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User:Chuck Marean/Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume I

Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume I is about humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835 – 1910). His penname and stage name was Mark Twain. He was author of travelogues, monologues, articles, short stories, stage plays, and novels – including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). He grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. He went to school for seven years, where he won awards for his excellent spelling. He was then a typesetter for newspapers for ten years; then a riverboat pilot about four years. At some point he studied a book on English grammar, memorizing the rules. At the beginning of the American Civil War – after two weeks in the Hannibal Home Guard – he moved to the Nevada Territory in the American West where he worked for his brother; then prospected for silver for several months. He became a newspaper reporter in Virginia City, Nevada, in 1862. In a humorous editorial he challenged someone to a duel. The challenge was illegal. To escape prosecution, he fled to San Francisco in 1864. There, he worked for a newspaper and a magazine as Mark Twain. In 1866, a paper in Sacramento sent him to write articles about the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). When he returned to California, he lectured to paying audiences curious about the Sandwich Islands. After a book of his short stories was published, a newspaper sent him around the world to write about various locations. While working on a book about his trip around the world – doing research at the Library of Congress – he was the private secretary to a U.S. Senator. He then lectured about the trip, and his book based on it, The Innocents Abroad, was published. His fiancée’s father helped him buy a one-third interest in the newspaper, Buffalo Express. He got married in 1870. After his son was born, he sold his interest in the paper and moved to Hartford, Connecticut where his book publisher was. His oldest daughter was born in March of 1872 and his son died that June. After lecturing in England, the book he and C.D. Warner wrote, The Gilded Age, was published in Hartford and London. His second daughter Clara was born in 1874 and she left Clemens’ autobiography and other personal papers to the University of California at Berkeley in 1962; her daughter who died in 1966 was Clemens’ last descendant, and Berkeley’s project to publish his autobiography began in 1967.

Authorship
Everything in the book written by Mark Twain has been previously published. The Mark Twain Foundation has copyrighted the rest of the book. The Mark Twain Project is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California and has been working since 1967 to make “a comprehensive critical edition of everything Mark Twain wrote.” The Mark Twain Project is at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. Mark Twain was born in 1835 and died in 1910.

1 – 58
Mark Twain started writing his biography several times and quit each time. He at first had a chronological plan and found his memories did not come in that order. The publisher Harper and Brothers wanted the right to publish his autobiography 100 years after his death: they wanted no one to read it before 100 years had gone by. The humorist agreed but wanted to publish some of it as he could in magazines before he died. He found keeping a well-written diary too hard. He tried dictating his memoirs for a while in 1904. His helper was writing in longhand. Most of those dictations have never been found. In 1906, an experienced biographer asked Clemens for permission to write his biography. Clemens then began dictating his autobiography to his secretary and the biographer. He edited what his secretary typed and got some of his autobiography published serially in magazines.

61 – 199
The section called Preliminary Manuscripts and Dictations, 1870 – 1905 contains unfinished stories, humorous monologs and declarative statements. One story is about people who sailed their lifeboat thousands of miles after their ship sunk. One monolog is about maids talking too much. The section does give some of his autobiography. Mark Twain’s family moved from Tennessee to Florida, Missouri where he was born. When he was about 2 ½ years old, they moved and forgot for several hours to bring him along. They moved to Hannibal, Missouri, his boyhood home. His father owned slaves, sold them and then rented slaves. Meanwhile, his family continued to own unpopulated land in Tennessee which they sold little by little over the years. His older brother Orion borrowed money and bought a newspaper. Twain became a writer and public speaker. He visited Europe and England. When he tells of investing $2,000 in a typesetting machine, he describes the con-man inventor: “. . . he is a dreamer, a visionary. His imagination runs utterly away with him. . . .” At one point in his life, Clemens intended to put footnotes in his stories which told what in his experience inspired that part of the story. This was to enable him to issue second editions of his stories for a longer copyright than a simple renewal, but then Congress extended the length of copyright renewal.

203 – 467
There are black and white photos of Clemens and of his family. Samuel L. Clemens became engaged to Olivia L. Langdon in 1869. Susy Clemens was a baby in 1873. In 1884 her younger sisters Clara and Jean were in a photo with her along with their big dog. In 1886, Susy Clemens was in the play, Prince and the Pauper. In 1889, all of Clemens’ daughters were in the play A Love-Chase. The Clemenses went on a world tour from 1895 – 96. Sam Clemens was in a photo with Helen Keller in 1895. He had a farm in Elmira, New York. In 1902 he had his picture taken in front of his boyhood home in Hannibal, Missouri. From 1903 – 4 he and his wife and daughters stayed in Florence, Italy, where his wife died. The humorist attended his 70th birthday dinner in December of 1905; everyone in the picture had long noses. A month later, Clemens and others sat on stage when Dr. Washington spoke on behalf of Tuskegee in January 1906. Clemens visited New Jersey in 1907 and Bermuda in 1908. In 1869, the year he became engaged, his hair was dark, above his ears but not short and he had a mustache and no wrinkles. By 1906 his hair covered his ears but not his collar, was white, and he had wrinkles and still had a mustache covering his upper lip to a little past the corners of his mouth.

His family’s tradition was that after Noah’s Ark, there were some pirates and slavers among Clemens’ ancestors followed by an English ambassador to Spain, a judge at the trial of Charles I, and colonists to Virginia. Clemens and C. D. Warner wrote the comedy, Gilded Age, which was on stage in 1876. Clemens’ father and mother married in Kentucky and she brought some property – two or three Negroes – along. They moved to Tennessee, where his father got 100,000 acres of land. Clemens’ sisters Pamela and Margaret and his brothers Orion and Benjamin were born in Tennessee.

Instead of prospecting, his father worked in Florida, Missouri, where Clemens was born in 1835. After a fire, they moved to Hannibal, a village by the Mississippi river thirty miles away. Later, he and his brothers and sister inherited the Tennessee land and sold it for cash through the years. When he was a boy his family used to stay at a farm a couple of times a year; his mother’s sister was married to a farmer who owned slaves; Uncle Daniel, a middle-aged slave, sometimes told them stories at night in the kitchen. Three miles below Hannibal was Tom Sawyer’s cave which in 1906 he was told in a cable from a reporter was being ground into cement.

One day his big brother Orion came home on a surprise visit, and they had moved without telling him. After their father died, Clemens left elementary school and became a printer’s apprentice. Later, Orion hired him, but his paper went out of business four years later. Over the next few years Clemens worked for printers in St. Louis, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington – because he wanted to tour those cities – then he worked for his brother a while again; in his brother’s wife’s home town in the south, where Orion had started another printing business. Clemens then worked in a printing office in Cincinnati, Ohio, for several months; he then borrowed money from his sister’s husband or nephew’s savings and paid a steamboat pilot to teach him the trade; he got a well-paying job at it and supported his brother Orion’s family until the outbreak of the Civil War; he then went west with them: Orion had become a lawyer and had been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Territory by Lincoln.

One time Twain was shaving and cussing. After he noticed his wife was awake, she cussed and said, “There, now you know how it sounds.” He was introduced to her by her brother. Before that he was a reporter in the Sandwich Islands for the Sacramento Union. He then did lectures in towns in California and Nevada about the islands that audiences paid admission to. He also did a lecture about San Francisco. He then sailed west around the world, a trip he reported on for the Alta. He lectured about the trip and had a book contract about it with the American Publishing Company of Hartford. He named the book The Innocents Abroad. He met his brother-in-law on his trip around the world.

The American Publishing Company of Hartford published his first six books and paid him a royalty, five percent on the first, and only seven and a half percent on the second and so on. Each contract negotiation, he kept asking for half of the profits. They raised the royalty to only ten percent. Then, for A Tramp Abroad they paid him half the profits. He then got another publisher, J. R. Osgood. Osgood published Prince and the Pauper and paid Twain only $17,000. Then, Twain paid Osgood to publish Old Times on the Mississippi. Twain then published Huckleberry Finn himself and was surprised it made a profit.

The Clemenses first child, Langdon, was born when they lived in Buffalo. They moved to Hartford when he was one. When he was almost two, he died of diphtheria. Their second child was Susy. She grew up in Hartford in a mansion with servants and also, in the summer, on their farm in Elmira. When she was little she wondered what life was for. When she was 24 she got a high fever; she want blind a couple of hours before she went into a coma and she died two days later. When she was 12 she was in a parlor version of  Prince and the Pauper done a few times in the Warner’s mansion before 84 people per audience. When she was 13, she started writing a biography of her father, and he included it in his autobiography. Their third child, Clara, was born in 1874. She was baptized when an infant. She and her sister used to sit on the arms of his chair while he made up stories for them. In Prince and the Pauper she played Lady Jane Grey with electrifying spirit. She and her mother went along in 1896 when Clemens went around the world again by ship. Their fourth child was Jean. She was too young to be in Prince and the Pauper. She was three at the time. Later, she wrote a letter to England to her father about the death of her big sister. She also had not gone on the ships around the world. After that she once overheard two of their servants she had known all her life debating about which one had worked for them the longest.

