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Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War/Meetings/2008-February-9

This is the chat from our meeting on 9th February 2008 in #thucydides about Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War.

People joining the chat: assassingr|away, Daan, dcrochet, Erkan Yilmaz, myrmikonos, pietrodn, Ramac, Sundance_Raphael

Sicily
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13:26 lets call the others to join us: pietrodn myrmikonos dcrochet - let's start

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13:27 hum, i'm not goe to participate e lot, because i know nothing about the peloponnesian war 13:27 I'm a little slow on the uptake right now, very sleepy 13:28 yes, indeed in Sicily Greek states had colonies 13:28 Okay. 13:28 * not go to 13:28 probably pietrodn can tell us one time more about this things in Sicily ? Did you have this in school ? 13:29 Yes, we studied this period 13:29 great 13:29 so who has read the text for today ? Some were invited without reading, so we can give them a short update ? 13:29 The war between Syracuse and Segesta 13:30 * Erkan_Yilmaz looks up Segesta 13:30 Was Segesta Greek or Carthaginian? 13:30 Segesta was greek 13:30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segesta 13:31 A local Carthaginian ally. 13:31 I read something about the local nations on Sicily before the Greek and the fenicians came, but it is way off topic. 13:32 I only read about it on Wikipedia. 13:32 We should also talk about Alcibiades and the scandal 13:32 here is a map it is in the northwestern part of Sicily: http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.941306&lon=12.83764&z=7&l=5&m=a 13:32 above this green E90 13:33 Syracuse is in the east coast 13:33 Segesta was from the Elamyians who came from Anatolia. 13:33 Syracuse was friend of Sparta, am I right? 13:33 <Daan>They lived in the west of Sicily. 13:33 <Daan>I think so, that is why Athens went to Sicily. 13:33 <Daan>Isn't it? 13:34 <Daan>Elymians. 13:34 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth and Tenea, led by the oecist (colonizer) " 13:34 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"In the late 5th century BC, Syracuse found itself at war with Athens, which sought more resources to fight the Peloponnesian War." 13:34 <Erkan_Yilmaz>from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse%2C_Sicily 13:34 <Daan>So, they were loyal corinthians, supporting the Pelopennese 13:34 The Magna Graecia colonies was formed due to the second colonisation 13:35 <Daan>The first colonization was the conquest of Greece by the greek? 13:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well this brings us to the Thucydides text a little bit with Corcyra and Epidamnos 13:35 no... it was the conquest of the west coast of Anatolia by Greeks 13:35 <Daan>Oh, okay. 13:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Corcyra being on the strategic position to the Greek-Sicily sea way

origins of Greeks, the first and the second colonization, the Doric invasion...
13:36 <Daan>But the Greeks only lift for a few centuries in Greece, before them there were other people living there, in the 2nd millenium BC. 13:36 hi everybody :P 13:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hi myrmikonos 13:36 <Daan>The Greek are Indo-Europeans marching south from Hungary. 13:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>how was lunch ? 13:37 <Daan>Hi Myrmikonos. 13:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>perhaps assassingr|away knows about the roots of Greek people ? 13:37 [ delicious ] 13:37 Daan: there was the Doric invasion, in the XIII century 13:37 <Daan>I'm getting hungry as well. 13:37 <assassingr|away>Hm, I know that the roots of Greeks was a tribe called Danaoi 13:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>myrmikonos - great, so you have now energy for us ? 13:37 Spartans have Doric origins 13:37 <Daan>Yes, was that the invasion to Ionia? 13:37 <assassingr|away>(not sure how it is in English...) 13:38 Daan: Ionia is in Anatolia 13:38 <Daan>Yes, i know. It is now Turkish. 13:38 <assassingr|away>pietrodn: Spartans have Doric origins, that's true, I recall it 13:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Sparta: yes Dorian 13:38 Daan: The Dorics went in Greece, so the former inhabitants moved to Anatolia 13:38 <Daan>and the Ionians were the first Greeks to enter Greece. 13:38 Daan: this is the first colonization 13:38 <Daan>Okay. 13:39 <Daan>Shall we talk about the text. 13:39 [Danaoi is a keyword for me and google ] 13:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yippie :-) 13:39 In the ancient Sparta, Ilots was the former inhabitants, submitted by Dorics 13:39 *were 13:39 <Daan>I will look for the Danaoi on Wikipedia. 13:40 <Daan>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaoi 13:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>The Danuna are known from Egyptian, Hittite, and classical sources. In the historical sources, the Danuna are known by many different names such as Denyen, Danunites, Danaoi, Danaus, Danaids, Dene, Danai, Danaian. 13:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>There are several theories on where the Danuna came from: 13:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>1) Eastern Cilicia, 2) Mycenae, 3) Canaan. 13:40 In the Iliad there is the word "Danaoi", many times 13:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>from: http://my.opera.com/ancientmacedonia/blog/danaoi 13:41 - dcrochet left 13:41 <Daan>I have read somewhere they weren't really Greek. 13:41 Daan: The entire world is a melting pot... 13:41 <Daan>That is true Pietro. 13:42 <Erkan_Yilmaz>we are all brothers and sisters :-) 13:42 <Daan>Before the ice age all Europeans and inhabitants of the Middle East probably lived in the Middle East. 13:42 A lot of indoeuropean people went in Greece in 2 invasions (in about 2000 and 1200 a.C.) 13:42 <assassingr|away>Daan: That time they didn't think of themselves as Greeks, only after a *long* time and after many processes 13:43 <Daan>Yes, of course. 13:43 *notice "The entire world is a melting pot"* 13:43 <Daan>Several groups coming together. 13:43 <Erkan_Yilmaz>didn't Thucydides tell in his book, when they began to call them Greeks ? 13:43 They defined themselves "Ellenics" 13:43 <Daan>I am probably not germanic but half Celtic and Germanic. 13:43 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah yes, Hellens it was 13:44 uh, Hellens 13:44 In Italian the word is "Elleni" :-D 13:44 * Erkan_Yilmaz looks up where it was again 13:44 i wish to be myrmidonian :o 13:44 <Daan>What is that? 13:44 <Daan>In Dutch helleens. 13:44 Daan: Achilles was Myrmidonian 13:45 some kind of mystic soldier tribe, wich follows achillies 13:45 They came from Ftia 13:45 <Daan>I got a Frisian family ame. 13:45 (Phthia?) 13:45 <Daan>name 13:45 achilles was just the leader x) 13:45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthia 13:45 <Daan>They had the Frisian freedom in the middle ages. 13:45 <Daan>Which meant being against the nobility. 13:46 «Phthia (Greek: Φθία or Φθίη; transliterations: Fthii (modern), Phthíē (ancient)) is an ancient region of Greece, at the area of Phthiotis Prefecture, on the both sides of Othrys mountain. It was the homeland of the Myrmidones tribe, who took part in the Trojan War under Achilles.» 13:46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmidons 13:46 there exist a german source of herodots story @ internet 13:46 its a huge pdf 13:46 <Daan>Yes. 13:46 <Daan>You mean written in German? 13:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>book I, 3 talks about the usage of Greeks for themselves as Hellens 13:47 <Daan>I will read it now. 13:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>myrmikonos - you seem to know Greek history 13:47 * assassingr|away wonders if Hellen and Helen have a relationshio 13:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 13:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Helen of Troy ? 13:48 [ http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Herodotos__Geschichten.pdf ] 13:48 <assassingr|away>Well, any Helen 13:48 <assassingr|away>Of course the famous one was that of Troy 13:48 <Daan>Wow, what a great story. I had forgotten all about it. 13:48 <Daan>Sometimes when you read too fast, you miss the juicy details. 13:48 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah I see: Achilles and his people were the first Hellens 13:49 assassingr|away: every name has its origin. I'm searching now... 13:49 <Daan>No, Homer wrote about them, that is what Thucydides says. 13:49 <Daan>He doesn't believe in fairy tales. 13:49 Helen - From Ancient Greek Ἑλένη (Helénē), possibly connected with ἥλιος (hḗlios) ‘sun’. 13:50 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Helen 13:50 <Daan>I guess he gives a good impression of how a nation starts. 13:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw for all others who do not have the text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_1 13:50 <Daan>The French are funny, they are named after their Germanic conquerers, while they are actually romanic. 13:51 so much to read ;) 13:51 <assassingr|away>I see... Too many words and you can't always now which are connected with another 13:51 <Daan>Yes. 13:51 <Erkan_Yilmaz>myrmikonos - no worries, therefore others are here to summarize 13:51 i need more reading time 13:51 ok 13:51 <Erkan_Yilmaz>as you see we do not specifically talk about the text fornow 13:52 [ 13:49] <Daan> Sometimes when you read too fast, you miss the juicy details. <- word 13:52 <Daan>That is true. 13:52 <Daan>Well, te juicy details can be given.

