text:
Emergency Medicine

Emergency medicine (EM) involves the diagnosis and management of urgent medical conditions, especially life-threatening medical situations like motor vehicle accidents, heart attacks or the ingestion of poisons. EM physicians and pre-hospital personnel, such as ambulance workers provide initial patient care with the aim of providing patient comfort and improving long-term patient outcome.

Organization of emergency medicine
Main article: Organization of emergency medicine

The specialty of emergency medicine
In some jurisdictions, Emergency Medicine is almost regarded as a sub-discipline to Family Medicine. Most authors would now hold that Emergency Medicine has become sufficiently specialised, in techniques and knowledge scope, to be a discipline in its own right. While there can be a General Practice component to many cases seen in the typical emergency room, most emergency rooms now have to deal with an acuity and complexity of case that general practitioners are no longer sufficiently skilled to handle such cases. For General Practitioners who expect to practise in smaller towns or in rural areas, it is particularly important to incorporate good Emergency Medicine experience into their training.

Usually practicing in a hospital setting, EM physicians have training to deal with most medical emergencies, and usually maintain certifications in CPR, at least the first two of the following: For those who also operate in the extramural (pre-hospital) setting: For those who specialize in pediatric trauma care:
 * Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
 * Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
 * PreHospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS)
 * PreHospital Pediatric Emergency Care (PPEC)
 * Advanced Pediatric Trauma Life Support (APTLS)

In addition, in cases of disasters requiring special resources, many hospitals have protocols to rapidly deploy on-site and off-site staff.

The management of both emergency department (ED) and inpatient medical emergencies are guided by the basic ACLS and ATLS principles and protocols. Irrespective of the nature of the clinical emergency, maintenance of adequate blood pressure, adequate blood flow to vital organs and adequate oxygenation and ventilation are important guiding principles. (Although sometimes these principles must be deliberately broken, as in the deliberate clamping of an arterial bleeder to prevent exsanguination).

The first step in emergency medicine is triage: determining who (if there are multiple casualties) requires medical assistance first. Triage is done at multiple stages in the care process, especially in case of incidents involving many casualties.
 * On-site personnel decides which victims are treated on the scene and which are to be taken to a hospital, and in which order.
 * At the entrance to the ED, an ED worker (usually a nurse) determines to which treatment room each victim should be taken.
 * The ED physician checks which patient he needs to attend to first.

Introduction to emergency medicine
The art of emergency medicine can best be described using the following ideas examined upon initial evaluation: These point are known as the ABC(D)'s of Emergency Medicine.
 * Airway
 * Breathing
 * Circulation
 * Disability (neurologic)

Then the general steps of practicing Emergency Medicine:
 * Assessment
 * Diagnosis
 * Treatment
 * Disposition

The ABC's of emergency medicine are basic to life support. Every time one enters into an emergency one should determine whether the patient has an open airway, if they are breathing in an unobstructed manner, if they have an adequate pulse (circulation), if they have any obvious sources of bleeding, and if they have any (neurologic) disability (e.g. a broken neck that has led to neurological injury.)

Assessment using the ABC's is the cornerstone of emergency care and it should be a continous and ongoing process. Just because initally someone's airway is patent doesn't mean it necessarily will stay that way. So the key point is to stay flexible in assement and treament. The mark of an ED physician is someone who can manage the airway (intubate), someone who can manage the breathing of a patient (set a ventilator) and somone who can provide cardiac or respiratory support (ACLS treatment of cardiac problems like shock, myocardial infarction or arrhythmias.)

Disposition
The EM physician must decide where a patient should go after stabilization: home, to the operating room for surgery, to a regular nursing floor, to a step-down unit, to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) etc. Thus a role central to the EM physician is triage, and his or her best tool is often the telephone, in asking for advice and help. If, for instance, the EM physician encounters a patient suffering from a myocardial infarction, he or she might start MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine and Aspirin) and promptly contact a cardiologist to take over care since "time is myocardium".

In the United States, ED physicians have completed a residency in Emergency Medicine and most U.S. hospitals require that the ED physician is board-certified in Emergency Medicine (EM). Previously, ED physicians may have trained in Internal Medicine, Orthopaedics or Surgery; however, EM is now recognized as a specialty that requires unique training. Other countries may still use generalists in the ED.

Clinical crisis protocol
The "clinical crisis protocol" is an approach to dealing with urgent problems when a patient's life is in danger and there is limited time to act. Thus, diagnosis of the problem must be accompanied by initial empirical treatment, i.e. diagnosis and treatment must be carried out concurrently, even when it's far from clear what is going on. For example, severe bradycardia (heart rate < 40) may or may not be associated with symptoms such as syncope and can be due to many different causes, (e.g. third degree heart block, beta blocker overdose, use of an anti-cholinesterase without sufficient anticholinergic (e.g. neostigmine without glycopyrrolate or atropine), increased intracranial pressure, etc.)

An approach to rapidly assess the patient the trouble is sometimes needed:

LOOK: Color (cyanosis, erythema, pallor), respirations (rate, pattern), diaphoresis, bleeding/dressings/drains, neck (jugular venous distenstion, tracheal deviation), restlessness, discomfort

LISTEN: breath sounds (?equal), wheezes, crackles, stridor, heart sounds, patient’s complaints, observations of bystanders

FEEL: pulse (rate, intensity, pattern), grip strength (esp. after muscle relaxants given), forehead (temperature, diaphoresis)

GET: help, vital signs, old chart, crash cart, labs, chest x-ray... Again, we emphasize that initial empirical treatment is essential while we are finding out what is going on. For example, in the case of symptomatic severe bradycardia, intravenous atropine (0.6 - 1 mg) should be given (among other things).

Cardiology: circulatory emergencies

 * Ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation
 * Loss of pulse in an extremity (esp. following vascular surgery)
 * Severe bradycardia or other rhythm disturbance
 * Severe hypotension or hypertension
 * Myocardial ischemia (with or without angina or electrocardiographic changes)
 * Angina, acute coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction
 * Aortic dissection or aneurysm
 * Cardiac arrhythmias
 * Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Shock
Shock is the lack of perfusion of vital organs, that is, blood flow and pressure are inadequate to facilitate gas transport. Types of shock include:

Distributive shock

 * Neurogenic shock
 * Anaphylactic shock
 * Septic shock

Cardiogenic shock

 * Valve disease
 * Cardiomyopathy

Hypovolemic shock

 * Dehydration
 * Hemorrhagic shock (blood loss)

Pulmonology: respiratory emergencies

 * Cyanosis / hypoxemia
 * Stridor (noisy inspiration from partial upper airway obstruction)
 * Respiratory failure
 * Smoke inhalation
 * Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Neurology: neurological emergencies

 * Grand-mal seizures / unresponsive patient / coma
 * Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
 * Headaches (especially migraines, cluster headaches, and those due to intracerebral bleeds)
 * Epileptic seizure

Psychiatry: psychiatrical emergencies

 * Post-traumatic stress syndrome

Abdominal (surgical) emergencies

 * Abdominal pain
 * Appendicitis (with or without peritonitis)
 * Hernia (inguinal, incisional, femoral, or hiatal)

Urology: urological emergencies

 * Urinary retention

Penetrating injuries

 * Bleeding
 * Gunshot wounds
 * Stab wounds

Non-penetrating injuries

 * Burns (first degree, second degree, third degree)
 * Drowning and near-drowning
 * Electric shock / electrocution / electric burns

Endocrinology: endocrinological emergencies

 * Diabetic coma

Poisoning

 * Drug overdose

Critical care medicine

 * ICU monitoring
 * Cardiac monitoring (CVP, PAOP, CO etc.)
 * Neurologic monitoring (ICP etc.)