Twain smoked, drank, and cussed. His favorite game was billiards. He did not like to go to church, and he belonged to no political party. In 1906 a very large crowd came to hear Twain speak for the Young Men’s Christian Association. They could not all fit into the Majestic Theater so the police were called to prevent disorder when the doors opened.

Twain got some of his writing ideas from the Newspapers. For example, in 1906 a group of Philippine natives were resisting the U. S. takeover. Their hideout was discovered and bombarded with artillery. There were 15 U. S. casualties and 900 enemy dead – including children, women and babies according to a cablegram to the U. S. newspapers from a physician. At first the papers called it a victory. President Roosevelt’s message to General Wood was reported as, “I congratulate you and the officers and men of your command upon the brilliant feat of arms wherein you and they so well upheld the honor of the American flag.” Newspapers then began using the word “massacre.”

Although Twain supported the goal of Russian Revolution, he was unable to attend their fundraiser. He had a prior engagement. He was attending a fundraiser for a group who wanted blind people to be independent of the government. Helen Keller was unable to attend that meeting, but sent a letter saying a job was what blind people needed. Twain read her letter to the audience. Clemens first met Helen Keller when she was 14. She was asked what Clemens was famous for and she said “For his humor. . . .” Clemens said out loud, “And for his wisdom” and she instantly said the same thing. Clemens supposed it was a case of mind reading by her or himself. Later, she could tell who he was the second time he patted her lightly on the head. He called it a miracle.

469 – 541
The volume’s explanatory notes, beginning page 469, give the locations in the text they are discussing. They could be read at the same time as, or after, what Clemens wrote. To look topics up, the volume has an Index.

In his childhood, Clemens spent summer vacations on his mother’s sister’s farm in Florida, Missouri. In his adulthood, he spent summers on his wife’s sister’s farm in Elmira, New York. His sister-in-law built an octagonal hut for him there to be his writer’s retreat, in which he worked on his famous books.

When Clemens parents moved to Hannibal, they left him behind. When they ended a summer visit to the Quarles’ farm when he was 7 or 8, they left him behind.

In 1881 Clemens wrote Harris, author of Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings, about his own version of “The Golden Arm,” “. . . Of course I tell it in the negro dialect. . . Old Uncle Dan’l, a slave of my uncle’s aged 60, used to tell us children yarns every night by the kitchen fire. . .”

Clemens’ teen years were spent as a printer’s apprentice; he then worked for his big brother’s newspaper, the Hannibal Western Union. His first story was published by that paper in 1851.

From 1862 to 1868 Clemens reported, traveled, lectured and wrote a novel. He worked for a newspaper in Virginia City and then San Francisco. After he was fired from reporting in San Francisco, he went to the Sandwich Islands to write travel letters for a paper in Sacramento. He then traveled lecturing to audiences in California and Nevada about the Sandwich Islands. After that he traveled around the world writing travel letters for another paper. About that trip around the world he wrote Innocents Abroad, published in 1868.

The writer and lecturer Ralph Keeler who had encouraged Clemens to lecture and who had been very happy to see one of his own books in a library was assassinated at 24 while reporting for the New York Tribune on a war in Cuba.

From 1866 through 1872 Clemens traveled in the U.S. performing, in big cities, lectures he wrote such as The Frozen Truth and Roughing It. In December 1867 he went with Olivia Langdon and her family to hear Dickens give a reading in New York. In 1869 he hired a talent agent in Boston.

He became a mugwump and supported Cleveland for President in 1868. Then in 1876 he supported a Republican, Hayes, and got an angry letter from his cousin about it.

In 1873 Clemens was persuaded by the agent of Charles Dickens to lecture for a while in London. While he was there Clemens scrap-booked reports of an interesting trial in the news intending to base a sketch on the clippings; a sketch based on them was included in a chapter of his Following the Equator in 1897.

After a securities speculator who grew up in Geneseo, New York, lost all of President Grant’s money, Sam Clemens got the contract to publish Grant’s memoirs. He told grant he pre-sold books before printing them. Also, he advanced Grant some cash to live on. Clemens named his publishing house after its general manager, Charles Webster, a native of Fredonia, New York. The company published Clemens books from Huckleberry Finn to Tom Sawyer Abroad before declaring bankruptcy in 1894.

In July 1895, Clemens began a year-long lecture tour to make money after the Paige typesetting company and also his publishing business, C.L. Webster & Co., went out of business. He spoke in English speaking places such as the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa, and England. His wife and their daughter, Clara, went on the tour also. Based on the trip, Clemens wrote Following the Equator.

In 1877 a play Clemens helped write, Ah Sin, failed.

Clemens speculated a lot of his money on the Paige automatic typesetting machine. The letters did not need to be taken out of a box or returned to a box. Once Paige finally got the machine so it could justify type, it did not work as well as its competitor, the Linotype machine. It had many more parts and kept breaking down. Clemens kept getting talked into investing more and more when originally he thought the machine was ready for market; in 1890 he found it somewhat humorous and wrote about it for his autobiography. Paige died in poverty in 1917.

Clemens and his family rented mansions near Florence, Italy, in 1892 and 1903. His 1903 landlord was living over the stables. Clemens’ wife’s secretary wrote of her, “Here she remains, a menace to the peace of the Clemens household. . .”

In 1896 Clemens novel Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc was published. Then, from Sept. 1899 to Aug. 1900 he wrote and rewrote the introduction for an English translation of Joan of Arc’s trials. After the editor suggested he use the French spelling of Joan of Arc, Clemens withdrew his introduction.

In June of 1897 Clemens sent to the Hearst newspapers three reports of Victoria’s 60th anniversary celebration of being queen of England. In 1899 he got My Debut as a Literary Person published in Century Magazine. In the article he told of interviewing in Honolulu in 1866 the survivors of a ship that sank. They sailed a lifeboat a long time before being rescued. Clemens felt it was an “amazing adventure.”

542 – 592
When Clemens was eleven years old, he was too upset about something to go to school. His mother, in an 1885 interview, said, “. . . I concluded to let him go into a printing office to learn the trade, as I couldn’t have him running wild. He did so, and has gradually picked up enough education to enable him to do about as well as those who were more studious in early life.”

When almost 30, Clemens began using the pen name “Mark Twain. When Clemens was a substitute editor of the Territorial Enterprise, he had difficulty thinking of editorials. He challenged Mr. Cutler to challenge him to a duel. This was because Cutler had written to protest something rude Clemens had said about Cutler’s wife in an editorial on her group raising money to help nurse Union soldiers. Dueling was illegal. Clemens then left the Nevada Territory. In his story about the event, which he included in his autobiography, he replaced Cutler with Laird. He said that now, because dueling is dangerous and sinful, he would simply kill someone who challenged him; also, that he had sent Laird several challenges. And one challenge was almost accepted until Laird was told falsely that Clemens was a good shot. The governor then told both of them to leave Nevada or get two to ten years in prison.

Clemens was a reporter in Virginia City, Nevada, for almost two years. In May of 1864 he moved to San Francisco. There he wrote for a morning paper and a weekly magazine. In December he went to Tuolumne County to sign a bail bond for a friend of his from Nevada. After his friend fled to Virginia City, Clemens paid the bond, became short of funds and stayed with his friend’s brother, helping him mine, and then returned to San Francisco, having been away for almost three months.

Dr. James Rogers Newton (1810 – 1883) performed massively attended public “healings.” His practice was by “the laying on of hands.” Clemens wife was bedridden from weakness during her teenage years. Dr. Newton visited her twice; the first time was successful temporarily. The second visit occurred about two and a half years before Clemens met her. She was also given assisted muscle movement therapy in New York City at the Institute of Swedish Movement Cure.

In 1874 the novel by Twain and Warner called The Gilded Age got bad reviews. For example, the Chicago Tribune called the book a “deliberate deceit” and the Daily Graphic said the book was an “incoherent series of sketches.” The Daily Graphic had an advance copy of the novel and reviews in other papers were based on what the Daily Graphic had said. The Clemens, Twain five-act play based on The Gilded Age was named Colonel Sellers.

