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Statistical Analysis/Unit 2 Content

Unit 2
This content is adapted from the Introduction to Statistics MA121/ECON104 Course at Saylor.org.

Probability Topics and Terminology

 * Readings: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Chapter 3:  Probability Topics”
 * "Section 1: Probability Topics”
 * “Section 2: Terminology”

Instructions: Please read each of the linked sections above in their entirety.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages.

Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events

 * Readings: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Chapter 3:  Probability Topics"
 * "Section 3: Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events”

Instructions: Please read the entire section above in its entirety.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages.

Two Basic Rules of Probability

 * Readings: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Chapter 3:  Probability Topics"
 * "Section 4: Two Basic Rules of Probability”

Instructions: Please read the entire section above in its entirety.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages.

Contingency Tables, Venn Diagrams, and Tree Diagrams

 * Readings: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Chapter 3:  Probability Topics”
 * “Section 5: Contingency Tables”
 * “Section 6: Venn Diagrams”
 * “Section 7: Tree Diagrams”

Instructions: Please read each of the linked sections above in their entirety.

 * Lecture: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Video Lecture 3: Probability Topics”

Instructions: Please view the video on this page in its entirety.

 * Assignment: Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics: “Chapter 3: Probability Topics”
 * “Practice 1: Contingency Tables”
 * “Practice 2: Calculating Probabilities”

Instructions: Please click on the hyperlinks titled “Practice 1: Contingency Tables” and “Practice 2: Calculating Probabilities.”  Please solve all the problems in these two sections. Next, click on the hyperlink titled “Homework” and solve problems 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 28-32. Please click on “[ Show Solution ]” link below the problem to check your solution.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages

About the Resources in This Course
This course project draws upon three main types of resources:

The first are readings and video lectures from Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean’s Collaborative Statistics, which is available freely under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license from the following location: http://cnx.org/content/col10522/latest/

The second type of resources in this course are lectures from Kahn Academy. These lectures are available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license. Kahn Academy has many lectures available from http://www.khanacademy.org/

Finally, the above resources have been woven together and organized into a format analogous to a traditional college-level course by professional consultants that work as experts within the subject area. This process was facilitated by The Saylor Foundation. Additionally, if you have worked through all of the material contained in this project, you may be interested in taking the final exam provided by Saylor.org or completing other courses available there that are not yet on Wikiversity.

title: Statistical Analysis/Unit 2 Content


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ACR/Life before Life

Life before Life When somebody scientifically talks about life than he usually refers to life on earth. To recreate what has been before life on earth existed another approach needs to be taken. Here the approach is to assume a universe filled with single matter and build up from this stage to the very complicated stage of life today. You are invited to create your own version of evolution. How to do it Use the pointers below to start. Use your common knowledge, your observation of the environment and its happenings and connect them together to a logical world which can actually exist. Do not try to find scientific references, which follow a different path and are usually open ended. Do not introduce mathematics here. Everything, what happens in life, could be explained through mathematics but cannot encompass all possibilities which happens in real life and is therefore only of specific use until life has been explained first. Feel free to use known scientific terms for your equivalent meanings to provide some references for a better understanding. But rather give it another name if your meaning diverse too much (proves to be confusing) from the original. The other articles of ACR have done just this and can be a comparison on what you could discover.

Starting points: Movement is life Matter provides the movement Passed on movement is like passing on a meaning - communication Matter provides the environment for other matter The environment restricts the movement of matter it surrounds - applies pressure Restricted moving matter shares its movement with other restricted matter The combining of movements creates other matter forms - matter is growing Grown matter moves in different forms Different movements, passed on, communicate different meanings The formation of different matter-forms is the reaction to the circumstances which is like learning Learning is the fundament of intelligence With the growing of matter the environment changes As matter reacts to its changed environment it grows (adapts) in many forms and the intelligence grows with the matter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ACR/Life before Life


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Dominant group/Archaeology

Archaeology "studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, ecofacts, human remains, and landscapes."

Past
Def. "[t]he period of time that has already happened" is called the past.

Artifacts
It "is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record)."

Def.
 * 1) an "object made or shaped by human hand",
 * 2) an "object, such as a tool, weapon or ornament, of archaeological or historical interest, especially such an object found at an archaeological excavation",
 * 3) something "viewed as a product of human conception or agency rather than an inherent element",
 * 4) a "structure or finding in an experiment or investigation that is not a true feature of the object under observation, but is a result of external action, the test arrangement, or an experimental error", or
 * 5) an "object made or shaped by some agent or intelligence, not necessarily of direct human origin"

is called an artifact, or artefact.

Humanities
"Because archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a science and a humanity, ".

Human history
"Archaeology studies human history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 3.4 million years ago up until recent decades. (Archaeology does not include the discipline of paleontology.)"

Material cultures
"[D]ominant groups create and control the meanings and uses of material culture. If other groups wish to be understood by the dominant group, they must express themselves through the goods controlled by the dominant group."

Landscapes
Def. an assemblage of surfaces that are a portion of land, region, or territory, observable in its entirety is called a landscape.

Theoretical archaeology
Def. "[t]he study of the past through material remains" is called archaeology, or archeology.

Dominant group
The term "dominant group" is a theoretical entity sometimes used by authors of primary sources to identify phenomena of interest.

Is any "dominant group" in archaeology or associated with archaeology an artifact?

Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

 * Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
 * Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
 * Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
 * Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
 * Control groups hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
 * Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
 * Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
 * Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
 * Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
 * Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
 * Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
 * Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
 * Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
 * Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
 * Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
 * Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
 * Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
 * Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
 * Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
 * Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Archaeologists
"But, the privilege afforded a certain dominant group of 'normal' archaeologists in terms of their ways of constructing the past influences all aspects of archaeological practice."

"However, some answers to these questions may emerge from a consideration of the dominant group, that is, the five institutions whose scholars published the most articles in the two periodicals."

Cultures
"Although clearly the major changes are found in the culture of the subordinate group, the dominant group also experiences a degree of change as well."

"Thus, while the archaeology of the dominant group is the most influential one, the most privileged one, such that all of the other formations exist in relation to and “within” it, all people, both those of the dominant formations and those of the non-dominant ones, are constituted by their multiformational positionality."

"For instance, resources made available by a dominant group, such as the National Science Foundation, can be viewed both as “powers over” possible research agendas of others, and also as “powers with” others in assisting researchers pursuing certain kinds of projects."

Diasporas
The East African diaspora has three causes:

 * 1) migration of ethnic groups like the Zulu,
 * 2) the slave trade, and
 * 3) climatic changes which caused wars and forced ethnic groups to abandon certain areas.

"Slaves' masters were obliged to teach their pagan slaves Islam ... as it justified slavery and facilitated the control of a dominant group".

"Slave owners were Africans". "Although most and the biggest slave owners on the coast and islands were Muslims, there were also Christians and native Africans who were slave owners."

Ethnicity
"When three or more ethnic groups exist, the dominant group gains by fostering a wide social gulf between the others."

"The dominant group reinforces this process by forcibly ascribing subhuman status to the group or groups it victimizes, the "others.""

Evolutionary archaeology
The majority of the participants give "similar estimates to the confederates despite that estimate being obviously false, illustrating the powerful effect of conformity in group settings."

One group is "placed in a position of economic and communicative superiority: Its products were more valuable than those of the other two groups, and all trade had to be conducted through it."

"The results showed that although the dominant group earned more than the other two groups, all groups increased their earnings over the successive generations."

The "increased productivity was attributed to increasingly efficient trading and division of labor, rules concerning which were being transmitted to each new generation."

Heritage management
"Rare, though, is the country where ethnic groups balance each other in terms of numbers, wealth or political influence and, consequently, it is not uncommon for the dominant group to use its power to push its own heritage to the fore, minimizing or denying the significance of subordinate groups as it crafts a national identity in its own image."

"In some respects, the needs of ethnically diverse audiences bring new issues into play, questions concerning divergent perspectives, the authority of a dominant group not representative [in museums] of those portrayed; yet at the same time, such issues affect other groups who have had little control over the representation of their cultures, including women, the disabled, the gay community, and so forth."

Historical archaeology
"At the risk of oversimplification, only the essence of these definitions of ideology follows, from broadest to most focused:
 * 1) ideas, beliefs, and values produced by material processes (stressing social production of thought);
 * 2) ideas and beliefs (false or true) of a specific, socially significant group or class;
 * 3) promotion or legitimation of such a group's concerns;
 * 4) promotion of a dominant group's interests;
 * 5) legitimation of the dominant group's interests through distortion and dissimulation; and
 * 6) deceptive beliefs arising not from the interests of a dominant group, but from the material structure of society, such as fetishism of commodities."

"Although clearly the major changes are found in the culture of the subordinate group, the dominant group also experiences a degree of change as well."

Ideology
"In both of these cases, the archaeologists concluded that they were dealing with subordinate groups that had purposefully rejected the conventions of the dominant group and the ideals which those conventions embodied."

"As false consciousness, ideology acts to mask, hide, or obscure the real nature of social relations to the benefit of a dominant group (McGuire 1992a: 140)."

