text:
User:Egm6321.f11.team1/report1

= R1.1 Second Total Time Derivative =

Given
$$\displaystyle \dot Y :=\frac{dY^1(t)}{dt}$$

$$\displaystyle f_{,S}(Y^1,t):=\frac{\partial{f(Y^1,t)}}{\partial{S}}$$

$$\displaystyle f_{,S t}(Y^1,t):=\frac{\partial^2{f(Y^1,t)}}{\partial{S}\partial{t}}$$

Find
Show that the following equality is true.

$$\displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=f_{,S}(Y^1,t)\ddot Y^1+f_{,SS}(Y^1,t)(\dot Y^1)^2+2f_{,S t}(Y^1,t)+f_{tt}(Y^1,t)$$

Basic Equations
First Total Derivative:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

$$ $$
 * $$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}f(Y^1(t),t)=\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{S}}\dot{Y}^1+\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{t}}
 * $$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}f(Y^1(t),t)=\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{S}}\dot{Y}^1+\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{t}}
 * $$\displaystyle (Equation\;1.1.1)
 * }
 * }

Chain Rule:

If $$y=f(u),u=g(x)$$, and the derivatives $$\frac{dy}{du}$$ and $$\frac{du}{dx}$$ both exist, then the composite function defined by $$y=f(g(x))$$ has a derivative given by

$$ \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{du}\frac{du}{dx}=f'(u)g'(x)=f'(g(x))g'(x) $$

Solution
The following steps make use of algebra of derivatives and the chain rule.

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=\frac{d}{dt}\left [ \frac{df}{dt} \right ] $$

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=\frac{d}{dt}\left [ \frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{S}}\dot{Y}^1+\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{t}} \right ] $$

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=\frac{d}{dt}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial S}f(Y^1(t),t)\dot Y^1 \right ]+\frac{d}{dt}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f(Y^1(t),t) \right ] $$

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=\left [\frac{\partial^2}{\partial S\partial t}f(Y^1(t),t)\dot Y^1+\frac{\partial}{\partial S}\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial t}\dot Y^1+\frac{\partial}{\partial S}f(Y^1(t),t)\ddot Y^1 \right]+\left [\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}f(Y^1(t),t)+\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial t}\right] $$

NOTE: $$ \displaystyle \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial}{\partial S}\frac{\partial S}{\partial t}\left [\frac{\partial f}{\partial S}\frac{\partial S}{\partial t}\right]=\frac{\partial}{\partial S}\dot Y^1\left[\frac{\partial f}{\partial S}\dot Y^1\right]=\frac{\partial^2 f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial^2 S}(\dot Y^1)^2 $$

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=2\frac{\partial^2 f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial S\partial t}\dot Y^1+\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial S}\ddot Y^1+\frac{\partial^2 f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial S^2}(\dot Y^1)^2 +\frac{\partial^2 f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial t^2} $$

$$ \displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=f_{,S}(Y^1,t)\ddot Y^1+f_{SS}(Y^1,t)(\dot Y^1)^2+2f_{S t}(Y^1,t)\dot Y^1+f_{tt}(Y^1,t) $$

 Solution by Egm6321.f11.team1.colsonfe 21:15, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

This solution was created by Fenner Colson, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.2 Coriolis Force Derivation =

Find
Derive the following two equations:

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}f(Y^1(t),t)=\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{S}}\dot{Y}^1+\frac{\partial{f(Y^1(t),t)}}{\partial{t}}$$

$$\displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dt^2}=f_{,S}(Y^1,t)\ddot Y^1+f_{,SS}(Y^1,t)(\dot Y^1)^2+2f_{,S t}(Y^1,t)+f_{tt}(Y^1,t)$$

Show similarity between the above derivations and derivation of Coriolis Force.

Basic Equations
Note the following notation of using $$S_0$$ for inertial (non-moving) and $$S$$ for rotating frames.

Note that I define the position vector $$\mathbf r =x \hat{\mathbf x}+y \hat{\mathbf y}+z \hat{\mathbf z}$$.

Newton's Second Law:

$$m\left(\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}\right)_{S_0}=\mathbf{F}$$

Time Derivative in a Rotating Frame:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

\left(\frac{d\mathbf{Q}}{dt}\right)_{S_0}=\left(\frac{d\mathbf{Q}}{dt}\right)_S+\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf Q $$ $$ Note this identity relates the derivative of any one vector $$\mathbf Q$$ as measured in the inertial frame $$S_0$$ to the corresponding derivative in the rotating frame $$S$$.
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle (Equation\;1.2.1)
 * }
 * }

Note that $$\mathbf\Omega$$ is the angular velocity of the rotating frame.

Solution
Derive Equation 1.1.1:

Via application of chain rule we can begin with

$$\frac{df}{dt}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial S}\frac{\partial S}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}\frac{\partial t}{\partial t} $$

$$ \frac{df}{dt}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial S}\dot Y^1+\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cdot 1 $$

$$ \frac{df(Y^1(t),t)}{dt}=\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial S}\dot Y^1+\frac{\partial f(Y^1(t),t)}{\partial t} $$

$$f$$ Derivations Summary

Coriolis Derivation

Let's use Equation 1.2.1 to help us express $$\mathbf r$$ in terms of derivatives.

$$\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_{S_0}=\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_S+\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r$$

Differentiating a second time we find

$$\left(\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}\right)_{S_0}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)_{S_0}\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_{S_0}$$

$$\left(\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}\right)_{S_0}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)_{S_0}\left[\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_{S}+\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r\right]$$

Thus again applying our rotating frame equation we find $$\left(\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}\right)_{S_0}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)_{S}\left[\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_{S}+\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r\right]+\mathbf\Omega\times\left[\left(\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}\right)_{S}+\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r\right]$$

Once expanded this messy result can be rewritten using dot notation: $$\left(\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}\right)_{S_0}=\mathbf{\ddot r}+2\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf{\dot r}+\mathbf\Omega\times(\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r)$$

Now substitute the result into Newton's Second Law $$m\mathbf{\ddot r}=\mathbf F +2m\mathbf{\dot r}\times\mathbf{\Omega}+m(\mathbf\Omega\times\mathbf r)\times\mathbf\Omega$$

$$\mathbf F$$ denotes the sum of all the forces as identified in any inertial frame. However, there are two additional terms on the right side of the equation. The final term is the centrifugal force. The middle term is what we are interested in here, this is the Coriolis force.

$$\mathbf F_{cor} = 2m\mathbf{\dot r}\times\mathbf\Omega$$

Coriolis Derivations Summary

Qualitatively we can visualize the parallelism between the first derivatives and second derivatives by noting the difference between the two tables presented above. We can do a term by term comparison of the first derivative of $$f(Y^1(t),t)$$ and velocity and the second derivative of $$f(Y^1(t),t)$$ and acceleration.

 Solution by Egm6321.f11.team1.colsonfe 02:17, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

This solution was created by Fenner Colson, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.3 Analyze the dimension of all terms in (2) p.3-3 and provide the physical meaning = R*1.3: Analyze the dimension of all terms in (2) p.3-3 and provide the physical meaning.

In general, the terms for this equation govern the vehicle motion with the electromagnetic magnet and constant air gap on a flexible beam. $$c_0(Y^1,t) := -F^1[1-\bar{R}u^2_{\text{,SS}}(Y^1,t)]-F^2u^2_{\text{,S}}(Y^1,t)-T/R + M[[1-\bar{R}u^2_{\text{,SS}}(Y^1,t)][u^1_{\text{,tt}}(Y^1,t)-\bar{R}u^2_{\text{,Stt}}(Y^1,t)]$$ $$+ u^2_{\text{,S}}(Y^1,t)u^2_{\text{,tt}}(Y^1,t)]$$

The term for $$c_0$$ is derived from the dynamics of the nominal motion, which have component terms that depend on structural displacement - the beam deformations. This derivation contrasts the previous a priori assumptions about beam rigidity in describing nominal motion. $$c_3(Y^1,t)\ddot{Y}^1+c_2(\dot{Y}^1)^2 + c_1(Y^1,t)\dot{Y}^1+c_0(Y^1,t) = 0$$ $$c_3(Y^1,t)$$ is the mass, and $$c_0(Y^1,t)$$ is the force in Newtons along motion for the equation. The terms with $$\dot{Y}^1$$ describe convection. The two terms, $$F^1$$ and $$F^2$$ are the general components of the applied force in Newtons. Terms of u with the form $$u^2$$ represent displacements of the material point S on the centroidal line. In terms of structural deformation, u is indicative of the flexible dynamics related to the beam's structural deformation. This contrasts the ideal form of displacement of nominal motion if the beam were theoretically undeformed. The value $$\bar{R}$$ is the distance from the beam line of centroids to the wheel center of mass. The partial derivative of u with respect to S is $$u^2_{\text{,S}} (Y^1,t)$$. Similarly, the 2nd partial derivative of u with respect to S is given by $$u^2_{\text{,SS}}(Y^1,t)$$. The 2nd partial derivative of u with respect to t is $$u^2_{\text{,tt}}(Y^1,t)$$. The partial derivative of the latter term with respect to S is $$u^2_{\text{,Stt}}(Y^1,t)$$.

