text:
ECSTRA/Small Talk

Typical situations and topics to be focussed on:

1. situations where small talk is common (e.g. in stores, waiting rooms, waiting lines, on public transportation means)

2. situations where small talk is not common, but where people remain silent (e.g. in elevators, in public toilets)

3. common small talk topics if you're not talking to a close friend or a relative, e.g.
 * 3.1. sports
 * 3.2. hobbies
 * 3.3. traveling experiences
 * 3.4. American entertainment industry
 * 3.5. the weather
 * 3.6. recent scientific news
 * 3.7. recent political events
 * 3.8. general praise of domestic politics/politicians
 * 3.9. general complaint about politics/politicians
 * 3.10. a foreign interlocutor's language competence

4. length of small talk ...
 * 4.1. ... expected in private conversation before you say what you really want
 * 4.2. ... expected in business conversation before you say what you really want

(Please remember our guidelines.)

AT: Austria
Vienna, Lower Austria (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. in waiting rooms and waiting lines only if people are bored

 * 2. in small rooms in order to compensate the lack of distance

 * 3. the weather, news, politics, gossip, trips

 * 4.1 depends on situation, in general rather brief; 4.2 depends on business matter, in general rather brief

other Austrian informands (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. waiting room, trains, lunch with colleagues, cocktail party, buffet

 * 2. underground, supermarket cashier, lifts, toilets

 * 3. weather, complaints about politicians, food, culture, sport

 * 4.1 3-5 minutes, 4.2 5 minutes

BE: Belgium
Brussels (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1 + 2: small talk is not very common

 * 3.5, 7, 10, no personal questions

 * 4.1 ca. 5 min. (up to 10 min.)

CH: Switzerland
Lausanne (French-speaking area) (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. with neighbours (e.g. street elevators, stairs, small shops; more common in small cities than in large cities wher on e does not say hello to neighbours

 * 2. in most situations

 * 3. weather, events or conditions linked with neighbourhood

 * 4.1 no more than a few minutes, 4.2 very short

CZ: Czech Republic
Bohemia (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. elevator, public transport

 * 2. waiting room (doctor)

 * 3. your job, the weather

 * 4.1 very often no small talk, but direct communication; 4.2 small talk for about 3-5 minutes

DE: Germany
Bremen (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. on the telephone

 * 2. lifts, toilets

 * 3.1, 2, 3,5

 * 4.1 varies, a few minutes, 4.2 brief, a few minutes

south (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. among strangers: common in waiting rooms (but nowhere required)

 * 2. among people you know: common and required in waiting rooms, public transport, waiting lines

 * 3. complaints about politicians, the weather

 * 4.1 1-3 minutes, 4.2 no small talk

Saxony (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. only among people you know

 * 2. -

 * 3. the weather, family

 * 4.1 ca. 3 min., 4.2 no small talk

DK: Denmark
...

EE: Estonia
...

ES: Spain
Andalusia (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. waiting lines, waiting rooms, elevators, bus-stops

 * 2. toilet, public transportation means

 * 3.5

 * 4.1 fairly short, 4.2 fairly long

Castilia y León (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. public transportation means, stores, waiting rooms, waiting lines, elevator, public toilets (especially women in their middle ages)

 * 2. almost everywhere very early in the morning

 * 3. your won life, hobbies, preferences in life (likes and dislikes), travelling experiences, political events, sports

 * 4.1 depends on individuals, but usually quite brief, 4.2 can last longer (lunch together, some jokes in between)

FI: Finland
West Finland (Swedish-speaking area) (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. coffee-break, informal meetings (e.g. birthday parties), when you meet an acquaintance

 * 2. in serious situations (funerals, church)

 * 3. weather, health (your own or in general), news, TV, hobbies

 * 4.1 small talks not used as an introduction, 4.2 not common if you know the contact person well

Finnish-speaking area' (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. at the start of meetings, cocktail parties, other situations where everyone has been invited or most people know at least someone / have previous connection with them

 * 2. it is definitely unusual to start small talk with strangers anywhere (stores, waiting rooms, waiting lines, buses etc.)

 * 3. weather, morning newspaper, television headlines, recent political events, the situation where people meet for small talk

 * 4.1 very little, less than a minutes, sometimes not all; 4.2 not at all -- Finns usually go straight into the matter! It's a problem in international work to unlearn this habit.

FR: France
Paris (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. small talk is not very common in public situations; maybe used in waiting lines and at bus-stops

 * 2. in a lot of situations incl. elevators and toilets, libraries, hospitals

 * 3. weather, politics, an environmental catastrophe, complaints, personal interests, national customs, relations, family, cinema

 * 4. depends on individuals, but the French generally don't address the real topic directly, but insert a few minutes of small talk (more in business conversations, less in private conversations)

HR: Croatia
...

HU: Hungary

 * 1. public transportation means, waiting rooms (almost required), waiting lines, elevators, toilet, bank

 * 2. business conversations

 * 3. 5, 8, 9 + in waiting lines the reason why people have to wait or complaints that people have to wait

 * 4.1 1-2 minutes, 4.2 no small talk

(all info: ECSTRA-Q)

IE: Ireland

 * 1. public transport, waiting rooms, queues, pub

 * 2. toilets (but the longer the wait, the more likelihood there is a conversation will start

 * 3.1, 2, 3, 4 (among teenagers), 5, 7, 9, traffic, planned holidays, funerals (among elderly people)

 * 4.1 Irish people never say what they really want, 4.2 less than 5 minutes

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

IT: Italy
Lombardy (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1. public transportation means (predominantly when journey is long, not so much on the bus or the underground), waiting rooms, elevators, stores
 * 2. toilet, waiting lines, church, cemetery
 * 3. 5, 7, sport news, general complaint about general problems, recent events, common experiences, everyday life
 * 4.1 not too long, just a couple of sentences in order to find a common ground; 4.2 not too long, people just need to make a formal introduction (however, it may depend on what the person is going say: if they know that the others won't agree with them they'll do small talk for quite some time as a conscious strategy to obtain what they want)

Sicily (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1. in a traffic jam, bars, in the street
 * 2. church
 * 3. family, children, love, house, work
 * 4.1 a few minutes, 4.2 no small talk

LT: Lithuania

 * 1. not as much as in Germany

 * 2. funerals (no speaking at all), on the bus, in stores (in former times you were not even asked if you needed any help)

 * 3. bad economic situation, politics

 * 4.1 with friends and people you know longer period of small talk, otherwise rather directly; 4.2 very directly

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

LU: Luxemburg

 * 1. with strangers only at parties

 * 2. -

 * 3. weather, leisure time, food and especially work

 * 4.1 if at all, then only brief; 4.2 3-4 sentences

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

LV: Latvia
...

MT: Malta

 * 1. waiting rooms, stores

 * 2. elevators

 * 3. football, weather

 * 4.1 few minutes, 4.2 very little

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

NL: Netherlands
...

NO: Norway
...

PL: Poland
informands for which there is no regional information (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. public transport, waiting rooms, elevators

 * 2. toilets

 * 3.1, 5

 * 4.1 very brief, 4.2 brief

Silesia (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. waiting lines

 * 2. church

 * 3.1, 5, 9

 * 4.1 3 minutes, 4.2 10 minutes

PT: Portugal
Alentejo (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. waiting rooms, toilet (for one informand), public transportation, stores

 * 2. elevators, libraries, church, hospital, toilet (for one informand), waiting lines in government buildings

 * 3. weather (most frequent topic), TV shows, political events, sports, complaint about politicians

 * 4.1 a few minutes, 4.2 right to the point, or small talk if we take the business partner out for lunch or dinner

SE: Sweden

 * 1. Don't do small talk with strangers if there is non relationship with them and you never going to see them again.

 * 2. Only say hi to people when you enter the lift, at least if it is the lift at home.

 * 3. work, weather

 * 4.1 just a few sentences, 4.2 just a few sentences

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

SI: Slovenia
...

SK: Slovakia
...

UK: United Kingdom
Glasgow (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. waitings rooms, public transportation means

 * 2. lifts, waitings rooms of lawyers, toilets (if not good friends)

 * 3. the weather (most frequent topic), if something has just happened (e.g. if the train was late), TV programmes, sport, travel problems, the Royal Family

 * 4. one informand gives the following info: 4.1 less than 5 minutes, 4.2 between 5 and 10 minutes; another informand gives the following info: 4.1 very variable, but can be long time, 4.2 very variable, but generally less than 5 minutes

Cambridgeshire (ECSTRA-Q)

 * 1. shopping queues, bus queues, when you meet an elderly neighbour, in some public transport

 * 2. lifts, toilets, the underground, churches

 * 3. weather, recent political events (e.g. if there has been an election), sport, your personal situation, children

 * 4.1 5-10 minutes, 4.2 2-3 minutes

Australia

 * 3. weather, current affiars, sport, politics

China
length of small talk ... ... expected in business conversation before you say what you really want:

Small talk in business conversations in China is marked by several politeness strategies:

guan xin: take care for somebody

According to this principle the interlocutors will in a first-contact-situation ask for each other's well-being. But the expected answers leave no options for complaints or critical utterances, just positive remarks are intended. Furthermore there are requests for information about the other person's family situation (which can be very well compared with the English people's talk about the weather, like I was told by a Chinese fellow student).

qian gong xing: politeness rule that instructs you to be modest towards others

This rule demands of the speakers not to act out any form of self-presentation. One's positive features (looks, character, professional efforts, social status) must exclusively be highlighted by the other interlocutor, as modesty is considered as very polite.