Perdiccas, Alcibiades
13:53 <Daan>What about the conduct of the Macedonian king: first he tries to start a war, which is succesfull, and than he flips sides thrice in the war. 13:53 <Daan>That is Realpolitik :-) 13:53 <Erkan_Yilmaz>haha 13:54 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you mean Perdiccas ? 13:54 <Daan>Yes, i am a big fan of him now. 13:54 <Daan>There are so many morons in world history. 13:55 <Daan>Though, he probably had a good reason. 13:55 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon 13:55 <Daan>he thought. 13:55 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well unfortunately we don't know so much about his reasonings besides Thucydides' text :-( 13:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but it is really fascinating how he switches sides 13:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess a reader of Thucydides' text might think: heh, am I reading correct ? 13:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 13:56 <Daan>Perhaps war was a mean to keep Macedonia together. 13:56 <Daan>The Wikipedia article says that Macedonia was falling apart. 13:56 Alcibiades also switched side... 13:56 three times :-D 13:57 <Daan>If you invite foreign troops to destroy your own country, maybe your population is prepared to follow you as a strong man. 13:57 <Daan>Wow 13:57 Athens, Sparta, Athens - then he was killed 13:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Alcibiades - what was his importance again ? 13:57 * Erkan_Yilmaz looks up Alcibiades 13:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades 13:58 Erkan_Yilmaz: he was the leader of the Sicilian expedition 13:58 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"He played a major role in the second half of that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician." 13:58 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah the expedition which failed ? 13:58 <Daan>That is a famous one. 13:58 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"The Sicilian Expedition was Alcibiades' creation, and modern scholars have argued that, had that expedition been under Alcibiades' command instead of Nicias', the expedition might not have met its eventual disastrous fate." 13:59 One night during preparations for the expedition, the hermai, heads of the god Hermes on a plinth with a phallus, were mutilated throughout Athens. This was a religious scandal and was seen as a bad omen for the mission. Plutarch explains that Androcles, a political leader, used false witnesses who accused Alcibiades and his friends of mutilating the statues, and of profaning the Eleusinian Mysteries. 13:59 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades#Sicilian_Expedition 14:00 So he switched to Sparta 14:00 and gave to Sparta some useful information... 14:00 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 14:00 and - whooops - Sparta won 14:00 Uh, he went to Persia, also... 14:01 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well, a lesson in history then for others too to learn 14:01 <Daan>That was in the text: A Spartan old guy said, Sparta is a land power, so we have a disadvatage to the people of the sea (Athens). Our advatage is that we can slowly use diplomacy in our advantage. 14:01 <Erkan_Yilmaz>That was Archidamos, King of Sparta 14:02 <Daan>So, Sparta made deals with everybody who was anti-Athens. 14:02 Yes, also with Persia 14:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess every state did this - using advantage wherever possible, only it is not known 14:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>probably states today will do so 14:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but under secrecy :-) 14:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I mean not anti-Athens :-) 14:03 <Daan>Yes, but there are always different thoughts within a state of what should be done. 14:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hm I guess in the end survival of the state is important thing 14:04 <Erkan_Yilmaz>imagine CIA and others deal with information 14:04 <Daan>Yes, that is true. But there are states which dissolved out of free will. 14:04 <Erkan_Yilmaz>it is like in chess, that one wins who has the most possibilities still and info gives you an advantage 14:04 <Daan>The county of Holland in 1425 voluntarily became dependent to Burgundy, for instance. 14:04 <Daan>To be stronger. 14:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, interesting 14:05 <Daan>Yes, advantages in power. 14:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I don't know the context of this 14:05 Alcibiades then helped Thetes in a rebellion against the Thirty Tyrannies 14:05 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetes 14:06 <Daan>Erkan, the nobility had killed itself in a civil war and the cities decided to choose for the duke of Brugundy, who was also count of Flanders. Flanders was the centre of Northern European trade. 14:07 <Daan>Who were the Thirty Tyrannies? 14:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>guys, what do you think on this ? we are jumping in history, probably to be effective to read all, we need more time - so how about sticking to one thing e.g. the text ? Then perhaps others can also join us in the meeting ? But definitely we can use the links for another session ? 14:08 <Daan>Okay.

Was Thucydides right that the Spartans were afraid of Athens?
14:08 <Daan>Question about the text: Was Thucydides right that the Spartans were afraid of Athens? 14:08 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah you mean the reasons which started the war :-) 14:08 <Daan>A text can never be completely trusted, but you shouldn't trust your own judgment as well. 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>book I, 88 14:09 <Daan>Yes. 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well, lets see who wanted war from inside Sparta, perhaps we can understand then ? 14:09 <Daan>Nice point: Athenians claim they had to have an empire to stop Persia, but Sparta even allied with Persia versus Athens. 14:09 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants 14:10 its allways disgusting to get in war with the spartans ;) 14:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well Thcydides told, Sparta was the most convenient people to fight :-) 14:10 <Daan>So, you are pro-Athens, myrmikonos :-) 14:11 ahhh, i mean in the view of an enemy 14:11 Sparta was scared... Athens became very powerful 14:11 i am pro greek so far x) 14:11 <Daan>Okay. 14:11 * myrmikonos is laughing 14:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess Sparta was afraid of Athens power growth 14:12 yes 14:12 <Daan>Greece wasn't exactly a unity bakc than 14:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and also was under infuence by its partners like Corinth 14:12 - Ramac joined 14:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>when Athens gained power in sea, Corinth lost 14:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hi Ramac 14:12 <Daan>Yes, they had to help them. 14:12 <Daan>Otherwise they would be alone. 14:12 <Ramac>hi Erkan_Yilmaz, pietrodn :) 14:13 <Daan>Hi Ramac 14:13 Hi Ramac! 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>welcome in the channel Ramac 14:13 <Ramac>:) 14:13 <Daan>Lot of people this time. 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>really and that is great 14:13 <Daan>Me and Erkan had some discussions with only the two of us. 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>do you specifically joined because of our meeting today Ramac ? 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yeah the old times :-) 14:13 Erkan_Yilmaz: I told him of the meeting :-) 14:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn is raising in Erkan's popularity :-) 14:14 <Daan>Ah, great.

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14:14 :-D 14:14 <Ramac>Erkan_Yilmaz: pietrodn says me that she was here 14:14 <Daan>She? 14:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>do you know about the Peloponnesian War already Ramac ? 14:14 she? 14:14 <Ramac>yes 14:14 <Daan>The she-woman? 14:14 <Ramac>i studied last year at school 14:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>haha, what a small misytpe can have an effect :-) 14:15 * Erkan_Yilmaz opens the door wide for Ramac 14:15 <Daan>Oh he ;-) 14:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Ramac have a seat on the couch and talk discuss with us ok ? 14:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>do you want some tea ? 14:15 * Erkan_Yilmaz serves some tea 14:15 <Daan>ah ah ah 14:15 :-D 14:16 * Erkan_Yilmaz serves also Daan pietrodn assassingr|away myrmikonos 14:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>next round is on you 14:16 <assassingr|away>:) 14:16 virtual tea :-P 14:16 thaaanx 14:16 <Daan>You got me thirsty, now i am thinking about pancakes and candies, and applepie. 14:16 * Ramac mmh.... tea.. :D 14:16 <Ramac>XD 14:16 <Daan>All because of you, Erkan:-) 14:16 Daan: aaargh! I'm becoming hungry! :-P 14:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well we need some energy for the talks so it is a good idea 14:17 * myrmikonos is plopping some sugar-cubes into his cup 14:17 well, the lambda power is still in the tea ! 14:17 * Erkan_Yilmaz is back in a min, so could someone summarize for Ramac what we did ? 14:17 <Ramac>thank! 14:17 Ramac: abbiamo parlato di dopo la pace di Callia 14:18 :o 14:18 myrmikonos: I'm speaking in Italian :-D 14:18 Ramac: poi Alcibiade fa il voltafaccia 14:18 <Daan>We discussed the wonderfull diplomacy of king Perdiccas II of Macedon and the reason for Sparta to start a war with Athens. 14:18 <Ramac>eheheh.... i can't remember it very well.... 14:18 mi kiamo alex :v thats all 14:19 Ramac; then we said that Sparta was afraid of Athens 14:19 * Erkan_Yilmaz is back 14:20 <Daan>Hi Erkan! 14:20 we also talked about the origins of Greeks, the first and the second colonization, the Doric invasion... 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>about Sparta and fear - I always find this very amusing 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>because in my mind Sparta is always the strong heroes and associating some attribute like fear to them makes me smile :-) 14:20 <Daan>I think Thucydides as well. 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so it is some other kind of fear than the fear in fighting 14:21 <Daan>A sense of humour can be hidden very deep. 14:21 Erkan_Yilmaz: they were a very militaristic polis 14:21 <Daan>The fear of being destroyed. 14:21 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you mean some kind of power thinking ? 14:21 <Erkan_Yilmaz>that being in a power position makes you act like you act ? 14:22 <Daan>Perhaps the Spartans were more concerned with keeping honour and tradition. 14:22 Erkan_Yilmaz: my teacher said that the political organization of Sparta was similar to communism, in some parts 14:22 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn - yes, the image of Sparta is everywhere, e.g. the movie 300 - though the historicity there can not be correct .-) 14:22 <Daan>With war communism at least. 14:22 The presence of the state in Sparta was very strong 14:22 <Daan>It's a pity that Sunny can't tell us the Spartans are bourgeois. 14:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>why was the presence so strong ? because of the consitution ? 14:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan :-) 14:23 The children were educated by the polis, in Athens they were educated by their families e.g. 14:23 the battle of the thermophyles against Xerxes was very impressive .. 14:23 * Ramac take his notes.... 14:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta 14:24 <Daan>myrmikos, yes it was. 14:24 <Erkan_Yilmaz>myrmikonos - yes very good scenes 14:24 some 30000 spartans versus 1 million persians? 14:24 Lycurgus was a mythical legislator 14:24 lycurgus [ lykanthrophil? :D ] 14:25 myrmikonos: Leonidas was very brave 14:25 <Daan>I like the words in the text about dscipline: The Athenians disciplined those who didn't want to fight. And the Spartans want to keep there discipline in the fight versus Athens. 14:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>where is this from ? 14:26 <Daan>I will look it up. 14:26 Sparta had the agoge educational system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoge 14:26 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn what was it again with the similarity of war communism ? could you elaborate more on this please ? 14:26 [ ah leonidas.. i remember] 14:26 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the strong Leonidas 14:26 Erkan_Yilmaz: the education is entirely handled by the state 14:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, ok 14:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well this was good and bad in two ways for them :-( 14:27 Erkan_Yilmaz: They were very militarized, the children who weren't strong were killed! 14:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>on the one they had a caste, but which was too small, so they had to fear helot rebellions and could not enact too much far from Peloponnese 14:28 Erkan_Yilmaz: yes, this point is very important 14:28 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess back then, when they could have organized in a better way like this, they could have survived 14:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>imagine planting in several important locations in Greece such castes would give them the military advantage than being held inside Peloponnese 14:30 <Erkan_Yilmaz>of course other states would not allow this so easily 14:31 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I mean with survive: that in these times there is still the city Athens 14:31 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but thought the city Sparta is rebuild it was rebuild after destruction, but now I am jumping in time again too much 14:31 * Erkan_Yilmaz wants to be punished by someone 14:31 Pausanias, king of Sparta, tried to conquest Byzantium. In Sparta started a rebellion by the Helots, and the Spartans wanted to kill him http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sparta

