text:
User talk:Swornbrother

Hello Swornbrother, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 01:59, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swornbrother


text: Portal:History

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:History


text:
Lutheranism

This learning resource offers information about Lutheranism through the Wikiversity School of Theology. It is being expanded to be as inclusive as possible. Feel free to add links to other relevant pages and learning projects.

Introduction
Lutheranism is a monotheistic, Trinitarian religion that acknowledges Jesus Christ as the Messiah. It is a Protestant religious denomination within Christianity which traces its roots to Martin Luther, who was the founder of the Protestant Reformation. The heart of the Reformation was in Germany, where Martin Luther lived and taught, and the Lutheran Church arose from those pastors in Germany who intended to remain faithful to the goals of Martin Luther and the Reformation. The confessional writings of the Lutheran fathers, including Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and later writers (Martin Chemnitz et al), were gathered together in 1580 with the three ecumenical creeds (Nicene Creed, Apostles' Creed and Athanasian Creed) into the Book of Concord, which is also referred to as the Lutheran Confessions.

Beliefs
As a part of the Reformation, Lutherans believe that Salvation comes by God's grace alone (sola gratia) through faith alone (sola fide) for the sake of Jesus Christ's atoning death and without any merit on the part of those who are redeemed. Lutherans believe that the Bible alone (sola Scriptura) is the sole norm and basis of all Christian doctrine and anything which is contrary to what Scripture teaches is not in accordance with God's Will. The Book of Concord is held to be the faithful and true interpretation of the Bible and it is the basic symbolic document and body of doctrine for the Lutheran faith.

Within the Lutheran tradition, there are various doctrinal positions. The "mainline" position holds the Book of Concord to be true "insofar as" it is reflective of Scripture and employs modern historical critical scholarship in the exegesis of the Bible. The Confessional Lutheran position holds to the Lutheran Confessions "because" they are a faithful interpretation of Scripture and prefers to employ a more conservative "historical-grammatical" interpretation.

The major modern Lutheran groups are associated with the Lutheran World Federation (e.g. ELCA), the International Lutheran Council (e.g. LCMS) or the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference (e.g. WELS). There are also numerous smaller Lutheran groups, especially in the United States.

title: Lutheranism


text:
BCP/Rudbeckia triloba/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Rudbeckia triloba (Browneyed Susan).

Recent Logs

 * --Luai lashire 14:12, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:32, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 18:30, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:53, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:12, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 11:56, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 16:27, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:23, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:17, 27 July 2007 (UTC) (First open flowers yesterday)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:11, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:28, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 17:48, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

title: BCP/Rudbeckia triloba/Logs


text:
User:Emperorbma

Directory Structure
commons.wikimedia User Page meta.wikimedia User Page wikibooks User Page wikinews User Page wikipedia User Page wikiquote User Page wikiversity User Page wikispecies User Page wiktionary User Page
 * Laboratory
 * Lab Discussion
 * Lab Notes
 * Public Commentary
 * General Discussion

title: User:Emperorbma


text:
Portal:Social Entrepreneurship Network/Research

Coning soon ...


text: File:OrsanctGoldilocks.ogg

title: File:OrsanctGoldilocks.ogg


text: File:OrsanctBabyBear.ogg

title: File:OrsanctBabyBear.ogg


text: File:OrsanctMelodySadXmas.ogg

title: File:OrsanctMelodySadXmas.ogg


text: File:OrsanctMelodySeaSerpent.ogg

title: File:OrsanctMelodySeaSerpent.ogg


text: File:OrsanctMelodyPeeWee.ogg

title: File:OrsanctMelodyPeeWee.ogg


text: File:OrsanctMelodySadness.ogg

title: File:OrsanctMelodySadness.ogg


text: File:OrsanctMamaBear.ogg

title: File:OrsanctMamaBear.ogg


text:
User talk:Vennyvennyp

Hello Vennyvennyp, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 15:20, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vennyvennyp


text:
User talk:Alf~enwikiversity

Hello Alf, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 15:21, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alf. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alf~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alf~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Emperorbma

Hello Emperorbma, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
 * Take a guided tour and learn how to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research pages; and
 * Read and help develop our community policies.

Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 15:48, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emperorbma


text:
Template:Film Scoring for Musicians:Bear Family Motiv:Completed Assignments

 * May 18, 2008
 * Tonto Silver has created four motivs.


text: File:OrsanctPapaBear.ogg

title: File:OrsanctPapaBear.ogg


text:
Template:Film Scoring for Musicians:Melody for Story:Completed Assignments

 * May 17, 2008

 * Tonto Silver has created this assignment.

 * [[Image:Face-smile-big.svg|32px]] [[Media:Tonto Silver The kings arrival.ogg|The kings arrival]].


text: Template:Film Scoring for Musicians:Range of emotions:Completed Assignments


text:
User:Orsanct

A student at the Wikiversity Film School

title: User:Orsanct


text:
Help:Error Messages

There are not many errors in Wikiversity. When you find one, maybe this will help

 * Error #1 - You submit changes but instead you get this error message
 * "Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in."

 * Solution
 * Hit SHOW PREVIEW again. Then when the page completely refreshes, press SAVE PAGE.

 * Error #2 - This error occurs immediately after Error #1 above
 * "Reminder: You have not provided an edit summary. If you click Save again, your edit will be saved without one. "

 * Solution
 * Even though you have a edit summary, once Error #1 occurs, Wikiversity can no longer see your edit summary. Therefore, just type a totally new one.  Don't use the same one.

 * Error #3 - You already have uploaded a new image yet you immediately get this message
 * "No file by this name exists, you can upload it.

 * Solution
 * Hit the BACK arrow and hit UPLOAD a second time.

Conflicts with Browsers
Each browser works differently. Firefox 2 works great because it has a spell checker. But it also has bugs.

Dragging the page scroll bars. If you drag the page scroll bar down while the page is begin refreshed, sometimes the entire window freezes. You have to close that window with all the pages and continue.

There are many refresh problems. Depending on your dial up connection, you can easily start before Firefox and Wiki servers are ready. Then really weird things happen to the screen. Some of the sections controlled by java scripts are missing and the cursor does not react with the right place in the page.

Solution Scroll up and down to cause the page to refrssh.

Upload error The file you uploaded seems to be empty. This might be due to a typo in the file name. Please check whether you really want to upload this file.

title: Help:Error Messages


text:
Portal:Metallurgical engineering

 Metallurgical Engineering Hi and welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Metallurgical Engineering. A hope is to create a resource that can help individuals learn and apply principles of Metallurgy. This site can serve as a forum to ask questions, discuss ideas, read notes, and participate in courses.

Hello this is MJMurton I am a self proclaimed metallurgy student hoping that this site will truly turn into a thriving topic.

Wikiversity's Department of Metallurgy is part of the School of Engineering.

