text:
Action/Reaction Theory/ART-Action/Reaction Theory

Note from the Author
Additional Pages:

If the Action/Reaction Theory [ART] brings up some questions, and there will be many, then please use the /ART-Questions/ page and if there is already an answer then I will tell you. If you would like to discuss different opinions, POV or compare other theories then please use the /ART-Discussion/ page.

If you have made your own research relevant to the ART then please tell me and others on the /ART-Research/ page.

Improvement through collaboration! Since I am new to the internet, Wikiversity and also seem to speak my own version of english it seem to be the best when I have another copy of the ART to give collaboration a chance. It is on the ../ART-Action/Reaction_Theory/ page.

And if any of the above is relevant to but not in the theory yet then I will, with your consent, include it into the theory.

New Ideas?

If the ART sparked any new idea which you would like to follow then please feel free to refer to the ART as you see fit.

Introduction
The Action/Reaction Theory [ART] is a theory which is a theory which is constantly build up and therefore never finished. Like any other theories. The difference is that it is build up through happenings which can be readily observed and, if no such relevant action can be found, is left open ended and is not speculated on. Which basicaly makes sure that there is an answer before it is accepted (build into the theory). That such a relevant action can be found today is garanteed by the observation that everything is build up (adapted) from something which has been there before and that nothing is a ‘new’ creation. With other words the meaning of ‘action-reaction’ is that this happening feeds itself and it is only left to explain how it can evolve from something very simple to something very complicated.

The “Natural Principles” section tries to explain how observations made today can help to understand the past and even the future.

The idea of the ART is worked out in the "Growing through movement" section. It is not an extention to other theories (but might have many similarities). In fact how atoms became into being has only been hinted on trough what might have happened before. This also gives the ART the possibilities that it reveals something which contradicts other ‘knowledge’. Therefore, to make sense of what the Newton Cradle offers and what is described in "Step 1" to "Step 6", is it the best not to try to compare it to what is 'known' - basically start new. The ART uses the natural action/reaction happening, which the Newton Cradle performs, to explain a natural build up of bigger and bigger matter systems which are created through evolution. And therefore is a possible explanation how the stage of evolution, as of today, evolved.

The "Extension of definition of the terms used" section, serves to adapt natural phenomenon which are also present and therefore described in other theories, to the ART. Since they usually have the same meaning is it the best to also use the same words to refer to them but it needs to be kept in mind that sometimes they might point out more and sometime even contradict. What the differences will be can only be determined when the ART is fully worked out.

For this the A/R theory needs to be dragged into the lab. If different matter sizes can be set up like a Newton Cradle and the energies which are send in and come out are made visible then certain tests and conclusions can be made. The ART can speed up to explain the changes which happen because it opens a possibility which could be looked into. If the changes can be connected to what the ART suggest, different changes with different placement of the matters, then it could be called an energy-signature. (A relevant action is observed through the spectrometer which reveals that different atoms leave their marks in the light spectrum according to their size and its relevant natural frequency. Which is also used to analyse the build up of stars.) Until this is done everything is in limbo - it is still only a theory. Therefore any attempt to nail anything down is only an attempt to predict what it could be and serves only to satisfy the need to force answers with a fantasy (even if it has been proven with mathematics).

The ART is therefore a theory of reality. Which means that what happens naturally has to be real. Or, if something does not exist physically than it cannot be used. Even the ‘fantasy’ used by nature is always build on real existence. Human have developed such a high level language that anything can be given any meaning with words. Unfortunately every meaning stored in the brain is real for the brain and if there was no specific notion that it relates to a fictional matter it will be recalled and used like any other real meaning. Therefore after a while, when used without this differentiation, all meanings are accepted as real. Therefore, for humans, what can be and what cannot be natural is lost because reality is mingled with fiction. This is what the ART tries to avoid by only ‘storing’ real happenings. Some of the examples are:

Wave form movement:

A wave cannot be performed from a single matter (here it is only a graphical display). Unless there are a string of matters, ‘physically’ connected, there will be no wave.

Passing on of energy:

Small space:

Big energies cannot be passed on by small matter unless it is able to move at a very high speed. But for this it needs a big empty space. But a big empty space prohibits solid (filled) matter.

Big space:

Energy cannot be passed on unless there is a medium (matter) to be passed on to (filled space). Therefore if a space is empty (devoid of matter) then there cannot be any passing on of energy (radiation is not a passing of energy).

Reduction of size:

If matter is a filled mass which occupies a specific space, which cannot be occupied at the same time with another mass, then, realistically, it cannot be reduced to a space much smaller than this mass.

Fundamentals of physics
When it was discovered that the atom is not a solid matter but build of other particles then the question of how the atom is constructed needed to be answered. There were two models which were in consideration. The 'plum pudding' and the 'nuclear' model. Short a space filled with matter and a mostly empty space. To get the answer, in 1911 Ratherford made a test. He shot alpha particles into a very thin gold plate and concluded his answer from the effect it had. Most alpha particles went right through and only some where deflected in different direction. He figured that since most went through the atom must be empty and the one which were deflected struck the nucleus. Or so he and other people thought. Apparently he had not seen a Newton Cradle in action. Otherwise he might have needed to consider that the alpha particles passed on a characteristic energy to the gold plate, which was passed through and catapulted like particles out on the other side. Which would have been another possibility and the test could not have been answered. Since the passed on energy can also be diverted in different direction the reflections could have been explained. ('Fundamentals Of Chemistry', ISBN 0-673-07876-0).

The Newton Cradle [NC]
What the Newton Cradle demonstrates is that an energy can be passed or being transformed through moving or stationary matter. Since the type of action, which is performed on one end, is decisive on what kind of reaction is evoked the conclusion can be made that the energy, travelling through the matters, also carries some information. Which leads to the possibility that any energy, passed on or transformed can be overloaded with energy inherent in the matter through which it travels.

Which gives it the possibility to be used as a form of communication – passing on information. A communication which only needs forms of matter to send or receive. A possibility which the ART tries to exploit.

Sample and possible prove:

Since the matter, which form the Newton cradle, are not made of one single mass it is almost certain that there are energies active within this matter which hold the matter physically together. Therefore what could be assumed is that the energy which is passed through might have picked up other ‘energy’ information on its way through the matters. Energies, which might reveal the natural frequencies the matters in the line have, according to their size and build up. And if this natural frequencies are already known then it might also reveal the position of that matter in the line.

The ART uses this relevant action to explain how the world could have been built with passing energies from matter to matter.

Natural Principles
In order to find out how something works is to observe it while it is working. When we look out of the window then we see a very diverse, and surly complicated moving environment created by nature. To figure out all the details within a lifespan of a human seem to be impossible. But what a human can do is to find some repetitions, which happen during the time he is observing, which give him some indications on what principles this world is based on. And the first surprise would be: there are not many! The first obvious principle is that nothing would happen if there is no movement. When movements are analysed then it seems that there are no purposes to any. Things might happen because something else has happened. What is happening is defined by what has happened, on what it has happened and the circumstances in which it has happened. And the next thing to happen is because of what has just been described has happened. If some lifeless matter falls toward the earth then it does not know where it will fall to and what will happen after it made contact.

Another fact, which seem to need to be present so that something can happen, is that the parts which come together as a result of an action (happening) have to be in a state of opposition. Physically that means that if something warm comes in contact with a cold part then there will be an exchange of temperature. If something moving encounters a stationary object then a form of exchange of movement will take place to equal the state of movement according to the physical properties of the parts. If the minds of living creatures are in an opposite state when they encounter each other then there will be some form of war. And even that there are many different things which are happening, they all seem to be highly repetitious. Meaning that alike actions always provoke the same reactions if it happens in the same environment (conditions). Changes (adaptations) are only happening if the environment has changed. This observed principles can be connected to form some regularity:
 * Opposition creates movement.
 * Movement creates chance.
 * Chance creates repetition.
 * Repetition guaranties an ongoing evolution.

