text:
Horses, Tractors, and Vans/Chapter II

London before The Great Exhibition
Soho - Holborn – London’s Markets – Building the Canals – The Great Exhibition –  The Railway Age – Street Sellers – Chimney Sweeps -  Sutton Street - London’s economy – Factory Acts – City Life – The Metropolitan Railway – Servant Life – Martha’s Laundry – Atlas Omnibus – Street Vendors.

When Thomas, my great-grandfather, arrived in London, he settled in Soho - which was a popular living area and meeting place for the immigrant Irish. He had to take care not to be exposed to ‘the Irish fever’, probably typhus, which one thousand Londoners died from in 1847. Epidemics occurred several times between 1840s and 70s. It was this health risk, which persuaded Thomas to up sticks and move to Holborn still working as a whitesmith. Holborn then was a far more congenial place. As was the custom, his eldest son was called Thomas, and his brother Alfred, my grandfather, was born in 1854. Most of the meat bought and sold, to be consumed by Londoners, came from the principle market at Smithfield - where in two days of average trade saw 5,000 cattle, 30,000 sheep and 2,000 pigs traded. They all had to be herded there and driven away when sold... through the busy streets, whether in frost or snow, sun or rain, driven with shouts and calls by the drovers - to the excited screams of the watching children, keeping clear of the long horned cattle and butting rams. It was a scene that had hardly changed for generations. In Regents Park and Hyde Park, opened to the public in the 1840s, the wealthy drove along the avenues in their carriages served by powdered attendants displaying their beautiful horses and splendid accoutrements... past herds of cattle, sheep and goats, whilst the populace went about their normal business - with elegant women in satin and lace twirling their parasols. A scene that emphasised the difference, not only between the several layers of social structure, but also demonstrated the uncaring attitude they had for what was happening in Ireland - in a land controlled by accident, birthright, eviction and brutality. Many of these monied people were living from rents gained from their holdings in Ireland – the absentee landlords.

Back in Ireland in the mid and latter part of nineteenth century, the state was still ‘a source of great anxiety to the English parliament.’ Ireland had been invaded and conquered several times but never mastered. It was still hostile to England, even more so after the famine. The remaining clan members based around the ancient family lands in the Ormond’s’ suffered like everyone else by the potato famine. Bands of starving men roamed the county, begging for food, trying to find work. In Nenagh, County Tipperary, the Board of Works Inspecting Officer, reported, “Gentlemen from Relief Committees are continually filling up places for work to the extent that there are no places left and people are dying from hunger.” Mr Bayly, Chairman of the Board of Guardians, was attacked... and now fearful of being shot! The town was in uproar. The 8th. Royal Irish Hussars provided an escort for the Judge of Assizes; they were only allowed to pass through the barricades one at a time. The Bishop of Killaloe refused to take action and led twenty parishes, amongst them Kilkeary, into armed insurrection.

The full force of the potato famine was experienced in Ireland, not only did this slow the recent population growth but further prompted immigration. The potato blight left much of the agricultural community without their basic food. The British government’s efforts to bring about relief were very inadequate and between one and 1.5 million people died. Queen Victoria was averse to declaring a public Day of Fast in 1847 for the famine in Ireland. The Government decided to advise her that it would be a proper gesture. The 1854 ‘Day of Humiliation’ was the only Fast Day.

In the later half of the nineteenth century, Kilkeary Parish covered an area of 2,272 statute acres, which provided for a population of 345 inhabitants made up out of 59 families. Prior to the Great Famine, as numerated, there were 698 persons all told divided up from an equal number of families. The old Kilkeary School stood on land owned by the Cash family less than half a mile from Kilkeary Cross.

Between 1841 and 1911, 1 million individuals left Ireland for British cities. There was little choice: it was either selective depopulation by frantic emigration or fever and death by staying put. Eventually many of the remaining O’Ciardha clan left as immigrants - boarding ship to Liverpool eventually move to London, which held the greatest number, followed by Glasgow and Cardiff. The remainder boarded ship bound for the new colonies. Children aged nine or ten still worked a full twelve hour day and women worked on the land, their children looked after by others workers in turn, even in the vilest of weathers.

After the worst of the potato famine was over the reduced population became better able to support itself. Gradually the harvests improved as the land became reworked. The number of children born to a marriage in Ireland was always high. The couples were mostly young which gave rise to high fertility. After the Famine, the rate of marriage fell, as did the fertility – well below that of Britain. The later marriage and greater control spaced children apart. Couples making joint decisions about the size of their families, according to what they could afford. Increased health education and a greater knowledge about illnesses improved the mortality rate. Some people were now living to fifty and it was felt morbidity started to increase as the mortality rate decreased.

There was a move towards starting a new life abroad, particularly to America. Eventually America held a greater number of Irish - more than Ireland itself, and this was particularly true of the Kearey family. Still, we are concerned here with that part of the family, which chose England to make a new start, those who used the ‘K’ and ‘ey’ form of spelling. Even within families, some chose Keary others Ceary, whilst their elders retained their Gaelic inheritance of O’Ciardha.

My grandfather Alfred Kearey was born 13th. April 1854, in Sutton Street, Kensington. He was the third son of Thomas and Hannah, nee Raybould. His eldest brother was named Thomas in accordance with family tradition, which went back many centuries; he was the last ‘eldest son’ to be so named. Giving up this tradition demonstrates the need to cast off any connection with the past. Any recognition or acceptance, of past allegiances washed away - to start afresh and take onboard a new life, which London had to offer. This casting off, of their roots went beyond merely changing their name... they mentally rejected all that was Irish.