In the same way one is expected to show respect to the opposite partner of the social interaction by emphasizing his remarkable features. This is part of the "giving face" process. If one interactional partner has given face to the other, he can be certain that he will also be given face by the latter.

Younger people or people of a lower status are usually expected to initiate the process of paying tribute to the older or higher status person (because the latter one clearly deserves more respect as he/she has already experienced and achieved more in his/her life).

Colombia
1. public transport, stores, public offices, supermarkets

2. elevators, toilet, waiting lines, the church

3. recent news in general, weather, things being in fashion

4.1 10-30 min.; 4.2 5-15 min.

Greece
1. queues, public transportation, stores, waiting rooms, almost everywhere

2. churches, elevators

3. complaints about politics, transportation, financial matters, crime etc., the weather, sport, the church

4.1 one informand: 1-2 minutes, one informand: 5 min to 1 hour (depends on degree of imposition); 4.2 5 minutes

Lebanon
1. almost everywhere

2. --

3. talking about one's private social life like how work is going, experiences and so on; any topic is possible without giving details

4.1 definitely longer than in Germany, ca. 10 min.; 4.2 around 5 min.

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

(all info ECSTRA-Q)

title: ECSTRA/Small Talk


text:
ECSTRA/Taboo

Typical situations to be focussed on:

1. what are taboo topics (= forbidden topics) in a nation if a speaker is not talking to a close friend or relative? E.g.
 * 1.1. sexuality
 * 1.2. religion
 * 1.3. politics
 * 1.4. money
 * 1.5. hobbies

2. what are you not allowed to compliment on? E.g.
 * 2.1. the host's wife
 * 2.2. clothes
 * 2.3. appearance, looks
 * 2.4. possessions
 * 2.5. intellectual abilities
 * 2.6. physical abitilities
 * 2.7. intellectual achievements
 * 2.8. physical achievements
 * 2.9. the lunch/dinner that you were invited for to someone's home

(Please remember our guidelines.)

AT: Austria

 * Vienna, Lower Austria: 1. no real fixed taboos; 2. -- (ECSTRA-Q)
 * informand without indication of region: 1.1, 1.2, death, family problems; 2. the host's wife (ECSTRA-Q)

BE: Belgium

 * Brussels: 1.1, 1.4.; 2. nothing (maybe possessions) (ECSTRA-Q)

CH: Switzerland

 * Lausanne (French-speaking area): 1. topics that are sensitive or not neutral; 2.7, 2.8, allusions to sexual aspects (ECSTRA-Q)

CZ: Czech Republic
Bohemia: 1.1, 1.4; 2.4 (ECSTRA-Q)

DE: Germany

 * Bremen: 1. --; 2. -- (ECSTRA-Q)
 * south: 1. salary, sexuality, disease; 2. sexual allusions, on weight-loss (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Saxony: 1.1, 1.3; 2. no restrictions (ECSTRA-Q)

DK: Denmark
...

EE: Estonia
...

ES: Spain

 * Andalusia: 1.1 (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Castilia y León: 1. Neither money, possessions nor age are good topics (ECSTRA-Q)

FI: Finland

 * West Finland (Swedish-speaking area): 1. income, personal problems, sex, religion, politics; 2. physical appearance, someone's wife's looks (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Finnish-speaking area: 1.1, 1.2, domestic politics, personal income; 2. it's allowed but still not very common to compliment colleagues or employees for good work (ECSTRA-Q)

FR: France

 * Aix-en-Provence: 2.4 (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Indre-et-Loire: 2.1, 2.8 (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Montargis: 2.4 (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Fontainebleau: 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Paris: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, private/intimate things; 2.1 (but depends on context; definitely no compliments on body-parts and on weight-losses) (ECSTRA-Q)

HR: Croatia
...

HU: Hungary
1.1., 1.4., 2.6., 2.7. (ECSTRA-Q)

IE: Ireland

 * Dublin: 1. suicide, death, money; 2. there are no restrictions placed on the things people can make compliments on

IT: Italy

 * Lombardy: 1.1, personal issues or experiences; 2. too daring compliments about women's looks and body, about possessions and money, your friend's wife (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Sicily: 1.1 (ECSTRA-Q)

LT: Lithuania
1. bribe (ECSTRA-Q)

LU: Luxemburg
1. sexuality, salary, retirement; 2. - (ECSTRA-Q)

LV: Latvia
...

MT: Malta
1.2, 1.3; 2. spouse/partner of other person (ECSTRA-Q)

NL: Netherlands
...

NO: Norway
...

PL: Poland

 * Silesia: 1.1; 2. -- (ECSTRA-Q)
 * informand without regional indication: 1. --; 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 (ECSTRA-Q)

PT: Portugal

 * Alentejo: 1.1; 2. -- (ECSTRA-Q)

SE: Sweden
1. anything bad about women football; 2.-- (ECSTRA-Q)

SI: Slovenia
...

SK: Slovakia
...

UK: United Kingdom

 * Glasgow, Scotland: 1.1, 1.2, for one informand 1.3, for one informand 1.4.; 2. a friend's wife/girlfriend/partner, intellectual or physical abilities or achievements except for children (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Cambridgeshire: 1.1, 1.4, who you voted for; 2. someone else's wife's good looks, inappropriate physical compliments (ECSTRA-Q)

Non-European Nations
Colombia: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4; 2. -- (ECSTRA-Q)

Greece: 1.1 (esp. homosexuality), personal relationships, diseases related with disabilities; 2.1, depends on situation (ECSTRA-Q)

Lebanon: 1. depends on the religion: religion is a taboo topic for small talks between a Lebanese Christian and a Lebanese Muslim; 2. depends on the religion: Christians, in contrast to Muslims, accept almost any compliments (ECSTRA-Q)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ECSTRA/Taboo


text:
ECSTRA/Thanks

Typical aspects to be focussed on:

1. Phrases to say thank you
 * 1.1. formal
 * 1.2. informal

2. Typical things to say thank you for, e.g.:
 * A. compliments
 * B. services in restaurants
 * C. information services and help in stores
 * D. services in administration offices
 * E. something (goods/merchandise) that a store employee or cashier gives after you've bought it
 * F. for something that is given back to you
 * G. for wishes in greeting and leave-taking terms

(Please remember our guidelines.)

AT: Austria

 * in Vienna: 1.1 + 1.2.: Danke '(I) thank', Dankeschön '(I) thank finely', Vergelt's Gott 'May God repay it', Vielen Dank 'A lot of thanks'; 1.1: Ich bedanke mich recht herzlich 'I thank quite cordially', Ich bedanke mich vielmals 'I thank many times'; 1.2.: Danke dir '(I) thank you', Dank dir schön '(I) thank you finely', among close friends: Du bist ein Schatz -- Danke 'You're a treasure -- (I) thank'; untypical: Schönen Dank 'Fine thank' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: A-F (ECSTRA-Q)

BE: Belgium

 * Bruxelles (French): 1.1. Je vous remercie 'I thank you', Un tout grand merci 'A very big thanks'; 1.2.Merci 'Thanks', Merci beaucoup 'Thanks a lot' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: esp. B-F (in the French-speaking part) (ECSTRA-Q)

CH: Switzerland
German-speaking Switzerland:
 * 1.1. danke ('(I)thank'), danke vielmol ('(I) thank (you) a lot'), vielen dank ('lots of thanks'), vilä herzlichä dank ('lots of thanks (heartily)') (PO)
 * 1.2. merci ('thanks'), danke/merci vielmol ('thanks a lot'), danke ('thanks'), dank der gell('I thank you, right') (PO)

Lausanne (French-speaking area) (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1. Merci, Merci beaucoup, Merci infiniment (with someone you know)
 * 2. all situations given; thanking is generally very wide-spread

CZ: Czech Republic
Bohemia
 * 1: formal: Mnohokrát děkuji 'Many thanks', Děkuji 'Thanks'; informal: Dík, Díky, Dík moc; colloquial Díkes (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: service in restaurants, unexpected help, compliments (ECSTRA-Q)

DE: Germany

 * 1.1.: cf. 1.2. + Ich danke Ihnen (recht/ganz) herzlich 'I thank you (quite) cordially' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2.: Danke '(I) thank', Vielen Dank 'Many thanks', Schönen Dank 'Nice thanks', Danke schön '(I) thank nicely'; in the east and south also Herzlichen Dank 'Cordial thanks' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: A-F (ECSTRA-Q)

DK: Denmark
...