Athens, Sparta and their allies
14:31 <Daan>The causes which led to the defections of the allies were of different kinds, the principal being their neglect to pay the tribute or to furnish ships, and, in some cases, failure of military service. 14:31 <Daan>That is what Thucydides writes in Book 1 aphorism 99 14:32 Daan: in Athens you mean? 14:32 <Erkan_Yilmaz>defection of allies from Athens I guess, though Spartan allies also threatened Sparta with this (e.g. Corinth with Argos) 14:32 <Daan>Yes, the athenian Empire. 14:32 ok 14:33 <Daan>So, Athens had to use force to subdue allies, which used to be equal. 14:33 - Ramac left 14:33 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes and other powers did not interfere (at least at the begin) 14:33 After the Peloponnesian War, Corinth, Argos, Athens and Thebes moved war to Sparta... but I'm jumping too much I think 14:34 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn :-)

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14:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well, so where were we again ? 14:35 mmh... the allies? 14:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Sparta's fear, then allies

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14:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so, could you say: Athens had a stronger influence on their allies than Sparta ? 14:35 - Ramac joined 14:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>welcome back Ramac 14:36 <Ramac>what were you talking about? 14:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>about the allies of Sparta + Athens 14:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and your internet connection probs ;-) 14:36 Erkan_Yilmaz: In the past meeting, we said that every polis had to be with Athens, or with Sparta. They couldn't be neutral 14:37 <Ramac>:D 14:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>they could be or not ? 14:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>e.g. Corcyra was neutral 14:37 <Daan>Sorry, sudden phonecall. 14:37 <Daan>Have to go to the toilet as well. 14:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I think they had a treaty somehow regarding this or ? 14:37 Erkan_Yilmaz: weel, Melo wanted to be neutral, but Athens destroyed it 14:37 *well 14:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, when was Melos destroyed again ? 14:38 * Erkan_Yilmaz looks this up 14:38 not again 14:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"But in 415 BC, the Athenians, having attacked the island and compelled the Melians to surrender, slew all the men capable of bearing arms, made slaves of the women and children, and introduced 500 Athenian colonists." 14:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so this was during the War 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I was referring to before the war 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>when both Sparta and Athens had an agreement that states couls also be neutral 14:39 beyond christus? 14:39 befor 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes 415 BC 14:39 I studied that Melos was destroyed before this date... maybe I'm confusing 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I have the info from WP 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>who says WP is right ? 14:39 bc befor, ac after 14:39 yes, I'm looking to the same page 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>perhaps we found an error already 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn could you look this fact up and correct it if it is wrong - for the next time, so we can continue then here ? 14:40 In thucidides there is the melian dialogue 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>whcih book ? 14:40 yes, I'm going to confirm this fact 14:41 dunno... gonna check 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Book V, 84-106 14:41 <Daan>I am back again. 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hi Daan 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn - should we continue now 14:41 <Daan>Hi Erkan 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>then we don't miss your comments here, ok ? 14:42 ok 14:42 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan we were talking about the force that polis had to join Sparta and Athens, but also that there could be neutral polis 14:42 Erkan_Yilmaz: I'll check for this fact in the background 14:42 :-P 14:42 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn - ok 14:43 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan - what was the last thing we talked before you left ? 14:43 "Corcyra was neutral" 14:43 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the influence of Sparta and Athens on their allies ? 14:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah yeah 14:44 Erkan_Yilmaz: On the Internet I found that Athens invaded Melos in 416 BC 14:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Corcyra's neutrality which led to the meetings in Athens and Sparta 14:44 <Daan>Yes it was, Erkan. 14:44 <Daan>Yes, that was a bog issue.

Corcyra + Athens
14:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>or better: that Corcyra wanted to join the Delian League 14:44 <Daan>big 14:44 :) 14:44 <Daan>Yes, but it was seen as unhonourable by the Corinthians. 14:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so the 2nd naval force joining hands with the first naval force and therefore threatening Corinth's trades more 14:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>unhonourable ? 14:45 Erkan_Yilmaz: bad 14:45 <Daan>Corcyra was a Corinthian colony, which wanted to do things their own way. 14:46 <Daan>That was perceived as unhonourable. 14:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, that is true 14:46 <Daan>So, the punishment was war. 14:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>or not true, but I think: I assume that is true :-) 14:46 lol :-D 14:46 <Daan>That are the words of Corinth, wasn't it. 14:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, they did say so 14:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>let me search the text 14:47 <Daan>But, Corcyra wanted to be on the Athenian side. 14:47 <Daan>To exchange one tyranny for the other, which doesn't make sense. 14:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>book I, 38 14:47 <Daan>Maybe, they had enough money and manpower to provide the Athenians with ships. 14:48 <Daan>And a desire to use them for their own use. 14:48 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well Corcyra did not want to be destroyed, so they probably even would have jumped into Tartarus :-) 14:48 <Daan>That is true. 14:48 <Daan>Well, they could have made a deal with Corinth. 14:48 <Erkan_Yilmaz>if they wanted already they would have joined Athens long ago, but they didn't so they had their reasons 14:48 <Erkan_Yilmaz>indeed - interesting option 14:49 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but what would Corinth done then ? 14:49 <Daan>I don't know. 14:49 <Daan>All colonies had to do something. 14:49 tes, that's true 14:49 <Daan>And Corcyra wasn't doing it. 14:49 <Erkan_Yilmaz>probably Corinth would have exchanged government in Corcyra and killed the important leaders 14:49 *yes 14:49 Erkan_Yilmaz: Ahens would have fighted Corinth 14:49 <Daan>That could have been it. 14:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well if Corcyra freely wanted to join Corinth, what could Athens do ? 14:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>freely meaning "under certain agreements" 14:51 <Daan>What is strange: athens was afraid of Sparta and Sparta of athens, according to Thucydides. 14:51 Daan: they was both very powerful 14:51 <Daan>Athens didn't thought it could survive without Corcyra. 14:51 <Daan>That is true. 14:52 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I assume Athens what that when the Peloponnese league (only landpower with Corinth as 3rd naval power) joins with 2nd naval power that the claims of Sparta would increase much more

Sparta's army
14:52 <Daan>But Sparta onloy got a well-trained army, which they didn't use for anything, except against Argos, isn't it. 14:52 <Daan>? 14:52 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, they won against Argos and made the 30 years truce 14:53 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but probably also against other cities inside Peloponnese 14:53 <Erkan_Yilmaz>? 14:53 <Daan>That was an honourable war, for them. Keeping the truce as determined in the traditional rules. 14:53 <Daan>I think so. 14:54 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw: the Spartan force has such numbers, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Spartiate#How_Many.3F 14:55 <Daan>But those were the elite, wasn't it? 14:55 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, they also had their helots 14:55 <Daan>If you got a considerable army with 500 elite troops, than it is better than having no elite troops. 14:56 <Daan>Greece wasn't very big. 14:56 at school they told me the polis sticked together, whenever there is a greater enemy 14:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>which brings us to the numbers of the movie 300 :-) 14:56 <Daan>Wow. 14:56 <Daan>I didn't see it. 14:56 having an army isn´t useless 14:56 <Daan>Certainly not. 14:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but I assume they used mostly hoplite at the begin of the war and then later used more the light-armed troops 14:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplite

Theory: The Peloponnesian War started as a fight between two systems of government
14:57 <Daan>Theory: The Peloponnesian War started as a fight between two systems of government: 14:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess the Spartans needed their army mostly for the helots :-) 14:57 i´ll recommend "300.avi" 14:58 <Daan>Sparta defended tradition: each polis with his colonies. 14:58 <Daan>Athens defended an expanding empire, without any rules. 14:58 * Erkan_Yilmaz wonders where pietrodn is ? 14:58 uh? 14:58 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah you are there :-) 14:58 :-D 14:58 <Daan>:-) 14:59 amigo! 14:59 :D 14:59 Daan: Athens imposed very strong rules on its colonies 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well Sparta let every polis mostly its freedom besides giving them oligarchic government, but did not ask for regular tributes 14:59 <Daan>athens send a few thousand troops to Macedon. 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and I think Athens had some strict rules 15:00 Athens was very authoritarian 15:00 <Daan>Pietro, that was pure violence, you could see it as a new rule indeed: Athens is the strongest. 15:00 <Daan>Yes 15:00 Daan: Yes, it is clear in the Melian dialogue 15:00 <Daan>Erkan, did Sparta do that during the war? 15:01 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan you mean supporting oligarchic governments after defeating enemies ? 15:01 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I assume so, because Sparta started the war with their freedom slogan 15:01 <Daan>Yes 15:01 <Erkan_Yilmaz>something like: free Greece from Athenian tyranny 15:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and then they could not enact the same way they said of others (at least so openly haha) 15:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I guess with Sparta it was like this: in the Peloponnese they could enact so because everybody feared their army 15:02 * pietrodn tel

