text:
User:Tclamb/Journal

=Navier-Stokes (Projection Methods)=

2012/07/20

 * Wikipedia has an article outlining projection methods.
 * Initially, I was interested in Chorin's method (576kB .pdf) due to mention in FEniCS documented demo for this very problem.
 * However, in further research, I've discovered that more modern and effective methods have been developed since 1968.
 * I am currently reading literature on Kim and Moin's method (behind paywall; 897kB .pdf).
 * Another FEniCS solution of this problem is located here in the CBC.Solve project.
 * I can't tell what method they are using here. Does not seem to match Chorin's or Kim and Moin's.
 * Unfortunately, my first, rushed attempt at implementing Kim & Moin's method fails miserably.

2012/07/22

 * Restarting from scratch, I carefully redid my derivation of a weak variational form of Kim and Moin's method.
 * Success! This second attempt has yielded a working implementation of Kim and Moin's method.

=CBC.Pdesys=

2012/07/22

 * I've begun looking into CBC.PDESys.

2012/07/23

 * CBC.PDESys appears to automate implementation Picard iteration to quickly solve systems of PDEs. Before I begin using this library, I am going to implement my own Picard solver for a nonlinear PDE so I can understand the process better. After my initial reading on the topic, Picard iteration seems to be an easy way to explore the effectiveness of various linearizations of nonlinear PDEs.
 * Picard iteration is easy! And since FEniCS solves linear PDEs much faster than its default Newton solver solves nonlinear PDEs, it results in a runtime upwards of 30% faster!

=Readings=

2012/08/01

 * While reading today, I came across the following in Fish & Belytschko (pg. 58):
 * $$\Gamma = \text{boundary}$$
 * $$\Gamma_e = \text{boundaries with essential boundary conditions}$$
 * $$\Gamma_n = \text{boundaries with natural boundary conditions}$$
 * $$\Gamma_e \cap \Gamma_n = 0, \quad \Gamma_e \cup \Gamma_n = \Gamma$$

=References=

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tclamb/Journal


text:
User:Tclamb/Journal/Kim and Moin

Projection methods split each timestep into fractional steps. The first step advances the momentum equation, providing a candidate velocity. Subsequent steps enforce the continuity equation. This is accomplished by making use of a Helmholtz decomposition for the velocity field, splitting it into a divergence-free component and a curl-free component.

=Weak Formulation= There are three steps involved in Kim and Moin's method:
 * Burgers' Equation (Kim & Moin, Eq. 3)
 * Poisson's Equation (Kim & Moin, Eq. 8)
 * Scalar potential (Kim & Moin, Eq. 4)
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \frac{\mathbf{\hat u} - \mathbf{u^n}}{dt} = \frac12 \left( 3 \mathbf{H^n} - \mathbf{H^{n-1}} \right) + \frac12 \frac1{Re} \nabla^2\left(\mathbf{\hat u} + \mathbf{u^n}\right) \quad \text{where } \mathbf{H} = -\mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla \mathbf{u} $$ (KM.1)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \nabla^2 \phi^{n+1} = \frac1{dt}\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\hat u} $$ (KM.2)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \frac{\mathbf{u^{n+1}} - \mathbf{\hat u}}{dt} = - \nabla \phi^{n+1} $$ (KM.3)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

By inspection, we see that we will be solving Eqn. KM.1 for $$\mathbf{\hat u}$$. We will solve Eqn. KM.2 for $$\phi^{n+1}$$, and Eqn. KM.3 for $$\mathbf{u^{n+1}}$$. We also note that this method has reduced Navier-Stokes' nonlinear system of PDEs to three sequential linear PDEs. In the following sections, we will derive a weak formulation of these three equations.

Step One: Burgers' Equation
I have previously worked out the variational form of Burgers' Equation in an in-development FEniCS tutorial. From that page, we have the following:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \int_\Omega \frac{\mathbf{u}_{n} - \mathbf{u}_{n-1}}{dt} \cdot \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u}_n \cdot \left(\nabla \mathbf{u}_n\right) \cdot \mathbf{v} + \nu \left(\nabla \mathbf{u}_n\right) : \left(\nabla \mathbf{v}\right) - \mathbf{f} \cdot \mathbf{v} \, dx - \oint_{\partial \Omega} \nu \mathbf{v} \cdot \left(\nabla \mathbf{u}_n\right) \cdot \mathbf{n} \, ds = 0 $$ (BE.9)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

From this, we can simply change our variables to match our problem, keeping in mind the origin of each term. We note that this equation may be split into bilinear and linear forms, but retyping the equation would be too tedious.
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \int_\Omega \frac{\mathbf{\hat u} - \mathbf{u^n}}{dt} \cdot \mathbf{v} + \frac32 \mathbf{u^n} \cdot \left(\nabla \mathbf{u^n}\right) \cdot \mathbf{v} - \frac12 \mathbf{u^{n-1}} \cdot \left(\nabla \mathbf{u^{n-1}}\right) \cdot \mathbf{v} + \frac12 \frac1{Re} \left(\nabla \left(\mathbf{\hat u} + \mathbf{u^n} \right)\right) : \left(\nabla \mathbf{v}\right) \, dx - \oint_{\partial \Omega} \frac12 \frac1{Re} \mathbf{v} \cdot \left(\nabla \left(\mathbf{\hat u} + \mathbf{u^n}\right)\right) \cdot \mathbf{n} \, ds = 0 $$ (KM.4)
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 *
 * }

Step Two: Poisson's Equation
Again, I have already worked out this variational form in the FEniCS Tutorial. From that page, we have the following:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \oint_{\partial \Omega} \left(\nabla u \cdot \mathbf{n}\right) v \, ds - \int_\Omega \left(\nabla u\right) \cdot \left(\nabla v\right) \, dx = \int_\Omega f v \, dx $$ (PE.3)
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |
 *
 * }

From this, we can again simply change our variables to match our problem.
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \int_\Omega \left(\nabla \phi^{n+1}\right) \cdot \left(\nabla \chi\right) \, dx - \oint_{\partial \Omega} \left(\nabla \phi^{n+1} \cdot \mathbf{n}\right) v \, ds= - \int_\Omega \frac1{dt} \left(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\hat u}\right) \chi \, dx $$ (KM.5)
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 *
 * }

Step Three: Scalar potential
As this equation already consists of only first-order derivatives, the only step that remains in the weak formulation is to take the dot product of a test-function and integrate over all space.
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle \int_\Omega \mathbf{u^{n+1}} \cdot \mathbf{v} \; dx = \int_\Omega \left(\mathbf{\hat u} - dt \nabla \phi^{n+1} \right) \cdot \mathbf{v} \; dx $$ (KM.6)
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 *
 * }

=References=

title: User:Tclamb/Journal/Kim and Moin


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Requirements

Presentation
Non-functional requirement: Execution qualities and Evolution qualities Execution qualities: observable at run time, e.g. security and usability Evolution qualities: embodied in the software static structure, e.g. testability, maintainability, extensibility and scalability High performance: C++ providing close to real time processing High usability: best practices in UI, e.g. WPF WPF business case: massive increase in testability through separation of program logic fron the UI High security: SSL, DMZ, and a dozen other best practices in security Techniques for requirements: user stories, functional specification, and UI mockups Requirements tracing: documenting the life of and tracking the changes to requirements Forward tracing: ability to show system impact when a requirement is changed Backward tracing: ability to show user impact when the system is changed Sample requirements tool: Open Source Requirements Management Tool

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Requirements


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Requirements - Part 2

Presentation
How to deal with changing requirements: agile -- Scrum & XP Sources for requirements: stakeholders and best practices Requirements prioritization techniques: MoSCoW Analysis -- Must, Should, Could and Won't be part of the final solution. User responsibilities in requirements process: requirements articulation and validation Customer responsibilities in requirements process: requirements gathering and prioritization Developer responsibilities in requirements process: requirements analysis and definition Incomplete or incomprehensible requirements: ask for clarification, or approval of a revised version

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Requirements - Part 2


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Functional Design

Presentation
Metaphor: the use of a vehicle (e.g. stage) to visualize a tenor (e.g. the world) Design: relationship between users with problems to solve and designers with solutions to offer Successful metaphor examples are a menu or a mouse Progress bar: reducing the user's perception of waiting Dropdown: big list in small space Data entry QA measures: show examples, validate entry, check DB, minimize typing, progressive lookup, autocomplete Sample prototyping techniques: sequence diagram, UI mockups, and throw-away code How to anticipate user behavior: modeling based on usage and prediction based on models Access to countless features: menu controls, ribbon interfaces, query language Editor for few items of many fields: listbox for items, tab controls for fields Editor for many items of few fields: use grid control or add logic for grouping, paging, filtering or autocomplete Too many colors: untidy, unprofessional and hard to read Web environment: easier to deploy, more collaboration, slower performance Desktop environment: harder to deploy, less collaboration, faster performance

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Functional Design


text: File:Wave.1.B.PropagatingWave.20120723.pdf


text: File:Wave.2.A.PhaGrpVelocity.2012723.pdf


text: File:Wave.2.B.PhaGrpVelocity.2012723.pdf


text: File:Wave.1.A.PropagatingWave.20120723.pdf


text:
Refresher/SDLC/OOP

Presentation
Programming paradigm (fundamental style): OOP, imperative (emphasizing state changes) and functional (emphasizing use of functions) Functional programming example: int sum = Enumerable.Range(1, 9).Where(i => i % 2 == 0).Sum; Imperative programming example: for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) if (i % 2 == 0) sum += i; OOP: using objects in programming with object data fields, methods and their interaction OOP features: data abstraction, encapsulation, message passing, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance Abstraction: what to expose, what to hide Data abstraction: factoring out details Information hiding: the principle of segregation of the design decisions Information hiding example: Weights.Compare(Weight argWeight1, Weight argWeight1) Encapsulation: enclosing in a capsule or object, a technique in information hiding Encapsulation example: Box box1 = new Box; if (box1.Heavier(box2)) { } Messaging passing: objects or processes can wait for messages from others Process synchronization: multiple processes agreeing to a sequence of action Modularity: separation of concerns (features and behaviors) Coupling: degree of interdependencies between modules or classes Cohesion: how much functions or methods within a module are related to another Low coupling: classes should loosely dependent like lego pieces High cohesion: methods highly related like jigsaw puzzle pieces Low coupling and high cohesion: classes like lego, methods like jigsaw puzzle Polymorphism: objects from different types responding to calls by the same name, e.g. operator overloading for addition Inheritance: code reuse by establishing a subtype from an existing object Inheritance example: class Employee extends Resident extends Person Method overriding: providing a method with same name, signature, and return type as that of the parent class Keyword 'internal' in C#: Friend in C++ is not your friend

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/OOP


text:
User:Egm6321.f12

EGM 6321 Principles of Engineering Analysis 1, Fall 2012 (syllabus and other important info) Prof. Loc Vu-Quoc

University of Florida

 Licensing info ,  Interesting news

= Important links =

Lecture plan. Other versions: Fall 2011, Fall 2010, Fall 2009.