EE: Estonia
...

ES: Spain

 * 1.1.: Muchisimas gracias 'Very many thanks', Un million de gracias 'A million thanks', Te lo agradezco 'I thank you' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2.: Se lo agradezco 'I thank you', Gracias 'Thanks', Muchas gracias 'Many thanks' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: B, C, D, F in Andalusia; A-G in Castilia (ECSTRA-Q)

FI: Finland

 * 1.1.: (Paljon) kiitoksia; in the Swedish-speaking area Tack så mycket 'Thanks so much' or Tusen tack 'Thousand thanks' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2.: Kiitos, Kiiti (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: Finnish-speaking part: B, C, D, F, G, sometimes also A, E; Swedish-speaking part: A-G (ECSTRA-Q)

FR: France

 * Paris: 1.1.+1.2.: Merci 'Thanks', Merci beaucoup 'Thanks a lot', Merci bien 'Thanks well', Grand merci 'Big thanks'; 1.1.: Merci à vous 'Thanks to you', Je vous remercie 'I thank you', Merci infiniment 'Thanks indefinitely'; 1.2.: Ho merci 'O thanks', Je te remercie 'I thank thee', Tu es très gentil 'You are very nice', thank you (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2:Paris: B, C, D, F, G, sometimes also A, E (ECSTRA-Q)

HR: Croatia
...

HU: Hungary

 * Köszönöm 'Thank you' (if one person is saying thank you), köszönjük a... 'We thank you for the...', (nagyon) köszönöm szépen 'thank you (very) much' (PO)

 * in very formal situations also: Hálásan köszönöm 'I thank cordially' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: A-F, sometimes also G (ECSTRA-Q)

IE: Ireland

 * 1.1.: cf. 1.2. + Thanks a million, (That's) brilliant--you're a star (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2.: Thanks, Thank you
 * 2: A-G + special attention that hearer has paid or is paying to the speaker (ECSTRA-Q)

IT: Italy

 * Lombardy: 1.1. + 1.2.: Grazie  'Thanks', Grazie mille 'Thanks thousand (times)'; very formal: I piu sentiti ringraziamenti 'The most felt gratitudes' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Sicily: 1.1. + 1.2. Grazie, Mille grazie (ECSTRA-Q)
 * Lombardy: 2: A-G (ECSTRA-Q)

LT: Lithuania

 * 1: Dekui 'Thanks', Aciu labai (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: A-G (ECSTRA-Q)

LU: Luxemburg
...

LV: Latvia
...

MT: Malta

 * 1.1.: Thank you, Grazzi hafna 'Many thanks', Grazzi min qalbi (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: for all situations given above, but not necessarily of you are at the end of conversation, because the leave-taking term mostly implies an aspect of thanking (ECSTRA-Q)

NL: Netherlands
...

NO: Norway
...

PL: Poland

 * 1: Dziękuję (bardzo) 'I thank (very)', Szerdecznie dziękuje 'Heartful thank' (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: A-G (ECSTRA-Q)

PT: Portugal

 * 1: from very formal to informal: muito agredecido - muito obrigado - obrigado (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2: B, C, E, F, for help of any kind (ECSTRA-Q)

SE: Sweden
Tack 'Thanks' (rather informal), Tack så mycket 'Thanks so much' (rather formal) (ECSTRA-Q)

SI: Slovenia
...

SK: Slovakia
...

UK: United Kingdom

 * 1.1. Thanks, Many thanks, Cheers, Ta, Ta much (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2. Thank you, Thank you very much, Many thanks; Thanks awfully (considered "posh") (ECSTRA-Q)

China
In Chinese xiexie for 'thanks', xiexie ni for 'thank you', feichang ganxie for 'thank you very much'.(PO)

Colombia
1. informal: Gracias, Muchas gracias vs. formal: Le agradezco mucho 2. all situations given -- in ordinary and informal situations it is normal to thank all the time and also in response to anybody that provides a service

Greece

 * 1.1.: (Σε) ευχαριστω spoken: '"efcharistó"' (thanks); ευχαριστω πολυ spoken: '"efcharistó polí"' (thanks a lot); ευχαριστω παρα πολυ spoken: '"efcharistó pára polí"' (thank you very much) (PO); affectionate: ευχαριστω πολυ, να 'σαι καλα (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 1.2.: If you address a person formally Σας ευχαριστω παρα πολυ spoken: '"sass efcharistó pára polí"' (thank you very much); if you are on first-name terms with someone but still want to be formal: Σ'ευχαριστω spoken: '"sefcharistó"' (thank you very much) (PO)
 * 2.: for compliments, being helped, good service, polite behavior, being givensome change, wishes in greetings (ECSTRA-Q)

Lebanon

 * 1. merci, thanks -- sometimes expressing thankfulness can take up to 5 minutes (ECSTRA-Q)
 * 2. all situations given (ECSTRA-Q)

Philippines (Tagalog)
salamat for 'thank you/thanks', salamat po for 'thank you' to indicate politeness (for example when talking to strangers) and maraming salamat for 'thank you very much' (PO).

title: ECSTRA/Thanks


text:
EuroLex/F/Accessory

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: accessoire m. - 1. supplement, 2. auxiliary tool, 3. requisite, 4. extra/extras, special equipment, 5. accessory

accessoire adj. - 1. acessory, 2. casual, 3. insignificant, 4. redundant

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from MF accesoire, from Medieval Latin accessÅrius, from accessor, helper'

source: http://de.wiktionary.org/wiki, http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
Polnisch: n. modne dodatki

Danish: n. - ekstratilbehÃ¸r, tilbehÃ¸r; adj. - ekstra, ekstra-

Swedish: n. - tillbehÃ¶r, medhjÃ¤lpare; adj. - Ã¥tfÃ¶ljande, bidragande

title: EuroLex/F/Accessory


text:
EuroLex/F/Acute accent

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: accent aigu - 1. a diacritic mark placed above a vowel to indicate the quality of pronunciation

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
The word "aigu" is derived from the Latin accutus ("sharp"), itself a loan translation of the Greek ὀξύς (oxýs) source: http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Acute accent


text:
EuroLex/F/Adieu

 * Original language:French
 * Original form and meaning:adieu 'goodbye'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Adieu


text:
EuroLex/F/Alert

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: à l'herte 'observant, wary, wakeful'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Alert


text:
EuroLex/F/Alley

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: allée - 1. avenue, parkway (AmE)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology:

from O.Fr. alée, from alé, fem. pp. of aler "to go," which ultimately may be a contraction of L. ambulare "to walk," or a back-formation from L. allatus "having been brought to".

Source: http://www.etymonline.com/

ME al(e)y < MF alee walk, passage, deriv. of fem. of ale, ptp. of aler to walk (F aller), prob. < VL *allārī, regularized from allātus, the suppletive ptp. of afferre to bring (pass. afferrī to be moved, conveyed, to betake oneself); F aller often allegedly < L ambulāre to walk, but this offers grave phonetic problems, since the m and b would not normally be lost.

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/

Information on Other Languages
Danish: gyde, smøge, stræde

Dutch: steeg, pad

French: ruelle

German: Gasse

Italian: vicolo

Portugese: beco, rua estreita

Spanish: callejón, callejuela, pasadizo

=> Please check the article on Avenue (EuroLex)

title: EuroLex/F/Alley


text:
EuroLex/F/Ancien Régime

Ancien Régime - 2. The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789
 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: ancien régime - 1. former form of government, old rule

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
The term Ancien Régime was established in the humanities through Alexis de Tocqueville’s essay L'ancien régime et la Révolution (1856). Tocqueville was a French publicist and politician.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Ancien Régime


text:
EuroLex/F/Arrangement

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: arrangement - 1. accord, agreement; 2. array, placement; 3. design; 4. appointment, assignation; 5. junction

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: arrange + -ment

arrange : 1375, "to draw up a line of battle", from OF arrangier, from a- "to" + rangier "set in a row", from rang "rank", from Frank. *hring. A rare word until the meaning generalized to "to place things in order" c.1780-1800. Musical sense of "adapt for other instruments or voices" is from 1808.