Sthenelaidas
15:02 <Daan>The speech of Sthenelaidas? 15:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and for the other outside territories they did not have the power to enforce it and kept it under such a slogan 15:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>for the others: Sthenelaidas in book I, 86 15:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_1 15:04 >_< 15:04 <- *reading jam* 15:04 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well, Sthenelaidas was pro war 15:05 <Daan>Evil-doer, that sounds famliar. 15:05 <Daan>familiar 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but he had an interesting tactic in the meeting :-) 15:05 <Daan>And that is? 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>he said that he could not hear who favored which side and let them physically separate 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>imagine that: 15:06 <Erkan_Yilmaz>then it is very open who voted what and of course his method worked 15:06 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and more people supported the war decision 15:06 <Daan>Maybe it was tradition, and not a method. 15:06 <Daan>But, i don't klnow at all. 15:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well I am not sure either, but Thucydides specifically mentions it, I guess it was mostly decided by who "shouted the loudest" and then if not clear they used stones to collect from the people sitting 15:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but letting them pysically separate is a strong manipluating method 15:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but again: it is just what I think about the elections, I can be wrong 15:07 <Daan>That is true. 15:08 <Daan>In Athens there were secret votings, to ensure that nbody knew who voted what. 15:08 Daan: for ostracism, yes 15:08 <Daan>In other cases it was different? 15:09 In other cases I don't know how the election was 15:09 <Daan>That is a good remark. 15:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>in book I, 87 it is described for Spartan election 15:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>"87With these words he, as ephor, himself put the question to the assembly of the Lacedaemonians. He said that he could not determine which was the loudest acclamation (their mode of decision is by acclamation not by voting); the fact being that he wished to make them declare their opinion openly and thus to increase their ardour for war. Accordingly he said: "All Lacedaemonians who are of opinion that the treaty has been broken, and that Athens is guilty, leave your seats and go there," pointing out a certain place; "all who are of the opposite opinion, there." They accordingly stood up and divided; and those who held that the treaty had been broken were in a decided majority." 15:10 <Daan>I have to go soon, so i have to leave you all. 15:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan yes you told so, we will miss you :-) 15:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw: guys anyone against that we make the chat here again public ? 15:10 <Daan>I think you are right, Erkan. It was a tric. But we have to take into account that Thucydides was an Athenian. 15:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>advantage: new interested people see what we do and join us more willingly

next meeting
15:11 <Daan>Next week, 101-125? 15:11 <Daan>Same time, same place? 15:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>next week: yes, works for me 15:11 <Daan>Many themes can be rediscussed, of course. 15:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan - what do you say on making teh chat public ? 15:11 <Daan>Is fine with me. 15:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>we should write in the agenda for next week what we want to discuss specifically ok ? 15:12 Daan: with pericles, the political men were randomly draw, not elected 15:12 - Ramac quited 15:12 with some exceptions 15:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn Ramac assassingr|away myrmikonos - you also agree to make the chat public, I will remove private irrelevant data which does not suit the topic 15:12 <Daan>Certain points, you mean. But than we need to have multiple people write the agenda for that. 15:12 <Daan>That can be homework, thinking of some points to talk about. 15:12 Erkan_Yilmaz: for me is ok to publish the log 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Daan I meant because if people know in advance what it is talked about they can know and not just listen 15:13 For the next meeting: can we shedule it more late? 15:13 *schedule 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>which time would you like ? 15:13 14.00 e.g. 15:13 (UTC+1) 15:13 <Daan> 14:00 is good with me. 15:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz> 14:00 (UTC+1) is fine for me too 15:14 <Daan>I will go now. 15:14 i think that 13:00 is too early 15:14 <Daan>See you later. 15:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>bye Daan 15:14 ok :-) 15:14 <Daan>Bye now! 15:14 Bye! 15:14 - Sundance_Raphael joined 15:14 - Daan quited 15:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hi Sundance_Raphael :-) 15:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you just missed Daan 15:14 * Sundance_Raphael appeart without a sound 15:15 [ i have to learn to mark my personal relevant nonsense ;) ] 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>how is it going Sundance_Raphael 15:15 * pietrodn is quitting, bye! 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>myrmikonos I will remove private data, ok ? 15:15 - pietrodn quited ("Think different!") 15:15 ok 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I will send you a link with what was published ok ?

non-topic lines deleted

15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, pietro also quit :-) 15:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so I guess there is no meeting anymore for us on the topic ?

non-topic lines deleted

15:18 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw: myrmikonos did you like the session ?

non-topic lines deleted

15:21 huuhh the session was intense. i keep in mind : read this stuff

non-topic lines deleted

15:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well, as you see, we did not talk too much on the text itself 15:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and if so, we can summarize for you 15:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>what is important is the participation with many people 15:29 <Sundance_Raphael>kk 15:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Sundance_Raphael we have already one chat log and I will publish this one (asked about permission), so you could have a look how it is 15:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>since you have knowledge about it already, I think you can always easily participate

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text:
BCP/Corylus avellana

Corylus avellana

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BCP/Corylus avellana


text:
Category:BCP/PRAGUE/2

This category is for plants found flowering in February in Prague, Czech Republic.

title: Category:BCP/PRAGUE/2


text:
BCP/Corylus avellana/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Corylus avellana (Common Hazel).

Recent Logs
=====Archived Logs===== (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * Richardofoakshire 14:55, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * --Juan 15:36, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * SBJ 10:04, 21 March 2008 (UTC) (cv. 'Henry Lauder's Walking Stick')
 * --Luai lashire 21:41, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Corylus avellana/Logs


text: Category:BCP/Family/Corylaceae

title: Category:BCP/Family/Corylaceae


text: Category:Bloom Clock Plants by Genus

title: Category:Bloom Clock Plants by Genus


text:
User:Cvasques

Go to: http://publicationslist.org/cmavasques

 * Topic: Mechanical vibrations
 * Topic: Dynamics and control

title: User:Cvasques


text:
Vibration control

Vibration control in earthquake engineering is a set of technical means aimed to mitigate seismic impacts in building and non-building structures for enhancing their seismic fitness. All seismic vibration control devices may be classified as passive, active or hybrid  where:

 * passive control devices have no feedback capability between them, structural elements and the ground;
 * active control devices incorporate real-time recoding instrumentation on the ground integrated with earthquake input processing equipment and actuators within the structure;
 * hybrid control devices have combined features of active and passive control systems.

When ground seismic waves reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

Ways of control
After the seismic waves enter a superstructure, there is a number of ways to control them in order to sooth their damaging effect and improve the building's seismic performance, for instance:

 * to dissipate the wave energy inside a superstructure with properly engineered seismic dampers ;

 * to disperse the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies, ;

 * to reflect, diffract, and dissipate seismic waves in a process of their vertical propagation with the help of elevated building foundation ;

Devices of the last kind, abbreviated correspondingly as TMD for the tuned (passive), as AMD for the active, and as HMD for the hybrid mass dampers, have been studied and installed in high-rise buildings, predominantly in Japan, for a quarter of a century.
 * to absorb the resonant portions of the whole wave frequencies band with the help of so called tuned mass dampers.

To increase the shielded range of forcing frequencies, the concept of Multi-Frequency Quieting Building System (MFQBS) was developed.

However, there is quite another approach: partial suppression of the seismic energy flow into the superstructure known as seismic or base isolation.

For this, some pads are inserted into or under all major load-carrying elements in the base of the building which should substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure resting on a shaking ground.

The first evidence of earthquake protection by using the principle of base isolation was discovered in Pasargadae, a city in ancient Persia, now Iran: it goes back to VI century BC Pasargadae.

title: Vibration control


text:
Vibration damping

(Contributions in the following topics are welcome! - cvasques 17:04, 9 February 2008 (UTC))

Introduction
Several types of damping are inherently present in a mechanical system. If the level of damping that is available in this manner is not adequate for proper functioning of the system then external damping devices may be added either during the original design or during subsequent design modifications of the system. Three primary mechanisms of damping are important in the study of mechanical systems. They are:

1. Internal damping (of material)

2. Structural damping (at joints and interfaces)

3. Fluid damping (through fluid–structure interactions)

Internal (material) damping results from mechanical energy dissipation within the material due to various microscopic and macroscopic processes. Structural damping is caused by mechanical energy dissipation resulting from relative motions between components in a mechanical structure that has common points of contact, joints or supports. Fluid damping arises from the mechanical energy dissipation resulting from drag forces and associated dynamic interactions when a mechanical system or its components move in a fluid.

Internal damping
...

Structural damping
...

Fluid damping
...

Topic:Mechanical vibrations

title: Vibration damping


text:
User talk:Cvasques

Welcome
Hello Cvasques, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:18, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cvasques


text:
Theories of counseling

Different theories of counseling inform practitioners about how to work with their clients to facility positive change and outcomes. There are quite a few different theories of counseling. There are many different similarities and differences between different theories of counseling.

General

 * Counseling
 * Psychotherapy
 * History of psychotherapy
 * List of counseling topics

Theories, therapies, and other things

 * Person-centered psychotherapy
 * Cognitive psychology
 * Psychodynamic psychotherapy
 * Cognitive behavioral therapy
 * Existential therapy
 * Brief therapy
 * Gestalt therapy
 * Behaviour therapy
 * Dialectical behavioral therapy
 * Integrative Psychotherapy
 * Multitheoretical Psychotherapy
 * Psychodynamics
 * Cognitive therapy
 * Family therapy
 * Solution focused brief therapy
 * Adlerian
 * List of psychotherapies
 * Motivational interviewing
 * REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral therapy)
 * RCT (Relational Cultural Theory)

People

 * Sigmund Freud
 * Erik Erikson
 * Carl Rogers
 * Irvin D. Yalom
 * Rollo May
 * Fritz Perls
 * Alfred Adler
 * Wilhelm Wundt

title: Theories of counseling


text:
Template talk:Applied Mechanics/box-footer

better in template namespace perhaps? --Remi 05:44, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. Definitely. --Remi 01:45, 16 May 2008 (UTC)


text:
Italian literature

Presentation
As a first step to build up the course of Italian literature on Wikiversity, a list of the major Italian Authors of the various historical periods is offered here, with connections to their articles on Wikipedia (and other Wiki Projects). In fact, on Wikipedia already exists good information about these Italian Authors and links to their works. This information offers a basic overview of the Italian literature. Later on, a narrative will be added to better describe the various Authors, and their cultural and historical background.

The students who can read the Italian language, can also check this same course, subdivided in three sections, in the Italian wikiversità: it:Materia:Letteratura_italiana_I

Italian Literature
Italian Literature is usually divided into six major periods: For a general introduction:
 * Medieval, from 1200 to about 1400
 * Humanism and Renaissance, from about 1400 to about 1550
 * Baroque, from 1550 to about 1700
 * Classicism and Pre-Romanticism, from about 1700 to 1815
 * Romanticism and Realism, from 1815 to about 1915
 * Decadentism and Contemporary, from 1915 to the present
 * History of Italian Literature (up to 1900), textbook on Google Books
 * Italian Literature Article on wikipedia.