Report table. Other versions: Fall 2011, Fall 2010, Fall 2009.

Writing tools

Other courses

Time: New York time, full screen Stopwatch full screen

title: User:Egm6321.f12


text:
Category:Egm6321.f12

EGM 6321 Principles of Engineering Analysis 1, Fall 2012

title: Category:Egm6321.f12


title: File:Misc.2.A.MinPhase.20120723.pdf


text:
User:Egm6321.f12/Lecture plan

= All versions =

Fall 2012, Fall 2011, Fall 2010, Fall 2009

= Recorded lectures =

Recorded lectures in E-Learning at UF (password required): Click Continue, type username and password, click at EGM 6321, click Course Content; at "Lecture Videos" link, click at drop down menu, then select "Preview" to go to the web page with lecture video links.

= Lecture notes, report table =

Additional presentations (video, wiki, static html) made in class may not be recorded on these transparencies.

A mtg number n followed by a version letter in parentheses ([a-z]) indicates that this pdf file had been updated with a 2nd version "b", 3rd version "c", etc. The second letter "x" after a version letter designates an extra lecture; this letter became "m" after the extra lecture had become a make-up lecture. If you had downloaded this pdf file before, you want to clear the cache of your browser so to get the new version.

djvu: ( install the viewer DjView, or Sumatra PDF, or evince )

Log into the course Sakai site to access the doc "PEA1 F12: Lecture notes, videos".

$$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 1, Thu, 2012.08.23, [[media:pea1.f12.sec0.djvu|sec.0]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 2, Thu, 2012.08.23, [[media:pea1.f12.sec0.djvu|sec.0]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec1a.djvu|sec.1a]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 3, Tue, 2012.08.28, [[media:pea1.f12.sec1a.djvu|sec.1a]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec1b.djvu|sec.1b]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 4, Thu, 2012.08.30, [[media:pea1.f12.sec1b.djvu|sec.1b]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec4.djvu|sec.4]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 5, Thu, 2012.08.30, [[media:pea1.f12.sec4.djvu|sec.4]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 6, Tue, 2012.09.04, [[media:pea1.f12.sec4.djvu|sec.4]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec5.djvu|sec.5]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec6.djvu|sec.6]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 7, Thu, 2012.09.06, [[media:pea1.f12.sec5.djvu|sec.5 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec6.djvu|sec.6 (b)]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 8, Thu, 2012.09.06, [[media:pea1.f12.sec7.djvu|sec.7]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec2a.djvu|sec.2a]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 9 (x), Sat, 2012.09.08, [[media:pea1.f12.sec7.djvu|sec.7]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 10, Tue, 2012.09.11, [[media:pea1.f12.sec4.djvu|sec.4 (c)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec7.djvu|sec.7 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec8.djvu|sec.8]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 11, Thu, 2012.09.13, [[media:pea1.f12.sec7.djvu|sec.7 (c)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec8.djvu|sec.8 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec9.djvu|sec.9]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 12, Thu, 2012.09.13, [[media:pea1.f12.sec10.djvu|sec.10]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 13, Fri, 2012.09.14, [[media:pea1.f12.sec11.djvu|sec.11]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 14, Tue, 2012.09.18, [[media:pea1.f12.sec0.djvu|sec.0 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec8.djvu|sec.8 (c)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec12.djvu|sec.12]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 15, Thu, 2012.09.20, [[media:pea1.f12.sec13.djvu|sec.13]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 16, Thu, 2012.09.20, [[media:pea1.f12.sec14.djvu|sec.14]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 17, Tue, 2012.09.25, [[media:pea1.f12.sec15.djvu|sec.15]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 18, Wed, 2012.09.26, [[media:pea1.f12.sec16.djvu|sec.16]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 19, Thu, 2012.09.27, [[media:pea1.f12.sec9.djvu|sec.9 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec17.djvu|sec.17]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 20, Tue, 2012.10.02, [[media:pea1.f12.sec18.djvu|sec.18]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 21, Thu, 2012.10.04, [[media:pea1.f12.sec18.djvu|sec.18]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec21.djvu|sec.21]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 22, Thu, 2012.10.04, [[media:pea1.f12.sec21.djvu|sec.21]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec22.djvu|sec.22]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 23, Tue, 2012.10.09, [[media:pea1.f12.sec15.djvu|sec.15]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec18.djvu|sec.18]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec21.djvu|sec.21]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec24.djvu|sec.24]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtgs 24-25, Thu, 2012.10.11, Exam 1, $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 26, Sun, 2012.10.14, [[media:pea1.f12.sec20.djvu|sec.20]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 27, Tue, 2012.10.16, [[media:pea1.f12.sec63.djvu|sec.63]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 28, Thu, 2012.10.18, [[media:pea1.f12.sec21.djvu|sec.21 (b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec22.djvu|sec.22 (b)]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 29, Thu, 2012.10.18, [[media:pea1.f12.sec22.djvu|sec.22 (b)]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 30, Fri, 2012.10.19, [[media:pea1.f12.sec64.djvu|sec.64]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 31, Tue, 2012.10.23, [[media:pea1.f12.sec27.djvu|sec.27]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 32, Thu, 2012.10.25, [[media:pea1.f12.sec27.djvu|sec.27.(b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec30.djvu|sec.30]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 33, Thu, 2012.10.25, [[media:pea1.f12.sec30.djvu|sec.30]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 34, Wed, 2012.10.31, [[media:pea1.f12.sec30.djvu|sec.30.(b)]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec31.djvu|sec.31]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 35, Thu, 2012.11.01, [[media:pea1.f12.sec32.djvu|sec.32]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ Mtg 36, Thu, 2012.11.01, [[media:pea1.f12.sec33.djvu|sec.33]], $$\displaystyle \bullet$$ 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[[media:pea1.f12.sec40.djvu|sec.40]], [[media:pea1.f12.sec64.djvu|sec.64.(e)]],

[[media: pea1.f11.my.scratch.at.airport.pdf | My scratch at an airport]] for the hint on [[media:pea1.f12.sec22.djvu| p.22-4]].

Report table

Inspiring video on teamwork and learning: A hole in the wall: How children learn without a teacher

Mourning the Death of Handwriting, By Claire Suddath. Time Magazine, Monday, Aug. 03, 2009.

Op-Art: The Write Stuff, by Inga Dubay and Barbara Getty, NY Times, 8 Sep 2009.

= References =

Books
$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ A.C. King, J. Billingham, S.R. Otto, Differential equations: Linear, nonlinear, ordinary, partial, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN-10: 0521016878 ISBN-13: 978-0521016872. UF library 0511078315 (electronic bk.) Google books Amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations, Third Edition, Academic Press, 1998. ISBN-10: 0127843965. ISBN-13: 978-0127843964. UF library QA371.Z88 1989, 2 copies, one for in-library use. Google books Amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Bryson, A.E., and Ho, Y.C., Applied optimal control, Taylor & Francis, 1975. UF library QA402.3 .B78 1969 google amazon

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Kailath, T., Linear systems, Prentice Hall, 1980. UF library QA402 .K295 1980 google amazon

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Kline, M., Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times, Oxford University Press, New York, 1972. UF library QA21.K516 [Vol.1 google] Vol.2 google Vol.3 google Vol.1 amazon Vol.2 amazon Vol.3 amazon

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Boyce, W.E., DiPrima, R.C., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 7th edition, Wiley, 2001. UF library QA371 .B773 1986 amazon

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ O.D. Kellogg, Foundations of potential theory, Dover publications, 1954. UF library QA825 .K4x 1953 Google books Amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ P.M. Morse, H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, Parts I & II, McGraw-Hill, 1953. UF library QC20 .M6 google books amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, companion of the NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, ed. by F.W.J. Olver, et al., Cambridge U. Press, 2010. "Together these works represent a successor to the highly successful Handbook of Mathematical Functions (M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Eds.; see below), which was published by the National Bureau of Standards in 1964." NA Digest, Vol.10, No.19, May 2010.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ M. Abramowitz & I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, New York: Dover Publications, 1972. Read online, Download Wikipedia

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ N.N. Lebedev, Special Functions & Their Applications, Dover Publications, 1972. ISBN 0486606244 (pbk). UF library QA351.L3613 1972 Google books Amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ K. Oldham, J. Myland, J. Spanier, An atlas of functions, 2nd edition, Springer, 2008. 1st edition, UF library QA331.S685 1987 google books amazon.com

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ A.F. Nikiforov, S.K. Suslov, V.B. Uvarov, Classical Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Variable, Springer, 1991. UF library QC20.7.O75N5513 1991 Google Amazon

Web references
$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ Related MIT OpenCourseWare courses.