Pediatry: pediatrical emergencies

 * Neonatal resuscitation

title: Emergency Medicine


text:
User talk:Eryanta~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eryanta. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eryanta~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Eryanta~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Widihandoyo

title: User talk:Widihandoyo


text:
User talk:Topps

Your test page
Has been moved to User:Topps/Topps Test Page. Please create such things in your own userspace, not in the main article namespace.-- digital  _  me   03:18, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Topps


text:
User talk:Chooper~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chooper. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chooper~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chooper~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Bobbyhood

title: User talk:Bobbyhood


text: User talk:Gutierrez clara

title: User talk:Gutierrez clara


text:
General Practice:What is Family Medicine

--Laligammohan 03:44, 29 July 2010 (UTC)== What is the difference between General Practice and Family Medicine? ==

While some would regard these two terms as synonymous, for others the distinction is essential. It is clear that in nearly all jurisdictions, there is a very high degree of overlap between the two areas. Sometimes the distinction is made that Family Medicine entails specific training and certification whereas General Practice connotes no specialty training.

The Royal College of General Practitioners in London, UK, would be unlikely to agree with that last statement.

For some colleges, Family Medicine is now seen as a specialty in its own right, with every bit as much complexity as other specialties, and often more challenging. In Canada, for example, certification by the College of Family Physicians of Canada (http://www.cfpc.ca) is comparable to many Board exams in the US, and has quite stringent requirements regarding maintenance of this certification.

However, it is also clear that many General Practitioners or Family Physicians are now narrowing their scope of practice. The "family" connection in Family Medicine is sometimes a bit tenuous. Some GPs have a scope of practice that is so narrow, it belies the term generalist.

So how then do you define "what is a family physician?" - definitions do exist for some colleges but these have not always kept up with the times. There is now some debate as to whether a GP who sees, for example, a practice consisting only of varicose vein sclerotherapy is a "general practitioner", or a "family physician".

For many, this debate is moot. But for the Colleges, this lack of clarity can convey a loss of corporate identity.

I definitely think that both "General Practice and Family Medicine" are one and the same at the Primary Care Medicine Level as,here in India at least,the GP or FAMILY Medicine Physician is associated with the Patient's Family in every which way,that is provides not only Medical Treatment but also Educates,Counsels and Advises the Family as He is the one,who knows about what all things are going on in the Family apart from Sickness as He takes part in most of all the Family's every activity/occasion whether happy or sad to provide not only Psychological but also to a certain extent Moral Support and Direct the Family Members.Ofcourse whatever I have mentioned happens mainly in the Rural Areas and doesn't take place in the Urban Areas where the amount of Distrust is more.Laligamn,July,29,2010.


text: User talk:Theponywars

title: User talk:Theponywars


text:
User talk:Dr-now

Welcome
I see you've got Trevor MacInnis's autotemplate. Hopefully you can help out in the computer science school. I've talk with a couple of them, but they still are arguing over the Comsci is programming vs. ComEng debate.--Rayc | (Talk) 04:33, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Local Live
Hi Dr-now,

I like your idea of organizing meetings in libraries or other places. I had a similar idea on Wikipedia. What do you think of a project i started on Wikipedia? --Daanschr 15:43, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Greetings
Hi Darrell, I also like your idea for proposing face to face meetups for Wikiversity participants. We could easily organize reasonably regular meetings - possibly even link it into a seminar-type thing where educators and students could find out what they could do with Wikiversity, and what it could do for them. Just a point of clarification though, are you still working in the university, or is that part of the "old days", as you said? Looking forward to working with you.. Cormaggio talk 20:43, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Dr-now's Explication of Effects of Internet as Recurrent Neural Network Appropriated in another Context by Dionysios
Your Servant is so taken by your discussion of what the Internet is doing that he could not refrain from using a good portion of your to further a point he is making on the Cognition Talk Page. He trusts that you will find that your work has not been improperly used.

Dionysios (talk), a Participant in the Wikiversity School of Advanced General Studies, Date: 2007-07-17 (July 17, 2007) Time: 2002 UTC

title: User talk:Dr-now


text:
Talk:Web Design/CSS challenges

Poetry is not an unordered list
The order of the lines in a poem is significant so the lists should be ordered rather than unordered.

A poem isn't really a list either. It is an example of preformatted text, where the user agent should honour the line breaks in the source. The  element is a better choice for marking up poetry. The example for the  element in the HTML 4.01 specification uses poetry.

I've changed the challenges to use the  element.

The current draft of XHTML 2.0 introduces the  element, which is intended for marking up lines of verse amongst other things.

 * Hi, thanks for all your help cleaning up some namespaces. You're right about the poetry being in <pre>, but the point of these first few challenges is to help people learn to style the basic elements such as paragraphs, headings and lists. Maybe a better solution would be to change the text of the challenge to a list of some sort, but either way, the images need to be updated at the same time, otherwise the challenges are broken (the image doesn't match the challenge.. for challenge 1 anyway) What do you think?

 * I'll revert the change temporarily until a workable solution comes up! (as I've got students trying to do these challenges right now!)Michaelnelson 04:07, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about the images. If you particularly want to format lists in the first challenge I'd rather see a recipe with an unordered list of ingredients and an ordered list of instructions used as an example.

 * I've added a recipe example to HTML Programming/Lists. It might be suitable for the CSS challenges.

 * Great idea! A recipe it is... I'll take a look at the example and update the challenges soon! Michaelnelson 23:07, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Challenge #3 - margin/padding above the #wrap
First, I want to mention that in my challenges, I've changed all ID="" to class="" to follow CSSLint Disallow IDs in Selectors.

Here is my code pen for challenge 3

The question that I have is regarding the padding/margin above the .wrap selector. When I use normalize.css there is a gap above the .wrap; while when I choose for normalization, then the 20px gap disappears.

I generally use normalize.css when building, but this has me stumped. --Pdkennelly (discuss • contribs) 20:00, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web Design/CSS challenges


text:
Wikiversity:Why create an account

This page explains why you should create a user account and join the other registered users of English Wikiversity.

Reputation and Privacy
You do not need to reveal your offline identity, but having an account gives you a fixed, Wikiversity identity that other users will recognize. Editing Wikiversity, while logged in, lets you build trust and respect through a history of good edits. It is also easier to communicate and collaborate with an editor if we know who you are (at least, who you are on Wikiversity). It is also easier for veteran users to assume good faith from new users who take the effort to create an account (and you may well become a veteran user yourself someday!).

If you are not logged in, all your edits are publicly associated with your IP address at the time of that edit. If you log in, all your edits are publicly associated with your account name, and are internally associated with your IP address. See Wikiversity's privacy policy for more information on this practice.

You are actually more anonymous (though more pseudonymous) logged in than you are as an "anonymous" editor, owing to the hiding of your IP address. Before selecting your username, you should consider various factors, including privacy and the possibility of offline harassment. For example, if you include personal information, such as your email address, in your Wikiversity username, you may attract junk mail to your email account.