But there is one trend which seem to overlay all this happenings. Any change usually destroys something so that something can be build. Which is usually a bigger adapted version of something already working. With other words the trend is from small to big. This are very important observations because they show very significant facts about nature. Nature has no goals, it could be termed 'physical happenings by chance'. It has no goal in its mind what it is supposed to create. It has no mathematics to calculate if something will work or not. It is also under no time pressure. And, most of all, it cannot say: "this did not work, lets start over". It seems to run on 'chemical reactions' which are guided by the physical properties of matter. Physical properties are all what is available to build every small or big physical part to be found in this universe. And that should be all what is needed to explain what is happening.

But there must be more to guarantee an evolution like the one which we can observe. If you want to build something new from something old then you must have a memory of that something old. If you want to adapt it to changes which have occurred, then you must know how the new facts differ from the old ones. With other words, if something should be changed then there must be something which can be changed. And there must be some possibility to compare. Since there is no known overall control over the evolutionary happenings then there must be some basic intelligence build in the system, which enables what seem to be an endless chain reaction of the same principles.

Survival Tricks
Living creatures are a product of the working principals of nature. But principals alone cannot make a living creature successful. Nature has long before humans discovered that if you want to run a machinery in top condition over time than you have to replace its parts, as needed, regularly with new ones.

Nature has discovered how to reproduce, repeat, compare, select and discard. And many other things. With other words everything humans or other living creatures use to survive - nature has already used. Otherwise living creatures could not have adopted it to their needs.

Which reveals that any question on how this world (universe) works and why can be answered through nature and its working. There are always relevant actions to this question somewhere in action.

Evolution - growing naturally
Naturally, in this case, means that whatever happens is purely physical. There are no immediate or long term predefined purposes which guide what is happening, only the possibilities that a physical action can happen. And there are absolute no restrictions on what can happen.

The facts, that the evolution of matter goes from small to big, and that there is no knowing change of principles, makes the 'reconstruction' of the development which has happened in the universe, as known today, possible. Therefore we start out with an endless space which is filled with an infinite amount of the smallest matter (mass) possible - the UrParticle [UP].

But this is enough. Matter, no matter how small, seem to have the possibility to bind with another matter to form something bigger. And to figure out how this is possible we need to combine what we have learned from the Newton Cradle and what else nature teaches us. The universe is big enough so that we can use quite a big part to explain nature, without reaching its borders. Therefore for our purpose there is no exchange with any matter from outside of the universe. Which means we deal with a fixed amount of matter even if the universe is, for our feeling of size, endless.

But we also always have to have in mind that, since there are no predefined purposes, there are no 'mistakes'. Everything is right, no matter what is the outcome. There is also never a 'starting over' - once it started it just goes on. Therefore whatever are the principals today were the principles at the assumed start and will be in the future.

Step 1: growth by size - 3 dimensional
If matter is moving then there is the possibility that it collides (make physical contact) with another one. And there is the possibility that after a collision they stay together and grow (build) into a new form of matter. This is possible if the movements of the matters are in harmony, which means that their frequencies, directions, strength and phase match. They can be added without that they move the UPs apart. Since there is no pulling force active between the UPs at this stage it needs pressure of the environment to keep the UPs together. But probably both UPs had their movements changed since an exchange of movement (adaptation) took place. If they actually stay together then they now move in unison in a new combined form of movement.

When there is enough empty space available in the environment then this movement can be a straight one with the appropriate direction and speed. But if the environment restricts or even prohibits free movement then the physical movement takes on an appropriate form or stops in which case the physical movement has to be passed on as a potential movement (potential energy). If none of the UPs can pass this potential movement on to the environment then it is passed on between the UPs which have collided and these may start to oscillate the potential movement between them. Since, in this case, this passing on of potential movement is directed toward each other it gives the impression that the UPs are drawn to each other. They physically stay together now on their own (no pressure needed). This rises the energy level of the now physically joint matter which can be termed that they are exited or charged or have a higher temperature. Therefore what is otherwise a one time happening, can become continuous while the two, now joint UPs, exchange a potential movement between each other. Specifically if energy is constantly supplied from the environment which restricts their movement and applies pressure on them.

Now, the new form of matter does not physically move and actually occupies the smallest space it can. Since the physical movement before the collision needed lots of space, room is now left into which the environment (pressure) can bring other UPs from outside. Which, under the right conditions, could join into the energy exchange and therefore grow the matter again. E.g. into a ring like formation where the potential movement is passed on in a circle. With the possibility that this ring formations can grow into any size.

If any matter in the ring is not physically touching the matter to which it is passing the energy then the passing on is interrupted (resistance). Therefore, on the next pass of energy (cycle), the inertia of the UP which has physical space available will transform the potential movement into a physical move, directed toward the next matter in line, until it touches the next matter and then pass on the remaining potential movement. Opening space in the ring will be closed consecutively by movements of matter, with the additional effect of a shift in the phase, until no space is left.

This passing on of energy in ring form provides the possibilities that any matter in this ring can be a member of more rings which pass energy through it. The amount of energies which can be passed through an UP in different directions at the same time is probably limited because at some point this energies will cancel each other out or add up to a form which is impossible to pass on. But the possibility is there. And if rings join then the matter can grow in different directions into matter which is build of interconnecting rings.

In multi-ring formations energy is passed on in different direction which might impose some physical regulations on the form which can be build. This would include of where rings can be joint, how many rings can be interconnected and in which direction energy can be passed before the form falls apart again. Which means that the many passed on energies within the form must sum up to an equilibrium of energies which is characteristic for this form - an energy signature [ES]. Which means that if an energy is passed on to this formation it could be imprinted with a specific sequence of energies which are active within when it is passed through. Or the reaction will be specific to this sequence if it is acted on regarding to changes, redirection or split up (functionality). But this also provides the possibility that stable forms of matter can be build which react with always the same specific functions when the circumstances are the same (provides a specific feedback). Once an ES is reached through the building and arranging of rings then the growth of size of this form ends. The urparticles [UP] of matter have grown into an element matter [EM].

Step 2: growth by repetition - 1 dimensional
The possibilities to grow does not end with the EM. In the overall shape of an EM there might be spots which enable to grow out rings which might not change the ES of the EM but provide the possibility to pass on energies or ES with some added control. Which might enable to grow another form there in consequence of the sequence of energy which is passed (ES). If EM connect direct together the physical selection is limited. Both sides need to be connected to a place in their surface which is able to pass on the same kind of energy (movement). If they do not have that condition provided then they cannot hook up. And of course there has to be a chance that the EMs can come close enough and are right posi-tioned to each other.

Another possibility is that EMs have developed which can act as connecting centers which pass all sorts of energies in different directions without overloading them with its own. Since ESs are in essence a sequence of passed on energies they can be taken in at different connections (maybe one energy at a time), compared or handled otherwise and send out again in maybe one or more directions. Which would increase the intelligence level of the manipulation of passed on energies or ESs. Which would provide the possibilities to handle EMs in symbolic form like a word. Forms of EM can be duplicated, complimented or compared without the need to now how it is physically build up. This has been translated into a sequence of energies. That this functionality is used by nature is shown through the C-atom in the amino group of an amino-acid (molecule) which can connect to four EMs. Which also shows the possibilities such connecting EMs [CEM] provide. E.g. the immense amount of functionalities or data, which systems of EMs provide, which can be placed in any sequence to provide unlimited possibilities. This can be seen as the beginning of the development of segmented systems and the basis of functionalities which are developed to a much higher level and applied in a brain.

Step 3: growth by repetition - 2 dimensional
If growth has produced a chain of EMs and if they are connected by CEMs, then there is the possibility that the CEMs which form links to the CEMs of another chain. Or they can ‘grow’ a duplicate of the systems of EM, which they connect, out of the vacant connections. Which would form a blanket of chains or a 2 dimensional memory.