Medieval Period (from 1200 to about 1400 a.D.)
The major Authors and Literary Movements of this period are the following:

Poetry

 * Scuola Siciliana (Sicilian School)
 * Dolce Stil Novo (School of the Sweet New Style)
 * Brunetto Latini Text of Tesoretto (Italian/English)
 * Cecco Angiolieri
 * Dante Alighieri
 * Folgore da San Gimignano
 * Francesco d'Assisi
 * Francesco Petrarca
 * Giacomo da Lentini
 * Guido Cavalcanti Sonnets and Ballate (Italian/English)
 * Guido Guinizelli
 * Guittone d’Arezzo
 * Jacopone da Todi
 * Paolo Lanfranchi

Prose

 * Catherine of Siena Dialogue (English)
 * Dino Compagni
 * Egidio Colonna
 * Giovanni Boccaccio
 * Giovanni Villani Chronicle (English)
 * Rustichello da Pisa The Travels of Marco Polo (English)
 * Ristoro d’Arezzo

Drama

 * Albertino Mussato

Renaissance Period (from 1400 to about 1550 a.D.)
The major Authors of this period are the following:

Poetry

 * Antonio Pucci
 * Gian Giorgio Trissino
 * Giovanni della Casa
 * Giovanni Guidiccioni
 * Giovanni Pontano
 * Giulia Gonzaga
 * Ludovico Ariosto
 * Luigi Pulci
 * Matteo Boiardo
 * Michelangelo Buonarroti
 * Poliziano
 * Sannazzaro
 * Tullia d’Aragona
 * Vittoria Colonna

Prose

 * Antonio Cornazzano
 * Baldassare Castiglione
 * Leon Battista Alberti
 * Lorenzo de Medici
 * Franco Sacchetti
 * Marsilius Ficinus
 * Niccolò Machiavelli
 * Pietro Aretino
 * Pietro Bembo
 * Savonarola
 * Vespasiano da Bisticci

Historians

 * Benedetto Varchi
 * Camillo Porzio
 * Francesco Guicciardini Ricordi, English text ]
 * Giambattista Andriani
 * Gino Capponi
 * Giorgio Vasari
 * Giovanni Villani
 * Jacopo Nardi
 * Leonardo Bruni

Poetry

 * Claudio Achillini
 * Giambattista Marino
 * Giovanni Francesco Busenello
 * Salvator Rosa
 * Tassoni

Prose

 * Francesco Redi
 * Galileo Galilei
 * Giambattista Basile
 * Paolo Sarpi
 * Paolo Segneri

Poetry

 * Giacomo Leopardi
 * Giuseppe Parini
 * Ippolito Pindemonte
 * Lorenzo Da Ponte
 * Melchiorre Cesarotti
 * Pietro Metastasio
 * Ugo Foscolo
 * Vincenzo Monti

Prose

 * Cesare Beccaria
 * Gasparo Gozzi
 * Giuseppe Baretti
 * Ludovico Antonio Muratori
 * Pietro Verri

Drama

 * Carlo Goldoni
 * Vittorio Alfieri

Historiography

 * Giambattista Vico

Poetry

 * Cesare Pascarella
 * Giosuè Carducci
 * Giovanni Berchet
 * Giovanni Pascoli
 * Giuseppe Giusti
 * Salvatore Di Giacomo

Prose

 * Alessandro Manzoni
 * Carlo Collodi
 * Edmondo De Amicis
 * Emilio Salgari
 * Ippolito Nievo
 * Giovanni Verga Text of his major novel (in English)
 * Giuseppe Cesare Abba
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * Giuseppe Giacosa
 * Grazia Deledda
 * Luigi Capuana
 * Matilde Serao
 * Massimo d’Azeglio
 * Niccolò Tommaseo
 * Silvio Pellico
 * Tommaso Grossi

Historiography

 * Cesare Cantù
 * Vincenzo Cuoco

Miscellaneous

 * Antonio Rosmini
 * Giuseppe Mazzini
 * Vincenzo Gioberti

Poetry

 * Ada Negri
 * Aldo Palazzeschi
 * Andrea Zanzotto
 * Cesare Pavese
 * Clemente Rebora
 * Dino Campana
 * Edoardo Sanguineti
 * Gabriele D’Annunzio
 * Eugenio Montale
 * Gesualdo Bufalino
 * Giovanni Prati
 * Antonio Borgese
 * Giuseppe Ungaretti
 * Guido Gozzano
 * Ignazio Buttitta
 * Leonardo Sinisgalli
 * Maria Luisa Spaziani
 * Mario Luzi
 * Piero Jahier
 * Pier Paolo Pasolini
 * Salvatore Quasimodo
 * Ugo Betti
 * Umberto Saba
 * Vincenzo Cardarelli
 * Vittorio Sereni

Prose

 * Alberto Moravia
 * Alessandro Baricco
 * Antonio Tabucchi
 * Beppe Fenoglio
 * Benedetto Croce
 * Carlo Emilio Gadda
 * Carlo Fruttero
 * Carlo Levi
 * Curzio Malaparte
 * Dacia Maraini
 * Elsa Morante
 * Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
 * Franco Lucentini
 * Gavino Ledda
 * Giorgio Bassani
 * Giovanni Arpino
 * Giovanni Comisso
 * Giovannino Guareschi
 * Giuseppe Prezzolini
 * Goffredo Parise
 * Indro Montanelli
 * Italo Calvino
 * Leonardo Sciasca
 * Luciano De Crescenzo
 * Luigi Barzini, Sr.
 * Mario Rigoni Stern
 * Mario Soldati
 * Natalia Ginzburg
 * Oriana Fallaci
 * Piero Chiara
 * Primo Levi
 * Riccardo Bacchelli
 * Umberto Eco
 * Susanna Tamaro
 * Vasco Pratolini
 * Vittorio Zucconi

Drama

 * Dario Fo
 * Luigi Pirandello

Miscellaneous

 * Giovanni Gentile

title: Italian literature


text:
Nella Larsen "Quicksand"

Nellallitea "Nella" Larsen (1893-1964)

Nella Larsen was a very successful African American Fiction writer. Nella Larsen's appearance with her writing of "Quicksand" and "Passing" won her the prestigious Guggenheim fellowship award for creative writing. Nella Larsen's work contains an overall view of the world from the Harlem Renaissance era, including a Feminist perspective. Themes included in the novel, remain as modern problems of today, middle-class verses lower-class issues and color consciousness. Nella Larsen was a light skinned biracial women who was born to a Danish mother and a Caribbean father on April 13, 1891, in Chicago and died on March 30, 1964.

"Quicksand"

Contents
 * Plot Summary
 * Major Works
 * Websites & Referenced Materials

Plot Summary

Chapters One-Three "Nella" Larsen introduces the main character Helga Crane, a young girl of twenty two, with delicate but well turned arms and legs. Helga teaches at an elite southern school named Naxos (referenced to a Greek Island in the Aegean Sea). The school was an example of the theory that African Americans needed to improve their lot, the policy of "Black Uplift". The education at Naxos, implored no new ideas and tolerated no new innovations, in other words individualism was very discouraged. Helga becomes disenchanted with the hypocrisy at the prestigious school and begins re-evaluating her career choice as a teacher.

"The great community, she thought. was no longer a school. It had grown into a machine. It was now a show place in the black belt, exemplification of the Whiteman's magnanimity, refutation of the black man's inefficiency. Life had died out of it" -Quicksand

Chapters Four-Six Helga after a reverse psychological debate with the new principal at the school, a Dr. Anderson, and struggling with guilt regarding a need for service to ones race in educating young students, Helga makes a decision. She boldly leaves the town of Naxos and boards a train bound for Chicago. She soon discovers that the city is not her home. In reality Helga has no home or friends. But, after a series of bad interviews and bad employment agencies, Helga finds herself employed as a paid companion to an educated Mrs. Hayes-Rore, as a speech coordinator and secretary of sorts. *''NOTE* In these chapters the character Helga bears a striking resemblance to Larsen herself. The references to the name Helga may be of Germanic or Eastern European origin, as well as the references to the Chicago area, and a similar family situation of a biracial child.'' "Helga Crane, who had been born in this dirty, mad, hurrying city, had no home here. She had not even any friends here." -Quicksand Chapters Seven-Eleven Helga relocates to Harlem, on the advice and cooperation of Mrs. Hayes-Rore, where she becomes part of the Black middle-class community. After coloring the truth (hiding her biracial heritage), as Mrs. Hayes-Rore suggests, Helga enjoys residence in the home of Anne Grey. Anne Grey was a woman obsessed with the race problem and fed her obsession frequently. Money as Money was still not very important to Helga. However, Helga with her initial happiness at being finally in a place she could call home fades into feelings of shame and fear. *NOTE* Issues of economic class dominate in these chapters. "It was as if she was shut up, boxed up, with hundreds of her race, closed up with something in the racial character which had always been, to her, inexplicable, alien. Why, she demanded in fierce rebellion should she be yoked to these despised black folk?" -Quicksand Chapters Twelve-Sixteen Helga continues on her journey to find that strange "something" that has been eluding her. She travels to Denmark, after a gift from her uncle, Peter Nilssen, of five thousand dollars (a payment of apology for his wife's rather selfish bigotries). Helga relocates to live with her white relatives. In Denmark she is treated like a lost treasure, to be admired and viewed from afar. Dressed in the finest of fabrics and trinkets, painted by the finest of artists, Helga was young, a foreigner but remained different. After a proposal of marriage, Helga offers her explanation of retort, stating that she could never marry outside of her race, thus causing extreme distress for her white relatives who cannot understand Helga's decision. In time, as the novelty of the new foreigner wears off, Helga longs for life in Harlem. "So life went on. Dinners, coffees, theatres, pictures, music, clothes. More dinners, coffees, theatres, clothes, music. And that nagging aching for America increased. Augmented by the uncomfortableness of Aunt Katrina's and Uncle Paul's disappointment with her, that tormenting nostalgia grew to an unbearable weight." -Quicksand Chapters Seventeen-Nineteen Helga travels back to Harlem, promising to venture back to her white relatives in Denmark after a short visit of 6 weeks. At a party, meeting and greeting numerous "substantial" persons of the community, Helga, reunites with her former fianc'e. However, his personality remains the same, but to her surprise Helga detects herself enamored with Anne's new husband Dr. Anderson, the former principle of Naxos. A romantic interlude happens with Dr. Anderson, and Helga is stirred with passion. Later, after a secret meeting between Helga and Dr. Anderson, Helga finds that Dr. Anderson has rebuked her romantic efforts, with a formal apology and an admission that he was a "fool" to have kissed her. "She had ruined everything. Ruined it because she had been so silly as to close her eyes to all the indications that pointed to the fact that no matter what the intensity of his feelings or desires might be, he was not the sort of man who would for any reason give up one particle of his own good opinion of himself. Not even for her. Not even though he knew that she wanted so terribly something special from him." -Quicksand Chapters Twenty-Twenty-Five Helga after being rebuked by Dr. Anderson flees into the night. In a terrific thunder storm Helga who is drenched finds refuge in a church where numerous individuals give her comfort. Amidst all the withering, chanting and dancing, reminiscent of a southern revival, Helga meets the Reverend Mr. Pleasant Green. Suspecting that God had directed her to the church Helga thinks she found her "something," her happiness. She quickly marries the Reverend Green. Helga lives and endures the duties of a wife of a Reverend and has 3 children in the space of 20 months, and one soon after. As the novel concludes, Helga is bewildered that God has indeed made her endure hardship, childbirth, poverty and much more. She plans to leave when she notices she is again pregnant with her fifth child. "She had ruined her life, made it impossible ever again to do the things that she wanted, have the things that she loved, and mingle with the people she liked. She had to put it brutally as anyone could, been a fool." -Quicksand