Voting
If you are logged in, you may see near the top of your window a message similar to: '''Voting has begun in the elections! Voting ends at UTC. Verify your eligibility and vote now.'''

Click on the link, follow the instructions, and, provided that you meet all qualifications, you will be able to vote in that particular election. The first requirement for eligibility to vote in any election is that you must be logged in. If not logged in, you cannot vote.

For most registered users, eligibility to vote requires a history of good edits, available only to registered users who log in and generate proof of good faith through such a history. If you create an account, login to your account, and do good work on Wikiversity, in time you will become eligible to vote in elections held by Wikiversity and other members of the Wiki Foundation.

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title: Wikiversity:Why create an account


text: File:View source button.png

title: File:View source button.png


text:
Wikiversity:Page protection

Wikiversity custodians can protect pages from edits, name changes, and recreations. Protection is most often used to deter vandalism and stop edit wars. The procedure to protect a page is to put any of several page protection templates on the page.

Semiprotection
A page under semi-protection means only participants with accounts that are at least four days old can edit it.

Full protection
When a page is fully protected only custodians and curators can edit, move, or create the page.

Move protection
When a page is move protected the page can only be moved to a new name using the "move" button by registered users or custodians. Pages protected from edits and movs are listed at Special:Protectedpages.

Create protection
When a page is create protected the page can only be created by autoconfirmed users or custodians. The protect tool is available to custodians for all pages, even deleted pages. Pages that are protected from creation are listed at Special:Protectedtitles.

Cascading protection
When Cascading protection is used, all pages transcluded on a page are also protected.

title: Wikiversity:Page protection


text:
User talk:Matteo

Welcome to my talk page If you'd like [ leave me a message].

title: User talk:Matteo


text:
User:IZAK

IZAK's user page on Wikipedia

title: User:IZAK


text:
User:Matteo

{|cellspacing="1px" style="background-color:#f8fcff"

Matteo's User Page
 * width="70%" style="border: 1px solid #6688AA; background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:1em;" valign="top"|

To Do

 * Direct links in wikibooks away from redirects in wikiversity
 * b:Category:Wikiversity Moved Pages
 * RfD the pages that are redirects (after checking if any thing links to the page)

 * Category:Pages needing cleanup after Import
 * Help with the migration of Wikiversity pages from Wikibooks

Things to look into

 * Import:
 * Introduction I:
 * Introduction II:
 * Lesson:
 * Mathematics Course Category:
 * School of Mathematics:
 * Study guide:
 * Web Design:

 * width="30%" align="left" style="border: 1px solid #6688AA; background-color:#efefef;padding:1em;" valign="top" |

links to pages

 * quantum encyclopedia
 * Wikipedia:Don't be a fanatic
 * Wikipedia:Template namespace
 * Wikipedia:Manual of Style

 * }

it:Utente:Matteo

title: User:Matteo


text: File:User page.png

title: File:User page.png


text:
Help:User page

Your user page
If you create a user account then an empty user page is created for you. You can put whatever you like on your user page, as long as it relates in some reasonable way to Wikiversity (and your involvement), and fits within Policies.

See also: Help:Blog

Your user discussion page
Your user talk page is for discussions about you and your participation in Wikiversity.

See Help:Talk page for conventions about how to hold discussions on talk pages.

Navigating subpages to your user page
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Keep in mind that these two scripts work on your talk page and on your user page; they won't work on most Wikiversity pages.

Personal navigation of Wikiversity
Wikiversity is complex and ever growing. Getting around and finding material can be difficult. Below are some techniques that people find of value when navigating Wikiversity:
 * Recent changes - You can find material that you or others have recently modified via the recent changes element of the navigation menu. As Wikiversity grows this feature will become less useful for this purpose because of the speed/volume of changes.
 * Contributions - A log of your personal edits when you are logged into your user account is kept. To find something where you made a modification click on my contributions at the top left and skim or search (CTRL-F) the list until you find the area you want and click on it.
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Licensing
Use discretion: Everything you write anywhere on this wiki is public and explicitly GFDL licensed for infinite redistribution. Redistribution of indiscretion happens when you don't want it. Write publicly with forethought.

title: Help:User page


text: User talk:Sameriel

title: User talk:Sameriel


text:
User talk:TyrannicalDuck~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TyrannicalDuck. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TyrannicalDuck~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:08, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TyrannicalDuck~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Qkalifornia

title: User talk:Qkalifornia


text:
User talk:IZAK

Welcome

 * Thank you for the welcome. IZAK 05:35, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:IZAK


text: User talk:Aaron b a

title: User talk:Aaron b a


text: User talk:Davidcannon

title: User talk:Davidcannon


text: User talk:Hunterleesoik

title: User talk:Hunterleesoik


text: User talk:CHAVANVD

title: User talk:CHAVANVD


text:
User talk:Martinc~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Martinc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Martinc~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martinc~enwikiversity


text:
Wikiversity talk:Introduction edit

Original source of this page.

suggested sequence of tutorial pages
It is suggested that the sequence of the tutorial pages should be:page 1, "Explore" (state what Wikiversity is and how to find existing content) --> page 2, "edit this page" --> page 3, how to create a new page--JWSchmidt 12:33, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Templates
Instead of having this page as a template, why not simply protect it from editing? I understand the nifty workaround on Introduction 1, enabling people to make test edits below the text of the page, but ultimately it's a bit confusing don't you think?

Cormaggio 21:04, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

That is funny! I just signed up for an account and as I'm reading through and found a grammatical error so I went to fix it, thinking "Heh my first contribution!". No, that was not the the case.

ON: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Introduction_edit

If the page name you select is already in use you you will be shown the existing page.

should be

If the page name you select is already in use you will be shown the existing page.

shawnlawyer 7:05, 7 February 07 2008 (EST)
 * Sorry did not see this on the page you tell, but did you mean this ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:35, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Firefox 3.5 and Wikiversity

 * To complete the edition mode buttons, it's possible to use the Firefox module: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/1347, by setting a template like at least:

Original source of this page.

Definition of technology
Definition of technology Bonheur Jordan (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Introduction edit


text:
Wikiversity talk:Introduction explore

My name is Chatchanee Karnasuta, my nick name is Eve. I am a 3rd year IB student at MUIC. I came from International school Bangkok and before that i went to Kasetsart University Lab. School. After I graduate, I plan to attend masters but still not sure where, probably in Europe or USA. However, if I get to work or intern, I would be glad to do as it gives me more experience.

I think I am a very quiet person, but I can be very talkative and playful with the person I already close to. I love to play sports, especially basketball. I participated as a varsity player during High school and went to tournament in Hong Kong and Phillipines, it was fun and good experience for me. Unfortunately at university I only get to play for MU team for one year during my second year because i lived far to university and i was busy.

During my free time, i like to travel both in THailand and outside Thailand because i felt that its a good outside of class experience and i get to see many new things which open up my point of view. While traveling, i like to take photos and I admire photographers and as well as like to look at others photos work.