Step 4: growth by building 3 dimensional systems
If 1 or 2 dimensional shapes are physically moved (or only partially) by pressure of the environment than there are the possibilities that they could form any kind of 3 dimensional shapes. Some with functionality others with none.

Step 5: growth by physical adaptation
When EMs have grown into shapes which constitute a 3 dimensional physical shape then this physical shape can provide a condition which has to be met before its energy-function can be performed. Like a EM-blanket forms a tube through which matter, charged with a specific energy, has to pass to get to the place where it triggers a specific reaction. This adapts the movement of the EM to the physical shape of the environment which in turn could change the shape or functionality of the travelling EM. A form of feedback from the environment which adds conditions to the action. A higher level of intelligence.

Step 6: growth by teaching
When EMs have grown into a shape which is able to control the movement of other EMs then it has the possibility to control the growth of this matter. E.g. if a tube of EMs guide the movement of an EM along its path then it can make it connect to certain EMs which are part of the tube and imprint some parts of the ES on the passing EM. Which would create an EM system with a predefined set of functionality.

Which means that the possibilities to react are now placed besides the possibilities to act and, with a constant source of energies, can keep on going to act/react to fulfil a predefined function. Which also means that the evolution is not any more a function of chance but now happens with a purpose. A next level of intelligence.

Step 1 to nnn:
There are many steps which lead to the growing which nature has reached today and are most likely not specific at all. With a lot of fantasy many can be envisioned. But the ART is not a theory of fantasy. Therefore the basics of the ‘Growth by movement’ has to be worked out first and then the steps of growth will either become obvious or have to be worked out individual as well.

The dynamics of the natural change (evolution)
When matters meet then they are more likely charged with different energies (movement). If these energies constitute an opposition (frequency and phase match but the direction or strength differ) then there will be some exchange (levelling) of energy and therefore some change in the charge of each matter. Since every change is memorized then there are no goals or mistakes. It is naturally that the changed matter lead to new changes since same conditions have same reactions. If there are only UP involved then this does not lead to much. Only the vast space of the universe ensures that different conditions can exist at different places. But if matter has grown into complicated EM then the change involves whole systems of UPs. Since the growing does not stop there, since equivalent EM can have different changes and since all changes are ‘kept’ then the possibilities that matter grows into very different ‘systems’ from the same basics are unlimited. Which systems are put together to form an even bigger system depends on the circumstances (action, environment, feedback, conditions) in which this changes take place.

Basically growing means that something has to be there which can be grown (adapted) according to the circumstances. Which also means that nothing is new, only changed.

Evolution and intelligence
The growing of matter, controlled by feedback, in different stages constitutes an intelligence (learning, memorizing, reusing) on its own. Since matter grows more and more complicated the intelligence, which is a functionality of matter, also ‘grows’. But, since the environment also needs to be considered, which provides the feedback and which is in the early stages where mostly everything is based on chance, the evolutionary processes are unique. Therefore, to establish the exact functionality of each ‘intelligence level’ the different stages (conditions) have to be physically performed.

To prove the Action/Reaction Theory
The prove of the A/R theory lies in the existence of an energy-signature in small matter. Which could be the equivalent of the spectrum which a spectrometer reveals for stars. Even if it proves that the special size of matter exists because its natural frequency is blacked out because of absorbance. If this ESs can be proven to exist then it can be assimilated to a language of nature. A language (communication) which enables all kind of changes within matter of any size.

What sparked this theory also provides the possibility to prove its reality by using natures own way (evolving and adapting). This is a gadget called the ‘Newton Cradle’. It provided the realistic way on how energy is passed on between matter. This opens the possibility that if this passing of energy could be defined then it would also explain how it could be used as a communication (control) when there is nothing else then matter and its movement present.

When the Newton cradle is developed further into a higher technology then it should be possible to prove this. E.g. if a speaker cone is touching a series of identical glasses filled to different levels with water then it should be possible to get each glass individually to respond if the speaker transmits a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency. If the other end of the line is connected to a microphone cone and further to a microscope then maybe it can pick up changes in the wave-form which might be now more then just one sound and which could reveal the natural oscillation frequencies of each glass (energy signature). If it also reveals the position of the glasses in the sequence then this should be different if the sequence of the glasses is changed.

If this could be accomplished then it should be possible to transfer this technic into the nano-meter range. Where it would solve many mysteries. Which are only mysteries because of the lack of explanation, but since they exist there must be a physical possibility for it. Like: how can a virus adapt to medication; how can specific cells be destroyed without harming others; how can microbes select specific molecules, split them into their basic parts and use this parts to clone them-selves; or how can a river-shell, which has never ‘seen’ a fish, grow out of its shell the exact duplicate of a fish to attract bigger fish.

Mathematic as prove!
Mathematic is a science of repetition. Which means something has to work repeatedly so that a formula can be constructed to define this action. Its weakness lies in the fact that it lends itself to the possibility to explain something physically where there is no physical repetition (like a theory). Simply by introducing parameters which might not even exist physically (like time) or by leaving vital parameters out which might prove a certain POV but also changes the original limitations which it provided (like 4th and higher dimensions). Which, with the human ingenuity, can easily be ignored.

The Future
The ART might be able to reconstruct what has happened from the time we can think back of till today. But if that is possible then it will reveal that the natural evolution is an ongoing process without goal. Therefore it is never finished. But if human can learn the communication which made the evolution possible then he can, as intelligent species which are able to analyse and form goals, partner with nature. E.g. to make it evolve ‘now’, by setting the conditions, what would naturally need hundreds or even millions of years to develop. E.g. to extend its principle of replacing, to the parts of a living body which cause aging, but has not been evolved yet.

Extention of definition of the terms used
Chance A chance is there if matter has some abilities to change but needs another matter to change. But it cannot control the circumstances which would bring the right other matter close enough to perform the change. Therefore It depends on its environment to have the right action or sequences of action to deliver the necessary matter into the necessary position. Chances improve according to how well the matter is adapted to its environment and therefore can somehow control its connection to the environment. Single matter (UP) has no such a control but as it grows into different forms with different functionalities then its ability to control its relationship to the environment, which by now also consists of EM with different functionalities, grows.

Charge

When matter holds no energy then it is not 'charged'. When matter is 'charged' with energy then this is termed different (temperature, electricity, magnetism etc.) depending which instrument is used to measure it. But the only way matter can reveal energy (charge) is through movement. Therefore different instruments are measuring different forms of movements. Like senses are tuned to different 'frequencies' (repetition) of movement.

Circumstances

action, environment, feedback, conditions or all of it

Comparison

The same effect which makes a reproduction possible provides also the possibility of comparison. The sequence of energies. If they come from different sources but are the same then the sources must be alike.

Electrical properties

If it is assumed that 'energy rings' have actually two ends, (where energy is entered and where it leaves), then ‘direction’ has a meaning. The effect which the direction has on passed through energy could be compared with electrical properties (charge, current, resistance). But can be applied to any form of energy (movement). This means that energy rings can also have different effects on any passed through energy depending on how they are located within the shape. This also applies if the ring does not go through an EM but also if it goes through the environment where it might form a force-field.

Energy

The effect of movement of matter but because of a lack of specific explanation is treated in the ART equal to movement.

Elemental Matter [EM]

If masses keep on growing then it can be envisioned that certain formations hold better together than others. If e.g. energy exchange rings are closely interwoven in different directions in the same formation and their energies form a harmonious self sustained energy-system. They might have the property of a very solid structure, like a crystal. This kind of formation will last for a long time and is not likely to fall apart or can be reshaped through simple collisions with other smaller forms. This kind of formation will also always again and again be reached and therefore, with the other long lasting survivors, can become the foundation of a next stage of growth. They can become the building blocks of other bigger, more versatile creations. Just like atoms.