-ment: ME, from OF, from L -mentum, suffix forming nouns, usually from verbs

Sources: http://dictionary.reference.com, http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Arrangement


text:
EuroLex/F/Attraper

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: attraper 'to catch, to get hold of'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Attraper


text:
EuroLex/F/Au courant

 * Original language: au courant
 * Original form and meaning: au courant - 1. lit. with the current;

(être) au courant - 2. (to be) up to date, informed

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Au courant


text:
EuroLex/F/Au fait

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: au fait - 1. to the point, relevant, adv. by the way

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: fait is from Latin factum

Source: http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Au fait


text:
EuroLex/F/Au gratin

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: au gratin - 1. with the scraping from the pan

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
Spanish: al dorado - lit. baked golden

title: EuroLex/F/Au gratin


text:
EuroLex/F/Au lait

also in compounds as bonbon au lait (milk candy), cafÃ© au lait (white coffee, coffee with milk), chocolat au lait (milk chocolate), riz au lait (rice pudding)
 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: au lait - 1. with milk;

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Au lait


text:
EuroLex/F/Au naturel

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: au naturel - in the natural state

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Au naturel


text:
EuroLex/F/Au pair

or in compounds as fille au-pair- au pair girl
 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: au pair - 1. on an equal footing;

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
Italian: (ragazza) alla pari;

Latvian: bērnaukle-izpalīdze (ārzemniece);

Lithuanian: jaunuolis, *jaunuolė iš užsienio, gaunanti(s) visą išlaikymą už vaikų priežiūrą ir namų;

Polish: okresowa pomoc domowa w zamian za wyżywienie, kieszonkowe i naukę języka

Slovak: mladá opatrovkyňa detí v cudzej krajine

title: EuroLex/F/Au pair


text:
EuroLex/F/Aubergine

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: aubergine - 1. eggplant, 2. fruit of the eggplant

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from French "fruit of the eggplant", diminutive of auberge "a kind of peach", from Spanish alberchigo "apricot".

But Klein derives the French from Catalan alberginera, from Arabic al-badinjan "the eggplant," from Persian badin-gan, from Sanskrit vatin-ganah.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech:      lilek

Estonian:   baklažaan

Hungarian:  padlizsán

Italian:    melanzana

Latvian:    baklažāns

Portuguese: berinjela

Slovak:     baklažán

Spanish:    berenjena

title: EuroLex/F/Aubergine


text:
EuroLex/F/Avenue

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: avenue - 1. avenue, boulevard

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from M.Fr. avenue way of access, from O.Fr. avenue act of approaching, arrival, from fem. of avenu, pp. of avenir arrive, from L. advenire to come, from ad- to + venire to come

source: etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: třída

Danish: -gade; -vej

Dutch: (brede) bomenlaan, aanpak

Estonian: tänav

Finnish: katu

Hungarian: sugárút

Italian: viale

Norwegian: gate, vei

Polish:	ulica, aleja

Slovak:	trieda

Swedish: allé, boulevard, gata, väg

=> Please check the article on Alley (EuroLex)

title: EuroLex/F/Avenue


text:
EuroLex/F/Bagatelle

 * Original language:French
 * Original form and meaning:bagatelle 'small matter, detail, trifle'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bagatelle


text:
EuroLex/F/Baggage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: baggage, luggage

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages

 * Rum. bagáli 'luggage' (Source: Birken-Silvermann 2003: 127)

title: EuroLex/F/Baggage


text:
EuroLex/F/Baguette

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: baguette - 1. baguette (a small narrow loaf of French bread), 2. rod, switch, 3. baton, 4. ornamental batten

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Latin baculum "a stick"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Dutch: stokbrood

Italian: filoncino

Spanish (more common): barra de pan

title: EuroLex/F/Baguette


text:
EuroLex/F/Bandoleer

Cf. also Bandolier (EuroLex).

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bandoulière 'shoulder strap'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bandoleer


text:
EuroLex/F/Bandolier

Cf. also Bandoleer (EuroLex).

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bandoulière 'shoulder strap'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bandolier


text:
EuroLex/F/Banker

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: banquier - 1. banker, financer

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: meaning 1: 1525–35; < MF banquier cod fishing vessel: 1660–70 => bank + -er the mason's workbench: 1670–80 => bank + -er

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Banker


text:
EuroLex/F/Baron

 * Original language: baron
 * Original form and meaning: French - 1. baron (male and female)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology:

http://dictionary.reference.com: ME < AF, OF < LL barÅn- (s.of barÅ) "man" < Gmc; sense "cut of beef"

http://www.etymonline.com: from O.Fr. baron, acc. of ber "military leader", perhaps from Frank. baro "freeman, man"; merged with cognate O.E. beorn "nobleman"

title: EuroLex/F/Baron


text:
EuroLex/F/Basin

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bassin - 1. basin, 2. pond, 3. swimming pool, 4. dock, harbour and 5. bowl

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: ME bacin, from O.Fr. bacin, from V.L. *baccinum, from L. bacca "water vessel", perhaps originally Gaulish

http://www.etymonline.com, http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Basin


text:
EuroLex/F/Bayonet

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: baïonnette - 1. bayonet (in the sense of: a blade adapted to fit the muzzle end of a rifle and used as a weapon in close combat)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: said to be from Bayonne, city in France where they were first made,or perhaps a diminutive of OF bayon "crossbow bolt"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Estonian: tääk

Finnish: pistin

Hungarian: szurony

Latvian: durklis

Lithuanian: durtuvas

title: EuroLex/F/Bayonet


text:
EuroLex/F/Bechamel

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: béchamel - 1. a white sauce made from milk, cream, butter and flour

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
named after a French courtier, the Marquis de Béchamel Louis de Bechamel (died 1703), who attended Louis XIV

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bechamel


text:
EuroLex/F/Belle époque

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: belle époque - 1. an era of artistic and cultural refinement in a society, especially in France at the beginning of the 20th century (late 19th century until World War I)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Belle époque


text:
EuroLex/F/Bivouac

verb: bivouaquer - to camp in a bivouac
 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bivouac - 1. outdoor camp;

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Fr., ult. from Swiss/Alsatian biwacht "night guard," from bei- "double, additional" + wacht "guard." Original meaning was an army that stayed up on night watch; sense of "outdoor camp" is 1853. Not a common word in English before the Napoleonic Wars.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bivouac


text:
EuroLex/F/Blouse

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: blouse 'overall, smock, scrubs'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Blouse


text:
EuroLex/F/bonbon

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bonbon - 1. candy, 2. chocolate candy

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: childish reduplication of bon "good". Hence, bonbonniere (=> Bonbonnière (EuroLex)) (1818) "a box for sweets"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Danish: godte, bolsje

Italian: caramellina, zuccherino, confetto

Swedish: konfektbit

title: EuroLex/F/bonbon


text:
EuroLex/F/Bonbonnière

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bonbonnière - 1.a small, ornate box or dish for candy; 2. [fig.] a small house

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bonbonnière


text:
EuroLex/F/Bottle

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bouteille 'glass or plastic vessel, cylindrical with a narrow neck'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Bottle


text:
EuroLex/F/Bouillon

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bouillon - 1. soup (broth, beef tea (BrE))

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from French bouillir "to boil", from OFr boillir

Source: http://www.etymonline.com/

Information on Other Languages
Italian: brodo

Portuguese: caldo de carne

Spanish: caldo, consomé

title: EuroLex/F/Bouillon


text:
EuroLex/F/Boulevard

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: boulevard - 1. wide street, avenue, boulevard

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from French, originally "top surface of a military rampart," from a garbled attempt to adopt M.Du. bolwerc "wall of a fortification" into French, which lacks a -w-. The original notion is of a promenade laid out atop demolished city walls, which would be much wider than urban streets. Originally in English with conscious echoes of Paris; since 1929, in U.S., used of multi-lane limited-access urban highways.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Italian: viale

title: EuroLex/F/Boulevard


text:
EuroLex/F/Brie

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: brie - 1. Brie (a mold-ripened, whole-milk cheese with a whitish rind and a soft, light yellow center, milder than Camembert)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from name of district in department Seine-et-Marne, southeast of Paris, famous for its cheeses

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Portuguese: queijo francês macio

Spanish: tipo de queso suave

title: EuroLex/F/Brie


text:
EuroLex/F/Buffet

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: buffet 'sideboard, meal'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Buffet


text:
EuroLex/F/Button

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: bouton 'fastener, bud'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Button


text:
EuroLex/F/Cadet

 * Original language:French
 * Original form and meaning:cadet 'younger (brother,sister), junior'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Cadet


text:
EuroLex/F/Camembert

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: camembert - 1. camembert cheese (a mellow, soft cheese, the center of which is creamy and of a golden cream color, made from cow's milk); 2. pie-chart