It was during Alfred’s time at school that he witnessed the almost total development of the entire railway network servicing London. It was this expansion of the railways, after the building of the canals, which soaked up the Irish migrant workers. Steam tugs started to arrive on the Thames in 1848. The hay and straw for London’s vast horse population came down the river in barges with the tide. Those same barges were loaded with manufactured goods to take them to the ships lying beyond the bridges in the Pool of London, where clipper ships were moored.

The mainline stations were like palaces catering for vast crowds of excited travellers. The railways became a conduit of communication and commerce. One hundred thousand people were displaced in the process of construction. When he left school, Alfred as apprenticed as a house painter and stainer, a skill that was in great demand… London was experiencing a massive growth in land development. It was only a few years before that London Bridge Station was opened shortly before Euston. It was a time of enormous expansion to the extent that 6.7 per cent of British income was invested in railway shares. Fenchurch Street station was the first station to be built within the city. By 1852, King’s Cross was opened sixteen years before St Pancras and by 1870 the main railway network had spread all over England.

In 1861, there were one hundred and seventy eight thousand Irish immigrants in London - nearly all of them were Catholics accommodated in concentrations based around Holborn, St. Giles, Whitechapel, and Southwark. Nine years later, there were more Catholics in London and Rome than in Dublin. Engels described London as having ‘indescribable’, ‘countless ships’, ‘endless lines of vehicles’, hundreds of steamers’, and hundreds of thousands of ‘streets, classes, alleys and courts’, all with a ‘nameless misery’. In the 1871 census, there were nearly two million servants in London. It is not surprising to learn that the railways ran where the poor lived. The inhabitants were suddenly uprooted, whole streets were dispossessed, no suitable accommodation was available. The Metropolitan Railway destroyed 1,000 houses in the slums, which made homeless 20,000. This caused considerable unrest until housing societies were started. Peabody Buildings in Holborn, and Farringdon, was opened in 1864; they were five-stories high, round a central courtyard. Later there were estates in Islington, Shadwell and Chelsea, and more built during the following ten-years.

The first water closets were installed around the time of The Great Exhibition, in 1851…within half a dozen years 200,000 were flowing – previously earth closets or buckets were used to be emptied by the night-soil men who emptied the cesspits selling the contents to farmers on the outskirts of the city. Like the dustmen, the job could be financially worthwhile and sometimes double the rate charged for night's work. Refuse was removed by the two-man teams shouting ‘dust oy-eh’ loading up their high-sided carts to be deposited at the dust-yards. It was at the dust-yards that sifters worked; teams of women, sorting out the rubbish for the result to be sold-on, nothing of any value was thrown away. Men ruled the household and controlled the family’s fortunes… wives supported their husbands as their only source of wellbeing. Men were out at work whilst their partners maintained the home and family - made the decisions that made up their social circle. Both Hannah, my great grandmother, and Martha my grandmother, were strong characters and strict disciplinarians who supported their husbands. The houses their large families lived in were rented, as were the majority of properties. People either paid weekly rents or were offered leases. 90% of all accommodation was lived in under these conditions and it was considered ‘useful’ to be able to move at a moments notice. The houses were small, which demanded good housekeeping and disciplined order – the pattern to life was set by class traditions and habits.

This was a time of expansion in all trades for more houses were being built to house the vast numbers of new city dwellers and these houses in the main were terraced, where you could not tell one house from the next. There was a gradual movement away from the city centre into the suburbs not only to seek fresh air but ‘a better way of life’. Victorian life was one of segregation and classification; home was seen as apart, private, and guarded. Local municipal regulations stipulated certain standards for street planning, parks, community amenities, and building details. There was an enormous difference between the social classes all living within a few hundred yards of each other. This was a time the streets were filled with an incessant stream of horse-drawn, motor driven and steam propelled traffic all limited to twelve miles per hour. There were no traffic lights, one-way streets circles, or rights-of-way it was all subject to the rate of the horse and its vagaries. The omnibuses were mainly for the middle-classes where women travelled inside and the men climbed a ladder to sit on a bench seat on the top…later versions had a staircase inside which led to the exposed roof.

There were two kinds of omnibuses, the light-green Atlas and the dark-green City Atlas. The light green, with two horses in hand, served particular routes with a first class compartment. The dark-green ran a return journey every hour…both had iron-shod wheels and curtains at the windows. The driver clad in his old-fashioned cape and tall felt hat, driving three horses abreast in bad weather, carried a load of twenty-two passengers under cover from Paddington, via the Yorkshire Stingo, to the Bank. A newspaper was provided to pass the time of day and the conductor called the route. He stood to the left of the door holding onto his strap signalling to the driver by banging on the roof. One of his jobs was to bend down and help women with their whalebone hoops onto the step and through the narrow doorway. A women’s clothing weighed almost forty pounds and when it became saturated with rain, it was difficult to walk. The men passengers who climbed the iron ladder and sat on the ‘knife-board’ a central bench running lengthways either side of a backrest. Passengers sat back-to-back with their feet against the roofs edge, on a footboard. It was no joy for women either: they had to contend with parasols, umbrellas sticks, canes, and numerous parcels. The rumbling, swaying, jerking, and jolting set your-teeth-on-edge: the possibility of fleas, nits, colds, crushed toes and pickpockets all contributed to an uncomfortable experience. There were a number of turnpike gates that had to be negotiated – one at Marylebone another at Lisson Grove and a third at Great Portland Street. It was possible to stop the omnibus at any point along the route. There was no fixed charge and speed sacrificed for profit. ‘pea-souper’ fogs – which were plentiful – which further slowed progress continually interrupted what timetables were attempted. Even when there was no visible fog the soot, particles of burnt coal swirled in the air, created a diffused light and soiled clothing.