$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\spadesuit}$$  NEW:

MIT OpenCourseWare's past and future. R. Suehle, OpenSource.com, 8 Sep 2011.

$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ Wolfram|Alpha is ... "learning resource available to your students at no cost that works as a computational knowledge engine. Wolfram|Alpha is not a search engine like Google or Yahoo!, because unlike a traditional search engine, Wolfram|Alpha has the capability to instantly compute the answer to previously unasked questions instead of scouring the web and returning links to pages that already exist. The results are displayed in an easy-to-read, understandable format that can be used as a primary source for educational and academic purposes."

$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\spadesuit}$$  NEW:

WolframAlpha syntax.

$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ Stephen Wolfram: Computing the theory of everything, video on TED.com

$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ Wolfram online integrator

$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ EqWorld, The World of Mathematical Equations. It is a good idea to verify the sources, as the site is not responsible for accuracy and correctness; see Rights and obligations of contributors and website administration.
 * 2nd-order linear ODEs
 * 2nd-order non-linear ODEs
 * ODE education

$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ ODE (Wikipedia): Be careful; always verify the sources.

$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\spadesuit}$$  NEW:

SPECFUN - Special Function Evaluation

Open-source software and documentation
$$\displaystyle \spadesuit$$ Symbolic computation

Papers
$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Vu-Quoc, L., and Olsson, M.,Formulation of a basic building-block model for interaction of high-speed vehicles on flexible structures, ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.56, No.2, pp.451-458, 1989. (pdf)

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Vu-Quoc, L., and Olsson, M., A computational procedure for interaction of high-speed vehicles on flexible structures without assuming known vehicle nominal motion, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol.76, pp.207-244, 1989. (pdf)

$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\clubsuit}$$

 NEW:

S. Bodenmann The 18th-century battle over lunar motion, Physics Today, Jan 2010.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Goff, J.E., Power and spin in the beautiful game, Physics Today, Vol.63, No.7, pp.62-63, Jul 2010.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Irwin, P.A., Vortices and tall buildings: A recipe for resonance Physics Today, Vol.63, No.9, pp.68-69, Sep 2010. Simulation of vortex formation and shedding.mpg The Burj Khalifa building in Dubai (wikipedia)

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Narasimhan, T.N., Thermal conductivity through the 19th century Physics Today, Vol.63, No.8, pp.36-41, Aug 2010.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Vu-Quoc, L., and Tran, V.X., Singularity analysis and fracture energy release rate for composites: Piecewise homogeneous-anisotropic materials, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, John H. Argyris Memorial Issue, Vol.195, No.37-40, pp.5162-5197, 15 July 2006. (pdf)

= Inspiring engineering news =

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Nova Documentary Examines Science Behind Chilean Miners' Rescue, PBS News Hour, AIR DATE: Oct. 26, 2010. In a documentary airing on most PBS stations, "Nova" captured the gripping story of the 33 Chilean miners trapped underground for more than two months and explores the science used to rescue them.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Chilean Miners' Rescue Presented Massive Engineering, Drilling Hurdle, PBS News Hour, AIR DATE: Oct. 26, 2010. Three separate drilling plans were created to save the 33 Chilean miners trapped in the San Jose mine. Margaret Warner talks to one Americans who helped orchestrate the rescue.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ NOVA: Emergency Mine Rescue, Engineers and NASA scientists aid an all-out effort to save 33 Chilean miners trapped nearly half a mile underground. Aired October 26, 2010 on PBS.

= Motivation =

High-speed maglev trains
$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ German Transrapid (Maglev), electromagnetic (attraction) maglevs. German Transrapid Emsland 500 km/hr (video, 7:37 min) (500 / 1.6 = 312.5 mi / hr). The Transrapid story (video, history of development, electromagnetic systems vs electrodynamic systems): Part 1 (8:28 min) Part 2 (8:07 min).

Shanghai maglev train (video, 5:35 min).

Equations of motion for high-speed vehicles interacting with flexible guideways; see Vu-Quoc & Olsson (1989 a b ): Actually, system of coupled nonlinear 2nd-order ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations.

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ Japanese Maglev, electrodynamic (repulsion) maglevs, with retractable wheels. Japanese maglev at 581 km/hr (video, 4:43 min) (581 / 1.6 = 363 mi / hr).

$$\displaystyle \clubsuit$$ French TGV speed record 574.8 km / hr = 357.2 mi / hr (non maglev, wheel-on-rail trains)

Recent news on high-speed train (Aug 2011)
$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\clubsuit}$$

 NEW:

How Not to Plan for the Future, New York Times, Editorial, April 20, 2011. See also New York Times: High-speed rail deserves continued support, Transportation for America, 2011.04.21.

$$\displaystyle \color{red}{\clubsuit}$$

 NEW:

High-Speed Rail Poised to Alter China, New York Times, By KEITH BRADSHER Published: June 22, 2011.

News on high-speed train (Aug 2010)
Fla. seeks $1B more to build bullet train, Miami Herald, 28 Aug 2010.

Debate on high-speed rail (Sep 2009)
Siemens Fills Russia’s Need for High-Speed Train, by A.E. Kramer, NY Times, September 24, 2009.

Stimulus Puts High-Speed Rail On The Fast Track, NPR, Morning Edition, 24 Feb 2009; audio 4:10 min.

States Make Pitches For High-Speed-Rail Money, NPR, All Things Considered, 21 Aug 09, audio 7:42 min.

California Edges Ahead In High-Speed-Train 'Race', NPR, All Things Considered, 3 Sep 09.

High-Speed Rail Skeptic Outlines Position, NPR, All Things Considered, 3 Sep 09.

More with Search for "npr high speed rail train " Search for "npr high speed train florida"

Equations of motion

Coupled nonlinear 2nd-order ODE and PDEs with varying coefficients, which depend on the unknown functions to be solved for. Particularization to linear 2nd-order ODEs with varying coefficients.

Solving PDEs in curvilinear coordinates

= Linear 2nd-order ODEs with varying coefficients (L2-ODE-VC) =

Even though this section is about linear 2nd-order ODEs with varying coefficients, many of the methods listed in this section apply to nonlinear ODEs in general, with linear ODEs as particular cases. We present the general nonlinear case first, then particularize to the linear case.

Helmholtz equation (PDE)
Helmholtz equation (Wikipedia)

Reduction of order method 0: Missing dependent variable
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 55

Integrating-factor method (1)
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 79

Application: Motion of rocket with air resistance

See also Kline, 1972, p.476: John Bernoulli's equation; contributions of Euler (1734-35) and Clairaut (1739-40) to exactness condition and integrating factor method (IFM).

10 Best Soccer Goals Ever (2nd best by Roberto Carlos in Brazil vs France)

Best corner kick ever!

NOVA: Bombing Hitler's dam: 24:00 to 29:00

The Knuckleball: The science behind why it's so damn hard to hit

Accuracy in paintball

General L1-ODE-VC (2)
See General L1-ODE-VC (1).

Control engineering: Linear systems
Bryson & Ho 1975, p.450

Kailath 1980, p.165, Eq.(21); Sec. 2.5, p.160, Solutions of state equation and modal decomposition; Sec 2.5.1. Time invariant equations and matrix exponentials.

Roll control of rocket

Bryson & Ho 1975, p.169

Irwin, P.A., Vortices and tall buildings: A recipe for resonance Physics Today, Vol.63, No.9, pp.68-69, Sep 2010. Simulation of vortex formation and shedding.mpg The Burj Khalifa building in Dubai (wikipedia)

Connection of linear systems with Reynolds Transport Theorem

Reduction of order method 1: Exact nonlinear ODEs
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 63: Applicable to nonlinear ODEs, in particular linear 2nd-order ODEs.

Nonlinear 1st-order ODEs (2)
See Nonlinear 1st-order ODEs (N1-ODEs) (1) and Integrating-factor method: Nonlinear 1st-order ODEs

Legendre L2-ODE-VC (2)
King et al. (2003), p.31

Nonlinear nth-order ODEs
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 63, p.289

General Nn-ODEs
$$F(x, y^{(0)}, y^{(1)}, \ldots, y^{(n)}) = 0$$

Condition 2: Single exactness relation
involving $$f_i := \partial F / \partial y^{(i)} $$.

Vibration: Chladni patterns
Chladni figures Chladni patterns (youtube) Chladni patterns on a vibrating plate excited by an acoustic speaker

Acoustics of drums, by T.D. Rossling, Physics Today, Vol.45, No.3, pp.40-47, Mar 1992.

Generalization: Euler (homogeneous) Ln-ODE-VC (1)
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 61

Table of particular solutions
Boyce & DiPrima 2001, p.175.

Superposition of solution for L2-ODE-VC
Here, we treat the cases in which at least a solution (homogeneous or particular) can be guessed by inspection; the other solution can then be generated from the guessed solution.

For the cases in which the solutions cannot be guessed by inspection, see Solution by power series: Frobenius method.

Euler (homogeneous) Ln-ODE-VC (2)
See above.

Zwillinger (1998), Sec 61

Method of trial solution (undetermined coefficients)
This method is also known as the method of undertermined coefficients; the terminology "trial solution" is more descriptive since the method involves guessing the solution mathematical expression, called the trial solution, which have unknown coefficients to be determined by substituting the trial solutions into the differential equation.

King et al. (2003), Appendix 5

Zwillinger (1998), Sec 94

Wikipedia

Reduction of order method 2: Undetermined factor (1)
King et al. (2003), p.5

Zwillinger (1998), Sec 85

Non-homogeneous L2-ODE-VC
Zwillinger (1998), Sec 94

Non-homogeneous L2-ODE-CC
Boyce & DiPrima

Variation of parameters
Gravitational perturbation (wikipedia)

Big Picture, 2010 (video, Hulu): "What we see from space is the big picture of Earth. This is a science documentary with a difference". NASA GRACE satellite measures earth mass variations; time markers on video for this story: 34 min - 40 min. google search for "nasa grace satellite"

Communicating the science of climate change, Physics Today, Oct 2011, p.48.