Since I am already a third year student, I attend this class because I felt that computers are becoming very important both in my own life and in an organization. As I'm not so good in computers, I wanted to know more about it so that I could use it correctly and effectively. After one class, I felt that there are so many things about computers and I didn't know and I'm really exiting about know more. I think this class would help me improve on my computer skills. --Eveve20 16:42, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Introduction explore


text: User talk:SuigenerisMOJ

title: User talk:SuigenerisMOJ


text:
User talk:Ishwarya shankar~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ishwarya shankar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ishwarya shankar~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text: User talk:Sd.Achmad

title: User talk:Sd.Achmad


text:
Category:Emergency Medicine

Articles related to Emergency Medicine.

title: Category:Emergency Medicine


text:
Genetics/How to access the genome databases

This page shows how to access data that is stored in the genome databases.

Ensembl
The Ensembl genome browser gives access to the complete genomes of higher eukaryotes.

Entrez Database Search Engine
Entrez of the U.S. National Library of Medicine provides access to genome sequence information.

Wikiversity Genomics Resources
The Wikiversity Genomics Database (WGD) is a genomics information resource within Wikiversity itself. It provides information about characteristics of genomes such as genome architecture, mutation rate, and gene number.


text:
File:445px-Chromosome2Insert.png

I originally made this for

title: File:445px-Chromosome2Insert.png


text: Category:Contract Law

title: Category:Contract Law


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Emergency Medicine/Organization of emergency medicine

back to Topic:Emergency Medicine

The specialty of emergency medicine
In some jurisdictions, Emergency Medicine is almost regarded as a sub-discipline to Family Medicine. Most authors would now hold that Emergency Medicine has become sufficiently specialised, in techniques and knowledge scope, to be a discipline in its own right. While there can be a General Practice component to many cases seen in the typical emergency room, most emergency rooms now have to deal with an acuity and complexity of case that general practitioners are no longer sufficiently skilled to handle such cases. For General Practitioners who expect to practise in smaller towns or in rural areas, it is particularly important to incorporate good Emergency Medicine experience into their training.

Usually practicing in a hospital setting, EM physicians have training to deal with most medical emergencies, and usually maintain certifications in CPR, at least the first two of the following: For those who also operate in the extramural (pre-hospital) setting: For those who specialize in pediatric trauma care:
 * Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
 * Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
 * PreHospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS)
 * PreHospital Pediatric Emergency Care (PPEC)
 * Advanced Pediatric Trauma Life Support (APTLS)

In addition, in cases of disasters requiring special resources, many hospitals have protocols to rapidly deploy on-site and off-site staff.

The management of both emergency department (ED) and inpatient medical emergencies are guided by the basic ACLS and ATLS principles and protocols. Irrespective of the nature of the clinical emergency, maintenance of adequate blood pressure, adequate blood flow to vital organs and adequate oxygenation and ventilation are important guiding principles. (Although sometimes these principles must be deliberately broken, as in the deliberate clamping of an arterial bleeder to prevent exsanguination).

The first step in emergency medicine is triage: determining who (if there are multiple casualties) requires medical assistance first. Triage is done at multiple stages in the care process, especially in case of incidents involving many casualties.
 * On-site personnel decides which victims are treated on the scene and which are to be taken to a hospital, and in which order.
 * At the entrance to the ED, an ED worker (usually a nurse) determines to which treatment room each victim should be taken.
 * The ED physician checks which patient he needs to attend to first.

Introduction to emergency medicine
The art of emergency medicine can best be described using the following ideas examined upon initial evaluation: These point are known as the ABC(D)'s of Emergency Medicine.
 * Airway
 * Breathing
 * Circulation
 * Disability (neurologic) or Differential Diagnosis

Then the general steps of practicing Emergency Medicine:
 * Assessment
 * Diagnosis
 * Treatment
 * Disposition

The ABC's of emergency medicine are basic to life support. Every time one enters into an emergency one should determine whether the patient has an open airway, if they are breathing in an unobstructed manner, if they have an adequate pulse (circulation), if they have any obvious sources of bleeding, and if they have any (neurologic) disability (e.g. a broken neck that has led to neurological injury.)

Assessment using the ABC's is the cornerstone of emergency care and it should be a continuous and ongoing process. Just because initially someone's airway is patent doesn't mean it necessarily will stay that way. So the key point is to stay flexible in assessment and treatment. The mark of an ED physician is someone who can manage the airway (intubate), someone who can manage the breathing of a patient (set a ventilator) and someone who can provide cardiac or respiratory support (ACLS treatment of cardiac problems like shock, myocardial infarction or arrhythmias.)

Disposition
A central decision in emergency medicine is whether a patient requires emergent treatment, is suitable for admission, or is stable for discharge. Emergency physician training emphasizes prompt and appropriate disposition of patients to the location that best meets their health needs. In increasingly busy emergency departments, the emergency physician must choose tests judiciously, perform emergent interventions and procedures efficiently, and disposition patients appropriately. In most Western hospitals, the emergency department now serves as the "front door" of the hospital, with most inpatients having been admitted via the emergency department first. Further, the emergency department, unlike clinic or office based practices, generally has access to the full diagnostic and interventional resources of the hospital, allowing medical care to be front-loaded. Many diagnoses can now be made before the patient leaves the emergency department with the aid of resources like CT and MRI. And many definitive treatments can now be initiated in the emergency department as well, such as thrombolytics in heart attack and stroke, antibiotic treatment in severe infections, and surgical procedures like chest drains, incision and drainage of abscesses, and laceration repair.

Clinical crisis protocol
The "clinical crisis protocol" is an approach to dealing with urgent problems when a patient's life is in danger and there is limited time to act. Thus, diagnosis of the problem must be accompanied by initial empirical treatment, i.e. diagnosis and treatment must be carried out concurrently, even when it's far from clear what is going on. For example, severe bradycardia (heart rate < 40) may or may not be associated with symptoms such as syncope and can be due to many different causes, (e.g. third degree heart block, beta blocker overdose, use of an anti-cholinesterase without sufficient anticholinergic (e.g. neostigmine without glycopyrrolate or atropine), increased intracranial pressure, etc.)

An approach to rapidly assess the patient the trouble is sometimes needed:

LOOK: Color (cyanosis, erythema, pallor), respirations (rate, pattern), diaphoresis, bleeding/dressings/drains, neck (jugular venous distenstion, tracheal deviation), restlessness, discomfort

LISTEN: breath sounds (?equal), wheezes, crackles, stridor, heart sounds, patient’s complaints, observations of bystanders

FEEL: pulse (rate, intensity, pattern), grip strength (esp. after muscle relaxants given), forehead (temperature, diaphoresis)

GET: help, vital signs, old chart, crash cart, labs, chest x-ray... Again, we emphasize that initial empirical treatment is essential while we are finding out what is going on. For example, in the case of symptomatic severe bradycardia, intravenous atropine (0.6 - 1 mg) should be given (among other things).


text:
Emergency Medicine/Protocols and initial diagnosis and treatment

back to Emergency Medicine

Protocols
EM physicians have training to deal with most medical emergencies, and usually maintain certifications in CPR, at least the first two of the following: For those who also operate in the extramural (pre-hospital) setting: For those who specialize in pediatric trauma care:
 * Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
 * Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
 * PreHospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS)
 * PreHospital Pediatric Emergency Care (PPEC)
 * Advanced Pediatric Trauma Life Support (APTLS)

The management of both emergency department (ED) and inpatient medical emergencies are guided by the basic ACLS and ATLS principles and protocols. Irrespective of the nature of the clinical emergency, maintenance of adequate blood pressure, adequate blood flow to vital organs and adequate oxygenation and ventilation are important guiding principles. (Although sometimes these principles must be deliberately broken, as in the deliberate clamping of an arterial bleeder to prevent exsanguination).