"Vulgar ideologies serve to promote, possibly through distortion, the dominant group's interests."

Archaeometry
"This procedure assumes that there is a single dominant group in the data, [but] ... The group structure in these data is ill-suited to methods for detecting outliers that assume a single dominant group."

"The resultant leaf or node is labelled according to the dominant group, 1, and the numbers (22/0/0) show the numbers from each region in the leaf."

Oceania
"This research shows how material evidence produced by the dominant group in a cross-cultural interaction can be used to tease out and analyse what might ordinarily be considered the hidden voices of indigenous people."

Ceramics
"The ceramic traditions, and probably non-material items of the Ananatuba culture, were replaced by those of the stronger and more dominant group, the Mangueiras Phase people."

"The dominant petrographic group (DIV-01—03, DIV-05—09) of the Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza ceramics (Fig. 6a-b) can be characterised by a fine grained, serial fabric which makes probable the use of natural unprepared sediments. ... There is one sample (DIV-09) in this dominant petrographic group which is a bit different from the others: it has a less ferrous, more pure clay matrix but the non-plastics were similar to the dominant group."

Pottery
"Although a part of the pottery assemblage there was petrographically similar to the one from En-Gedi, the dominant group consisted of dark red clay vessels. Shales and siltstones were the main tempering materials."

"The dominant group in our set of vessels and sherds of Central Greece Locris-l is of special interest, since all of the 11 sherds of craters depicting ships belong to it."

"In order to interpret archaeological ceramic assemblages in terms of social identities, a method was developed [that] consists in sorting the potsherds according to, successively, technical, techno-petrographic and morpho-stylistic criteria."

The "Levant of the fourth millennium [5800-5500 b2k] was dotted with numerous small farming communities with no [apparent] dominant priesthood for regulating social and economic activities".

"Within [dominant] Group A ceramics, variability is found at an intra- and inter-site level. It can be described according to the main following attributes: location of the coating (external and/or internal face), grain-size of the coarse fraction (from fine to very coarse), network of the coarse fraction (wide-mesh or tightened-mesh network), thickness of the coating, colour, covering aspect (regarding the coarse fraction). Variability of these attributes determines technical sub-groups. The different settlement ceramic assemblages present dominant technical sub-groups, which are different in aspect from one site to another".

"The two petrofacies derive from surperficial deposits formed from erosion of the lower Cretaceous. e: corresponds to one of the dominant group originated from the alluvial fan at the North of the Dead sea. f: corresponds to the other dominant group originated from poorly drained marshlands between the Dead sea and Tuleilat Ghassul."

"The ceramic entity A is characterised, from a technical and techno-petrographic point of view, by a discontinuity between one or two dominant sub-groups (quantitatively major) and a few satellite sub-groups (quantitatively minor). Ceramic entity B, on the contrary, shows a petrographic continuity with the dominant sub-groups A."

Tools
"This is the dominant group of stone tools (47.7 %), including the following categories : grinding slabs (3.2 %), basalt mortars (4.8 %), grinding stones (23.8 %), pestles (3.2 %) and limestone bowls (12.7 %)."

"The dominant group in the structure of retouched tools continue to be bilaterally retouched blades-just like at Balkan sites — although their frequency is smaller than in Koros-ca 26-30%; retouched blades are replaced by retouched truncations (18.6%), retouched flakes (24.1 %) and by microliths (16.6 %)."

Surveyance
"Archaeological field survey is the method by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) search for archaeological sites and collect information about the location, distribution and organization of past human cultures across a large area (e.g. typically in excess of one hectare, and often in excess of many km2)."

Surveys are conducted "to search for particular archaeological sites or kinds of sites, to detect patterns in the distribution of material culture over regions, to make generalizations or test hypotheses about past cultures, and to assess the risks that development projects will have adverse impacts on archaeological heritage. "

"The surveys may be: (a) intrusive or non-intrusive, depending on the needs of the survey team (and the risk of destroying archaeological evidence if intrusive methods are used) and; (b) extensive or intensive, depending on the types of research questions being asked of the landscape in question. Surveys can be a practical way to decide whether or not to carry out an excavation (as a way of recording the basic details of a possible site), but may also be ends in themselves, as they produce important information about past human activities in a regional context."

Excavations
"[E]xcavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is a site being studied."

Posthistory
Def. a "history of events that occur after (and are consequences of) an event (e.g. a crisis, a reconciliation, etc)" is called a posthistory.

Prehistory
The prehistory period dates from around 7 x 106 b2k to about 7,000 b2k.

"It is of most importance for learning about prehistoric societies, when there are no written records for historians to study, making up over 99% of total human history, from the Palaeolithic until the advent of literacy in any given society. "

Def. "[t]he history of human culture prior to written records" is called prehistory.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Dominant group is a deliberate effort by some subgroups of humans to put themselves above others to exploit them.

title: Dominant group/Archaeology


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User:Jedd Raynier

See me on Wikipedia

title: User:Jedd Raynier


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User talk:Jedd Raynier

Welcome to my talk page! Leave all your good messages here, if you want.

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title: User talk:Jedd Raynier


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User:Chinnz

chinnz

title: User:Chinnz


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User talk:Rohiniprop1

Please mind that promotional content isn't allowed on any Wikimedia project. Regards, Mathonius 17:57, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rohiniprop1


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User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/First X-ray source in Andromeda

The first X-ray source in Andromeda is not known. This lesson is also a research project that needs your help. And, in exchange you'll be free to learn about star maps, astronomy, and the speciality of X-ray astronomy. The first such source in the constellation Andromeda is an astronomical X-ray source detected at some point in human history between now and a distant time mark in the past. It is an astronomical X-ray source detected in the constellation Andromeda.

This learning resource is experimental in nature because each learner interested in seeking this first X-ray source may start with any source and attempt to determine if this source is in Andromeda and is an X-ray source. Each currently known source has a history that includes earlier and earlier detections. To succeed, the adventurer need only show that their source has an earlier detection date as an X-ray source than previous adventurers.

The celestial sphere has coordinate systems often used to place a point source in the heavens. Familiarity with these coordinate systems is not a prerequisite. An introductory geography or map reading course or some familiarity with following a map is all that's needed.

Over the history of X-ray astronomy a number of astronomical X-ray sources have been discovered and studied, usually because they have something special about them that intrigues the researcher. The challenge of this resource is geometrical, astrophysical, and historical. As the ultimate answer is unknown, this is actually a research project, yet you may succeed!

Enjoy learning by doing!

First step
The first step is to succeed in finding an X-ray source in Andromeda.

Over the history of X-ray astronomy a number of sources have been found, many as point sources in the night sky. These points are located on the celestial sphere using coordinate systems. Familiarity with these coordinate systems is not a prerequisite. Here the challenge is geometrical, astrophysical, and historical. The coordinates are usually supplied by the X-ray source observers.

Next, you'll need to determine the time stamp of its discovery and compare it with any that have already been discovered.

Traveling X-ray sources
Many X-ray sources do not remain in a constellation for lengthy periods. Some of these are the Sun and sources apparently in orbit around the Sun. The Sun travels through the 13 constellations along the ecliptic (the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun): the 12 of the Zodiac and the constellation Ophiuchus. These are described in source astronomy. Is Andromeda one of the constellations of the Zodiac?

Backgrounds
To introduce yourself to aspects of the subject may I suggest reading the following resources: the first astronomical X-ray source and as mentioned above X-ray astronomy. Additional information may be found in astronomy, especially about fixing a point in the sky. X-rays are a form of radiation that is currently part of the electromagnetic radiation intersecting the Earth. More information about radiation is in radiation astronomy.

Constellations
The Wikipedia article about the constellation Andromeda contains a high school level description. The figure at right shows the sky map of Andromeda. Around the edges of the map are coordinates related to longitude and latitude, but with the Earth rotating on its axis every 24 hours the celestial coordinates must remain fixed. How has this been accomplished?

Andromeda is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy. The uranography of Andromeda has its roots most firmly in the Greek tradition.

In Chinese astronomy, the stars that make up Andromeda were members of four different constellations that had astrological and mythological significance. In traditional Chinese astronomy, nine stars from Andromeda (including Beta Andromedae, Mu Andromedae, and Nu Andromedae), along with seven stars from Pisces, formed an elliptical constellation called "Legs".

A constellation related to Andromeda also exists in Hindu mythology.

A female figure in Andromeda's location had appeared earlier in Babylonian astronomy. The stars that make up Pisces and the middle portion of modern Andromeda formed a constellation representing a fertility goddess, sometimes named as Anunitum or the Lady of the Heavens.

An Arab constellation called "al-Hut" (the fish) was composed of several stars in Andromeda, M31, and several stars in Pisces. [Nu Andromedae] ν And, [Mu Andromedae] μ And, [Beta Andromedae] β And, [Eta Andromedae] η And, [Zeta Andromedae] ζ And, [Epsilon Andromedae] ε And, [Delta Andromedae] δ And, [Pi Andromedae] π And, and [32 Andromedae] 32 And were all included from Andromeda; [Nu Piscium] ν Psc, [Phi Piscium] φ Psc, [Chi Piscium] χ Psc, and [Psi Piscium] ψ Psc were included from Pisces.