Traffic jams were a daily nuisance. The passage of animals and scurrying cabs made reasonable progress impossible. Paths and pavements were forever congested to the extent that they became so smooth that workers were engaged to roughen them. There were nearly eighty main toll-bars and a hundred minor ones – charges mainly paid by tradesmen; tolls were not removed until 1864. The main roads were faced with granite blocks [setts] later replaced with tarred blocks, which proved dangerous under water or in winter frosts. Street seller abounded selling baked-potatoes, oysters, sheep’s trotters or stewed eels. The butchers and their assistants were always recognisable in their stripped, blue, and white aprons and smocks. They would be taking their orders for the day. Later, the butchers’ boys would deliver the order with the customers name skewered to the joint. The baker delivered his pies, buns and bread daily and the milkman conveyed his milk by yoked pail; potboys sold beer. There were orange sellers near theatres, pie-men, sherbet sellers, muffin-men, cockles, and mussels, cats meat men, watercress came from Camden Town and watered by running water from the River Fleet, cherries and strawberry girls, herbs, apples, matches, sandwiches and flower girls. It was normal to have eight-year-old girls clad in a thin cotton dress, with an equally thin shawl round her shoulders, out in all weathers selling produce off a tray slung round her neck. Shoeblacks, dripping sellers and knife-grinders; chairs were mended on the street, pots were beaten and soldered and sweeps shouted that their boys ‘climbed narrower chimneys’. Many of these vendors had their own calls by voice and bell. The street sweepers were employed by the parish - to give some employment to otherwise idle youths, foundlings and those poor unfortunates who were disabled. Sometimes they worked in pairs sweeping the horse droppings and waste into piles to be picked up later by a horse and cart. All roads were attended to for the waste was sold to farms skirting the city boundary. It was a scene of fevered activity, when not a moment was lost, to service the impatient client.

By the 1880s barrel organs, piano organs and the hurdy-gurdy man accompanied by his monkey, played in the streets. Dancing bears and performing dogs and the one-man-band who clashed his cymbals. The Punch and Judy man - The Puppeteer, visited their handed down pitch on a set rotation. The organ grinder travelled to wherever a crowd gathered – usually outside the theatres.

Water was only piped for mass use in the 1850s. It came from the mains supply in the street by lead pipes into the scullery or kitchen. The supply was intermittent - early on in its inception, the water ran for only one hour every day, three days a week and never on Sundays. It was not until the turn of the century that a constant supply was available on demand. Many children went bare footed sleeping in alleyways, beneath bridges and under railway arches. The Metropolitan or Underground railway had carriages lit by gas lamps, the tracks provided a smooth and comfortable journey compared to the swaying jerking progress of a horse drawn carriage. The stations, platforms, and bridges mainly built of brick, as were the embankments and tunnels. The provision of construction material carted to the various sites for railways use competed with material for house construction. It was a massive undertaking making the already overcrowded city into an even greater hive of industry.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the middle and upper classes could not have existed without servants… from maids-of-all-work upwards to cook, governess and housekeeper. For men: both in or out of livery, gardener, footmen, coachmen, and butler. One in six women were servants and a high percentage were hired on a daily basis.

title: Horses, Tractors, and Vans/Chapter II


text:
User talk:Gabrielleblair

 Hello Gabrielleblair, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 11:25, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 14:56, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gabrielleblair


text:
User:Colleen.fourie

I am South African. I live on a small farm in a valley below the Magaliesberg with nine dogs. I am an artist, specialising in landscapes, cartoons and fantasy art. I am hoping to brush up on my languages with Wikiversity; I started school in England,at a French School, then moved to Germany, then attended boarding school in Holland. From there I came back to South Africa, where I learned Afrikaans. I finished school in Argentina!

However, over the years my knowledge, such as it was, has faded and I am hoping to study these languages again. I can read French but I can't pronounce it, and German grammar always defeated me as a child as I never had any real book-learning of it. I learned to speak it from speaking it without knowing WHY I was saying what I was saying - much as a baby learns its mother-tongue.

