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Jet engine off-design and transient performance

Off-design performance calculation
This section should be read in conjunction with the topic Jet Engine Design Point Performance.

General
An engine is said to be running off-design if any of the following apply:

 * a) change of throttle setting
 * b) change of altitude
 * c) change of flight speed
 * d) change of climate
 * e) change of installation (e.g. customer bleed or power off-take or intake pressure recovery)
 * f) change in geometry

Although each off-design point is effectively a design point calculation, the resulting cycle (normally) has the same turbine and nozzle geometry as that at the engine design point. Obviously the final nozzle cannot be over or underfilled with flow. This rule also applies to the turbine nozzle guide vanes, which act like small nozzles.

Simple Off-design Calculation

Design point calculations are normally done by a computer program. By the addition of an iterative loop, such a program can also be used to create a simple off-design model.

In an iteration, a calculation is undertaken using guessed values for the variables. At the end of the calculation, the constraint values are analyzed and an attempt is made to improve the guessed values of the variables. The calculation is then repeated using the new guesses. This procedure is repeated until the constraints are within the desired tolerance (e.g. 0.1%). Iteration variables

The three variables required for a single spool turbojet iteration are the key design variables:

1) some function of combustor fuel flow e.g. turbine rotor inlet temperature $$RIT\, $$

2) corrected engine mass flow i.e. $$w_{\mathrm{2cor}}\, $$

3) compressor pressure ratio i.e. $$P_3/P_2\, $$

Iteration constraints (or matching quantities)

The three constraints imposed would typically be:

1) engine match e.g. $$Fn\, $$ or $$w_{\mathrm{fe}}\, $$ or $$T_3\, $$, etc

2) nozzle area e.g. $$A_{\mathrm{8calc}}\, $$ vs $$A_{\mathrm{8 des pt}}\, $$

3) turbine flow capacity e.g. $$w_{\mathrm{4cor calc}}\, $$ vs $$w_{\mathrm{4cor des pt}}\, $$ The latter two are the physical constraints that must be met, whilst the former is some measure of throttle setting.

Note Corrected flow is the flow that would pass through a device, if the entry pressure and temperature corresponded to ambient conditions at sea level on a Standard Day. Results Plotted above are the results of several off-design calculations, showing the effect of throttling a jet engine from its design point condition. This line is known as the compressor steady state (as opposed to transient) working line. Over most of the throttle range, the turbine system on a turbojet operates between choked planes. All the turbine throats are choked, as well as the final nozzle. Consequently the turbine pressure ratio stays essentially constant. This implies a fixed $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{turb}}/RIT\,$$. Since turbine rotor entry temperature, $$RIT\,$$, usually falls with throttling, the temperature drop across the turbine system, $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{turb}}\,$$, must also decrease. However, the temperature rise across the compression system, $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{comp}}\,$$, is proportional to $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{turb}}\,$$. Consequently, the ratio $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{comp}}/T_1\,$$ must also fall, implying a decrease in the compression system pressure ratio. The non-dimensional (or corrected flow) at compressor exit tends to stay constant, because it 'sees', beyond the combustor, the constant corrected flow of the choked turbine. Consequently, there must be a decrease in compressor entry corrected flow, as compressor pressure ratio falls. Therefore, the compressor steady state working line has a positive slope, as shown above, on the RHS.

Ratio $$RIT/T_1\, $$ is the quantity that determines the throttle setting of the engine. So, for instance, raising intake stagnation temperature by increasing flight speed, at a constant $$RIT\, $$, will cause the engine to throttle back to a lower corrected flow/pressure ratio.

Fairly obviously, when an engine is throttled-back, it will lose net thrust. This drop in thrust is mainly caused by the reduction in air mass flow, but the reduction in turbine rotor inlet temperature and degradations in component performance will also contribute.

The simple off-design calculation outlined above is somewhat crude, since it assumes:

1) no variation in compressor and turbine efficiency with throttle setting

2) no change in pressure losses with component entry flow

3) no variation in turbine flow capacity or nozzle discharge coefficient with throttle setting

Furthermore, there is no indication of relative shaft speed or compressor surge margin.

Complex Off-design Calculation

A more refined off-design model can be created using compressor maps and turbine maps to predict off-design corrected mass flows, pressure ratios, efficiencies, relative shaft speeds, etc. A further refinement is to allow the component off-design pressure losses to vary with corrected mass flow, or Mach number, etc.

The iteration scheme is similar to that of the Simple Off-design Calculation.

Iteration variables

Again three variables are required for a single spool turbojet iteration, typically:

1) some function of combustor fuel flow e.g. $$RIT\, $$ 2) compressor corrected speed e.g. $$N_{\mathrm{cor}}\, $$

3) an independent variable indicative of the compressor operating point up a speed line e.g. $${\beta}\, $$.

So compressor corrected speed replaces corrected engine mass flow and Beta replaces compressor pressure ratio.

Iteration constraints (or matching quantities)

The three constraints imposed would typically be similar to before:

1) engine match e.g. $$F_n\, $$ or $$w_{\mathrm{fe}}\, $$ or $$T_{\mathrm{3}}\, $$, etc

2) nozzle area e.g. $$A_{\mathrm{8 geometricdesign}}\, $$ vs $$A_{\mathrm{8calc}}/C_{\mathrm{dcalc}}\, $$

3) turbine flow capacity e.g. $$w_{\mathrm{4cor calc}}\, $$ vs $$w_{\mathrm{4cor turb char}}\, $$

During the Complex Off-design calculation, the operating point on the compressor map is constantly being guessed (in terms of $$N_{\mathrm{cor}}\, $$ and $${\beta}\, $$) to obtain an estimate of the compressor mass flow, pressure ratio and efficiency. After the combustion calculation is completed, the implied compressor mechanical shaft speed is used to estimate the turbine corrected speed (i.e. $$N_{\mathrm{turb cor}}\, $$). Typically, the turbine load (power demanded) and entry flow and temperature are used to estimate the turbine enthalpy drop/inlet temperature (i.e. $$({\delta}H/T)_{\mathrm{turb}} \, $$). The estimated turbine corrected speed and enthalpy drop/inlet temperature parameters are used to obtain, from the turbine map, an estimate of the turbine corrected flow ($$w_{\mathrm{4cor turb char}}\, $$) and efficiency (i.e. $${\eta}_{\mathrm{pt}}\, $$). The calculation then continues, in the usual way, through the turbine, jetpipe and nozzle. If the constraints are not within tolerance, the iteration engine makes another guess at the iteration variables and the iterative loop is restarted.

Plotted on the LHS are the results of several off-design calculations, showing the effect of throttling a jet engine from its design point condition. The line produced is similar to the working line shown above, but it is now superimposed on the compressor map and gives an indication of corrected shaft speed and compressor surge margin.

Installation effects
More often than not, the design point calculation is for an uninstalled engine. Installation effects are normally introduced at off-design conditions and will depend on the engine application.

A partially installed engine includes the effect of:

a) the real intake having a pressure recovery of less than 100%

b) air being bled from the compression system for cabin/cockpit conditioning and to cool the avionics

c) oil and fuel pump loads on the HP shaft

In addition, in a fully installed engine, various drags erode the effective net thrust of the engine:

1) an air intake spilling air creates drag

2) exhaust gases, exiting the hot nozzle, can scrub the external part of the nozzle plug (where applicable) and create drag

3) if the jet engine is a civil turbofan, bypass air, exiting the cold nozzle, can scrub the gas generator cowl and the submerged portion of the pylon (where applicable) and create drag

Deducting these throttle-dependent drags (where applicable) from the net thrust calculated above gives the streamtube net thrust.

There is, however, another installation effect: freestream air scrubbing an exposed fan cowl and its associated pylon (where applicable) will create drag. Deducting this term from the streamtube net thrust yields the force applied by the engine to the airframe proper.

In a typical military installation, where the engine is buried within the airframe, only some of the above installation effects apply.

Transient performance calculation
So far we have examined steady state performance modelling.