References for R1.3 Vu-Quoc, L. and Olsson, M., "A computational procedure for interaction of high-speed vehicles on flexible structures without assuming known vehicle nominal motion, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol.76, pp.207-244, 1989. http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/~vql/pdf/cmame.1989.vuquoc.olsson.pdf Vu-Quoc, L. Class Lecture: Principles of Engineering Analysis. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 25 Aug 2011. See general link for figure from journal article. http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:EGM6341.s11.TEAM1.WILKS_EC1.svg

This solution was created by Manuel Steele, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.4 Draw the polar coordinate lines=

Given
Draw the polar coordinate lines, in a 2-D plane emanating from a point, not at the origin.

Solution

This solution was created by Yi Zhao, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.5 =

Given
Consider the variables seperated in 3_D curvilinear coordinates

$$X\left(\xi\right)=\left(X(\xi_1),X(\xi_2),X(\xi_3)\right)$$

the separated equations for $$\displaystyle i=1,2,3$$ is

Find
These seperated equations can be expressed by

$$\displaystyle y''+a_1(x)y'+a_0(x)y=0$$

in which,

$$a_1(x)=\frac{g'(x)}{g(x)}$$

Solution
According to the differential of product, $$(Eq.5.1)$$ is

$$\frac{1}{g_i(\xi_i)}\left[\frac{dg_i(\xi_i)}{d\xi_i}\frac{dx_i(\xi_i)}{d\xi_i}+g_i(\xi_i)\frac{d^2x_i(\xi_i)}{d\xi_i^2}\right]+f_i(\xi_i)x_i(\xi_i)=0$$

For $$\displaystyle i=1,2,3$$ , set $$\displaystyle x$$ is the varible $$\displaystyle \xi_i$$, $$\displaystyle y$$ is its value $$\displaystyle x_i$$.

As for a specific $$\displaystyle i=1,2,3$$ , $$(Eq.5.2)$$ can be written as

$$\displaystyle a_2(x)y''+a_1(x)y'+a_0(x)y=0$$

in which,

$$\displaystyle a_2(x)=1;$$ $$\displaystyle a_1(x)=\frac{g'(x)}{g(x)}$$

This solution was created by Jing Pan, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.6 =

Given
In the Equation of Motion, the first term is

Find
Prove $$\displaystyle C_3(Y^1,t)\ddot{Y}^1$$  is nonlinear respect to $$\displaystyle Y^1$$.

Solution
If a function $$\displaystyle F(\cdot)$$ is linear, it must be satisfied by the following for any arbitrary number $$\displaystyle \alpha,\beta$$ :

As for the first term of EOM, we set $$\displaystyle F(\cdot)=C_3(\cdot,t)\ddot{(\cdot)}$$

Therefore, the left side of $$(Eq.6.2)$$ can be written as $$\displaystyle F(\alpha u+\beta v)=M\left[1-\overline{R}u^2_,ss(\alpha u+\beta v,t)\right]\frac{d^2(\alpha u+\beta v)}{dt^2}$$.

The right hand side of $$(Eq.6.2)$$ is

$$\displaystyle \alpha F(u)+\beta F(v)=\alpha M[1-\overline{R}u^2_,ss(u,t)]\frac{d^2 u}{dt^2}+\beta M[1-\overline{R}u^2_,ss(v,t)]\frac{d^2 v}{dt^2}$$.

It is obvious that $$\displaystyle F(\alpha u+\beta v)\neq \alpha F(u)+\beta F(v)$$, $$\displaystyle \forall \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb R$$ In all, $$ (Eq.6.1) $$ is nonlinear with respect to $$\displaystyle Y^1$$.

This solution was created by Jing Pan, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.7 Proof of linearity =

Find
Show that equation $$(Eq.7.1)$$ is linear

Solution
Proof of Linearity:

In order for equation $$(Eq.7.1)$$ to be linear, the equation:

$$L_2(\alpha u + \beta v) = \alpha L_2(u) + \beta L_2(v)$$  $$\forall u, v,$$   and    $$\forall \alpha, \beta \in \Re$$

 $$(Eq.7.2)$$ must be satisfied. This is known as the superposition principle.

Where $$u$$ and $$v$$ are functions of $$x$$, and $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ are scalars. Next, we define the equation $$L_2(\alpha u + \beta v)$$ as:

$$L_2(\alpha u + \beta v) = \frac{d^2(\alpha u + \beta v)}{dx^2} + a_1 x \frac{d(\alpha u + \beta v)}{dx} + a_o x(\alpha u + \beta v)$$

Grouping $$\alpha $$ and $$\beta $$ terms on both side of the equation yields:

$$\alpha L_2(u) + \beta L_2(v) = \alpha[\frac{d^2 u}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d u}{dx} + a_0 x u] + \beta [\frac{d^2 v}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d v}{dx} + a_0 x v]$$

Substitution of $$u$$ and $$v$$ into $$(Eq.7.1)$$ on the left hand side yields:

$$\alpha[\frac{d^2 u}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d u}{dx} + a_0 x u] + \beta [\frac{d^2 v}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d v}{dx} + a_0 x v] = \alpha[\frac{d^2 u}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d u}{dx} + a_0 x u] + \beta [\frac{d^2 v}{dx^2} + a_1 x\frac{d v}{dx} + a_0 x v]$$

Since the superposition principle satisfied, the function is linear.

References: ,

Problem 3: | Team 4 - Correctly defined differential operator, clear write up.

Problem 4: | Team 6 - Correctly defined differential operator, complete solution.

Link To original solution:

http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:EGM6321.F11.TEAM1.R.1.7.Playpen

This solution was created by Ben Neri, Checked by Fenner Colson, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= R1.8 The homogeneous solution is y = $$c_1Y^1_H(x) + c_2Y^2_H(x)$$. Find the constants from the initial and boundary values =

(1) Boundary conditions: y(a) = $$\alpha$$ and y(b) = $$\beta$$ (2) Initial conditions: y(a) = $$\alpha$$ and y'(a) = $$\beta$$

R1.8 The homogeneous solution is y = $$c_1Y^1_H(x) + c_2Y^2_H(x)$$. Find the constants from the initial and boundary values.

(1) Boundary conditions: y(a) = $$\alpha$$ and y(b) = $$\beta$$ (2) Initial conditions: y(a) = $$\alpha$$ and y'(a) = $$\beta$$

Boundary Conditions: The constants $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ can be solved by using a system of equations. The boundary conditions give two equations with two unknowns. By solving for one constant in terms of the other then a simple substitution and elimination can solve for one of the constants. The boundary conditions can then be used to find the second constant. Similarly, the initial conditions can be solved with two equations and two unknowns.

(a) $$C_1Y^1_H(a) + C_2Y^2_H(a) = \alpha$$ (b) $$C_1Y^1_H(b) + C_2Y^2_H(b) = \beta$$

By substitution and algebraic manipulation, $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ can be found for the boundary conditions. The derivation begins here. From (a) we have $$C_1Y^1_H(a) = \alpha - C_2Y^2_H(a)$$ $$C_1 = (\alpha - C_2Y^2_H(a))/Y^1_H(a)$$ From (b), we get $$C_1Y^1_H(b) = \beta - c_2Y^2_H(b)$$ $$C_1 = (\beta - c_2Y^2_H(b))/Y^1_H(b)$$ The solutions of the 1st constant from (a) and (b) can be equated and solved for the unknown. $$(\alpha - C_2Y^2_H(a))/Y^1_H(a) = (\beta - c_2Y^2_H(b))/Y^1_H(b)$$ After algebraic manipulation, the 2nd constant is $$C_2 = [\beta - \alpha(Y^1_H(b)/Y^2_H(a))/[Y^2_H(b) - (Y^1_H(b)Y^2_H(a)/Y^1_H(a)]$$ The 1st constant can now be solved. $$C_1 = \beta - C_2(Y^2_H(b)/Y^1_H(b))$$ $$C_1 = [\beta/Y^1_H(b) - \alpha/Y^2_H(a)]/[1 - (Y^1_H(b)Y^2_H(a)/Y^2_H(b)Y^1_H(a))]$$  Initial Conditions The similar system of two equations and two unknowns can be applied to the initial conditions. (a) $$C_1Y^1_H(a) + C_2Y^2_H(a) = \alpha$$ (b) $$C_1Y^1_H(b)' + C_2Y^2_H(b)' = \beta$$ Solve for $$C_1$$ then substitute to get $$C_2$$.  $$C_1 = (\alpha - C_2Y^2_H(a))/Y^1_H(a)$$ Next, we derive a solution for (b). $$C_2Y^2_H(b)' = C_1Y^1_H(b)' - \beta$$ $$C_2 = (C_1Y^1_H(b)')/Y^2_H(b)' - \beta/Y^2_H(b)'$$ Substitute $$C_1$$ into the equation.  Then we have $$C_2 = (\alpha(Y^1_H(b)'/Y^2_H(b)')) - (\alpha(\beta/Y^2_H(b)')) - (C_2Y^2_H(a)Y^1_H(b)'/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b)') + (C_2\beta(Y^2_H(a)/(Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b)'))$$ $$ C_2 = \alpha[(Y^1_H(b)'/Y^2_H(b)') - (\beta/Y^2_H(b)')]/[1+(Y^2_H(a)Y^1_H(b)'/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b)'+(\beta)(Y^2_H(a)/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b))]$$ Further manipulation gives the solution for $$C_2$$. $$C_2 = \alpha[(Y^1_H(b)'/Y^2_H(b)')-(\beta/Y^2_H(b)')]/[1+(Y^2_H(a)Y^1_H(b)'/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b)')+\beta(Y^2_H(a)/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b))]$$ Which gives $$C_1$$ as $$C_1 = \alpha - (Y^2_H(a)/Y^1_H(a))[\alpha[(Y^1_H(b)'/Y^2_H(b)')-(\beta/Y^2_H(b)')]/[1+(Y^2_H(a)Y^1_H(b)'/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b)')+\beta(Y^2_H(a)/Y^1_H(a)Y^2_H(b))]]$$ References for 1.8 A.C. King, J. Billingham, S.R. Otto, Differential equations:  Linear, nonlinear, ordinary, partial, Cambridge University Press, 2003. R. Ellis, D. Gulick, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986, pp. 936 - 962. M. Olia, D.E. Stevens, FE Fundamentals of Engineering Exam, Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 2008, pp. 17-52.