In December of 1877 Mark Twain was one of many speakers at Whittier’s birthday dinner in Boston, attended by about 50 people interested in poetry. His speech was about Longfellow, Emerson, and Holmes together drunk, going into the cabin of a California gold miner, bossing him around in poetry to make them dinner and sing for them, and then taking the miner’s boots “to leave behind footprints on the sands of time.” While Clemens spoke he was hoping the audience would laugh or at least smile. Nobody did and when he finished nobody clapped. Emerson said he was sitting to far away to hear the speech. The Boston Transcript said the speech “was in bad taste and entirely out of place.” The Boston Advertiser said “ the amusement was intense, while the subjects of the wit, Longfellow, Emerson, and Holmes, enjoyed it as much as any.”

Clemens first met the Booker Washington (1856 – 1915) at a reception in 1899 where there was over 1,500 guests. In 1906 they both spoke at a fundraiser for Tuskegee at Carnegie Hall. Washington was hired President of Tuskegee, spoke at fundraisers for the Alabama college, and favored “separate but equal” schools for the races. He looked part white. At the fundraiser, Thomas Dixon, the author of a novel about the KKK freeing the South from post-war Negro rule, said he would donate a lot of money if Washington would say in his speech that he opposed amalgamation of the races. Washington’s response was he had nothing to say on the subject.

In June of 1902 Clemens received an honorary LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Missouri at Columbia; he also spent a few days in Hannibal – his final visit there.

Clemens read in the newspapers about the 1905 Russian Revolution, which was crushed with the arrest of its leaders. They had organized a general strike after “Bloody Sunday,” the fatal shooting of 1,000 of their force while peacefully protesting in St. Petersburg.

From November to April 1906 Clemens was a speaker at several events in New York and Washington. One was at the Players Club of the arts in New York which had expelled him for non-payment of dues but then made him an honorary member. At the banquet Clemens listened to the speakers before him to help him think of things to say. He told a story from an unpublished book and as an encore read the Jumping Frog. One of the speakers before him was a painter who died on the Titanic in 1912.

592 - 650
In the fall of 1868 Clemens was lecturing at various places and occasionally showing up in Elmira to propose to his girl. After he fell out of a wagon at the end of one visit, her father asked for references. He gave him six references. Then, a month later he gave him ten more references. He was told by her father how the first six had answered. For example, one clergyman had said Clemens would fill a drunkard’s grave; that he had talent but was not likely to put it to much use. Another said that he would rather burry a daughter than let her marry such a fellow.

His baby son died of a bacterial infection called diphtheria in the spring of 1872. Earlier, his son was almost frozen to death when the furs wrapped around him fell off his legs while Clemens was thinking about something. Clemens called extrasensory perception mental telegraphy and wrote two articles about it for Harper’s Monthly.

Some of Clemens’ characters were based on people he had met. For example, in an 1899 interview “Huck Finn’s” sister said, “Yes, I reckon it was him. Sam and our boys run together considerable them days. . .”

In about 1881 Clemens, his daughter Susy when she was 13, and someone named Major Pond want to see the Brooklyn Bridge. The Bridge moved under the heat of the sun. Clemens and his daughter then went to a girl’s college called Vassar, where Clemens read two funny stories, including his telling of an old ghost story called The Golden Arm, the end of which startles the audience.

In 1881 Clemens decided to let J.R. Osgood publish The Prince and the Pauper, and required the company to sell by subscription, a way they had never tried before. Clemens’ readers were or via subscribers of the American Publishing Company, however. Nevertheless, Osgood published two more of Clemens’ books: Stolen White Elephant and Life on the Mississippi, which Clemens later referred to as Old Times on the Mississippi. Life on the Mississippi actually cost him money.

Clemens older brother Orion’s brutally honest autobiography, Autobiography of a Crank, which he gave to Sammy in 1882, was never published even by himself. A lot of it was lost in Grand Central Station, July 11, 1907. The surviving few pages include Orion’s story of being left behind when his parents moved to Hannibal: “The wagon had gone a few feet when I was discovered and invited to enter.”

In 1887 at a reading in Boston, Professor Norton introduced Clemens, including the rumor that Darwin read Clemens’ books at bedtime to get “a good night’s rest.”

The script of Prince and the Pauper was by Abby Sage Richardson. In 1889, Edward H. House filed an injunction to prevent performance, saying he had dramatic rights to the novel since 1886.

From 1891 – 1900 Clemens lectured for pay in various countries around the world. This was because his printing press investment and his publishing company both went bankrupt, and he owed a lot of money because of it. He finally paid off his creditors in full in 1898. That year he was living in Austria in Europe and the United States defeated Spain in a war over a sunken U.S. ship. Instead of giving the Philippines independence from Spain, the U.S. kept the Philippines, which Clemens and others criticized.

In 1902 he read two of his short stories to a Bible class and then left early, saying “. . . present indications. . .icicles.” In 1906 he was invited to speak Rockefeller’s class again. He turned down the invitation because the rich teacher thought Old Testament Joseph was a good business man while Clemens thought the slave was a crook.

Clemens told Helen Keller funny stories which she understood by touching her fingers to his lips. In 1905 Clemens wrote a letter to the editor of the Boston Globe saying that if Roosevelt had let the war between Russia and Japan continue the socialist Russians would have been able to overthrow the Czar. In 1906 Clemens’ 30-year-old neighbor, Charlotte Teller, tried to get him to speak at a fundraiser for weapons for Russian revolutionaries and they became friends and there were rumors she wanted his money.

On April 19, 1906 Clemens spoke at a fundraiser because he wanted to build a steamboat landing in New York City named after Robert Fulton, whom he considered to be the inventor of the commercial steamboat. After he finished speaking, he appealed for donations to help the victims of the San Francisco earthquake which had happened the day before. The Fulton memorial was never built.

Example Works

 * Life on the Mississippi, published 1883 – abut a young man learning to navigate and steer a large, flat-bottomed river boat, powered by steam engine, hundreds of miles up the Mississippi river in the mid 19th century.
 * The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published 1884 – about a boy who rides a log raft, with those bringing it to market, downstream on the Mississippi river in the mid 19th century; spells white and negro Missouri accents of the 19th century.

His parents
John Marshall Clemens (1798 - 1847) in 1822 became a lawyer; 1823 married Jane Lampton; 1827 moved his family to Jamestown, Tennessee, opened a store, and became a clerk at the county court; 1835 moved to Florida, Missouri, and became a county judge and in that town his son Samuel was born; 1839 moved to Hannibal and somehow opened a store and became a justice of the peace; 1847 died of pneumonia or some chronic condition when Samuel was eleven years old. Jane L. Clemens (1803 - 1890) had seven children, three of which survived into adulthood. Her sister Patsy married a slave-owning farmer whose plantation Samuel was a guest at during his boyhood two to three months a year. Jane Clemens, after John Clemens died, lived with her son Orion then with her daughter Pamela then with her son Orion for the rest of her life.

His siblings
His sister Pamela (1827 – 1904) was born in Jamestown, Tennessee. She went to a private high school in Hannibal. In the 1840s she gave music lessons; she played guitar and piano. In 1851 she became Mrs. Moffett and moved to St. Louis. Her children were Annie (1852 – 1950) and Samuel (1860 – 1908). In 1870 she moved to Fredonia, New York. Clemens’s brother Orion (1825 – 1897) was born in Gainesboro, Tennessee. In Hannibal, Missouri he became a printer’s apprentice. He then started the Hannibal Western Union and bought the Hannibal ''Journal. '' He employed his brothers Samuel and Henry as typesetters. He and his mother and his brother Henry then moved to Muscatine, Iowa. In 1855 he married Mary (Mollie) Stotts. Their daughter’s name was Jennie. In 1860 he campaigned for Lincoln and was rewarded by being appointed in 1861 Secretary of the Nevada Territory. His daughter died of spotted fever in 1864. After Nevada became a state, he lost his position there. Over the next 20 years, he tried several jobs: proofreader, author, lecturer, chicken farmer, lawyer and inventor. From the 1870s onward, his mother lived with him and his wife, and Clemens helped support them.

His wife and kids
Clemens’ wife Olivia (1845 – 1904) was born and raised in Elmira, New York. Her father, Jervis Langdon, was a wealthy coal merchant and her mother’s name was Olivia. They were religious and opposed slavery. She went to college. After she married Clemens, she moved to Buffalo, New York, where her son Langdon was born. He died in 1872. In 1871 they moved to Hartford, Connecticut. They rented before they built a house. They lived in that house from 1874 to 1891. They then rented in Europe and declared bankruptcy in 1894. She sheltered her husband’s book royalties from the bankruptcy by being given the copyrights to his works. From 1895 to 1896 she and her middle daughter Clara went along when Clemens went on a world lecture show, escaping the sickness which killed her daughter Susy and gave her daughter Jean epilepsy. She was in Italy in 1904 when she died.