What will change if matter has grown into EM is the way it needs to connect to other EM. One feature, which might make this formation so successful is that it is not any more available to any kind of attachments. Its closeness demands probably that a certain amount of energy must be present in order to hook into the close knit formation. Another could be that the energy passing part must have a certain shape to be able to pass the right amount or form of energy. All this suggest that, since energy must be exchanged, this connection have ring like properties but might have been adapted to a specific task. All demands which could be provided by a system which is simply following what is physically possible.

Energy rings

That an energy can be passed on between seemingly stationary masses can be proven with the gadget called Newton Cradle. But I don’t know of any gadget which directs the passed on energy back to itself. It could be envisioned that if the Newton cradle would have been build in a ring-formation it could pass energy continuously along the ring. And, since potential energy (potential movement) is transformed into physical movement by inertia, as soon as physical space is available, their possible physical movement (which closes the gap) keeps them together.

Further 'rings' (energy paths) could be grown out of any of this so joint matter and form a three dimensional matter which is constantly virtually moving (oscillating) by passing on energy in different direction around different rings within the matter. Even if this 'ring formations' are shapes which are quite solid already on their own and will not likely ‘rearrange’ their rings it seems to be always possible to make connections by forming an energy ring between them.

Energy Signature [ES]

If UPs have grown into forms which are build of energy rings then they must have energies flown through them which are in harmony otherwise an interruption of energy-flow will occur. Which might lead to that all energies within the EM are somewhat in harmony. Therefore they can add to an energy system which is the sum of all energies active in all rings – called an energy signature. If this is not the case then the build up must be adapted to make this possible. This can be achieved by changing directions of the energy-flow, adapting frequencies by adding or subtracting UP within the rings or discarding one ring and build another one somewhere else. When this ES is achieved then it makes the EM react in different ways to passed on energy depending if it is harmonic to the ES, as a sum of all energies in the EM, or not.

One is that, if the EM is passed on an inharmonious energy, that the EM reacts as a whole matter. It will try to separate itself from the source of the inharmonious energy – as under pressure.

The other is that, if the EM is passed on an harmonic energy, than this energy will be able to penetrate into the EM and will be passed through. On the way through the passing energies might be either be overloaded with inherited energies or the same energies might change the passed through energies by separating (selecting) the sequence of energies and steering them to different outputs where they can perform a specific action. This can be interpreted as feedback or reaction.

If the applied energy is passed through then it will be passed through as a sequence of energies if it is made up of such. But then it becomes important through which energy-rings it is passed. Which also form a sequence of energies. This sequence could also be different if the passed on energy enters the EM in different locations or is applied from different directions. Therefore the outcome depends on the entry point and angle.

Here is where the most useful natural selections occur since this type of selection also works in reverse. If only a specific frequency, or signature, makes this specific shape (or combination of shapes) to respond to or pass energy then this specific shape can be selected out of many in this environment through its reactions (feedback).

The Environment

The accumulation of matter (universe) form an environment which is the home of natural happenings. Any change in the physical constitution of the environment is an action. This action is naturally passed on to the physically neighbouring parts, which are normally also part of the environment, which react to equalize oppositional states which the action has created. Whatever happens (action) evokes a reaction (the equalisation of opposite states). Since this reaction occurs within the environment it constitutes a change in the environment and is therefore again an action – a feedback. Whatever the reactions or the changes within the environments are depends purely on the physical constitution of the environment.

Evolution

Evolution is a process which is a functionality of all the possibilities described to grow system like formations out of available elementary forms by pure chance (naturally).

Feedback

Since the reaction defines the change of the environment which has happened also defines, since it is now an action, what the next reaction will be. This can also be seen as a feedback which defines the next action. This feedback can be supportive or restrictive. Therefore whatever can happen depends only on the possibilities this physical environment provides and the chances that this possibilities are met through the constant action/reaction chain reaction. The more sophis-ticated the parts become through natural growth, which build the environment, the more restrictive and diverse the feedback will be.

Force fields

Force fields are usually explained with the phenomenon’s a magnetic field provides. A magnetic field is obviously produced by an abundance of energy on one side of a matter and the lack of it on the opposite end of the matter. Following the explanation of the ART the environment of matter provides a media (return path) through which the abundant energy can be send back to the place where it is missing – the equalisation of the energy levels is possible. That such energy passing rings have been formed is shown by the rearrangements metallic particles perform when placed into a magnetic field. If the rings are connected through a media which is already packed as tight as it can get, like air, then no physical movement will take place. But if the tight media is replaced by some bigger matter which can pass magnetic energy but has no restriction in movement then the potential energy, which is passed to it, is transformed into physical movement. Since this movement is directed toward the next passing matter in the ring it gives the impression that this matter is ‘pulled in’. The force field supplies the energy for the movement which can be explained with inertia but it cannot explain any pulling of the matter.

The earth is a big storage of a wide range of potential movements. And the universe, if filled with UP, is an environment which can pass a wide range of energies. Therefore it can be expected that there are many types of force fields created by the earth using the universe as return paths.

Frequency

Since the frequency (repetition) at which something can happen ranges from 0 to infinite, an infinite amount of selections can be made. One use of this is the selection which the natural oscillation of matter provides (inertia).

A single elementary matter (UP) has a specific mass which has a specific frequency in which it will oscillate if forced to move in a restricted space. When single element matter stay together after a collision, then they might become a new elementary mass in relationship to the environment. This new formed element mass has now its own natural frequency in which it oscillates. It also responds according to it to any outside energy which is being passed to it. Since the new mass is bigger then the mass of an UP its natural frequency in which it will oscillate is lower then the one of the UP.

Functions

When an action (energy change) occurs on a matter then it evokes a reaction (equalization of the levels) in the matter. If matter is just a single UP then this is usually just a simple single adjustment (movement). But as matter grows into formations with different placements of energy-rings then the action can start a reaction which is a sequence of movements depending what kind of rings it encounters as the energy is passed through the form. Collectively this is a function. If individual rings are also connected to other forms (environment) then its reaction, as part of the function, is applied to the connecting form. With other words the function of a form is to either pass the received action as a whole or dissect it into different harmonic energies (reactions). This individual reactions can then be used according to the build up and connections of the form which receives the reaction as a feedback. Functions of a form can differ, even if the action is the same, according to the place on the form or the direction in which the action is effective. This is specifically true with bigger forms.

Gravity

The pulling force of matter? What mass cannot produce on its own is a pulling force. If the UP, which we use to start life, should be as small as possible, e.g. that they cannot be divided any more, then it would be impossible to physically explain how it could produce such a force. Since this would mean that it is already build out of something which is able to produce some pulling force and is therefore not at its smallest possible state or pure. Therefore the phenomenon of gravity, the provoked movement of one mass toward another mass, has to be explained otherwise. What mass can create is an empty space (vacuum, through movement) into which environmental pressure can push matter – like a water pump. Which has the same effect as if it was pulled in.

Growing - The Nature of

When matter is expected to grow by action (collision) then it cannot be assumed that matter can be divided indefinitely. Since if its size is 0 then its mass is also 0. Therefore there is no inertia an there cannot be an energy to pass on which is necessary to keep matter moving and therefore together.

When matter moves and collide then there can be a change. When everything is at its smallest possible shape then only growing (adding of shapes) can take place. If more and more matter grows into bigger shapes then the possibility that a collision separates grown matter grows too.

This depends now on more facts which have changed through the growing from the smallest size. One of this is dependent on the form it has achieved and the circumstances through which this form is attacked through the collision. Like strength, direction and duration. If an energy ring is hit at 90° to its energy passing direction then it might easier brake apart then when it is hit in the direction of it. It might easier connect if the colliding takes place on a ring which has the right frequency passing on then with another one in the form. And of course it varies with the strength of the collision.