King et al. (2003), p.7 Zwillinger (1998), Sec 95

Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
Puget sound (NASA satellite image)

= Legendre functions =

Kellogg (1953), p.125 King et al. (2003), p.31

Orthogonal coordinates
Orthogonal coordinates (wikipedia): See the table of different orthogonal coordinate systems at the bottom of the article.

Coefficients of series solution
Lecture transparency p.33-1, Eq.(2) and Eq.(5):

\displaystyle \langle f, P_m \rangle =  \int\limits_{\theta = -\pi/2}^{\theta = \pi/2} f (\theta) P_m (\sin \theta) d (\sin \theta) =  \int\limits_{\mu = -1}^{\mu = 1} f (\mu) P_m (\mu) d (\mu) $$

Integration involving transcendental functions: Abramovitz & Stegun, p.77

Bessel differential equation (1)
King et al. (2003), p.80

elliptic coordinates (2D)
Elliptic coordinates (wikipedia)

Parabolic coordinates
Parabolic coordinates (wikipedia)

Application: Gauss-Legendre quadrature
Gauss quadrature (wikipedia) Legendre polynomials (wikipedia) Abramovitz & Stegun, p.887 Abramovitz & Stegun, Table 25.4, p.916

"What's the application?" lesson 2
3 Americans Share Nobel for Medicine, By Nicholas Wade, NY Times, Published: October 5, 2009.

Legendre polynomials
Legendre polynomials (wikipedia)

Axisymmetric case
Using the astronomy convention for spherical coordinates, the general solution for the Laplace equation before applying any boundary conditions is:

$$\psi (r,\theta) = \sum_{n} \left(A_n r^n + B_n r^{-(n+1)} \right ) \left[ C_n P_n (\mu) + D_n Q_n (\mu) \right ] \, \quad \mu := \sin \theta$$

Binomial theorem
NOTE: Battin 1998, p.661, probably referred to Nasir's work in the 13th century, but the binomial theorem was actually known to al-Karajial-Karaji 200 years earlier.

Laplace equation in spherical coordinates
Fluid flow experiment around a cylinder (video) (not a sphere, but the streamlines are similar to those of a flow around a sphere)

Moving cylinder in a fluid (video)

Bypassing 2nd homogeneous solution
King et al. (2003), p.44

Rodrigues's formula
Olinde Rodrigues (1795-1851)

 Lecture plan of other courses

title: User:Egm6321.f12/Lecture plan


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Technical Design

Presentation
Concurrency control: pessimistic or optimistic locking Pessimistic locking: immediate locking upon request Optimistic locking: clearing at commit time Software design patterns: solution template for many situations OO design pattern: relationships and interactions between classes or objects Mutable: prone to frequent change Immutable: not subject to change Types of design patterns: creational, structural, behavioral and concurrency Creational design patterns: Lazy initialization, Multiton, Singleton, etc. Structural design patterns: Adapter, Composite, Decorator, etc. Behavioral design patterns: Chain of responsibility, Iterator, Memento, etc. Concurrency design patterns: Lock, Scheduler, Thread pool, etc. Iterator design patterns: Collections -- List  Stateless protocol: each request a transaction independent of previous requests Stateless object: no attributes, only methods, lower invocation overhead Multi-tier architecture: presentation, application processing, and data management are separate processes Business Logic Layer (BLL): business process objects and business entities Stateless business layer: minimal overhead for long-running transactions Entity Data Model (EDM) diagrams: scalar properties, navigation properties, etc. Sequence diagram: interaction diagram showing how processes operate with one another and in what order ArchiMate: an open and independent enterprise architecture modeling language Component-based design (CBD): a reuse approach to defining, implementing and composing loosely coupled independent components into systems Software component: a software package, a Web service, or a module that encapsulates a set of related functions Service-orientation: a design paradigm to build computer software in the form of services Service-oriented architecture: a set of principles and methodologies for designing and developing software in the form of interoperable services SOA principles: reuse, granularity, modularity, composability, componentization and interoperability CBD or SOA: application of OOP at a higher level, e.g. to encapsulate a service as provided by an independent vendor

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Technical Design


text:
User:Egm6321.f12/Report table

 Please keep this table and the wiki code tidy. Use exactly the same format that I created. Remember to log in before you link to your team's  archived  report. Only archived reports are accepted; please do NOT link to current versions. Links to the archived HW reports should be made within one hour of the deadline. Egm6321.f12 (talk) 20:05, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Inspiring video on teamwork and learning: Sugata Mitra shows how kids teach themselves (A hole in the wall: How children learn without a teacher), Nicholas Negroponte: Teaching Children to Learn (Given Tablets but No Teachers, Ethiopian Children Teach Themselves)

 Lecture plan:  Fall 2012, Fall 2011, Fall 2010, Fall 2009

Good model reports

 Report table:  Fall 2012, Fall 2011, Fall 2010, Fall 2009

(a) : The deadline for any report is in general on a Wed, unless extended by formal announcement (e.g., to accommodate the travel schedule of students, etc.), or upon a reasonable request. R2 deadline extended from Wed, 19 Sep 2012, to Fri, 21 Sep 2012.

(b) : void

(c) : 21:00 UTC = 17:00 EDT = 5:00 pm EDT = 4:00 pm EST. So there are 4 hours difference between EDT and UTC, and 5 hours difference between EST and UTC. From the second Sunday of March until the beginning of November, we use EDT. From the first Sunday of November, the Eastern time changes from EDT back to the EST, and we use 22:00 UTC = 5:00 pm EST.

 Report tables of other courses

title: User:Egm6321.f12/Report table


text: File:CognativeTheoryMML.jpg

title: File:CognativeTheoryMML.jpg


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Construction

Presentation
'''How to handle error situations: Identify and unit-test normal error conditions (positive, negative and exception). Wrap all in try and catch blocks, ending in a generic Exception block.''' TDD: tiny cycle repetition of red, green and refector -- failing test script, code to pass, refactor to standards XP key principles: rapid feedback, incremental change and assuming simplicity Code review: systematic examination of source code through peer review Code review tools: style checkers, static checkers, unit-testing suites Review forms: pair programming, informal walkthroughs or formal inspections Essential tools outside of IDE: version control, scripting languages, google, unit testing frameworks, continuous integration systems Safe and fast: basic security, time complexity, then micro improvement

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Construction


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Construction - Part 2

Presentation
Abstract class (in C++, pure virtual method): blueprint for a class without any implementation and thus cannot be instantiated Abstract class methods: not all must be abstract, some can be concrete Abstract class required: when at least one of the methods in the class is abstract Abstract method: require non-abstract derived classes to provide their own implementation of this method Interface class: an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes Interface class methods: all must be abstract and public and thus accessibility modifiers not needed Multiple interfaces: can be inherited Namespace class: classes are declared inside a namespace

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Construction - Part 2


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Abstract and Interface

Presentation
Abstract class (in C++, pure virtual method): blueprint for a class without any implementation and thus cannot be instantiated Abstract class methods: not all must be abstract, some can be concrete Abstract class required: when at least one of the methods in the class is abstract Abstract method: require non-abstract derived classes to provide their own implementation of this method Interface class: an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes Interface class methods: all must be abstract and public and thus accessibility modifiers not needed Multiple interfaces: can be inherited Namespace class: classes are declared inside a namespace

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Abstract and Interface


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Delegate and Polomorphism

Presentation
Polymorphism or Delegate: method overloading or method passing Late binding: method looked up by name at run-time and exact behavior determined at run-time Early binding: method name and signature stored in the virtual method table (v-table) at compile time Polymorphism: objects from different types responding to calls by the same name, e.g. operator overloading for addition delegate (function pointers in C++): an object encapsulates reference to a method multicast delegate: a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods Delegate: a class -- usable if declared and instantiated Delegate use: passed around as a parameter, and invoked by the receiving object Delegate example 1: success = MyAddressProvider.HandleCampaign(WhatToDoWithAddresses) Delegate example 2: MyMenuItem.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandlerMyMenuItem_Click)

Mobile version


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Construction - Part 4

Presentation
Static class: for objectless methods Singleton design pattern: interface allowing a class to enforce single instantiation Anticipating changing requirements: unit test suites, in-code comments, object-oriented design Coding process: study the requirement, figure out an approach, create a unit test, code to pass, commit, pass through code review, refactoring, commit again, internal release, pass through QA challenges

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Construction - Part 4


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Algorithms

Presentation
Even number if (number % 2 == 0) Odd number if (number % 2 != 0) X is power of 2 if ((x != 0) && ((x & -x) == x)) Middle item of a string LinkedList: mylist.ElementAt(mylist.Count/2) Regular expression in C#: Regex Replace FormatWith in correct syntax Sample recursive solution: private void ExpandNode { foreach (TreeViewItem node in Nodes) { ExpandNode(node); } } SortedList: mySL = new SortedList; mySL.Add(key1,value1); Hashtable: openWith = new Hashtable; openWith.Add("txt","notepad.exe"); Hashtable speed: faster than SortedList String reversal: private static string rwr(string argSource, int argLen) { if (argLen == 1) return argSource; else return rwr(argSource.Substring(1, argSource.argLength-1),--argLen) + argSource[0].ToString; } Find duplicate value: map int array to HashTable Travelling salesman problem: a special case of the Traveling purchaser problem Traveling purchaser problem: route with minimum combined cost of purchases and travelling given marketplaces, travel costs, available goods and their prices

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Algorithms


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Data Structures

Presentation
Structure of a subway system: object classes for railways, stations and trams RGB triplet: efficient representation for color value Queue: FIFO enqueued then dequeued Stack: LIFO pushed then popped Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG): a family of specifications of an XML-based file format for two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic (i.e., interactive or animated) C#: personally preferred language for writing complex data structures 21 in decimal: 15 in hex or 10101 in binary XML for sport competition:        Universal Character Set (UCS): a standard set of characters upon which many character encodings are based UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format—8-bit): variable-width encoding to represent every character in the Unicode character set Unicode: a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.