Triage
The first step in emergency medicine is triage: determining who (if there are multiple casualties) requires medical assistance first. Triage is done at multiple stages in the care process, especially in case of incidents involving many casualties. There are specific protocols for triage also.
 * On-site personnel decides which victims are treated on the scene and which are to be taken to a hospital, and in which order.
 * At the entrance to the ED, an ED worker (usually a nurse) determines to which treatment room each victim should be taken.
 * The ED physician checks which patient he needs to attend to first.

Initial diagnosis and treatment
Initial diagnosis and treatment is based on the following principles. These point are known as the CAB(D)'s of Emergency Medicine.
 * Circulation
 * Airway
 * Breathing
 * Disability (neurologic)

Then the general steps of practicing Emergency Medicine:
 * Assessment
 * Diagnosis
 * Treatment
 * Disposition

The CABs of emergency medicine are basic to life support. Every time one enters into an emergency one should determine whether the patient has an adequate pulse (circulation), determine if there is open airway, if they are breathing in an unobstructed manner, if they have any obvious sources of bleeding, and if they have any (neurologic) disability (e.g. a broken neck that has led to neurological injury.)

Assessment using the CABs is the cornerstone of emergency care and it should be a continous and ongoing process. Just because initally someone's airway is patent doesn't mean it necessarily will stay that way. So the key point is to stay flexible in assement and treament. The mark of an ED physician is someone who can manage the airway (intubate), someone who can manage the breathing of a patient (set a ventilator) and somone who can provide cardiac or respiratory support (ACLS treatment of cardiac problems like shock, myocardial infarction or arrhythmias.)

Disposition
The famous GOMER (Get out of my ER) applies here. The EM physician must decide where a patient should go after stabilization: home, to the operating room for surgery, to a regular nursing floor, to a step-down unit, to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), to a psychiatric emergency unit, etc. Thus a role central to the EM physician is triage, and his or her best tool is often the telephone, in asking for advice and help. If, for instance, the EM physician encounters a patient suffering from a myocardial infarction, he might start MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine and Aspirin) and promptly contact a cardiologist to take over care since "time is myocardium".

Emergency room physicians
However, it cannot be assumed that all ER physicians do is send patients to other departments, and other floors. Depending on the country, ER physicians may work in an Emergency Room, but can also be trained in another specialty (such as Pulmonology, Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Cardiology, or any multitude of specialties), and so commonly end up treating patients in the Emergency Room and then continuing their long-term care afterwards. In the US, emergency medicine is recognized as a separate medical specialty, equal to other specialties. In most other countries, this is not the case, and the ER is staffed mostly by surgery and general practice residents.

If we take our example myocardial infarction (heart attack) patient, and our Emergency Room physician is a cardiologist, he would stabilize the patient, give the disposition orders, and then add his own treatment information to the protocol to treat the myocardial infarction, rather than contacting an outside cardiologist.


text:
Mathematics curriculum

In the sense used here, a curriculum is a list of topics that should be covered at each level of education (grade and/or age).

Educational systems around the world differ in terms of how many years of education are compulsory, what grades (or years) correspond to what level of education (primary vs. secondary, for example), and when different topics are covered. Even within a given country or state, different schools may have different standards.

The list below corresponds roughly to the current practice followed by most schools in the United States.

A more detailed list of mathematics terms as used in student's mathematics textbook series is available in WikiEducator.org. K-12math.info (English - Español – Français).

Primary or elementary school level

 * Grade K / Kindergarten (ages 3–6)
 * Counting numbers.

 * Grade 1 (ages 6–7)
 * Adding and subtracting small whole numbers; first concepts of fractions; shapes; measuring objects; telling time using clocks and calendars; counting money using coins.

 * Grade 2 (ages 7–8)
 * Place value to hundreds or thousands; continuing with addition and subtraction; standard units of measurement, including the meter, foot, yard, kilogram, pound and pint; beginnings of multiplication (maybe).

 * Grade 3 (ages 8–9)
 * Basics of multiplication and division of whole numbers; place value to thousands or ten thousands; decimal numbers to tenths.

 * Grade 4 (ages 9–10)
 * Addition and subtraction of fractions and decimals; long division; continuing study of elementary operations using larger whole numbers.

 * Grade 5 (ages 10–11)
 * Continuing with long division; multiplication of fractions and decimals; beginnings of ratios and percents (maybe).

 * Grade 6 (ages 11–12)
 * Multiplication and division of fractions and decimals; exponents; basic properties of circles and polygons; angle measurement in degrees.

Secondary level: middle school and high school
In this section a subject-based approach is taken since students begin to diverge at this point based on interests and ability levels. Note that "middle school" may or may not include grade 6; high school almost always includes grades 9–12.

The remaining grades:
 * Grade 7 (ages 12–13)
 * Grade 8 (ages 13–14)
 * Grade 9 (ages 14–15)
 * Grade 10 (ages 15–16)
 * Grade 11 (ages 16–17)
 * Grade 12 (ages 17–18)

The subjects:
 * Pre-algebra
 * Ratio, proportion and percent; exponents and radicals, including square roots and other roots; extending the number system: integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers; factoring whole numbers; formal properties of arithmetic operations (commutativity, associativity, etc.); beginnings of variables and equations.

 * Algebra I
 * Review of basic arithmetic using variables; addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of monomials, polynomials, and rational functions; factoring and simplifying polynomial expressions; solving equations containing monomials, polynomials, and rational functions; properties of exponents and radicals using monomials.

 * Algebra II
 * Functions and relations; arithmetic of functions; composition of functions; graphing functions and relations; graphing polynomial inequalities and inequalities in two variables; the conic sections.

 * Geometry
 * Fundamental properties of lines, angles, triangles, circles, etc..; constructions using straight-edge and compass; using a protractor; parallel lines and transversal; similar triangles and other similar figures; formal proofs of geometrical propositions.

 * Trigonometry
 * Measurement of angles in radians; converting between degrees and radians; arclength; area of a sector of a circle; "solving" triangles given only some of the sides and angles; the six trigonometric functions and their graphs; trigonometric identities.

 * Pre-calculus

 * Calculus
 * Limits; continuity of functions; derivatives; implicit differentiation; simple differential equations; antiderivatives and integrals.

 * Probability and statistics

Reference

 * Wikipedia's Category:Educational years

title: Mathematics curriculum


text:
Talk:Mathematics curriculum

This page obviously needs some expansion, but it also needs to be linked to the various pages covering each topic. I'm not very familiar yet with the approach we're taking as far as how subjects/topics will be divided among pages, page naming conventions, etc., so I'm just throwing this out there for others to develop as they see fit. - dcljr 23:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathematics curriculum


text:
User talk:Lightnessnow@gmail.com

Welcome to Wikiversity. You may decide that you do not want to use an email address as your user name; as it says at Username, "Using your e-mail address as your username is not a good idea". --JWSchmidt 00:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lightnessnow@gmail.com


text:
User talk:Lightnessnow

"Did we need a chinese translation?" <-- I'm not sure what you were asking about but I just want to make sure you know about the multi-lingual Wikiversity hub. --JWSchmidt 01:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The german wikiversity is translating german works into english. Maybe we could do the same?--Rayc 01:40, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lightnessnow


text:
Portal:Immunology

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Immunology!

