text:
User talk:Froganddog

 Hello Froganddog, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 20:19, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Froganddog


text:
User talk:Egm6321.f10.team5.oh/hw8

=Problem 1 - L'Hôpital's rule= From (meeting 3 page 1)

Given

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

f(x) = \frac{e^{x}-1}{x} $$ $$
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle
 * $$\displaystyle (1-1)
 * }
 * }

Find
1. Find $$\displaystyle \lim \ f(x) $$ as $$\displaystyle \ x -> 0$$

2. Plot $$\displaystyle \ f(x) \ ; \ x \in [ 0,1 ]$$

1. Find $$\displaystyle \lim \ f(x) $$ as $$\displaystyle \ x -> 0$$
 We solved this on our own

[Background Knowledge] L'Hôpital's rule

According to L'Hôpital's rule,

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

$$
 * $$\displaystyle \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{e^{x}-1}{x} \ = \ \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{e^{x}}{1} \ = \ e^{0} \ = \ 1$$
 * $$\displaystyle (1-2)
 * $$\displaystyle (1-2)
 * }
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

 * }
 * }
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

Therefore,  $$\displaystyle \ \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{e^{x}-1}{x} \ = \ 1 $$
 * style="width:50%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" align="center" |
 * style="width:50%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" align="center" |
 * }
 * }
 * }

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0" align="left"

 * }
 * }
 * }

2. Plot
 We refered to s10.team3 matlab code but we improved obtaining range from 0 to 10

[Matlab code]

$$\displaystyle 1. \ x \ \in \ [0,1]$$ Plot.jpg

$$\displaystyle 2. \ x \ \in \ [0,10]$$ Plot2.jpg

=References=

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Egm6321.f10.team5.oh/hw8


text:
User talk:CatherineMcIntyre

 Hello CatherineMcIntyre, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 23:50, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:CatherineMcIntyre


text:
User:Minsun

I am third year student in Dalihousie in Halifax, and I am taking Psychology and Gender and Women Studies.

Blog Post 1
History Theories: Kanzi the Bonobo chimp I am very interested in the example of Kanzi teaching Bonobo chimp human language. I have some thoughts about the significance of the research. 1.	The sample of chimps were selected was the smartest chimps. The researchers who selected these chimps want to know how well they could learn language. In my opinion, the implication of the research is trying to communicate with non-human by study these super smart Bonobo chimps. Starting with the specie which is very close to human, gradually to other species are very different from humans. One day maybe human can understand some species who live in totally different environment from human (e.g., dolphins) very well. 2.	The baby chimp was raised in the language environment, he had better ability of learning language than its mother, and I think it happened because of two reasons. First of all, the power of environmental influences was a big part (as we were told in the class). He was raised in the lab, watching its mother was learning from the researchers. The baby must have strong stimuli of language during his development. Secondly, chimps are wild animals, and they use a lot of their energy for finding food and being safe in the wild field. Potentially, most chimps have ability as Kanzi can learn language, but they have to use most of their brain to seek food and be safe. Due to this, if the researchers taught Kanzi in the wild field, it may not learn as well as him in the lab, since he would have to worry about the basic biological needs.

Blog Post 2
On Jan 19th, we talked about critical analysis of journal articles. I think this class was very important, because good critical analyze can make us think deeper in science. In particular, Dr. Newman talked about critical thinking should be focused on hypotheses, theory, biases, and background of journal articles. How hypotheses have been tested is very important when we read journal articles. I agree with this point. In my opinion, if measures of hypotheses have not been done properly, the whole experimental research would be pointless. Except for hypotheses, indeed I think our critical thinking should be focused on operational definitions and results. A good operational definition has both parts of art and science. The art part requires researchers to describe a concept very accurately in language without any bias. The science part requires researchers to find measurement theory. Thus, if researches can not defined operational definition well in language, or if the operational definition has bias, the whole research will not be valuable. When we read journal articles, we should not only look at results, it is very important for us to think about consequences of results. Some results have negative or positive consequences of the world. For example, there were old studies that suggested men are better at sciences than women, particularly in the performances of math. The results may be good, but it had negative effects in the world. Women may believe they were naturally worse at math. Nowadays, there are many studies suggest that there is no gender differences of the performances on math between men and women. The differences can be caused by social and cultural expectation. Women may be treated differently by their math teachers, and unlike men, some women may lack the opportunities to get higher education. Due to these reasons, when we read journal articles, we should ask questions:

•	How well the operational definitions are defined? •	Do the authors have any bias?

•	What are the relationships between operational definitions and hypotheses? Do the hypotheses confirm the operational definitions?

•	How the researchers test the hypotheses?

•	What are the results? Are there negative consequences? If there negative consequences, why did the results cause the consequences, and how can we change the consequences?