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title: Refresher/SDLC/Data Structures


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Testing

Presentation
Regression test: testing that looks for regressions after enhancement Requirements traceability matrix: completeness of many to many relationship between two baselined documents Test Coverage Matrix: Feature, Module, Case Type, Test Case Case Type: Default Case, Negative, Boundary Integration test: unit test with dependencies between business and data layers Unit test: integration test using mocked up business objects and database mockups Unit testing framework: toolset essential for testing the code quality Integration and configuration errors: types of problems frequently encountered in production Code coverage: a measure used in software testing showing the code proportion tested Types of code coverage: function, statement, decision, etc. Black-box testing: test the functionality of an application White-box testing: test internal structures of an application Functional testing: a type of black box testing that bases its test cases on the specifications Exploratory testing: a black box testing technique, free-lance testing, cognitive engagement of the tester Test suite: a collection of test cases showing a specified set of behaviors in the software Test case: a set of conditions or variables to be considered in testing Test plan: definition of workflow for testers Test organization: based on available testing human resources, including developers available for testing Web testing: basic functionality, security testing, load testing, performance testing, etc. Ecommerce smoke test: at first round-trip testing involving all vendor web services Reducing acceptance testing surprises: involve the customer in design of acceptance test

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Testing


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Delegate and Polymorphism

Presentation
Polymorphism or Delegate: method overloading or method passing Late binding: method looked up by name at run-time and exact behavior determined at run-time Early binding: method name and signature stored in the virtual method table (v-table) at compile time Polymorphism: objects from different types responding to calls by the same name, e.g. operator overloading for addition delegate (function pointers in C++): an object encapsulates reference to a method multicast delegate: a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods Delegate: a class -- usable if declared and instantiated Delegate use: passed around as a parameter, and invoked by the receiving object Delegate example 1: success = MyAddressProvider.HandleCampaign(WhatToDoWithAddresses) Delegate example 2: MyMenuItem.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandlerMyMenuItem_Click)

Mobile version


title: File:ComplexFunc.1.A.20120724.pdf


title: File:Bshift.mux.vhdl.20120724.pdf


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Maintenance

Presentation
Product update: service interruption should be avoided or announced in advance, backward compatibility, database conversion Debug strategy: isolating the code, adding trace logic, and optimizing problem recreation Regression tests: making sure other parts, components not broken by the new code Sandcastle: a documentation generator from Microsoft via reflection information of .NET assemblies and XML documentation comments found in the source code of these assemblies. More easily maintainable: follow best practices and internal standards for coding, logging, commenting, etc. Using OOP plays a major role. Debug in production: turn on debug logging, monitor the database in real time Load balancing: methodology to distribute workload across multiple devices to achieve optimal resource utilization, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload Types of Load Balancing: DNS load balancing, Bridged load balancing, and Routed load balancing Maintenance most expensive: each change goes through the whole SDLC yet requires all-out regression testing Reengineering: examination and alteration of a system to reconstitute it in a new form Reverse engineering: discovering the technological principles of a system through analysis of its structure, function, and operation

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title: Refresher/SDLC/Maintenance


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Configuration Management

Presentation
Baseline: the marking of a significant system state where we can go back to Freezing: versioning the source code as well as the database Under version control: source code, tests, database and other scripts, sample data, documentation, anything changed by developers over time Version control systems (VCS): letting team members know who changed what VCS Tag: a static snapshot VCS Branch: for development outside the trunk Changes to Technical Documentation: tracked under VCS, maintained on enterprise wiki Redmine: free and open source, web-based project management and bug-tracking tool Basecamp: a web-based project-management tool offering to-do lists, wiki-style web-based text documents, milestone management, file sharing, time

tracking, and a messaging system Patch management: what patches should be applied to which systems at a specified time New version: pushing forward, shooting for new heights New release: pushing backward, aiming for stability Text file changes: versioned by line Binary file changes: full replacement

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title: Refresher/SDLC/Configuration Management


text:
Refresher/SDLC/Project Management

Presentation
How to create a guided tour such as this presentation?

Iron triangle in software development: scope, time and cost Scope: features, functionality Time: schedule Cost: resources, budget Estimates: by team members Deadline: by the management team Agile: iterative and incremental development Iterations and Increments: periodic evaluation of new deliverables Risk management: the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to

minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities Risk Management Golden Rules: process, identification, communication, opportunities, ownership, prioritization, analysis, response

preparation, registry, task tracking Work breakdown structure (WBS): deliverable-oriented decomposition of a project into smaller components Rolling wave planning: progressive elaboration to add detail to the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) on an ongoing basis Burn down chart: graphical representation of work left to do versus time Dynamic systems development method (DSDM): generic approach to project management and solution delivery PRojects IN Controlled Environments 2 (PRINCE2): a structured project management method endorsed by the UK government as the project management standard for public projects. Scrum: an iterative and incremental agile software development method for managing software projects and product or application development Customer wants too much: show them alternative outcomes and ask for their help with prioritization

Mobile version

title: Refresher/SDLC/Project Management


text:
Islam/Muslims

There are more than six billion human all over the world now. More than one billion are Muslims as per available information. Muslims live their lives according to the teachings of prophets of Allah, particularly the last prophet, Muhammad. Muslims live in almost all countries of the world and worship only one Allah. Majority of the Muslims live in Asia and follow/apply the shariah laws upon themselves. The interpretation and application of shariah laws are considered to be the duties of Muslim religious leaders/scholars in consultation with other law experts and government functionaries.

title: Islam/Muslims


title: User:Planotse/sandbox/test6


title: User:Planotse/sandbox/test6/box-header


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text:
User:Azotochtli

Hi! I help out where I can. I often contribute to animal or programming related books on Wikibooks, or add images and fix layouts. I try to maintain School:Computer_Science because I think it could be a valuable resource. I try not to do anything controversial, but please feel free to contact me on my talk page for any reason - I'm not looking for a fight.

This username is not unique, and is used elsewhere by other people.

The programming userboxes seem to have broken...

title: User:Azotochtli


text:
Talk:Post-Conflict Management and Resolution Studies

First off I would like to say what an incredible idea this Center is. I had no idea something like this existed, but I am glad to see that it does. I think research and the follow through go hand in hand and are the keys to preventing major conflicts from occurring and reoccurring. I am a Canadian citizen, but of Serbian descent, and I have witnessed conflict in my homeland since I can remember. However growing up as a Canadian I believe has given me an alternate perspective on the situation. Some of my closest Serbian friends and family hold intense resentment towards Croatians, and still hold grudges. Granted they were alive and present at a different time, yet I still can relate to their disdain to a certain degree. Where we differ is in the fact that I can see a future where we coexist together. These were men that were fighting for their beliefs, for their country, for the men who pull the strings. I can remember vividly the Kosovo situation where NATO came in a decimated my country. Non stop bombings. All because the Albanians claimed this once rich in tradition Serbian province as theirs. How can I blame the Albanians for this? I do however hold some resentment towards them for even making this claim, but it was NATO, an organization who we as humans are to entrust our safety with. How are these people making decisions on issues they dont have the first clue on? why did they side with Albania? I have no idea, but theres nothing I can do but trust that it wont happen again. Hopefully your organization can further educate decision makers on cultures, and beliefs and curb their ignorance to make more informed policy, and strategical decisions.

Thank you, Adam


text:
User:Headbangercomputerscience

what's up, my name is Anthony James Randazzo. though my profile name suggest i teach computer science i really teach one field in that area but it is multi million dollar industry!!! I am here to teach game development. i am going to teach this in a fun manner but i require if you want to take this course you know you will be making video games the software i will be teaching is not a single piece as soon as enter and commit yourself to this course you can say you will be in the game development world!!!! so one last thing i am a real headbanger that's where that name came from. be ready to use a computer because you'll need it!

title: User:Headbangercomputerscience


text:
Talk:Polymers/Introduction

Large macromolecule
A polymer is a large macromolecule of...—Doesn't the word macromolecule itself imply to be large. VanischenumTalk

title: Talk:Polymers/Introduction


text:
User talk:Farzaneh (usurped)~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Farzaneh (usurped). To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Farzaneh (usurped)~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Filling Scuba Cylinders

To do

 * Upload available images
 * Create images where not available
 * Split modules into separate articles?
 * Links to and from WP Portal:Underwater diving
 * Gas blending course
 * Ozygen cleaning of cylinders and valves.Pbsouthwood (talk) 10:43, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filling Scuba Cylinders


text: Category:Diving

title: Category:Diving


text:
User:DannyAsher/common.js

mathJax={}; mathJax.fontDir="http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts"; importScript('User:Nageh/mathJax.js');

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text:
Filling Scuba Cylinders/Glossary

Definitions given here are in layman’s terms and should not be considered legally binding. Meanings given are in context of breathing air compression and there may be alternative meanings not mentioned here.

A

 * AA6061: Aluminium Alloy 6061 (not subject to sustained load cracking)
 * AA6351: Aluminium Alloy 6351 (subject to sustained load cracking – requires eddy current testing)
 * A-clamp fitting/valve: See Yoke fitting/valve
 * A-clamp adaptor: see Yoke adaptor
 * activated charcoal/carbon: A filter medium
 * air comprimé: Compressed air (French)
 * aire comprimido: Compressed air (Spanish)
 * ambient pressure: Pressure of the surroundings
 * aria appiattita: Compressed air (Italian)
 * assessment: Process by which knowledge and skills or observable conditions are compared to a standard before making a decision.