This solution was created by Manuel Steele, Checked by Ben Neri, and compiled into the complete report by Zexi Zheng.

= References =

title: User:Egm6321.f11.team1/report1


text:
User:Timeverdell

Hi i'm Tim. I am studying a Bachelor of Sports Management. Studying Business, Politics and Sport.

/BPS2011 Essay/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Timeverdell


text:
User:Timeverdell/BPS2011 Essay

This essay will delve into the International Rugby Board (IRB) and the IRB's laws relating to which international team a rugby player may play for. This paper will explore rugby at an international level as well as at a club level. The IRB laws regarding rugby 'mercenaries' as well as the players motives for switching teams will be assessed.

Currently in international rugby there are tens of players who play for a country other than the one in which they were born. For example, at the Rugby World Cup this year there are 9 players that will line up for the Japanese team that have no link to japan other than the fact that they play club rugby for a Japanese side. One main reason for this may be the ludicrous pay that Japanese rugby has to throw at players in order to convince them to stay in Japan long enough in order for them to gain Japanese citizenship.

Politics also plays a large part in good rugby players defecting to play for a country that isn't their country of birth. In 2010 a Samoan-born rugby player was found illegally in England after staying in the country for 6 years after his tourist visa expired. After the player expressed his interest in playing for the English side he was allowed to stay and as a result will play for England in the world cup this year.

This article will utilise previous journals and papers as well as research and findings by the IRB to discuss the issues regarding international rugby 'mercenaries'.

Introduction
When the world’s largest empires expanded their borders by colonising new territories, they brought more than just their flags. Customs and cultures were spread across the globe, and things such as beliefs, politics, goods and even sports were introduced and integrated into these new territories. For example, the British Empire, who colonised a large number of territories in all corners of the globe, introduced sports such as cricket, rugby and football to these colonies. Some example of British colonisation include Australia in 1770, India in 1858 and Samoa in the 1830’s.

Further to the integration of cultures twixt these home nations and their territories were the inevitable romantic relations between members of both parties. This led to the resulting progeny being granted (in most cases) part citizenship of the home nation. This entitled them, among other rights, to serve in armed forces. In more recent years however, this part-citizenship allowed some to participate in the playing of sports, and in some cases represent a team or club from the home nation.

Sport Goes International
It was considered among the highest of honours to represent a home nation, and as sport became more international in the 20th Century, instances of foreign born men playing for the national team of a home nation were numerous. One early example of this was cricketer K.S. Ranjitsinhji, who played 15 test matches for England despite being born in Sarodar, India. At the time there were few recognised cricket clubs in all of British India, the ability to play cricket was very limited. Thus the move, and change of allegiance, was not only easy, but necessary in order to further his cricketing career.

Advances in travel over the last 50 years have made it even more possible for athletes to travel the globe and pursue a career, including playing professional sport for a club in another country, and even choosing to represent this country. These people may choose to do this for a number of reasons, however it is usually due to family reasons, or the allure of earning more money for their trade. For instance, the average wage for a football player in Australia's A-League is barely over $110,000. Compared to the multi-million dollar salaries on offer in many European football leagues, the incentive to move to these countries is obvious. This readily available ability to play overseas enables these athletes to play and live in the foreign country for a number of years. As a result of living and playing professional sport overseas for an extended period of time, these athletes may then become a ‘naturalised citizen’ of the country they have been living in. This naturalisation is often encouraged by clubs, as they will usually have an enforced limit as to the number of 'foreign' players on their roster. For example, the English Premier League, one of the best football leagues in the world, has an enforced quota of a minimum of 8 domestic players in their squad. By 'converting' a foreign player into a domestic player through naturalisation, the club is able to sign another foreign player, potentially strengthening their squad. This naturalisation has ramifications that do extend past club level however, as their new citizen status allows them to represent their new country at an international level.

The IRB's Rules and Regulations
The International Rugby Board’s (IRB) Laws and Regulations, Regulation 8.1 states that: Subject to Regulation 8.2, a Player may only play for the senior fifteen-aside National Representative Team, the next senior fifteen-a-side National Representative Team and the senior National Representative Sevens Team of the Union of the country in which: (a) he was born; or (b) one parent or grandparent was born; or (c) he has completed thirty six consecutive months of Residence immediately preceding the time of playing

Regulation 8.2 states that a player who has previously played for a national side cannot play for another national team. This regulation means that a player only has to live in a country for 3 years in order to be able to play for this country’s national Rugby Team, provided that he hasn’t previously played for another national team. The leniency of the IRB’s regulations is evident in some of the current national teams.

Some Modern Examples
For example, at the Rugby World Cup this year there are nine players in the Japanese squad who have no link to Japan except that they play club rugby there and have done for the designated three year period. It is, however, not only the Japanese team that players have become Rugby ‘mercenaries’ for. New Zealand often looks toward their Polynesian neighbours to recruit players by offering them the opportunity to play club rugby in New Zealand as well as the opportunity to play for the world’s best national team. Likewise, Australia looks to Polynesia for potentially talented Rugby players. Radike Samo, for example, who was selected to play lock for the Wallabies in 2004, played under 19’s for Fiji before signing with the Canberra Brumbies in 2000 for six years, thus making him eligible for selection in the Wallabies. Quade Cooper is another example of the lenient regulations of the IRB. Cooper was born in New Zealand and moved to Australia in 2001. He was selected for the Australian Schoolboys team after being in Australia for 3 years and after this was signed to the Queensland Reds and has played for Australia at under 19’s and senior levels.

The Extreme Case of Manu Tuilagi
One more extreme case of a talented Rugby player being allowed to play for a country that isn’t the country of their birth is the case of Manu Tuilagi. Samoan born Tuilagi, who was raised in England's Yorkshire and plays for Premiership club Leicester Tigers, decided in 2010 to represent his adopted country rather than the country of his birth. This came to a head in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, prior to which Tuilagi was found to be in England illegally after overstaying his 6 month holiday visa by six years. After Tuilagi demonstrated his enormous Rugby talent and indicated that he wished to play for England internationally (along with huge public outcry), the Rugby Football Union (RFU), deemed that he was allowed to stay in the country indefinitely. Intriguingly, Tuilagi's brothers; Anitelea, Alesana, Henry, Sanele Vavae, and Freddie, all older than Manu, have chosen to represent Samoa at an international level. This demonstrates that, due to the relaxed IRB regulations, a country is willing to, at the very least, bend the rules to enable a talented rugby player to play for their international side.

The ramifications of this decision to allow Tuilagi to stay in Great Britain and represent England however extend far further than a belligerent corruption of Commonwealth laws in order for personal gain. One must also consider the implications that the decision of Tuilagi to represent England as opposed to his native Samoa. The small Island nation, who came third in their Rugby World Cup pool, would have been well served by having the 6’1, 106kg centre on their roster, as they barely missed out on a spot in the Quarter-Finals of the competition. Furthermore, the message that Tuilagi’s defection must send to younger players of Island nations will most likely negatively affect their thinking. The young players would go into their rugby careers thinking that it doesn’t matter where they were born as they can play for any country that they wanted to anyway. It may also send a message to young players that they can live illegally in a country and be let off from being deported if they prove that they can play sport good enough to be in the national side.

How the IRB may be Able to Rectify This
If the IRB wishes to make good on its desire to close the disparity between the many ‘tiers’ in which its member nations lie, then it seems contradictory to allow these young, talented players from tier two nations to wistlessly denounce their homeland, and travel the globe in search of potential personal glory. Perhaps it should take a look at the lawbook of the Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA). Prior to law changes implemented in 2004, a number of top players had bigamously switched their national allegiances for purely personal reasons. One such player was Argentine born Alfredo di Stefano, who also had international stints with Spain and Columbia. As he and other talented players were able to change their national allegiances with such shameless ease, a revision of the laws in 2004 stated that;

A Player who... is eligible to represent more than one Association on account of his nationality, may play in an international match for one of these Associations only if, in addition to having the relevant nationality, he fulfils at least one of the following conditions: (a) He was born on the territory of the relevant Association; (b) His biological mother or biological father was born on the territory of the relevant Association; (c) His grandmother or grandfather was born on the territory of the relevant Association; (d) He has lived continuously on the territory of the relevant Association for at least two years.