The Department of Immunology is where Wikiversity participants can organize efforts that attempt to facilitate explorations of all aspects of immunity; from immune cells and their interplay to immune diseases and the reaction of the immune system to immunogens, dangerous or not. The Department needs to develop more Immunity-related activities that Wikiversity participants can use as learning resources.

Resources
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

Related news

 * March 2008 Engineered protein shows potential as a strep vaccine

Inmunología fr:Département:Immunologie

title: Portal:Immunology


text:
User:JWSchmidt/links

Links from other Wikimedia projects to Wikiversity.

From Wikipedia
using
 * JWSchmidt User page
 * Cell biology
 * Wikihigh
 * Wikiversity talk page
 * Language Portal talk page
 * Chimpanzee Genome Project
 * GarageBand
 * On the Soul
 * School
 * Vitalism
 * RNA interference
 * Transcription (genetics)
 * Web 2.0

Frequently visited pages

 * w:Category:Computer science education - for Computer science program

Regular link

 * Free Culture movement
 * Wikiversity
 * Pathogen
 * Free education
 * w:Wikipedia:School and university projects "see also" section, conventional link
 * w:Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not, section "Similar official policies on other sister projects"

Indirect link

 * Wikipedia Signpost - 8 August 2006

From Wikibooks
using
 * JWSchmidt User page
 * Cell biology
 * b:Talk:Purpose - import to Wikiversity if deleted from Wikibooks
 * ILife 06/GarageBand
 * Movie Making Manual-Character Animation

From outside of Wikimedia projects

 * MySpace

mentioned in passing

 * Wired News Sept. 6
 * Ars Technica Sept. 5

title: User:JWSchmidt/links


text:
Category:Immunology

ru:Категория:Иммунология

title: Category:Immunology


text:
Medical microbiology

Medical Microbiology is concerned with how the human body interacts with bacteria, viruses, fungi and prions. Topics include the roles of non-pathogenic bacteria in normal health and disease processes that involve pathogenic micro-organisms or an abnormal response of the body to micro-organisms. The Department of Medical Microbiology works in close cooperation with the more general Microbiology Department.

Resources

 * Infectious Disease and Public Health
 * Introduction to Medical Microbiology
 * Bacteria on your skin
 * /Sugar in the times of cholera/ - an account of a cholera epidemic in Cuba

title: Medical microbiology


text:
Talk:Music in film

I think the simplist way to write music on a computer is based off of the midi format. Anyone know how to write it?--Rayc 03:09, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music in film


text:
File:Altered side bar.png

Summary
Wikiversity screen shot

title: File:Altered side bar.png


text:
Talk:Current events

The servers were down for a while then when they came back up the side bar was different (left = new, right = old).

back to normal
And now it just reverted to "normal". --JWSchmidt 03:21, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Current events


text:
User:Tewy

My main user page can be found at User:Tewy.

title: User:Tewy


text:
User:Digitalme/monobook.css

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title: User:Digitalme/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Bounton~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bounton. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bounton~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bounton~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Mitchy~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mitchy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mitchy~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mitchy~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Prasanna~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Prasanna. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Prasanna~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prasanna~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Creativeminds~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Creativeminds. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Creativeminds~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Creativeminds~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Pobbery

title: User talk:Pobbery


text:
User talk:Hibiscus~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hibiscus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hibiscus~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hibiscus~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Phmason

title: User talk:Phmason


text: User talk:Mysyntheticdream

title: User talk:Mysyntheticdream


text: User talk:Shkim00

title: User talk:Shkim00


text:
User talk:Nucklei

welcome & public health
I want to draw your attention to Telemedicine in French-speaking Africa. This is a project that is of interest to a member of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. I have been thinking about starting to work on the link for "Public Health & Occupational Medicine" that is at the School of Medicine page. --JWSchmidt 04:16, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nucklei


text: User talk:Tewy

title: User talk:Tewy


text:
User talk:Patricia~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Patricia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Patricia~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patricia~enwikiversity


text:
User:Digitalme/admin/monobook.js

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title: User:Digitalme/admin/monobook.js


text:
Medical microbiology/Introduction

Welcome to the Introduction to Medical Microbiology learning project.

Content summary
This learning project provides activities that help participants explore Medical Microbiology. The goal is to cover all of the topics normally found in a basic medical school microbiology course, but do so in the wiki way.

Learning materials
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
 * Getting to know pathogens - introduction to the concept of microbial disease
 * Infectious Disease and Public Health
 * Sexually transmitted diseases - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS), Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer (vaccination), bacterial infections such as Chlamydia (pelvic inflammatory disease).

Texts

 * __Textbook Name___

Lessons

 * Lesson 1: ...

Activities

 * Activity 1.
 * etc.

Readings
Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.
 * Reading 1.
 * Study guide:
 * Wikipedia article: __Article Name__
 * etc.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group
 * User:JWSchmidt

Learning Project Summary

 * Project code:
 * Suggested Prerequisites:
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Portal:
 * School:
 * Department:
 * Stream
 * Level:
 * Level:

title: Medical microbiology/Introduction


text: User talk:Navashakti

title: User talk:Navashakti


text: User talk:Munasabu

title: User talk:Munasabu


text:
Conic sections

Conic sections are curves created by the intersection of a plane and a cone. There are six types of conic section: the circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, a pair of intersecting straight lines and a single point.

All conics (as they are known) have at least two foci, although the two may coincide or one may be at infinity. They may also be defined as the locus of a point moving between a point and a line, a directrix, such that the ratio between the distances is constant. This ratio is known as "e", or eccentricity.

Ellipses

An ellipse is a locus where the sum of the distances to two foci is kept constant. This sum is also equivalent to the major axis of the ellipse - the major axis being longer of the two lines of symmetry of the ellipse, running through both foci. The eccentricity of an ellipse is less than one.

In Cartesian coordinates, if an ellipse is centered at (h,k), the equation for the ellipse is

 * $$\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2}+\frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2}=1$$   (equation 1)

The lengths of the major and minor axes (also known as the conjugate and transverse) are "a" and "b" respectively.

Exercise 1. Derive equation 1. (hint)

A circle circumscribed about the ellipse, touching at the two end points of the major axis, is known as the auxiliary circle. The latus rectum of an ellipse passes through the foci and is perpendicular to the major axis.

From a point P($$x_1$$, $$y_1$$) tangents will have the equation:

 * $$\frac{xx_1}{a^2} + \frac{yy_1}{b^2} = 1$$

And normals:

 * $$\frac{xa^2}{x_1} - \frac{yb^2}{y_1} = a^2 - b^2$$

Likewise for the parametric coordinates of P, (a $$\cos \alpha$$, b $$\sin \alpha$$),

 * $$\frac{x\cos\alpha}{a} + \frac{y\sin\alpha}{b} = 1$$

Properties of Ellipses
S and S' are typically regarded as the two foci of the ellipse. Where $$a > b$$, these become (ae, 0) and (-ae, 0) respectively. Where $$a < b$$ these become (0, be) and (0, -be) respectively.