 School news and current events
 * Looking for contributors.
 * July 27, 2007: New home page of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering

Related news

 School history

The Department of Metallurgical Engineering is a developing department. There is an attempt to form a framework on this page to assist in the organization of content.

 Selected biography Thomas Young (*June 14, 1773 – †May 10, 1829) was an English scientist, researcher, physician and polymath. He is sometimes considered to be "the last person to know everything": that is, he was familiar with virtually all the contemporary Western academic knowledge at that point in history. Clearly this can never be verified, and other claimants to this title are Gottfried Leibniz, Leonardo da Vinci, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Francis Bacon, among others. Young also wrote about various subjects to contemporary editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. His learning was so prodigious in scope and breadth that he was popularly known as "Phenomenon Young."

 * read more...

 Quote "It is by no means an idle game if we become practiced in analysing long-held commonplace concepts and showing the circumstances on which their justification and usefulness depend..." — Albert Einstein

 Related schools

 Departments and Core Subjects
 * List of resources, projects, and courses offered

 Electives

 * Mathematical Methods for Materials Science
 * Materials for Biomedical Applications
 * Polymer Engineering
 * Ceramics Processing
 * Introduction to Ceramics
 * Diffraction and Structure
 * Symmetry, Structure, and Tensor Properties of Materials
 * Economic and Environmental Issues in Materials Selection
 * Physical Metallurgy
 * Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Devices
 * Nanoscale Materials
 * Phage Display and Materials Science
 * Cancer Treatment and Materials Science

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Associated Wikimedia of Metallurgical Engineering

title: Portal:Metallurgical engineering


text:
Wikiversity:Colloquium/This thread is archived

This thread is archived
It's really easy, Draicone :). Edit under this heading and you'll see the trick. SBJ 23:17, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

If we were to include a category, we'd do it within a noinclude category. So the archives would look just like they do now when you read them, but they'd really be just a page that transcludes a bunch of other pages (just like this subheading doesn't appear on the Colloquium, neither would the categories we affix to it).

Anyway, sorry to be so dramatic... just having a bit of fun :P. click here to go back to the thread on the Colloquium.


text:
File:Papa Bear With Pipe.png

Used to illustrate the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to Film scoring with melodies

title: File:Papa Bear With Pipe.png


text:
File:Mama bear no background.png

Used to illustrate the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to Film scoring with melodies

title: File:Mama bear no background.png


text:
File:Papa bear background cloths.png

Used to illustrate the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to Film scoring with melodies

title: File:Papa bear background cloths.png


text:
Genetics/Course

The course objective is to provide students with a thorough knowledge of genetics. At the end of the course, a student should have a well-rounded, thorough knowledge and some exposure to heredity and epigenetics, each as they apply to humans.

The course is built upon the ongoing research performed by geneticists around the world and benefits from learning resources available here at Wikiversity.

In line with the Wikiversity ideal of learning by doing are some sixteen laboratory opportunities, an equal number of problem sets at several levels, and participatory lessons.

To present a wide variety of concepts within genetics, there are about forty-eight lectures which are also partly articles as references from the scholarly literature are included to challenge the student and open doors to further curiosity.

The course material is layered from a secondary to a university or tertiary level, topped off with an introduction to research, some of which is here at Wikiversity.

The general subject area is biochemistry. But, this includes knowledge from phosphate biochemistry, chemistry, biology, botany, zoology, and other subjects.

Prerequisites
Although a working knowledge of proteomics and genomics is beneficial, most of the concepts presented only require an introduction to genetics. Additional learning resources where the student may increase their background knowledge while progressing through the course are provided.

Completion levels
This course is dynamic. Each component resource has a level of completion icon following it based on ≥ 100 kb equals 100%:
 * 1) This resource is a stub, which means that pretty well nothing has been done yet. 0-5%. [[Image:Smiley green alien cry.svg|20px]]
 * 2) This resource is just getting off the ground. Please feel welcome to help! 6-15%. [[Image:Tulliana_launch.png|20px]]
 * 3) Been started, but most of the work is still to be done - 16-30%. [[Image:SYawning.svg|20px]]
 * 4) About halfway there. You may help to clarify and expand it - 31-45%. [[Image:Face-blush.svg|20px]]
 * 5) Almost complete, but you can help make it more thorough - 46-60%. [[Image:Nuvola apps kcontrol.gif|20px]]
 * 6) Ready for testing by learners and teachers. Please begin! 61-75%. [[Image:Sweden_road_sign_A10.svg|20px]]
 * 7) This resource is considered to be ready for use - 76-90%. [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]R
 * 8) This resource has reached a high level of completion - 91-100%. [[Image:Emblem-extra-cool.svg|20px]]C

Some of the lectures, especially from other departments or schools may not have a completion icon.

Other lectures may already be at 100 kbytes and will have no icon.

Lectures
Each set of three lectures are associated with the learning-by-doing laboratory experiences, quizzes for the student to test their learning progress with some additional information, 2-3 lengthier exams often referred to as 'hourlies' (may take an hour to work through at a timed pace), a mid-term exam which is all-encompassing for the first half, and a final exam over the entire course material. The examinations are designed to be taken iteratively as many times as the student desires to achieve a thorough working knowledge of the subject.

Here the lectures are listed alphabetically. A suggested sequence can be found in the course syllabus.

 * 1) Agriculture
 * 2) Anthropology
 * 3) Biochemistry
 * 4) Blood
 * 5) Bones
 * 6) Botany
 * 7) Cartilage
 * 8) Chromatins
 * 9) Chromosomes
 * 10) Collagen
 * 11) Cytoskeletons
 * 12) Ecology
 * 13) Exaptation
 * 14) Gene promoter
 * 15) Genotypes
 * 16) Human DNA
 * 17) Mediator complex
 * 18) Mutations
 * 19) Nucleotide synthesis
 * 20) Paleanthropology
 * 21) Phenotypes
 * 22) Phosphate budget
 * 23) Phospholipids
 * 24) Proteomics
 * 25) Ribosomes
 * 26) TATA box
 * 27) Theory of genetics
 * 28) Transcription factors
 * 29) Transcription of A1BG
 * 30) Zoology

Laboratories
For the course, any sixteen of the following labs should be completed.