title: User:Colleen.fourie


text:
Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Emotion/List

{{Hide in print|

List of specific emotion words
}} {{Hide in print|
 * 1) Abhorrent
 * 2) Accepting
 * 3) Affectionate
 * 4) Afraid
 * 5) Agitated
 * 6) Agonised
 * 7) Aggravated
 * 8) Aggressive
 * 9) Aggrieved
 * 10) Alarmed
 * 11) Alert
 * 12) Alienated
 * 13) Alone
 * 14) Amazed
 * 15) Amused
 * 16) Angry
 * 17) Anguished
 * 18) Annoyed
 * 19) Anticipatory
 * 20) Anhedonic
 * 21) Anxious
 * 22) Apathetic
 * 23) Apoplectic
 * 24) Appalled
 * 25) Apprehensive
 * 26) Aroused
 * 27) Ashamed
 * 28) Astonished
 * 29) Astounded
 * 30) At ease
 * 31) Attentive
 * 32) Awestruck
 * 33) Awkward
 * 34) Baffled
 * 35) Befuddled
 * 36) Bemused
 * 37) Bewildered
 * 38) Bewitched
 * 39) Bitter
 * 40) Blameworthy
 * 41) Blissful
 * 42) Blue
 * 43) Bold
 * 44) Bored
 * 45) Bothered
 * 46) Burdened
 * 47) Calm
 * 48) Cantankerous
 * 49) Caring
 * 50) Cheeky
 * 51) Cheerful
 * 52) Combative
 * 53) Compassionate
 * 54) Concerned
 * 55) Confident
 * 56) Confused
 * 57) Consternated
 * 58) Contemptuous
 * 59) Contented
 * 60) Contentious
 * 61) Courageous
 * 62) Crestfallen
 * 63) Crushed
 * 64) Curious
 * 65) Daring
 * 66) Defeated
 * 67) Defensive
 * 68) Defiant
 * 69) Delighted
 * 70) Depressed
 * 71) Desired
 * 72) Desirous
 * 73) Despairing
 * 74) Determined
 * 75) Disappointed
 * 76) Discombobulated
 * 77) Discontented
 * 78) Discouraged
 * 79) Disgusted
 * 80) Disillusioned
 * 81) Dismayed
 * 82) Dispirited
 * 83) Dissatisfied
 * 84) Distracted
 * 85) Distressed
 * 86) Downhearted
 * 87) Doubtful
 * 88) Drained
 * 89) Dreading
 * 90) Drowsy
 * 91) Dumbstruck
 * 92) Dysphoric
 * 93) Eager
 * 94) Ecstatic
 * 95) Elated
 * 96) Embarrassed
 * 97) Empathic
 * 98) Encouraged
 * 99) Energetic
 * 100) Enlightened
 * 101) Enraged
 * 102) Enthralled
 * 103) Enthusiastic
 * 104) Envious
 * 105) Euphoric
 * 106) Exasperated
 * 107) Excited
 * 108) Exhilarated
 * 109) Exposed
 * 110) Fascinated
 * 111) Fearful
 * 112) Fearless
 * 113) Flabbergasted
 * 114) Flamboyant
 * 115) Flowing
 * 116) Flummoxed
 * 117) Forgiving
 * 118) Frightened
 * 119) Frustrated
 * 120) Furious
 * 121) Glad
 * 122) Gleeful
 * 123) Gloatrage
 * 124) Gloomy
 * 125) Gluckschmerz
 * 126) Glum
 * 127) Gobsmacked
 * 128) Grateful
 * 129) Greedy
 * 130) Grieving
 * 131) Grouchy
 * 132) Grumpy
 * 133) Guilty
 * 134) Hangry
 * 135) Happy
 * 136) Harassed
 * 137) Hassled
 * 138) Heartbroken
 * 139) Hopeful
 * 140) Horrified
 * 141) Hostile
 * 142) Humble
 * 143) Humiliated
 * 144) Humorous
 * 145) Hurt
 * 146) Hysterical
 * 147) Impatient
 * 148) Indifferent
 * 149) Infatuated
 * 150) Insecure
 * 151) Insightful
 * 152) Inspired
 * 153) Insulted
 * 154) Interested
 * 155) Intimidated
 * 156) Intrigued
 * 157) Irritable
 * 158) Isolated
 * 159) Jealous
 * 160) Jittery
 * 161) Jolly
 * 162) Jovial
 * 163) Joyful
 * 164) Jubilant
 * 165) Lively
 * 166) Livid
 * 167) Loathing
 * 168) Lonely
 * 169) Longing
 * 170) Loving
 * 171) Lustful
 * 172) Mad
 * 173) Malicious
 * 174) Melancholic
 * 175) Merry
 * 176) Mesmerised
 * 177) Mirthful
 * 178) Miserable
 * 179) Morose
 * 180) Mortified
 * 181) Mudita
 * 182) Nasty
 * 183) Nauseous
 * 184) Nervous
 * 185) Obnoxious
 * 186) Optimistic
 * 187) Outraged
 * 188) Overcome
 * 189) Overloaded
 * 190) Panicked
 * 191) Paranoid
 * 192) Pessimistic
 * 193) Pestered
 * 194) Piteous
 * 195) Playful
 * 196) Pleased
 * 197) Pleasured
 * 198) Ponderous
 * 199) Powerful
 * 200) Powerless
 * 201) Proud
 * 202) Provoked
 * 203) Puzzled
 * 204) Qualm
 * 205) Rapturous
 * 206) Rattled
 * 207) Regretful
 * 208) Rejected
 * 209) Relaxed
 * 210) Relieved
 * 211) Remorseful
 * 212) Resentful
 * 213) Revulsed
 * 214) Riled
 * 215) Sad
 * 216) Satisfied
 * 217) Scared
 * 218) Schadenfreude
 * 219) Scornful
 * 220) Self-piteous
 * 221) Seeking
 * 222) Serene
 * 223) Shaky
 * 224) Sheepish
 * 225) Shocked
 * 226) Shy
 * 227) Sleepy
 * 228) Sorrowful
 * 229) Stressed
 * 230) Strong
 * 231) Surgent
 * 232) Suspenseful
 * 233) Surprised
 * 234) Sympathetic
 * 235) Teary
 * 236) Tenacious
 * 237) Tense
 * 238) Terrified
 * 239) Thankful
 * 240) Thrilled
 * 241) Thunderstruck
 * 242) Tickled Pink
 * 243) Timid
 * 244) Tired
 * 245) Tormented
 * 246) Triumphant
 * 247) Trusting
 * 248) Uncomfortable
 * 249) Uneasy
 * 250) Uppity
 * 251) Upset
 * 252) Vindicated
 * 253) Vindictive
 * 254) Vital
 * 255) Weary
 * 256) Wistful
 * 257) Woeful
 * 258) Wondering
 * 259) Worried
 * 260) Wrathful
 * 261) Unhappy
 * 262) Zealous
 * 263) Zesty


text:
User talk:Mia~enwikiversity

 Hello Mia, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. Jtneill - Talk - c 12:57, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

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Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:57, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mia~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mia~enwikiversity


text:
Horses, Tractors, and Vans/Chapter III

Victorian schooldays
Kensington Gardens – Parochial Schools – Salem Gardens – Vicar of London – Lord Mayor’s Vicar – The Sutton family in Sutton Place – The Working Class – The Royal Parks – St Matthew’s School – Moscow Road - The Church of England.