Major Works * The Wrong Man (1926) * Freedom (1926) * Quicksand (1928) * Passing (1929) * Sanctuary (1930)

*Websites & Referenced Materials Paul Ruben's Perspectives on American Literature-reference section about Nella Larsen *Note-Literary Traveler requires a log in and account information* Literary Traveler-Discovering Parallels to Nella Larsen (focusing on "Passing")  PBS-American Masters Series, The American Novel  Henry Louis Gates Jr. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Second Edition. New York, W.W. Norton & Company. 2004. Print. Pages 953-962, 1085-1167.

title: Nella Larsen "Quicksand"


text:
User talk:Adrian Comollo

Welcome
Hello Adrian Comollo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 20:59, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Adrian Comollo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Adrian Comollo~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adrian Comollo


text:
User talk:Jesren42

Welcome
Hello Jesren42, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 22:13, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesren42


text:
User talk:Socrates1999

Welcome
Hello Socrates1999, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu talk 22:26, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Socrates1999


text:
User talk:Candyangel43

Welcome
Hello Candyangel43, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu talk 22:33, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Reading groups
Candyangel43, welcome to Wikiversity. I'm wondering whether you might be interested in turning your Nella Larsen "Quicksand" page into a type of reading group, see: Portal:Reading_groups. Countrymike 07:10, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Candyangel143, take a look at some of the Reading groups available through the list on Portal:Reading_groups. You can also add the category to your page which will list your page as a reading group. Mostly it's just about trying to engage others to read the text then discuss using the Talk pages. Some information on the text would be nice as well. See:   Ivan_Illich:_Deschooling_Society for an example of one way to structure a group, but feel free to invent others. Countrymike 02:01, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

image uploads
Hello, good work on the learning projects you are creating here. I just had a couple questions about the images that you uploaded. Usually, book covers like Image:14989592.jpg are copyrighted. It might be possible to use this under fair use but the current license for the uploaded image states that it is GFDL. Are you sure about this? The upload Image:Bronson alcott.jpg is also listed as GFDL, but it looks like this might actually be Template:PD-old. Could you do me a favor and edit the image description pages to indicate where the images are from so we can verify which license applies? I modified the description page for Image:Zz author1.png because there is an identical image at and the webpage clearly states that the material there is copyright ZZ Packer. That image will need to be deleted unless we can verify that it can be freely used on wikiversity. Thanks, and let me know if you have any questions or need any help locating free images for use in learning projects here. --mikeu talk 12:22, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting back to me so quick. You don't have to rush, I'll take another look at the images later today.  --mikeu talk 17:45, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * For the Image:Zz author1.png image I put a edit in the page to put the deletion on hold.  (You could also have done this yourself so that you can take your time to explain why it should not be deleted, but contacting me by email is also fine.)  The reason I question the copyright is that this webpage appears to be the home page of the author - it states "designed and created by zz packer (c)" and that notice would cover the image of her also.  The fact that other websites have this picture without a copyright notice does not indicate that the image is free to use.  It is more likely that the other websites used the image without permission.  An individual might not know, or choose to ignore, copyright when creating a personal website about some topic.  For bookcovers take a look at w:Image:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.jpg and read the copyright notice and fair use rationale.  A seperate rationale should be written for each use of the image on a different wikiversity page.  In any case, those two images are not GFDL unless the creator / owner of the copyright specifically gives permission to release it that way.  I didn't check the status of the Nella Larsenimage, but FYI there is a free image at Image:NellaLarsen1928.jpg that can also be used here.  You don't even need to upload images that are on  just insert [[Image:NellaLarsen1928.jpg]] in the page.  In general, images that were published before 1923 are in the public domain as are works published by the US government.  Small thumbnail images of recent works might qualify for fair use, but you need to make sure that there are no free alternatives.  Right now we are going through a lot of images to make sure we comply with copyright, so please don't feel like you were singled out.  Some of these copyright issues are confusing.  --mikeu talk 04:30, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Conceptional Fiction of Ray Bradbury
Did you want Conceptional Fiction of Ray Bradbury deleted? Ottava Rima (talk) 13:29, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

File:Bradbury ray.jpg
Hi! I've been doing a bit of a clean-up on non-free images, and noticed that you had used File:Bradbury ray.jpg on Ray Bradbury Fiction and Film. I've replaced it with a free equivalent from Commons - I hope that's ok. As an aside, I really liked the article: I haven't read The Illustrated Man before, but it looks like it is time I did. :) - Bilby 01:23, 15 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry to add another here, but I also come across File:Time cover carlos.jpg and File:Waterworld.jpg. I was going to add a fair use rationale so that they could be used in the articles, but unfortunately they seemed to be be decorative, as it wasn't discussed in the article proper. Thus I had to remove the images. If you disagree and think that either would be useful that would be wonderful - you will need to add a fair use rationale, as I was able to add at File:Book-of-eli2.jpg, which is something I'm very happy to help with if I can. Once again, though, the articles were great. I'm very happy I had the chance to read them. - Bilby 17:29, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

File Tagging File:Bronson alcott.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bronson alcott.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikimedia Commons (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page. If the content is a derivative of a copyrighted work, you need to supply the names and a licence of the original authors as well.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag, then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use to release it under the multilicense GFDL plus Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike All-version license or PD-self to release it into the public domain. See commons:Commons:Copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find all your uploads using the Gallery tool. Thank you. TeleComNasSprVen (discuss • contribs) 09:25, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Files Missing Information
Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing and/or License tags, and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See Uploading files for more information.

 * File:Colored icon.jpg

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Candyangel43


text:
Portal:Orthopedics

Orthopedics has to do with the correction of deformities of the skeletal system, extremities of the spine, muscles, and ligaments.

Learning Outcomes
This specialty has many learning outcomes and can be classified as follows: 🇨🇴

Basic Knowledge

 * Introduction to Orthopedics
 * The Skeletal System
 * Pain

Disorders of :

 * The Knee
 * The Shoulder
 * The Spine
 * The Hand
 * The Hip
 * The Elbow
 * The Toe

Skills
Proficient learning in this specialty will allow the student to achieve skills in the following areas:

History Taking
 * Orthopedics

Examination
 * General Examination
 * Evaluation of local joint pain and severity

Analysis of Investigations
 * Diagnosis
 * Treatment

Case Based Learning

 * Orthopedic Case One

Related news

 * August 2008 Hydrogels provide scaffolding for growth of bone cells
 * 2008 Carbon nanotubes could help bones heal

title: Portal:Orthopedics


text: Template:Tickler

title: Template:Tickler


text:
Introduction to Orthopedics

Orthopedics is the study of the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic doctors diagnose and treat problems of the musculoskeletal system.

Where does the word 'orthopedics' come from
The word orthopedics comes from Greek. The greek word 'ortho' means straight and pedics comes from 'pais' meaning children. One may ask why does orthopedics have the word 'children' in it, and that is because for many centuries orthopedists have been known to treat crippled children.

Statistics

 * One in seven Americans has a musculoskeletal impairment.
 * In 2003, almost 3.3 million people had in-patient musculoskeletal procedures.
 * Sprains or dislocations and fractures account for almost half of all musculoskeletal injuries.

title: Introduction to Orthopedics


text:
Lunar Boom Town/Retirement community

Retiring? Why not retire to the moon!

 * Less gravity to hold you down
 * Spectacular Night Sky and Earth out your window
 * Low gravity Frisbee
 * Easy Access to Space Tourism Destinations

Low gravity retiree communities may be mandatory for career space workers. The loss of bone and muscle mass may be irreversable and render them unable to function in full Earth gravity.

