 * week 1

Choose what sort of garment to make and begin designing it.

 * week 2

Continue designing garment and start research (check out books?).

 * week 3

Finalize design, take measurements, go to fabric store and create fabric swatch pages.

 * week 4

Choose pattern and fabric, purchase them. Lay out pattern on fabric, pin and cut out.

 * week 5

Finish cutting out. Begin construction. Start documenting process with photos.

 * week 6

Continue construction. 1st fitting. Continue documentation.

 * week 7

Continue construction. 2nd fitting. Begin finalizing (add closures, hem if needed, etc.) Continue documentation.

 * week 8

Finalize. Fix last-minute problems. Assemble photo album of documentation. Done!

Why Do I Like What I Like?
I decided to write my “Why do I like what I like” paper on the statue titled “Typewriter Eraser, Scale X”. It’s hard to miss seeing this piece as you first approach the Olympic Sculpture Park from the Art Institute, as it is quite large and brightly colored. The sculpture depicts a very large typewriter eraser and was constructed out of stainless steel and fiberglass in 1998-1999 by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Initially, there were two things that I really disliked about “Typewriter Eraser, Scale X”. Although I was initially impressed by the sheer size of the piece, I wasn’t very fond of what the sculpture depicted. It was only because of the title that I knew what this piece was supposed to be: a typewriter eraser (which I had never seen before in my life). Besides that, I was also not too enamored with the placement of the sculpture right next to the road. It made it feel like the piece wasn’t actually a part of the sculpture park at all. While I didn’t foresee changing my opinion on the placement of the statue, I did attempt to reexamine why I didn’t like the subject of the piece, which seems ridiculous given that I had never seen the object that they sculpture was based off of. Upon examining pictures of typewriter erasers, I began to see the piece in a new light. Typewriter erasers are made up of a rubber “wheel” attached to a brush. Just seeing a regular eraser out of the box, I realized how much illusion of movement had been incorporated into the sculpture. The sculpture makes it look as if the eraser is rolling down the hill, the bristles of the brush trailing out behind it in the wind. When I looked at the piece that way, like it was a typewriter eraser in motion, I not only began to appreciate the overall design that the artists had created, but I also began to, quite by accident, appreciate the placement of the piece as well. It seems almost as if the sculpture was trying to escape the park and roll down the street along with the cars, adding another layer to the illusion of movement. In the end, I found that I appreciated the piece not only for its size and attention to detail, but also for the illusion of movement that both the artists and the placement of the piece within the park helped to create.

title: User:Sarahsheets


text:
User:Ryanohlemeier

Bio
My name is Ryan "Doogie" Ohlemeier.

I like long walks on the beach, and a nice pair of slacks.

Always Wanted To Timeline

 * Topic

Making Money off of my Art.

 * Research Component

 * week 1

Sketched a lot and came up with a few T-Shirt designs. Dusted off my old graffiti stencils!!

 * week 2

Making a test shirt, Turned out Wicked Awesome!!.

 * week 3

Landed a Job designing the shirts for an Arkansas Rehab Center. Found a sweet mirror and a few blocks of wood in the dumpster, potential canvas?

 * week 4

Sprayed a few designs on muslin fabric, and found cardboard. Found out folklife is in a few weeks, planning on selling some pieces of 'Recycled Art'.

 * week 5

Stocked up on spray paint at Home Depot. Got in contact with Owner of the Rehab Center, sent him a few pictures of designs I have.

 * week 6

Gathered pieces of cardboard, selling a few originals and reprints. Thinking $5-$10 each?

 * week 7

Sold art at FOLKLIFE!!! Sold 8 out of 10 pieces I took down, got $55, and a killer sunburn.

 * week 8

continued making pieces of 'recycled art' for future festivals/street fairs. Started designing the shirts for the rehab center in arkansas.

Why Do I Like What I Like?
I had been meaning to go to the sculpture park for quite some time, and this assignment gave me enough incentive to get off my lazy ass for an afternoon and head on over there.

So I head past the old spaghetti factory, and run into this fountain.... of a man.... and some boy.... just hanging out, naked.