A crude transient performance model can be developed by relatively minor adjustments to the off-design calculation. A transient acceleration (or deceleration) is assumed to cover a large number of small time steps of, say, 0.01 s duration. During each time step, the shaft speed is assumed to be momentarily constant. So in the modified off-design iteration, $$N\, $$ is frozen and a new variable, the excess turbine power $${\delta}P_w\, $$, allowed to float instead. After the iteration has converged, the excess power is used to estimate the change in shaft speed:

Now:

Acceleration torque = spool inertia * shaft angular acceleration

$${\delta}\,{\tau}\, $$  = $$I\, $$ $$K\, $$ $$dN\, $$  /$$dt\, $$

Rearranging:

$$dN\, $$ = ( $${\delta}\,{\tau}\, $$/( $$I\, $$ $$K\, $$ )) $$dt\, $$ But:

$${\delta}P_w\, $$ = $$2\, $$ $${\pi}\,$$  $$N\, $$  $${\delta}\,{\tau}\, $$ /$$K_1\, $$

So:

$$dN\, $$ = ($$K_1\, $$ $${\delta}P_w\, $$/ ( $$2\, $$ $${\pi}\,$$ $$I\, $$ $$N\, $$ $$K\, $$)) $$dt\, $$

Or approximating:

$${\delta}N\, $$ = ($$K_2\, $$ $${\delta}P_w\, $$ / ($$I\, $$ $$N\, $$)) $${\delta}t\, $$

This change in shaft speed is used to calculate a new (frozen) shaft speed for the next time interval:

$$N_{\mathrm{new}}\, $$ = $$N_{\mathrm{old}}\, $$   + $${\delta}N\, $$

The whole process, described above, is then repeated for the new time:

$$t_{\mathrm{new}}\, $$ = $$t_{\mathrm{old}}\, $$ + $${\delta}t\, $$

The starting point for the transient is some steady state point (e.g. Ground Idle, Sea Level Static, ISA). A ramp of fuel flow versus time is, for instance, fed into the model to simulate, say, a slam acceleration (or deceleration). The transient calculation is first undertaken for time zero, with the steady state fuel flow as the engine match, which should result in zero excess turbine power. By definition, the first transient calculation should reproduce the datum steady state point. The fuel flow for $$tnew\, $$  is calculated from the fuel flow ramp and is used as the revised engine match in the next transient iterative calculation. This process is repeated until the transient simulation is completed.

It should be noted that the transient model described above is pretty crude, since it only takes into account inertia effects, other effects being ignored. For instance, under transient conditions the entry mass flow to a volume (e.g. jetpipe) needn't be the same as the exit mass flow; i.e. the volume could be acting as an accumulator, storing or discharging gas. Similarly part of the engine structure (e.g. nozzle wall) could be extracting or adding heat to the gas flow, which would affect that component's discharge temperature.

During a Slam Acceleration on a single spool turbojet, the working line of the compressor tends to deviate from the steady state working line and adopt a curved path, initially going towards surge, but slowly returning to the steady state line, as the fuel flow reaches a new higher steady state value. During the initial overfuelling, the inertia of the spool tends to prevent the shaft speed from accelerating rapidly. Naturally, the extra fuel flow increases the turbine rotor entry temperature, $$RIT\, $$. Since the turbine operates between two choked planes (i.e. the turbine and nozzle throats), the turbine pressure ratio and the corresponding temperature drop/entry temperature, $$\triangle T_{\mathrm{turb}}/RIT\,$$, remain approximately constant. Since $$RIT\, $$ increases, so must the temperature drop across the turbine and the turbine power output. This extra turbine power, increases the temperature rise across the compressor and, therefore, the compressor pressure ratio. Since the corrected speed of the compressor has hardly changed, the working point tends to move upwards, along a line of roughly constant corrected speed. As time progresses the shaft begins to accelerate and the effect just described diminishes.

During a Slam Deceleration, the opposite trend is observed; the transient compressor working line goes below the steady state line.

The transient behaviour of the high pressure (HP) compressor of a turbofan is similar to that described above for a single spool turbojet.

Performance software
Over the years a number of software packages have been developed to estimate the design, off-design and transient performance of various types of gas turbine engine. Most are used in-house by the various aero-engine manufacturers, but several software packages are available to the general public (e.g. GasTurb http://www.gasturb.de, EngineSim http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12//airplane/ngnsim.html, GSP http://www.gspteam.com).

Engine models
Whatever it's sophistication, the off-design performance model is not only used to predict the off-design performance of the engine, but also assist in the design process (e.g. estimating maximum shaft speeds, pressures, temperatures, etc to support component stressing).

Other models may be constructed to simulate the behaviour of the various individual components (e.g. rotor 2 of the compressor) in much more detail.

Nomenclature

 * $$A\, $$  flow area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8calc}}\, $$ calculated nozzle effective throat area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8 des pt}}\, $$ design point nozzle effective throat area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8 geometricdesign}}\, $$ nozzle geometric throat area
 * $${\alpha}\, $$ shaft angular acceleration
 * $${\beta}\, $$ arbitrary lines which dissect the corrected speed lines on a compressor characteristic
 * $$C_{\mathrm{pc}}\, $$ specific heat at constant pressure for air
 * $$C_{\mathrm{pt}}\,$$ specific heat at constant pressure for combustion products
 * $$C_{\mathrm{dcalc}}\, $$ calculated nozzle discharge coefficient
 * $$C_x\, $$ thrust coefficient
 * $${\delta}\, $$ ambient pressure/Sea Level ambient pressure
 * $$({\delta}H/T)_{\mathrm{turb}} \, $$ turbine enthalpy drop/inlet temperature
 * $${\delta}N\, $$ change in mechanical shaft speed
 * $${\delta}P_w\, $$ excess shaft power
 * $${\delta}\,{\tau}\, $$ excess shaft torque
 * $${\eta}_{\mathrm{pc}}\, $$ compressor polytropic efficiency
 * $${\eta}_{\mathrm{pt}}\, $$ turbine polytropic efficiency
 * $$g\, $$  acceleration of gravity
 * $$F_g\, $$ gross thrust
 * $$F_n\, $$ net thrust
 * $$F_r\, $$ ram drag
 * $${\gamma}_{\mathrm{c}}\, $$ ratio of specific heats for air
 * $${\gamma}_{\mathrm{t}}\, $$ ratio of specific heats for combustion products
 * $$I\, $$  spool inertia
 * $$J\, $$  mechanical equivalent of heat
 * $$K\, $$  constant
 * $$K_1\, $$  constant
 * $$K_2\, $$  constant
 * $$M\, $$  flight Mach number
 * $$N\, $$ compressor mechanical shaft speed
 * $$N_{\mathrm{cor}}\, $$ compressor corrected shaft speed
 * $$N_{\mathrm{turb cor}}\, $$ turbine corrected shaft speed
 * $$p\, $$  static pressure
 * $$P\, $$  stagnation (or total) pressure
 * $$P_3/P_2\, $$ compressor pressure ratio
 * $$prf\, $$ intake pressure recovery factor
 * $$R\, $$  gas constant
 * $${\rho}\, $$ density
 * $$SFC\, $$ specific fuel consumption
 * $$RIT\, $$ (turbine) rotor inlet temperature
 * $$t\, $$  static temperature or time
 * $$T\, $$ stagnation (or total) temperature
 * $$T_1\, $$ intake stagnation temperature
 * $$T_3\, $$ compressor delivery total temperature
 * $${\theta}\, $$ ambient temperature/Sea Level, Standard Day, ambient temperature
 * $${\theta}_T\, $$ total temperature/Sea Level, Standard Day, ambient temperature
 * $$V\, $$ velocity
 * $$w\, $$ mass flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor calc}}\, $$ calculated turbine entry corrected flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{2cor}}\, $$ compressor corrected inlet flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor des pt}}\, $$ design point turbine entry corrected flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor turb char}}\, $$ corrected entry flow from turbine characteristic (or map)
 * $$w_{\mathrm{fe}}\, $$ combustor fuel flow


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Wikiversity:Community Review/The making of a mascot:What are the parameters?

What are the parameters for mascots that appear on welcome templates?
Hi, I see that on a welcome template (on User talk:Noj Cire Snave), User:JacobFrank has been provided as a mentoring mascot. I had a look around the mascot area including the random mascot generator. I could not find where this mascot had come from as he is not part of the list. Jacob Frank was around in the 18th century. According to Wikipedia, he claimed he was the messiah returned of God Almighty and got a lot of Jews to convert to a mix of Christianity and Islam from which point he invented his own new religion centered a game of dinner with the candles out and swap the wife. This was a game of "purification by being impure" and is explained on Wikipedia with a link to the page on "Swinging". Extramarital sex games in the religous setting, i.e. Frankism, "being Frank about it". That's very nice of him but how does Jack Wikiversity and the twins Vicky and Verity feel about Jacob being on the mascot team, and how exactly did he find his way onto the team without being listed as a mascot? How about having Hitler as a mascot? Point made.