All this possibilities grow if the matter is bigger and more complicated. With other words the sophistication of the reactions of the matter has grown with the size and sophistication of the form. It also varies with the characteristics of the environment in which the grown matter resides. If it is a busy environment in which a lot of growing happens then the forms and sizes are versatile and collisions have many more kinds of reactions.

What does not change are the principles which make the growing possible. These are the needs to store somehow the action and reactions which take place and also the environment which enabled the reaction to this action. And to limit the reaction to only one for a specific action and environment. If this is achieved then the growing takes on an intelligent level. If intelligence is described as the following of a specific reaction to a specific action in a specific environment then nature is reaching an always higher and higher intelligent level through the growing of forms.

When matter grows into a specific form after a specific action has taken place in an specific environment then this form is the prove that this action has taken place and is a memory of what has happened because it is only able to perform it again when the specific action takes place in the same specific circumstances.

On the other hand, if a certain action is performed on an unknown form in controlled circumstances then the reaction it makes can reveal its build up.

Harmony

The possibility that if two matters collide that they can change each others energy states. If they are not in harmony then their movement (energies) will move them apart (applies pressure) before an energy exchange can happen.

To make an exchange possible the properties of the movements of the matters need to be in a special relationship to each other. Like the frequency, phase and direction have to be either the same or a specific fraction of each other, like the harmonic tunes of music.

Inertia

The property of mass which transfers movement into energy. And is the only force available at the start.

Matter

We are not able yet to know how small the smallest part of matter is. We can only imagine that, by using our fantasy, we can get to it by cutting matter in half, and keep cutting it, until we cannot cut it any more or realistically it cannot be any smaller. This size is so small, even for us, that we have not been able to place a distance on it. But we can see that any matter is always build out of smaller matter. What is important is that no matter how big matter can grow, the system, which holds it together, has to be the same. But what we need to assume is that there is always enough matter to build anything as big as we can see. For this we cannot assume that the space, we are looking at, is empty because we do not have the ability to 'feel' or 'see' anything in this space. And, if we want to keep to the facts, then anything what is able to move through this space, but is not matter, needs to have a media (matter) which enables its movement - passing it on.

What we know about matter is that it has mass, which places it alone in the space it occupies and this mass has inertia. Which means that mass always strives to keep its state of movement. Which is also the reason for the phenomenon which we call energy. When matter moves then, if it collides with another matter, applies pressure on this matter and, by moving it away, does some work. Since the part which was moved is also matter, its inertia had to be overcome and some of the energy which was applied by the moving matter has now been passed to the now also moving matter. Moving matter claims more space then stationary one. E.g. it pushes other matter out of this space. And when energy is passed on from matter to matter by creating movement and vice versa then the space, which is claimed by the more and more moving matter, increases. When this happens within a restricted space, which is filled with masses, then it creates an overall pressure.

Memory

Since every mass/shape has its own set of reactions, which it can perform to a specific suitable action performed onto it, it can be said that it has now its own memory of what kind of reaction it can perform and when. It is also like a very low level of intelligence which reacts to certain actions with a pre-learned set of reactions. At the start stage only urmasses constitute the environment and each has the same memory. But as the masses evolve (grow, change) so does the memory, intelligence and the environment. One form of memorizing is provided when ring forms or EMs are connected in sequence. This would make it possible to find them, compare or duplicate them or even change them through applied energy signatures. Which can be grown or adapted to its environment until the feedback agrees.

Again, there is no goal involved in this and is happening by pure chance!

Movement

The physical explanation of energy.

As the first principle tells us, we need movement otherwise nothing will happen. We cannot know how this movement started but, since it is not relevant to explain what happens through movement, there is no need to guess or assume how movement started.

When matters are moving then the movement can take on different forms (frequency, direction, strength, phase) which would depend on the environment. This movement it translated through inertia to a specific energy (charge).

Opposition

If movements are in harmony (frequency, direction and phase match) then an exchange of energy can take place. Opposition referrers only to the value of the properties of the movement. If the direction or timing is the same (or within limits) but the value is different (+/-) then an adjustment will happen.

In a natural change the change always tries to establish the opposite of what has been. It could also be stated that if energies (movements) are able to change each other then they must be ‘opposites’. If the ‘oppositions’ are equal in every property then the energies (movements) cancel each other to 0.

Passing of energy

The physical passing of energy through mass is the only realistic way energy can be used to provoke changes and growing when nothing else is present than smallest possible masses.

Physical properties

Size, mass, speed of mass, direction of the movement, frequency of the movement, duration and phase of movement

Pressure

Pressure is the effect which colliding masses have on each other if they cannot bind with each other after the collision. They force each other apart according to their physical properties and available empty space. This enlarges the space masses occupy under pressure.

Pressure, which is explained by movement (energy), has many effects in the universe. The most important is that it brings matter together through movement which would otherwise never have met. With other words it keeps the evolution going by keeping up the movement.

Radiation

When a matter, charged with energy (movement), travels through an empty space and collides with another matter than it might pass on this charge to the other matter. In this case the energy was not passed on from matter to matter to traverse the distance but had only one carrier.

Relevant Action

An action which performs something related to what raised a question and therefore reveals the answer.

Reproduction

If an energy is send though an energy ring into an EM and then collected on another one, then there is the possibility, that a sequence of energies was overloaded onto the passing energy by the energy rings through which it was passed on. Which could be used as a blueprint to reproduce the same build up of rings.

Vacuum

A vacuum, termed as a space without pressure (or void of moving matter), is produced by a moving matter which leaves an empty space behind every time it moves into a vacant space.


text:
Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Anxiety

Introduction
Sergeant Bill Bloggs woke up in a cold sweat for the fourth night in a row. His heart was pounding at a hundred miles an hour and the bed linen was all over the floor.

The nightmares began about three weeks after he returned from an operational deployment to Afghanistan with the Special Forces Task Group, and have increased in intensity and regularity. As a Sergeant he was employed as a Section Commander with a Commando Company from the 2nd Commando Regiment, this was his second tour of Afghanistan and he had also deployed to East Timor with the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment ten years earlier. However, the nightmares are centred around an incident during his first deployment to Afghanistan three years ago. He was a Corporal at the time and Second in Command of his Section, one of his soldiers was killed during a contact in the Hajag Provence.

Sergeant Bloggs was standing beside Johno when he was shot, indeed the projectile narrowly missed Sgt Bloggs before entering his mate's chest and exiting through his back, taking a fair chunk of his spine with it. The wound was horrific and Sgt Bloggs remembers the ear piercing scream from his mate as if it was only yesterday. Johno's death was painful but relatively quick, however for Sgt Bloggs the screaming from Johno seemed to last forever.

Sgt Bloggs witnessed his mate's demise from start to finish. Since the nightmares started he has been having emotion laden flash-backs, has been haunted by a massive amount of guilt and has commenced drinking heavily in an attempt to reduce his symptoms and assist with falling asleep. He has also been extremely irritable and incredibly angry, often flying off the handle at the most minor incidents, especially with his children. Their noise in particular drives him into an uncontrollable and intense rage.

Sgt Bloggs' sudden rage is also fuelled by traffic incidents, especially when he perceives another driver as driving erratically or dangerously. He becomes increasingly angry and harbours this anger for hours after each incident. He has begun avoiding crowds and feels very uncomfortable in public places such as at the local shops and the picture theatre. He has become a recluse and hermit, withdrawing to the safety and comfort of his own home. Sgt Bloggs has been on an emotional roller coaster, experiencing immense highs and extreme lows, his feelings are extremely intense and seem to encompass his entire being.

Although the narrative about Sgt Bill Bloggs is fictional it sets the preconditions for gaining an understanding of how anxiety affects emotion. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the current number of Australian War Veterans suffering with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has not been at such levels since the Vietnam era. As such the veteran dynamic is changing and having a direct impact upon Defence and community health infrastructure. The signs and symptoms of PTSD and other anxiety disorders do not affect the sufferer in isolation. There is also a direct impact upon the individual's immediate family (Foa, Zoellner, Feeny, & Alvarez-Conrad; 2002). Indeed, there are additional and subsequent spin-off affects on extended family members and society in general.