I had found my subject.

The fountain acts like a snot-nosed 3rd grader, asking more questions then giving answers. Why are they naked? Is this reflecting some father-son bond, or the inner fantasy of someone who has a thing for kids?

The piece seems to have some importance, being at the entrance of the sculpture park, and I wanted to see if a weeks worth of time could point that importance out to me.

After a week of sore throat, runny nose, headache, and no cold and cough medicine in sight; I was ready to brave the few block walk down to the sculpture park.

All in all, I felt like I was overreacting the whole issue, the fountain's really not that bad. Its like you're part of someone else's "naked dream", trippy, yes; but tolerable.

Aesthetically, the figures on the fountain are realistically formed, with a Greco-Roman influenced base and pillars... Not the kind of art piece I'd personally want in my front lawn, but one I can respect for the sake of art.

Ryanohlemeier 10:29, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Self-Assessment
Ryanohlemeier 21:30, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Ryanohlemeier


text:
User:Kirkbradshaw

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic - I want to learn all the tools in Photoshop, and create something I feel is good enough to publish.

 * Research Component -

 * week 1 - learn the basics

 * week 2 - start learning what each tool icon is for

 * week 3 - learn what 4-5 tools do

 * week 4 - learn another 4-5 tools

 * week 5 - decide on a basic idea for my "published work"

 * week 6 - continue to learn tools and try to come up with a rough sketch

 * week 7 - start final work on the piece

 * week 8 - polish and prepare for showing

Why Do I Like What I Like?
Typewriter Eraser. I hate it. It looks childish, it looks stupid. I know I should appreciate everyone's artwork for at least being something somebody put work into, but this is just stupid looking to me. I tried to look at it from different angles, anything to make it look less clunky but nothing works, I simply do not like this piece of art. I did more research on the artist and even more on his type of art. After doing all that I tried to look at it from a different perspective and even tried forcing myself to like it, but I wasn't able to do it. You can't force yourself to like something, either you do or you don't. It can change over time and maybe one day I could walk by and look at it with some appeal. All in all, it was an interesting assignment, it made me think about what causes me to like something. Is it strictly aesthetic appeal? The typewriter eraser is just a blown up object, how is that art? I may not know now, but maybe one day I can understand and appreciate it.

How Am I Manipulated?
Division

This fallacy of Division is committed when a person infers that what is true of a whole must also be true of its constituents and justification for that inference is not provided.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myzwHDf3NhY

In this commercial you see a group of "cool" vans from the past, you then see the new Honda van, and therefor assume it is a "cool" van as well.

Appeal to Emotion

This fallacy is committed when someone manipulates peoples' emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true.

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4703144479201607672&ei=sTgISsPnHYvEqQKmg8zrAg&q=axe+commercial&hl=en&client=firefox-a

You see a guy that use's Axe and the girl is interested in him, your emotions(be it lust or desire?) drive you to believe that axe will make women interested in you as well.

Bandwagon

My third fallacy was a conversation with my wife on Friday afternoon regarding mother's day. She had asked me what I was getting her for mother's day and I told her she would find out Sunday, to which she replied, "are you getting me flowers?". I told her no I did not plan on getting her flowers. She then replied "but everyone get's there wives flowers for mother's day!"