Andromeda is also associated with the Mesopotamian creation story of Tiamat, the goddess of Chaos. She bore many demons for her husband, Apsu, but eventually decided to destroy them in a war that ended when Marduk killed her. He used her body to create the constellations as markers of time for humans.

In the Marshall Islands, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Triangulum, and Aries are incorporated into a constellation representing a porpoise. Andromeda's bright stars are mostly in the body of the porpoise; Cassiopeia represents its tail and Aries its head.

In the Tuamotu islands, Alpha Andromedae was called Takurua-e-te-tuki-hanga-ruki, meaning "Star of the wearisome toil"

Also, in the Wikipedia article is a list of stars in Andromeda. What's the difference between a star and an astronomical X-ray source?

Testing a source
Here an example is used for the upcoming steps in the lesson.

Under "Notable features" in the Wikipedia article on Andromeda the constellation is the brightest star: Alpheratz. In the star box of the Wikipedia article alpha Andromedae, below the image of the star are coordinates:
 * 1) Right ascension: 00h 08m 23.2586s and
 * 2) Declination: +29° 05' 25.555".

Are these coordinates from the Julian year (J) epoch J2000.0 or the Besselian year (B) B1950.0?

To convert from Besselian coordinates to Julian, use the Universal coordinate converter in the 'External links' section at this lesson's page bottom.

Find these coordinates on the Andromeda map at the right. Is alpha Andromedae (Alpheratz) really inside the constellation?

X-ray sources
In the Wikipedia article on Alpheratz, use the 'find' command of your browser to see if this Wikipedia page mentions anything about "X-ray", or "X-rays". Does the article mention whether or not Alpha Andromedae is an X-ray source?

What is the current time stamp for the Wikipedia article on Alpheratz?

If you believe this proves that Alpha Andromedae is not an X-ray source in Andromeda edit the "Non-X-ray source in Andromeda" section near the bottom of the page with an entry similar to "# Alpheratz 14 December 2011 at 17:04 Wikipedia article "Alpha Andromedae"." and finish the entry with four "~"s without the quotes. The date included is a time stamp from the Wikipedia article. The last portion of the entry is the source of your information.

Is Wikipedia a 'primary source'?

Even though Wikipedia has an article on Alpheratz, is it a good place to stop in testing whether Alpha Andromedae has been detected as an astronomical X-ray source?

Provided under 'External links' at the bottom of this page is a number of helpful links. If your browser allows you to view a second window in parallel with this one, click of the external link to the "SIMBAD Astronomical Database".

At the lower right side of the SIMBAD Astronomical Database page is a "Basic search" box. There are several ways to try your target:
 * 1) source name: without the quotes use "Alpheratz", "alpha andromdae", or "Alpha Andromedae" or
 * 2) source coordinates: without the quotes "00 08 23.2586 +29 05 25.555".

The names take you directly to "V* alf And", but the coordinates yield a list, what's the difference between "V* alf And" in the table and "Alpha Andromedae" on Wikipedia?

If you are looking at the table which lists possible targets, click on the entry "V* alf And" to look at the entry.

On the page "V* alf And" read down the left side until you see "Other object types:". To the immediate right of this is a list of other object types that Alpheratz is. Look for an X. Is there one in this horizontal list?

In first astronomical X-ray source is a figure which shows the "X-rays" portion of "The Electromagnetic Spectrum". Do X-rays overlap with either "Gamma rays" or "UV"?

Look through the SIMBAD list again to see if either "gamma", "gam", "gB" for gamma-ray burst, or UV, EUV, or XUV occur. Do one or more occur?

There is a time stamp near the upper right on the SIMBAD page that looks like "2012.01.04CET18:42:34"

If the entry at SIMBAD convinces you that Alpheratz is an X-ray source, edit in an entry something like "# Alpheratz 2012.01.04CET18:42:34 SIMBAD article "V* alf And"." followed by four ~s in the section "X-ray source in Andromeda".

Challenging an entry
Is SIMBAD a 'primary source'?

SIMBAD is an astronomical database provided by the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. It is an authoritative source, but they do occasionally make a mistake.

Let's say the source you've evaluated does not have an 'X' in the 'Other object types:' list at SIMBAD but it does have 'EUVE'. Is it really considered to be an X-ray source?

The graph in first astronomical X-ray source indicates that much of the high energy end of the ultraviolet is also called X-rays.

Entering "EUVE" without quotes into Wikipedia Search takes you to the article "Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer" wherein is "The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) was a space telescope for ultraviolet (UV) astronomy, launched on June 7, 1992. With instruments for UV radiation between wavelengths of 7 and 76 nm, the EUVE was the first satellite mission especially for the short-wave ultraviolet range."

A browser search of this article with "X-ray" indicates that the article does not discuss X-rays. This suggests but does not confirm that "UV radiation between wavelengths of 7 and 76 nm" is not considered X-rays.

Together with UV in the 'Other object types:' list at SIMBAD may be the entry "UV(EUVE,TD1)". Entering TD1 into the Wikipedia search takes you to the disambiguation page with an entry "TD1 Catalog of Stellar Ultraviolet Fluxes, a star catalogue". This entry in turn has in its "References" section "TD1 - TD1 Stellar Ultraviolet Fluxes Catalog" at url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/td1/td1.html. From going to and reading this external link, are the wavelength ranges shorter or longer, higher or lower in energy than those of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer?

X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV (10 to 0.10 nm wavelength) are classified as "soft" X-rays, and from about 12 to 120 keV (0.10 to 0.01 nm wavelength) as "hard" X-rays, due to their penetrating abilities.

Is NASA a 'primary source'?

X-rays
Both SIMBAD and NASA seem to be in agreement that electromagnetic radiation around 10 nm is the somewhat arbitrary cutoff between extreme ultraviolet and super soft X-rays.

An initial question to answer is "What is the wavelength range of soft or super soft X-rays per a primary source?"

In the external links below is "Google Advanced Scholar Search". In your second window, click on this link.

The second box from the top has "with the exact phrase". Try "soft X-ray range". Read the top entries to see if anyone states a range.

When I did this, the second entry had "the soft x-ray spectral range (∼100 eV to ∼2 keV)". To convert ~100 eV to wavelength, try using proportions and the Wikipedia article electronvolt.

Is the proportion that's usable: wavelength = (532 nm * 2.33 eV)/100 eV?

This gives ~100 eV to be ~12 nm or 120 eV to be 10.3 nm. So the somewhat arbitrary cut off between extreme ultraviolet and super soft X-rays at 10 nm seems okay. Do you agree?

Astronomical sources
From your second window, try "Alpheratz" and "X-rays" on "Google Advanced Scholar Search" from the "External links" below.

Do any of the entries have "Alpheratz" juxtaposed near "X-rays"?

Sometimes primary sources do not use names for stars. Use the "External links" below and your second window to see if SIMBAD has other identifiers for Alpheratz (you may have to scroll down the page).

Try several of these, for example, "BD+28 4", "EUVE J0008+29.0", "Sirrah", or "TD1 31", with "X-ray" or "X-rays". Is there even one primary source that has detected X-rays from alpha Andromeda?

Changing an entry
From your analysis of Alpheratz so far, is it an X-ray source?

If you like and the answer to the above question is "no", you can delete the entry from the "X-ray source in Andromeda" section below or annotate the entry to indicate that you checked at least a couple primary sources and so far the star(s) are not X-ray sources. Or, you can leave the entries as is and try another star.