Clemens oldest daughter had the same first name as her mother and maternal grandmother. Olivia Susan Clemens (1872 - 1896) was known as Susy. She was home schooled. In 1890 she completed a semester of college. In the spring of 1891 she went with her family to Europe. She went to school in Geneva and then Berlin, taking language and singing lessons. In 1895 she and her sister Jean moved in with their aunt Susan in Elmira, New York. In August of 1896 she traveled to visit her childhood home in Hartford and came down with a fever diagnosed as spinal meningitis, from which she died.

Clemens’ youngest daughter Jane Lampton Clemens (1880 - 1909) was named after his mother, and her nickname was Jean. She was home schooled. In 1896 she got sick with epilepsy. She went with her parents to Sweden the summer of 1899 to be treated by a famous doctor, and she began learning how to use a typewriter so she could type her father’s manuscripts. Ten years later she was sent to a sanatorium after her father started dictating some more of his autobiography. She returned after he finished and became his only secretary. Seven months later during a seizure she had a hart attack and died. Her father wrote an essay about her called Closing Words of My Autobiography.

Clemens’ middle daughter Clara Samossoud (1874 – 1962) was home schooled. She and her parents and sisters lived in Europe from 1891 – 1895. In 1895 she lived in Berlin alone to study music. She then went with her parents on a trip around the world from 1895 – 1896. In 1897 the Clemenses lived in Vienna, where she studied piano and singing. In 1905 and 1906 she sometimes went to rest cures because of her breakdown after her mother died. She then did some traveling and sometimes gave recitals. In 1909 she talked her father into firing two of his employees who had gained control over his finances. That year, when she was 35, she married a Russian pianist who was four years younger than her. She published her biography of her father in 1931. Her first husband died when she was 62. They had one child, a daughter who had no children. In 1944 when Clara was 70 she married a Russian conductor who was 20 years younger than her. At her death in 1962 her father’s estate was disposed. Her second husband died in 1966, the same year as her daughter. She left her father’s personal papers to the University of California at Berkeley; she had lived in southern California, U.S.A., for decades.

Clemens’s 70th birthday speech
Clemens spoke in a slow drawl. People laughed several times during his 70th birthday speech. His speech was at his 70th birthday dinner. He said he did not exercise and had always felt tired all the time. He said he only drank socially. He said he began smoking cheap cigars when he was younger than 11 years old, and that at 70 he considered himself to be old. He said he remembered his first birthday very well: "I hadn’t any hair. I hadn’t any teeth. I hadn’t any clothes. I had to go to my first banquet just like that."

Documents and preparation
According to Harriet Smith, editor of the book, some of the manuscripts of Twain’s autobiography are handwritten by him, but most are transcripts of what he said, typed by helpers such as his secretaries and his youngest daughter. There are three drafts of much of the autobiography: an original, a copy used for the 25 installments of the book in North American Review, and a copy used for Paine’s 1924 edition of the book. Clemens proofread them. Into his dictations he often inserted earlier manuscripts he wrote and also letters, newspaper clippings and other documents. In Smith’s 2010 edition, Clemens instructions are not always followed. For example, she did not insert his article about the survivors of the sunken ship in his February 20, 1906 dictation. Also, she did not include in the January 12, 1906 dictation the illustrated magazine about his 70th birthday dinner. Discovered factual errors are pointed out in the book’s explanatory notes rather than corrected. She has made some corrections such as spelling and adding missing prepositions. She does not correct grammar when the text would lose the spoken style. For example, she believes “. . . the world’s sympathy and compassion are with her, where it belongs” is bad grammar but does not correct it.

Reviews
Larry Rohter in his July 9, 2010 review in The New York Times describes Twain as a Colonel Sanders without the chicken who told stories, whose books Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer he had to read in high school. In writing his autobiography, Twain spoke his recollections and opinions to his secretary for a more natural, frank, colloquial tone than if he had written them down. Twain died on April 21, 1910. He was 74 years old. The content of his 500,000 word autobiography is being published in the random order he wrote it, and that is the way he wanted it to be. Previous editions of the work have put things in chronological order. They have also censored it for interest and propriety. This edition, published over 100 years after his death, has the material in the order he wrote it and uncensored. The University of California Press is publishing it in three volumes. Five percent of the first volume was never published before, and about fifty percent of all three volumes was never published before. Twain claims some shocking things, such as the elder Rockefeller paying taxes on only 2.5 million of his fortune and a U.S. Army overkill against six hundred Philippine savages resisting U.S. imperialism. In Twain’s boyhood in Missouri, he was not aware there was anything wrong about slavery. When Cleveland was U.S. President, Twain met him in the White House and got the First Lady’s autograph. Twain resented his publisher and an inventor for fleecing him, and also a rude landlord, from when he lived in Italy in 1904.

Julie Bosman’s review on November 19, 2010, in The New York Times said the book is a four-pound, 500,000-word, $35.00 doorstopper more political than Twain’s previous works. The content is nonlinear although very readable. It seems like a reader could flip the book open at random to any part of it and not worry about plot. The book includes 200 pages of end notes. At first the publisher planned to print 7,500 copies. However, because it was being published a century after Twain’s death, as he wanted it to be, the book got in the news. Before the book’s November 15th publication date, magazines including Newsweek, Playboy, and Harper’s ran excerpts from the book. The book was quickly sold out and back-ordered. The publisher was University of California Press. A girl with them said, “We feel like, wow. . . people are interested in a 736-page scholarly tome about Mark Twain.” They rushed to send copies to bookstores in time for the holidays. The publisher hired a small printer in Michigan to print the books. They worked overtime producing 30,000 copies a week and got bigger trucks to bring the books to the warehouses. Instead of 7,500 copies, the book got on best seller lists with over 275,000 copies in November 2010. The book was the biggest success the University of California Press had in sixty years.

Mark Twain Project Online

 * Mark Twain Project Online, www.marktwainproject.org, intends to include for scholars critical editions of what Mark Twain wrote as well as for general readers editions of his most important works. For example, the site already includes an electronic edition of Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume I.


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User:Vicsar

This page is a soft redirect.

The page you are looking for can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vicsar

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Low Noise Amplifiers

Low noise amplifiers are the amplifiers which are carefully designed to minimize the noise contribution of the amplifier at the output.

Design

The noise added by the amplifier comes from the passive elements (Resistors) and from the active components such as BJTs and FETs which provide the gain. The use of resistor can be avoided and thus the choice of the active component becomes very important.

Bipolar Junction Transistors or BJTs based LNAs
BJTs are the favourite choice for LNAs but the bipolar semiconductor fabrication process is not costlier than the counter part CMOS process.

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Field Effect Transistors or MOSFETs based LNAs
The need of integrating the LNAs and infact all other blocks (except the antenna) in the signal path on to the same die of silicon along with the processor or other blocks required for building the complete system, has driven interest in using MOSFETs for LNA design.

Applications
Low Noise Amplifiers or LNAs are mostly used in telecommunication sytems, audio electronics and analog to digital converters.

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Wikiversity:Avoid information creep

Information creep is a phenomenon that occurs when information appears to be overwhelming and difficult to learn, understand, and follow. Short and simple explanations should allow knowledge to become accessible to learners.

In particular:
 * Keep explanations simple and to the point.
 * Each sentence should serve a clear and mindful learning objective.
 * Separate concepts, to avoid confusion.

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User:Deboleena

Hi everyone,I am Deboleena. I have completed my MA & M.Phil in English Literature with specialization in American Literature. My dissertation was on the poetry of Sylvia Plath. I will be happy to help anyone who faces a block while analyzing the works of Sylvia Plath especially. Apart from that, I can happily provide you assistance on various other areas of literature (e.g. Shakespeare, Keats, Tennyson, Browning, Tennessee Williams, John Osborne, Beckett, etc) and literary theories(e.g. Feminism, Marxism, etc).