A point P on the ellipse will move about these two foci ut $$|PS + PS'| = 2a$$

Where a > b, which is to say the Ellipse will have a major-axes parallel to the x-axis:

$$b^2 = a^2(1-e^2)$$

The directrix will be: $$x = \pm \frac{a}{e}$$

Circles
A circle is a special type of the ellipse where the foci are the same point.

Hence, the equation becomes:

$$x^2+y^2 = r^2$$

Where 'r' represents the radius. And the circle is centered at the origin (0,0)

Hyperbolas
A special case where the eccentricity of the conic shape is greater than one.

Centered at the origin, Hyperbolas have the general equation:

 * $$\frac{x^2}{a^2} - \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1$$

A point P on will move about the two foci ut $$|PS - PS'| = 2a$$

The equations for the tangent and normal to the hyperbola closely resemble that of the ellipse.

From a point P($$x_1$$, $$y_1$$) tangents will have the equation:

 * $$\frac{xx_1}{a^2} - \frac{yy_1}{b^2} = 1$$

And normals:

 * $$\frac{xa^2}{x_1} + \frac{yb^2}{y_1} = a^2 + b^2$$

The directrixes (singular directrix) and foci of hyperbolas are the same as those of ellipses, namely directrixes of $$ x = \pm \frac{a}{e} $$  and foci of   $$ ( \pm ae, 0) $$

The asymptotes of a hyperbola lie at $$ y = \pm \frac {b}{a}x $$

Rectangular Hyperbolas
Rectangular Hyperbolas are special cases of hyperbolas where the asymptotes are perpendicular. These have the general equation:

$$ xy = c $$

Conic sections generally
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the conic section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.

Deriving the equation
The curve is defined as a point whose distance to the focus and distance to a line, the directrix, have a fixed ratio, eccentricity $$e.$$ Distance from focus to directrix must be non-zero.

Let the point have coordinates $$(x,y).$$

Let the focus have coordinates $$(p,q).$$

Let the directrix have equation $$ax + by + c = 0$$ where $$a^2 + b^2 = 1.$$

Then $$e = \frac {\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}}$$ $$= \frac{\sqrt{(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2}}{ax + by + c}$$

$$e(ax + by + c) = \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2}$$

Square both sides: $$(ax + by + c)(ax + by + c)e^2 = (x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2$$

Rearrange: $$(x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2 - (ax + by + c)(ax + by + c)e^2 = 0\ \dots\ (1).$$

Expand $$(1),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is:

$$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0$$ where:

$$X = e^2$$

$$A = Xa^2 - 1$$

$$B = Xb^2 - 1$$

$$C = 2Xab$$

$$D = 2p + 2Xac$$

$$E = 2q + 2Xbc$$

$$F = Xc^2 - p^2 - q^2$$

Note that values $$A,B,C,D,E,F$$ depend on:

 * $$e$$ non-zero. This method is not suitable for circle where $$e = 0.$$

 * $$e^2.$$ Sign of $$e \pm$$ is not significant.

 * $$(ax + by + c)^2.\ ((-a)x + (-b)y + (-c))^2$$ or $$((-1)(ax + by + c))^2$$ and $$(ax + by + c)^2$$ produce same result.

For example, directrix $$0.6x - 0.8y + 3 = 0$$ and directrix $$-0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$ produce same result.

Parabola
Every parabola has eccentricity $$e = 1.$$

Simple quadratic function:

Let focus be point $$(0,1).$$

Let directrix have equation: $$y = -1$$ or $$(0)x + (1)y + 1 = 0.$$

As conic section curve has equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (4)y + (0) = 0$$

Curve is quadratic function: $$4y = x^2$$ or $$y = \frac{x^2}{4}$$

For a quick check select some random points on the curve:

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = -23$$

 * Focus: $$(7,-21)$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0$$ or $$y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = 12$$

 * Focus: $$(10,-7)$$

 * Equation: $$(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0$$ or $$x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.6)x - (0.8)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(6.6, 6.2)$$

 * Equation: $$-(0.64)x^2 - (0.36)y^2 - (0.96)xy + (15.6)x + (9.2)y - (78) = 0$$

Ellipse
Every ellipse has eccentricity $$1 > e > 0.$$

A simple ellipse:

Let focus be point $$(p,q)$$ where $$p,q = -1,0$$

Let directrix have equation: $$(1)x + (0)y + 16 = 0$$ or $$x = -16.$$

Let eccentricity $$e = 0.25$$

Ellipse has center at origin and equation: $$(0.9375)x^2 + (1)y^2 = (15).$$

Some basic checking:

The effect of eccentricity.

All ellipses in diagram have:

 * Focus at point $$(-1,0)$$

 * Directrix with equation $$x = -16.$$

Five ellipses are shown with eccentricities varying from $$0.1$$ to $$0.9.$$

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = -10$$

 * Focus: $$(3,0)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.5$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.75)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (11)x + (0)y + (16) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = -12$$

 * Focus: $$(7,-4)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.7$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (-0.51)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (3.76)y + (5.56) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.6)x - (0.8)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(8,5)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 0.9$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0$$

Hyperbola
Every hyperbola has eccentricity $$e > 1.$$

A simple hyperbola:

Let focus be point $$(p,q)$$ where $$p,q = 0,-9$$

Let directrix have equation: $$(0)x + (1)y + 4 = 0$$ or $$y = -4.$$

Let eccentricity $$e = 1.5$$

Hyperbola has center at origin and equation: $$(1.25)y^2 - x^2 = 45.$$

Some basic checking:

The effect of eccentricity.

All hyperbolas in diagram have:

 * Focus at point $$(0,-9)$$

 * Directrix with equation $$y = -4.$$

Six hyperbolas are shown with eccentricities varying from $$1.5$$ to $$20.$$

Gallery
Curve in Figure 1 below has:

 * Directrix: $$y = 6$$

 * Focus: $$(0,1)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 1.5$$

 * Equation: $$(-1)x^2 + (1.25)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (-25)y + (80) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 2 below has:

 * Directrix: $$x = 1$$

 * Focus: $$(-5,6)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 2.5$$

 * Equation: $$(5.25)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-22.5)x + (12)y + (-54.75) = 0$$

Curve in Figure 3 below has:

 * Directrix: $$(0.8)x + (0.6)y + (2.0) = 0$$

 * Focus: $$(-28,12)$$

 * Eccentricity: $$e = 1.2$$

 * Equation: $$(-0.0784)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (1.3824)xy + (-51.392)x + (27.456)y + (-922.24) = 0$$

Reversing the process
The expression "reversing the process" means calculating the values of $$e,$$ focus and directrix when given the equation of the conic section, the familiar values $$A,B,C,D,E,F.$$

Consider the equation of a simple ellipse: $$0.9375 x^2 + y^2 = 15.$$ This is a conic section where $$A,B,C,D,E,F = -0.9375, -1, 0, 0, 0, 15.$$

This ellipse may be expressed as $$15 x^2 + 16 y^2 = 240,$$ a format more appealing to the eye than numbers containing fractions or decimals.