Conclusion
As a result of this, talented players who desire to represent a country other than that of their birth are still able to do so, albeit with far more stringent implications for their decisions. It would not be too difficult for Rugby Union, or any other sport for that matter, to introduce similar laws that would at least limit the ability of highly talented players to become modern-day mercenaries. This enforced intervention from regulating bodies might just be the only way to permanently force these players to commit to their place of birth, their team, and not just insist their ‘loyalty’ to the highest bidder.

title: User:Timeverdell/BPS2011 Essay


title: File:Egm6321.f11.p1-1.png


text:
User talk:Yizhao

 Hello Yizhao, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 20:12, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

HW1 = R1.4 Draw the polar coordinate lines=

Given
Draw the polar coordinate lines, in a 2-D plane emanating from a point, not at the origin.

title: User talk:Yizhao


text:
User:Lilly15

Intro about me

I'm studying Business, politics and sport, at the University of Canberra

/The Impact Poor Role Models have on Sport/

title: User:Lilly15


text:
User talk:Lilly15

What is the copyright of File:TheImpactPoorRoleModelsHaveOnSport.ogv?

 * 1) REDIRECT User talk:Lilly15/ The impact poor Role Models have on sport

title: User talk:Lilly15


text:
User:Jrobbo89

Hi my name is Jayden Robinson. I am 22 in 3 weeks. I am interested in all kinds of sport, in particular rugby league and basketball. My number one hobby at the moment is skateboard photography.

Studying Sports Management at University of Canberra

/Australian vs English Football/

title: User:Jrobbo89


text:
User:Jrobbo89/NBA Lockout

Outline
I have changed topics, from my original idea. I am now comparing football between Australia and England.

Intro
For my article assessment I have chosen to compare the grassroots set-up of English and Australian football. I will look at the similarities and differences of the English version of youth football, mini-soccer, and the Australian version, small-sided games. Both systems are in place to make the transition from the youth version of football into the full version of the game enjoyable for the children but also to teach and develop the children so that they can perform to their potential.

Situation in Australia
Small-sided football is a modified version of 11-a-side football and it is designed to encourage the participation of children from an early age. It has been designed for kids to get the maximum amount of enjoyment out of playing whilst meeting the needs of young players as they develop. Small-sided games are implemented for children under the age of 13. Demonstrated benefits over 11-a-side football based on observational study are as follows; •	Far more touches of the ball by all players •	Repeated decision making experiences •	The ball is in play far more often •	More passes and skills attempted •	More experience in all aspects of the game; attacking and defending

The format of small-sided games has been created to put more of an emphasis on participation from all the players on the pitch as opposed to winning the game. With a smaller pitch and less players on the field the children have more touches of the ball and are more involved in the game. Bowrey, Lilli Pilli’s SSF Coordinator,(April 1 2009) states that “ Kids are no longer able to hide on the field. They are forced to become involved, to participate and have a chance to show what they can do. With plenty of touches on the ball, kids are able to build confidence and this in turn builds a better platform for kids to grow and develop in football”. The laws of the game also gradually change throughout this progression to reflect the changes in understanding, awareness as well as the physical development of players. This system emphasises more on developing the player’s skills and maximising their enjoyment whilst making the transition to 11-a-side as easy as possible.

Situation in England
Mini- soccer is thought to be the appropriate introduction to football. If children are to enjoy and take part in soccer they need to: •	Feel success •	Take an active part in the game •	Learn to play as a team •	Understand the laws •	Develop soccer skills •	Be able to take part whatever their ability •	Develop fitness

All available research and observation shows that children will have more fun and learn more playing a game with smaller teams and modified rules. Mini- Soccer is, therefore, a game children can actually play rather than struggling to understand a game created for adults. The game has been modified from 11-a-side association football which keeps all the major features of the game, while allowing the children to succeed and take part in something that is still recognizable as football. This is thought to be more advantageous for the young players rather than making a game with only minor similarities which leads to confusion from the players. This system is in place to assist the gradual transition to association football.

Analysis
The small- sided games structure was born from extensive research into other countries grassroots football set-up. Roxburgh, UEFA Technical Director, (2008) states that “ for many reasons few countries in Europe can replicate the Brazilian’s natural football environment. But lessons can’t be learned nevertheless. Football associations that are serious about the game’s health and growth are duty-bound to promote mass participation and interest. Grassroots football (small-sided football) which acts as a vehicle for social integration, health and happiness is the aim and as a by-product talents will emerge. In Brazil, a love of the ball, expression through small-sided football and the sheer joy of playing, have been cultivated to such an extent that football passion and creativity have become part of the nation’s DNA”. It was found that the leading countries in world football all have similar aims and systems in developing young players. Australia’s small-sided games structure is heavily influenced by the English mini-soccer set-up and therefore many similarities exist. The first similarity between the two that has been focused on is the fact that they both incorporate a system where the field size and number of players is gradually increased. This is incorporated as the player gets older. When the players start off at six or seven years of age, they are given a rather small space to work with. Both systems administer this to try and improve and as the children get older, the size of the pitch is increased and the number of players on each team is also increased. This enables further increases in player development. Even though the actual field sizes for the two countries are slightly different, the system for both still integrates the same objective. Perhaps the most significant similarity between the two countries is that because Australian small-sided games system mainly derives from English mini-soccer system, they both have the same aim for young players. That aim is to simplify the rules of the game to concentrate more on the overall enjoyment experienced through playing the game as opposed to incorporating competiveness and emphasising winning. Through this theory both systems concentrate primarily on the development of game skills so that the transition to 11 a side is made smoothly. Whilst there are many similarities between both grassroots systems, there are differences as well. This is because Australia’s small-sided games structure is also influenced by other leading football countries systems. In Australian small-sided games, you are not allowed to field a goalkeeper until the under 9 age group. This rule isn’t applied in English mini-soccer. The difference possibly affects the mentality and skill components of the under 6 to under 8 age groups. Both grassroots systems have 4v4 or 5v5 in these age brackets and having a goalkeeper affects area and space on the field. Having a goalkeeper also emphasis scoring and winning games as an important factor. Having no goalkeeper on the field places emphasis purely on ball skills and teamwork. Australia’s small-sided games system emphasises on participation and enjoyment and with this an associated removal on the current emphasis importance of winning. Having a goalkeeper in mini-soccer also affects the goal size and penalty area between the two systems. Mini-soccer has a constant goal size from when the children first participate in mini-soccer through to when they move onto association football. Australian small-sided games incorporate a sliding scale of goal sizes relevant to the age group. This relates to the fact that goalkeepers are not used in small-sided games until the under 9’s age group.

Another important difference between the two grassroots systems is that English mini-soccer game sonly incorporated up to the under 10’s age group whereas the Australian small-sided games are used up until the under 12’s. This shows that Australian football is focusing on a longer preparation of youth football players in the belief that it will not only properly prepare the young players for 11v11, but also to prevent young players leaving the game.

Conclusion
England is one of the leading football countries in the world. Through using a similar grassroots system to Australia has taken an initiative in the youth development of football. The aim is to encourage more players to participate in football and to maximise the enjoyment out of playing. Both mini-soccer and small-sided games have been developed to proved the best vehicle for enjoyment and activity. Along with a great environment where the players are given the opportunity to progress and develop to become the best players they have the potential to be.

title: User:Jrobbo89/NBA Lockout


text:
User:Antperry

About me:

I'm studying Business, politics and sport

/The Intersection of Politics and Business in Rugby Union/

title: User:Antperry


text:
User:Granado23

About me: My name is Daniel Granado, currently studying a degree in Sports Management.

I'm studying Business, politics and sport

Assignments

 * /The Future of Extreme Sport/

title: User:Granado23


text:
User:Granado23/The Future of Extreme Sport

This article discusses the future of extreme sports relating to business and politics. The article looks at the role of consumerism and motivations that drive participation rates to constantly increase. Extreme sports is a booming sporting industry, and the limits are endless to the heights in which the entertainment of extreme sports can reach. The article also comments of the issue of commodification and the role of marketing in respect to the topic area. The contrast between national and international extreme sports development is discussed with reference to participation rates and the business economy. Sub cultures of extreme sports play an important role in the understanding of the lifestyle these athletes live. Unlike conventional sports, extreme sports athletes pride theme selves on their ability to be active whilst expressing their creative sub cultures. Extreme sports are attracting more and more spectators and participants each year, there for it is evident that the future develpment of the industusrty is promising. Ultimatly the article will invite you to understand the emerging importance and relevance of extreme sports not just in business, but to those whome embrace the culture.

Introduction
Extreme sports are rapidly acquiring the status of mainstream sports and are increasingly recognized as a profitable enterprise by both the sports and business industry. The significance of this article is to clarify the increasing trend in action sports participation rates over the years. As recently as 15 years ago, extreme sports had little to no presence on the national stage. Participants were labelled as rebels with out a cause and were reprimanded for their eccentric use of public spaces. In the mid 1990s the youth of America began to embrace the sub-cultures that surrounded extreme sports and the gnarly enthusiasts that participated in them, seeing a shift in the public perception of extreme sports. Driven by enthusiasts who continually test the boundaries of impossible, extreme sports culture is now a mainstream lifestyle that heavily influences billions of dollars of consumer spending. Extreme sports are an appealing recreational and athletic option for countless individuals. On an international scale extreme sports have numerous corporate events and competitions making the sports appeal to a wider target audience.