There are many accounts about the living conditions and social life of Victorian Britain. All are very interesting but far too general. We are concerned with northwest London, around Bayswater and Paddington, just north of Kensington Gardens. This was the period that introduced the Kearey’s’ to this place, just after The Great Exhibition. It was on the outskirts of the city... there were green fields - not far away, with: farms, hedges, woods, trees, and all the delights of the country.

Bayswater or Bayswatering as spelt on Rocque’s 1748 map lies due south of Christ Church, in the parish that contained St. James Church - built and made parochial in 1845. It was new, being partially rebuilt with the exception of the tower and spire. The pest house, indicated so prominently on the map, was almost on the site of Craven Terrace Chapel, just up the street. Lord Craven gave a site at Soho, to be used as a burial ground, and knowing the problems faced by the citizens during the plague of 1665, land for a cottage hospital too. The streets of Paddington were not conveniently built having to walk the whole length for the lack of a side street - before moving to a parallel terrace. Further, northwards, on the west side of Petersburgh Place is the church of St, Matthew, built with a very high spire consecrated on May 20th 1882 - a church that had stalls and seating for a congregation of 1,550, of which 355 were available free.

The Borough boundary turns out of Kensington Gardens into Palace Gardens crossing the Bayswater Road... travels northwards, between Ossington Street and Clanricarde Gardens, which lies just north of Moscow Road. A Greek church stands impressively by, being given the name of St. Sophia, built of red brick with a high central dome... It reminds one of a storybook picture of a Russian church. Close by, a small Baptist chapel, neat and compact, fitted in between houses - to be built at the back of Porchester Gardens. Moving across Queen’s Road, there stands St. Matthew’s Parochial School. Built in 1831, found not large enough - then enlarged - losing most of its playground,in 1861. Further northwards, in Queen’s Road, are the large buildings housing Paddington Public Baths and Washhouses.

Alfred Kearey courted and married Martha Sutton, born 11th July 1857, who was named after her mother. Both of her grandfathers were vicars in London. In the first nineteen years they had ten children... starting their married life in a small terraced house - 5 Salem Gardens, Bayswater, just off Moscow Road, and Queensway [Queen’s Road] - opposite Olympia.

Martha’s father, William Sutton, was a trained carpenter. His father, also named William, died in 1870, in office, as a Vicar in London. William had his carpenter’s shop at the bottom of the garden - making doors and windows. They had two sons and seven daughters. One of the sons was also named William joined the Royal Marines at Deal and took part in the Egyptian War in 1883. He was wounded and invalidated out of the service, dying less than ten years after returning home. The remaining son and five of the daughters married at an early age, leaving daughters Emma and Tottie at home to help their mother.

Martha had been a trained schoolteacher, managing on a very low income. In Victorian society, it was frowned on for woman teachers to be married, so she had to give up her job. Wishing to provide for an increasing family, she started, and ran, a successful hand laundry from home, in a large washhouse in the garden. It required enough space on the range to boil the coppers of washing, and sufficient room to do the ironing - next to the drying room. She employed other women to do a large amount of washing and ironing. Laundry work was very labour extensive... A major part of the Victorian family’s budget. It was a known fact that infections from mixed washing were possible. In sensible laundries, the washing was separated, hung to dry, and suitably aired. W H Lever began to sell soap in one-pound bars, ready wrapped, in 1885. Every large house in those days sent out for its laundry. Bayswater was a fashionable part of London, forming the North West corner of Kensington Park... There was a ready business to satisfy Martha's calling to help the family income.

The washing was sorted on Saturdays and Sundays and entered into the washing book; this was checked at the end of the process by my great-grandmother. Sheets and linens were covered with luke-warm water and a little soda and left overnight. On Monday, the fires to the boiler were lit two hours before the rest of the household came down to breakfast. As soon as the water was hot, the sheets and linens were taken out of the overnight soaking water, rinsed in hot water ladled out of the copper, rubbed, and beaten with a dolly or possing stick. The sheets were then wrung out, and the water reused - for soaking-water. It was a long process, from soaking, three washes - one boiling, and a number of rinses. Within each stage were special stain removal processes, and fabric conditioners... some items were unpicked, resewn, and added to, after processing. Once the first washing had been completed, it was hung out to dry or if wet hung under covered ways - this could take several days. The starching process was complicated in that all materials needed a particular treatment. Unconditioned linen or cotton quickly became creased and rumpled.

The ironing was done on tables. Flat irons were used in pairs – whilst one was in use the other reheating. A dozen irons were arraigned on trivets over an open fire. Each iron before use was cleaned on a rubbing cloth, any adhering starch cleaned off; irons which were still dirty, were rubbed on an emery board. Box-irons and goffering irons all had their special uses. Items for repair were set aside and all aired before wrapping - then made ready for collection.

There is no doubt that Martha had to be extremely organized to run both the house, large family and family business. The fact that she had been a teacher indicates that her own education had been above average. Coming from a middle-class home gave her the spur to maintain her position for both herself and her children. The family owe much to this hard working woman.

Martha’s grandfather, Samuel Elyas Pearce, was a Vicar of one of London’s city churches and Chaplain to the Lord Mayor of London. “The patronage of the Lord Mayor included the appointment of a chaplain who lived and boarded in the Mansion House, have a suite of rooms, and a servant. The Vicar rode in a state carriage and attended the Lord Mayor whenever required. He was presented to Queen Victoria at the first levee, and received fifty guineas from the Court of Aldermen - and a like sum from the Court of Common Council. His wife, my maternal great grandmother, often told my father, that when she visited her great grandmother she would be told many frightening things about events which happened before and after The Great Fire of London, in 1666.