 * Interesting questions. I made this mascot yesterday after Jtneill said I should feel free to turn him into a mascot.  Originally, he was an alternate account that I'd created to test the "block" and other tools, but then I decided to develop him as a mascot.  --AFriedman (talk) 23:21, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Is it acceptable for mascots to be anything more than purely fictional characters?
Strong support for the concept that ideal Wikiversity mascots are not purely fictional characters, but are tied in some way to real academic subjects. In principle but not in practice, our mascots provide an additional opportunity to teach. Why not take advantage of one more opportunity to introduce new Users to new subjects, by having mascots which are directly tied to academic disciplines? (And no, mascots should not be living people, but Jacob Frank is long deceased. Just as Usernames representing dead people are acceptable, I think mascots representing dead people should also be acceptable.)  --AFriedman (talk) 23:20, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Is that the best role model figure of an academic discipline you are suggesting or just the one that a lot of books are written about. I am ringing Hitler here again. Is there not a vast academic field associated with Hitler and similar characters? Conversely, would it be fair to label Plato or Newton as a mascot when you could try to use some more fun or cool symbolic characters? It's a bit of a toss up if you might get Wikiversity Jack, Plato, or Hitler, isn't it? RTG 23:53, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting questions you posed RTG. We don't know much about this Hitler person, just hearsay and what you can find in internet. We will ask our (grand)parents if someone was involved in the evil actions from back then :-(
 * Definitely we would ask, what this mascot would feel about its patron saint's actions. Since they are different persons. Who knows perhaps we could get some more insights by this mascot. We think our conversations with this new mascot would help us think + develop more. So, generally, we both would welcome such a mascot and others. Mum told us: let's first talk and then pursue actions. We are going to take our nap now, talking much in addition to keeping Mum busy is really exhausting. :-) --Vicky-Verity 18:20, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Hitler said he would like you very much... for DINNER!! Now who is more scary Wikiversity Jack or Hitler? RTG 19:53, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, User:WikiversityJack has also his bad + good sides. Depends on internal + external factors. I have heard someone say, people/users are just a product of their environments. Though I have to check more on that issue. Wondering, if I should start a learning resource for this? --Percy 20:04, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Something quirky and relatively obscure might well make a more interesting mascot than something better-known, if it's connected to a popular or important topic. A mascot that illuminates a comparatively little-known angle on such a topic will decrease the "prior knowledge" gap between people of different educational backgrounds. From JacobFrank's Userpage: "There are some interesting and colorful people in Jewish history, don't you think? I'm just one of them. Find out more." He doesn't follow the stereotypes about people from Jewish history, either. Regarding the idea that a mascot needs to be a role model: there's no specific way to "behave" like Vicky-Verity or Baah-Baaah. Percy the Penguin is probably the closest to a role model, because he claims to contribute to marine-themed resources and links to these resources from his Template and Userpage. Actually, I find the Frankist doctrine of "purification through transgression" amusing, so long as it doesn't do any real harm. I've tried to spin his "mascot" status as illustrating that Wikiversity is an environment refreshingly free from the rigid rules found almost anywhere else, where people are encouraged to create almost any kind of learning resource. The User:JacobFrank page attempts such an explanation. For example, there's an adaptation of one of Jacob Frank's actual sayings over there--"Perhaps if Wikiversity were only meant for the learned, it wouldn't have been given to you to do pretty much whatever you want with it." --AFriedman (talk) 02:57, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Your description of JacobFrank as a mascot is more like a portal to, in this case, Jewish history. In my view, your description of the penguin, someone who edits marine topics, is good. It encourages useful participation rather than simply saying, "Isn't Jacob interesting?" I want to get into it with you but I might find it difficult if you cannot see a difference in value between a real person and a conjured one. There is no room to make things up about Jacob Frank in the same way as Percy the Penguin. Percy is purposely designed in every way. He can be moulded into whatever it is that makes him suit the "Mascot for learning" category best, can tick any boxes. Jacob cannot be moulded at all and must remain that which he is, not affiliated with Wikiversity for instance. I assume this to make sense. If you accept that, you can go on to suggest perhaps that a mascot should have an interest in learning, an interest in contributing, be affiliated only to Wikiversity and probably other stuff... a contributor to another WMF site or something. Is there any sense in that? RTG 03:25, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

I understand what you're getting at, that Percy doesn't come with factual baggage and so is more open to becoming whatever people want him to be. In contrast, Jacob Frank and other real people may have all kinds of baggage. But it is precisely that type of baggage which makes people come to Wikiversity and the Wikimedia Foundation projects in the first place. We are here to learn, not to see a cartoon penguin. Don't you think it's interesting that Jacob Frank's sect practiced "swinging", even if you disagree with the practice (as do I)? It certainly makes me think differently about 18th-century Jewish history. Chance encounters with information on Wikipedia articles and other WMF pages are often quite stimulating and exciting, and I see Wikiversity as a place to develop novel ways of giving people more of these encounters. Edward Tufte, an expert in the design and presentation of informational resources, spoke vehemently against presentations with a low "data-ink ratio"--the amount of substance versus style. IMO, the mascot on Wikiversity is most consistent with Wikimedia's educational philosophy if presented in a way that minimizes chartjunk--visual elements of informational resources not necessary for comprehending the information displayed. For example, a mascot with a name or picture not associated with anything else is a lost opportunity to teach people about something. Jacob Frank presents (1) a highly specific topic--himself; (2) several more general topics--Jewish history, Judaism, Christianity, Islam and a philosophy that leans toward the absurd but may be more defensible than it appears at first; (3) the Wikiversity policies of "Be bold" and "Ignore all rules." I think the Percy mascot would have more informational content if identified as a particular penguin species, given an area of residence that is within that species' range, given a naturalistic photo of that species instead of the cartoon picture, etc. The other mascots, IMO, should also be tied to both specific and general Wikimedia resources and possibly illustrate Wikiversity policies. --AFriedman (talk) 05:24, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

===Is it acceptable for a mascot to be purposely associated with anything a court of law would sanction? In this case adultery but from this can be implied anything unsavoury. Examples: Johnny Joyrider or Seamus Shoplifter, etc.===

Several issues here. First of all, I have problems with the context of the connection between "purification through transgression" on the Jacob Frank Wikipedia page, and the page this phrase links to. It inaccurately implies that Frankist transgressions were limited to wife-swinging. Other examples of "purification through transgression", as far as the Frankists were concerned, might be eating pork and other forbidden foods on Jewish fast days, breaking the Sabbath, and Frank's serial conversion to several religions. The multifaceted aspect of "purification through transgression" is not clear from Wikipedia, although I've read about it elsewhere. Furthermore, is adultery illegal in secular countries, or just unethical? Besides, Ayn Rand and her fictional characters such as Howard Roark were also associated with adultery, but as with Jacob Frank (which is not clear from Wikipedia), adultery was just one aspect of what they were known for. I don't think Rand or Rand's characters as mascots would raise quite the same issues. In addition, I think it is POV to call any religious rituals "games", unless the people who are participating in them would also think of them in this way. One wouldn't call the polygamy of Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, a "game." In addition, despite Jacob Frank's transgressions, he doesn't exactly come down in history as a villain, maybe unless you're Jewish. Elsewhere, I saw him being compared to Rasputin. However, his main impact on history seems to have been to get a group of Polish Jews to convert to Catholicism. I probably wouldn't support making a mascot of anyone who was more villainous than Jacob Frank. --AFriedman (talk) 23:20, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * All in all it appears that utilising controversial figures to be mascots requires an ocean of debate when compared to the twin babies. Is it fair to say that your more acceptable principles negate your controversial ones? I am ringing Hitler again. He is going to answer me in a minute if I keep this up. Just note that: yes I would believe that adultery and polygamy often goes hand in hand with some sort of games. I don't think that anyone should even get into that on a seperate topic. RTG 23:53, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Regarding controversial figures as mascots. Do you object to Jacob Frank as a mascot on the grounds that he's offensive to a specific group of people? This, perhaps, might be a key criterion re: which real human mascots are acceptable and which are not. It would certainly explain why Hitler is unacceptable, but still allow for real people with real flaws to be made into the acceptable mascots they could become. Also about the "game" issue. Many religions have or had rituals involving extramarital sex. It's just unusual for Abrahamic religions to have such rituals. However, this was supposedly a feature of the ancient Canaanite religion, among others. I can't speak for them. I think we both agree it was possible this was a game for at least some of the Frankists, but perhaps not for all of them. When in doubt, I don't think we should talk about it as a "game." --AFriedman (talk) 03:17, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Obviously from my comment above I have views on a real person mascot and my answer will be difficult. I think that moral grounds can be avoided entirely without any loss of quality which is easier. Take that which you consider Jacobs useful points as a mascot and make something new up? No wife-swapping or anything there and you can say that he loves religious studies or something... RTG 03:39, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

See above. --AFriedman (talk) 05:27, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Is it acceptable for a mascot to be purposely associated with any particluar religion?
It is acceptable for a Featured Article on Wikipedia's front page or a Wikipedia DYK to be purposely associated with a particular religion. It seems to be acceptable for the mascot of U-Penn (a secular school) to be the "Quaker." Why should Wikiversity be different? In Jacob Frank's case, yes he is associated with a religion, but it's somewhat ambiguous which one. --AFriedman (talk) 23:20, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a Quaker community in a city up the road from me. I used to walk past it every day and on a big sign outsde it tells us that Quaker communities are accepting of any religion. Parallel to that, most schools in my country have a Christian sect as their base. Although this has changed in the last few decades, the catholic ones are traditionally run by nuns and priests. This is a topic of much controversy today and only last week on the news there was talk about some of these schools being taken by the state because we needed some more multi-denominational schools. RTG 23:53, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

"Quaker communities are accepting of any religion," but are probably extra-specially-accepting when those people want to convert to Quakerism. Frankists are accepting of any religion into themselves--they believe that converting to as many different other religions as possible will erase the distinctions between them and bring about the Messiah. Frankly, I don't think Wikiversity is being taken over by one religion any time soon. That's so far off our radar screen, I haven't heard anyone even think of religious denominationalism in the context of "What Wikiversity is not"--and I was involved with the discussion of that policy last year. What country are you in, BTW? I am in the USA. --AFriedman (talk) 03:33, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I am in Ireland. I think that it is a valid idea that Wikiversity be non-denom outside of religious studies. But in a mascot you just made up yourself why not make one for each religion? I don't don't know but if there was plenty scope for mascots whose chose thing, like Percys marine interest, I would go with that first. The modern trend in English speaking counties seems to be leaving religion out of the classroom. I am not saying that's good or bad but is it true? Yes. There is a wider debate about that I think. RTG 03:46, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