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: Derived from the name of a village near Argentan, France, where it was originally made. Napoleon is said to have christened this cheese "Camembert", after the Norman village where a farmer's wife first served it to him.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com; http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Camembert


text:
EuroLex/F/Canape

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: canapé 'lounge, settee, sofa'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Canape


text:
EuroLex/F/Cascade

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: cascade - 1. cascade (meaning a) waterfall or a series of small waterfalls over steep rocks; b) something, such as lace, thought to resemble a waterfall or series of small waterfalls, especially an arrangement or fall of material)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F, from I cascata "waterfall", from cascare "to fall", from VL *casicare, from L casum, pp. of cadere "to fall". The verb is attested from 1702.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
meaning 1:

Czech: vodopád

Finnish: vesiputous

Hungarian: vízesés

Norwegian: foss

Polish: wodospad

Slovak: vodopád

Slovenian: slap

title: EuroLex/F/Cascade


text:
EuroLex/F/Cavalier

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: cavalier - 1. knight, squire

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: MF chevalier "horseman, knight" < OIt cavaliere < OPr < LL caballārius "man on horseback", equiv. to L caball(us) "horse"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com, http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
Danish: ridder

Dutch: ruiter

Estonian: ratsur, rüütel

Finnish: ratsastaja, ritari

Hungarian: lovag

Lithuanian: raitelis, riteris

Norwegian: ridder

Polish: rycerz

Slovak: jazdec, rytier

Slovenian: jezdec, vitez

title: EuroLex/F/Cavalier


text:
EuroLex/F/Chaise longue

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chaise longue 'deckchair, daybed'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Chaise longue


text:
EuroLex/F/Champagne

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: champagne - 1. champagne (a sparkling white wine made from a blend of grapes, especially Chardonnay and Pinot, produced in Champagne)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Champagne, district in NW France, name meaning "open country" Originally any wine from this region, focused to modern meaning late 18c.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Catalan, also: cava

Hungarian: pezsgő

title: EuroLex/F/Champagne


text:
EuroLex/F/Champignon

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: champignon - 1. an edible mushroom, especially the much cultivated species Agaricus bisporus

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology (uncertain): from MF, appar. VL *campīn(us) "of the field" OR

alteration of Old French champigneul, probably from Vulgar Latin *(fungus) campiniolus, "(fungus) growing in the fields", from Late Latin campānia, "countryside"

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/

Information on Other Languages
Czech: houba

Estonian: seen

Finnish: sieni

Hungarian: gomba

Latvian: sēne

Lithuanian: grybas

Norwegian: sopp

Polish: grzyb

Portuguese: cogumelo

Slovak: huba

Slovenian: goba

title: EuroLex/F/Champignon


text:
EuroLex/F/Chance

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chance - 1. luck, 2. happenstance, 3. opportunity, 4. possibility

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OFr cheance "accident, the falling of dice", from VL cadentia "that which falls out", from L cadentem (nom. cadens), prp. of cadere "to fall". Notions of "opportunity" and "randomness" are equally old in English. The verb meaning "to risk" is from 1859.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Chance


text:
EuroLex/F/Chanson

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chanson - 1. song, chanson

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Old French, from Latin cantiō, cantiōn-, from cantus, past participle of cantāre, to sing

Source: http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Chanson


text:
EuroLex/F/Charge

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: charge - 1. office, charge; 2. effort; 3. task; 4. weight, workload; 5. techn.: filler material; 6. techn.: weight; 7. phys.: charge, 8. indebtedness

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF chargier "load, burden", from LL carricare "to load a wagon, cart", from L carrus "wagon"

Charger "horse ridden by officer in the field" is from 1762 Chargé d'affairs was borrowed from F 1767

Source: http://www.etymonline.com/

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Charge


text:
EuroLex/F/Charm

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: charme - 1. grace, delight, appeal; 2. spell; 3. [bot.] hornbeam

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF charme "incantation", from L carmen "song, verse, enchantment", from canere "to sing", with dissimilation of -n- to -r- before -m-

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
meaning 1:

Finnish: viehätysvoima

Hungarian: báj

Italian: fascino

Lithuanian: žavesys

Polish: wdzięk

Slovak: pôvab

Spanish: encanto

title: EuroLex/F/Charm


text:
EuroLex/F/Chase

 * Original language:French
 * Original form and meaning:chasser 'hunt (animals), expel, dismiss'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Chase


text:
EuroLex/F/Chauvinism

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chauvinisme - 1. chauvinism, jingoism, rah-rah patriotism (meaning: 1. militant devotion to and glorification of one's country; fanatical patriotism; 2. prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own gender, group, or kind)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Nicholas Chauvin, soldier, possibly legendary, of Napoleon's Grand Armee, notoriously attached to the Empire long after it was history. Popularized in France 1831 through Cogniard's vaudeville "La Cocarde Tricolore".

Meaning extended to "sexism" via male chauvinism (1970).

The name is a F form of L Calvinus and thus Calvinism and chauvinism are, etymologically, twins.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Chauvinism


text:
EuroLex/F/Chef

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chef 'head, boss, head-cook, foreman, leader'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Chef


text:
EuroLex/F/Chicory

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: chicorée - 1. endive, 2. succory, 3. coffee substitute

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
chicory/succory: a perennial herb (Cichorium intybus) of the composite family, native to the Old World and widely naturalized in North America, having rayed flower heads with usually blue florets

endive: any of various forms of this plant cultivated for their edible leaves (such as radicchio)

coffee substitute: the dried, roasted, ground roots of this plant, also used as an adulterant

Etymology: from MF cichorée, from L cichoreum, from Gk kikhorion (pl. kikhoreia) "endive", of unknown origin although a connection with O.Egyptian word keksher was suggested

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Chicory


text:
EuroLex/F/Circumflex accent

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: accent circonflexe - 1. a diacritic mark placed above a vowel to indicate the quality of pronunciation

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
It received its English name from Latin "circumflexus" (bent about) - a translation of the Greek ÏÎµÏÎ¹ÏÏÏÎ¼ÎÎ½Î· (perispomene).

source: http://www.answers.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Circumflex accent


text:
EuroLex/F/Clique

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: clique - 1. clique, faction; 2. family, clanship

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF cliquer "to make a noise", echoic. Apparently this word was at one time treated as the equivalent of claque.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: parta

Estonian: kildkond

Finnish: kuppikunta

Italian: cricca

Portuguese: panelinha

Spanish: camarilla

title: EuroLex/F/Clique


text:
EuroLex/F/Coiffeur

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coiffeur - 1. hairdesser, barber

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: word for "hairdresser", from coiffer "to dress hair", from OF coife, originally "inner part of the helmet". A female hairdresser would properly be a coiffeuse.

Sorce: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
The more common German word for Coiffeur  is Friseur/Frisör, which also derived from F. The root is the F verb friser (to curl, to frizz). The (politically correct) female form is Friseurin/Frisörin.

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friseur

title: EuroLex/F/Coiffeur


text:
EuroLex/F/Coiffure

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coiffure - 1. hairstyle, 2. headdress

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from coiffer "to dress hair", from OF coife, originally "inner part of the helmet".

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: účes

Danish also: frisure

Dutch: kapsel

Estonian: soeng

Finnish: kampaus

Hungarian: frizura

Italian: acconciatura

Latvian: frizūra

Lituanian: šukuosena

Norwegian: frisyre

Polish: fryzura

Portuguese: penteado

Slovak: účes

Slovenian: pričeska

Spanish: peinado

Swedish also: frisyr, håruppsättning

All roots starting with fris-, friz-, fryz- also derived from F. The root is the F verb friser (to curl, to frizz).

title: EuroLex/F/Coiffure


text:
EuroLex/F/Collage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: collage - 1. adhesive bonding, glueing; 2. [art] collage (work of art and technique); 3. [oenology] fining

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F collage "a pasting", from OF coller "to glue", from Gk kolla "glue"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com/

Information on Other Languages
Slovenian: lepljenka

title: EuroLex/F/Collage


text:
EuroLex/F/Cologne

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: eau de Cologne - cologne (a scented liquid made of alcohol and various fragrant oils)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: Cologne water, loan-translation of F eau de Cologne, literally "water from Cologne", from the city in Germany (Geman: Köln, from L Colonia Agrippina) where it was made, first by the Italian chemist Johann Maria Farina, who had settled there in 1709.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
loan-translations:

Czech: kolínská voda

Danish: kølnervand

Finnish: kölninvesi

German: Kölnischwasser

Italian: acqua di Colonia

Portuguese: água de colônia

Slovak: kolínska voda

Spanish: agua de colonia

different words:

Hungarian: arcvíz

Latvian: smaržūdens

title: EuroLex/F/Cologne


text:
EuroLex/F/Conduct

 * Original language:French
 * Original form and meaning:conduite 'behaviour, manner'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Conduct


text:
EuroLex/F/Corset

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: corset 'stays'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
-