The initial segment of the chapter will introduce readers to a general understanding of emotion and to the wider signs and symptoms of anxiety. Secondly, the chapter will look closely at the affects of anxiety on emotion. The third component will focus on a particular anxiety disorder, namely Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The chapter content will be supported by contemporary research and literature and will incorporate interviews, quizzes, interactive activities, images and links to other relevant websites and reference material.

Objectives

The objectives of this chapter are as follows:
 * 1) To gain a general understanding of emotion,
 * 2) To attain an insight into anxiety,
 * 3) To identify how anxiety effects emotion, in terms of;
 * 4) the psychological affects, and
 * 5) the physiological affects,
 * 6) To acquire a familiarisation of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to enable psychology students to understand how the physiological, psychological and social elements of anxiety affect emotion. This is particularly important for students who intend to pursue a career as a clinician but also for students who are interested in a research profession.

Emotion
The study of emotion is a complex and multi-faceted topic, indeed emotion has been widely debated since antiquity, as such there are several theories associated with emotion resulting in several different definitions. There is even a large debate with regard to the exact number of core or basic emotions (Solomon, 2002). This section will provide readers with a general understanding of emotion, however a comprehensive analysis of the core emotions is at Basic/Core Emotions: Ekman. Emotions are defined as "intense, short-lived subjective feelings that initiate action and influence behaviour" (Solomon, 2002). An initial analysis of this definition identifies three key points. Firstly, emotions are intense. Van Boven, White and Huber (2009) state that current emotions have a stronger impact than emotions which have occurred in the past, the explanation for this is that current emotions are more salient and therefore appear to be stronger in intensity. Secondly, emotions are short-lived, lasting up to a maximum of four seconds (Ekman, 1984 as cited in Deckers 2010 & McMakin, Santiago & Shirk, 2009). Finally, emotions guide action and behaviour (Srivastava, McGonigal, Gross, Tamir & John, 2009). Early studies have identified that the core emotions are aligned with specific facial expressions (Ekman & Freisen, 1971; & Ekman & Freisen, 1978). Facial expressions are reported to be innate and are identical around the globe, thus they are not bound by race, religion or culture. Interestingly people who are blind from birth still convey facial expressions in the same manner as individuals with full sight (Fernandez-Dols, Carrera, De Mendoza & Oceja, 2007; & Miyamoto, Ellsworth & Uchida, 2010). A detailed and thorough analysis of the significance of facial expressions with regard to emotion is at Emotion and Facial Expressions.

Basic Emotions and Moods
Emotions are considered to be manifested through experiences, observations and biological determinants (Borelli, David, Anderson, Mayes, Crowley & Sbarra, 2010). As discussed in the aforementioned section, there are a number of models which detail the number and type of core or basic emotions. For example, in their work on emotions and bereavement Coifman & Bonanno make use of eight core emotions: fear, guilt, distress, sadness, happiness, enjoyment, relief and amusement. However, for the sake of conformity, this section will focus on the work of Dr Paul Ekman as described at the Ekman link above. His early research identified six core emotions: anger, Fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise. Ekman hypothesised that the core emotions have evolutionary links which are required for survival, the characteristics he used to guide his formation of emotions are at Basic/Core Emotions: Ekman. His later research identified the additional emotions of contempt, guilt, shame, interest, embarrassment, awe and excitement (Ekman, 1992). He further increased his findings by classifying sensory emotions, namely relief, wonder, ecstasy and bliss (Ekman, 2003). Moods are differentiated from emotions by intensity and temporal measurement. Moods are less intense than emotions but are longer lasting (Velasquez as cited in Canamero, 1998). Emotions have a short life span of seconds where as moods may last for hours. Ekman has not identified anxiety as a core emotion, however it could be regarded as a mood but the evidence to support this is not clear. Primary emotions are regarded as innate and are a response to an internal or external stimulus, whereas secondary emotions are defined as "the product of cognitive processing" (Becker & Wachsmuth as cited in Reichardt, Levi & Meyer, 2006, p.31). Given the definition for emotion, one would draw the conclusion that anxiety is definitely not a primary emotion but may be considered as a secondary emotion. As the next section will identify, anxiety is a disorder that affects cognitive processing.

Action and Behaviour
Emotion serves as a catalyst to energise motives and thus guide behaviour (Srivastava, McGonigal, Gross, Tamir & John, 2009). In this sense emotions prime 'action readiness'. By way of example, fear energises the fight or flight response in individuals. The motivation of fear is to remove oneself from a dangerous situation, the resulting action may result in avoidance, freezing or escaping behaviours. Additionally, the facial expression of sadness signals distress to others and is a non-verbal request for assistance (Trachsel, Gurtner, von Kanel & Grosse Holtforth, 2010).

Section Recap
Emotions are short-lived, intense subjective feelings that initiate action and influence behaviour. The difference between emotions and moods are characterised by intensity and temporal measurement, moods are less intense and may last for hours. Emotions serve to prime the body for action and thus guide behaviour.

Anxiety
In general terms, anxiety is defined as "a state of uneasiness, accompanied by dysphoria and somatic signs and symptoms of tension, focussed on apprehension of possible failure, misfortune, or danger" (Colman, 2006, p.46). Although this definition is overly simplistic it does provide an excellent introduction into the realm of anxiety disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categorises anxiety disorders into specific sub-groups (DSM-IV-TR, 2009). The sub-groups include Panic Disorder, Phobias or Social Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder.

Anxiety Sub-groups
The following definitions of the anxiety sub groups are from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (2009). They provide a simplified understanding of the characteristics of each disorder. "A Panic Disorder is a discrete period in which there is a sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror often associated with feelings of impending doom. Phobias or social anxiety are characterised by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to a specific feared object or situation, often leading to avoidant behaviour. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is characterised by obsessions which cause marked anxiety or distress and/or by compulsions which serve to neutralise anxiety. The Stress Disorders such as PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) are characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma. Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by at least six months of persistent and excessive anxiety and worry" (DSM-IV-TR, 2009, p.429).

Effects of Anxiety
The psychological effects of anxiety comprise excessive worry, restlessness, irritability and difficulty concentrating (DSM-IV-TR, 2009). The physiological symptoms comprise muscle tension, shaking, trembling and muscle aches, soreness and insomnia (DSM-IV-TR). Anxiety influences general health and well-being and has a notable impact upon sleeping patterns (Boden & Prigerson, 2007). Hamilton, Nelson, Stevens and Kitzman (2007) emphasise the importance of sleep hygiene for general well-being and cognitive function. A comprehensive analysis of sleep and emotion is at Emotion and Sleep. In addition, many sufferers experience somatic symptoms such as sweating, nausea and diarrhea combined with elements of autonomic hyperarousal encompassing increased heart rate, shortness of breath and dizziness (DSM-IV-TR). Anxiety also affects specific parts of the brain such as the amygdala with PTSD, the hypothalamus with panic disorder, the hippocampus in women with PTSD, the prefrontal cortex with phobias and the mid brain tectum with panic disorder. Cortisol levels are also heightened in people with anxiety (Kalueff & Nutt, 2007). The next section will identify how anxiety impacts upon emotions.

Section Recap
Anxiety is a disorder that causes extreme worry and uneasiness, it is a complex disorder that is divided into five sub-groups: GAD, stress disorders, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorders. Anxiety manifests in a number of ways including somatic symptoms such as sweating and nausea and general symptoms such as insomnia, accelerated heart rate and muscle tension.

Quick Quiz: Emotion & Anxiety

 * 1) Name three emotions.
 * 2) In your own words, define emotion.
 * 3) In your own words define anxiety.
 * 4) Name the five anxiety disorders (sub-groups).