For those retiring from Earth, current testing has shown that the old and the young can withstand much higher acceleration forces than previously thought (see The Economist,Jan 2008,"Suited for Space"). In January, 2008, a man of 88 and a woman of 77 passed the "dynamically positioned gondola" test at the National Aerospace Training and Research Centre (NASTAR) in Southampton, Pennsylvania.

title: Lunar Boom Town/Retirement community


text:
User:Remi/Learning

 * Topic:Architectural rendering
 * Northern Arizona University: Philosophy of Law
 * Project Smokebusters:Tobacco Prevention Program
 * Topic:Plantlore

title: User:Remi/Learning


text:
User talk:Wblock

Welcome
Hello Wblock, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 07:22, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wblock


text:
User talk:Sirstubby

Welcome
Hello Sirstubby, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 07:23, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sirstubby


text:
Machining

Machining related learning materials may be here.

Wikipedia

 * Machining
 * Lathe
 * Milling machine
 * Metalworking
 * Machinist
 * Well drilling
 * Machine tool
 * Machinist calculator
 * Electrical discharge machining
 * Electro chemical machining
 * Lathe (metal)
 * Drilling
 * Tap and die
 * Grinding machine
 * Welding
 * Fabrication (metal)

Learning videos

 * Making a BOLT ACTION Pen
 * A Career In Machining (1971) (of potential historical interest)
 * CNC Machining 30,000 LBS of Steel Per Day
 * Prototype Machining from a Garage Shop with Metal Parts Machine
 * Making A Toolmakers Mill Vise
 * How Experts Made 4Ton Roller For Milling Machine - Machining With The Big Lathe
 * Making a Machinist Hammer
 * Machining a Custom Motorcycle Axle
 * Casting and Machining a Brass Ingot from brass plumbing fittings
 * Machining BIG Parts for Caterpillar Construction Machinery & Equipment
 * Making Parts for CAT D10 Dozer
 * Machining Giant Crankshaft Using Heavy Lathes
 * Machining Process of Eccentric Shaft For Stone Crusher Plant on Lathe Machine

title: Machining


text: User:Emesee/Learning gallery

title: User:Emesee/Learning gallery


text:
Lunar Boom Town/Brainstorming

Self-replicating spacecraft

title: Lunar Boom Town/Brainstorming


text:
User:Mikethayes

My name is Mike Hayes and I'm currently doing a Masters in Software Development at Institute of Technology Tralee. During the day (and sometimes the night!) I work for Sun Microsystems.

I've created this account to contribute articles on Software Process Management but over time would like to contribute articles on other topics also.

title: User:Mikethayes


text:
User talk:Mikethayes

Welcome
Hello Mikethayes, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 10:55, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Nice page on Topic:Agile Software Development - are you interested in free software too? Cormaggio talk 17:56, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikethayes


text:
User:Sirstubby

Interested in Space Colonization and travel.

Education:
 * Music Ed
 * Mathematics
 * Self directed reading of Space subjects

Projects of Interest:
 * Lunar Boom Town
 * Volume developer
 * Lunarpedia

title: User:Sirstubby


text:
Wikiversity:Help desk/Archive 6

Return to the Archive Index

Reheated Food
 StuRat 18:54, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

IP trace
please tell me that how i can be able to trace the IP adress of some mail sender on yahoo and hotmail.And suppose if by getting the aquaintance of the sender Ip ,i might be able to trace its location. But if that person while making any account on yahoo registerd his location wrong then this means it is impossible to trace his real location.cheers,--Aquistive bud 18:06, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * http://www.dnsstuff.com/ has many tools for this kind of thing. IP locations are not guaranteed to be correct (they can be spoofed). – Mike.lifeguard | talk 01:21, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for guidance!--Aquistive bud 11:55, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

e-mail
i wanted to e-mail one of the tutors on some computer programming,but system is unable to do so.what to do?can anyone guide me please. --have a nice time.

--i have changed my e-mail adress on my preferences, This is allowed or against any terms of wikiversity? --Aquistive bud 12:32, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * For questions about Wikiversity, it is probably best to ask at the Colloquium. All the options in "my preferences" are there for you to use in any way you like. "tutors" <-- which page talks about tutors? --JWS 13:37, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

If i am not wrong its not really the page.I am talking about this link http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Software_testing under the heading which ends with this word "tutors", there was a name with tutor written after it, to whom i wanted to e-mail for assistance.so this is the whole story.But one thing happened i.e good.That after telling about this problem now i checked to e-mail and it worked.Is it not ridiculous or i might be encountering any problem at that time.

Anyhow ,a great thanks to you.--Aquistive bud 18:32, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

can I speak to someone experienced?
Hi and well done to all who have participated in WIkipedia. I jumped in when the project started last year, but have been doing a million and one things since. I am now back at school and for the last 7 weeks been playing around with various resources for the assistance of teaching mathematics when I suddenly remembered Wikiversity!

Two things:
 * is there an irc chat channel related to wikiversity? Would make sense to have each faculty, department, etc with an easy way of moving about. I found your info on discussion, and the redirect to moodle was too problematic and a bit of a dead-end. IRC is open source too, so I suspect you are using this already... if so, where do I go?
 * I am interested in workflow. I worked with a bunch of people this summer who were trying to produce something like the metaweb. As a small step, to improve workflow, we came up with a new way of using Wikimedia -- please check out my user-page. This has been celebrated by eg wikiindex.org. If anyone is serious about wikiversity, and which got me excited by the project initially, is the experiencial nature of it. It must avoid just reproducing book-work. I took a peek at the maths school pre-uni, and it was a bunch of equations with few links to activities etc throughout the net. I hope to add these over the next year.

For this reason, is it possible to speak to someone, perhaps through skype or irc, about this project... if anyone has the time...? --Fidocancan 09:33, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Chat provides information and links to arrive at the main chat rooms currently active for the entire project.   Several administrators usually monitor #wikiversity-en. People often setup custom chatrooms for various purposes.  Often these are announced in the main room to help people find them.  71.161.3.80 21:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Sometimes we do live audio discussions. I can use Skype if you just want to talk about things. Wikiversity has a "learn by doing", but many Wikiversity participants are familiar with the Wikipedia model, so it is challenging to get people to think in terms of learning communities and activities that lead to learning. --JWS 21:36, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Making new Learning topics
Well, um , I have looked through this site and , well , i was very intrested in the languages. I had a thought, I am currently learning the langauge of Cornish , only 3000 people speak it and 500 fluently. I wanted to start a topic like the french department and spanish, so that increased amount of people could use these amazing facilities to learn this beautiful langauge in need of more speakers. But, i cannot make a topic , can anyone please help me with this?

Thanks in advance --TheElvenLordTheElvenLord 13:34, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello, you can start a topic like this. Click on the following link: Topic:Cornish and then you can edit it. E.g. for the start you could take some elements of the other topics and adapt them (e.g. ). Does this help you ? Erkan Yilmaz ( talk ?, wiki blog ) 13:37, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * English Wikipedia has an article on the Cornish language: Cornish_language. Perhaps if you and a few other contributors joined in, you could even create a new Cornish language Wikipedia.  I wouldn't expect many articles, but perhaps a few articles on Cornwall and a few famous Cornish people could be translated from English. StuRat 15:45, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

marriage
--124.104.101.104 05:57, 3 November 2007 (UTC) What countries practiced polyandry124.104.101.104 05:57, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Lino Soriano soriano_lino@yahoo.com

 * It is practiced, but may or may not be legal, in the countries listed here: Polyandry. StuRat 13:46, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Mediawiki software
Free Wikepedia software download --71.37.180.25 17:30, 5 November 2007 (UTC) I was told that you could download a wikepedia software to use at the office from this site, so that each employee could access the file, and it has the saerch feature. Any truth to this? If yes, I haven't been able to figure out how to do it.
 * This software might be what you are looking for. --JWSchmidt 20:03, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

gastroenterology
I feel very much like writing some chapter like celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease for wikipedia Does it make sense ? I am a gastroetnerologist. Kind regards Tamas Zagoni --Zagonitamas 12:46, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * At Wikiversity, the main content development project for medical topics is School:Medicine. There is also a starting place for planning learning resources for gastroenterology at Topic:Gastroenterology. If you want to write a chapter for a book, plan to have the book hosted at Wikibooks. --JWSchmidt 13:39, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Is there a National Innovation Month?
--74.8.241.162 16:10, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't find any evidence of one. StuRat 02:01, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find any either... but feel free to start one :-) Countrymike 03:19, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Outlook express and account setup
Good day to everyone out here! I tried to set an account on "outlook express" on my computer but at the end of this process i was asked about,Incoming mail server to be selected from the options as POP3/ IMAP/ HTTP server and also to tell POP3 server used for my incoming mails and then SMTP server for my outgoing mails.I don't know what to write there.Can anyone please help me out?Thanks in advance.

--Aquistive bud 17:05, 13 November 2007 (UTC

If your email address is 'abud@isp.com', my best guess is 'mail.isp.com' for incoming and 'smtp.isp.com' for outgoing mail. If that doesn't work, you have to contact your isp/email provider. Tlep 19:30, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

How do you go about getting an event declared a national event? Is it possible?
--74.8.241.162 14:49, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

What nation? In the U.S. a starting point would be a letter to your Congressional Representative inquiring what he/she requires from you and your event's supporters before introducing a Bill to Congress. Probably should include a large self addressed stamped envelope for any helpful materials or examples the staff members responding decide you might find helpful in figuring out how to proceed. Mirwin 23:53, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

School: Medicine
I am a medical student and I want to be heavily involved in the school of medicine project. How do I become a member and what will my limitations in editing the structure be? DónalMcK 12 noon 20th November
 * I've added your name on School:Medicine, but really wiki's don't usually have such a formal structure: there's no formal need to register.
 * To answer your second question, there are very little to no limits whatsoever to you editing the structure: I set up the structure a long time ago and it hasn't changed much, while it should have. So you basically need to be bold and just change it, people will tell you what they don't like and then you can discuss and compromise, but as long as you are open to what other people are suggesting and you are willing to discuss, and you are able to take some criticism and keep cool about it, you can change to entire structure: after all, it's not the structure that matters, it's the content. Furthermore, the ones who do the most work are the ones who get most respect, so if you want become heavily involved, we'd be very happy! --Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 13:13, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

constituion
I NEED SOME AUTHENTIC MATERIAL ON RUSSIAN AND FRENCH CONSTITUIONS .ALSO IF POSSIBLE WITH ANALYSIS

--203.135.21.45 09:10, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A serious challenge. I think we will need to attack it piecemeal.  If you read French you may find http://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Accueil; the French language Wikiversity; a better starting point to find authentic materials than a English translation available to we English speakers. Mirwin 22:45, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Chemistry question
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Personal_Rover_Maintenance

LOOKING FOR 3D ARTIST FAST
--69.125.197.149 20:53, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

looking for an artist to convert this DAZ Studio model, Aikobot Maria ps_ch130b so that it can be imported into 3DMAX8.

we need someone to solve this issue fast.....

for more info please contact: stellardesigngroup@yahoo.com or call 516-806-6436

what is the biggest bird?
--141.213.241.107 19:39, 10 December 2007 (UTC)i do not know awnser please
 * According to Ostrich, "The Ostrich is the largest living species of bird". --JWS 19:55, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The biggest bird to have ever lived may have been the Giant Moa, now extinct. Countrymike 01:36, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

--141.213.241.107 22:43, 10 December 2007 (UTC) what does a flamingo hang out in?