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User:EGM6341.s11.TEAM1.Sujin.HW5

Problem 7: TheTheorem of Higher Order Error(HOTRE) for Trapezoidal rule
 Solved without assistance

Given
,where $$\begin{align} x_k=a+kh, \; \ h=(b-a)/n, \; \ x(t)= t*\frac{h}{2} + \frac{x_i+x_{i+1}}{2}, \; \ t \epsilon [-1,1] \end{align}$$ ,where $$\begin{align} g_k(t):=f(x(t)) \; \ x\in[x_k,x_{k+1}] \end{align}$$

Show eqn.7.1 is equal to eqn.7.2
from eqn.7.3 we have $$\begin{align} x_k=-1, \; x_{k+1}=1 \end{align}$$ $$\begin{align} \Rightarrow f(x_k)=g(-1)\end{align}$$ $$\begin{align}, \; f(x_{k+1})=g(1)\end{align}$$ $$\begin{align}, \; \frac{dx(t)}{dt}=\frac{h}{2} \end{align}$$

Plugging above terms and eqn7.3 into eqn.7.1

Show HOTRE for Trap. rule Step 1 is true
From lecture note [[media:Egm6341.s11.mtg30.djvu|30-3]], First step of HOTRE for Trap. rule is as following; Using Integration by parts, we can rewrite LHS of eqn.7.5; $$\displaystyle\begin{align} \int u {v}^{'}= uv - \int v {u}^{'} \end{align}$$ Let $$\displaystyle\begin{align} u=t \ \ {v}^{'}=g(t) \end{align}$$

$$\displaystyle \begin{align} = \int_{-1}^{1}g(t)dt-(g(-1)+g(1)) \\ \end{align}$$

So, HOTRE for Trap. rule Step 1(eqn.7.5) is true

Show HOTRE for Trap. rule Step 2a is true
From lecture note [[media:Egm6341.s11.mtg30.djvu|30-3]], Step 2a of HOTRE for Trap. rule is as following; where $$\displaystyle \begin{align} \; g_k^{(i)}(t)=\frac{d^i}{dt^i} g_k^{(t)}, \;x \epsilon[x_k, x_{k+1}] \end{align}$$ From eqn.7.1 and eqn.7.2,

title: User:EGM6341.s11.TEAM1.Sujin.HW5


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User:Beaukarpo

རང་ཉིད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག་སྲུང་སྐྱོབ་གནང་དང་།

འཛམ་གླིང་གི་ཟིན་ཐོ་གསར་པ་ཞིག་བཀོད་དང་།

སྤེའུ་དཀར་པོ།

གཡང་གཟར་གྱི་བྲག་རིའི་སྟེང་དུ། རིའི་སྟེང་ནགས་ཚལ་གྱི་དཀྱིལ་དུ།

ཁྱེད་ཚོའི་ཁང་པའི་ཐོག་ཁའི་སྟེང་། ཨར་སྐྲུན་དང་གནའ་ཤུལ་གྱི་སྟེང་དུ།

དར་དམར་དེ་རྣམས་ཀྱི་སྟེང་དུ། རྡོ་བཅལ་བཏིངས་བའི་ལམ་བུའི་སྟེང་།

ཁྱེད་ཚོའི་ཉིན་ཐོའི་འབྲི་དེབ་ཀྱི་སྟེང་། ཁྱེད་ཚོའི་དྲན་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ནང་དུ།

ཁྱེད་རྣམས་ཀྱི་སེམས་དབུས་ཀྱི་ཡི་གེ་དེ་འབྲི་བ་གནང་རོགས།

བོད།

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Physics/Essays/Anonymous/Low energy nuclear matter transformations

Low energy nuclear matter transformations – electromagnetic (or electronic) pulse initialization of the selfamplifying accumulation processes with the intrinsic explosion compression of the target material to the nuclear super density. Here we have almost complete nuclear transformation of the definite primary chemical element (Cu, for example) to different other stable chemical elements (Mg, Fe, Ta, etc.) .

The experiments were made during last ten years (start at 1999) in the Electrodynamics Laboratory of Proton-21 company in Kyiv, Ukraine. This work has been carried out within the commercial project called Luch, which is developed on Adamenko initiative (PI) and aims at the creation of new, efficient and environmentally safe nuclear technologies for neutralizing the radioactivity and synthesizing stable isotopes of chemical elements, including superheavy ones.

Experimental installation looks like vacuum diode with the niddle anode made for electric field increase. Furthermore, anode was made from the pure technical copper (99.99%), however, other chemical elements could be used, such as argentums, tantalum, plumbum etc.

Adamenko experiments used the following electron beam characteristics for atom compression at the anode surface:
 * Electron “coherent” beam energy: $$W_{in}=10^3 \ $$J;
 * Electromagnetic pulse duration: $$t_{in}=1\cdot 10^{-8} \ $$s;

Electromagnetic pulse power: $$P_{in}=10^{11} \ $$W;
 * Residual pressure inside camera: $$P_{in}=1\cdot 10^{-3} \ $$Pa.
 * Compressed atom concentration: $$n_{com}=10^{32} \ $$1/m^3;
 * «Lattice constant» for compressed atom: $$a_{com}=2.15\cdot 10^{-11} \ $$m;
 * Atoms number that deal with the “transmutation process”: $$N_{\Sigma A}=10^{18} \ $$.

Considering that every atom of the target has about 100 atomic mass ($$N_A=100 \ $$), than the total nucleon number (the difference between proton and neutron masses could be neglected for simplicity) which took part in the transformation process will be:
 * $$\xi_{exp}=N_A\cdot N_{\Sigma A}=10^{20} \ $$.

One proton compression requires the definite energy:
 * $$A_{Epr}=\alpha_Sm_{pr}c^2=1.097\cdot 10^{-12} \ $$J.

Thus, the input electron beam energy could compress the following proton number of the target:
 * $$\xi_{in}=\frac{W_{in}}{A_{Epr}}=9.116\cdot 10^{14} \ $$.

The relationship between the really compressed protons and the protons compressed by input energy is:
 * $$K=\frac{\xi_{exp}}{\xi_{in}}\approx 10^5 \ $$.

So, the “energy deficit” will be about fife order of magnitude (it depends of the target material).

It has been observed that at the end of experimental compression procedure the target explodes from inside. The explosion results are exploded “volcano” with a tubular crater, and left its traces, some drops, on the surface of one of the “petals” of the exploded tube which formerly was a monolithic target rod.

Numerous studies of the element and isotope composition of the exploded target surface and accumulating screen, conducted using various methods, have shown the presence, in different amounts, of all elements of Mendeleev periodic table among the target ejections. Most of chemical elements found in accumulating screens and remnants of the target either were not found in the materials of which targets and screens were initially made, or they were present in those materials in concentrations and amounts several orders lower than in the resulting ones. In addition, for most of the created elements, their isotopic composition has been significantly different from natural conditions. For example, the target №1754 has at one of its part the following composition of different chemical elements, presented at table 1.

The results of the modeling procedures for the target atom compression based on the classical electrodynamics were presented in the number of Adamenko publications .

Classical properties of the Adamenko sphere
In the general case the Adamenko sphere has the following classical properties (for copper target):
 * $$l_0=3.723\cdot 10^{-4} \ $$ m - Adamenko sphere radius;
 * $$S_A=4\pi l_0^2=1.386\cdot 10^{-7} \ $$m^2 - Adamenko sphere surface area;
 * $$V_A=\frac{4}{3}\pi l_0^3=2.161\cdot 10^{-10} \ $$m^3 - Adamenko sphere volume;
 * $$\rho_{Cu}=8.96\cdot 10^3 \ $$kg/m^3 – pure copper mass density ;
 * $$M_A=V_A\cdot \rho_{Cu}=1.936\cdot 10^{-6} \ $$kg – copper mass of the Adamenko sphere;
 * $$N_{Cu0}=M_A/A_{Cu}=1.835\cdot 10^{19} \ $$ - atomic number of the Adamenko sphere;
 * $$A_{Cu}=63.54 \ $$- copper atomic number;
 * $$Z_{Cu}=29 \ $$- copper electron (charge) number;
 * $$N_{N0}=Z_{Cu}\cdot N_{Cu0}=5.323\cdot 10^{20} \ $$ - total electron number in the Adamenko sphere;
 * $$\xi_1=\xi_{pr}/\alpha_S=2.51619\cdot 10^5 \ $$- electron compression factor for an arbitrary atom;
 * $$\xi_{pr}=m_{pr}/m_N=1836.15266 \ $$- proton-electron mass ratio;
 * $$\alpha_S=7.297353\cdot 10^{-3} \ $$- fine structure constant.

Thus, we should to place the following number of electrons on the Adamenko sphere, to compress the copper atomic electronic shells to the protonic scale:
 * $$N_{Nmax}=\xi_1\cdot N_{N0}=1.339\cdot 10^{26} \ $$.

The productivity coefficient of the Adamenko sphere can be defined as:
 * $$K=\frac{N_{Nexp}}{N_{Nmax}}\approx 1/4 - 1/3 \ $$.