Action sports are becoming increasingly popular amongst youthful generations in terms of an alternative option to conventional sports participation. According to professional skateboarder Rob Dyrdek, “Action sports are a lifestyle, not a recreational sport or hobby". In the past decade Action sports such as BMX and Snowboarding have developed into Olympic competition events, gaining the attention of many conventional sporting enthusiasts. This also raises the question as to ‘what the future holds for action sports development?’

What are action sports?
Extreme sports, also know as action sports, is a term used to describe the actives that occupy a high level of inherent risk and involve being counter-cultural. The term ‘extreme sport’ often is used to describe a multitude of various activities, however which sports are considered ‘extreme’ is considered to be debatable. There are several characteristics common to most extreme sports. They often consist of speed, height, danger, high levels of physical exertion, specialised gear and creativity involved with stunts and manoeuvres. The distinction between an extreme sport and a conventional sport has much to do with marketing as it has to do with perceptions about the characteristics and levels of danger and adrenaline involved. For example, conventional sports like Rugby Union, though dangerous and adrenaline inducing would not be classified as an extreme sport due to its traditional image and the fact that it does not have certain cultural characteristics that extreme sports do. In addition to the generational divide, a major aspect of extreme sports is a counter-cultural aura. This may be seen as a rejection of authority and status quo by disaffected youth. The youth of Generation Y have seized upon activities which they can claim as their own, and have begun rejecting more traditional sports in increasing numbers. The trend towards increasing participation in action sports by members of Generation Y indicates a particular need to study the factors affecting participant motivation for this age group.

In recent decades the term ‘extreme sport’ was further promoted by the X Games Corporation, a multi action sport event created and developed by ESPN. The first X Games were held in Newport, Mount Snow, Providence and Vermont USA in 1995. Extreme sports these days applies more to youth sports like surfing, skateboarding, BMX, snowboarding, and motocross and is closely associated with the marketing efforts aimed at the younger generation. Advertisements from corporations such as Mountain Dew and Nike portray and associate the youth with extreme sports through their favoured styles of clothing and music. The shift in styles may be partly due to a generational shift, as Baby Boomers and Generation X and marketing efforts associated with extreme sports have shifted towards Generation Y demographic since the mid to late 1990’s. Fuel TV’s First Hand television series is a documentary that gives an insight into the lifestyles and personalities of the big name extreme sports athletes. The series depicts these athletes as elite sporting stars and allows viewers to understand the motives and cultures that surround the lifestyle they live. Like rockstars and Hollywood celebrities, an action sports hero lives a life of world travel, fame, and sometimes fortune. Along with the good life, riders also experience the highs and lows of competing and attempting to do what they love most, ride. In Firsthand, athletes tell all and invite viewers into their private lives as they experience everything that is the life of a pro athlete (Fuel TV). This piece of digital literature is significant as it can be studied to assist in the assumption of why sub-cultures are involved action sports.

The media often portrays and differentiates extremes sports from traditional sports by categorising the activities involved as having a high number of inherently uncontrollable variables. Extreme athletes not only compete against other athletes in their field, but also against environmental obstacles and self challenges. These environmental variables include natural phenomena that have an effect on weather and terrain (wind, snow, water and mountains). As theses elements cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect the outcome of the particular activity or event.

Why are action sports enthusiasts attractive to marketers?

In terms of commodification and extreme sports, it can be seen how the sporting genre is utilised to create niche products and market goods for the target demographic. It can be argued that energy drinks are a success due to the extreme sports market, along with profitable events like the X Games competition which receives millions of dollars due to exclusive television rites with the ESPN network.

Advertisers are using action sports as an effective way to keep their brands “cool” in the minds of America’s youth. These consumers are wary of traditional marketing tactics but are receptive to brands that truly embrace and support their culture. Action sports participants are strong influencers within the 12- to 28-year-old demographic and marketing savvy companies are finding innovative ways to connect with them. Brands like Mountain Dew, Panasonic, Toyota, and Right Guard are examples of the wide array of industries that are making significant investments to reach action sports enthusiasts.

Below previous studies display action sport participation rates in America in 2007

Internal and External drivers can be seen as main influences for individuals to become involved with a particular extreme sport. These factors may include environmental surroundings (eg: if your residential location is near the snow you might be enticed to learn to ski or snowboard), media influences, consumer motivation, physiological and psychological benefits, thrill seeking, social impacts and cultural motivation. Extreme sports offer to the individual an opportunity to express their creativity through incorporating their sub culture with their sporting performance. This can be viewed as the main attraction to individuals becoming involved with an extreme sport.

Media outlets like action sport films, magazines, video games and online websites have a major influence on the cultural make up of action sport participants. There are now full time cable channels like Fuel TV, dedicated to action sports viewers. Increased awareness of a particular action sport is achieved through media outlets as the large youth demographic are reachable through this marketing stream. Consumer products and brand power from major extreme sports companies assist in the motivation of action sports culture. Individuals involved with snowboarding for example, will presumably purchase niche brands and products related to their sports culture. These brands may include Burton, a niche snowboarding label that only produces snowboarding gear and equipment. Superstar stature athletes also help push consumer motivations as they are the endorsers behind the brands that influence action sports culture. It is because of these famed athletes that certain associated brands and products gain awareness within the market. In terms of psychological and physiological characteristics involved with action sports sub-cultures, individuals tend to not care to much about health benefits that may come with their selected sport, but alternatively have the drive to thrill seek and gain high levels of adrenaline.

Extreme Sports from a National and International Perspective
Australia’s outlook on extreme sports is relatively positive, producing large numbers of athletes that dominate certain sports like surfing, skateboarding, BMX and motocross in particular, at the highest level. Australian professionals Owen Wright (Pro Surfer) and Torah Bright (Pro Snowboarder) are examples of young promising talent in the industry. Owen Wright is Australia’s top surfer ranked number 4 in the world. This year he has consecutively competed against surfing legend Kelly Slater in three finals series beating him once at the Quicksilver Pro in New York. Torah Bight won Australias first Gold medal for snowboarding in the winter Olympics in 2010. She is the best female snowboarder in the world and constantly is a threat in any competition she enters. These two athletes are ambassadors for extreme sports in Australia at a tender age were they have plenty of time to progress in terms of their careers and athletic achievements. With the level of professional athletes booming in Australia, the sky is the limit for extreme sports development.

Australias corporate stand in the world of the extreme sports market looks dominate as well. Australian professional are all sponsored by international and domestic brands, generating profits for all companies and persons involved. In recent years it can be noticed that the increased funding from both the local and state government has assisted in the development of extreme sport facilities. These facilities include skate parks, indoor/outdoor rock-climbing centres, motocross fields and various surf clubs. Extreme sports retail outlets have also increased around the nation due to the popular demand for niche sporting goods. The government may decide to introduce extreme sports participation programs into schools as an option for recreational activity. If this strategy would to be implemented students would be given the opportunity to explore their physical interest and we would see the development of extreme sports positively change. On an international level extreme sports has established itself as a dominate market. Every extreme sport has a major event sponsored by billion dollar corporate companies. For example both the summer and winter X-Games competition is sponsored by energy drink leader Redbull. As previously discussed media outlets encourage extreme sports enthusiasts to excel and become immersed in the sub-culture associated with the sports. Extreme sports in todays society is rapidly becoming more acceptable as a serious means of athletic performance. Extreme sports athletes around the world receive millions of dollars in sponsorship and competition earnings. That being said, being a professional extreme sports athlete is a well respected profession. Niche extreme sports brands and products are constantly being produced, expanding the commercial market for the industry. America is veiwed as the world leader of extreme sports development and entertainment with a majority of the sports being developed in the nation.

Conclusion
The social impacts that associate with action sports, occupy participants motives to become involve with their sport. Individuals often become involved with action sports due to its social benefits and self manageable progression and development. Compared to conventional sports, with most action sports there is no need for a coach or strict diet/training schedule. Liberty and independence is gained through the sub-culture of action sports participation, and may be the main reason for the increasing numbers of for participation rates over the years. The fact that action sports athletes have so much freedom is a credit to the lifestyle they live.

Presentation
The following link is to the video presentation that supports this article: http://www.archive.org/details/TheFutureOfExtremeSportsBps2011?start=0.5


text:
User:SamN90

About Me
I'm from Sydney and have moved to Canberra to study Sports Media.

I'm studying Business, Politics and Sport in 2011.

Assessments
My research paper is titled /The Introduction of Change/.

It discusses the business, politics and sport of Rugby League in terms of the new commission which takes over the game in a couple of months.

The paper will highlight areas of attention in the NRL, as well as how the commission will help the game from a grass roots level to the national competition.

title: User:SamN90


text:
Template talk:Language box

Usage
I just want to share some information with you, because I think the document of this template is not specific for this template. What I found is, this template is for organize article by its language. The syntax: will show:. See the links in the box, and some categories added, but I don't know what category yet. Thanks--Ultima.ramza 02:20, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Language box


text:
User:U3025472

Hi my name is Kait,

I am currently studying Business, Politics and Sport as part of a Sports Management/Tourism Management degree.