There's no quota on the number of mascots that can be created here. If we want to represent the disciplines more comprehensively, for example, this may mean creating new inanimate mascots associated with subjects such as chemistry. Future mascots could be associated with other religions, just as you brought up the possibility of associating them with other races. However, Jacob Frank is not exactly a mascot "for" any religion as it is practiced today. If we're going to choose a religious mascot, he might be about as interdenominational as they come because of his multiple conversions (from Judaism to Islam and then Christianity) and the fact that Frankism is no longer extant. Furthermore, I don't think we should give the group of mascots a noticeably religion-centered bias--mascots can be taken from any discipline and not just religious studies. One of six mascots associated with religion seems to me an acceptable ratio. I went to secular high school and we learned about religion in social studies class, essentially in the context of general history and culture. It's an important part of that area. But if half of our mascots were noticeably tied to religion, say, there might be a need to create more disciplinary balance. --AFriedman (talk) 05:58, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Is it acceptable for a mascot to appear to be of a certain racial background? It seems obvious that a mascot should be unrestricted by race but is there anything to discuss about it?
Vicky-Verity, an old mascot, are visibly White twins. However, this is an interesting issue to bring up and perhaps diversity could be a factor to take into account when developing future mascots. --AFriedman (talk) 23:20, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Are there any other relevant questions about the acceptability of mascots?

 * See also Wikiversity talk:Community Review/The making of a mascot:What are the parameters? -- Jtneill - Talk - c 21:25, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Links

 * Mascot contest
 * Template:Random mascot
 * Category:Random mascot template


text:
User talk:Meeshaan

 Hello Meeshaan, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --AFriedman (talk) 22:13, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

title: User talk:Meeshaan


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User talk:SobiWanKenobi

 Hello SobiWanKenobi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 23:01, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:SobiWanKenobi


text:
User talk:DiamondStarrz

 Hello DiamondStarrz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 23:01, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:DiamondStarrz


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Template:GreySmith Institute new/Introduction

 The GreySmith Institute is an International Collaboration  The topic of this Virtual Institute is Artificial Consciousness '''Researchers from Neuroscience, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence the world over are welcome to join one of the laboratories here in the virtual Institute, or collaborate with us by linking their own institute with us, as we search for the truth about how the brain works. and how to make machines that are similar'''


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User:Vahc

--Vahc 23:51, 16 March 2010 (UTC)Vocational Academy in Hospitality and Catering

title: User:Vahc


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Template:GreySmith Institute new/Admin Lab/Introduction

The Administration Lab is an international Collaboration that works with the AGILE planning Process, to Design Management Systems Researchers the world over are encouraged to get involved in the experiments. Agile systems use naive specifications to create place holder plans, where the data is not yet gathered as to how best to design a business. For instance a business plan might start out with a point form listing of the steps that need to be taken to start the business. Then each step might go through a tactical analysis, based on a naive set of assumptions, such as the effectiveness of an Augary such as the I-ching to define whether or not the particular tactic will work. Of course this is really only a coarse filter, to cause the planner to work a little harder to get a plan fleshed out so that it meets the needs of the tactical situation. At each step the plan goes through a refactoring tuning it to fit the actual information as the information comes available.


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User:ErinOConnor~enwikiversity

I'm an extremely infrequent contributor to Wikipedia under the same username. I run the Snowclones Database and can be found nearly anywhere else on the Internet (Flickr, Livejournal, Goodreads, Facebook, Twitter, etc) under the username kirinqueen.

title: User:ErinOConnor~enwikiversity


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User talk:ErinOConnor~enwikiversity

 Hello ErinOConnor, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --AFriedman (talk) 00:39, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

History of Ireland through Song
Thanks for your message!

I haven't been very active lately, but I'm still interested in the project. I appreciate the link; I'd not heard of that before. The Jade Knight (d'viser) 05:26, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ErinOConnor. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ErinOConnor~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ErinOConnor~enwikiversity


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User:GreySmith Institute/GreySmith Institute/new/Admin Lab/Naive Tactical 1

Naive Tactical Analysis Protocol
The I-Ching is a chinese Augary based on a 64 hexagram design, that was originally meant to be done with 12 sticks called Yarrow. It has also been translated to work with three Pennies thrown six times to form the patterns from which the hexagram will be built.

Of especial interest is the "Changes" that allow this Augary to predict situations that are changing.

It is based heavily on the concepts of Yin, or womanly essence, and Yang or manly essence. The details of setting up a prediction are made simple by the presence on the network of a free site, that lets you use computer generated random numbers to simulate yarrow or coins.

A Prediction consists of essentially 5 parts.
 * 1) The Hexagram for the present
 * 2) The changes where noted
 * 3) The hexagram for the future
 * 4) The Most Obvious influences
 * 5) The hidden Influences.

Essentially the "Throws" are used to define numbers which are built up from the bottom of the Hexagram. 6's and 9's are where all three of the coins have the same face, (In the case of coins) These are the change lines, and are assumed to change either from Yin to Yang, broken line to unbroken line, or from Yang to Yin, unbroken line to broken line. Each line of the six lines has a unique meaning, sets of three at the top and the bottom of the hexagram have meanings for the influences, and it is assumed that in the case of the changes, the current hexagram is the base case, and the future hexagram is the end case of the transition.

To add to the confusion, it is all written in early chinese proverbs which are not likely to mean quite the same thing to a westerner as they do to someone in China.

The value of such an augary lies in its pseudo-random nature and the tendency of the reader to read value into the predictions, from their own sub-conscious mind. Being written in Chinese proverbs is actually a positive factor in that it forces the mind to stretch a little further in interpreting the prediction.

Essentially what we are doing is using a heuristic based on random numbers to force the mind to do a better tactical analysis. But it feels like we are using the I-Ching to predict how the business will work, and so we can fool ourselves into taking the augary for valuable even though at some level we know it is just random.

To do a reading we must first express the reading as a question of the form will this be better, is this a good move, will this work, or some such question.

then we must have a system of evaluation for the answers we get from the Augary.

Obviously Obstruction as an influence is wrong. Less obviously, following and penetration are probably wrong More obviously Joy and Approval are right More obviously warmth and acceptance are right Danger and the unknown are probably wrong Productivity and creativity are right, and so on

Anything that says we will gain, is right The bigger the gain probably the better unless the changes sound a warning Anything that says we will lose, is wrong If it talks about a criminal it is probably wrong

Warnings may be good or bad, but are probably an indication of something only slightly wrong

Using an arbitrary system of judgements like this, it is possible to Optimize a plan to fit the current random selections by moving stuff around until it maximizes the gain predicted. This is by no means the last time we will tune the plan, since refactoring is expected, so it doesn't matter that we are working against a random solution set, what matters is that we stretch our imagination to find a solution that meets the random solution set, and still works for us. Essentially we ask an arbitrary question the Augary gives us an arbitrary answer which we interpret and use to decide to make arbitrary changes to an arbitrary plan, that we simply do not know enough to plan better. The result it often seems is a better plan with more tactical detail than the original plan might have had if we dealt only with what we knew. The planning prediction cycle can be fairly fast if we are planning on one screen and predicting on another.

example SRF Plan


title: File:Egm6341.s10.mtg29.djvu


title: File:Egm6341.s10.mtg30.djvu


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User:GreySmith Institute/SRF Plan

Socially Responsible Funding Plan
Socially Responsible funding is meant to be a financial system based on securitization of vertically tuned financial documents. Essentially a target market like research or housing is identified, and as long as it has the potential to make money over the long term, a vehicle is built that will spread the financial costs so that it is affordable for the target market.

How it works, is that a Junk bond is created and target market people/organizations/corporations subscribe to the junk bond by borrowing money from SRF. Who pays it by buying the committment to pay the terms of the bond at a slight discount, and with some interest attached. The bonds then become an asset of SRF.

Next, SRF starts up a Mutual Fund for each bond issue, and the Mutual fund is used to guarantee 60% of the gross risk of the issue. At the end of the life of the investment. Because the risk is diluted by a 3 to one investment over the issue value, each investor should be exposed only to 20% of the gross risk, and that risk will be taken off of the compounded interest on their investment. The Mutual Fund, and the Commitments to pay the junk bond, are brought together and offered to an international bond Issuer as bond sureties, and are used to buy a two tranche bond issue consisting of a senior tranche that is higher security (5% or less of the gross risk) and lower interest probably selling at a slight discount. And a junior tranche that is lower security (35% of the gross risk) and carries a high yield (just less than 2 X the interest on the Junk bond).

The whole purpose of this system is to upgrade the relative risk so that junk bonds are financed at market rates. Because the relative risk to the consumer is either taken up by interest payments or by a partial guarantee the risk is more or less evenly spread across the market, allowing all players to benefit evenly as long as the fundamentals are correct, and the risk is properly calculated.