Impacts
It has been established that emotions initiate action and guide our behaviour and that anxiety is a disorder that has psychological and physiological impacts upon the body. This section will address how anxiety effects emotion. Many people living with an anxiety disorder often report that their emotions are influenced dramatically. In particular, the negative emotions are exacerbated, for instance fear and anger are increased (Marshall, Doron-Lamarca, Niles, Taft, Martin & Warfield, 2010). Increased fear with GAD and the stress disorders often results in an excessive startled response and constant feeling of uneasiness. People with OCD will adopt 'religious' compulsions such as excessive washing or constant checking to mask the effects of their obsessions (DSM-IV-TR, 2009). However, the majority of individuals with anxiety disorders will regularly adopt avoidance strategies in order to minimise the effects of their respective disorder. For example, people with phobias actively avoid the specific element or situation that fuels the phobia such as confined spaces, spiders or heights. Adopting avoidance strategies is maladaptive and evidence suggests that individuals who actively avoid expressing emotions actually hinder coping skills and task performance (Trachsel, Gurtner, von Kanel, & Grosse-Holtforth, 2010). When individuals avoid expressing emotions they will not benefit from the essential outputs of emotion such as guiding behaviour and initiating action (Trachsel et al). For example, being primed to escape from danger.

Early Development
Research suggests that emotion regulation is an extremely important component of childhood development (Davis, Levine, Quas, & Lench, 2010). Psychopathology such as anxiety has been identified in young children and infants. The effect of anxiety inhibits attachment and therefore effects a child's ability to establish peer relationships (Davis et al). In addition, it has been identified that poor attachment and anxiety in children effects emotion regulation and as such hinders performance at school and thus results in learning difficulties (Borelli, David, Anderson, Mayes, Crowley & Sbarra, 2010).

Decision Making and Task Performance
Contemporary research states that emotion plays a significant role in human decision making as emotions are considered to influence subjective evaluations (Heilman, Crisan, Miclea, Miu & Houser, 2010). Anxiety disorders directly effect emotions and cognitions, and as such have been identified to hinder decision making and working memory (Heilman et al & Moon & Lord, 2006). Therefore poor emotion regulation directly impacts upon decision making which often transfers to poor task performance in the workplace, as a parent or as a driver of a motor vehicle (Heilman et al).

Section Recap
The impacts of anxiety on emotion effect individuals in a number of ways. Difficulty with attachment has been identified with infants during early development and anxiety has been reported to inhibit the establishment of social relationships and interaction with strangers (Coifman & Bonanno, 2010). In addition, decision making and working memory is also effected, which translates into poor work or task performance and functioning in general.

Quick Quiz: Effect of Anxiety on Emotion

 * 1) Name two psychological effects of anxiety.
 * 2) Name three physiological effects of anxiety.
 * 3) Identify two ways in which anxiety effects emotion.
 * 4) Identify an area of the brain effected by anxiety.
 * 5) Is mindfulness an effective treatment for anxiety?

Part Three: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not a new concept with regard to exposure to traumatic life events, the signs of PTSD have been mentioned in ancient scripts and medieval texts. In more recent times such as World War I individuals presenting with the signs and symptoms of PTSD were diagnosed with shell shock as there was a correlation between sufferers and exposure to intense artillery bombardments.

During World War II, the term shell shock was replaced with the diagnosis of battle fatigue. The contemporary term of PTSD came in to prominence after the Vietnam War as there were a significant number of veterans presenting with the condition. However, it is important to note that anyone can be diagnosed with this disorder whether exposed to assault, sexual assault or in motor vehicle accidents for example (DSM-IV-TR, 2009; & Foa, Zoellner, Feeny, Hembree & Alvarez-Conrad, 2002).

Signs and Symptoms of PTSD
The signs and symptoms of PTSD are varied among different individuals, however the most common symptoms reported are flashbacks, hypervigilance, sleep disturbance, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, anhedonia, feeling flat, avoiding activities and thoughts, irritability, outbursts of anger and poor memory (DSM-IV-TR, 2009; & Wilcox, 2010). A full list of signs and symptoms is in the text box below. An additional list of signs and symptoms specific to military PTSD are at Department of Veteran's Affairs and Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service. The most common comorbidities associated with PTSD are alcohol dependence, smoking, illicit drug use and problem gambling (Cook, Jakupcak, Rosenheck, Fontana, & McFall, 2009; & DSM-IV-TR). In addition the sufferer also inevitably is diagnosed with general anxiety symptoms and depression (DSM-IV-TR).

Effects of PTSD on Emotion
Individuals report that the effects of PTSD upon emotion are significant, such as increased levels of fear and anger (Marshall, Doron-Lamarca, Niles, Taft, Martin & Warfield, 2010). Increased fear often results in an excessive startled response which translates into hypervigilance. Hypervigilance is defined as "an increased state or condition of being excessively alert and overly attentive" (Colman, 2006, p. 801). Sufferers report sitting near exits when in public and occupying seats with their backs to the wall to ensure that they have a full view of the room. They also report feeling excessively uneasy when in crowds are public places such as shopping malls and sporting arenas. Anger is especially exaggerated and out of proportion whenever an individual feels uneasy or threatened. Sufferers describe their anger 'fuse' as almost non-existent and launching into an uncontrollable rage (Marshall et al, 2010).

Biopsychosocial Effects
The physiological effects on the individual include hypertension or high blood pressure which increases the sufferers risk of developing heart disease. Excessive alcohol consumption and extensive use of prescription medication can also impair the liver (Magruder & Yeager, 2009). The brain is also directly affected, serotonin is produced in small amounts and therefore is required to be substituted by pharmaceuticals and the amygdala is also impaired. The impaired amygdala is responsible for the increased level of fear and uncontrollable anger experienced by individuals with PTSD. The psychological effects have been previously mentioned, namely depression, general anxiety, suicide ideation and in certain cases homicidal ideation (DSM-IV-TR, 2009). The social effects include an indirect impact upon the community health infrastructure and a significant financial burden on the state and federal governments.

The effects of PTSD are not isolated to the individual, immediate family members such as spouses and children often present with similar symptoms to PTSD and are often diagnosed with secondary PTSD (Wilcox, 2010). The Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service is an organisation that provides specific PTSD management for Defence members and their families. The VVCS website is at Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service. The organisation provides face to face counselling for individuals and their families, and conducts group courses for veterans such as managing anxiety, anger management and relationship work shops.

Section Recap
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that is manifested by witnessing or experiencing traumatic events where life is directly or perceived to be threatened. Although PTSD is usually associated with war veterans as portrayed in contemporary media, any individual within society may be susceptible to the condition. For example, individuals who are victim to a violent assault or sexual assault. People who have been in horrific motor vehicle, train or plane accidents may also develop PTSD. The signs and symptoms are extensive, including irritability, hypervigilance, poor memory and flashbacks. Comorbidities include alcohol abuse, smoking, illicit drug use, gambling, general anxiety and depression. The impacts of PTSD effect the individual directly which subsequently translates to the sufferers immediate and extended family and society in general.

Quick Quiz: PTSD

 * 1) Name three symptoms of PTSD.
 * 2) Name a comorbidity.
 * 3) PTSD is a mood disorder. True / False
 * 4) PTSD only affects soldiers in combat. True / False
 * 5) PTSD was formerly known as shell shock or  _________________.