Assignments

 * /The Importance of Athlete Education for Successful Career Transition/
 * /The Impacts of the Proposed 'Pokies Legislation' on Sporting Sponsorship/

title: User:U3025472


text:
User:U3036419

Hi my name is Sarah Gilbert. I am in my final year of study at the University of Canberra doing Sports Management with a Minor in Marketing. Business, Politics and Sport is one of the units I am currently studying.

/Sport as a social divider/

title: User:U3036419


text:
User:U3036419/Sport as a social divider

Presentation - Sport as a social divider
Please find below the link which will direct you to my presentation. This presentation will give you an overview of the topic of sport as a social divider and will also draw upon conclusions and factors to consider when analysing this topic. The presentation will go through the why sport divides society and provide real life examples of how this particular notion is practised within the business and political world. The presentation will also draw upon certain impacts in society and the extensive role of the government on the local, national and international stage. The presentation will conclude with a brief summary of the major points of the report. I have kept the presentation as simple as possible to easily demonstrate the main points of the presentation. I hope you find the presentation useful and enriching and also that you take into consideration the issues which are addressed in the presentation and also the below report.

"http://www.youtube.com/embed/rL4kQbNVkrk"

Sport as a social divider: an introduction
Sport as a social divider is a powerful and intriguing tool which fascinates different people and different cultures in a number of ways. Sport has the ability to divide the society we live in, from jovial banter to high pressure, competitive situations.

As a member of your known community, each individual has their known opinion when it comes to sport. Some parts of society believe there are more important and pressing issues which need to be addressed and should be at the forefront of political decisions - such as the need for a better health system, greater emphasis on education or a reform of the public transport system. These individuals have the mindset that sport is merely ‘a hobby’.

In contrast, others believe that sport is the core of how communities functions and denotes values which people use in this daily routine we call life, believing it provides the opportunity for physical activity, interaction and networking to take place, underpinning a healthy lifestyle for all. As famous American football coach Vince Lombardi once said ‘Football is like life - it requires perseverance, self-denial, hard-work, sacrifice, dedication and respect for authority’. (Lombardi, 2011).

What is sport and where is its place in society?
Most of us have a good grasp on what we think the meaning of sport is, a good enough grasp to talk about sport, to play sport, to administer sport or even watch and read about it. Sport in a social context is much more complex, as society shapes and defines the importance of sport.

Society is referred to a ‘collection of people living in a defined geographic territory and united by a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from other people’ (Coakley, 2009). Seen as different, social significance of sport varies and continues to change with how it is perceived.

Sport as a standalone unit encompasses a wide spread understanding of what it actually is. It is a generic term which is often difficult to define and means that the term sport is often pigeonholed. Sports are ‘institutionalised competitive activities that involve rigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by participants motivated by internal and external rewards’ (Coakley, 2009).

Whilst it is important recognise the definition of sport, interpretation of the word often means important social functions are not taken into consideration and their impact not evaluated. Two important questions which must be asked in a social context are what activities do people in particular societies identify as sport and how do you measure the importance of sport in society?

Role of the Government
In Australian society, there is a high value placed on sport. Politics and sport have held a longstanding relationship with each other and as a result have become intertwined in the Australian way of living. (PDHPE, Application and Inquiry, 2011). The most important sporting event of the calendar which governments place undoubtedly the most emphasis on is the Olympics. The Olympics Games have been described as more than a major sports festival. They are a catalyst for change and political manoeuvring and are a measurement which the Government and society use to calculate the success of their nations sporting involvement. (Shilbury et al. 2006).

The Australian government, as part of the 2010 - 2011 budget announced their new vision for sport in Australia. Tagged ‘The Pathway to Success’, the new sport direction is backed up by $195 million in additional funding, which was ‘the largest-ever injection into Australian sport’(Australian Sports Commission, 2011). Important inferences came to the surface after the funds were injected into Australian sport. The Australian government placed particular emphasis on increasing the number of Australians participating in sport as well as strengthening sporting pathways to link grassroots development and high performance sport, and strive for success (Australian Sports Commission, 2011). This monumental introduction of funds truly showed that Australians value sport and that sport was the essence of the society in which we live in. It plays a major role in shaping Australia’s identity and culture and provides a binding element in the social fabric of Australia (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011).

Why does sport divide society?
Sport is fickle in the simplest of terms. It has the power to unite and more interestingly divide the sections of society which we live in. Sport is competitive, tribal and it’s the us v them mentality. State of Origin is the perfect example of how sport can divide society. This contest divides the two states - New South Wales and Queensland and when that time of the year comes around, it is treated like war. Friends become foes, and mates become enemies merely for barracking the side which you don’t follow. Sport is a contest, and at the basic level of human interaction, nobody likes to lose. (Constantine, 2008).

Sport can divide society as individuals place importance on different aspects of their life and what they deem to be important. Sport is often used as a political driver in campaigns and if sections of society do not agree them, division occurs. Sport is a special category within society as the benefits of being involved in it, are more often indirect than direct. This leads to dissatisfaction and contempt for sport as they believe that too much of an emphasis is placed on this function. Those who believe that there is no connection between sport and government will most likely be ignored when government involvement occurs. (Coakley, 2009).

Tensions between ethnic groups in Australian soccer: an insight
As sport does divide the society in which we live in, it is important to establish a strong background of previous events in our history to determine the severity of the division. A great example of social division was in 2001 during a soccer match between the Melbourne Knights and the Perth Glory. The Melbourne Knights traditionally have a strong Croatian following within the then National Soccer League and conversely the Perth Glory has a strong Macedonian following. During this particular match, it became evident that ethnic tensions were beginning to rise due to a flare being set off and thrown onto the field during play.

Following the conclusion of the match, a group of Melbourne Knights fans took it upon themselves to attack the Perth Glory players where a number of people were injured during the scuffle. Soccer Australia denied the claims that ethnic tensions were to blame for the incident but during the match it became clear that these two rival teams had much more to battle about then what was shown on the field. Soccer Australia continued to deny that the ethnic tensions played any part in the violence which was witnessed, claiming it to be a ‘one-off incident’ deemed to be anti-social behaviour. When probed to explain, Soccer Australia believed it was not a result of the old Serb-Croat rivalry. (Vincent, 2001).

Sport as a social divider is evident in this example. Ethnic tensions and rivalry played a large part in this match and for the majority of the crowd at this particular sporting event, they were well behaved, however sport in the modern world is a business. Being a spectator at this particular match would have no doubt tainted the appearance of both clubs and left a considerable sour taste in the mouths of fans and spectators. In a recent survey of people involved in soccer, it suggested that it was the most violent of any football code in Australia and crowd behaviour at soccer matches was rated as the worst of any sport. (O'Hara, 1994).

But when does this social division because of political rivalry start impacting on sport and business? When do people start voting with their feet to stand up against it? Sport and business must interact together to ensure that it does not affect their relationship and how they operate together otherwise the sporting industry places itself into a dangerous position amongst Australian society.

Behavioural issues in the sport and social domain
On an international level, sport plays a major role in how we as individuals see ourselves and in turn what we aspire to be. Even sports stars, like it or not, shape the way society functions and encourage us to explore what our values and morals are and who we aspire to be. International sports stars such as Tiger Woods and national sports stars such as Ben Cousins have displayed poor behaviour in the sports scene. This has led to society to question their actions and make a decision on what they believe is right and just. These sort of bad-boy images which are portrayed in the media give society fuel to suggest that perhaps not all good comes from sport, particularly when these sort of sports stars are in fact role models to those in our own society. The attention that is given to high profile sports stars who exercise poor behaviour is nearly unbelievable. After Tiger Woods was caught out on a number of indiscretions he made this statement ‘I knew my actions were wrong, but I convinced myself that normal rules didn’t apply. I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to. I was wrong. I was foolish. I don’t get to play by different rules.’ Off-the-field activities are providing larger and more headlines and less on game stories, statistics and feature articles (Pollack 2007). This is a worrying issue among sport and society as it has the ability to affect all stakeholders involved and indirectly businesses who pride themselves on being involved in sport, in some capacity

In the end
Sport in the social context will continue to evolve and prosper as a favourite past time in particularly Australian society. Sport is a unique tool as it encompasses many different aspects of life. Whether you play sport, watch sport, work in sport or read about sport you are still consuming the product of sport and what it has to offer. It has the capability to encompass large amounts of people, even if those people are not sport followers, they are still indirectly related to it in some way. The level at which societies engage in sport will change over time and this factor will also contribute to how you are affected by sport and divided by it. It is important to recognise that sport in society will continue to create debate and offer difference of opinions and this is why it important to consider the political and business motivations towards society concepts about sport.

Sport has many different levels which it encompasses, from the grass-root stage to the professional level where livelihoods and income can be generated. It will remain as a hot topic on the social agenda of a number of stakeholders, as people continue to debate the importance of sport and its place in society’s hierarchy.

title: User:U3036419/Sport as a social divider


text:
User:Alex21

About Me
I am a student at the University of Canberra. Through my studies in Sports Media, I am currently studying the unit Business Politics and Sport (BPS).

Assignments
ESSAY - /Sport's role in the public image of political leaders and businessmen - how their money is changing the game/.