X-ray sources in Andromeda

 * 1) Alpheratz 2012.01.04CET18:42:34 SIMBAD article "V* alf And", EUVE, TD1. Marshallsumter 18:12, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * 2) Andromeda Galaxy 10 May 2012 at 15:37 Wikipedia article. Marshallsumter (talk) 00:05, 11 May 2012 (UTC). The Andromeda Galaxy is also known as M31, NGC 224, UGC 454, PGC 2557, 2C 56 (Core), LEDA 2557.
 * 3) Andromeda Galaxy NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day for January 21, 2000. Marshallsumter (talk) 00:05, 11 May 2012 (UTC).
 * 4) Using "Andromeda Galaxy" and "X-rays" on Google Advance search: "We have observed 69 unresolved X-ray sources and seven diffuse or confused source regions in M31 with the Einstein Observatory." "We used the Einstein Observatory (Giacconi et al. 1979) on 1979 January 11-14 to study three fields in M31 with the imaging proportional counter detector (IPC), and one field with the high-resolution imaging detector (HRI)." --Marshallsumter (talk) 17:48, 16 January 2013 (UTC).
 * 5) "It [M31] has been detected previously as an aggregate source in X-rays; for example, it is listed in the 4th Uhuru catalog by Forman et al. (1978) and in the Ariel catalog by Cooke et al. (1978), and was detected in soft X-rays by Margon et al. (1974)." --Marshallsumter (talk) 17:55, 16 January 2013 (UTC).
 * 6) The early Uhuru catalog contains three astronomical X-ray sources within the constellation Andromeda: 2U 0022+42, 2U 0033+24, and 2U 0043+32. Each of these was confirmed later: 2U 0022+42 at 3U 0021+42, 2U 0033+24 at 3U 0032+24, and 2U 0043+32 at 3U 0042+32. Any of these three may be the first X-ray source in Andromeda, Andromeda X-1. According to the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, 2U 0022+42, 2U 0033+24, and 2U 0043+32 do not correspond nor are they close to any detected X-ray source in Messier 31 (M31), the Andromeda Galaxy. So it is unlikely that M31 was Andromeda X-1. SIMBAD places 4U 0037+39 which is apparently the 4U equivalent of 2U 0022+42 in M31. The earliest apparent detection of X-rays from Andromeda occurred in 1971 at equatorial coordinates right ascension (RA) 00h 21m declination (Dec) +42° 00', 2U 0022+42, and is claimed from M31. However, the last position for 2U 0022+42 listed in the fourth Uhuru catalog at 4U 0037+39 is in M31. 4U 0037+39 is ~4.8° from 2U 0022+42. The error box for 2U 0022+42 has the corners: B1950.0 RA 00h 20m 48s Dec +43° 00' 00", RA 00h 20m 48s Dec +41° 00' 00", RA 01h 08m 00s Dec +43° 00' 00", and RA 01h 08m 00s Dec +41° 00' 00". The more precise position for catalog entry 2U 022+42 is RA 00h 22m 05s Dec +42° 00' 00". 4U 0037+39 is outside the error box for 2U 0022+42, although most of M31 is inside. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 16:06, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Non-X-ray sources in Andromeda

 * 1) Alpheratz 14 December 2011 at 17:04 Wikipedia article "Alpha Andromedae". Marshallsumter 18:06, 4 January 2012 (UTC).
 * 2) Mirach Beta Andromedae on WikiSky: X-Ray 5 February 2012 at 05:33. Marshallsumter 18:05, 17 February 2012 (UTC). Mirach 2012.02.17CET19:07:40 SIMBAD article "NAME MIRACH", UV (TD1). Marshallsumter 18:13, 17 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 3) Almach γ1 Andromedae 12 October 2012 at 07:51 Wikipedia article "Gamma Andromedae". Almach 2013.01.16CET18:18:19 SIMBAD article "NAME ALMACH", K3IIb. --Marshallsumter (talk) 17:27, 16 January 2013 (UTC).

Oldest records
The earliest apparent detection of X-rays from Andromeda occurred in 1971 at equatorial coordinates right ascension (RA) 00h 21m declination (Dec) +42° 00', 2U 0022+42, and is claimed from M31.

The more precise position for catalog entry 2U 022+42 is RA 00h 22m 05s Dec +42° 00' 00".

The error box for 2U 0022+42 has the corners: B1950.0 RA 00h 20m 48s Dec +43° 00' 00", RA 00h 20m 48s Dec +41° 00' 00", RA 01h 08m 00s Dec +43° 00' 00", and RA 01h 08m 00s Dec +41° 00' 00". Most of M31 is inside the error box.

Hypotheses

 * 1) The first X-ray source in Andromeda may have been the Andromeda Galaxy.


text:
Reproductive health/Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Cycle refers to changes that occur in human females and some other mammals periodically. The period of this cycle is about 28 days in human females. It involves a complex series of hormonal changes followed by bleeding and discharge per vagina. Day one of menstrual cycle ( abbreviated as MC ) is first day of bleeding. Menstrual cycle is also known as period, menstrual bleeding and menses.

title: Reproductive health/Menstrual Cycle


text: User talk:Nga Wang Yuden

title: User talk:Nga Wang Yuden


text:
User talk:Stlabel

Files Missing License Information
Thank you for uploading files to Wikiversity. See Media for copyright and license requirements for Wikiversity files. All files must have copyright and/or license information added to the file.

Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at License tags. Files must be updated within seven days or they may be removed without further notice. See Requests For Deletion for more information.

The following files are missing copyright and/or license information:
 * File:StephABel sleeping.jpg

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:53, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Still Missing License Information
The file File:StephABel sleeping.jpg is still missing copyright and/or license information. Instructions for adding copyright and/or license information are available at License tags.

Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 04:23, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stlabel


text:
User:Westlafadeaway

Here on Wikiversity to round out the renaissance man-in-me with interest in:

 * Music
 * Literature
 * Visual Arts
 * Math
 * Physics
 * Earth Science
 * World History
 * U.S. History

title: User:Westlafadeaway


text:
User talk:Egm6936.f10/Orthogonal polynomials

= Question 1 = How can we get the three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials ?

 * i will explain in detail in the PEA2 S12 course how to derive the 3-term recurrence relation, and its relation to orthogonality. it is a beautiful theory on orthogonal polynomials.  Egm6322.s12 16:06, 5 January 2012 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Westlafadeaway

Hi there, and welcome to Wikiversity! Feel free to let us know if we can help you with anything. See you around the wiki! --HappyCamper 17:52, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Westlafadeaway


text:
User talk:Harsh59uni

Hi and welcome to Wikiversity! Hope you like the place, and if you have questions feel free to leave a message on my talk page. See you around! --HappyCamper 18:12, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harsh59uni


text:
User:Joebear

Joebear Joebear|(talk)

title: User:Joebear


text:
Wikiversity:Metrics

There is a resource which enables users to get a day-by-day record of visits to a wikiversity page on a monthly basis. The facility was originally created for Wikipedia, but can be adapted for Wikiversity use.

 * 1) Go to Wikiversity:Colloquium metrics, January 2012
 * 2) Replace the month for which the metric is wanted in the format YYYYMM
 * 3) Replace "Wikiversity:Colloquium" (i.e. the text after the last slash with the name of the page you want the metric for:
 * e.g. http://stats.grok.se/en.v/201105/Wikiversity:Main_Page = Main Page May, 2011

Remember always use "_" for spaces

Tip
If you add a metrics link on the talk page of where you wish to monitor use, this will make it much easier to review usage when you next visit the page.

Also you can cut and past the link, altering the month to faciliate ongoing monitoring.
 * e.g. Talk:Liberté (game)/personalities

Cut and paste page
This is a method to create a metric page linked to the page of your choice
 * 1) Create a page by adding "/metrics" after the name of the page you would liek a metric pages for.
 * 2) Go to Metrics/metrics
 * 3) Cut and paste page into your new metric pages
 * 4) Remove unnecessary material - e.g. a new page will not need metrics for the period before it was started.

title: Wikiversity:Metrics


text:
User:Lookingforatlantawebdesign

Atlanta Website Design

title: User:Lookingforatlantawebdesign


text:
TESOL/Asking for help

Review
{Put these words in the correct order. ("It's" is used two times.) --+-- Word 1 ---+- Word 2 + Word 3 --+-- Word 4 + Word 5 -+--- Word 6
 * type=""}
 * that | heavy | it's | just | very

{Put these words in the correct order. ---+-- Word 1 --+--- Word 2 ---+-- Word 3 -+ Word 4 +- Word 5 --+--- Word 6 -+ Word 7 +- Word 8 +- Word 9 -+ Word 10
 * type=""}
 * a | too | may | If | ask | favor? | you're | not | busy, | I

{Put these words in the correct order. --+-- Word 1 + Word 2 ---+- Word 3 -+--- Word 4 + Word 5
 * type=""}
 * would | appreciate | I | really | that

title: TESOL/Asking for help


text:
Talk:Liberté (game)/personalities

Metrics

 * Metrics, October, 2011 28 27
 * Metrics, November, 2011 4 1
 * Metrics, December, 2011 89 35
 * Metrics, January, 2012 54 18
 * Metrics, February, 2012 14 3
 * Metrics, March, 2012 38 15

title: Talk:Liberté (game)/personalities


text: Template:Proposed deletion

title: Template:Proposed deletion


text: Category:Proposed deletions

title: Category:Proposed deletions


text:
Template:Prod

This template should only be used as  Link to any subpages this page might have

title: Template:Prod


text:
User:Quellus/Sandbox2

Back to sandbox

What are the Social Sciences? The Social Sciences consist of Geography, History, Civics, Economics, and Current Events. These sciences weave together to give the learner a broader understanding of the world. Social Sciences are an integral part of education - most students take at least one Social Science course every year of their schooling. Geography introduces students to the world through cartography and topography. Students apply geographical knowledge to understand the influences of geography on historical events. History teaches students how past events shaped our world and how they relate to us today. Civics is the study of government and its application to our daily lives, and Economics studies how goods and services are exchanged around our world.

What is the purpose of this document? Here I have documented what I believe to be an effective and dynamic way of teaching the Social Science. I have no professional credentials in the study of education nor am I any kind of psychologist, this is only a collection of my thoughts and advice. For more information on exactly what this document is and is not, visit the Acknowledgements page.