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Corset


text:
EuroLex/F/Coup

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coup - 1. coup (meaning: brilliantly executed stratagem; a triumph), 2. manoeuvre, blow, stab, stroke

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF colp "to cut, strike", from ML colpus, from VL colapus, from L colaphus "a cuff, box on the ear", from Gk kolaphos "a blow, slap".

coup d'étate: from F, lit. "stroke of the state"

coup de grâce: from F, lit. "stroke of grace"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Dutch: goede zet

Czech: skvělý tah

Estonian: meisterlik saavutus

Hungarian: tett

Latvian: sekmīgs darījums

Lithuanian: netikėta sėkmė

Polish: przełom

Slovak:	(dobrý) ťah

Slovenian: podvig

Spanish: logro

title: EuroLex/F/Coup


text:
EuroLex/F/Coupe

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coupe - 1. beaker, tumbler, goblet; 2. cup; 3. bowl; 4. [textil.] cut; 5. [ling.] break

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: ME < AF co(u)pe, OF coupe < LL cuppa, L cūpa "cask, tub, barrel"

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/

Information on Other Languages
Danish: portionsglas

Dutch: sorbet(glas)

title: EuroLex/F/Coupe


text:
EuroLex/F/Coupon

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coupon - 1. coupon, voucher; 2. [finan.] bond coupon, interest coupon, interest voucher, interest warrant

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F coupon, from OF coupon "piece cut off", from couper "to cut", from coup "a blow".

Meaning widened to "discount ticket" 1860s by British travel agent Thomas Cook. The specific advertising sense is from 1906.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Estonian: lõigend Italian: cedola, buono Polish:	talon Slovenian: odrezek

title: EuroLex/F/Coupon


text:
EuroLex/F/Coupé

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: coupé - 1. coupé (meaning a car with four seats, two doors and a sloping rear)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F, originally pp. of couper "to cut (in half)", from early 19c. carrosse coupe "cut-off carriage", a shorter version of the berlin, minus the back seat. First applied to closed two-door automobiles 1908.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Latvian: divvietīga slēgta automašīna

Lithuanian: dviduris automobilis

Polish: samochód dwudrzwiowy

Portuguese (Portugal): descapotável

title: EuroLex/F/Coupé


text:
EuroLex/F/Courage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: courage - 1. courage, pluckiness, valour, bravery; 2. intrigue

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF corage, from VL *coraticum, from L cor "heart," which remains a common metaphor for inner strength. In ME, used broadly for "what is in one's mind or thoughts", hence "bravery", but also "wrath, pride, confidence, lustiness", or any sort of inclination. Replaced OE ellen.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: odvaha

Danish: mod

Dutch: moed

Estonian: julgus

Finnish: rohkeus

Hungarian: bátorság

Latvian: drosme

Lithuanian: drąsa

Norwegian: mot

Polish: odwaga

Slovak: odvaha

Slovenian: pogum

title: EuroLex/F/Courage


text:
EuroLex/F/Cousin

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: male: cousin, female: cousine - 1. cousin (male and female)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF cosin, from L consobrinus "mother's sister's child", from com- "together" + sobrinus (earlier *sosrinos) "cousin on mother's side", from soror (gen. sororis) "sister". Used familiarly as a term of address since 1430, especially in Cornwall. Your first cousin (also cousin-german) is the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt; your children and your first cousin's are second cousins to one another; to you, your first cousin's children are first cousin once removed.

Phrase kissing cousin is Southern U.S. expression, 1940s, denoting "those close enough to be kissed in salutation"; Kentish cousin (1796) is an old British term for "distant relative".

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: male: bratranec; female: sestřenice

Danish: male: fætter

Dutch: male: neef; female: nicht

Estonian: male: nõbu, tädipoeg, -tütar; female: onupoeg, -tütar

Finnish: serkku

Hungarian: unokatestvér

Latvian: male: brālēns; female: māsīca

Lithuanian: male: pusbrolis; female: pusseserė

Norwegian: søskenbarn; male: fetter

Portugese: male: primo; female: prima

Slovak: male: bratranec; female: sesternica

Slovenian: male: bratranec; female: sestrična

Spanish male: primo; female: prima

title: EuroLex/F/Cousin


text:
EuroLex/F/Cream

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: crème 'dairy product, lotion for skin, colour'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF cresme, blend of LL chrisma "ointment" (from Gk chrisma "unguent"), and LL cramum "cream", perhaps from Gaulish.

Replaced OE ream.

Re-borrowed from F 19c., as creme.

Figurative sense of "most excellent element or part" is from 1581. Cream-cheese is from 1583.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Cream


text:
EuroLex/F/Croup

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: croupe - 1. croup (meaning: the highest part of the rump of a quadruped, esp. a horse)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from ME croupe < MF, AF crupe, OF crope < Gmc

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Croup

Please note: The word croup has two meanings, the other is that of a condition characterized by inflammation and consequent narrowing of the larynx, occurring especially in young children, the main symptoms of which are a hoarse cough, difficulty in breathing and fever. This word, however, was developed in the 18c by imitation of the sound.

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Croup


text:
EuroLex/F/Croupier

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: croupier - 1. croupier (meaning: an attendant at a gaming table who collects and pays bets)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: literally meaning 'one who rides pillion on a horse' (obsolete)

croupier, from croupe, 'rump', croup, from OF

Please note the article on Croup (EuroLex).

Source: http://www.allwords.com, http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
-

title: EuroLex/F/Croupier


text:
EuroLex/F/Cutlet

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: côtelette - 1. cutlet

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF costelette "little rib", diminutive of coste "rib, side", from L costa, influenced by E cut

Source: http://www.etymonline.com; http://www.allwords.com

Information on Other Languages
Estonian: karbonaad

Finnish: kyljys

Hungarian: (borda)szelet

Latvian: karbonāde

Lithuanian: pjausnys

Slovenian: zarebrnica

title: EuroLex/F/Cutlet


text:
EuroLex/F/Dame

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: dame - 1. lady, dame

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF dame, from LL domna, from L domina "lady, mistress of the house", from L domus "house". Slang sense of "woman" first attested 1902 in AmE.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
meaning 1 (title of nobility)

Hungarian: női lovagi rang

Polish: (tytuł szlachecki)

meaning "a woman":

Czech: ženská

Dutch: wijf

German: Frau

Estonian: naine

Finnish: nainen

Hungarian: nő

Latvian: kundzīte; sievišķis

Lithuanian: boba, moteris

Norwegian: kvinne, kvinnfolk

Polish: pani

Portuguese: mulher

Slovenian: ženska

Spanish: mujer

Swedish: fruntimmer, brud

title: EuroLex/F/Dame


text:
EuroLex/F/Dessert

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: dessert - 1. dessert, pudding

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from MF dessert (1539) "last course", lit. "removal of what has been served", from desservir "clear the table", lit. "un-serve", from des- "remove, undo" + OF servir "to serve"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Estonian: magustoit

Finnish: jälkiruoka

Portuguese: sobremesa

Slovak: múčnik

Slovenian: posladek

Spanish: postre

title: EuroLex/F/Dessert


text:
EuroLex/F/Dinner

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: dîner - 1. dinner (meaning: the chief meal of the day, eaten in the evening or at midday)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF disner, originally "breakfast", later "lunch", noun use of infinitive disner, from stem of Gallo-Romance *desjunare "to break one's fast", from L dis- "undo" + LL jejunare "to fast", from L jejunus "fasting, hungry"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

title: EuroLex/F/Dinner


text:
User:Egm6341.s11.team2.franklin/hwk6

=Problem 6.8: Derive Arc Length Equation=

''' This problem was solved without referring to S10. '''

From the lecture slide Mtg 33-3

Given
The formula for arc length from lecture 32-4:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\widehat{PQ} = \int_{\theta_{P}}^{\theta_{Q}}d\theta\left[r^2+\left(\frac{dr}{d\theta}\right)^{2}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}. $$     (8.1)
 *
 * }

The law of cosines:

Triangle OAB:

 * HWK6 P8.jpg

where

Find
Derive the formula for arc length of ellipse using triangle OAB and the law of cosines.

Solution
Applying the law of cosines formula to the OAB triangle case gives:

Substituting in Eqs 8.3-5 into Eq 8.6 gives

Taylor series expansion of $$\displaystyle \cos (d\theta) $$ is

Because theta is assumed to be small, we only need to take the first two terms of the Taylor series expansion of $$\displaystyle \cos (d\theta) $$ and sub into Eq 8.8.

The last term in Eq 8.11 $$\displaystyle rdrd\theta^2$$ is zero because the three derivatives shrink faster than the two derivative elements $$\displaystyle dr^2$$ and $$\displaystyle d\theta^2$$.