VIDEO PRESENTATION - /Football in Canberra - Elite juniors, no seniors.../.

title: User:Alex21


text:
User:Thomas.Purcell/Dodgeball: A legitimate sport?

Had some trouble uploading the actual video presentation to wiki but here's a link. The powerpoint is on the left hand side of the webpage.

Presentation - Dodgeball A Legitimate Sport.

'A group of 10 mates have found the greastest loophole in Australian sport and registered themselves as the Australian Dodgeball Association, thereby selecting themselves into the national team which competed in the world dodgeball championships this year.'.

Dodgeball is game in which players on each side try to hit eachother with balls while trying to avoid the ball themselves. Although Dodgeball has a specific set of rules and regulations there are many variations of the game, but generally the main objective of each team is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls, catching a ball thrown ball by a member of the opposing team, or forcing them to move outside the court boundaries when a ball is thrown at them. When most people think of dodgeball they think of a fun local game to play with mates in the backyard or at school in gym classes. However, internationally this sport is rapidly growing having both ameatur and professional leagues featuring the best dodgeball players in the world. Unlike most other sports leagues, the NDL holds its entire regular season in one day during its annual Dodgeball World Championship & Convention held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Each teams plays three regular season five minute matches.

This essay will examine the politics involved in how 10 Australians found themselevs representing our country and the opportunity for big bussiness this sport could potentially have. It will also explore the notion of the loopholes involved in unusal sports and if anyone can get together and register themselves for a sport, quite unknown in Australia and claim to represent our country.

Introduction

With the movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story being one of my all time favourite movies about a group of misfits who enter a Las Vegas dodgeball tournament in order to save their treasured local gym from the attack of a corporate health fitness chain.

This has always been my go to movie and was very intrigued when I discovered Australia had entered in this year’s, Dodgeball World Championships held in Las Vegas. Nine mates selected themselves to represent Australia, the dream that every Australian has had at one point, to pull on the green and gold and represent this proud sporting nation. After researching this topic further it was revealed that this subject would be relevant and interesting to the business and politics involved in sport. Dodgeball is a constantly evolving sport and has potential to become large business in the future. The game has in the past been typically played in the United States among children 6-12 in elementary school. However, this sport has grown in many countries both nationally and internationally with national championships and world champions being held annually. This article will discuss the potential for big business this sport could have, from a local level all the way to an international level. At the same time looking at the issues in dodgeball at this present time such as lack of funding, management and organisation holding it back from achieving the goals needed to be recognised as legitimate sport.

This piece will show both intra-state comparisons and the contrast between different countries and how dodgeball is managed and perceived in those countries, while at the same time hoping to find out plans and devices put in place by organisations such as the Australian Dodgeball Association ADA) and the National Dodgeball League (NDL) to ensure the sport is recognised on a local, state, and national level in countries new to dodgeball. As dodgeball grows throughout the world, pick-up groups are spontaneously forming at the grass roots level via local gyms, community centres, and schools. Some are for competition, some are for fun. This article will explore the money being made by professional dodgeball players, or if they are making any money at all. It will also explore the notion on whether or not, now or in the near future dodgeball will need a players association, individual management or even contracts for the best players if trading and big money ever comes into this sport.

Brief history of dodgeball
The history of dodgeball goes back quite a ways. Any type of games that involves a ball and the players doing what they can to avoid being hit by the ball or throwing the ball at another person is technically classified as dodgeball. Throughout the history of dodgeball this game has evolved; today this is a team sport that is often played in school. However, internationally this sport has taken off with amateur and professional leagues in many different countries. This game is often played on a field, but when played at schools (as it traditionally has for many years) it is played in the gym during P.E classes. The history of dodgeball in the United States more than any other country is quite long, but today this sport is becoming popular in other areas of the world. Although in the beginning there were not many rules to dictate how this game was played, nowadays there are some universal rules that players have to follow.

International Dodgeball Federation and politics
It must be noted that the sport is currently split into 2 classes, Foam and Cloth (The various types of balls), and that federations exist depending on the ball type choosen.

The WDA (world dodgeball Association) for example hosts the inaugural World Championships for each country to send their represetative team. This is Cloth ball only. The WDBF (World Dodgeball Federation) Hosts an Annual Worlds that any team can qualify for. This is for foam. The International Dodge Ball Federation(IDBF) was founded by Rusty Walker of Gulfport, MS in 1996 and had a web presence in 1997. The Federation began as a way to make the children Rusty played dodge ball with feel as though the game was a real sport instead of a schoolyard pastime.

Within weeks of putting up the website, emails from around the world began arriving daily asking where to play and expressing interest in becoming members of the IDBF. Within months the IDBF became a 'real' organization and began sanctioning tournament play around the world.

"In 2003, the IDBF incorporated and hired a full time executive director tasked with league development. The IDBF has dodge ball federations in several countries and state organizations in about a third of all US states. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated the Mississippi Gulf Coast, the home of the IDBF, and both organization and expansion efforts were damaged; however, currently, the IDBF is well on its way of having organizations in all 50 states by the end of 2013 and a projected 300,000 sanctioned players by the end of 2012, if not sooner."

Potential for big business
Sport itself is big business. With dodgeball gaining momentum, the opportunity to make money and gain big sponsorship is fast approaching. In America, dodgeball it seems is heading down the same path as Lacrosse; a pro lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League averages $14,000 US per year. "Some may earn more due to star status or endorsements, but most players hold down "day" jobs and play pro lacrosse for the love of the game. No one gets rich playing lacrosse...yet."

At this present time pro dodgeball players do not earn a salary but rather receive money only from winning matches. It is stated however, in recent player contracts that once the Professional aspect of the NDL receives revenue, the players will get their fair share. In the mean time, the satisfaction of playing amongst the ranks of fellow Dodgeball enthusiasts and the "elite" if you wish to call it that as well as helping an organization grow is compensation enough for the players.

Most national games in the United States have prize money of around $4000 to $6000. During the World Championship however, players often play for much larger sums payed for by major sponsors this sport has been attracting. If this sort of sponsorship keeps up or even increases in the future, dodgeball will become more widely recognised and thus seen as a legitimate sport.

National Dodgeball league and World championships

The National Dodgeball League is headed by Commissioner Edward Prentiss out of Hopkins, MN it has 23 professional teams and was founded in 2004; these teams are divided into the national and the American Dodgeball Conferences. As well as professional dodgeball, the NDL also hosts the Amateur Dodgeball World Championships (DWC) that happens every year in Las Vegas, Nevada. The DWC draws dodgeball players from across the globe to compete in a tournament to determine the best amateur dodgeball team in the world. Unlike most other sports leagues, the NDL holds its entire regular season in one day during its annual Dodgeball World Championship. The NDL is not big enough yet to have a players association but rather they have a leadership council. One player from each of the 6 regions that dodgeball is most popular are selected to be in the Leadership Council every year. The players currently in the leadership council this year are:

Rob Immel- New York

Colin Governski- San Diego

Brett Batky- Virginia

Glen Spejcher- Chicago

Joe Luna- Texas

Kevin Pack- Oregon

Cory Cooper- Memphis

Local, State, National and International

When most people think of dodgeball they think of a fun past time to play with mates at school. This has traditionally been all dodgeball was in a local perspective. In most countries associated with dodgeball such as America, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and Australia grass roots dodgeball is something they all have in common in a managed and organised fun way.

With popularity at a local level taking off organisations such as the International Dodge Ball Federation (IDBF), Australian Dodgeball Association (ADA) and the National Dodgeball League (NDL) have developed dodgeball in such a way that it is now being recognised around the world. Dodgeball in America is most prominent at a state level with 18 professional teams and many more states completing in the amateur league held around the same time as the professional association. In countries like Australia and Canada, there are no recognised state teams (yet) but rather just one national team along with many local teams played in schools and organised dodgeball tournaments.

The Natioanl Dodgeball League (NDL) is currently the only professional dodgeball league in the United States. Although it consists almost entirely in America, the International Dodgeball Federation has plans to expand and hold National Leagues in different countries. The NDL Amateur Association holds an amateur dodgeball season year round via the NDL Championship Tour. The amateur dodgeball season is composed of nationwide tournaments, and culminates with the Dodgeball World Championship (DWC). This transformation from merely a fun past time played with mates and at school, to having National and World Championships held in Las Vegas, shows that through the power of business and politics this has evolved into a legitimate sport.

Australian dodgeball team: The Emus
The Emus are Australia's first national dodgeball team and selected themselves to compete in the world championships in Las Vegas which was held in August. After learning that Australia had no national dodgeball association, Sigsworth and his mates registered one. "Like every single Aussie we have dreamed of the chance to ... represent Australia.

But for most in their mid-30s, you have to face the fact making it in traditional ways is much harder. We found the loophole in Australian sport." Australian Dodgeball Association (ADA) president Burt Sigsworth, aka Mr Dodgeball, said. These 10 ‘average’ Australians have gained huge support from the nation having over 2000 fans on facebook and appearing on various morning shows and articles telling of their unlikely story.

In Popular Culture
The 2004 movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story is generally credited with reviving interest in the sport, especially among young adults, despite referencing the sport as being about "violence, exclusion and degradation". Although dodgeball was already fairly well established in the United States, after the movie came out, the sport started to gain momentum in different countries and also took off at a grass roots level. "Interest has just exploded," said Rusty Walker, president of the International Dodge Ball Federation.