In Victorian times, the main reception room presented the public face of the family and it conformed to the accepted strictures of the society. It displayed, on shelves, tables and what-knots, a variety of small object both expensive, and inexpensive which were reminders of people and places. Tablecloths came right down to the floor with plants in heavy pots and planters. Covers were placed to protect furniture from coal dust and fire-embers. Window curtains suspended from poles and rings were tied back to reveal net curtaining obscuring the view outside. Slip rugs positioned at the fireside left exposed the polished wood floor.

Martha was the eldest child in the Sutton family. It was usual in those days that the eldest girls in the family took on a great deal of the housework by rota. This would include the cooking and work in the laundry. It was held as convention that this was the way a girl contributed to the home and was properly prepared to bring up her own family, when and if the time came. However, it is clear that there was little affection in the home especially by her mother. When grandmother showed independence by wearing a new hairstyle she was told to, 'leave the home and do not return'. This seems on the face of it a hard thing to do but her mother had to control the situation. It was a small house and a large family and her mother could not afford for the situation to get out of hand and lose respect. In those days most women in England were excluded from political and economic power. Wives and daughters were legally subservient to their husbands until the Married Women’s Property Acts of 1870 and 1880s. Protecting women from beatings by the husband did not come about until 1891.

Martha sought help and comfort from a girl friend that lived not far away in Caroline Place. She was also a laundress and worked from home. It was not a large house and there was no more room for another person to sleep so a place was found for her under the ironing table. My grandfather Alfred Kearey who knew Martha before this event quickly saw in her a person he could befriend. Shortly after this, the Sutton family were reunited and they were married in 1878. A house found for them in Sutton Place.

The owner of Salem Gardens, who was incidentally the founder of the building firm William Whiteley, demolished the whole site – to prepare it for redevelopment. Whiteley was enormously impressed by the Great Exhibition, and all that it offered as an introducer to new fashion and industrial development. He opened a shop in Bayswater, which was then considered in 1863 a fashionable district of London. This shop was a success and he gradually enlarged it, taking on more staff, whilst improving his stock. Eventually his stables were one of the largest in London having 145 vans and 320 horses, able to deliver anything ‘the same day’. It eventually became one of the new ‘department stores’ – he called it the ‘Universal Provider’, boasting that he could provide ‘anything from pin to an elephant’. Thomas Lipton called his early shops ‘Irish markets’ probably because he sold Irish butter and eggs. There was a great deal of competition between Lipton and the others providers particularly those who catered for the working class and poor. These lower ends of the market traders did not worry Whiteley for he was looking to the middle-classes to make his fortune. As a child, Whiteley had gone to school with my great grandfather, and therefore, well know to him. Unfortunately, William, who was married at the time, went out with one of his female staff. This was not an unusual happening, and caused great bitterness. Years later one of the children took revenge on the father - for bringing such unhappiness to his mother and family.

My grandmother was very conscience of her grandfather’s position in the church - of Christian principles towards other people who needed help. Her own large family gave her knowledge and understanding about women in labour and child delivery. She became the local unpaid midwife taking on the responsibility not only being at the birth of neighbouring children but helped nurse them, and their mothers too. Martha did this not only to help the family budget but also to relieve the hardships found in the surrounding streets.

The 1870 Elementary Education Act was introduced to ensure all children would be eligible to go to school. This was the first time a school place was available in a building set aside for that purpose - under a certified head teacher. Previously most children could only rely upon instruction by the main religious bodies and philanthropic organizations: the Anglian National Society in 1811, and the British and Foreign School Society in 1814.

The Victorians found pregnancy something to be hidden and not talked about. Fathers were ignorant as to what was happening and mothers too were unclear about the physical side to life. Martha’s visits and ministrations were much valued. It says much for her fortitude, knowledge and experience, in a time when these were hard to find, by doing those things without payment.

In the middle to late 1800s religion was the all-permeating influence, not only of the family but the greater society. The parish church was the centre of the social system – the keystone that propped up the government. The main creed was obedience. ‘Honour thy father and thy mother’ heard every Sunday at church. Church was also a social gathering where everything was discussed, evaluated, and equated. The dissenter was an unsocial person, to be wary of. The average person was not so concerned about dogma but of difference in the social classes. The clergyman was the father of the parish linked to parliament and the monarchy. The landlord was the lawgiver, the representative of the parliamentary system - one of their own – born in the district. He could be seen every day walking about in and out of their houses. He knew them and their troubles, their ideas, their wants, dreams and desires... they were similar to his own. It was here that the word and philosophical understanding of their ‘rights’.

In the middle to late 1800s individuals still did not regularly bathe. Underclothes were worn as either summer clothes or winter and not removed, except to replace. Strip baths were the only means of washing either at the outside sink or tin bath. Those elders who were considered fussy used the public baths which children were encouraged to use – mainly to remove vermin – to stop scratching. This state of affairs lasted until well into the 20th century. This is how the working class understood the world they lived in and this is how the middle class saw their place in the grand scheme of things. It was based upon a rural foundation, which was to change... most were onetime hewers of wood, tillers of the soil, and drovers of stock.

In the second half of the nineteenth century London’s rich and middle class moved away from the city centre, which was being swamped by immigrants, particularly Westminster, where the Irish, French, and Jews congregated. The rich preferred Sydenham in Kent and Barnes and Richmond on the Thames, the upper middle class: Hampstead and Ealing, north and west of the city and Penge, south. The lower middle class: Camberwell, Hammersmith, Leyton, and Balham. Those men who worked in ‘city-offices’ preferred Bayswater, Brixton and Clapham. All these towns were at the time situated on the city's boundary - the new suburbs.

title: Horses, Tractors, and Vans/Chapter III


text:
User talk:Ysgadbois~enwikiversity

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ethology
The ethology content development project was started by someone who apparently did not create an account. Please feel free to improve/create Wikiversity pages related to ethology. --JWSchmidt 14:32, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ysgadbois. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ysgadbois~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Ysgadbois~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Colleen.fourie

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title: User talk:Colleen.fourie


title: File:Differentiation.1.A.pdf


text:
Euclidean geometry/Pythagorean theorem proofs

If you go back to Chapter 2 here, you'll see that in the introduction, we offered the Pythagorean Theorem as an example of a mathematical theorem that can be proven.