Self-Assessment
So it's time for that self assessment. What did I learn in the 11 weeks I attended this class? Was it worth the time and money I spent? That seems like an easy question now, it was well worth both, I feel I learned so much. Oddly it didn't start that way. At first I had no clue what the point of the class was. I thought it was pointless at first. As the class went on, and we started doing the projects, I continued to feel like I was missing something. It didn't actually hit me until 2 weeks ago that this class had actually changed my way of thinking on certain things. I looked at art, music and other forms of entertainment in a different way. The "why I like what I like" project was the reason behind this change. It made me look deeper than just what I saw with my eyes. It make me think of the artist that created what I was seeing or hearing or even feeling. It's a profound thing to learn your looking at things wrong, it changes your outlook on so many things. Now when I see a piece of artwork I don't really think is the greatest, it makes me want to see what else they have done. Is there something of theirs that maybe I would like? I also learned that finding something, doesn't really mean you've found it. Sure you can find a story on a artist, what he's done, where he lives. But that means nothing compared to knowing that person, and understanding what they want you to see or feel with their work. I think I also learned not to judge from what I see only. I remember the first time I saw Steve walk into the class. I thought to myself "wow, look at this guy, he looks younger than me, what could he teach me?" It turns out he taught me more than most have, in a shorter time. His outlook on things gave me a different perspective on things. Even his goofy little music box(I have no clue how to spell it!) was something new and cool to learn, I had never seen that musical instrument before. I think it's funny how you notice something ONLY after you have learned about. I know I saw the singer from Plain White T's playing it on a music video, and I was like "wow, its that thing Steve plays." I would of been blind to it prior to this class. That right there was where I learned even more, I need to understand more around me, or I am just blind to it. Another profound lesson that maybe I should of learned a long time ago. All in all the class was wonderful, and I learned many things. The people in the class itself taught me many things, I mean, who knew I would learn about glass blowing or how to make cheese? Now I know to learn more, so I can see the world around me, thus learning even more. Even though I will not be attending AIS any more, I think the class was well worth the time and money I put into it, and wish I could take the class again, who knows what else I could learn?

title: User:Kirkbradshaw


text:
User:Johnsmith

Bio
My name is John Smith(yes, it's my real name). I come from an extremely uninteresting place called the Tri-Cities. I'm currently taking Audio Production at the Art Institute of Seattle. Writing and recording music is something I love to do. I play lead guitar and am a vocalist in the Metal band Ruins of R'lyeh. I also own a home-based recording studio and have recorded several artists and bands in the Tri-Cities area. I've got really long hair and don't talk much. Don't let the silence fool you though. I'm a pretty nice person, and easy to get along with.

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

I'd like to resurrect my old thrash/black-metal solo music project by writing and recording AT LEAST 3 new songs by the end of this quarter.
 * Research Component

Finding different music writing methods and techniques that I am unfamiliar with.
 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

Get influenced again by old bands I used to listen to when I was originally writing for this project.

 * week 4

Start writing guitar riffs.

 * week 5

Continue writing riffs and structuring the general outline of the songs.

 * week 6

Create drum tracks for the for the finished guitar-only versions of the songs. Do some rough recordings.

 * week 7

Write the bass and lyrics to the rough drum and guitar recordings

 * week 8

Go down to the Tri-Cities to record and master the complete versions of the songs.

Why Do I Like What I Like?
The sculpture I didn't like too much was "Untitled" by Roy McMakin. The reason I decided I didn't really like it was because I had walked passed it at first and thought to myself "Why is there a random bench here?". It took the returning trip for me to realize that it was an actual sculpture with two more parts that consisted of a black lawn chair and a box. After researching Roy McMakin I came to realize that most of his work had to do with chairs and other types of furniture, and most of his artwork that I saw is untitled. I also saw that he was Seattle-based. Reading about him, I learned that some of his artistic pieces were more humorous than others. While I still don't quite understand the sculpture itself, I now have a greater appreciation for it than I had before. I think this is due to the fact that I just read up on him, and got to see more examples of his art which I thought were great.

How Am I Manipulated?
My first fallacy is Wal-Mart's "Save money. Live better". This non-sequitur fallacy works by implying that saving money on purchases will make for a better quality of life. It's very blunt, to the point, and doesn't require much thought at all. Surprisingly, alot of people believe this.

The second, is an Allness fallacy that an old high-school teacher of mine would say. "There's always an exception" he would say. After thinking about it I've come to realize that there are exceptions for a number of things, but not everything.