B

 * block adaptor: Screw-in adaptor fitting which is fitted to a 200/240 bar DIN pillar valve to allow connection of a yoke regulator or filling whip
 * booster: Machine used to increase pressure of a gas. Usually refers to case where inlet pressure is above ambient pressure already. (see also compressor)

C

 * cascade filling: Decanting from several cylinders in succession, generally using a procedure to maximise charge pressures.
 * charging pressure: Pressure stamped on a container for a permanent gas to indicate the maximum gauge pressure (measured or corrected to 15ºC) that may be applied at the time of filling
 * commercial diving: Working under pressure: Occupational activity where gas is breathed at pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure
 * competent person: Person who is able to perform a task or operation safely and according to required procedures. May require formal assessment or accreditation, or registration with government body.
 * compressed air: Air at a pressure greater than ambient.
 * compressor: Machine which pressurises gas. Generally intake gas is at ambient pressure, outlet gas at higher pressure. High pressure breathing air compressor output pressure is usually 200 to 330 bar
 * compressor log: Book or file containing records of compressor operation, filling of cylinders and maintenance records
 * compressor operator: Person who operates a compressor
 * condensate: Liquid resulting from phase change from gas due to cooling or pressure change.
 * cylinder: 1. (SANS 10019) Refillable container of water capacity between 0,5 L and 150 L. 2. That part of a reciprocating compressor or booster in which the piston is moved to compress the air. The internal space is cylindrical with a circular section. The external surface is usually finned for air cooling
 * cylinder valve: Valve fitted to compressed gas cylinder to control gas flow into and out of the cylinder. Also Pillar valve
 * Cyrillic markings: Markings in the Cyrillic alphabet, used by Russian and several other eastern European languages. Some typical examples of Russian language Cyrillic markings that a compressor operator is likely to encounter on compressed gas cylinders for diving:
 * Кислород	(Keeslorod)	Oxygen
 * Воздуха	(Vozdoocha)	Air
 * Нитрокс 	(Neetroks)	Nitrox
 * Гелий		(Geleey)	Helium
 * Азот 		(Ahzot)		Nitrogen

D

 * decant: 	Transfer gas between cylinders by differential pressure. No energy is input, flow will stop when pressures equalised.
 * DIN fitting/valve/thread: Usually refers to G5/8” x 14 parallel thread fittings used to connect cylinder valve to filling connection or regulator first stage. Available in 200 bar and 300 bar versions which should only be inter-connectable in safe combinations, but are sometimes modified. More reliable than the alternative Yoke connector.
 * DIN plug: Screw in adaptor which can be used with many recent 200/240 bar DIN pillar valves to allow connection of Yoke regulators or filling whips.
 * Druckluft: Compressed Air (German)
 * Dräger (Draeger) tube: Indicator tube used for testing air quality

E

 * eddy current test: Use of electromagnetic induction to detect flaws in conductive materials. It is used to detect cracks in parallel neck threads of aluminium cylinders. Also called Visual Plus inspection. Required for cylinders of AA6351 alloy

F

 * fatigue cracking: Cracking in a material resulting from multiple stress cycles below the ultimate or yield strength. Usually refers to large number of cycles.
 * filtration: Process for removing impurities from a fluid. Particulates are commonly removed by passing the fluid through porous material with pore size small enough to trap the particles (e.g. micron filters). Liquids and gases are commonly absorbed or adsorbed by the surface of the filter medium (Activated carbon, Molecular sieve, Silica gel), or may be chemically combined with the medium (Sodalime) or catalytically converted (Hopcalite) into a less objectionable substance

G

 * gaseous impurities: Contaminants in the compressed breathing air or gas mixture which are in gaseous form. Compare with particulate and condensate impurities.

H

 * H-valve:	Cylinder valve body with two outlets and two valve mechanisms which can be independently controlled so that two regulator first stages can be fitted. Similar to Y-valve but in configuration where the second valve is parallel to the primary, though the secondary valve can sometimes be swivelled.
 * heliox: Mixture of helium and oxygen for use as a breathing gas
 * hopcalite: Catalyst sometimes used in air filters to oxidise carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Hopcalite is a mixture of manganese oxide, copper oxide and a small amount of silver oxide
 * hydrostatic test: Non-destructive test to revalidate pressure vessels which uses water as a test medium. The vessel is pressurised to the test pressure (qv) and measured for permanent set.
 * hyperfilter: Additional filter to produce air of oxygen compatible quality. This may be built into the filling system or temporarily connected when required.

I

 * internal condition of cylinder: The state of the internal surface of a cylinder regarding corrosion, contamination and cracking.

J

 * J-valve: Scuba cylinder valve with lever operated reserve mechanism
 * J-cylinder: Bulk gas storage cylinder with internal volume ????

K

 * K-valve: Scuba cylinder valve without reserve mechanism

L

 * learning outcomes: The demonstrable abilities of the learner who may be assessed as competent in terms of the training standard. These include Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes, though attitudes may be difficult to validate.
 * lubrication: Use of a third substance to reduce friction and wear between two surfaces where there is sliding relative motion. Commonly oils and greases are used for this purpose.

M

 * manufacturing standard/code: Set of design and manufacturing rules intended to produce uniform and safe products by several manufacturers in an industry.
 * molecular sieve:	Material containing tiny pores of a precise and uniform size that is used as an adsorbent for gases and liquids. Molecules small enough to pass through the pores are absorbed while larger molecules are not. It is different from a common filter in that it operates on a molecular level.
 * multiple stage compressor: Compressor in which gases are compressed more than once, often with cooling between stages. Used to improve efficiency and reduce temperatures.

N

 * nitrox: Mixture of nitrogen and oxygen for use as breathing gas. Usually with oxygen percentage higher than air. Also called “Enriched Air Nitrox” (EAN)

O

 * OHS Act: South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No 85 of 1993)
 * outcomes: see Learning Outcomes
 * ossigeno: Oxygen (Italian)
 * oxígeno: Oxygen (Spanish)
 * oxygen clean: Cleaned for oxygen service by appropriate methods and materials and tested for contaminants.
 * oxygen compatible: Made from materials which are suitable for oxygen service.
 * oxygen compatible air: Air which has been filtered to reduce contaminants to a level suitable for blending with high pressure oxygen.

P

 * personal safety equipment: Equipment worn by personnel to reduce risk of injury at sites where it is not practicable to eliminate the hazard, including ear protectors, safety glasses, hard hats, gloves, overalls, respirators etc
 * pillar valve: see Cylinder valve
 * positive displacement: (of compressor) Compresses gas by reducing volume of compression chamber (cylinder) by mechanical means (piston) to produce higher pressure of the contents.
 * pre-fill external inspection: Examination of the external condition of a pressure vessel and fittings to ensure that it complies with requirements before accepting for filling.
 * presión de carga: Charging pressure (Spanish)
 * pression de remplissage:	Charging pressure (French)
 * Pressluft: Compressed Air (German)

R

 * RPL: Recognition of Prior Learning: Principle which recognises that learning of a skill can occur by non-formal means, and provides methods for formal recognition of those skills.
 * reciprocating compressor: Compressor in which the volume of the compression chamber/s is cyclically changed by reversing linear motion. Eg: a piston moving back and forth in a cylinder.
 * reject criteria:	Features, states or conditions which are not acceptable.
 * residual gas: Gas remaining in cylinder from previous fill.
 * residual pressure: Pressure of gas in cylinder from previous fill.
 * Russian terms: see Cyrillic markings

S

 * SCBA: Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (not for underwater use)
 * SCUBA or scuba: Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
 * SSDE: Surface Supply Diving Equipment
 * separator: Device which facilitates the separation of liquid particles from the compressed gas, usually with a drain to periodically remove accumulated liquid from the system.
 * serial number: Number stamped on the cylinder by the manufacturer in the shoulder area which identifies the cylinder. In combination with the manufacturer’s identification this will be unique to the cylinder.
 * silica gel: A desiccant filter medium used to adsorb water.
 * sintered: Partiulate or granular material bonded together by the application of pressure and sufficient heat to partially melt the surface of the particles and weld them together. The product is usually porous.
 * slingshot valve: see Y-valve
 * standard operating procedure: Procedure compiled by an organisation prescribing the processes to be followed when performing specified tasks.
 * sustained load cracking: The development of cracks in a material subjected over long term to static stress significantly less than the yield stress. There is a significant risk of this mode of failure in pressure vessels of AA6351 alloy

T

 * test pressure: Pressure at which the cylinder will be hydrostatically tested for revalidation
 * top up: To reconnect a cylinder where the charge pressure is lower than the acceptable limit and add gas until the pressure is sufficient
 * Trade Metrology Act: South African Government Act no. 77 of 1973. To consolidate and amend the law (of South Africa) relating to trade metrology (measurement)
 * trimix: Mixture of three gases for breathing. Oxygen, Nitrogen and Helium are the gases used. The gas fractions will usually be specified.

V

 * visual Inspection: Internal and external inspection of a pressure vessel as part of revalidation procedure.
 * Visual Plus: Eddy current test (q.v.) of parallel neck threads of aluminium cylinders.

W

 * water capacity: Of a cylinder: The internal volume. The amount of water it would hold at ambient pressure at 20°C
 * water trap: Mechanism to trap liquid water carried by the compressed gas
 * working pressure: Maximum filling pressure rating for the cylinder at standard temperature. (also Charging pressure)

Y

 * Y-valve:	Cylinder valve body with two outlets and two valve mechanisms which can be independently controlled so that two regulator first stages can be fitted. Similar to H-valve but in Y configuration. Also known as Slingshot valve.

title: Filling Scuba Cylinders/Glossary


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Talk:Introduction to Turing Machines

Hi! I've been trying to build up this article, but I'm not too good at making the layout look professional and clean. Someone who is skilled with formatting should try their hand at it. Azotochtli (talk) 14:36, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to Turing Machines


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User:Jayemd

Sup? I'm Jayemd!

title: User:Jayemd


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Talk:Democracy Project/Open Source Constitution

Why was it even based on something. I feel like we should just start over with this. It would make everything easier. AkiBanana (talk) 06:24, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

There is also a UN Constitution, that should be looked up. The right to bear arms, should be something along the lines of the right of an innocent party to self defense, but not in the case of someone else's wrong doing or provocation. It should be made so that right can't be abused. It shouldn't allow wrongdoing illegal or not, then the guilty party of claiming they harmed another in self defense.