A few Vertical Markets were identified Research, Low-income rental housing, Green Product Development, Growable apartments, etc. It was thought that the fundamentals could be checked out if we started with a Rental Deposit Insurance company and learned the bond market before we tried any of our vertical funding streams.

A wish-list company was proposed as an example of each of the different marketing streams. It was thought that there was enough interest in research and housing that they could be a financial vehicle, dependent on an already existing sector for custom. In the other cases, a target was identified as a test case for the vehicle, except for GSI Laboratory, my own pet Lab which I hoped to start on my own.

It was thought that once the fundamentals had been proven correct, we could have a charette of social and development Non Governmental organizations to decide what the priority funding targets should be.

Of interest was the creation of a peak in research dollars in time for EXPO 2017, which partially explains the early Research Focus.

Given these goals, I began to query the I-Ching about the order of the formation of the vertical markets, and fleshed out about a 9 year plan with a gap between the 3rd and 5th years, that wouldn't close when I queried the I-ching about each of the vertical markets. I had originally thought that growable houses was an application of the housing stream, but the fact that this area didn't close until I slotted growable houses into it, suggested that my sub-conscious mind, was resisting putting anything else into that slot and interpreting the I-ching in such a way as to force it into the slot before the housing bond corporation.

Finally I ended up with the following plan:

 * 1st year: Rental Deposit Insurance Pilot Project (Appoint a Director)
 * 2nd year: Basic Research Bond corporation with EEDC, the UofA and other research incubators
 * 3rd year: Menlo Park Research Park (Named after Edison)(Appoint a Director)
 * 4th year: Growable Housing Project (Appoint a Director)
 * 5th year: Basic Housing Bond corporation (Appoint a Director)
 * 6th year: Green Development Corporation (Appoint a Director)
 * 7th year: GSI Admin Lab (Gather eminent scientists)
 * 8th year: GSI Scientists appoint a director, finance labs separately
 * 9th year: Planning Charette with EEDC and Charitable Sector

Timelines:
 * RDI Timeline
 * BRB Timeline
 * Menlo Park Timeline
 * GHP Timeline
 * BHB Timeline
 * GDC Timeline
 * GSI Admin Lab Timeline
 * GSI expansion Timeline
 * Planning Charette

title: User:GreySmith Institute/SRF Plan


text:
Wikiversity talk:Community Review/The making of a mascot:What are the parameters?

General comments
I favour diverse experimentation with Wikiversity mascots - I think it is one way to make Wikiversity more friendly and fun to newcomers in a 'wiki' way. So, welcome to Jacob Frank! I guess I would point out that no-one owns mascots - they are a community expression. And they would need to be acceptable to the community. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:46, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Page move
I'd be inclined to shift this page to Wikiversity:The making of a mascot: What are the parameters?; I'm not sure that it warrants WV:CR. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:47, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah well just don't do that. Someone has requested a community review of something. Either help to review it or do nothing. Don't post your comments on the talk page where nobody can see them. RTG 17:27, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It may be a favourable outcome of a review to produce a page such as Wikiversity:The making of a mascot: What are the parameters? but that desn't mean you put a stop to the review, even if it appears there is little interest in particiating the review right now. "We decided not to review it because we made a new page for it." Then where is the review? You'd have to come back again and make another review. If nobody reviews it fine, review it another time, but let them have the opportunity. RTG 17:51, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * No worries, I'm happy to see it reviewed. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 21:21, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Idea behind mascots
More fundamentally, I'd be interested to learn the general idea behind mascots and how they are used. I note there are a few mascot accounts and I think we need more clarity on who operates them and perhaps to consider what edits they should be making. I recall blocking after that account was abused so there is a real need to consider such potential issues. Adambro 20:00, 17 March 2010 (UTC)


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Copyright

Copyright means that someone, somewhere has the legal and automatic right to manage the ways that written or recorded material is used by other people. The copyright symbol with a date and name is merely a courtesy to help - its absence does not imply it is not copyright.

Curiously, even Wikiversity material is copyrighted! We have to deliberately agree that anyone can use or copy material, and even then we can limit that concession for example by insisting it is not sold or published for profit.

Definitions

 * All rights reserved means that to use material, it is necessary to contact the copyright holder (usually the author) and comply with any instructions (usually provide an attribution and pay a fee). Failure is a 'civil wrong' that may mean going to court and being ordered to pay compensation.
 * Creative Commons offers a range of permissions, and is one of several legal definitions for shareware
 * Public Domain: copyright expires after a time, then anyone can do anything with that material. The period varies: in some countries, material produced by public authorities is public domain immediately it is published, while other material produced by commercial corporations copyright restrictions may be extended to 100 years or more

Questions

 * If you put a picture of yourself online, who owns it?
 * If you post a picture on Facebook, who owns the picture?

Extention

 * What other 'free use' copyright organizations are there (copyleft, GNU....)?

Initial reading:

 * Intellectual property (Wikipedia)
 * Copyright (Wikipedia)
 * All rights reserved
 * Copyleft (Wikipedia)
 * Creative Commons
 * Public domain

Resources
/Law: studies in copyright law.

title: Copyright


text:
Open academia in practice

Workshop outline

 * 1) Visit http://open-academia.blogspot.com and do the 5 second survey
 * 2) Create a Wikiversity account
 * 3) Introduce your self
 * 4) Review the main points of the openism and freedom in academia seminar
 * 5) Tour the Educational Media Awareness Campaign
 * 6) Look at copyright and free and restricted licenses
 * 7) How to find free content
 * 8) Find free content on your topic and add links to Wikiversity
 * 9) Sign the participant list for this workshop
 * 10) Showcase - let's see what you found
 * 11) Feedback - leave comments on the blog

 * Video recordings
 * Introduction to the workshop: Blip.tv, Youtube, Ustream, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons TBA.
 * Introduction to Wikiversity: Blip.tv, Youtube, Ustream, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons TBA.
 * Copyright options: Blip.tv, Youtube, Ustream, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons TBA.
 * Wikimedia Commons: Blip.tv, Youtube, Ustream, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons TBA.
 * Creative Commons Search: Blip.tv, Youtube, Ustream, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons TBA.

Openism and freedom in academia
Video recording of James introducing the workshop and open academia (Blip.tv)

Academia should be conducted in such a way as to benefit society. This means (among other things) that the processes and products of publically-funded academics' activities should, by default, be freely accessible and re-usable. It also means that academia should use and promote tools (such as software) and materials (such as textbooks) which enable others to utilise and foster public knowledge. However, open academia is a cultural challenge because closedness is the norm.

Open academia is proposed to involve five pillars: open access, open licensing, open formats, free software and open management.

For more, see Going naked - Openism and freedom in academia

Educational Media Awareness Campaign
Video of James showing the Wikimedia Commons (Blip.tv)

 * Explore the Educational Media Awareness Campaign by subject
 * See also: 10 things you may not know about images on Wikipedia

Copyright restrictions and freedoms
Video recording of James explaining copyright (Blip.tv)

Find and use free content
Video of James introducing the Creative Commons Search engine (Blip.tv)

Showcase

We'll copy great finds here..?

title: Open academia in practice


text:
Template:Screencast

Usage
This template is designed for placing in sections which have accompanying screencasts on external sites, with the accompanying link(s).

title: Template:Screencast


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Breaching experiments

Some examples for discussion

 * 1) http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E4DF1130F937A2575AC0A9629C8B63 from the Wikipedia page
 * 2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RU7E_lXWVo
 * 3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x4HV4_KBPQ
 * 4) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYp3EA8Kjrg

The inexplicable do-gooder
(from Wikipedia) Earl Babbie wrote: "it is a social rule that ordinary citizens should not pick up garbage from the street, or mend street signs, or otherwise fix problems." Babbie claims that people have negative reactions when they see somebody fixing something that is not his/her "job" to fix; in some cases, altruism actions are viewed as personal intrusions.

Is Privatemusings an example of a "do-gooder" who performed an ethical breaching experiment by creating the Ethical Breaching Experiments page? The definition of "ethical breaching experiment" provided by Privatemusings said: "An experiment which causes no harm in its execution, whilst yielding results useful for the greater good, or which inspire positive change". The purpose of his project was stated to be an exploration of the possibility that ethical breaching experiments "might be designed and executed to best inform policy and practice on WMF projects".

Discussion
Should we view Ethical Breaching Experiments as a success if it can help us learn about the the extent to which Wikiversity participants are free to explore their personal learning goals?