Conclusion
Emotions are regarded as intense, short-lived subjective feelings that initiate action and guide behaviour (Solomon, 2002) and are manifested through experiences, observations and biological factors (Borelli, David, Anderson, Mayes, Crowley & Sbarra, 2010). Dr Paul Ekman identified six core emotions: anger, Fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise and hypothesised that emotions have evolutionary links. His later research identified the additional core emotions and sensory emotions as follows: contempt, guilt, shame, interest, embarrassment, awe and excitement (Ekman, 1992) and relief, wonder, ecstasy and bliss (Ekman, 2003). Moods are differentiated from emotions by intensity and temporal measurement. Moods are less intense than emotions but are longer lasting (Velasquez as cited in Canamero, 1998). Primary emotions are regarded as innate and are a response to an internal or external stimulus, whereas secondary emotions are defined as "the product of cognitive processing" (Becker & Wachsmuth as cited in Reichardt, Levi & Meyer, 2006, p.31). Given the definition for emotion, one would draw the conclusion that anxiety is definitely not a primary emotion but may be considered as a secondary emotion.

In general terms, anxiety is defined as "a state of uneasiness, accompanied by disphoria and somatic signs and symptoms of tension, focussed on apprehension of possible failure, misfortune, or danger" (Colman, 2006, p.46). It is a disorder that causes extreme worry and uneasiness, and is divided into five sub-groups: GAD, stress disorders, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorders. Anxiety manifests in a number of ways including somatic symptoms such as sweating and nausea and general symptoms such as insomnia, accelerated heart rate and muscle tension. Many people living with an anxiety disorder often report that their emotions are influenced dramatically and effects them in a number of ways. Difficulty with attachment has been identified with infants during early development and anxiety has been reported to inhibit the establishment of social relationships and interaction with strangers (Coifman & Bonanno, 2010). Adopting avoidant strategies to minimise the effects of the disorder or implementing compulsions to mask obsessions. In addition, decision making and working memory is also effected, which translates into poor work or task performance.

PTSD is an anxiety disorder that is manifested by witnessing or experiencing traumatic events where life is directly or perceived to be threatened. Although PTSD is usually associated with war veterans as portrayed in contemporary media, any individual within society may be susceptible to the condition. For example, individuals who are victim to a violent assault or sexual assault. People who have been in horrific motor vehicle, train or plane accidents may also develop PTSD. The signs and symptoms are extensive, including irritability, hypervigilance, poor memory and flashbacks. Comorbidities include alcohol abuse, smoking, illicit drug use, gambling, general anxiety and depression. The impacts of PTSD effect the individual directly which subsequently translates to the sufferers immediate and extended family and society in general.

Activity 1
Can you identify someone's emotion from looking at their facial expression in a photograph in the newspaper or on TV? Give it a try.

Activity 2
Have you ever felt incredibly anxious? If so, did this heightened level of anxiety effect your emotions?

In what way? Please describe in a few sentences.

Activity 3
Talk to a friend about an event you went to on the weekend. BUT, you are not able to use words containing the letters i or o. For example you can't use I, it must be substituted with we or my. You cant use road, maybe you could substitute track or trail. This will be frustrating to say the least. Try to identify what effect this will have on your emotions.

{{Hide in print|

Media

 * 1) Aussie Diggers PTSD Doco Part 1
 * 2) Aussie Diggers PTSD Part 2
 * 3) Aussie Diggers PTSD Part 3
 * 4) Sandra is 17 and lives with anxiety
 * 5) Todd is a veteran with PTSD

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Glossary
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD): A transient anxiety disorder following exposure to a traumatic event, with a similar pattern of symptoms to PTSD (see below) plus dissociation but occurring within four weeks of the traumatic event.

Anxiety: A state of uneasiness, accompanied by disphoria and somatic signs and symptoms of tension, focussed on apprehension of possible failure, misfortune, or danger (Colman, 2006, p.46).

Depression: A mood (1) state of sadness, gloom, and pessimistic ideation, with loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, accompanied in severe cases by anorexia and consequent weight loss (Colman, 2006, p.2020).

DSM-IV TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.

DVA: Department of Veterans' Affairs.

Emotion: Any short term evaluative, affective, intentional, psychological state, including happiness, sadness, disgust and other inner feelings (Colman, 2006, p.248).

Flashback: A recurrence of a memory, or the experience of reliving an episode from the past (Colman, 2006, p.287).

Hypervigilance: An increased state or condition of being excessively alert and overly attentive (Colman, 2006, p.801).

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): An anxiety disorder arising as a delayed and protracted response after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others (Colman, 2006, p.589).

RSL: Returned and Services League

Sgt/SGT: Military rank, Sergeant

VVCS: Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service (formerly- Vietnam Veterans Counselling Service)

VVF: Vietnam Veterans Federation {{Hide in print|

Answers to Quizzes
Emotion & Emotion

1. Name three emotions.

Any of the following: Sadness fear happiness guilt shame anger joy awe relief love surprise

2. In your own words, define emotion.

Emotions are intense, short-lived subjective feelings that initiate action and guide behaviour

3. In your own words define anxiety.

state of uneasiness, accompanied by disphoria and somatic signs and symptoms of tension, focussed on apprehension of possible failure, misfortune, or danger

4. Name the five anxiety disorders (sub-groups).

Panic disorder, Stress Disorder, Phobias or social anxiety, OCD, GAD

Effect of Anxiety on Emotion

1. Name two psychological effects of anxiety.

Any of the following: Irritability, restlessness, excessive worry, uneasiness, difficulty concentrating

2. Name three physiological effects of anxiety.

Any of the following: Low serotonin, increased cortisol, insomnia, sweating, nausea, shaking, trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea, twitching, soreness, accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness,

3. Identify two ways in which anxiety effects emotion.

Any of the following: Emotion regulation, cognition, job/task performance, decision making

4. Identify an area of the brain effected by anxiety.

Any of the following: Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mid brain tectum

5. Is mindfulness an effective treatment for anxiety?

Yes

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

1. Name three symptoms of PTSD.

Any of the following: Avoid thoughts and feelings, avoid activities and places, impaired memory, anhedonia, feeling detached or flat, sense of a foreshortened future, difficulty sleeping, poor concentration, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response

2. Name a comorbidity.

Any of the following: Anxiety, depression, alcohol dependence, smoking, illicit drug use, gambling

3. PTSD is a mood disorder. False

4. PTSD only affects soldiers in combat. False

5. PTSD was formerly known as shell shock or  battle fatigue.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Egm6321.f10.team03/Homework1

=Problem 1= =Problem 2= =Problem 3= =Problem 4= To be completed by Roark/Cook.

Subsection 1
Placeholder

Estimated time of completion sub-subsection
ETC Thursday, 9SEP10 =Problem 5= =Notes/References=

title: User:Egm6321.f10.team03/Homework1


text:
WikipediaOS/Meritocracy as a Decision-Making system

Hypothesis
''In both Wikipedia and Open Source development environments, contributors have a task-driven reputation (they "are" what they "do" for improving parts of the system). Obtaining trust from more experienced participants is mainly what allows them to participate wider, with higher levels of responsibility''.

Votes/comments

 * In this case, newwies may need to prove their experience more heavily for program developing than for editing wiki pages --Esenabre 13:04, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think most of the time I agree. Though I also think other factors like sponsorship (money, ...) play also a role in giving tasks (somehow MeeGo is associated right now, need to ponder more). Erkan Yilmaz 17:55, 19 January 2011 uses the Chat


text:
Nvivo

Qualitative research seeks out the why, not the how of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information things like interview transcripts, emails, notes, feedback forms, photos and videos. It doesn't just rely on statistics or numbers, which are the domain of quantitative researchers.

You might be a student, a sociologist, a healthcare worker, a business analyst or a marketer. You might not even consider yourself a researcher. But if you're analyzing audio, videos, pictures or documents, then chances are you're involved in qualitative research.

Qualitative research software like NVivo, helps people to manage, shape and make sense of unstructured information. It doesn't do the thinking for you; it provides a sophisticated workspace that enables you to work through your information.

Collecting and analyzing this unstructured information can be messy and time consuming using manual methods. When faced with volumes of materials, finding themes and extracting meaning can be a daunting task.

title: Nvivo