The right to drug use made no sense. I agree with the first comment, since this is open source. Sidelight12 Talk 04:52, 9 January 2013 (UTC)


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User talk:Danjo~enwikiversity

Hi guy's.Who can be able to learn c++ in 21 days,well if you can let me know and give me a shortcut to doing so

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Danjo~enwikiversity


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User:Argha.hazra

I'm here to learn and create (:

title: User:Argha.hazra


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User talk:Argha.hazra

 * Be neutral
 * Be polite & humble
 * Follow the rules

Welcome to my talk page!

Please don't forget to sign & timestamp your posts. Thank You :)

title: User talk:Argha.hazra


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User:Numiri/KinderCalculus/word problems

Strategy
Solving word problems is a lengthy multistep process, which can be summarized as follows: PESN = Picture-Equation-Step-Nudify. We The steps are  Picture = draw the picture corresponding to the problem Equation = write down the equation from the picture Step = draw the Step that outlines the substitution process Nudify = use the nudify-swap cycle for the substitution method

Example
Let's apply this sequence to problem #4 below.

The picture "P" for this problem is a dual timeline. Above the timeline, we write ages "then" and below the timeline, we write ages "now". Shape variables will be "then" and letter variables will be "now". In pictures, we have +--+      +--+ Definition                | H-25 | and  /J-25\ +--+    +--+ so, the picture is

+-+                +--+ then      | 5 + J/3 | (1)            /J-25\ +-+              +--+                 |                      | timeline -->     +--+ |                     | now              H                    J = 2H - 26  (2) Step "E" for equation is read off the picture, which is simply (1) & (2). Finally, step "SN" Step-Nudify has been depicted in the the "Linear System" section.

Exercises
1. Samantha is 8 and two-third years older than Jason. The sum of their ages is 23 years. How old is Jason?

2. Brian is three years older than Sydney. The sum of the ages of Brian and Sydney is seven. How old is Brian?

3. Ryan was born 6 and one-fourth years after Alexander. The sum of their ages is 66 and eleven-twelfth years. How old is Alexander?

4. Twenty-five years ago, Hailey was five more than one-third as old as Jason was. Today, Jason is twenty-six less than two times the age of Hailey. How old is Jason?

5. Hunter is five times as old as Rachel. Thomas is twice as old as Rachel. Rachel is twelve years younger than Thomas. How old is Hunter?

6. Kayla would be one-half as old as Nathan if Kayla were four years older. Nathan is eight less than three times as old as Kayla. How old is Nathan?

7. Isaac is nine years older than Kylie. Isaac is four times as old as Brian was three years ago. Brian is eighteen years younger than Isaac. How old is Kylie?

8. Samantha has a total of twenty seven pennies, nickels and quarters. She has a total of $2.11. Together her number of coins in nickles & pennies are twice the count in quarters & pennies. How many of each coin does she have?

9. Jordan has a total of one hundred thirty nickels, dimes and quarters. He has three and a half times as many nickels as dimes, and one-half as many quarters as dimes. How much money does he have?

10. Austin has nickels, dimes and quarters. He has a total of $17.65. He has eleven fewer quarters than nickels and six times as many dimes as quarters. How many of each coin does he have?

11. Cody has pennies, dimes and quarters. He has a total of $17.64. He has two times as many quarters as dimes and one-third as many dimes as pennies. How many of each coin does he have?


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User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Empiricisms

A list or catalog of the specific principles incorporated into the development of the various radiation astronomies may be helpful to students and researchers alike.

These principles can be included in mathematical astronomy, astrophysics, astrochemistry, and theoretical radiation astronomy as summaries, or, a lecture on empirical radiation astronomy.

Axioms
An axiom is a premise or starting point of reasoning. As classically conceived, an axiom is a premise so evident as to be accepted as true without controversy.

Def. "A proposition that commends itself to general acceptance; a well-established or universally conceded principle; a maxim, rule, law" is called an axiom.

Axioms define and delimit the realm of analysis. In other words, an axiom is a logical statement that is assumed to be true. Therefore, its truth is taken for granted within the particular domain of analysis, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other (theory and domain dependent) truths. An axiom is defined as a mathematical statement that is accepted as being true without a mathematical proof.

Postulates
The root meaning of the word 'postulate' is to 'demand'; for instance, Euclid demands of us that we agree that some things can be done, e.g. any two points can be joined by a straight line, etc.

Ancient geometers maintained some distinction between axioms and postulates. While commenting on Euclid's books Proclus remarks that "Geminus held that this 4th Postulate should not be classed as a postulate but as an axiom, since it does not, like the first three Postulates, assert the possibility of some construction but expresses an essential property". Boethius translated 'postulate' as petitio and called the axioms notiones communes.

At the foundation of the various sciences lay certain additional hypotheses which were accepted without proof. Such a hypothesis was termed a postulate. While the axioms were common to many sciences, the postulates of each particular science were different. Their validity had to be established by means of real-world experience.

Postulates should be regarded as purely formal statements, and not as facts based on experience.

First principles
In philosophy, a first principle is a basic, foundational proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption.

In mathematics, first principles are referred to as axioms or postulates. Gödel's incompleteness theorems have been taken to prove, among other things, that no system of axioms that describe the set of natural numbers can prove its own validity - nor perhaps can it prove every truth about the natural numbers.

In a formal logical system, that is, a set of propositions that are consistent with one another, it is probable that some of the statements can be deduced from one another. For example, in the syllogism, "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; Socrates is mortal" the last claim can be deduced from the first two."

A first principle is one that cannot be deduced from any other. The classic example is that of Euclid's geometry; its hundreds of propositions can be deduced from a set of definitions, postulates, and common notions: all three of which constitute first principles.

In physics, a calculation is said to be from first principles, or ab initio, if it starts directly at the level of established laws of physics and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and fitting parameters.

For example, calculation of electronic structure using Schrödinger's equation within a set of approximations that do not include fitting the model to experimental data is an ab initio approach.

Empirical research
Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Through quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected (usually called data). Research design varies by field and by the question being investigated. Many researchers combine qualitative and quantitative forms of analysis to better answer questions which cannot be studied in laboratory settings, particularly in the social sciences and in education.

In some fields, quantitative research may begin with a research question (e.g., "Does listening to vocal music during the learning of a word list have an effect on later memory for these words?") which is tested through experimentation in a lab. Usually, a researcher has a certain theory regarding the topic under investigation. Based on this theory some statements, or hypotheses, will be proposed (e.g., "Listening to vocal music has a negative effect on learning a word list."). From these hypotheses predictions about specific events are derived (e.g., "People who study a word list while listening to vocal music will remember fewer words on a later memory test than people who study a word list in silence."). These predictions can then be tested with a suitable experiment. Depending on the outcomes of the experiment, the theory on which the hypotheses and predictions were based will be supported or not.

Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research. Statistical formulas such as regression, uncertainty coefficient, t-test, chi square, and various types of ANOVA (analyses of variance) are fundamental to forming logical, valid conclusions. If empirical data reach significance under the appropriate statistical formula, the research hypothesis is supported. If not, the null hypothesis is supported (or, more correctly, not rejected), meaning no effect of the independent variable(s) was observed on the dependent variable(s).

It is important to understand that the outcome of empirical research using statistical hypothesis testing is never proof. It can only support a hypothesis, reject it, or do neither. These methods yield only probabilities.

Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence (as distinct from empirical research) refers to objective evidence that appears the same regardless of the observer. For example, a thermometer will not display different temperatures for each individual who observes it. Temperature, as measured by an accurate, well calibrated thermometer, is empirical evidence. By contrast, non-empirical evidence is subjective, depending on the observer. Following the previous example, observer A might truthfully report that a room is warm, while observer B might truthfully report that the same room is cool, though both observe the same reading on the thermometer. The use of empirical evidence negates this effect of personal (i.e., subjective) experience.

Meteors
Each of the many senses possessed by intelligent life forms on Earth adds information about the objects or entities sensed and concluded about, that transit, continue occupation of a position for longer periods, or apparently change course or position in the sky.

First principles of radiation astronomy

 * 1) Arguably, the first principle of radiation astronomy is that there is a sky and it is not impervious.
 * 2) It may be an axiom that "there is a sky". But, it is probably a postulate that the sky "is not impervious."
 * 3) Another early principle may be that outer space exists and it is not a perfect vacuum. Here again that "outer space exists" may be an axiom and that "it is not a perfect vacuum" may be another postulate.

A further principle is a vacuum in which there are no matter particles and no photons. A similar concept is the quantum electrodynamics vacuum (QED vacuum). QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons, no gravitons, etc. This state QED vacuum is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.)

Conversely, it could be stated that space is only a manifestation of the ubiquity of electromagnetic radiation. Space may be the result of that manifestation rather than a container in which electromagnetic radiation radiates.

Strong forces
The radiation of the plume from Mount Redoubt or Mira producing a 13-lyr long tail required a strong force.

Electromagnetics
The radiation of electrons away from the Earth, or positive charges toward the Earth, is electromagnetic and packs a punch.

Craters
The meteor radiated toward the Earth created the Barringer Meteor Crater.

Meteorites
"A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives impact with the Earth's surface. ... Most meteorites derive from small astronomical objects called meteoroids. When a meteoroid enters the atmosphere, frictional, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gasses cause the body to heat up and emit light, thus forming a fireball, also known as a meteor or shooting/falling star.