 * AGC box gene transcription laboratory
 * ATA box gene transcription laboratory
 * C and D box gene transcription laboratory
 * CArG box gene transcription laboratory
 * CGCG box gene transcription laboratory
 * CRE box gene transcription laboratory
 * E2 box gene transcription laboratory
 * Enhancer box gene transcription laboratory
 * Factor II B recognition element gene transcription laboratory
 * GA responsive complex gene transcription laboratory
 * GC box gene transcription laboratory
 * H box gene transcription laboratory
 * HNF6 gene transcription laboratory
 * HY box gene transcription laboratory
 * Initiator element gene transcription laboratory
 * Metal responsive element gene transcription laboratory
 * Phosphate budgets/Laboratory
 * STAT5 gene transcription laboratory
 * TATA box gene transcription laboratory

Lessons

 * Amino Acids
 * Enzymes
 * Eukaryotic transcription

Problem sets

 * Radiation dosage

Quizzes

 * Agriculture/Quiz
 * Anthropology/Quiz
 * Biochemistry/Quiz
 * Biology/Quiz
 * Blood/Quiz
 * Bones/Quiz
 * Botany/Quiz
 * Cartilage/Quiz
 * Chromatins/Quiz
 * Chromosomes/Quiz
 * Collagen/Quiz
 * Control groups/Quiz
 * Cytoskeletons/Quiz
 * Deoxyribonucleic acid/Quiz
 * Ecology/Quiz
 * Epigenetics/Quiz
 * Epigenomes/Quiz
 * Eukaryotes/Quiz
 * Evolution/Quiz
 * Exaptation/Quiz
 * Gene promoter/Quiz
 * Genes/Quiz
 * Genetics/Quiz
 * Gene transcriptions/Quiz
 * Genomes/Quiz
 * Genomics/Quiz
 * Genotypes/Quiz
 * Heredity/Quiz
 * Human DNA/Quiz
 * Human RNA/Quiz
 * Human teeth/Quiz
 * Lamarckism/Quiz
 * Mediator complex/Quiz
 * Melanocytes/Quiz
 * Molecular genetics/Quiz
 * Mutations/Quiz
 * Nucleotide synthesis/Quiz
 * Paleanthropology/Quiz
 * Paleontology/Quiz
 * Phenotypes/Quiz
 * Phosphate biochemistry/Quiz
 * Phosphate budget/Quiz
 * Phosphate reactions/Quiz
 * Phospholipids/Quiz
 * Proteins/Quiz
 * Proteomics/Quiz
 * Radiation/Quiz
 * Regions/Quiz
 * Ribosomes/Quiz
 * Spaceflights/Quiz
 * TATA box/Quiz
 * Teeth/Quiz
 * Theory of genetics/Quiz
 * Transcription factors/Quiz
 * Transcription of A1BG/Quiz
 * What is a human?/Quiz
 * Zoology/Quiz

Hourlies

 * 1) Hourly - Lectures 1-16
 * 2) Hourly - Lectures 17-32
 * 3) Hourly - Lectures 33-48

Midterm examination

 * 1) Midterm quiz

Final examination

 * 1) Final quiz

Alternate examinations that include the supplemental lectures are available.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Including alternate hypotheses in these resources can be developed into laboratories.
 * 2) Registered students can develop user subpages for labs, quizzes, and lessons.

title: Genetics/Course


text:
User:Brendia

im very cool

title: User:Brendia


text:
BCP/Leucanthemum x superbum/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * SortaQuiet 23:02, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:30, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:02, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * SBJ 17:29, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:03, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Leucanthemum x superbum/Logs


text:
BCP/Calycanthus floridus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Calycanthus floridus (Sweetshrub).

Recent Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 12:41, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 08:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 16:23, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Calycanthus floridus/Logs


text:
BCP/Lilium canadense/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 19:21, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 22:48, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:00, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:23, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:59, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Lilium canadense/Logs


text:
BCP/Rudbeckia laciniata/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Rudbeckia laciniata (Greenheaded Coneflower).

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 16:27, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:23, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:24, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:43, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Rudbeckia laciniata/Logs


text:
BCP/Cichorium intybus/Logs

2006 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 16:27, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:23, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 17:13, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:28, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hazel 05:55, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:17, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 17:36, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 09:43, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 15:49, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:59, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 21:56, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 21:53, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 14:11, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 18:32, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:19, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --Juan 14:32, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:42, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 23:06, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 21:56, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 20:40, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 13:29, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 13:36, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:44, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 13:40, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 09:44, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * --Bridget barcode 13:23, 21 July 2009

title: BCP/Cichorium intybus/Logs


text:
BCP/Ocimum basilicum/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 11:15, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:32, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:20, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:45, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 08:30, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:01, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:20, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 09:44, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 08:24, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Ocimum basilicum/Logs


text:
BCP/Sedum spurium

Sedum spurium

title: BCP/Sedum spurium


text:
BCP/Sedum spurium/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:36, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 10:44, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:35, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:29, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 13:09, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:13, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:41, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:30, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 09:58, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 08:32, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Sedum spurium/Logs


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/July/Red Flowers

The plants pictured below have been recorded as blooming during the month of July in Southeastern Pennsylvania.

last updated 11:40, 19 October 2007 (UTC) with 16 plants


text:
BCP/Agastache foeniculum

Agastache foeniculum

title: BCP/Agastache foeniculum


text:
BCP/Agastache foeniculum/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 09:34, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 12:16, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 09:25, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:14, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --Luai lashire 22:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:20, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:18, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:43, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 08:45, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 13:00, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 10:28, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 08:47, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Agastache foeniculum/Logs


text:
BCP/Anagallis arvensis

Anagallis arvensis

title: BCP/Anagallis arvensis


text:
BCP/Anagallis arvensis/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 14:20, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 12:24, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
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 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:22, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
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title: BCP/Anagallis arvensis/Logs


text:
BCP/Salvia sclarea

Salvia sclarea

title: BCP/Salvia sclarea


text:
BCP/Salvia sclarea/Logs

2008 Logs

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Recent Logs

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 * SB Johnny-LM 10:28, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Salvia sclarea/Logs


text:
BCP/Lonicera sempervirens

Lonicera sempervirens

title: BCP/Lonicera sempervirens


text:
BCP/Lonicera sempervirens/Logs

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 * --SB_Johnny talk 13:13, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Lonicera sempervirens/Logs


text:
BCP/Lagerstroemia indica

Lagerstroemia indica

title: BCP/Lagerstroemia indica


text:
BCP/Lagerstroemia indica/Logs

2007 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 00:11, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 00:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC) (Logging from a photograph)
 * SB Johnny-LM 10:36, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
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title: BCP/Lagerstroemia indica/Logs


text:
BCP/Lobelia cardinalis

Lobelia cardinalis

title: BCP/Lobelia cardinalis


text:
BCP/Lobelia cardinalis/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal Flower).