Can we think of people such as Gandhi as performers of ethical breaching experiments? --JWSchmidt 20:54, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Breaching experiments


text:
User:GreySmith Institute/RDI Timeline

Rental Deposit Insurance Timeline

 * As soon as financing available
 * Reserve Name for corporation
 * Open bank account in that name with bank
 * Contract a Major Consultant for an 11 month feasibility study
 * Set aside the BASE capital as required
 * Appoint a Managing Director and bring him up to speed
 * If the project proves feasible Hire a Lawyer to do a 1 month Legal analysis and Register the corporations
 * Rent an office and look for storage/program space for DMC
 * Appoint a Managing Director for DMC
 * Search out staff by contacting charities for secondment and recommendations
 * DMC Director will develop a business plan in conjunction with staff
 * RDI Board will review financial fundamentals of RDI every month
 * DMC Board will review stats and program reports every 2 months

Description of the Corporate Structure:

RDI is registered as an Guarantee type Insurance Corporation under laws of Alberta

Essentially what it does, is for a premium, supply a rental deposit for the next Rental suite, in lieu of the landlords rental deposit. Because this is purely a financial transaction, it minimizes its costs by recovering the previous damage deposit if possible, and putting the amount against the drawing account of the client, hopefully minimizing the drawn balance for the client so that they can do multiple rental deposits before their account is flattened.

Essentially it can do this because when the client buys the insurance policy, it concentrates a number of such policies together to make a Bond issue, and sells the bond issue on the International Market. The bond issues proceeds are then put into drawing accounts and interest is earned against a portion of them. The Insurance company pays its bills with the premium over the expense of paying the interest on the bond issue, and with the interest earned from the investments.

RDI is a purely financial institution, but owns a subsidiary DMC (Deposit Management Corporation) that runs a social program based around the need to teach renters skills to improve their home holding capabilities so that they are not constantly being moved, store material goods when kicked out, but have not yet rented the new place, and Help out with move-out and repair cleaning of site to give it back to the owner in good shape. The idea is to maximize the probability that the owner will return a rental deposit.

DMC or Deposit Management Corporation is meant to make RDI more cost-effective by increasing the likelihood that non-predatory Landlords will pay back their Damage Deposits by reducing the cost of preparing the old rental accomodation for re-rental.

The DMC program includes a Social Worker/Advisor that advises the clients whether to take the insurance and what DMC programs they should take.

DMC Programs may include:

 * A Budgeting and Rental Requirements course based on a Life Skills Course
 * A Clean-up and Repair course based on Landlord expectations
 * A Packing Course to teach you how to pack up for a move
 * A Loading course to teach you how to Load a vehicle to minimize damage
 * A Self-help group based on the idea that a move works better if you don't stress yourself out and have help/experience doing it
 * A Move-out Program with professional packers and movers
 * A Legal Team in case the Landlord is predatory and won't return your Damage Deposit
 * Note legal team is limited to nuisance cases and will not do a class action
 * A Housing Registry
 * A private predatory Landlord list
 * A Stats team (who's job it is to determine how much greater the demand is for rental accommodation than the supply)

title: User:GreySmith Institute/RDI Timeline


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User:Abby224/Kelsey Edwards

Kelsey Edwards, born March 26th, 1994, is 15

title: User:Abby224/Kelsey Edwards


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Bahamas

Mid-Semester Comments

I cannot provide midterm comments on your Wiki because not enough work has yet been completed. I would strongly encourage you to get on schedule with your Wiki for next week so that you can begin to earn points for your work.

Mlarthur 15:48, 17 March 2010 (UTC)


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Jet engine performance notes

Civil Engines
Modern (i.e. high bypass ratio) civil engines are normally sized to meet the the thrust requirements at the Top-of-Climb, which is often the design condition for the engine.

The throttle setting used at Take-Off depends upon the aircraft configuration: i.e. whether it has two, three or four-engines fitted. In the Western World, civil engines operate to a "set and forget" throttle setting throughout Take-off. If the thrust of one engine is lost during the Take Off, the remaining engine/s must have sufficient total thrust to allow the aircraft to clear any immediate obstruction beyond the end of the runway (e.g. buildings).

So if one engine is lost on a twin engine aircraft (e.g. Boeing 777) during Take-off, the remaining 50% of thrust must be sufficient to meet the above criteria. Consequently the implied nominal T/O thrust must be very high, which results in the aircraft having a very steep climb-out from the airport.

On the other hand, if one engine is lost during Take-off on a four engined aircraft (e.g. Boeing 747), there is still 75% of the nominal total thrust to meet the above criteria. So the implied nominal T/O thrust can be relatively low, resulting in the aircraft having a shallower climb-out.

Military Engines
The sizing point for a military engine is very much dependent upon the aircraft application.

As example, the Pegasus engine fitted in the Harrier is sized to meet the thrust requirements for a vertical landing in a hot climate, with a high level of reaction control bleed from the HP compressor. These severe requirements mean there is more than sufficient thrust for normal wing-borne operation and so, in-flight, the engine is significantly derated (i.e. throttled back).

Husk plot
A Husk Plot is a concise way of summarizing the performance of a jet engine. The following sections describe how the plot is generated and can be used.

Thrust/SFC loops
Specific Fuel Consumption (i.e. SFC), defined as fuel flow/net thrust, is an important parameter reflecting the overall thermal (or fuel) efficiency of an engine.

As an engine is throttled back there will be a variation of SFC with net thrust, because of changes in the engine cycle (e.g. lower overall pressure ratio) and variations in component performance (e.g. compressor efficiency). When plotted, the resultant curve is known as a thrust/SFC loop. A family of these curves can be generated at Sea Level, Standard Day, conditions over a range of flight speeds. A Husk Plot (RHS) can be developed using this family of curves. The net thrust scale is simply relabeled $$Fn/{\delta}\, $$, where $${\delta}\, $$ is relative ambient pressure, whilst the SFC scale is relabeled $$SFC/\sqrt{\theta}\, $$, where $${\theta}\, $$ is relative ambient temperature. The resulting plot can be used to estimate engine net thrust and SFC at any altitude, flight speed and climate for a range of throttle setting.

Selecting a point on the plot, net thrust is calculated as follows:

$$Fn = (Fn/{\delta}) \cdot {\delta}$$

Clearly, net thrust falls with altitude, because of the decrease in ambient pressure.

The corresponding SFC is calculated as follows:

$$SFC = (SFC/\sqrt{\theta}) \cdot \sqrt{\theta}$$

At a given point on the Husk Plot, SFC falls with decreasing ambient temperature (e.g. increasing altitude or colder climate).The basic reason why SFC increases with flight speed is the implied increase in ram drag.

Although a Husk Plot is a concise way of summarizing the performance of a jet engine, the predictions obtained at altitude will be slightly optimistic. For instance, because ambient temperature remains constant above 11,000 m (36,089 ft) altitude, at a fixed non-dimensional point the Husk plot would yield no change in SFC with increasing altitude. In reality, there would be a small, steady, increase in SFC, owing to the falling Reynolds number.

Thrust lapse
The nominal net thrust quoted for a jet engine usually refers to the Sea Level Static (SLS) condition, either for the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) or a hot day condition (e.g. ISA+10 °C). As an example, the GE90-76B has a take-off static thrust of 76,000 lbf (360 kN) at SLS, ISA+15 °C.

Naturally, net thrust will decrease with altitude, because of the lower air density. There is also, however, a flight speed effect.

Initially as the aircraft gains speed down the runway, there will be little increase in nozzle pressure and temperature, because the ram rise in the intake is very small. There will also be little change in mass flow. Consequently, nozzle gross thrust initially only increases marginally with flight speed. However, being an air breathing engine (unlike a conventional rocket) there is a penalty for taking on-board air from the atmosphere. This is known as ram drag. Although the penalty is zero at static conditions, it rapidly increases with flight speed causing the net thrust to be eroded.

As flight speed builds up after take-off, the ram rise in the intake starts to have a significant effect upon nozzle pressure/temperature and intake airflow, causing nozzle gross thrust to climb more rapidly. This term now starts to offset the still increasing ram drag, eventually causing net thrust to start to increase. In some engines, the net thrust at say Mach 1.0, sea level can even be slightly greater than the static thrust. Above Mach 1.0, with a subsonic inlet design, shock losses tend to decrease net thrust, however a suitably designed supersonic inlet can give a lower reduction in intake pressure recovery, allowing net thrust to continue to climb in the supersonic regime.

The thrust lapse described above depends on the design specific thrust and, to a certain extent, on how the engine is rated with intake temperature. Three possible ways of rating an engine are depicted on the above Husk Plot. The engine could be rated at constant turbine entry temperature, shown on the plot as $$SOT/{\theta}\, $$. Alternatively, a constant mechanical shaft speed could be assumed, depicted as $$N_F/\sqrt{\theta}\, $$. A further alternative is a constant compressor corrected speed, shown as $$N_F/\sqrt{\theta}_T\, $$. The variation of net thrust with flight Mach number can be clearly seen on the Husk Plot.

Other trends
The Husk Plot can also be used to indicate trends in the following parameters:

1) turbine entry temperature

$$SOT = (SOT/{\theta}) \cdot {\theta}\, $$

So as ambient temperature falls (through increasing altitude or a cooler climate), turbine entry temperature must also fall to stay at the same non-dimensional point on the Husk Plot. All the other non-dimensional groups (e.g. corrected flow, axial and peripheral Mach numbers, pressure ratios, efficiencies, etc will also stay constant).