The remainder is

Taking the square root of both sides of Eq 8.12 then integrating from $$\displaystyle\theta_P$$ to $$\displaystyle\theta_Q$$ gives,

= Problem 6.9: Identification of Basis Functions $$\displaystyle \overline{N_i}$$ =

Given
The relationship between $$\displaystyle Z(s)$$ and $$\displaystyle d_i$$(degree of freedom):

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} Z(s)&=\sum_{i=0}^{3}c_i s^i \\ &= \sum_{i=1}^{4} \overline{N_i}(s) \, d_i\\ \end{align}

$$     (9.1-2)
 *
 * }

where,

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} \overline{N_i}(s) &= basis\,\, function\\ d_i(s) &= degrees\,\, of\,\, freedom\\ d_1&=Z_i \\ d_2&=\dot{Z_i} \\ d_3&=Z_{i+1} \\ d_4&=\dot{Z}_{i+1}\\ \end{align}

$$
 *
 * }

and
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\dot{Z}=\frac{dZ}{dt} = \frac{dZ}{ds} \frac{ds}{dt}

$$    (9.3)
 *
 * }

Find
Identify and plot the the basis function $$\displaystyle \left\{\overline{N_i}(s) \right\}\,\, ,i=1,2,3,4 $$.

Solution
From the Eq 1 of 35-4(lecture slide)

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} \begin{Bmatrix} c_0 \\ c _1 \\ c _2 \\ c_3 \end{Bmatrix} &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -3 & -2 & 3 & -1 \\ 2 & 1 & -2 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} Z_i \\ Z_i^' \\ Z_{i+1} \\ Z_{i+1}^' \end{Bmatrix} \\ &=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -3 & -2 & 3 & -1 \\ 2 & 1 & -2 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} d_1 \\ hd_2 \\ d_3 \\ hd_4 \\ \end{Bmatrix}. \\ &=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -3 & -2 & 3 & -1 \\ 2 & 1 & -2 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} \overline{d}_1 \\ \overline{d}_2 \\ \overline{d}_3 \\ \overline{d}_4 \\ \end{Bmatrix}. \\

\end{align}

$$     (9.3-5)
 *
 * }

where,

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} \overline{d}_1&=d_1 \\ \overline{d}_2&= h \, d_2 \\ \overline{d}_3&=d_3 \\ \overline{d}_4&= h \, d_4 \\ \end{align}

$$
 *
 * }

Expand the matrix equation.

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} &c_0= \overline{d}_1 \\ &c_1= \overline{d}_2 \\ &c_2= -3\overline{d}_1 -2\overline{d}_2+3\overline{d}_3-\overline{d}_4 \\ &c_3= 2\overline{d}_1 +1\overline{d}_2-2\overline{d}_3+\overline{d}_4 \\

\end{align}

$$     (9.6-9)
 *
 * }

Substitute $$\displaystyle c_i$$ to Eq 9.1

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle \begin{align} Z(s)&=\sum_{i=0}^{3}c_i s^i \\ &= c_0 + c_1 s^1 + c_2 s^2 + c_3 s^3 \\ &= \overline{d}_1 + \overline{d}_2 s^1 + (-3\overline{d}_1 -2\overline{d}_2+3\overline{d}_3-\overline{d}_4) s^2 + (2\overline{d}_1 +1\overline{d}_2-2\overline{d}_3+\overline{d}_4) s^3 \end{align}
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

$$     (9.10-12)
 *
 * }

Rearrange in terms of $$\displaystyle \overline{d}_i $$

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$\displaystyle \begin{align} Z(s)& = (2s^3-3s^2+1)\overline{d}_1+(s^3-2s^2+s)\overline{d}_2+(-2s^3+3s^2)\overline{d}_3+(s^3-s^2)\overline{d}_4 \\ &=\overline{N}_1(s) \, \overline{d}_1+\overline{N}_2(s) \, \overline{d}_2+\overline{N}_3(s) \, \overline{d}_3+\overline{N}_4(s) \, \overline{d}_4 \end{align} $$     (9.13-14)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

Comparing the LHS and RHS of the equation gives
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"

(9.15-18)
 * style="width:10%" |
 * style="width:80%" |
 * style="width:80%" |
 * style="width:80%" |
 * }

Plot of $$\displaystyle \overline{N_i} $$
 * [[File:HWK6 P9.jpg]]

.

title: User:Egm6341.s11.team2.franklin/hwk6


text:
EuroLex/F/Elegant

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: élégant, élégante - 1. elegant; 2. gracefully concise and simple; admirably succinct (of scientific, technical, or mathematical theories, solutions, etc.)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from MF élégant, from L elegantem (nom. elegans) "choice, fine, tasteful", prp. of eligere "select with care, choose". Elegans was originally a term of reproach, "dainty, fastidious"; the notion of "tastefully refined" emerged in classical L.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Finnish: tyylikäs

title: EuroLex/F/Elegant


text:
EuroLex/F/En passant

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: en passant - 1. casually, additionally, by the way

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F, literally "in passing". In reference to chess, first attested 1818.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/En passant


text:
EuroLex/F/Engagement

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: engagement - 1. commitment, responsibility; 2. commitment, dedication; 3. promise, consent (to marry); 4. [milit] deployment, mission

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: engage + -ment

engage : 1430, from MF engagier, from OF en gage "under pledge", from en "make" + gage "pledge", through Frankish from PGmc *wadiare "pledge" (showing the common evolution of Gmc. -w- to Fr. -g-). Specific sense of "promise to marry" first recorded 1727.

-ment: ME, from OF, from L -mentum, suffix forming nouns, usually from verbs Sources: http://dictionary.reference.com, http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Engagement


text:
EuroLex/F/Enrich

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: enrichir - 1. enrich (in the sense of "to make something rich or richer, especially better or stronger in quality, value or flavour, etc.")

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology:, "to make wealthy," from O.Fr. enrichir, from en- "make, put in" + riche "rich", from Frank. *riki "powerful," from the Gmc. source. Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: obohatit

Hungarian: gazdagít

Latvian: bagātināt

Lithuanian: praturtinti

Polish: wzbogacać

Slovak: obohatiť

Slovenian: obogatiti

title: EuroLex/F/Enrich


text:
EuroLex/F/Enroll

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: enrôler - 1. recruit, sign on (soldiers); 2. enlist, enter sth.; 3. to resurrect sth., to win so. over

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF enroller, from en- "make, put in" + rolle from ML rotulus "a roll of paper", from L rotula "small wheel", diminutive of rota "wheel"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Danish: skrive på liste, optage, optegne, registrere

Dutch: inschrijven Portuguese: matricular, registrar Swedish: skriva in, inregistreras

title: EuroLex/F/Enroll


text:
EuroLex/F/Ensemble

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: ensemble - 1. collectivity, entirety, 2. [math.] set; 3. [rel.] compline

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from MF ensemblee "all the parts of a thing considered together", from LL insimul "at the same time", from in- intensive prefix + simul "at the same time".

Musical sense first attested in E 1844.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
meaning 1:

Czech: celek

Danish: samling; sæt

Dutch: geheel

Estonian: tervik

Finnish: kokonaisuus

Hungarian: egész

Italian: insieme

Norwegian: hele

Polish: całość

Portuguese: conjunto

Slovak: celok

Slovenian: celota

Spanish: conjunto

Swedish: helhet

meaning: "a woman's complete outfit of clothes"

Estonian: rõivakomplekt

Finnish: asukokonaisuus

Italian: completo

Polish: zestaw

Portuguese: conjunto

Slovak: celok, súbor

Slovenian: (ženski) komplet

Spanish: conjunto

meaning music: "a work for two or more vocalists or instrumentalists or the performance of such a work"

Czech also: soubor, skupina

Finnish: yhtye

Hungarian: együttes

Italian: complesso

Polish: zespół

Portuguese: conjunto

Slovak: skupina

Spanish: grupo, conjunto

meaning music: "a passage in opera or ballet, etc. performed by all the singers, musicians or dancers together"

Czech: sborový výstup

Finnish: yhteisesitys

Hungarian: együttes

Italian: corale

Polish:tutti, razem

Portuguese (Brazil): totalidade

Portuguese (Portugal): todos

Slovak: zborový výstup

Slovenian: vsi skupaj

Spanish: conjunto, coro

title: EuroLex/F/Ensemble


text:
EuroLex/F/Ensilage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: noun: ensilage; transitive verb ensiler - silage/ensilage; to ensile

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F ensilage, from ensiler "put in a silo", from Sp ensilar, from L sirum (nom. sirus), from Gk siros "a pit to keep corn in".

Or, alternately, the Spanish word is from a pre-Roman Iberian language word represented by Basque zilo, zulo "dugout, cave or shelter for keeping grain".