Recent Logs

 * SBJ 17:20, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
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 * SBJ 08:31, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
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=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

title: BCP/Lobelia cardinalis/Logs


text:
User:Gacelo

Hi! I was born in 1968. I´m a bahaí and Math teacher. Chilean, living in Santiago. Married, no children. Currently enroled in a Differential Equations course at University of Chile.

title: User:Gacelo


text:
User talk:Gacelo

Hello Gacelo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
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title: User talk:Gacelo


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User talk:Sybrand~enwikiversity

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Sybrand~enwikiversity


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User talk:Riccardo.scalco

Hello Riccardo.scalco, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
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title: User talk:Riccardo.scalco


text:
User:Isildil

Hi there =) I'm Isildil

title: User:Isildil


text:
Coordinate transformations

Vector Transformation in Two Dimensions
In three dimensions, the vector transformation rule is written as

 * $$ v^{'}_i = l_{ij} v_j $$

where $$\textstyle l_{ij} = \mathbf{e}^{'}_i\bullet\mathbf{e}_j = \cos(\mathbf{e}^{'}_i,\mathbf{e}_j)$$.

In two dimensions, this transformation rule is the familiar

 * $$\begin{align}

v^{'}_1 & = v_1 \cos\theta + v_2 \sin\theta \\ v^{'}_2 & = -v_1 \sin\theta + v_2 \cos\theta \\ \end{align}$$

In matrix form,

 * $$ \begin{bmatrix} v^{'}_1 \\ v^{'}_2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \cos\theta & \sin\theta \\ -\sin\theta & \cos\theta \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} v_1 \\ v_2 \end{bmatrix} $$

Since we are using sines, the direction of measurement of $$\textstyle \theta$$ is required. In this case, it is measured counterclockwise.

Tensor Transformation in Two Dimensions
In three dimensions, the second-order tensor transformation rule is written as

 * $$ T^{'}_{ij} = l_{ip} l_{jq} T_{pq} $$

where $$\textstyle l_{ij} = \mathbf{e}^{'}_i\bullet\mathbf{e}_j = \cos(\mathbf{e}^{'}_i,\mathbf{e}_j)$$.

The Cauchy stress $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\sigma}$$is a symmetric second-order tensor. In two dimensions, the transformation rule for stress is then written as

 * $$\begin{align} \sigma^{'}_{11} & = \sigma_{11} \cos^2\theta + \sigma_{22} \sin^2\theta + 2 \sigma_{12} \sin\theta\cos\theta \\ \sigma^{'}_{22} & = \sigma_{11} \sin^2\theta + \sigma_{22} \cos^2\theta - 2 \sigma_{12} \sin\theta\cos\theta \\ \sigma^{'}_{12} & = -\sigma_{11} \sin\theta\cos\theta + \sigma_{22} \sin\theta\cos\theta + \sigma_{12}(\cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta) \end{align}$$

In matrix form,

 * $$ \begin{bmatrix} \sigma^{'}_{11} \\ \sigma^{'}_{22} \\ \sigma^{'}_{12} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \cos^2\theta & \sin^2\theta & 2 \sin\theta\cos\theta \\ \sin^2\theta & \cos^2\theta & - 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \\ -\sin\theta\cos\theta & \sin\theta\cos\theta & \cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{11} \\ \sigma_{22} \\ \sigma_{12} \end{bmatrix} $$

Since we are using sines, the direction of measurement of $$\textstyle \theta$$ is required. In this case, it is measured counterclockwise.

Tensor Transformation in two Dimensions, the intrinsic approach
Let construct an orthonormal basis of the second order tensor projected in the first order tensor

E_{1}=e_1 \otimes e_1 $$

E_{2}=e_2 \otimes e_2 $$

E_{3}=e_3 \otimes e_3 $$

E_{4}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e_2 \otimes e_3 + e_3 \otimes e_2) $$

E_{5}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}( e_3 \otimes e_1 + e_1 \otimes e_3) $$

E_{6}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}( e_1 \otimes e_2 + e_2 \otimes e_1) $$

The stress and strain tensors are now defined by :

\left \{\sigma \right \} = \left \{ \begin{align} \sigma_{11} \\ \sigma_{22} \\ \sigma_{33} \\ \sqrt{2}\sigma_{23} \\ \sqrt{2}\sigma_{31} \\ \sqrt{2}\sigma_{12} \\ \end{align} \right \} $$ and

\left \{\varepsilon \right \} = \left \{ \begin{align} \varepsilon_{11} \\ \varepsilon_{22} \\ \varepsilon_{33} \\ \sqrt{2}\varepsilon_{23} \\ \sqrt{2}\varepsilon_{31} \\ \sqrt{2}\varepsilon_{12} \\ \end{align} \right \} $$

Then once constructs the bound matrix in the orthonormal base $$ E_{i} \otimes E_{j}$$

\left [ \hat{R}(\theta) \right ]= \left [ \begin{matrix} R_{11}^2 & R_{12}^2 & R_{13}^2 & \sqrt{2}R_{12}R_{13} & \sqrt{2}R_{11}R_{13} & \sqrt{2}R_{11}R_{12}\\ R_{21}^2 & R_{22}^2 & R_{23}^2 & \sqrt{2}R_{22}R_{23} & \sqrt{2}R_{21}R_{23} & \sqrt{2}R_{22}R_{21}\\ R_{31}^2 & R_{32}^2 & R_{33}^2 & \sqrt{2}R_{33}R_{32} & \sqrt{2}R_{33}R_{31} & \sqrt{2}R_{31}R_{32}\\ \sqrt{2}R_{21}R_{31} & \sqrt{2}R_{22}R_{32} & \sqrt{2}R_{23}R_{33} & R_{22}R_{33}+R_{23}R_{32} & R_{21}R_{33}+R_{31}R_{23} & R_{21}R_{32}+R_{31}R_{22}\\ \sqrt{2}R_{11}R_{31} & \sqrt{2}R_{12}R_{32} & \sqrt{2}R_{13}R_{33} & R_{12}R_{33}+R_{32}R_{13} & R_{11}R_{33}+R_{13}R_{31} & R_{11}R_{32}+R_{31}R_{12}\\ \sqrt{2}R_{11}R_{21} & \sqrt{2}R_{12}R_{22} & \sqrt{2}R_{13}R_{23} & R_{12}R_{23}+R_{22}R_{13} & R_{11}R_{23}+R_{21}R_{13} & R_{11}R_{22}+R_{21}R_{12}\\ \end{matrix} \right ] $$

with

$$ \left [ R(\theta) \right ] $$ the rotation matrix in $$ e_{i} \otimes e_{j}$$ base.