However, when this ellipse is expressed as $$-0.9375x^2 - y^2 + 15 = 0,$$ this format is the ellipse expressed in "standard form," a notation that greatly simplifies the calculation of $$a,b,c,e,p,q.$$

Modify the equations for $$A,B,C$$ slightly:

$$KA = Xaa - 1$$ or $$Xaa = KA + 1\ \dots\ (1)$$

$$KB = Xbb - 1$$ or $$Xbb = KB + 1\ \dots\ (2)$$

$$KC = 2Xab\ \dots\ (3)$$

$$(3)\ \text{squared:}\ KKCC = 4XaaXbb\ \dots\ (4)$$

In $$(4)$$ substitute for $$Xaa, Xbb:$$ $$C^2 K^2 = 4(KA+1)(KB+1)\ \dots\ (5)$$

$$(5)$$ is a quadratic equation in $$K:\ (a\_)K^2 + (b\_) K + (c\_) = 0$$ where:

$$a\_ = 4AB - C^2$$

$$b\_ = 4(A+B)$$

$$c\_ = 4$$

Because $$(5)$$ is a quadratic equation, the solution of $$(5)$$ may contain an unwanted value of $$K$$ that will be eliminated later.

From $$(1)$$ and $$(2):$$

$$Xaa + Xbb = KA + KB + 2$$

$$X(aa + bb) = KA + KB + 2$$

Because $$aa + bb = 1,\ X = KA + KB + 2$$

More calculations
The values $$D,E,F:$$

$$D = 2p + 2Xac;\ 2p = (D - 2Xac)$$

$$E = 2q + 2Xbc;\ 2q = (E - 2Xbc)$$

$$F = Xcc - pp - qq\ \dots\ (10)$$

$$(10)*4:\ 4F = 4Xcc - 4pp - 4qq\ \dots\ (11)$$

In $$(11)$$ replace $$4pp, 4qq:\ 4F = 4Xcc - (D - 2Xac)(D - 2Xac) - (E - 2Xbc)(E - 2Xbc)\ \dots\ (12)$$

Expand $$(12),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is quadratic function in $$c:$$

$$(a\_)c^2 + (b\_)c + (c\_) = 0\ \dots\ (14)$$ where:

$$a\_ = 4X(1 - Xaa - Xbb)$$

$$aa + bb = 1,$$ Therefore:

$$a\_ = 4X(1 - X)$$

$$b\_ = 4X(Da + Eb)$$

$$c\_ = -(D^2 + E^2 + 4F)$$

For parabola, there is one value of $$c$$ because there is one directrix.

For ellipse and hyperbola, there are two values of $$c$$ because there are two directrices.

Parabola
Given equation of conic section: $$16x^2 + 9y^2 - 24xy + 410x - 420y + 3175 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, focus, directrix.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix: $$0.6x + 0.8y + 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1$$

Focus: $$p,q = -10,6$$

Because eccentricity is $$1,$$ curve is parabola.

Because curve is parabola, there is one directrix and one focus.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Ellipse
Given equation of conic section: $$481x^2 + 369y^2 - 384xy + 5190x + 5670y + 7650 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, foci, directrices.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix 1: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 0.8$$

Focus 1: $$p,q = -3, -3$$

Directrix 2: $$0.6x + 0.8y + 37 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 0.8$$

Focus 2: $$p,q = -18.36, -23.48$$

Because eccentricity is $$0.8,$$ curve is ellipse.

Because curve is ellipse, there are two directrices and two foci.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Hyperbola
Given equation of conic section: $$7x^2 + 0y^2 - 24xy + 90x + 216y - 81 = 0.$$

Calculate $$\text{eccentricity, foci, directrices.}$$ interpreted as:

Directrix 1: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 3 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1.25$$

Focus 1: $$p,q = 0, -3$$

Directrix 2: $$0.6x + 0.8y - 22.2 = 0$$

Eccentricity: $$e = 1.25$$

Focus 2: $$p,q = 18, 21$$

Because eccentricity is $$1.25,$$ curve is hyperbola.

Because curve is hyperbola, there are two directrices and two foci.

For more insight into the method of calculation and also to check the calculation:

Slope of curve
Given equation of conic section: $$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,$$

differentiate both sides with respect to $$x.$$

$$2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0$$

$$2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0$$

$$2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0$$

$$y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)$$

$$y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}$$

For slope horizontal: $$2Ax + Cy + D = 0.$$

For slope vertical: $$Cx + 2By + E = 0.$$

For given slope $$m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}$$

$$m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D$$

$$mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0$$

$$(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.$$

y = f(x)
Consider conic section: $$(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.$$

This is quadratic function: $$y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}$$

Slope of this curve: $$m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$5:$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Check results:

x = f(y)
Consider conic section: $$(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.$$

This is quadratic function: $$x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}$$

Slope of this curve: $$\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}$$

$$m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$0.5:$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Check results:

Parabola
Consider conic section: $$(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.$$

This curve is a parabola.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$2:$$ Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope $$\frac{3}{4}.$$

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$0.75:$$ Axis has slope $$0.75$$ and curve is never parallel to axis.

Ellipse
Consider conic section: $$(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.$$

This curve is an ellipse.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$-1:$$ Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including $$\frac{1}{0}.$$

If slope of curve is given as $$\frac{1}{0},$$ it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation $$x = k.$$

For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at each of those points has the given slope.

Hyperbola
Consider conic section: $$(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.$$

This curve is a hyperbola.

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope $$2:$$

Asymptotes of Hyperbola
Let the conic section have the familiar equation: $$Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.$$

Let a line have equation: $$y = f(x) = mx + c.$$

Let $$f(x)$$ intersect the conic section. For $$y$$ in equation of conic section substitute $$(mx + c).$$

$$y = g(x) = Ax^2 + B(mx+c)^2 + Cx(mx+c) + Dx + E(mx+c) + F = 0.$$

Expand $$g(x),$$ simplify, gather like terms and result is quadratic function in $$x:$$

$$h(x) = (a$$_$$)x^2 + (b$$_$$)x + (c$$_$$) = 0$$ where:

$$a$$_ $$ = A + Bm^2 + Cm$$

$$b$$_ $$ = 2Bcm + cC + D + Em$$

$$c$$_ $$ = Ec + F + Bc^2$$

If line $$f(x)$$ is an asymptote, then $$a$$_ $$ = b$$_ $$ = 0,$$ in which case:

$$j(m) =\ ($$_$$a)m^2 + ($$_$$b)m + ($$_$$c) = 0$$ where:

_$$a = B;\ $$_$$b = C;\ $$_$$c = A$$

and $$m_1,m_2$$ (roots of $$j(m)$$) are the slopes of the 2 asymptotes.

Latera recta et cetera
"Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.

When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:

Consider conic section: $$1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.$$

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.

Major axis
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points $$I2, ID2.$$

Latus rectums
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points $$R, S.$$

Checking
All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:

 * Check that points $$ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1$$ are on axis.

 * Check that points $$R, F2, S$$ are on latus rectum through $$F2.$$

 * Check that points $$Q, M, T$$ are on minor axis through $$M.$$

 * Check that points $$P, F1, U$$ are on latus rectum through $$F1.$$

Test below checks that 8 points $$I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U$$ are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity $$e = 0.9.$$

Note the differences between "raw" values of $$e_1$$ and "clean" values of $$e_2.$$

Other resources

 * Should the contents of this Wikiversity page be merged into the related Wikibooks modules such as Conic Sections/Ellipse?

title: Conic sections


text: User talk:Golden Wattle

title: User talk:Golden Wattle