Widmanstätten patterns, also called Thomson structures, are unique figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites. They consist of a fine interleaving of kamacite and taenite bands or ribbons called lamellæ. Commonly, in gaps between the lamellæ, a fine-grained mixture of kamacite and taenite called plessite can be found.

Observatories
The domes of observatories, such as in the image at right, and the objects inside used to observe and control these observatories are made of chemicals.

Spectroscopy
"Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. The concept comprises any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data is often represented by a spectrum, a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency. Spectrometry and spectrography are terms used to refer to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength and are often used to describe experimental spectroscopic methods. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers, spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analyzers.

Locations on Earth
To locate themselves on the surface of the Earth, various grid systems are devised using special points of reference. Each local center of civilization that realized the need for locating itself produced a system. One such system, the geographic coordinate system has based its locational grid on "[a] line passing near the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (near London in the United Kingdom UK). Another on French Institut Géographique National (IGN) maps still uses a longitude meridian passing through Paris, along with longitude from Greenwich.

History/Ancient|Ancient history
The ancient history period dates from around 8,000 to 3,000 b2k.

Efforts to magnify objects in the sky probably began with the use of crystal lenses. "Lens-shaped crystals have long been known from Bronze Age contexts". These are "usually recognized as short-focus magnifying lenses."

The slightly oval lens [40 x 35 mm] has been roughly ground and has a focal point about 110 millimetres (4.5 in) from the flat side.

Physics
Def. a “straight line along which an observer has a clear view” is called line of sight.

Hypotheses

 * 1) An empiricism in astronomy may say more about reality than the best physics theory.


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User talk:Jandersonu

Your editing experiments
You can continue to participate at Wikiversity and keep other community members from reverting or removing your edits as vandalism by conducting your editing experiments in the sandbox, and in your own user space when you login or create an account. You can contact me or the Wikiversity community with any questions you may have. Thank you. --JackPotte (talk) 10:18, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

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User talk:Igna

 Hello and Welcome to Wikiversity Igna! You can contact us with questions at the colloquium or me personally when you need help. Please remember to sign and date your finished comments when participating in discussions. The signature icon above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy, Civility, and the Terms of Use policies while at Wikiversity.

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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --JackPotte (talk) 10:18, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Igna


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Walsh permutation; nimber multiplication

Sets of consecutive integers from 0 are closed under nim-multiplication when their cardinalities are Fermat 2-powers 2, 4, 16, 256, 65536... So useful nim-multiplication tables are square matrices of size $$2^{2^{n}}$$. Their rows are $$2^{n}$$-bit Walsh permutations, and the corresponding compression vectors give a $$2^{2^{n}} \times 2^{n}$$ matrix. The $$2^{n}$$ columns of this matrix are again Walsh permutations. Their compression vectors give a square matrix of size $$2^{n}$$, which is thus a compression of the multiplication table. (Of course there is no Walsh permutation wp(zeros), but here it makes sense to write it that way.) There is another $$2^{n}$$-bit Walsh permutation corresponding to each multiplication table, which is the bitwise XOR of the $$2^{n}$$ other ones. Its compression vector is the bitwise XOR of their compression vectors.

Multiplication tables and compression vectors
In the table above it can be seen that all rows (in the nim-multiplication table and in the table of compression vectors) are bit-XORs of 2-power rows. (So both columns and rows of the beige square matrix appear as compression vectors.)

Further it can be seen that the nim-products of 2-powers are related to the compression vectors on the right. (Read the compression matrices on the right row by row instead of column by column.) So in the end all the information in the table of nim-products is compressed in the table of nim-products of 2-powers.

The multiplication table of the nimbers 0..255 is here. The 8 elements of the dual matrix are here.

Infinite arrays
Here is a closer look at the nim-products of the first 16 powers of 2. It shows the binary representation of the entries and the dual matrix where bits with the same position are shown together:

The compressed multiplication table of the first 256 nimbers : Read by rows these are the compression vectors of rows 1,2,4,8,...,128. The diagonal is (Sierpinski triangle rows read like binary numbers).


title: File:BGND.5.A.MPI.20120728.pdf


text:
Walsh permutation; nimber multiplication; powers of wp(15, 5,11,13)

Walsh permutation, related to the nimber multiplication table, has one fixed point and a 15-cycle. Thus it has 15 different powers, which form a cyclic group.

This is the group's Cayley table, showing the multiplication of the compression matrices:

Compression vectors: 1  2   4   8 15   5  11  13 12   4   7   9  6  11   1   2 14   7  15   5  3   1  12   4 10  15   6  11  8  12  14   7 13   6   3   1  9  14  10  15  2   3   8  12  5  10  13   6  4   8   9  14 11  13   2   3  7   9   5  10

Permutations: 0  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15 0  15   5  10  11   4  14   1  13   2   8   7   6   9   3  12 0  12   4   8   7  11   3  15   9   5  13   1  14   2  10   6 0   6  11  13   1   7  10  12   2   4   9  15   3   5   8  14 0  14   7   9  15   1   8   6   5  11   2  12  10   4  13   3 0   3   1   2  12  15  13  14   4   7   5   6   8  11   9  10 0  10  15   5   6  12   9   3  11   1   4  14  13   7   2   8 0   8  12   4  14   6   2  10   7  15  11   3   9   1   5  13 0  13   6  11   3  14   5   8   1  12   7  10   2  15   4   9 0   9  14   7  10   3   4  13  15   6   1   8   5  12  11   2 0   2   3   1   8  10  11   9  12  14  15  13   4   6   7   5 0   5  10  15  13   8   7   2   6   3  12   9  11  14   1   4 0   4   8  12   9  13   1   5  14  10   6   2   7   3  15  11 0  11  13   6   2   9  15   4   3   8  14   5   1  10  12   7 0   7   9  14   5   2  12  11  10  13   3   4  15   8   6   1

These 15 Walsh permutations are also closed under addition (bit-XOR) together with the neutral element wp(zeros)=zeros. This is the corresponding Cayley table, where 0 stands for the netral element and all other n for wp(15, 5,11,13)^(n-1): 0  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  1   0   5   9  15   2  11  14  10   3   8   6  13  12   7   4  2   5   0   6  10   1   3  12  15  11   4   9   7  14  13   8  3   9   6   0   7  11   2   4  13   1  12   5  10   8  15  14  4  15  10   7   0   8  12   3   5  14   2  13   6  11   9   1  5   2   1  11   8   0   9  13   4   6  15   3  14   7  12  10  6  11   3   2  12   9   0  10  14   5   7   1   4  15   8  13  7  14  12   4   3  13  10   0  11  15   6   8   2   5   1   9  8  10  15  13   5   4  14  11   0  12   1   7   9   3   6   2  9   3  11   1  14   6   5  15  12   0  13   2   8  10   4   7 10   8   4  12   2  15   7   6   1  13   0  14   3   9  11   5 11   6   9   5  13   3   1   8   7   2  14   0  15   4  10  12 12  13   7  10   6  14   4   2   9   8   3  15   0   1   5  11 13  12  14   8  11   7  15   5   3  10   9   4   1   0   2   6 14   7  13  15   9  12   8   1   6   4  11  10   5   2   0   3 15   4   8  14   1  10  13   9   2   7   5  12  11   6   3   0 The matrix is symmetric and the permutations formed by the rows are not Walsh.


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Walsh permutation; nimber multiplication; patterns

In the multiplication table of 4-bit nimbers five Walsh permutations of the binary Walsh matrix of order 16 can be found. One matrix is found, when the dark fields (with odd binary digit sum) in the multiplication table are seen as binary ones. The other four matrices are shown below the multiplication table.

It is remarkable that the left one of the small matrices under the multiplication table resembles the sequency ordered Walsh matrix while the right one resembles the natural ordered W.m.

The four permutations that permute the s.o.W.m. in the four small matrices may deserve a closer look:

wp( 1,14, 4, 8), wp( 3, 9,12, 4), wp( 9,13, 1, 2), wp( 7,11, 3, 1). The bitxor is wp(12, 1,10,15).

wp(129,2,6,10,30,34,102,170) permutes the s.o.W.m. of order 256 into element 7 of the respective dual matrix. This permutation is also self-inverse, and has 32 fixed points. This is its compression matrix: 1 0  0  0  0  0  0  0 0  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 0  0  1  0  1  0  1  0 0  0  0  1  1  0  0  1 0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0 0  0  0  0  0  1  1  1 0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0 1  0  0  0  0  0  0  1


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User:Miquaz

Hi! My name is Miquaz. If you want to talk about a subject with me or host a discussion about a topic please tell me this page. Some feilds of knowledge that I am interested in are computer science, electronics, and biology. Also, if you have any questions or comments, fell free to tell (edit) me on the 'discuss' page Thank you!!

title: User:Miquaz


text:
Talk:Theory of Programming Languages

Seems like this page had been abandoned in a very rough state several years ago. Considering the lack of a talk page and edits in recent history, I have started to do some heavy editing, pushing the content into separate lessons which can be built up independently. If anybody minds, feel free to revert my changes - I'm only helping out because this page appears to be dead. Azotochtli (talk) 20:21, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

format
The format I have been using for the pages is

Objective Content Assignment Navigation Links

Unless there is a reason to change from this style, I say we keep to this unified format. (Although quizzes might be a fun addition). Azotochtli (talk) 21:01, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Be Bold!
I've started building up these pages as best as I can, but I'm no expert in the field. If you think that there is a better page order, this resource needs more lessons, or the content needs to be changed in general, please do! This is an interesting enough subject that it deserves a good course.Azotochtli (talk) 20:47, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Added heading for computer science unofficial degree
I added a header and category on this page for thethe Unofficial Computer Science Degree.-- Azotochtli (talk) 19:16, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theory of Programming Languages