Table of Contents (1) Building Blocks of a Social Sciences Lesson → (2) Delivering Social Sciences → (3) Applying & Responding to Social Sciences → (4) Assessing Social Sciences → (5) The Incorporation of Current Events → (6) Sample Unit : Ancient Greece →

title: User:Quellus/Sandbox2


text: User talk:Casino Online Games

title: User talk:Casino Online Games


text:
User talk:Mphils

Hi there, and welcome to Wikiversity! Hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need help, feel free to leave a message on my talk page. See you! --HappyCamper 03:58, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mphils


text:
User:Jacktarclay

Exploring the mind and all its capacities...

title: User:Jacktarclay


title: File:Fourier.1.B.CTFS.20120106.pdf


text:
User talk:Collingwood

 Hello Collingwood, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Adambro 13:04, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Cataract sentence
Hi Collingwood!

You have inserted the sentence, "There are several cases of astronomers who claimed that following a cataract operation, they could see shorter wavelengths than other people, slightly into the ultraviolet." into Radiation astronomy. Could you please supply a literature/Wikipedia citation or reference for this?

Thank you in advance. --Marshallsumter (talk) 20:24, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Probationary custodianship
Welcome aboard, Collingwood. Please familiarise yourself with Policies and try out the tools. You may be interested to contribute to the How to be a Wikimedia sysop course and also How to be a Wikimedia sysop/Wikiversity. Please let me know if I can do anything to help. Sincerely, James -- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:00, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Where did I mess up?
I use this: User:Planotse/sandbox. Where did I mess up? Where did you see me doing sandbox stuff at the wrong place? --Planotse (talk) 16:46, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Mobile Template Documentation is not provided at Template:Mobile --Planotse (talk) 17:26, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

copyright on photos
Thanks for alerting me to the copyright issue on my photos in http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Ame-layers.jpg

Can I change the copyright settings? Or do I have to re-upload the file and redo the links that point to it?

I tried to go to the link on the photo http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Ame-evert-1.jpg and clicked the "Edit" tab near the very top of that page. "Edit" brings me to this link http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ame-evert-1.jpg&action=edit but I don't see where to change the copyright settings. Please let me know specifically where to change the copyright settings.

Thanks
Thanks for all the work you've been putting into copyright cleanup recently. It's really appreciated. --Claritas (talk) 21:47, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

How to explain the reasons that we can use materials from others
Thanks for reminding us with the copyright issues of photos and videos on our Wikiversity page. You mentioned if you borrow sources from others we should explain why we think we can apply them in this open platform. Where can we put down our explanation? And who is going to prove our explanation?

Thank you so much! --Zhaomeng (talk) 02:06, 6 October 2012 (UTC)Zhaomeng

Nomination for full custodianship
Apologies for the delay, but I have now nominated you for full custodianship. Candidates for Custodianship/Collingwood.-- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:30, 29 November 2012 (UTC) Sincerely, James

Babel - Users by language
Hi Collingwood,

You've deleted the category "Babel - Users by language". I noticed there are a lot of pages linking to that category instead of Category:Users by language. It looks like it's used in the new babel extension (see for example the new red link on my userpage), but I'm not sure where this can be fixed. Do you know?

Mathonius (talk) 20:34, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

User:Saleebx17
In the future, block these on sight even for first offenses. This is a long-term Chinese spambot and there's no use in warning or assuming good faith; User:Enveloppe1yi is another one of them.--Jasper Deng (talk) 02:09, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Some more, see my edits. --Makecat (talk) 08:10, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. I see that the ones you reported have already been deleted, but of course I shall remain vigilant.--Collingwood (talk) 18:58, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * SWMT can do much of this work for you if Wikiversity decides to opt into the scope of global sysops.--Jasper Deng (talk) 22:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

A request
Hello Collingwood. I'm going to ask you (it seems as if you are one of the few admins active) what you would think about opting into the scope of GSs (as Jasper Deng suggested above). I've seen before on RC Billinghurst blocking and deleting spambot stuff; well, he shouldn't do it theoretically, but there's a great deal of spam here so he was somehow forced to deal with it. IMHO en.wikiversity is one of the most bombarded wikis by spammers and according to a ToolServer's tool there are just 2/3 admins active right now (even if there are lots of custodians here). That's why I'd suggest doing an Opt-in for GS so that they could help here (only) deleting spam stuff (other things are managed by local sysops). That's just a suggestion of course. -- Frigotoni ... i'm here ; 14:29, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

Esperanto learning project
You are the last one who edit the Esperanto department pages/resource. I want to get it bigger with more learning resources etc. and I need/want to do it with you because I see that you are the last one to edit the Topic:Esperanto, and maybe more familiar with teaching than me. MEuliĉo (discuss • contribs) 08:31, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

The Poetlister problem
Collingwood was blocked and locked as a sock of Poetlister. Poetlister was a user in good standing here on Wikiversity, and was openly active here. The user has extensive wiki experience, including as a bureaucrat and administrator, but had used sock puppets on other wikis, and was blocked on a number of them.

He had also engaged in some pretense, using a photo of a woman represented as him. That was called "identity theft," which is a crime, but no crime was committed. It was deceptive without being criminal. The woman would have had a right to civil action, compounded by Poetlister's admissions that this account was his. (And his real name is known, and he was harassed by a Wikipedia administrator with threats of outing, injury to job reputation, in one of the most shocking documents I've read as an action of a WP admin. It's famous.)

He began work here, and was pursued and harassed, but he was protected here. He was globally locked, improperly, and I intervened on meta and the lock was lifted.

There was then a global ban discussion. That discussion showed, to me, how the open purposes of policy, as to the welfare of the wikis, can be defeated by other agendas, that can become quite personal. There was, at the time of the global ban discussion, no recent problematic editing. His last block had been on a wiki where he had disclosed his identity to bureaucrats. When he requested adminship, his identity was revealed (apparently as a result of private disclosure on the checkuser wiki), the bureaucrats were embarrassed, and instead of defending him (he had not been disruptive there), they joined the clamor to ban him.

I argued in the ban discussion that we were collectively much better off with Poetlister openly editing one of the wikis. In that way, stewards could monitor his IP and user agent information, and better and more easily identify socks. I also argued that the present and recent contributions of the user were not problematic. In any case, the global ban was implemented, but the Poetlister account here was not globally linked, so it was unaffected.

A 'crat here blocked Poetlister per the global ban. This was discussed, and the local discussion showed no consensus to block. In a prior case involving a globally locked user, considered banned as well, that 'crat had argued that block should take consensus, not unblock. So, after discussion showed no consensus, I unblocked.

The block was immediately reinstated without discussion, and I was emergency desysopped by request of the 'crat.

In any case, what ensued could have been predicted. I am not totally convinced that Collingwood was Poetlister, but in private communication, Poetlister did acknowledge that there was a connection, that she was a friend of his, and they may have shared some internet connection at one time. I do not know if I can trust his statement.

Poetlister is quite persistent. If he is not provided with a legitimate channel for contribution, he will find other ways to act. He's human, and that is, in fact, what normal humans commonly do ("avoid domination"). Collingwood was not disruptive here.

If he was Poetlister, that's a problem, in his 'crat candidacy, because prior accounts should be disclosed for privileged accounts. In all the prior cases where Poetlister was a 'crat, there was no abuse of the privilege. He did sock with an administrator account, and, on reviewing those actions, on the attached discussion page at meta to the global ban discussion, the additional account made no difference in any actual discussion or action, nor was such alleged. In some ways, Poetlister was an enigma, insisting on shooting himself in the foot.

Had we allowed Poetlister to continue, simply following our normal policy, there would have been no Collingwood candidacy, and we need skilled users more than we need 'crats. —Abd (discuss • contribs) 16:41, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

How Collingwood was found to be related to Poetlister
Jtneill requested information on the identification of Collingwood with Poetlister, see response on meta. This is that response:
 * The Wikimedia Foundation has been monitoring the Collingwood account for some time, since suspicions were first raised. Using a combination of technical and non-technical data, we are confident (four independent staff members, analyzing independently and sharing their results at the end feel exactly the same way) that Collingwood can not possibly be independent of Poetlister. The Foundation will adamently oppose any local unblock. Poetlister represents a clear danger to our editing community, and we will not allow that. Full technical data will not be shared publicly, for a variety of confidentiality based reasons. Philippe (WMF) (talk) 21:25, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

The conclusion is "not independent of Poetlister." The meaning of that is unclear. Poetlister has acknowledged, privately, knowing Collingwood. They may well be co-located physically, i.e., Collingwood is apparently a friend of Poetlister, by his account. That could easily be "not independent." This does not show sock puppetry. It does not necessarily show "meat puppetry," which in Wikipedia parlance, is often considered tantamount to sock puppetry. Poetlister, as an experienced administrator and bureaucrat, may well have advised Collingwood.

Speaking on behalf of Wikiversity, we are obligated to respect the right of the WikiMedia Foundation to take such steps as it deems necessary to protect its interests.

We are, however, not obligated to agree with their assessment of a "clear danger," nor to agree with the decision to include Collingwood in the global ban. I want to distinguish between "agree" and "accept." We accept the decision of the Foundation.

However, a careful review of the global ban discussion shows, to me, that, while there was definitely a widespread impression of danger, there was no showing of any recent manifestation of danger, and there was the opposite.