Example

\left [ R(\theta) \right ]= \left [ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \cos \theta & \sin \theta \\ 0 & -\sin \theta& \cos \theta \end{matrix} \right ] $$ is the rotation along the axis $$e_1$$ in the :$$e_i \otimes e_j$$ base

The associated rotation in the $$E_i \otimes E_j$$ base is :

\left [ \hat{R}(\theta) \right ]= \left [ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \cos^2 \theta & \sin^2 \theta & \sqrt{2} \sin \theta \cos \theta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sin^2 \theta & \cos^2 \theta & -\sqrt{2} \sin \theta \cos \theta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} \sin \theta \cos \theta & \sqrt{2} \sin \theta \cos \theta  & \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \theta & \cos \theta \\ \end{matrix} \right ] $$

The rotation of a second order tensor is now defined by :
 * $$ \left \{ \sigma(\theta) \right \} = {\left [ \hat{R}(\theta) \right ]}^T \left \{ \sigma \right \} $$

Four order tensor
The élasticity tensor $$C_{ijkl}$$ in the :$$e_i \otimes e_j \otimes e_k \otimes e_l$$ is defined in the  :$$E_i\otimes E_j$$ by

\left [ \overline{C} \right ] = \left[\begin{align} C_{1111} & C_{1122} & C_{1133} & \sqrt{2}C_{1123} & \sqrt{2}C_{1131} & \sqrt{2}C_{1112} \\ C_{1122} & C_{2222} & C_{2233} & \sqrt{2}C_{2223} & \sqrt{2}C_{2231} & \sqrt{2}C_{2212} \\ C_{1133} & C_{2233} & C_{3333} & \sqrt{2}C_{3323} & \sqrt{2}C_{3331} & \sqrt{2}C_{3312} \\ \sqrt{2}C_{1123} & \sqrt{2}C_{2223} &  \sqrt{2}C_{2333} & 2C_{2323} & 2C_{2331} & 2C_{2312} \\ \sqrt{2}C_{1131} & \sqrt{2}C_{2231} &  \sqrt{2}C_{3331} & 2C_{2331} & 2C_{3131} & 2C_{3112} \\ \sqrt{2}C_{1112} & \sqrt{2}C_{2212} &  \sqrt{2}C_{3312} & 2C_{2312} & 2C_{3112} & 2C_{1212} \end{align}\right] $$

and is rotated by:

{\left [ \overline{C} (\theta) \right ]}_g = {\left [ \hat{R}(\theta) \right ]}^T \left [ \overline{C} \right ]\left [ \hat{R}(\theta) \right ] $$

Related Content
Introduction to Elasticity

title: Coordinate transformations


text:
Elasticity/Principal stresses

Principal Stresses in Two and Three Dimensions
The principal stresses are the components of the stress tensor when the basis is changed in such a way that the shear stress components become zero. To find the principal stresses in two dimensions, we have to find the angle $$\textstyle \theta$$ at which $$\textstyle \sigma^{'}_{12} = 0$$. This angle is given by

$$ \theta =      \cfrac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{2\sigma_{12}}{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{22}}\right) $$

Plugging $$\textstyle \theta$$ into the transformation equations for stress we get,

\begin{align} \sigma_1 &= \frac{\sigma_{11}+\sigma_{22}}{2} +\sqrt{\left(\frac{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{22}}{2}\right)^{2} +\sigma_{12}^2}  \end{align} $$

Where are the shear tractions usually zero in a body?

The principal stresses in three dimensions are a bit more tedious to calculate. They are given by,

\begin{align} \sigma_1 & = \frac{I_1}{3} + \frac{2}{3} \left(\sqrt{I^2_1 - 3I_2}\right)\cos\phi \\ \sigma_2 & = \frac{I_1}{3} + \frac{2}{3} \left(\sqrt{I^2_1 - 3I_2}\right) \cos\left(\phi-\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) \\ \sigma_3 & = \frac{I_1}{3} + \frac{2}{3} \left(\sqrt{I^2_1 - 3I_2}\right)  \cos\left(\phi-\frac{4\pi}{3}\right) \end{align} $$

where,

\begin{align} \phi & = \cfrac{1}{3}\cos^{-1}\left(\frac{2I_1^3 - 9I_1I_2 + 27 I_3}{2(I_1^2 - 3I_2)^{3/2}}\right) \\ I_1 & = \sigma_{11} + \sigma_{22} + \sigma_{33} \\ I_2 & = \sigma_{11}\sigma_{22} + \sigma_{22}\sigma_{33} + \sigma_{33}\sigma_{11} - \sigma_{12}^2 - \sigma_{23}^2 - \sigma_{31}^2 \\ I_3 & = \sigma_{11}\sigma_{22}\sigma_{33} - \sigma_{11}\sigma_{23}^2 - \sigma_{22}\sigma_{31}^2 - \sigma_{33}\sigma_{12}^2 + 2\sigma_{12}\sigma_{23}\sigma_{31} \end{align} $$

The quantities $$\textstyle I_1, I_2, I_3$$ are the stress invariants.

Note: Be careful while implementing above relations in a solver, as the value of:

\frac{2I_1^3 - 9I_1I_2 + 27 I_3}{2(I_1^2 - 3I_2)^{3/2}} $$ can be out of range of $$\cos^{-1}$$, which is (-1, 1).

Related Content
Introduction to Elasticity

title: Elasticity/Principal stresses


text:
Elasticity/VonMises stress

Von Mises Stress or Equivalent Stress
Von Mises is a criteria used in predicting the onset of yield in ductile materials. The von Mises stress/equivalent stress/distortional strain energy is given by the relation

 * $$ \sigma_{\text{eq}} = \sqrt{I_1^2 - 3 I_2} = \sqrt{\sigma_{11}^2 + \sigma_{22}^2 + \sigma_{33}^2 - \sigma_{11}\sigma_{22} - \sigma_{22}\sigma_{33} - \sigma_{33}\sigma_{11} + 3\sigma_{12}^2 + 3\sigma_{23}^2 + 3\sigma_{31}^2} $$

Related Content
Introduction to Elasticity

title: Elasticity/VonMises stress


title: File:M14358.pdf


text:
User:User9669

 * 1) REDIRECT  http://shaunwagner.com

title: User:User9669


text:
User talk:User9669

Hello Kainaw, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. When leaving comments for others to read, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone keep track of who is writing messages. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To help you get started:
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Also, don't forget to experiment with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 00:29, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

HTML teaches nonsese
Hi, could you have a look on this lesson and clean it up: Basic formatting in HTML. There is a lot of nonsense. Thanks!--Juandev 13:35, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:User9669


text:
Kinematics

Introduction

 * Kinematics
 * Displacements, strains and the relations between displacements and strains.
 * We view the theory of infinitesimal linear deformations as a first-order approximation of the theory of finite deformations.
 * Note that the linear theory can be derived independently of the finite theory and is completely self-consistent on its own.

Concepts and Definitions
The following concepts and definitions are based on Gurtin (1972) and Truesdell and Noll (1992). These definitions are useful both for the linear and the nonlinear theory of elasticity.

Body
We usually denote a body by the symbol $$\textstyle B$$. A body is essentially a set of points in Euclidean space. For mathematical definition see Truesdell and Noll (1992)

Configuration
A configuration of a body is denoted by the symbol $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\chi}$$. A configuration of a body is just what the name suggests. Sometimes a configuration is also referred to as a placement.