Conclusion
Dodgeball is a constantly changing and evolving sport. Its recent explosion of interest can be put down to the increase in sponsership, business and organisations like the International Dodge Ball Federation (IDBF), Australian Dodgeball Association (ADA) and the National Dodgeball League (NDL). In order for this relatively new sport to be more widely recognised on a local, state, national and international level these organisations must continue to promote dodgeball, while also providing access to fun and sociable grass roots dodgeball in towns not to familiar with this new sport.

This article will discussed the potential for big business this sport could have, at the same time looking at the issues in dodgeball at this present time such as lack of funding, management and major sponsorship holding it back from achieving the goals needed to be recognised as legitimate sport. This piece showed both intra-state comparisons and the contrast between different countries and how dodgeball is managed and perceived in those countries. It also disscused plans that these dodgeball organisations have to help advance this sport in the future such as, once the Professional aspect of the NDL receives revenue, the players will get their fair share of the profits, as stated in professional players contracts.


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User:GHorto91

My name is Georgina Horton and I am in my 2nd year of Sports Management and Tourism Management at University of Canberra.

I am currently studying Business, Politics and Sport.

/Women in Football/

title: User:GHorto91


text:
User:GHorto91/Women in Football

Presentation on Youtube

Should women be able to participate in contact sports? How about when it starts challenging the male domain? These are the questions some people ask when they see female athletes playing different codes of football. Is it really acceptable behaviour for women to be competing in a male dominant sport? This article will investigate the different opinions relating to such a common topic in modern sport.

Female participation in sport has always been a delicate area in society which has caused much debate and conflict over time. With society being more accepting of women’s participation in sport, it has made way for them to enter traditionally male oriented sports. Recently, women have begun competing, refereeing, coaching, managing and training in all codes of football making it more popular among the female population. Rugby union, rugby league and AFL as well as American football are all primarily male dominated and with recent pursuits by female athletes into these sports, many people are finding these actions to be unhealthy, unfeminine and untraditional. A current example is the Lingerie Football League in America where females are competing in ‘lingerie’ as a uniform. This provides a completely new perspective on women participating in male dominated sports and possibly even questions the success females have already made in the sporting world.

This article will study a variety of sources and opinions in relation to women’s participation in sport focusing specifically on the different codes of football. It will explore the advantages and disadvantages of such sports being promoted to the female population and how particular images and perspectives could be changed to provide a more accepting society. The impacts of sexism, discrimination and stereotyping in sport and how it influences on business, politics and sport in today’s modern sporting world will provide the basis of this article.

History of Women's Participation in Australian Sport
Australia is internationally known for their sporting success in both female and male events. These days, many do not know of the often-difficult circumstances for women that assisted in their rise to the levels they participate in now. According to the Australian Sports Commission the nineteenth century involved the British forming and encouraging ‘an official masculine culture whose social etiquette supposedly restricted women to parlour games'. This era had women frowned upon as they attempted to challenge the male domain of sport. ‘Females were explicitly discouraged from participation in any type of vigorous activity that would diminish their femininity, and were relegated to spectator and supporter roles’. Society dictated the entire competition requiring women to wear ‘corsets, and heavy, long skirts which hindered any efforts to participate actively’. This move was common in these times and evident of the actions of society against women.

The twentieth century brought about much improvement in women’s participation in sport. With swimming becoming popular in schools and amateur golf becoming available to women, the line between women and men’s participation was to be tested. Although these options were a huge success for women, society still placed restrictions on their activities through only allowing ‘associate’ golf memberships and having ‘heavy and impractical’ female swimming costumes. Around this time, sports like rugby league and Australian football began to allow female participation but also at a restricted rate, only allowing this on a Sunday.

Finally, after World War 1 society began to view women in a different way and became more accepting to their participation in physical activity. Tennis, golf, lawn bowls, diving and cricket were some of the most popular sports for women. As time went on more events and competitions were being introduced to the female population, although it wasn’t until the 1980s that they received any type of financial backing through the opening of the Australian Institute of Sport.

Today, it is obvious of the difference between female and male participation in sport. The rate of good publicity of women in sport is significantly lower than men, as well as the amount of finance available. The history women’s participation in sport has been mainly attributed to the sexism, sex-role socialisation and the stereotyping of the genders. The challenges towards these attitudes are constantly improving the circumstances for women’s sport in Australia.

Rugby League
With the very first women’s Rugby League match played in 1921, female participation is now considered an option in this sport. With the support from the AWRL (Australian Women’s Rugby League), women now have the prime opportunity to participate through playing, refereeing, coaching and managing at high levels. The sport’s female participants reached international level in 1995 and by 2000 the first Women’s Rugby League World Cup was held.

Australian Football
Australian Football has been a strong supporter of women’s participation in all areas and continues to promote this sport as best they can. After World War 1 a couple of exhibition matches were organised, although it wasn’t until 1981 that competition seriously began. The last 10 years have seen huge increases in female participation of all ages. 2010 brought just over 73 000 female footballers, a 60% increase over that year, while 2011 has now seen an entire week/round dedicated to their participation.

Lingerie Football
Recent years have seen the introduction of female players participating in the game of American football with lingerie as their uniform. The new league states that “The Lingerie Football League has become the Ultimate Fan-Driven Live Sports Phenomenon - Blending Action, Impact and Beauty" . This trend for women to participate in traditionally male dominated sports while wearing lingerie has spread worldwide and begins competition in Canada, Australia and Europe . With the US drawing more attendance and viewing of this sport than some other traditionally male sporting competitions, the plan is to expand these leagues to compete internationally to allow for further participation of women.

The Affects on Business, Politics and Sport
Sport has slowly become a commodity in our society and therefore has changed the way we view competitors and organisations. With trends changing tremendously, society’s opinions are being influenced, not only by their experiences but by the media and sponsorship as well. The recent phenomenon for women entering traditionally male dominated sports has caused many opportunities for athletes as well as businesses. It has also influenced political endeavours and changed the sporting world. In particular, recent development in women’s football as evolved an entirely new era of attitudes, business moves and opportunities.

Business
Over the past century, the increased participation of women in sport has allowed for a whole new perspective on business. With sponsorship, media rights, sporting products and merchandise becoming a huge industry in our society, women have created an entirely new range. Women playing football now require different uniforms, more protection and some different sponsorship. The affect this has on business comes from the lack of financial availability to female athletes in modern times. This restriction means sponsorship is more important to fund participation and to cover sporting facilities and equipment. Additionally, the media has made a lot of money over women’s sport. The participation of women has caused a trigger to all channels of media in both a positive and negative way. In instances like female’s entering a football team, the media often abuses their skill and achievements to establish stereotypical opinions that influence all readers and viewers. Although this is creating awareness of the sports, it is also creating a poor image of women in sport and, still, people have their negative attitudes towards this commitment. A recent prime example is the Lingerie Football League in America, where women are playing a similar game to the men but wearing a classic female uniform; lingerie. A Yahoo article explains that "It (lingerie) adds femininity to the game and just highlights that even hot athletic chicks can hit as hard and run as fast as some of the guys” . Although, we’d like to think that people are going to watch the skill of the game, due to business opportunities of ticket sales, media rights and merchandise, as well as mainstream media portrayals, it is more than likely that the lingerie uniform is influencing such high levels of income.

Politics
The idea of women entering into sporting competitions has always come with constant debate. Whether it is due to stereotypical concerns, health concerns or the level of skill, women have always come off second best to men and have caused much political agony. These days men are gaining more payment and recognition than women on and off the field. The highest paid rugby league player at the moment is gaining up to $800 thousand. On top of this, the highest paid AFL player is earning over $1 million, while in the U.S, according to the Women’s Sports Foundation, men receive $133 million more in college athletic scholarships then women. Politics in sport arise from such proof as this while women all over the world are continuously trying to break the barrier. With the creation of governing bodies the Australian Women’s Rugby League and Women’s Football Australia, women are now represented as an official body working towards the achievements of their male counterparts. The introduction of lingerie football into Australia is another classic example where politics is going to cause friction in the female sporting world. The new competition is a whole new product in Australian sport and therefore brings about a number of unseen opinions including the health benefits of women, the images of women in lingerie and the financial stability of the game.

Sport
Women have changed the world of sport in many aspects. Rules, equipment and uniforms have all been modified to suit the different needs of women to men. With women now entering male dominated sports, major changes for sporting organisations are now influencing men to adapt to these new recruitments.

Conclusion
Opinions have changed tremendously over centuries in relation to women’s participation in sport. It hasn’t been until the last few decades that governing bodies have begun to influence the attitudes of society towards accepting the latest trends. Through examples of the Australian Women’s Rugby League and Women’s Football Australia, women entering different codes of football are being accepted, to the extent of the introduction of Lingerie league. On the other hand, the media play a huge role in the portrayal of women participating in particular sports and therefore are encouraging the opposite. With the lack of positive mainstream media and the stereotypical images of women playing football, it is unfortunately going to be a lifetime debate between the sexes.

title: User:GHorto91/Women in Football


text:
User talk:Alex21

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title: User talk:Alex21


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User:Toddjdavey

About me:

I study business, politics and sport

/Cricket, the gentleman's sport?/

title: User:Toddjdavey