If Poetlister were actually dangerous, the danger was doubtlessly increased by the ban, because, then, there being no channel for open positive contributions, Poetlister could, indeed, start socking without loss.

(Having an active account here meant that Poetlister IP was readily determinable by any steward. No active account, whatever information is kept becomes stale.)

We do not know how Collingwood was found to be "related" to Poetlister, but there are technical means, well known, to avoid checkuser detection. Poetlister was a checkuser at one time. He would certainly know how to do it.

I have removed the sock puppet templates on the User page, they are inaccurate. Collingwood is not blocked. Contributions do not show identity as Poetlister, those comments are standard Wikipedia trope. We do not know what kind of information was used by the WMF to determine the "relationship" between Collingwood and Poetlister, so we should not state it. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 03:16, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Collingwood


text:
File talk:Bolting.jpg

On Flickr at http://www.flickr.com/photos/frensjan/3897835936/ marked all rights reserved. Adambro 20:54, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

title: File talk:Bolting.jpg


text:
Template:Proposed deletion/doc

Template:Proposed deletion is used to propose deletion where deletion is believed to be uncontroversial but a wait period is desirable.

Usage
Type the following at the top of the resource proposed for deletion to fill the date out automatically:

You can add a custom date by typing:

title: Template:Proposed deletion/doc


text: Category:Wikiversity substituted templates


text:
Template talk:Proposed deletion

Note to self/anyone else: Need to figure out whether we need Template:Proposed deletion/dated. If so need to make consistent, otherwise might be able to just redirect here. Used on Wikipedia and looks like it's been copied from there. Adambro 21:33, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not in use, needs some editing if it is to be used (still got Wikipedia categories). Not really in our "house-style", if you know what I mean. I'd suggest redirecting it to here. --Claritas 23:11, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Defective instructions for removal in template
They make no sense as to what is actually in the page wikitext when the template is substituted. It says:
 * You can remove from this resource's text to contest this proposal, with or without discussion.

What appears in the wikitext is a complete template that begins with " {{Ombox ... "

This is a highly useful template, creating a "slow wastebasket," that allows a user who finds a marginal resource, but where speedy deletion is not appropriate for whatever reason, to tag it, and eventually it will be deleted if nobody objects within three months.

That increases efficiency without causing harm. Any user may review Category:Proposed deletions and may object by removing the template. But ... what is to be removed should be made very clear. Perhaps we can add text comment that surrounds what is to be removed.

As well, the template does not display a deletion reason. That is also a defect that should be remedied. Agreed? --Abd (discuss • contribs) 17:33, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

 * A proposed fix is at . [Template:Editprotected removed] --Abd (discuss • contribs) 16:06, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

 * {{done}} by --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:00, 11 September 2015 (UTC), let me know if this is insufficient.
 * Ugh! I missed that the page was only semi-protected and I could have edited it myself! It took 13 days for a custodian to notice this request template, and action could have been as simple as yanking the editprotect template, having noticed what I now see, and asking me to edit it myself! However, no harm done. When I see unanswered templates that persist, I will normally take this to WV:RCA. Mostly, we have been keeping the queue clear.
 * Thanks, Marshall. Something was left out, but I'll fix it. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 19:00, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

 * However, there is more to be done.

 * If possible, an expired prod should add the page to a category. For careful process, this should not be the speedy deletion category, but an expired prod category, I recommend that any user may then tag the page for speedy deletion (or remove the prod). The problem with the existing process is that few may notice a prod. Some pages have expired prods for a long time, and we need to clean up the category, it having many, many pages in it is one reason for the process being gunked up. While any custodian might simply delete an expired prod, reviewing the history, this is only in order, my opinion, where the deletion is so obvious that the page might have been speedied in the first place. The point of our developing cleanup process is to make each step extremely simple and clear.

 * It may not be possible to add the category. However, a bot could do it. "Expired prod" should not be exactly a speedy deletion reason. It means the page is ready for further action. We now know many things that can be done with pages that formerly we would speedy delete. These can typically be done by any user, but how will a user find these pages? The present process doesn't make it simple and easy enough, that's my impression. I look at Category:Proposed deletions, right now, and there are 62 pages. There is little that I see that would prioritize my attention. If there were a sorted list by expiration date, it would do that. I would certainly look at expired prods and take action, doing one of these would not take long, usually. One of the actions I might take would be to tag for speedy deletion.

 * A simpler alternative. Prods may be categorized by date of prod, when placed, instead of being in a single category. This could simply be month of prod. Before a year has elapsed, we should clean out the category; any prods left should either be handled or placed in an "old prod" category. This would make identifying old prods easy. I or someone else can look at template code that will do that. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 16:06, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I like this idea! I keep a list by my computer so that when I'm on Wikiversity I check the list for Category:Proposed_deletions. Right now it runs though 10/1/2015. Then, I will create a new one, but having that done here would be so much easier to delete as needed. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:19, 5 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Wikis in general have not valued user labor. Consider, for example, w:WP:RCP. I did RCP on en.wiki. There are many, many users doing it at the same time. Or not. It's unreliable. However, most of the time, I would pull up 50 edits, look for anything suspicious, and by the time I actually opened an edit window and saved the page, it was already edited, vandalism was already removed. In order to make an RC edit, I had to be very quick. And even then, usually someone with an assisted editor was faster, and even when I was using an assisted editor, most of the time my time was wasted. And yet many kinds of vandalism would get through this because it caught only the most obvious vandalism and anyone who put in serious effort (like checking sources) could only handle a few edits. Missing: any system for dividing labor so that all edits are reviewed. Flagged revisions made that possible, in a way, though I don't recall any division of labor. It would be done, say, by users taking responsibility for a specific time slot, which could be narrow, and validating every edit in that period. However, I don't think the software allows Recent changes display to be sorted by time (I have often been frustrated in research by limitations of Recent Changes.) Tgere would still be ways to do it, involving bots and mailing lists. Even better, relative experts and fact checkers reviewing in an organized way. Watchlists do that. Notice that page information displays the number of users watchlisting pages, but fear of vandalism has kept that from displaying the number if it is less than 30, and because editors become inactive, "30" can mean "none."
 * As we set up workable systems, we can also solicit community participation. I know that maintaining this site leads, for me, to constant learning opportunities. At my age, this may be part of what keeps me alive. So let's share the wealth! --Abd (discuss • contribs) 01:16, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

Prod category
I first proposed the concept of a slow wastebasket back in 2011, beginning with Category:Slow deletion. I notice that this category suggested that it might become classified by month.... back then.....

This template present template was created in 2012, while I was blocked, so I did not participate in the discussions.

A slow wastebasket is a management technique I learned when I was managing a nonprofit. Basically, there can be a lot of paper to deal with. Commonly, there is a philosophy of Handle It Once, which means that one files what might be needed, and tosses what isn't needed in the trash. However, this requires a crystal ball, eh? And making that decision can increase the time it takes to handle a mess. So, there is an intermediate choice. 1. Know it will be needed or high probability? File it. 2. Know it is not needed? Trash it. 3. Have any difficulty deciding" Put it in a Hold for Discard box.

When the Hold for discard box is full, close it and date it. Start another Hold for Discard box. How many HFD boxes you keep is a management choice, but you will know the approximate date of every item in a box without looking at them. Some may toss the first HFD box when the second is full, so there are never more than two of these boxes. In a rare case, one may need to find something in the box. It will be in rough date order, if one has been regularly cleaning up. One will usually know approximately when the document might have been tossed in the box, and one would only rarely, then, need to look through more than one box. It works.

Now, what Proposed deletion did was somewhat equivalent to setting up one big HFD box. The individual items are dated, but there is no way to look at Category:Proposed deletions and see what is fresh and what is old or expired. So pages sit around for much longer than the three months. I look at the Category, intending to help clean up, and don't know where to start. The obvious place to start would be with prods about to expire or expired. I could tag them for speedy deletion and they will be gone in a flash. Or I can remove the prod, possibly handling the page in some other way, such as moving it to be a subpage of another page (where stubs can be much more useful), or moving it to user space as being something that might be valuable to the user. (And I handle IP-created pages differently. I may move them to a WV:Playspace; thus mainspace is cleaned up and the IP's content is given some level of respect.

What the process needs is "boxes sorted by date." Hence, when tagged, the template should not place the pages in a single category, but in dated category. It would work quite well if the category were just the month. I expect that if this is done, we would never accumulate prods for more than a year. (But there could be another category for expired prods, more than a year old. Easy to maintain, and a bot could do it.)

So I can choose to work on old prods first, particularly expired ones. The resource Neoism was created in October, 2013, and prodded in March 2014, It is obvious why. However, at that point, the page was linked from another page,. When I became aware of this page, last month, I looked at the work of the page creator, and it was obviously part of a learning or educational project. So one of my first actions was to remove the proposed deletion template, which had been "updated" to renew it. It did not need to be renewed. The page was a stub, and would make complete sense as an incorporated part of a learning project.

So how did that stub survive with an expired prod so long? I have a pretty good idea. Category:Proposed deletions is currently 67 pages. While that is not "huge," it is not at all obvious how to prioritize handling it. I expect, as well, that Wikiversity will grow, I expect a wikiversity that will have a thousand times as many pages as it now has. Structure we build now should be scalable.