Mathematically, we can think of a configuration as a smooth one-to-one mapping of a body into a region of three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Thus, we can have a reference configuration $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\chi}(\mathbf{X})$$ and a current configuration $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\chi}(\mathbf{x})$$.

A one-to-one mapping is also called a homeomorphism.

Deformation
A deformation is the relationship between two configurations and is usually denoted by $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\varphi}$$. Deformations include both volume and shape changes and rigid body motions.

For a continuous body, a deformation can be thought of as a smooth mapping from one configuration ($$\textstyle \mathbf{X}$$) to another ($$\textstyle \mathbf{x}$$). The inverse mapping should be possible.

This means that

\begin{align} \mathbf{x} &\equiv \{x_1,x_2,x_3\} = \boldsymbol{\varphi}(\mathbf{X}) \\ \mathbf{X} &\equiv \{X_1,X_2,X_3\} = \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{-1}(\mathbf{x}) \end{align} $$

For the inverse mapping to exist, we require that the Jacobian of the deformation is positive, i.e., $$\textstyle J = \det(\boldsymbol{\nabla}{\boldsymbol{\varphi}}) > 0$$.

Deformation Gradient
The deformation gradient is usually denoted by $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{F}$$ and is defined as

 * $$ \boldsymbol{F} := \boldsymbol{\nabla}{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} $$

In index notation

F_{ij} = \frac{\partial x_i }{\partial X_j} $$

For a deformation to be allowable, we must be able to invert $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{F}$$. That is why we require that $$\textstyle J = \det\boldsymbol{F} > 0$$. Otherwise, the body may undergo deformations that are unphysical.

Displacement
The displacement is usually denoted by the symbol $$\textstyle \mathbf{u}$$.

The displacement is defined as a vector from the location of a material point in one configuration to the location of the same material point in another configuration.

The definition is

 * $$ \mathbf{u}(\mathbf{X}) := \boldsymbol{\varphi}(\mathbf{X}) - \mathbf{X} = \mathbf{x} - \mathbf{X} \,$$

In index notation
 * $$   u_i      = x_i - X_i \, $$

Displacement Gradient
The gradient of the displacement is denoted by $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u}$$.

The displacement gradient is given by

\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} = \boldsymbol{\nabla}{(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{X})} = \boldsymbol{\nabla}{\mathbf{x}} - \boldsymbol{\nabla}{\mathbf{X}} = \boldsymbol{\nabla}{(\boldsymbol{\varphi}(\mathbf{X}) - \mathbf{X})} = \boldsymbol{F} - \boldsymbol{\it{1}} $$

In index notation,

\frac{\partial u_i }{\partial X_j} = \frac{\partial x_i }{\partial X_j} - \frac{\partial X_i }{\partial X_j} = F_{ij} - \delta_{ij} $$

Finite Strain Tensor
The finite strain tensor ($$\textstyle \boldsymbol{E}$$) is also called the '''Green-St. Venant Strain Tensor or the Lagrangian Strain Tensor'''.

This strain tensor is defined as

\boldsymbol{E} := \cfrac{1}{2}(\boldsymbol{F}^T\bullet\boldsymbol{F} - \boldsymbol{1}) $$ In index notation,

E_{ij} = \cfrac{1}{2}(F_{ki}F_{kj} - \delta_{ij}) $$

Infinitesimal Strain Tensor
In the limit of small strains, the Lagrangian finite strain tensor reduces to the infinitesimal strain tensor ($$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\epsilon}$$).

This strain tensor is defined as

\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} := \cfrac{1}{2}(\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} + \boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u}^T) $$ In index notation,

\varepsilon_{ij} = \cfrac{1}{2}\left(\cfrac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j}+ \cfrac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i}\right) $$

Therefore we can see that the finite strain tensor and the infinitesimal strain tensor are related by

\boldsymbol{E} = \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} + \cfrac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u}^T\bullet\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} $$

If $$\textstyle \epsilon = |\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u}|$$, then

 * $$ \boldsymbol{E} = \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} + O(\epsilon^2) $$

For small strains, $$\textstyle \epsilon^2 \rightarrow 0$$ and

 * $$ \boldsymbol{E} \approx \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} $$.

Infinitesimal Rotation Tensor
For small deformation problems, in addition to small strains we can also have small rotations ($$\textstyle \boldsymbol{W}$$). The infinitesimal rotation tensor is defined as

\boldsymbol{W} := \cfrac{1}{2}(\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} - \boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u}^T) $$ In index notation,

W_{ij} = \cfrac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j}- \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i}\right) $$

If $$\boldsymbol{A}$$ is a skew-symmetric tensor, then for any vector $$\textstyle \mathbf{a}$$ we have

\boldsymbol{A}\bullet\mathbf{a} = \boldsymbol{\omega}\times{\mathbf{a}}~. $$ The vector $$\boldsymbol{\omega}$$ is called the axial vector of the skew-symmetric tensor.

In our case, $$\boldsymbol{W}$$ is the skew-symmetric infinitesimal rotation tensor. The corresponding axial vector is the rotation vector $$\boldsymbol{\theta}$$ defined as

\boldsymbol{W}\bullet\mathbf{a} = \boldsymbol{\theta}\times{\mathbf{a}}~. $$ where
 * $$ \boldsymbol{\theta}=\cfrac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\nabla}\times \boldsymbol{u} $$

Volume Change Due To Finite Deformation
The change in volume ($$\textstyle \delta V$$) during a finite deformation is given by

\delta V = \int_{B} \det (\boldsymbol{F} -\boldsymbol{1}) dv $$

Volume Change Due To Infinitesimal Deformation
The volume change during an infinitesimal deformation ($$\textstyle \delta V$$) is given by

 * $$ \delta V = \int_{B} \boldsymbol{\nabla}\bullet\mathbf{u} dv = \int_{\partial B} \mathbf{u}\bullet\mathbf{n} ds $$

because

 * $$ \det\boldsymbol{F}=\det(\boldsymbol{1}+\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u})=1+\text{Tr}\boldsymbol{\nabla}\mathbf{u} + O(\epsilon^2) = 1+\boldsymbol{\nabla}\bullet\mathbf{u}+O(\epsilon^2) $$

The quantity $$\textstyle \boldsymbol{\nabla}\bullet\mathbf{u} = \text{Tr}(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon})$$ is called the dilatation.

A volume change is isochoric (volume preserving) if
 * $$\textstyle \text{Tr}(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon})=0$$.