2) mechanical shaft speed

$$N_F = (N_F/\sqrt{\theta}) \cdot \sqrt{\theta}\, $$

Again as ambient temperature falls (through increasing altitude or a cooler climate), mechanical shaft speed must also decrease to remain at the same non-dimemsional point.

By definition, compressor corrected speed, $$N_F/\sqrt{\theta}_T\, $$, must remain constant at a given non-dimensional point.

Civil
Nowadays, civil engines are usually flat-rated on net thrust up to a 'kink-point' climate. So at a given flight condition, net thrust is held approximately constant over a very wide range of ambient temperature, by increasing (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature (RIT or SOT). However, beyond the kink-point, SOT is held constant and net thrust starts to fall for further increases in ambient temperature. Consequently, aircraft fuel load and/or payload must be decreased.

Usually, for a given rating, the kink-point SOT is held constant, regardless of altitude or flight speed.

Some engines have a special rating, known as the 'Denver Bump'. This invokes a higher RIT than normal, to enable fully laden aircraft to Take-off safely from Denver, CO in the summer months. Denver Airport is extremely hot in the summer and the runways are over a mile above sea level. Both of these factors affect engine thrust.

Military
The rating systems used on military engines vary from engine to engine. A typical military rating structure is shown on the left. Such a rating system maximises the thrust available from the engine cycle chosen, whilst respecting the aerodynamic and mechanical limits imposed on the turbomachinery. If there is adequate thrust to meet the aircraft's mission in a particular range of intake temperature, the engine designer may elect to truncate the schedule shown, to lower the turbine rotor inlet temperature and, thereby, improve engine life.

At low intake temperatures, the engine tends to operate at maximum corrected speed or corrected flow. As intake temperature rises, a limit on (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature (SOT) takes effect, progressively reducing corrected flow. At even higher intake temperatures, a limit on compressor delivery temperature (T3) is invoked, which decreases both SOT and corrected flow.

The impact of design intake temperature is shown on the right hand side.

An engine with a low design T1 combines high corrected flow with high rotor turbine temperature (SOT), maximizing net thrust at low T1 conditions (e.g. Mach 0.9, 30000 ft, ISA). However, although turbine rotor inlet temperature stays constant as T1 increases, there is a steady decrease in corrected flow, resulting in poor net thrust at high T1 conditions (e.g. Mach 0.9, sea level, ISA).

Although an engine with a high design T1 has a high corrected flow at low T1 conditions, the SOT is low, resulting in a poor net thrust. Only at high T1 conditions is there the combination of a high corrected flow and a high SOT, to give good thrust characteristics.

A compromise between these two extremes would be to design for a medium intake temperature (say 290 K).

As T1 increases along the SOT plateau, the engines will throttle back, causing both a decrease in corrected airflow and overall pressure ratio. As shown, the chart implies a common T3 limit for both the low and high design T1 cycles. Roughly speaking, the T3 limit will correspond to a common overall pressure ratio at the T3 breakpoint. Although both cycles will increase throttle setting as T1 decreases, the low design T1 cycle has a greater 'spool-up' before hitting the corrected speed limit. Consequently, the low design T1 cycle has a higher design overall pressure ratio.

Nomenclature

 * $$A\, $$  flow area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8calc}}\, $$ calculated nozzle effective throat area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8 des pt}}\, $$ design point nozzle effective throat area
 * $$A_{\mathrm{8 geometricdesign}}\, $$ nozzle geometric throat area
 * $${\alpha}\, $$ shaft angular acceleration
 * $${\beta}\, $$ arbitrary lines which dissect the corrected speed lines on a compressor characteristic
 * $$C_{\mathrm{pc}}\, $$ specific heat at constant pressure for air
 * $$C_{\mathrm{pt}}\,$$ specific heat at constant pressure for combustion products
 * $$C_{\mathrm{dcalc}}\, $$ calculated nozzle discharge coefficient
 * $$C_x\, $$ thrust coefficient
 * $${\delta}\, $$ ambient pressure/Sea Level ambient pressure
 * $$({\delta}H/T)_{\mathrm{turb}} \, $$ turbine enthalpy drop/inlet temperature
 * $${\delta}N\, $$ change in mechanical shaft speed
 * $${\delta}P_w\, $$ excess shaft power
 * $${\delta}\,{\tau}\, $$ excess shaft torque
 * $${\eta}_{\mathrm{pc}}\, $$ compressor polytropic efficiency
 * $${\eta}_{\mathrm{pt}}\, $$ turbine polytropic efficiency
 * $$g\, $$  acceleration of gravity
 * $$F_g\, $$ gross thrust
 * $$F_n\, $$ net thrust
 * $$F_r\, $$ ram drag
 * $${\gamma}_{\mathrm{c}}\, $$ ratio of specific heats for air
 * $${\gamma}_{\mathrm{t}}\, $$ ratio of specific heats for combustion products
 * $$I\, $$  spool inertia
 * $$J\, $$  mechanical equivalent of heat
 * $$K\, $$  constant
 * $$K_1\, $$  constant
 * $$K_2\, $$  constant
 * $$M\, $$  flight Mach number
 * $$N\, $$ compressor mechanical shaft speed
 * $$N_{\mathrm{cor}}\, $$ compressor corrected shaft speed
 * $$N_{\mathrm{turb cor}}\, $$ turbine corrected shaft speed
 * $$p\, $$  static pressure
 * $$P\, $$  stagnation (or total) pressure
 * $$P_3/P_2\, $$ compressor pressure ratio
 * $$prf\, $$ intake pressure recovery factor
 * $$R\, $$  gas constant
 * $${\rho}\, $$ density
 * $$SFC\, $$ specific fuel consumption
 * $$SOT\, $$ stator outlet temperature
 * $$RIT\, $$ (turbine) rotor inlet temperature
 * $$t\, $$  static temperature or time
 * $$T\, $$ stagnation (or total) temperature
 * $$T_1\, $$ intake stagnation temperature
 * $$T_3\, $$ compressor delivery total temperature
 * $${\theta}\, $$ ambient temperature/Sea Level, Standard Day, ambient temperature
 * $${\theta}_T\, $$ total temperature/Sea Level, Standard Day, ambient temperature
 * $$V\, $$ velocity
 * $$w\, $$ mass flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor calc}}\, $$ calculated turbine entry corrected flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{2cor}}\, $$ compressor corrected inlet flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor des pt}}\, $$ design point turbine entry corrected flow
 * $$w_{\mathrm{4cor turb char}}\, $$ corrected entry flow from turbine characteristic (or map)
 * $$w_{\mathrm{fe}}\, $$ combustor fuel flow

title: Jet engine performance notes


text:
Talk:Amateur radio/Foundation (UK licence)

Sample paper: http://www.rsgb.org/tutors/foundation/pdf/sample.pdf (http://www.webcitation.org/5oIftqwT3)


text:
Wikiversity:Wikiversity Day/2010

Plans for the 2010 Wikiversity Day were:

 * review past Wikiversity Days
 * motivate people to participate at: Vision/2010
 * There's life in the old dog yet: Wikiversity the Movie
 * share some coffee at a Meetup?

title: Wikiversity:Wikiversity Day/2010


text: Category:Wikiversity Day 2010

title: Category:Wikiversity Day 2010


text: Category:Survey research and design in psychology/Tutorials/Instructor notes


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Belize

Mid-Semester Comments

You are off to a very good start here. Your referencing is good and you are generally using the recommended sources, which helps ensure that your information is sound. As you know, you do still have some work to do to catch up--try to make sure you stay on schedule with the updates for the rest of the semester so you can get all the possible points.

Do note that there is no such thing as "English law"--perhaps you mean common law? In any case, that's part of the governance section. You may also want to sort out what belongs in the history section.

Take a look at the grading rubric at the end of the Wiki assignment handout to familiarize yourself with the grading requirements so you can continue to do well.

Mlarthur 01:07, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Belize


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/China

Mid-Semester Comments

You are doing well so far! You've found lots of good resources for your Wiki and are a bit ahead, which is great. Here are some suggestions as you go forward:

*Where your text is in a box like this it is because you have a few spaces or a tab before the line beings--delete that and things should improve
 * Be sure that all your references are complete, rather than just being URLs.
 * While direct quotes are fine--and certainly help you avoid copyright violations--you probably should try to rewrite most of what you have to say in your own words. Otherwise, what you've created is more of a patchwork rather than a document you yourself wrote.
 * Do be sure before you submit the final draft that you've proofread and edited.
 * You might want to add subheadings to some sections. While images are not required, your wiki might be improved by the inclusion of a map, a flag, etc.
 * Spend some time with the grading rubric at the end of the Wiki assignment handout to make sure you are doing everything you need to be doing; of particular interest in your case is that you will need to consider the differences between what China says is going on and what really goes on within the country.

Keep up the good work! Mlarthur 01:17, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/China


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Cuba

Mid-Semester Comments

I cannot provide midterm comments on your Wiki because not enough work has yet been completed. I would strongly encourage you to get on schedule with your Wiki for next week so that you can begin to earn points for your work. One thing to be especially sure of is that you provide proper, complete references for all of your claims in the Wiki.