This is scalable. If the scale grows, the categories could become finer (shorter periods), but a month could probably handle even heavy traffic. The prod expiration date can be changed. Basically, I don't see a problem with allowing even a year, or more but some pages have so little content that deletion is essentially harmless.

Thoughts? After a time for comment here, I will take this to WV talk:Deletions for review.

The specific proposal is that the wikicode for the template would add to a Category:Proposed deletions (month) rather than one single overall category, where month is the current month. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 00:46, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

Prod procedure
Deletion is a custodian function, but review of prods should be a general community function. We have speedy deletion criteria that allow custodians to delete ad hoc. Right now, "expired prod" is not clearly a reason for speedy deletion, and these pages are not readily displayed as needing immediate action. It has its own section in Deletions. I'd leave that section in, but modify it. Handling Proposed deletions should become a general user responsibility, with actual deletion, then, being requested by a user looking at expired prods. We have an excellent speedy deletion system. I propose a speedy deletion, it takes less than a minute, though I may take more if I'm being careful (I check for incoming links, etc.) and it is typically done within hours, depending on how active custodians are at the time. WV:RCA has a display of pending rapid-response requests. This really works! So ... "expired prod" would not be a custodial task. It would be a community task, that anyone can deal with, by placing a speedy deletion tag on an expired prod (or removing the prod).

It is very important, my view, that the work be spread out. This would reduce necessary custodial labor. And the less that custodians need to make content decisions, as custodians, the better. The proof will be in the pudding: if we do this, and the backlog of proposed deletions is handled, so that there is never anything hanging around with such a tag for much longer than three months, we will have succeeded in involving the community. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 01:00, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I had not noticed that the template places the page in a new category after 90 days. This only takes a little more refinement to accomplish the goal of prioritizing attention.
 * If undeletion is easy and simple, and we are working on that, there is little harm if a marginal page is deleted. I would think of four categories, basically fresh, 30 days pending, 60 days pending and 90 days pending (expired).
 * So if I have some time, I might look at the 90 days pending first, then 60, etc. This allows extended community participation, and I've been thinking of ways we can encourage that. As the system is, that single prod category is forbidding. Right now, I'm going to look at Category:Pending deletions!!! --Abd (discuss • contribs) 19:21, 11 September 2015 (UTC)
 * There was one page in the category, and my opinion was that it should be deleted, so I replaced the prod with a normal deletion template, reason "expired prod." I intend, now, to create new categories, starting with a 60-day age of prod, to provide notice of pending expiration. I will then, looking at the proposed deletions category, review them and, if I see it not hazardous, add the Pending deletions category to the RCA action needed box. Then I may add a 30 day category. One step at a time. Objections? any edit may be reverted, ad hoc, if it will do no harm to revert, and/or ask me to stop and discuss! --Abd (discuss • contribs) 19:33, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Template now shows 60-day prods
... in Category:60-day proposed deletions. It is also now easy to add a 30-day category if we want to. Bonus: there are prods out there which were created with a fixed date instead of through substitution: those correctly display in the 60-day category. Other prods will not show, to fix them a new substitution with the original date will do, or the additional template code could be added. New substitution is probably simplest. I don't expect a problem with this, so I may go ahead and start substituting. All it's doing is adding a new category that has an obvious use. Expired prods still go into Category:Pending deletions. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 22:27, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Suggestion/Question
Why don't we have the specific discussion pages to discuss Prod as we have on Wikipedia? The Prod tag doesn't seem to be of any use if it can simply be removed to decline the deletion. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 18:36, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Separate discussion pages aren't necessary. You are welcome to use the talk page for the resource(s) in question if you would like to discuss their proposed deletion.
 * The reality is that Wikiversity rarely has or requires deletion discussions because deletions here are rarely controversial. A large majority of proposed deletions end in deletion, because no one finds any value in the content and the original author isn't active to oppose the proposal.
 * Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 20:34, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay👍 Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 12:02, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

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User:Rf~enwikiversity/Calculus 2 notes

Integration

 * Review fundamental theorem of calculus
 * Integration by substitution
 * Integration by parts
 * Trigonometric integrals
 * Trigonometric substitutions
 * Integration by rational functions (partial fraction decomposition)
 * Volumes of rotation: integrating disks
 * Volumes of rotation: cyclindrical shells
 * Approximate integration
 * Improper integrals

Differential Equations

 * Modelling with differential equations
 * Direction fields
 * Euler's method
 * Separable equations
 * Exponential growth and decay

???

 * Linear equations
 * Parametric curves
 * Calculus with parametric curves
 * Polar coordinates
 * Area and length in polar coordinates

Infinite Series

 * Sequences. Proof of Monotonic sequence theorem
 * Series. Proof of geometric series
 * Integral test
 * Comparison test
 * Alternating series
 * Absolute convergence. Ratio and root tests. Proof of ratio test
 * Power series
 * Representation of functions as power series
 * Taylor and Maclaurin series
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User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/First X-ray source in Antlia

The first X-ray source in Antlia is unknown.

This is a lesson in map reading, coordinate matching, and researching. It is also a research project in the history of X-ray astronomy looking for the first astronomical X-ray source discovered in the constellation of Antlia.

Nearly all the background you need to participate and learn by doing you've probably already been introduced to at a secondary educational level.

Some of the material and information you'll be introduced to is at the college or university level, and as you progress in finding X-ray sources, you'll run into concepts and experimental tests that are actual research.

To succeed in finding an X-ray source in Antlia is the first step. Next, you'll need to determine the time stamp of its discovery and compare it with any that have already been found. Over the history of X-ray astronomy a number of sources have been found, many as point sources in the night sky. These points are located on the celestial sphere using coordinate systems. Familiarity with these is not a prerequisite. Here the challenge is geometrical, astrophysical, and historical.

Backgrounds
To introduce yourself to some aspects of the challenge may I suggest reading the highlighted links mentioned above, and if you're curious, those listed under the section See also below.

X-rays are a form of radiation that is currently part of the electromagnetic radiation intersecting the Earth. More information about radiation is in radiation astronomy.

First astronomical source
In the context of radiation astronomy, the first astronomical source may not have been from the sky.

Hominins are intelligent life forms on Earth. It may be true that hominins seldom pay attention to those things that seldom affect them in a harmful way, or that are not edible, do not provide or are not useful for shelter, or have little positive effect on health and well-being.

On the other hand, hominin curiosity may make everything something to pay attention to.

First astronomical X-ray source
Astronomical X-ray sources surround the Earth from above. These natural X-ray sources irradiate the Earth, but the atmosphere absorbs the X-rays before they reach the surface.

A first astronomical X-ray source is usually considered to be the Sun.

Def. a natural source usually of radiation in the sky especially at night is called an astronomical source.

X-ray astronomy uses a variety of X-ray detectors often fashioned into X-ray telescopes to detect and observe natural sources that emit, reflect, or fluoresce X-rays.

Def. a natural source usually of X-rays (X-radiation) in the sky especially at night is called an astronomical X-ray source.

X-ray emission occurs from many celestial objects. These emissions can have a pattern, occur intermittently, or as a transient astronomical event. Often, the first X-ray source discovered in many constellations is an X-ray transient. These objects show changing levels of X-ray emission. There are a growing number of recurrent X-ray transients.

"[T]he sky is known to be full of transient objects emitting at X- and gamma-ray wavelengths".

Searching for the first source
Searching for the first X-ray source per constellation, or such a search, is an historical activity that begins in the 1960s as original research that first requires determining the exact boundaries of each constellation.

There are 88 modern constellations that the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has used to divide the celestial sphere into 89 irregularly shaped boxes. The constellation Serpens is split into two separate sections, Serpens Caput (the snake's head) to the west and Serpens Cauda (the snake's tail) to the east.

Many X-ray sources do not belong to a constellation. Some of these are the Sun and sources apparently in orbit around the Sun. The Sun travels through the 13 constellations along the ecliptic, the 12 of the Zodiac and the constellation Ophiuchus.

Constellations
The Wikipedia article about the constellation Antlia contains a high school level description. The figure at right shows the sky map of Antlia. Around the edges of the map are coordinates related to longitude and latitude, but with the Earth rotating on its axis every 24 hours the celestial coordinates must remain fixed. How has this been accomplished?

The Sun is an X-ray source that travels through the 13 constellations along the ecliptic. Is Antlia a constellation that the Sun travels through?

Also, in the Wikipedia article is a list of stars in Antlia. What's the difference between a star and an astronomical X-ray source?

Occasionally an X-ray source is found with coordinates close to the boundaries of Antlia. Using the coordinates from the Wikipedia article on Epsilon Antliae for this star, a search on NED under 'External links' indicates an X-ray source near the star: "1RXS J092856.0-354610". Test this yourself by clicking on the NASA NED link below. Click on the 'Near position' search. Enter the coordinates for Epsilon Antliae into the longitude block as "09 29 14.7", without the quotes. And, the latitude block as "-35 57 05", without the quotes. Try a radius of 20.0 arcmin, and click on 'search'.