Thus, we can to find out the minimal electronic scale on the Adamenko sphere from the condition:
 * $$\frac{S_A}{S_{Nx}}=\frac{4\pi l_0^2}{\pi r_{Nx}^2}=(\frac{2l_0}{r_{Nx}})^2=KN_{Nmax} \ $$.

Considering the following limit for “minimal electron radius”:
 * $$r_{Nx}=\frac{2l_0}{\sqrt{KN_{Nmax}}}=\frac{l_{pr}}{\sqrt{3}} \ $$,

we could to find out the productivity coefficient:
 * $$K=\frac{3}{N_{Nmax}}(\frac{2l_0}{l_pr})^2=0.281 \ $$,

where $$l_{pr}=2.103089098\cdot 19^{-16} \ $$ - proton characteristic length. It is evident that we have here the extremely small electron scale, which could be in the very strong electric fields only. In another words, we need additional energy for the external electron compression on the Adamenko sphere. However, we have no any additional energy to do this process real (to say nothing of the Pauli principle!). Therefore, we need another (quantum) mechanism to consider this process properly.

Energy balance problem for the Adamenko experiments
Let us consider how much energy used the melting process. It is known that copper melting temperature is $$T_{mel}=1083^o \ $$C. The heat of melting is defined by the following equation:
 * $$Q_{mel}=\lambda_{Cu}M_A=0.397 \ $$J,

where $$\lambda_{Cu}=2.05\cdot 10^5 \ $$J/kg – the heat of melting density for copper. The heat of evaporation is defined by the following equation:
 * $$Q_{eva}=r_{Cu}M_A=9.280 \ $$J,

where $$r_{Cu}=4.79\cdot 10^6 \ $$J/kg - the heat of evaporating density for copper. It is evident that melting and evaporation processes need very small energy with compare to the input energy in the Adamenko experiments ($$W_{in}=1000 \ $$J). However, what about the ionization processes? If we use all input energy to the ionization then we obtain the following electron number:
 * $$N_{ion}=W_{in}/W_B=4.587\cdot 10^{20} \ $$,

where $$W_B=0.5\alpha_S^2m_Nc^2=2.179872\cdot 10^{-18} \ $$ J – ionization energy for Bohr atom. This number is about the total electron number in the Adamenko sphere
 * $$N_{N0}=Z_{Cu}\cdot N_{Cu0}=5.323\cdot 10^{20} \ $$.

However this fact does not confirm that all input energy yields to the copper atom ionization. Note that bigger energy part yields to the quantum pumping of the electromagnetic resonator, formed by the Adamenko sphere.

Electric field effect in the applied physics
To the contrary of “field theory” the s.c. concept of electric field effect appeared in the technical sphere and therefore it is properly patented. For example, the idea of MOS-transistor appeared at the end of 20-es of the 20-th century and therefore its priority was patented by Lilienfeld in the USA , and by Heil in the Great Britain . The construction of these devices was primitive and trivial: metallic and semiconductor plates divided by dielectric. These devices were controlled by the electric field applied to the gate electrode. William Shockley made number attempt to the practical realization of this idea at the end of 30-ies of the 20-th century . He used germanium plate as semiconductor, mica plate as dielectric and metallic plate as gate. Yes, Shockley obtained the conductivity modulation, however the amplification effect was insignificant. Furthermore, these devices were unstable in time, and therefore they did not obtain practical realization in the industry. However at that time the macroscopic theory of the modulation processes was constructed and the dominant role of the “surface states” was discovered by Bardeen.

The practical realization of the field effect became possible by using the silicon as semiconductor and after development of the “passivation procedure” of the silicon surface by the Atalla group , та Кангом . Thus, from the early 60-es of the 20-th century the field effect MOS-transistors became the leading active devices in the microelectronics industry (up today: the most of the contemporary microprocessors were made on the MOS-technology!). ). It is worth noting that the two dimensional (2D-) layers of the current curriers at the silicon-silicon oxide interface had the rectangular topology, since the device width should be bigger then device length (better amplifying). So, the “comb channel topology” was developed for compactization of the transistors on the silicon surface. However, the “cylindrical topology «for MOS-transistor was used in the physical experiments for currier mobility measurements. The revolutionary discovery by Klaus von Klitzing of the Quantum Hall effect (KHE) on the long channel MOS-transistors at the helium temperatures and strong magnetic fields, broadened the field-effect conception on the quantum phenomena range. Thus, at the helium temperatures and strong transverse magnetic field the 2d- quantum electromagnetic resonators of the Hall type arises. At the end of 80-ies of the 20-th century were discovered the quantum galvanomagnetic effects at the silicon interface on the industrial MOS-transistors at the room temperatures and higher . These effects were connected with the surface area and temperature quantization, however to the contrary to KHE, they were observed at the room temperatures. It is worth noting, that here we have the induced 2D-structure with the minimal symmetry and strong transversal electric field.

Field effect in the spherical symmetry devices
It is known, that when we place an electric charge on the metallic empty sphere, then the electric field will be outside metallic sphere. However, there is no any electric field (it will be compensated!) inside empty sphere. Furthermore, closed metallic surfaces are used for screening of any electric fields in technique. Other case is the spherical capacitor! We have here electric field inside capacitor only (closed topology). For the case, when an external plate has radius bigger then an internal ones ($$R_A \gg a_B \ $$), then we shall have an amplification of electric field, even in the case when the internal radius has the nuclear radius! Thus, the practical using of the spherical capacitors is perspective for the atomic electron shells compression, placed in the mesoscopic sphere. In another words an accumulation of the excessive elections on en external sphere is equivalent to the increasing of the nuclear charge, which could be used for the compression of the atomic electronic shells! However, the practical realization of such sphere is a very hard problem, but the field effect properties make a good deal in our case. Actually, at the strong electric field it is possible creating the quantum 2D-layers on the limited (quantized) surface area. In the case of flat structure we shall have the flat surface quantum, but in the case of the spherical structures – we shall have the spherical surface quantum. The typical example is the Bohr atom. Note that, the Bohr radius is due to the Schrödinger equation, where it is the standard normalization factor for the length. Let us consider, as an example, the mesoscopic sphere with one charged ion inside. Further, we place the large negative charge on the sphere:
 * $$Z_R=\frac{\xi_{pr}}{\alpha_S}=\xi_1=2.51619\cdot 10^5 \ $$.

Then the electronic atomic shell collapses to the characteristic proton length. In the real case we shall have the nuclear radius due to “uncompressive” properties of the nucleons:
 * $$R_{nuc}=l_{pr}(\frac{M_{nuc}}{m_{pr}})^{1/3} \ $$.

Here we considered the nuclear density approximately the same as proton ones:
 * $$\frac{3M_{nuc}}{4\pi R_{nuc}^3}=\frac{3m_{pr}}{4\pi l_{pr}^3} \ $$.

It is evident that compression we should have excessive energy dissipation, which is equal to the electron transportation work from $$a_B \ $$ to $$R_{nuc} \ $$:
 * $$\Delta W \approx (Z-1)A_{pr} \ $$.

We have here the two possibilities for the next events. In the first case, when the energy is taken from the quantum system, we shall have the stable nuclear structure (so called – “neutron matter”) after external electrons are moved out. However, in the second case, when the excessive energy $$\Delta W \ $$ is conservated inside quantum system, we shall have the restoration process to the initial state, when the external electrons are moved from the sphere. Note that, the “restored” element will not be obviously the same as been at the experiment beginning.

Quantum approach to the Adamenko problem
In the strong electric field the electronic quantum vortex could be produced . In the general case this effect produces the surface quantization, which is placed perpendicular to the electric field:
 * $$S_A\cdot \omega_A=h/m_N \ $$,

where $$m_N \ $$ is the electron mass. This surface quantum in the case of spherical symmetry by automatically induces the quantum electromagnetic resonator (QER), which has the following parameters:
 * $$C_A=\frac{\epsilon_ES_A}{\lambda_N} \ $$ is the capacitance of the QER;
 * $$L_A=\frac{\mu_ES_A}{\lambda_N} \ $$ is the inductance of the QER;

:$$\omega_A=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_AC_A}}=\frac{h}{m_NS_A} \ $$ is the resonance angular frequency;
 * $$t_A=\frac{2\pi}{\omega_A}=\frac{m_NS_A}{\hbar} \ $$ is the QER period of oscillations;

where $$\lambda_N=2.426307914\cdot 10^{-12} \ $$m is the electron Compton wave-length, $$\mu_E=1.2566370614\cdot 10^{-6} \ $$H/m is the magnetic, and $$\epsilon_E=8.854187817\cdot 10^{-12} \ $$F/m is the electric vacuum constants.