Related Content

 * Introduction to Elasticity
 * Help:Example template

title: Kinematics


text: Category:Culture

title: Category:Culture


text:
BCP/Eupatorium perfoliatum

Eupatorium perfoliatum

title: BCP/Eupatorium perfoliatum


text:
BCP/Eupatorium perfoliatum/Logs

2007 Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 09:34, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
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2008 Logs

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2009 Logs

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 * Jomegat 22:46, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 20:07, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 21:02, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 23:15, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 03:32, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 01:55, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 03:47, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Eupatorium perfoliatum/Logs


text:
Distinction between Economic Growth and Economic Development

A distinction should be made between Economic Growth and Economic Development.

Economic Development is made possible by innovation and a series of innovations. Development involves fundamental changes within the society where as growth is the improving of a societies efficiency. Growth ideally involves being free from economic instabilities.

Growth = More output Development = More output + changes

Examples

India

India is still developing because it is still undergoing drastic societal changes as well as growing economically.

U.S.A.

The United States is growing economically because it is no longer undergoing societal changes but is rather streamlining the efficiency of its economy.

Libya

Libya is growing and not developing because the increase in oil revenues is not affecting any changes.


text:
Measuring economic development

GNP
Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic output of a given nation. GNP can be used to measure the increase in real national income over a given period of time. Criticisms of GNP

1. Real national income excludes price changes. A short period rise in national income during an upswing of an economic cycle does not constitute economic development.

2. GNP does not factor in a change in the population of a given nation.

3. GNP does not reveal or factor in the negative externalities such as pollution.

4. GNP tells nothing about the distribution of a societies income.

5. Does not factor in other forms of measurement such as illegal markets, services, etc.

PCRI
Per Capital Real Income (PCRI) is a measurement of income which also factors in population.

Criticisms of PCRI

1. PCRI Fails to measure changes in output due to changes in price lend.

2. Does not show whether any increase in income goes to the rich or the poor.

3. International comparisons of real GNP per capita are inaccurate due to exchange rate considerations of different currency's into one standard currency.

4. PCRI fails to take into account problems associated with basic needs like nutrition, health, sanitation, housing, education, etc.

PQLI
According to Morris D Morris: Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is a measurement of the most basic needs of the people. It factors in a wide range of indicators such as health, education, water conditions, nutrition and sanitation.

PQLI is determined by taking 3 measurements,

1. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 2. Life Expectancy at age one 3. Literacy rate

and averaging these three factors giving equal value to each.

Criticisms

1. PQLI is a limited measure of basic needs

2. Many societal and psychological factors like security, justice, human rights, etc are excluded.

3. Does not explain the changing structure of economics and societal development.

4. Arbitrary weights are given to each determining factor.

5. PQLI does not measure economic development and total welfare.

6. There is no unanimity among the economists as to the number and type of items to be included in such an index.

HDI
the Human Development Index (HDI) is a quality of life index prepared by the United Nations Development Program. It is a composite index of life expectancy, adult literacy and years of schooling. It also considers P.C.I. (real)

HDI is a composit index of a long and healthy life, knowledge and a descent standard of living. Human development is the process of enlarging peoples choices and raising the level of well being.

Calculation of HDI 1. Longevity 2. education (2/3) Educational attainment of adult literacy, (1/3) gross enrollment ratio (GER) for primary, secondary and tertiary levels. 3. Standard of living, Purchasing Power Parity in terms of dollars.

HDI=(1.+2.+3.)/3

High HDI .8+ Med HDI .5-.8 Low HDI Below .5

Criticisms

1. A crude index which tries to create one simple number for a complex realization about human development and deprivation. 2. There can be many indicators like IMR, nutrition, etc. 3. HDI measures relative rather than absolute human development. 4. The use of weights to each of these items is arbitrary. 5. HDI may shift the focus away from the high inequality found in some countries. 6. Reliability of data pertaining to health education and literacy used by UNDP is open to question.

Human Capabilities
Human capabilities is the measurement of freedom of choices. At the core of human well-being is freedom of choice by enhancing peoples capabilities for attaining higher standards of health, knowledge, self respect and the ability to participate actively in community life.

The relavent factors in determining choices are 1. Free from starvation 2. Free from hunger 3. Free from under nourishment 4. Free from participation in communal life 5. Adequate shelter

Criticisms 1. Freedom of choices goes beyond economic development when freedom from servitude, freedom from religion, and political freedom are included. 2. Problems in measuring factors Criticisms 1. Freedom of choices goes beyond economic development when freedom from servitude, freedom from religion, and political freedom are included. 2. Problems in measuring factors

title: Measuring economic development


text:
BCP/Coreopsis verticillata/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * --SB_Johnny | talk 12:29, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:01, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 14:43, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | PA! 11:07, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 09:08, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 09:51, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 11:39, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Coreopsis verticillata/Logs


text: Category:BCP/Family/Asteraceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Asteraceae


text: Category:Bloom Clock Plants by Family

title: Category:Bloom Clock Plants by Family


text: Category:Bloom Clock Keys

title: Category:Bloom Clock Keys


text: Category:Bloom Clock

title: Category:Bloom Clock


text: Category:Bloom Clock seasonal text logs

title: Category:Bloom Clock seasonal text logs


text:
German Language

“Die deutsche Sprache sollte sanft und ehrfurchtsvoll zu den toten Sprachen abgelegt werden, denn nur die Toten haben die Zeit, diese Sprache zu lernen." - Mark Twain

“The German language ought to be gently and reverently set aside among the dead languages, for only the dead have time to learn it.”

Mark Twain expressed his opinion on the German language in several different manners; most of them are quite amusing. While Mark himself may have had difficulties with the German language, this course is aimed to make learning the German language fun and easy.

Overview
This course is aimed to teach you the German language. By the end of the course, you should have a reasonable knowledge of basic German vocabulary, have a good grasp on German grammar and be able to successfully form sentences in German.

Recommended Prerequisites

 * Have a basic knowledge of how to use Wikiversity (e.g. see Guided tours).

Expectations
Learning a foreign language can be very rewarding. There is some effort involved to successfully learning a language, however. You must put in the time and effort required to learn the vocabulary and grammar. For native English speakers, there are many aspects of German that will come very easily and naturally, however, there are also some difficulties and differences you must overcome and this requires time. It does not mean you will need to spend hours upon hours everyday. An hour or two daily should be sufficient. Just remember that it is better to study languages in smaller increments over a longer period of time rather than cramming all of the aspects of a foreign language in a short time.