Well, here's a page that's going to show you just how true that is. Here are some hand-selected proofs (with additional commentary to facilitate learning) on proving the Pythagorean Theorem.

The Theorem Itself States...
For any right triangle with two legs a and b, and hypotenuse [the longest side] c, there is a relationship between the lengths of the three sides, such that

$$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$$

The length of side a times itself, plus the length of side b times itself, equals the length of side c, times itself.


text:
User talk:Yrsnkd

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title: User talk:Yrsnkd


text:
User:TutorJDD/audio engineering

JDD's notes

title: User:TutorJDD/audio engineering


text:
Counseling/Personality Disorder Cheat Sheet

__NOINDEX__

Personality Disorder
Personality describes characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. A personality disorder describes a personality that is not necessarily disorganized, but has a way of being that is maladaptive. Personality disorders are divided into three groups or "clusters": Cluster A: is odd or eccentric personality disorders Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic personalities Cluster C: fearful and anxious personalities The diagnosis of personalitiy disorders is highly controversial due to the lack of reliability in research and replication.

(Diagnostic Criteria, Polythetic Format, Personology and Psychiatry)

Cognition

 * Interpersonal relationships
 * Impulse control
 * Affect

Characteristics of Personality Disorders

 * Inflexible traits
 * Maladaptive behavior
 * Long-standing
 * Pervasive
 * Difficult to treat
 * Ego syntonic

Types of Personality Disorders

 * Schizoid
 * Paranoid
 * Schizotypal
 * Narcissistic
 * Histrionic
 * Borderline
 * Antisocial
 * Avoidant
 * Compulsive
 * Dependent
 * Depressive
 * Negativistic

Schizoid

 * Cluster A
 * Odd beliefs and “magical thinking” that influences behavior and is inconsistent with cultural norms
 * Odd, constricted affect; inappropriate or flat affect
 * Apathetic, remote solitary, indifferent
 * Little need for attachment
 * Not aware of feelings
 * Few drives or ambitions
 * withdrawn, emotional suppression, spouses complain of lack of intimacy
 * Develop anxiety, somatoform reactions, brief reactive psychosis

Avoidant

 * Cluster C
 * Hesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed
 * Fears rejection, anxious
 * Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism, disapproval, rejection, etc
 * Inept, inferior, unappealing, lonely
 * Hypersensitive to evaluation
 * Profound feelings of inadequacy
 * Sensitive to signs of disapproval
 * Use fantasy as defense (if only…)
 * Risk for developing social phobia

Depressive

 * Somber, pessimistic, fatalistic, brooding
 * Valueless, guilty, impotent
 * Worthy of criticism and contempt
 * New scale, not a lot of validity
 * Gloomy, passive, quiet, pessimistic
 * Down, hard to please, defeatist
 * Difficulty expressing anger
 * High scores could be due to major depression or dysthymia

Dependent

 * Cluster C
 * Difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from other
 * Difficulty expressing disagreement or saying “no” because of fear of loss of support/approval
 * Helpless, incompetent, submissive
 * Irresponsible, weak, fragile
 * Submissive, acquiescence, concerns about being abandoned, fears of rejection, self-blame, insecure
 * Co-morbid with depression and anxiety

Histrionic

 * Cluster B
 * Uncomfortable in situations where s/he is not the center of attention
 * Dramatic, seductive, shallow
 * Interactions with others characterized by inappropriate sexual, seductive, and/or provocative behavior; very flirtatious
 * Attention seeking, exhibitionistic, “attractive”, “charming”
 * Colourful
 * Center of attention
 * Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
 * Shallow emotions

Narcissistic

 * Cluster B
 * Has a strong sense of entitlement; tend to be interpersonally exploitative or manipulative
 * Believes that s/he is special/unique and can only be understood or associate with other special or high-status people
 * Egotistical, arrogant, entitled, grandiose
 * Feelings that s/he is “Admirable”, “superior”
 * Egocentricity, independence, grandiosity, feelings of superiority
 * Self-centered, entitled, constant praise
 * Bubble bursts… prone to depression, paranoia, substance abuse

Antisocial

 * Cluster B
 * Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
 * Deceitfulness, repeatedly lying, use of aliases or cons for personal gain
 * Impulsive, irresponsible, deviant, unruly
 * Lack of remorse, indifferent, or rationalizes behaviors
 * Non-reflective, self-serving
 * Disrespectful, free, independent
 * Motivated to avoid control and domination
 * Aggressive, hostile, reckless
 * Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
 * Competitive, blunt, intimidating
 * Prone to legal, vocation and marital difficulties

Sadistic
(Not official PD, diagnosis – PD NOS)
 * Hostile, abrasive, cruel, dogmatic
 * Explosive, intimidating, dominating
 * opinionated and close-minded
 * Dominating, mean, cruel, aggressive
 * Top Dog persona
 * Publicly “ok” – successful
 * Private “monster”
 * Type A personalities

Compulsive

 * Cluster C
 * Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
 * Restrained, conscientious, respectful
 * Rigid, conventional, regulated
 * Reliable, efficient, productive
 * Organized, perfectionistic, impatient, good morals, obedient behavior, suppression of emotions
 * Overly conscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, and values
 * Fears disapproval
 * Might be a style
 * NOTE: This is different from true Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Negativistic