Mlarthur 01:18, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Cuba


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Dominican Republic

Mid-Semester Comments

I cannot provide midterm comments on your Wiki because not enough work has yet been completed. I would strongly encourage you to get on schedule with your Wiki for next week so that you can begin to earn points for your work. One thing to be especially sure of is that you provide complete references for all of the claims you make in your Wiki.

Mlarthur 01:19, 18 March 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/El Salvador

Mid-Semester Comments

You have begun to make some good progress on your Wiki. However, there are a number of steps you can take to improve your work and ensure that you earn as many points as possible on your final grade.
 * Be sure that you provide complete references for all of the claims you make in your Wiki--right now, quite a number do not have references. A URL is a good first step, but is not a complete reference; you may wish to visit the sociology term paper guide to learn how to write complete references. In Wiki citations, you should not use Ibid. In addition, you seem to be relying rather heavily on sources that are not on the recommended sources list. While these can be a useful complement to your research, they are often less reliable. For instance, people can edit Wikipedia just as easily as you are editing your own Wiki. Try to look for information on the recommended sources first and only look elsewhere if you can't find it.
 * You may wish to work a bit on the formatting and writing style. It is certainly ok to write a Wiki in a somewhat more informal style than you would write a term paper, but you do want to try to write in complete sentences. If you want to use lists, such as where you have all the bold headings, you should put each item on a new line. You may want to consider using either a table or a bullet list, which you can find out more about in the Wiki help files.
 * Your pictures are great, but would benefit from captions.
 * Be sure that you keep on schedule for the rest of the semester with your updates. You can always go back and add more to the ones from earlier in the term. Also, spend some time looking over the grading rubric on the last two pages of the Wiki assignment handout so you can familiarize yourself with the final requirements--for instance, where the country's "rhetoric" about itself differs from reality, you might want to address this.

Keep up the good work! Mlarthur 01:26, 18 March 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/France

You are doing a great job so far. Just a couple of things you might want to work on:
 * Your election info needs to include the use of the terms and concepts from class related to elections. You'll find a similar need to go back and work on the crime section in relation to terminology.
 * Your citations should visibly show the text of the URL in them, not just those brackety things.
 * Try to integrate the discussion about the sources of the crime statistics better into your overall discussion.
 * Your page is not signed.

Do look through the comments I send to the whole class--you'll find other things in there to help you improve your work.

Mlarthur 21:18, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/France


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Ghana

Mid-Semester Comments

I am glad to see that you are getting on with writing the content for your Wiki page. However, there are a number of improvements you need to make in order to perform well on the final assignment.
 * You have some basic style and formatting issues to correct. You need to capitalize proper nouns, such as country names, and be sure you have spaces after each period. I believe that adding a space after the equals signs that follow headings will help your heading formatting look correct.
 * Your picture should be captioned, and you may wish to provide some additional images, most particularly a map.
 * You need to be sure that every claim you make in your Wiki is followed by a complete and proper reference, ideally to a recommended or otherwise reliable source. Right now you have no references, and this is a major limitation of your work.
 * As you know, you are a bit behind in your updates. Do start with what is due for next week, but try to find the time to go back and fill in what you are missing. You should also take the time to look at the grading rubric on the last two pages of the Wiki assignment handout so you can be sure you know the basis upon which the final Wiki will be graded.
 * You have not yet signed your page. Please place four of the characters in between the pointy brackets at the top of your page when you are logged in to Wikiversity <~>

Mlarthur 01:31, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127) is not Biblical. By Daniel Adu-Gyamfi
Wedding under CAP 127 is not Biblical. This is because this Act allows the marriage to break up in seven (7) years time. In Europe and U.S.A, the wedding law allows them to break up is five (5) years time. These are the people who brought Christianity to Ghana and also came out with the Marriages Act, 1884-1985 (CAP 127).

God instituted Marriage from the beginning and is not meant to be broken. Reverend Ministers should desist from blessing Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127). Instead, they should encourage the traditional marriage and blessing.

If any one perform Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127), that person is giving room for the marriage to break up in seven years time. Pastors should read the LAW carefully before embarking on any wedding.

Most people travel abroad and get married to other people all in the name of a PAPER. They do this with the aim of divorcing the person in Five (5) years time. They then use the so call PAPER to come for their RELATIVES and society accept this. Hmmmmm! It is this same LAW that the White man applied here. Ghanians should learn. Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127), the so called WEDDING IS NOT BIBLICAL.

FOR MORE INFO, read everything about Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127) and all the sud-sections under it. You will never dream about WEDDING. The best thing is to perform the customary rites and go to your Pastor for a blessing. The Church is suppose to give you a blessing certificate to indicate that you have bless your marriage in the Lord.

NB: BLESSING CERTIFICATE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE SO CALLED Wedding certificate. Blessing of Marriage does not give you any time limit. It is forever and ever.

Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127) is not Biblical. By Daniel Adu-Gyamfi
Wedding under CAP 127 is not Biblical. This is because this Act allows the marriage to break up in seven (7) years time. In Europe and U.S.A, the wedding law allows them to break up is five (5) years time. These are the people who brought Christianity to Ghana and also came out with the Marriage Act, 1884-1985 (CAP 127).

God instituted Marriage from the beginning and is not meant to be broken. Reverend Ministers should desist from blessing Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127). Instead, they should encourage the traditional marriage and blessing.

If any one perform Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127), that person is giving room for the marriage to break up in seven years time. Pastors should read the LAW carefully before embarking on any wedding.

Most people travel abroad and get married to other people all in the name of a PAPER. They do this with the aim of divorcing the person in Five (5) years time. They then use the so call PAPER to come for their RELATIVES and society accept this. Hmmmmm! It is this same LAW that the White man applied here. Ghanians should learn. Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127), the so called WEDDING IS NOT BIBLICAL.

FOR MORE INFO, read everything about Marriage under Ordinance (CAP 127) and all the sud-sections under it. You will never dream about WEDDING. The best thing is to perform the customary rites and go to your Pastor for a blessing. The Church is suppose to give you a blessing certificate to indicate that you have bless your marriage in the Lord.

NB: BLESSING CERTIFICATE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE SO CALLED Wedding certificate. Blessing of Marriage does not give you any time limit. It is forever and ever.

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Ghana


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Greece

Do note that you have not yet signed your page (see the top of the page for instructions). Where you see text in a box like this the problem is that you have begun a line with spaces or a tab; delete those and the problem should disappear. Also be sure that all of the claims you make in your Wiki are fully referenced.

More urgently, your page still has the copyright warning on it and thus has not yet been corrected. If these corrections are not made by the next duedate, I will report you to the VPAA office. In the mean time, you are not earning credit for updates because of the copyright violations and because of your lack of progress in fulfilling the requirements of the assignment. Be sure you've covered everything that is asked for each week.

There are many other important things you could do to improve your page in terms of writing, organizing, pictures, etc. I would love to help you with that, but there is no point until you get on track for doing your updates on time, fully, and properly.

Of course, please do remember to read over the general comments that I will be sending to everyone via email.

Mlarthur 21:24, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Greece


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Haiti

Mid-Semester Comments

I cannot provide midterm comments on your Wiki because not enough work has yet been completed. I would strongly encourage you to get on schedule with your Wiki for next week so that you can begin to earn points for your work.

Mlarthur 01:33, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Haiti


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Iceland

Mid-Semester Comments

I am glad to see that some progress is being made! You don't yet have quite enough content for me to provide detailed comments, but I can give you some suggestions for improvement. *Where your text is in a box like this it is because you have spaces or a tab at the beginning of the line; delete the spaces and the formatting should look normal.
 * Where your heading looks weird (for governance), make sure there is a space after the equals sign following the heading.
 * While it is not required, you may wish to add images, particularly a map and a flag.
 * Be sure that you have complete and properly-formatted references for every claim you make in your Wiki. Just a URL is not sufficient.
 * Of course, as you know you remain a bit behind. Concentrate first on getting the updates due next done, then go back and fill in what you haven't yet gotten to.

Mlarthur 01:37, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Iceland comments
It appears to me that this page contains some serious errors. How can I go about helping (constructively) to improve it? Prentur (talk) 22:15, 26 July 2012 (UTC)Prentur


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Italy

You are in great shape so far. You are doing good work here. Just be sure you make your citations properly and double-check that you are covering everything you need to be. And something is a little weird about your signature at the top of the page...it is supposed to look like the one I just made at the bottom of the page here. Of course, please do remember to read over the general comments that I will be sending to everyone via email.

Mlarthur 21:26, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Italy


text:
Talk:Comparative law and justice/Japan

Mid-Semester Comments

I cannot provide midterm comments on your Wiki because not enough work has yet been completed. I would strongly encourage you to get on schedule with your Wiki for next week so that you can begin to earn points for your work.

Mlarthur 01:46, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative law and justice/Japan


text:
School talk:Rhetoric and Public Speaking

I would like to start developing this topic. Is anyone else still active in this area? Shawn Henry Oliver 02:32, 18 March 2010 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Sue Gardner

 Hello Sue Gardner, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. Jtneill - Talk - c 06:28, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sue Gardner


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