The external action (macroscopic one) which is applied to the Adamenko system could be presented as:
 * $$H_{in}=W_{in}\cdot t_{in}=1\cdot 10^{-5} \ $$J s,

where $$t_{in}=1\cdot 10^{-8} \ $$с is the external pulse duration, and $$W_{in}=1000 \ $$J is the external pulse energy. The microscopic action could be presented as:
 * $$H_A=W_A\cdot t_A=h \ $$.

Note that it is the action quantum here. Thus, the maximal photon number, which the Adamenko sphere produces, will be:
 * $$N_{Aph}=\frac{H_{in}}{H_A}=1.509\cdot 10^{28} \ $$.

Note that this number exceeds the required electron number for the Adamenko sphere which is needed to compress the atoms to the nuclear density inside it. It is worth noting that, electromagnetic oscillations of the QER induce the electric charge:
 * $$Q_A=N_{Aph}\cdot q_{ind} \ $$,

where $$q_{ind}=\frac{e}{\sqrt{4\pi \alpha_S}}=5.290817\cdot 10^{-19} \ $$C is the elementary induced electric charge of the QER. Thus, in the range of QER conception we solve the Pauli principle problem for the external electrons by automatically. Furthermore, the induced electron number is sufficient to compress almost all atoms (ions) in the induced Adamenko sphere.


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User:Eml5526.s11.team3.hylon/Homework 5

=Problem 5.2 Using appropriate basis functions (Polynomial, Fourier and Exponential basis functions) to obtain the trial solution from Weak Form=

Problem Statement
$$ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \left[ (2+3x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \right] + 5x = 0 $$, $$ \forall x \in \left[ 0,1 \right] $$, $$ u(1)=4 $$, $$ -\frac{\partial u(x=0)}{\partial x}=6 $$

$$ \Gamma_g = [1] $$, $$ \Gamma_h = [0] $$

Solve the above problem using Weight Function with appropriate basis function (Polynomial basis function, Fourier basis function and Exponential basis function) until convergence of $$u^h(0.5)$$ to $$10^{-6}$$.

Plot $$ u, u^h $$, convergence (error vs. n)

Solution
The strong form of $$\text{G1DM1}.0/\text{D1}$$ is:
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & \frac{d}{dx}[(2+3x)\frac{du}{dx}]+5x=0,_ – ^ – \forall x\in (0,1) \\ & u(x=1)=4,_ – ^ – -\frac{du}{dx}(x=0)=6 \\ \end{align}

$$ We can derive the weak form as:
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & \int\limits_{0}^{1}{\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}(2+3x)\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}}dx-\int\limits_{0}^{1}{5xwdx}-(12+18x)w\left| _{x=0} \right.=0,_ – ^ – \forall w(x=1)=0 \\ & u(x=1)=4 \\ \end{align}

$$ The discretized weak form is
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & \underbrace{[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{\frac{\partial {{b}_{i}}(x)}{\partial x}(2+3x)\frac{\partial {{b}_{j}}(x)}{\partial x}}dx]}_{{d}_{i}}=\underbrace{[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{5x{{b}_{i}}(x)dx}+(12+18x){{b}_{i}}(x)\left| _{x=0} \right.]}_ \\ & {{d}_{0}}=4 \\ & i=1,2,\cdots \\ & j=1,2,\cdots \\ \end{align}

$$ The appropriate Polynomial basis function is
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$$\displaystyle
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{{f}_{p}}=\{{{(x-1)}^{j}},j=0,1,2,\cdots \}

$$ The appropriate Fourier basis function is
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$$\displaystyle
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{{f}_{F}}=\{\cos j(x-1)-1,\sin k(x-1),j=0,1,2,\cdots ,k=1,2,\cdots \}

$$ The appropriate Exponential basis function is
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$$\displaystyle
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{{f}_{e}}=\{{{e}^{j(x-1)}}-1,j=0,1,2,\cdots \}

$$ The exact solution of governing equation is
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$$\displaystyle
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u(x)=-\frac{118}{27}\ln (\frac{2+3x}{5})+\frac{1}{36}(20x-15{{x}^{2}}+139)

$$
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Using Polynomial basis function
The trial solution is
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$$\displaystyle
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u_{p}^{h}(x)={{d}_{0}}{{(x-1)}^{0}}+{{d}_{1}}{{(x-1)}^{1}}+{{d}_{2}}{{(x-1)}^{2}}+\cdots +{{d}_{j}}{{(x-1)}^{j}},_ – ^ – j=0,1,2,\cdots

$$ Since the trial solution must satisfy the essential boundary condition,$$u(x=1)=4$$, substituting $$x=1$$into the trial solution, we have $${{d}_{0}}=4$$. In order to solve for the rest coefficient$${{d}_{j}},_ – ^ – j=1,2,\cdots $$, we construct the stiffness matrix and force matrix as follow:
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$$\displaystyle
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{{K}_{F\times F}}=[{{k}_{ij}}]=[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{i{{(x-1)}^{i-1}}(2+3x)j{{(x-1)}^{j-1}}}dx]

$$
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$$\displaystyle
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{{F}_{F\times 1}}=[{{f}_{i\times 1}}]=[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{5x{{(x-1)}^{i}}}+(12+18*0){{(0-1)}^{i}}]

$$ Using Matlab to construct above two matrices until satisfying the convergence criterion, we finally have
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$$\displaystyle
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{{K}_{FF}}=\left( \begin{matrix}  3.5 & -3.0 & 2.75 & -2.6 & 2.5 & -2.4285714 & 2.375 & -2.3333333  \\   -3.0 & 3.6666667 & -3.9 & 4.0 & -4.047619 & 4.0714286 & -4.0833333 & 4.0888889  \\   2.75 & -3.9 & 4.5 & -4.8571429 & 5.0892857 & -5.25 & 5.3666667 & -5.4545455  \\   -2.6 & 4.0 & -4.8571429 & 5.4285714 & -5.8333333 & 6.1333333 & -6.3636364 & 6.5454545  \\   2.5 & -4.047619 & 5.0892857 & -5.8333333 & 6.3888889 & -6.8181818 & 7.1590909 & -7.4358974  \\   -2.4285714 & 4.0714286 & -5.25 & 6.1333333 & -6.8181818 & 7.3636364 & -7.8076923 & 8.1758242  \\   2.375 & -4.0833333 & 5.3666667 & -6.3636364 & 7.1590909 & -7.8076923 & 8.3461538 & -8.8  \\   -2.3333333 & 4.0888889 & -5.4545455 & 6.5454545 & -7.4358974 & 8.1758242 & -8.8 & 9.3333333  \\ \end{matrix} \right)

$$
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$$\displaystyle
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{{F}_{F\times 1}}={{\left( \begin{matrix}  -12.833333 & 12.416667 & -12.15 & 12.166667 & -12.119048 & 12.089286 & -12.069444 & 12.055556  \\ \end{matrix} \right)}^{T}}

$$ By the equation that$$Kd=F$$, we can solve the rest of $$d$$ as
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$$\displaystyle
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{{d}_{F\times 1}}={{\left( \begin{matrix}  -2.8999142 & 0.37306134 & -0.27987546 & 0.32403056 & 0.43872514 & 0.81068777 & 0.61312521 & 0.22992195  \\ \end{matrix} \right)}^{T}}

$$ Hence, the trial solution of the governing equation is
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$$\displaystyle \begin{align} &u_{p}^{h}(x)=4-2.8999142(x-1)+0.37306134{{(x-1)}^{2}}-0.27987546{{(x-1)}^{3}}\\ & +0.32403056{{(x-1)}^{4}}+0.43872514{{(x-1)}^{5}}+0.81068777{{(x-1)}^{6}}\\ &+0.61312521{{(x-1)}^{7}}+0.22992195{{(x-1)}^{8}}\\ \end{align} $$
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Using Fourier basis function
The trial solution is
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & u_{F}^{h}(x)={{d}_{0}}[\cos [0*(x-1)]-1]+{{d}_{1}}[\cos [1*(x-1)]-1]+{{d}_{2}}\sin [1*(x-1)]+\cdots \\ & \begin{matrix} {} & {} \\ \end{matrix}+{{d}_{j-1}}[\cos [\frac{j}{2}(x-1)]-1]+{{d}_{j}}\sin [\frac{j}{2}(x-1)],j=0,1,2,\cdots  \\ \end{align}

$$ Since the trial solution must satisfy the essential boundary condition,$$u(x=1)=4$$, substituting $$x=1$$into the trial solution, we have $${{d}_{0}}=4$$. In order to solve for the rest coefficient$${{d}_{j}},_ – ^ – j=1,2,\cdots $$, we construct the stiffness matrix and force matrix as follow:
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$$\displaystyle
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{{K}_{F\times F}}=[{{k}_{ij}}]=[\left\{ \begin{matrix} \int\limits_{0}^{1}{i\cos i(x-1)(2+3x)j\cos j(x-1)}dx,_ – ^ – when_ – ^ – i,j_ – ^ – both_ – ^ – are_ – ^ – even_ – ^ – number \\ \int\limits_{0}^{1}{i\sin i(x-1)(2+3x)j\sin j(x-1)}dx,_ – ^ – when_ – ^ – i,j_ – ^ – both_ – ^ – are_ – ^ – odd_ – ^ – number \\ \int\limits_{0}^{1}{i\cos i(x-1)(2+3x)j\sin j(x-1)}dx,_ – ^ – others \\ \end{matrix} \right.]