Resources
You shouldn't need a whole lot, but here is an overview of what may come in handy.
 * German-English/English-German Dictionary
 * Recommendation: LEO, dict.cc
 * German Grammar Reference
 * Recommendations: Canoo, Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Deutsch-ueben tk Übungen zur Grammatik
 * Introductory German courses
 * Recommendation: About.com
 * Memrise's own Deutsch A1 course with about 1,800 things to learn (approx. 30 hrs)
 * Duolingo.com
 * Vocabulary resources
 * Recommendation: Vocabulary wiki, Deutsch-ueben tk Übungen zum Wortschatz

Conclusion
"A dog is 'der Hund'; a woman is 'die Frau'; a horse is 'das Pferd'; now you put that dog in the genitive case, and is he the same dog he was before? No, sir; he is 'des Hundes'; put him in the dative case and what is he? Why, he is 'dem Hund'. Now you snatch him into the accusative case and how is it with him? Why, he is 'den Hund'. But suppose he happens to be twins and you have to pluralize him- what then? Why, they'll swat that twin dog around through the 4 cases until he'll think he's an entire international dog-show all in his own person. I don't like dogs, but I wouldn't treat a dog like that- I wouldn't even treat a borrowed dog that way. Well, it's just the same with a cat. They start her in at the nominative singular in good health and fair to look upon, and they sweat her through all the 4 cases and the 16 the's and when she limps out through the accusative plural you wouldn't recognize her for the same being. Yes, sir, once the German language gets hold of a cat, it's goodbye cat. That's about the amount of it." - Mark Twain

title: German Language


text:
Portal:Learning German

Welcome to Learning German   To learn and teach German!

If you are familiar with German and are interested in German literature, please visit this site.

Introduction
If you are interested in participating or contributing to the German courses, please visit the Learning Projects Portal first and to contribute to this course go to the Learning German talk page.

Wikipedia gives the overview of the German Language and details on German grammar.

Beginners in German and those who wish to contribute at this level should first visit Wikibooks for the beginners course Äußern!.

The German version of Wiktionary provides all of the relevant reference material and is maintained by native speakers: Das Wikiwörterbuch.

There is also the German version of Wikipedia as a resource for practice in reading and understanding. Try looking up your country or local town and read the highlights in German.

Once you have familiarised yourself with what is available in the other Wikis you are ready to read and contribute to the Introduction.

Find other participants
see here

General
Deutsche Welle is a great source for learning. www.dw.de under "Deutsch lernen": slowly spoken German, News in German, Photo Action Calls... There are also other websites to practice too like deutsch-ueben.blogspot.com or deutschlernerblog.de. Both are great for self learning.

United Kingdom
There are special techniques required by adults to learn a new language some advice is available from Hurd, S and Murphy, L (eds) Success with Languages. ISBN 0415368375.

Self Teach - Beginners
The BBC have a number of publications that are designed for beginners in German:
 * The first of these is an audio only two CD pack called "Quickstart your German" ISBN 0563471093. This is a fine start for someone with no German at all.
 * "Talk German" is a beginers book and 2 CDs covers basic tourist situations. ISBN 0563520191.
 * "Get by in German" is a travel companion with CD. ISBN 9781406612622.
 * "Colloquial German" by Dietlinde Hatherall and Glyn Hatherall (1998) is a very straight forward beginners guide. With CDs or Cassettes the audio is clear and intertaining.  The subjects are typical for beginners books (cafe, shopping, directions, time of day, sightseeing, talking about yourself etc). The book has very few pictures and illustrations which means more german for your money.  There are lots of hints and tips about learning german.  ISBN 0415027993.
 * In "My Daily Phrase German" Podcast teacher Catriona will guide you through the basics of the German language by introducing you to basic German in daily podcasts. There are 100 shows organisaed into a 20-week course. You can automatically download each new episode for free by subscribing in iTunes with more information at http://www.radiolingua.com/.

Courses

 * Introduction
 * German I
 * German II
 * German III
 * German IV
 * German Exercises

Sound files

 * German sound files can be found at commons:Category:German pronunciation

Internet Resources

 * What's today's German word of the day?
 * valodas - free cross-platform language learning software
 * Ultralingua German - English dictionary is an electronic collegiate dictionary for computers, with free online dictionary, conjugator, and forum.
 * German Flashcards - requires registration
 * Deutsch-ueben.tk blog is a free website to learn and practice german.

كلية اللغة الألمانية Fachbereich Germanistik el:Τμήμα:Γερμανικά Departamento de Alemán fr:Département:Allemand pt:Portal:Letras/Alemão Немецкий язык

title: Portal:Learning German


text:
BCP/Achillea sibirica

Achillea sibirica

title: BCP/Achillea sibirica


text:
BCP/Achillea sibirica/Logs

2007 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 10:46, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 11:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * SB Johnny-LM 09:00, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

2008 Logs

 * SB Johnny-LM 08:43, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny | talk 10:33, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * --SB_Johnny talk 08:35, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Achillea sibirica/Logs


text:
User:Jomegat

Bloom Clock Addict
Yes, I admit it. I am addicted to the Bloom Clock Project. It all started in the middle of the summer in 2007. I was working on writing answers for the Pathfinders Flowers Honor over on Wikibooks when I stumbled across some Boneset. The Commons did not have a photo of this particular plant, so I took one and uploaded it. This did not escape the notice of our good friend, and he invited me to join the project. I had no idea.

Are you a Bloom Clock Addict? Here are some signs:
 * You go to an amusement park with your family, and the most exciting moment is when you spy some Stellaria media in bloom.
 * You're the only one at the amusement park photographing weeds.
 * You're always looking at the ground scanning from side to side when you walk outside.
 * You have taken more photos of Trientalis borealis than of your kids.
 * Your friends and co-workers come to you for plant identification.
 * Someone asks you the identity of a plant and you can recall its binomial name, but not its common name.
 * You don't go out to lunch with "the gang" because they're going to a restaurant that has uninteresting plant life along the way.
 * You can tell the difference between Acer saccharum and Acer saccharinum at a glance.
 * You get excited when you see your first Taraxacum officinale of the spring.
 * Someone asks you the date and you tell them it's the second of.
 * You mow around the Trifolium pratense in your yard.
 * You grieve when you accidentally mow over the Houstonia caerulea that "volunteered" in your yard.
 * You no longer recognize any native plant as a weed.
 * You see a perfectly manicured lawn and note to yourself that it is an "utterly boring monoculture." Yawn.
 * You let Toxicodendron radicans grow near the edge of the yard so you can observe its bloom cycle.
 * You schedule no social activities at the end of each month so you can look for newly opened blossoms (they get logged for that month).
 * You schedule no social activities at the beginning of each month so you can look for blossoms that are still open, but finishing up (they get logged for the new month).
 * You can name half a dozen plants with green flowers.
 * You keep at least one flora in the bathroom.
 * When you're too busy to log, you take lots of photos so you can go back and enter data during the winter.
 * After your friends ask about your family, they ask how the bloom clock is coming along.

New-to-me Plants

 * BCP/Conyza canadensis 02:55, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * BCP/Verbena urticifolia 02:55, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * BCP/Potentilla norvegica 02:55, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * BCP/Prenanthes 02:56, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * BCP/Leontodon autumnalis 03:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Jomegat