 * Resentful, skeptical, discontented
 * Resisting, inefficient
 * Angry, moody, irritable, sullen

Passive-aggressive negativistic
Not official, PD NOS
 * Twisted, conflicted personalities
 * Irritable, hostile, negativistic
 * complaining, disgruntled
 * feel unappreciated, pout
 * disillusioned
 * Vacillate from compliance to oppositional
 * predictor of loss of control over emotions
 * Indicator of serious psychiatric illness

Self-defeating (Masochistic)

 * effacing, servile, blameful
 * Defeatist, self-condemning
 * Self-sacrificing, deserve to suffer
 * Martyr-like, endures abuse
 * Look for victimization
 * Not a well-validated scale
 * Not official anymore – PD NOS

Paranoid

 * Cluster A
 * Guarded, defensive, distrustful
 * Feeling “persecuted”
 * Suspects, without a sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him/her*Hypervigilance
 * Sensitivity
 * Rigid and argumentative
 * Annoyance with others
 * Grandiosity
 * Edgy defensiveness
 * Secretive
 * Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty and trustworthiness of friends/associates

Schizotypal

 * Eccentric, bizarre, absent
 * Peculiar, odd, disconnected
 * Cognitive impairments
 * Self-absorbed in own thoughts
 * Ideas of reference
 * Detachment, social isolation
 * Self-conscious and anxious

Borderline

 * Cluster B
 * Borderline between merely neurotic and fully psychotic
 * Unpredictable, manipulative, unstable
 * Feelings of emptiness
 * Identity disturbance/lack of strong identity; unstable self-image or sense of self
 * Fears abandonment
 * Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
 * Moody, contrary
 * Unstable mood, anger, guilt, dependency seeking, Impulsive, self-damaging
 * Suicidal
 * Constantly seek approval
 * Prone to brief psychotic reactions
 * Poor sense of self and boundaries


text:
User talk:LOUSCHMITT

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text:
User talk:Jltreece

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User talk:Arensan

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User talk:Yogesh.more808

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User talk:Konakat

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User talk:Johnp80

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Geoff Plourde 19:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC) Geoff Plourde 19:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnp80


text:
User talk:Quicksilver.aditya

 Hello Quicksilver.aditya, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Geoff Plourde 19:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC) Geoff Plourde 19:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quicksilver.aditya


text:
User talk:Waterfox

 Hello Waterfox, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Geoff Plourde 20:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC) Geoff Plourde 20:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waterfox


text:
Talk:Phasor algebra

Preliminary discussions
What does phasor multiplication mean?

Let A(t) = cos(w t + a), and B(t) = cos(wt + b) then in phasor domain A = exp(ia), B = exp(ib).

What is A * B in phasor? Can we write A * B = exp(i(a+b))?

cos(w t + a) cos(w t + b) is not equal to cos(w t + a + b)!!!!!

I think a phasor can be multiplied by a constant without a problem but when you multiply two phasor represented numbers, the result is not phasor.

--Ergin 21:18, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Phasor multiplication/division makes no sense here.

 * --132.177.206.75 (discuss) 10:30, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

My edits
I began to edit, but then decided to revert to the original version and start again. For the record, here are the permalinks:

 * Before my first edit special:permalink/1683141
 * Final edit of first (failed) rewrite: special:permalink/2262666--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 05:42, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phasor algebra


text:
User talk:TeenChristian

 Hello TeenChristian, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Geoff Plourde 21:24, 18 August 2010 (UTC) Geoff Plourde 21:24, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:TeenChristian


text:
User talk:Ergin~enwikiversity

 Hello Ergin, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Geoff Plourde 21:25, 18 August 2010 (UTC) Geoff Plourde 21:25, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ergin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ergin~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:07, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ergin~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Oier one

 Hello Oier one, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
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 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 00:12, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oier one


text:
Stress-strain

As a first year engineer you should expect to do a tensile test, which is explained below:

In a tensile test, a metal rod is subjected to a tensile force (A force that pulls the rod apart, as shown below).

As the force is gradually increased, the rod gradually extends. Initially the force is proportional to the extension of the rod (as dictated by hook's law). This is shown by the diagram below.

Example: The intial Length of a rod, L0=2m, after applying a force of 500N, the length of the rod is 2.5m. Hence the extension, or change in Length, $$\Delta L$$ =0.5m

Stress

Even though the tensile force may only be applied at a single point on the rod, the force will spread all along the cross-section of the rod, as shown below. We assume it is distributed uniformly. This "distributed force" is something you may have referred to as pressure in the past. In the context of solid mechanics, it is known as stress,(symbol $$\sigma\;$$), and in this case tensile stress.

Stress is commonly defined as Force per unit area. It's formulae: $$\sigma =\frac{F}{A} $$ where: F is Tensile force, A is cross-sectional area of rod.

Stain strain, $$\epsilon\;$$, can be defined as the extension per unit length of the rod. Formulae: $$\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}$$

Young's modulus

Young's modulus, E, is a measure of how stiff a material is. A higher young's modulus indicates that the material is more difficult to stretch or compress. Instead of plotting Force vs extension, plot stress vs strain (shown below). The gradient of the straight line will be young's modulus of the material that the rod is made of.

Since stress is proportional to strain: $$\sigma = E \cdot \epsilon$$

title: Stress-strain


text:
Template:Motivation and emotion/Participants/2010

Usage

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 * Use the shortcut MEP2010
 * Use of this template will automatically categorise and list participants at Category:Motivation and emotion/Participants/2010.


text: Category:Motivation and emotion/Participants/2010


text: Category:Motivation and emotion/Participants


text: Template:Motivation and emotion/Participants/E-portfolio