Try locating approximately each of the coordinates from the table above for inflection points (changes of arc) that are the current boundary for Antlia on the map.

Is the NED X-ray source within Antlia?

Searching for a source in SIMBAD
In the Wikipedia article on the constellation Antlia are a number of key words or abbreviations that can be used to search the SIMBAD database. For example, "NGC 2997, a spiral galaxy, and the Antlia Dwarf Galaxy lie within Antlia's borders. Clicking on the image for NGC 2997 brings up "File:NGC 2997 ESO.jpg.

Another way to find possible X-ray sources in Antlia is to use other search queries on SIMBAD.

Click on the SIMBAD link under "External links" below, then click on "Criteria query".

In the tan box, type in " cat='NGC' & otype='X' " without the quotes and the spaces after and before these quote marks. This tells the SIMBAD computer you are interested in searching the catalog NGC for X-ray source type objects.

Over at the right from the tan colored box: "Return", the default is "object count". Click on "submit query". In a few moments a result something like "Number of objects: 1387" should appear. Click "Back" to see the tan box again and change "object count" to "display".

SIMBAD will list all these objects with appropriate coordinates that you may compare with the coordinates for Antlia to determine which of these X-ray source objects are in Antlia. I found NGC 3258, NGC 3271, and NGC 3281. Which ones did you find? Other object types that can be searched are 'Sy1' and 'Sy2' combined with otype='X' yield a few more X-ray sources.

Searching for a source on Wikipedia
An easy way to find possible X-ray sources in Antlia is to search Wikipedia using "Antlia" without the quotes and "X-ray" with the quotes. The Antlia Cluster and Delta Antliae are returned, for example.

Testing a source
There are many web sites that may have an X-ray source listed for the constellation Antlia.

Wikipedia sources
Under "Notable features" in the Wikipedia article on the constellation Antlia is the brightest star: Alpha Antliae. In the star box of the Wikipedia article alpha Antliae, below the image of the star are coordinates:
 * 1) Right ascension: 10h 27m 09.1011s and
 * 2) Declination: -31° 04' 04.004".

Find these coordinates on the Antlia map at the right. Is alpha Antliae really inside the boundaries of the constellation?

To evaluate the star as an X-ray source, skip ahead to section "X-ray source".

Another way to find sources is to search Wikipedia using "Antlia" and "X-ray".

SIMBAD sources
Another way to find possible X-ray sources in Antlia is to use other search queries on SIMBAD.

Click on the SIMBAD link under "External links" below, then click on "Criteria query".

In the tan box, type in "region(10 27 09.1011 -31 04 04.004, 10m)", without the quotes. This tells the SIMBAD computer you are interested in a circular region of the celestial sphere centered on the coordinates for alpha Antliae, with a radius of 10 arcminutes (m).

Notice on the page over at the right from the tan colored box: "Return". The default is "object count". Click on "submit query". In a few moments a result something like "Number of objects:	   	 7" should appear. Click "Back" to see the tan box again.

Add "otype='X'" to the entry so that it reads: "region(10 27 09.1011 -31 04 04.004, 10m) & otype='X'", without the outside quotes. Click on "submit query" again. If the result is "0" number of objects, increase the number of arcminutes, or use "1d" which stands for "one degree".

When you find at least one object, change "Return" to "display" by clicking on the circle to its left, then "submit query".

X-ray sources
There are several ways to evaluate an X-ray source for the constellation Antlia.

A Wikipedia source
In the Wikipedia article on Alpha Antliae, use the 'find' command of your browser to see if this Wikipedia page mentions anything about "X-ray", or "X-rays". Does the article mention whether or not Alpha Antliae is an X-ray source?

What is the current time stamp for the Wikipedia article on Alpha Antliae?

From reading the Wikipedia article on Alpha Antliae, if you believe the text demonstrates that Alpha Antliae is not an X-ray source in Antlia edit the "Non-X-ray source in Antlia" section near the bottom of the page with an entry similar to "# Alpha Antliae 4 October 2011 at 22:45 Wikipedia article "Alpha Antliae".", without the outer quotes, and finish the entry with four "~"s without the quotes. The date included with your designation or username is a time stamp for the entry. In the entry itself "4 October 2011 at 22:45" is a time stamp from the Wikipedia article on Alpha Antliae shown at the bottom of the page. The last portion of the entry is the source of your information.

Is Wikipedia a 'primary source'?

Even though Wikipedia has an article on Alpha Antliae, is it a good place to stop in testing whether Alpha Antliae has been detected as an astronomical X-ray source?

A SIMBAD source
Provided under 'External links' at the bottom of this page are a number of helpful links. If your browser allows you to view a second window in parallel with this one, click on the external link to the "SIMBAD Astronomical Database".

At the lower right side of the SIMBAD Astronomical Database page is a "Basic search" box. There are several ways to try your target:
 * 1) source name: without the quotes use "alpha Antliae", "alpha antliae", or "Alpha Antliae" or
 * 2) source coordinates: without the quotes "10 27 09.1011 -31 04 04.004".

The names take you directly to "* alf Ant", but the coordinates yield a list, what's the difference between "* alf Ant" in the table and "Alpha Antliae" on Wikipedia?

If you are looking at the table which lists possible targets, click on the entry "* alf Ant" to look at the entry.

On the page "* alf Ant" read down the left side until you see "Other object types:". To the right of this is a list of other object types that Alpha Antliae is. Look for an X. Is there one in this horizontal list?

SIMBAD time stamp
Peruse the SIMBAD page for a time stamp or date of last revision.

If the entry at SIMBAD convinces you that Alpha Antliae is not an X-ray source, edit the "Non-X-ray source in Antlia" section near the bottom of this page and type in an entry similar to "# Alpha Antliae 2012.01.07CET19:20:27 SIMBAD article "* alf Ant".", without the first set of quotes, followed by four ~s.

Challenging an entry
Is SIMBAD a 'primary source'?

SIMBAD is an astronomical database provided by the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. It is an authoritative source, but they do occasionally make a mistake.

If you find an X-ray source within the constellation on SIMBAD, the next step is to find the earliest time stamp of discovery.

Changing an entry
From your analysis of Alpha Antliae so far, is it an X-ray source?

If you believe the answer to the above question is "no", you can annotate the entry to indicate that you checked at least a couple primary sources and so far the star is not an observed X-ray source. Or, you can leave the entries as is and try another star.

If you believe alpha Antliae is an X-ray source you can edit the "X-ray source in Antlia" and make an entry. Specifically, the article Bing located is [1] and you can annotate your entry with it if you want to.

X-ray sources in Antlia

 * 1) 1RXS J092856.0-354610 Position Reference:1999A&A...349..389V "the all-sky survey [was] performed during the first half year (1990/91) of the ROSAT mission." Marshallsumter (talk) 19:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 2) delta Antliae (HD 90972, HR 4118), log Lx = 29.86. Detected in the same ROSAT all-sky survey during the first half year (1990/91). Marshallsumter (talk) 17:38, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 3) Antlia Cluster: Using the now obsolete scientific satellite ASCA, X-ray observations show the cluster is almost isothermal, with a mean temperature of kT ~ 2.0 keV. "We observed the Antlia cluster with ASCA on 1997 June 8-9." Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 03:30, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * 4) "The X-ray properties of the Antlia cluster are peculiar. Pedersen et al. (1997) used ASCA observations centered on NGC 3258, where they clearly found extended X-ray emission. They also noted that the 1.7 keV hot gas extends towards NGC 3268 and they excluded this part from their investigation. The emission peak is offset by 1.1' from NGC 3258 and does not coincide with any other galaxy." and "We obtained a 22,400 s exposure of the NGC 3258 group of galaxies with ASCA in 1994 May." Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * 5) The Einstein X-ray Observatory satellite "operated for 2 1/2 years beginning in 1978 November [13] ... During its operation, the [Imaging Proportional Counter] IPC obtained nearly 4100 images" which included 1E 1026.7-3521, NGC 3258. Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 01:36, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * 6) At top right is a ROSAT X-ray image of a SNR in Antlia from the ROSAT all-sky survey published in 1997. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 20 May 2014 (UTC)
 * 7) During the operation of the Uhuru X-ray observatory satellite it located and observed a source cataloged at B1950.0 2U 1005-32. This is in the constellation Antlia. The Uhuru was launched on December 12, 1970. And, the catalog containing 2U 1005-32 was received for consideration and publication on 4 May 1972. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 02:38, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Non-X-ray sources in Antlia

 * 1) alpha Antliae 2012.01.07CET19:20:27 SIMBAD article "* alf Ant". Marshallsumter (talk) 17:42, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 2) epsilon Antliae 15 December 2010 at 20:53 Wikipedia article. Marshallsumter (talk) 18:25, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 3) delta Antliae 2012.05.30CEST18:12:44 SIMBAD article "* del Ant -- Star in double system". Marshallsumter (talk) 17:47, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Hypotheses

 * 1) X-ray source 2U 1005-32 may have been the first X-ray source detected in the constellation Antlia.


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