Alteration "silage/ensilage" probably by influence of silo.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Ensilage


text:
EuroLex/F/Entablement

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: entablement - 1. cornice

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: French, from OF: en- + -table- + -ment

en-: a prefix occurring originally in loanwords from French and productive in English, forming verbs with the general sense “to cause (a person or thing) to be in” the place, condition, or state named by the stem;

-table-: OF table "board, plank, writing table, picture" (11c.), from L tabula "a board, plank, table", originally "small flat slab or piece" usually for inscriptions or for games, of uncertain origin, related to Umbrian tafle "on the board";

-ment: ME, from OF, from L -mentum, suffix forming nouns, usually from verbs

Sources: http://dictionary.reference.com; http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Entablement


text:
EuroLex/F/Entourage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: entourage - 1. environment, surrounding; 2. bypass; 3. enclosure

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from Fr. entourage, from OF entour "that which surrounds", from en- "in" + tour "a circuit", from OF tour, tourn "a turn, trick, round, circuit, circumference", from torner, tourner "to turn", from L tornare "to polish, round off, fashion, turn on a lathe"

Sense of "attendant persons" first recorded in English 1860.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Entourage


text:
EuroLex/F/Entr'acte

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: entracte - 1. interval

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: equivalent to entre between (< L inter) + acte act (<L Äcta, pl. of Äctum "something done", n. use of ptp. of agere to do (Äg- ptp. s. + -tum neut. ptp. suffix); or directly < L Äctus "a doing" (Äg- + -tus suffix of v. action)

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
Danish: mellemakt

Italian: intervallo, intermezzo

Portuguese: intervalo, interlÃºdio

Swedish: mellantid

title: EuroLex/F/Entr'acte


text:
EuroLex/Entrecôte

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: entrecôte - 1. entrecôte (a cut of steak taken from between the ribs)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: < F inter- "between" + côte „rip“, both from L inter- "between" and costa "rip"

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/Entrecôte


text:
EuroLex/F/Entrée

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: entrée - 1. lobby, hall; 2. [comm.] import; 3. [comp.] input; 4. [tech.] infeed, inlet, intake; 5. boarding, admission; 6. admission fee; 7. [cuis.] entrée, 8. cue, promt

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F entrée, from OF entree

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: první chod

Danish: forret, hovedret Estonian: eelroog

Finnish: pääruoka, väliruoka

Hungarian: előétel

Italian: prima portata

Latvian: uzkoda

Lithuanian: užkandis

Polish: rodzaj przystawki

Portuguese: prato principal

Slovak: prvý chod

title: EuroLex/F/Entrée


text:
EuroLex/Envelope

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: enveloppe - 1. reference; 2. envelope; 3. pay/wage packet; 4. husk, paring

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F enveloppe, a back-formation of envelopper "to envelop", from OF envoluper, from en- "in" + voloper "wrap up", of uncertain origin, perhaps Celtic

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
meaning 2:

Czech: obálka

Danish: konvolut; kuvert

Estonian: ümbrik

Finnish: kirjekuori

Hungarian: (levél)boríték

Italian: busta

Latvian: aploksne; apvalks

Lithuanian: vokas

Norwegian: konvolutt

Polish: koperta

Slovak: obálka

Slovenian: kuverta

Spanish: sobre

Swedish: kuvert

title: EuroLex/Envelope


text:
EuroLex/F/Flambeau

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning:flambeau 'torch, light, candle'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Flambeau


text:
EuroLex/F/Flatter

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning:flatter 'to adulate, to caress'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Flatter


text:
EuroLex/F/Fountain

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: fontaine - 1. a) fountain - an artificially created jet or stream of water; b) fountain - a structure, often decorative, from which a jet or stream of water issues; 2. source, spring

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF fontaine "natural spring", from LL fontana "fountain, spring", from L fem. of fontanus "of a spring", from fons (gen. fontis) "spring (of water)"; cognate with Skt. dhanvati "flows, runs".

The extended sense of "artificial jet of water" (and the structures that make them) is first recorded 1509. Fountainhead "spring from which a stream flows" first recorded 1585. A French fountain-pen is described in 1658.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: vodotrysk (1. a); zdroj, pramen (2)

Danish: stråle, sprøjt (1. a); kilde (2)

Dutch: bron (2)

Estonian: purskkaev (1. a) & b); läte (2)

Finnish: suihkulähde (1. a) & b); lähde (2)

Hungarian: kút (1. a); szökőkút (1. b); forrás (2)

Italian: zampillo (1. a); origine, sorgente (2)

Latvian: strūklaka (1. a) & b); avots (2)

Lithuanian: šaltinis (2)

Norwegian: kilde, utspring (2)

Polish: źródło (2)

Slovak: prameň (2)

Slovenian: vodomet (1. a) & b); (iz)vir (2)

Swedish: källa (2)

title: EuroLex/F/Fountain


text:
EuroLex/F/Fricassee

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: fricassée - 1. [cul.] fricassee

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from MF fricassée, fem. pp. of fricasser "mince and cook in sauce", of uncertain origin, perhaps related to MF frire "to fry" and casser, quasser "break, cut up"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Fricassee


text:
EuroLex/F/Friseur

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: the word is not existent in modern French, the term derived from the verb friser - curl, frizz, crimp; adjoin; euphemise; deposit

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: probably from F friser "to curl", perhaps from stem of frire "to fry, cook". There is OE fris "curly", from OFris frisle.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: male: kadeřník, female: kadeřnice Dutch: kapper Estonian: juuksur

Finnish: kampaaja

Hungarian: fodrász

Italian: parrucchiere

Lithuanian: kirpėjas

Portuguese: cabeleireiro

Slovak: male: kaderník, female: kaderníčka

Spanish: male: peluquero, female: peluquera

title: EuroLex/F/Friseur


text:
EuroLex/F/Fusilier

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: fusilier - 1. [mil.] foot soldier, infantryman

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F fusilier, from OF fusil "musket", earlier "steel for a tinderbox", from VL *focilis (petra) "(stone) producing fire", from L focus "hearth", in VL "fire".

Retained by certain regiments of the British army that were formerly armed with fusils.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
German also has a verb: füsilieren and noun: Füsilierung, meaning "shoot dead according to martial law"

title: EuroLex/F/Fusilier


text:
EuroLex/F/Garage

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: garage - 1. garage (meaning either a) a building or indoor space in which to park or keep a motor vehicle or b) a commercial establishment where cars are repaired, serviced, or parked)

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F garage, from verb garer "to shelter", from MF garer "to shelter, dock ships", from Frank *waron "to guard" (cf. OHG waron "take care"), from PGmc *war-, from PIE base *wer- "to cover". Garage sale first attested 1966.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
Czech: servis s čerpací stanicí (1. b)

Danish: værksted; servicestation (1. b)

German: Autowerkstatt (1. b)

Estonian: hooldejaam (1. b)

Finnish: autotalli (1. a), huoltoasema (1. b)

Hungarian: szerviz(állomás) (1. b)

Latvian: autoserviss (1. b)

Lithuanian: automobilių remonto dirbtuvės (1. b)

Norwegian: bensinstasjon, bilverksted (1. b)

Polish: warsztat (1. b)

Slovak: opravovňa (1. b)

Slovenian: servis (1. b)

Swedish: bilverkstad, bilservice (1. b)

title: EuroLex/F/Garage


text:
EuroLex/F/Garderobe

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: garderobe - 1. wardrobe; 2. inventory of all the clothes one owns

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from OF garderobe "place where garments are kept", from warder "to keep, guard" + robe "garment". Meaning "a person's stock of clothes for wearing" is recorded from c.1400. Sense of "movable closed cupboard for wearing apparel" is recorded from 1794. Meaning "room in which theatrical costumes are kept" is attested from 1711.

Source: http://www.etymonline.com, http://dictionary.reference.com

Please check entry on Wardrobe (EuroLex)!

Information on Other Languages
meaning 1:

Czech: šatník

Danish: klædeskab

Dutch: kleerkast

Estonian: riidekapp

Finnish: vaatekomero

Hungarian: szekrény

Italian: armadio

Latvian: drēbju skapis

Lithuanian: drabužių spinta

Polish: szafa

Slovak: šatník

Slovenian: omara

meaning 2:

Estonian: riided

Finnish: puvusto

Spanish: vestuario

Hungarian: ruhatár

title: EuroLex/F/Garderobe


text:
EuroLex/F/Gendarme

 * Original language: French
 * Original form and meaning: gendarme 'policeman, constabulary serviceman'

(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)

Annotations
Etymology: from F contraction of gens d'armes "men at arms", later applied to military police. Gens is pl. of gent "nation, people", from L gentem, acc. of gens "race, nation, people"

Source: http://www.etymonline.com

Information on Other Languages
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title: EuroLex/F/Gendarme