Self-Assessment
Over the past 11 weeks I've learned quite a bit. The most important thing I learned to do better is manage my time. For the entire semester we've had the "I've always wanted to" assignment. I was pretty confident that it wasn't going to prove to be an obstacle. However, as the weeks went on I kept pushing my project to the back of my "to do" list. By the time I actually got to working on my project, I fell into a severe musical rut because not only had I been out of writing my own material for so long, I was also pressed for time. I feel that if I started earlier I would have been in a much more relaxed state of mind and would have been able to complete ALL the songs I intended to write by the time this assignment was due. I don't look at this as a failure at all though. It was a great learning experience for me and I'm glad I was apart of this class and got to participate in such a project. And to Steven Arntson, You're an awesome instructor, Keep it up!

title: User:Johnsmith


text:
User:KinnaraNing

Bio
KinnaraNing

My name is Kinnara Ning. I'm from Michigan, and I'v been living there for most of my life. I'm an only child, so I pretty much get all the attention I can get from my parents, and they support me quite a lot. I really love to watch anime, and reading a lot of manga, and I hope to become either an manga artist or maybe an animator. But since, my major is animation, I'm probably going to be an animator in the future or something...so that will be something that I might be looking forward to. Someday after I graduate from this college, I hope to find some good quality jobs that might be in my field. I once told my mom that idea, and she thinks it'll very good if I did something like that. If that doesn't work out, then I'm thinking of maybe becoming an manga artist or something, so I'm still a little bit unsure about my future...

Other then that I hope to become successful while attending this college, and try to work harder in my upcoming classes!

title: User:KinnaraNing


text:
User:SamHoeng24

'Bold text== Bio ==

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

 * Research Component

 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

 * week 4

 * week 5

 * week 6

 * week 7

 * week 8

title: User:SamHoeng24


text:
User:RaulAnaya

Bio
I have no nickname so you can jus call me raul. I go to the Art Institute of Seatlle and im studying video production. I love to watch sports and play most of them. Im kinda new to seattle so I dnt no too much about it, but i love it. After I graduate from the Institute I plan to open a production label with my partner schick, we are knowin as BoldView Productions(you can google us and we will be on the first page). If your intrested in the kind of work we have done up to date you can visit our youtube chanel by going to youtube.com/schickandraul. that site has most of the videos we've done, we love the feedback good or bad. If you have a myspace BoldView can be found on there as well. To get straight our page jus type in BoldViewProductions.com. If you have any questions for me, do not hesitate to ask. I'm pretty open minded so I usually answer anything asked. thank you for your time and enjoy the rest of your day.

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

Im going to learn how to make a beanie.

 * Research Component

 * week 1

 * week 2

find someone who knows how to make beanies.

 * week 3

 * week 4

meet up with the person and watch them as they make a beanie(take a few notes to study).

 * week 5

start planning on the materials needed to make possible.

 * week 6

purchase materials.

 * week 7

begin to weave the beanie by following the correct process in creating the product.

 * week 8

product should b finished by this time and ready to wear.

Why Do I Like What I Like?
While I was walking through the park I noticed a few works that looked out of place but still belonged to the park. The work that stood out to me most, not because is was such a great peice, but because it didnt seem like art to me is "Steel Painted Black" by Tony Smith. I didn't like this peice because it just seemed like a barrier to the park. Tony Smith has types of work like this all over the world, and they all have an awkward shape to them. This paticular piece is made of two stretched triangles stacked, one on top and the other on the bottom, and reaches around in a square shape. The work is surrounded by trees which I find a little bit of irony in because it's blocking the view looking at the piece from the outside of the park, and when you go inside of the area to examine the piece more closely, your view is blocked to the outside world. I enjoyed the walk through the park until I was near the end of the trail where "Steel Painted Black" is located. I feel as if the abstact work doesnt belong in the park, but then again the whole park is full of random works.

How Am I Manipulated?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFG4J9vSqOg&NR=1 This is an example of dubios authority. Vitamin water says "it works, for Brain Urlacher"

My friend who knows very little about sports thinks Lebron James is the best in the league, but he only started saying that in the middle of this season. This is an example of bandwagon Argument.

title: User:RaulAnaya


text:
User:Jessicaolson

Always Wanted To Schedule

 * Topic

 * Research Component

 * week 1

 * week 2

 * week 3

 * week 4

 * week 5

 * week 6

 * week 7

 * week 8

title: User:Jessicaolson