$$
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$$\displaystyle
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{{F}_{F\times 1}}=[{{f}_{i\times 1}}]=[\left\{ \begin{matrix} \int\limits_{0}^{1}{5x\sin i(x-1)}dx-(12+18*0)\sin i(0-1),_ – ^ – when_ – ^ – i_ – ^ – is_ – ^ – even_ – ^ – number \\ \int\limits_{0}^{1}{5x[\cos i(x-1)-1]}dx-(12+18*0)[\cos i(0-1)-1],_ – ^ – when_ – ^ – i_ – ^ – is_ – ^ – odd_ – ^ – number \\ \end{matrix} \right.]

$$ Using Matlab to construct above two matrices until satisfying the convergence criterion, we finally have
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$$\displaystyle
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{{K}_{FF}}=\left( \begin{matrix}  0.76429622 & 1.1170869 & 2.3046242 & 0.88463923 & 3.0596259 & -0.77317723 & 2.11004 & -2.5560312 & 0.05369072  \\   1.1170869 & 2.7357038 & 3.6746041 & 3.8194459 & 5.9293441 & 2.8545967 & 6.5624554 & 0.91960333 & 5.6382087  \\   2.3046242 & 3.6746041 & 7.1366861 & 3.4374446 & 10.078933 & -1.1801292 & 8.2449076 & -6.7904503 & 2.7731659  \\   0.88463923 & 3.8194459 & 3.4374446 & 6.8633139 & 7.1897654 & 8.2932776 & 11.08294 & 7.5263528 & 13.691415  \\   3.0596259 & 5.9293441 & 10.078933 & 7.1897654 & 16.154187 & 2.4145154 & 17.155544 & -5.6179262 & 12.527795  \\   -0.77317723 & 2.8545967 & -1.1801292 & 8.2932776 & 2.4145254 & 15.345813 & 11.121863 & 19.588876 & 21.368795  \\   2.11004 & 6.5624554 & 8.2449076 & 11.08294 & 17.155544 & 11.121863 & 25.591721 & 4.9199907 & 28.996706  \\   -2.5560312 & 0.91960333 & -6.7904503 & 7.5263528 & -5.6179262 & 19.588876 & 4.9199907 & 30.408279 & 21.377477  \\ 0.05369072 & 5.6382087 & 2.7731659 & 13.691415 & 12.527795 & 21.368795 & 28.996706 & 21.377477 & 44.420401 \\ \end{matrix} \right)

$$
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$$\displaystyle
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{{F}_{F\times 1}}={{\left( \begin{matrix}  -5.7178839 & -10.890297 & -17.723578 & -12.274947 & -25.274359 & -3.2817068 & -21.82696 & 7.5951292 & -10.952786  \\ \end{matrix} \right)}^{T}}

$$ By the equation that$$Kd=F$$, we can solve the rest of $$d$$ as
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$$\displaystyle
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{{d}_{F\times 1}}={{\left( \begin{matrix}  7.4103829 & -40.592257 & 10.904443 & 35.696817 & -12.476341 & -14.112008 & 4.7711925 & 2.1586481 & -0.6326032  \\ \end{matrix} \right)}^{T}}

$$ Hence, the trial solution of the governing equation is
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & U_{F}^{h}(x)=\text{1}0.\text{9}0\text{4443cos}\left( \text{2x}-\text{2} \right)-\text{4}0.\text{592257sin}\left( \text{x}-\text{1} \right)-\text{12}.\text{476341cos}\left( \text{3x}-\text{3} \right) \\ & +\text{4}.\text{7711925cos}\left( \text{4x}-\text{4} \right)-0.\text{6326}0\text{32cos}\left( \text{5x}-\text{5} \right)+\text{35}.\text{696817sin}\left( \text{2x}-\text{2} \right) \\ & -\text{14}.\text{112}00\text{8sin}\left( \text{3x}-\text{3} \right)+\text{2}.\text{1586481sin}\left( \text{4x}-\text{4} \right)+\text{7}.\text{41}0\text{3829cos}\left( \text{x}-\text{1} \right)-\text{5}.\text{977}0\text{749} \\ \end{align}

$$
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Using Exponential basis function
The trial solution is
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$$\displaystyle
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u_{e}^{h}(x)={{d}_{0}}({{e}^{0*(x-1)}}-1)+{{d}_{1}}({{e}^{1*(x-1)}}-1)+{{d}_{2}}({{e}^{2*(x-1)}}-1)+\cdots +{{d}_{j}}({{e}^{j*(x-1)}}-1),_ – ^ – j=0,1,2,\cdots

$$ Since the trial solution must satisfy the essential boundary condition,$$u(x=1)=4$$, substituting $$x=1$$into the trial solution, we have $${{d}_{0}}=4$$. In order to solve for the rest coefficient$${{d}_{j}},_ – ^ – j=1,2,\cdots $$, we construct the stiffness matrix and force matrix as follow:
 * }
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$$\displaystyle
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{{K}_{F\times F}}=[{{k}_{ij}}]=[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{i{{e}^{i(x-1)}}(2+3x)j{{e}^{j(x-1)}}}dx]

$$
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$$\displaystyle
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{{F}_{F\times 1}}=[{{f}_{i\times 1}}]=[\int\limits_{0}^{1}{5x[{{e}^{i(x-1)}}-1]dx}-(12+18*0)[{{e}^{i(0-1)}}-1]]

$$ Use Matlab to construct above two matrices until satisfying the convergence criterion, the trial solution at point x=0.5 can’t converge to$${{10}^{-6}}$$. The plot of convergence using 26 exponential basis functions as follow:
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If we make the convergence criterion a little larger, that’s to $${{10}^{-5}}$$, we can get following results.

By the equation that$$Kd=F$$, we can solve the rest of $$d$$ as Hence, the trial solution of the governing equation is
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$$\displaystyle
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\begin{align} & u_{e}^{h}(x)=-\text{55}0.\text{21555}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{x}-\text{1} \right)}}+\text{2394}.\text{6264}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{2x}-\text{2} \right)}}-\text{5543}.\text{4261}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{3x}-\text{3} \right)}}+\text{572}0.\text{8768}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{4x}-\text{4} \right)}} \\ & +\text{2321}.\text{5781}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{5x }-\text{5} \right)}}-\text{11751}.\text{37}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{6x}-\text{6} \right)}}+\text{4594}.\text{3739}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{7x}-\text{7} \right)}}+\text{19997}.\text{55}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{8x}-\text{8} \right)}} \\ & -\text{36338}.\text{561}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{9x}-\text{9} \right)}}+\text{286}0\text{2}.\text{493}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{1}0\text{x}-\text{1}0 \right)}}-\text{11373}.\text{731}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{11x}-\text{11} \right)}}+\text{1866}.\text{4427}{{\text{e}}^{\left( \text{12x}-\text{12} \right)}}+\text{63}.\text{363186} \\ \end{align}

$$
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Comment
When we use the exponential basis function($$e^{(i(x-1))}-1$$) to obtain the trial solution from discretized weak form, the error at point x=0.5 never converges to $$10^{-6}$$. But if we change the accuracy to $$10^{-5}$$, it will converges to this far very fast.Among the two criterion for convergence, the continuity is satisfied, while the completeness is not. It's possible because that the exponential basis function doesn't contain a linear term or it can't used to approximate a linear function. So it's incomplete. There is also another problem rises from this assumption. Since there is certain equivalent relationship between exponential basis function and Fourier basis function, the same may also happen for Fourier basis function. But the Fourier basis function does converge to the accuracy of $$10^{-6}$$ here. Since it's much expensive to run the code for Fourier basis function, especially to a much accurate convergence, we don't have the chance to testify this inference.

title: User:Eml5526.s11.team3.hylon/Homework 5


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