 * Flamingos wade in water. Some species also have an immunity to drinking salt-water and to heat, both of which help them when they hang out in salt lakes or volcanic lakes. StuRat 03:55, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Anyone have any info on John Stevenson Hall?
I am lookinf for informatiojn on "John Stevenson Hall", whom I believe was a missionary to Africa in the late 1800s to early 1900s, Does anyone have any information on this person. There is a British writer John Hall-Stevenson, who I believe is not the same person I am seeking information on.

 * I found an African missionary with that name who lived from 1883 to 1953 and wrote a book about his experiences: "Religion, myth and magic in Tangale" . It appears to have been published after his death, in 1994.  I suggest you read that book (especially if it has an "About the author" section).

 * There is also the "John Stevenson Hall School of Ministry", which I suspect was founded by him or at least named in his honor. According to their site: "The mission of the John Stevenson Hall School of Ministry is to train individuals, regardless of sexual orientation or sexual identity..."  They don't seem to include any history at their web site, but do provide contact info here: .  Try sending them an e-mail and ask them about the man. StuRat 07:02, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

have you seen a cardinal?
--141.213.241.107 18:44, 16 December 2007 (UTC) have you seen a cardinal?

 * cardinal Mirwin 02:43, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've seen the birds in the wild, and I've also seen Cardinal Sin. :-) StuRat 03:21, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

what does a cedar waxwing eat?
what does a cedar waxwing eat? --141.213.241.107 18:49, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Picture and classification here ...http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bombycilla_cedrorum I did not see anything on what it eats but perhaps wikipedia given the formal name would know? Mirwin 22:39, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * At wikipedia Cedar Waxwing Eats berries, fruit, and insects. Mirwin 22:44, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

listings
--59.95.171.235 05:47, 17 December 2007 (UTC)How do I search european engineering institutes?

 * I went to Google and typed "European engineering institute" (without the quotation marks). Included in the list of finds were some promising sites, like this one. StuRat 03:25, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Education material for profesional education in the Netherlands related to land, water and nature
We are writing, collecting and distributing education material for profesional education in the Netherlands related to land, water and nature. Me and some colleagues are wanting to use this wikiversity. Can we just starting up? Can we write in Dutch? Or is there in the next months coming a dutch version of the wikiversity? Titico 09:33, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The Colloquium might be a better place to ask this question, as that's for questions about Wikiversity, whereas this page is for general knowledge questions. That said, I doubt that there are any current plans to create a Dutch version of Wikiversity, so you and your colleagues would be the first.  People at the Colloquium can also provide you with technical assistance in creating the Dutch version. StuRat 15:13, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * About the dutch versions please see: Hoofdpagina

 * Why must it be in Dutch ? Any specific reason ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:34, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The most obvious reason is that Dutch is the native language of many of the would-be authors and the audience. They may not all speak English, or may not be proficient enough to write articles in English. StuRat 16:37, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

To write an effective email for my company
How do I write effective mail for my company which is a new startup and distribute the same to concerned people

How to startup the mail viz: " company like ours " or how I am confused

help me with same

 * Business correspondence is generally focused on a specific goal with a target audience in mind. Do not try to use the same announcement or letter over and over to many people.   It is not efficient it merely confuses the people you wish to communicate with.  You might consider a standard business letter and make sure all the same information is available at the top of the email.  You might design a company logo to add to the signature block you send out with contact information for you and the new company.  Might also ask about business correspondence at Technical writing, Business Writing @ WikibooksBusiness_writing, or Business writing skills.  An easy way to get started is find a busiess email you like for a specific purpose then use it as a template, substituting your business information, purpose and particulars as appropriate.   Mirwin 16:35, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * One of the issues you will need to overcome is the customers wondering "why should I take a chance on a company I've never heard of before ?". Established companies often do this by putting something like "making quality pimentos since 1896" in their letterhead (which always makes me wonder if they made crap before that).  Since this isn't an option for your company, you might want to list the total years of experience and range of skills of your employees, instead.  If you do have any well-known clients, list those.  If you don't, you may want to list companies your employees have worked for before they joined your company.

 * Next you might want to discuss specific products or services your company offers. For each, list the specs, price, and how it is better than what the competition offers.  For example, "with our products, if you are ever unsatisfied, you can return it for a free replacement, no matter how old the product is, no receipt required".  That type of guarantee would be one way you could distinguish yourself from the competition.

 * You should personally sign real mail. With e-mail that's a bit harder, but still possible. StuRat 21:08, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Video documentaries on Wikipedia
--69.62.156.33 16:52, 26 December 2007 (UTC) How do I access the video documentaries that are on Wikipedia? I hear they're excellent. Thanks!

 * A clarification is needed here. Do you mean regular documentary films that are reported upon in Wikipedia ?  If so, most of those are copyright protected so can't be shown online for free.  You can get a list of many of them here: w:Category:Documentary_films.  If, on the other hand, you mean documentary films made by Wikipedians, I'm not aware of those, perhaps another responder is familiar with such documentaries.  There are some news videos shown at Wikinews, however, perhaps some of those would qualify as documentaries. StuRat 17:32, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Reheated Food
Why does food reheated in the microwave taste different from when it was originally cooked?

 * This breaks down into two main questions, each of which have a slew of answers:

 * "Why do foods taste different when reheated ?"

 * Reheating may drive out moisture. Placing a lid on the food while reheating will help here.

 * The foods may have changed during the storage period:

 * Separation may occur. Specifically water and fats/oils may separate in liquids.  Stir to fix this.

 * Flavor blending:

 * Specifically, flavors of items in contact with one another tend to blend. This can be good or bad.  In a stew, this can be good, for example.  Store foods separately if you don't want this flavor blending to occur.

 * Odor blending. Foods with strong odors tend to affect foods with subtle flavors.  For example, food stored next to garlic will tend to taste like garlic.  Properly sealed impermeable containers will fix this, like glass jars.  Odors can pass through many plastics over time.

 * Moisture migration:

 * The foods may have dried out during the storage period. Water can evaporate in refrigerated foods and sublimate (same thing as evaporation but with ice as the starting point) in frozen foods, which causes "freezer burn".  Properly sealed impermeable containers will fix this, like glass jars.  Moisture can pass through many plastics over time.

 * Moisture may be absorbed by foods during storage, such as in pasta and rice. The lost liquid can be replaced by adding spaghetti sauce to pasta/pizza, butter to bread, milk to macaroni and cheese, etc., before heating.

 * Water may have migrated during the storage period. This is particularly a problem in frost-free freezers, which heat the food periodically to melt any frost.  This also has the effect of driving moisture in one direction.  Frozen bread, for example, can be stale on one side and soggy on the other.  Avoid frost-free freezers to eliminate this side-effect.

 * Bacterial action:

 * Food may have spoiled.

 * Some bacterial action changes the flavor without spoiling the food. Cheeses may develop a sharper flavor, for example, and fruit may become alcoholic.  If not desired, keep the food colder and for a shorter period of time.  A traditional freezer (not frost-free) will also help here.

 * Some flavors may evaporate. Some spices are volatile, meaning they will evaporate during long-term storage.  The remedy for this is to add more of the spices which have evaporated.

 * Freezing ruptures cell membranes. This can result in softer or "squishier" foods, such as strawberries.  The remedy for this is to flash freeze foods with liquid nitrogen.  Some frozen foods can be bought like this, but they are more expensive.

 * "Why do foods heated in a microwave taste different from foods heated in other ways ?"

 * Microwaves heat water more than ice or anything else. This can result in a few burnt spots in the food.  Heating on low for a long period of time, rotating the food, and stirring periodically can help to even out the heat.

 * Microwaves heat slightly below the surface:

 * The center may remain cold. Use the methods described above to fix this.

 * The surface will not be properly browned and may be soggy for some types of foods. If so, you may need to brown the food in a toaster, toaster oven, or traditional oven.

 * The bottom of the food may not be heated enough. For some items with crusts on the bottom, like pot pies and pizza, special microwave absorbing foil can be placed underneath the food item to heat the bottom.

 * StuRat 19:43, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity:Help desk/Archive 6


text:
User talk:Pjanssen

Welcome
Hello Pjanssen, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:14, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pjanssen


text:
User talk:Arinola oluwo

Welcome
Hello Arinola oluwo, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:16, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arinola oluwo


text:
User talk:Benmossm

Welcome
Hello Benmossm, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:19, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benmossm


text: Category:Wikimedia research

title: Category:Wikimedia research


text:
Category:Wikiversity research

This category is for research about Wikiversity - not all research on Wikiversity (for which see Category:Research)

title: Category:Wikiversity research


text:
Wikibooks/Research

This page is for collecting research papers about Wikibooks, and providing a common workspace for people interested in researching Wikibooks.

title: Wikibooks/Research


text: Category:Wikibooks research

title: Category:Wikibooks research