Blog Post 3
In this week, both our lecture and the book mentioned deaf reading, and Chinese reading, and I find the topics are very interesting to me. English is an alphabetic language; readers use the inner speech while they read texts. However, for deaf readers, because they never heard the sound of English, they cannot read English through alphabetic channel as other English speakers do. Some deaf people cannot even read English at all. No surprise, deaf people do not have difficulty to reading homophones as non-deaf people. Also, deaf people with a little bit hearing ability would perform better than totally deaf people in reading tasks. I find this is a very interesting topic that can help us understand how deaf people learn English, and which kind of potential they have compared with non-deaf people. However, I think our book may focus on the research of deaf people on reading tasks too much. Since deaf people cannot hear, they need to use sign language to talk with each other. In my opinion, their ability to recognize body signs should be very sensitive. For future research, psychologists should look at which kind of brain activation they have when they read sign language compared with non-deaf people. To find a good way for non-deaf people learn sign language also has great implications. For example, this type research may be able to help soldiers learn sign language faster and more accurate. Thus, soldiers may have higher probability of success in their missions.

As I am a Chinese speaker, I agree with Ziegler et al (2000). I learned orthography language, and I do have inner speech when I read Chinese text. In my opinion, a big difference between Chinese speakers and English speakers is that many Chinese speakers read English in orthography. Since Chinese people read characters as having a whole meaning, Chinese speakers use the same way to read English. The way Chinese speakers read English can apply to the dual-route model. Many Chinese spacers may take directly from the whole word according to the model. Because Chinese people get used to read their own language as a whole, it is difficult for them to read English by separating words into syllable. I think that may be able to explain why Chinese people cannot pronounce well. It is because many of them cannot see well that there are different syllables in words. It is also may be able to explain that why English speakers who learn Chinese, have hard time to read and write Chinese well. It may be because they use to recognize words in syllables in English, but Chinese has nothing like this. Due to the materials I learned, I think these are very interesting and useful. If Chinese people and English people know these when they learn another language, it can help them to take good strategies at the beginning. Language teachers also should know this in order to help their students learn better and faster.

Blog Post 4
In this week, we learned Morphology. I think there are two very important terms, which are morpheme and phonology. Morpheme refers to the smallest shape of the word that makes associated smallest meaning and grammar structure of words. Phonology refers to different sounds in words, but different phonology does not necessary apply to different meaning. For example, if we add “ed” at the end of some verbs, it means past tense. However, depending on situations, “ed” can be sounded differently. In “walked”, the “ed” sounds like “d”, and in “relaxed”, the “ed” sounds like “t”. The debate in psycholinguists of whether we use rules or use generalizations in language is of most interest to me. In my opinion, to answer this question depends on which language you talk about. I think different languages have different logics, and one may have more rules than generalization, while another may have more generalization than rules. In analytic and polysynthetic types of languages there may be more generalization than rules. For example, Chinese is an analytic language, which has no word agreement in sentences, and the semantic depends on context. Syntax is less important in detecting the meaning of sentences (Liu, Li, Shu, Zhang & Chen, 2010). However, in languages such as French and German, rules are very strict and more important than generalization, and these types of languages are classified as synthetic. For example, in one words have affixtures that imply the gender of words, who (e.g., first person), and when (e.g., happened in past). You have to have all the components in one word to make it correct. Due to this, I think we cannot say in a language people just use rules or generalizations. Each language has both; just one language may focus on one more than the other.

Blog Post 5
According to de Saussure (1916), “signifier” is refers to particular things through sounds pattern. “Signified” refers to signs and symbols. One of the important points is the relationships between words and meanings. For example, one word may relate to other words or meanings (e.g., apple, can mean a type of fruit, or the Apple company). This phenomenon refers to two register differences. How people use a word depends on context. Semantic and syntax may change with different register differences. For example, in “I ate an apple” and “I made a phone call by using an apple”, “apple” in each context refer to different semantic meanings.

How people process information in a cognitive way is also important for psychologists. Varying models suggested by psychologists explain how we think about words. Hierarchical network model was suggested by Collins and Quillan in 1969. They noticed that all words have hierarchical relationships depend in different context. For example, if one says the word “bird”, most likely one can think about “wings”, “fly”, and less likely think about “swim”, even duck is type of bird which can swim. However, if one says the word “fish”, “swim” may come very quickly to mind. Another model spreading activation model was suggested by Collins and Loftus in 1975. Unlike hierarchical network model, this model suggests that one may get different note of a word. For example, one can read word “bird”, then think about “duck”, one type of the birds, and then think about “swim” because ducks can swim.

More than one factor or model should be considered. In my opinion, one model may not fully explain words cognition in mind. How people come up with words associated with other words may depend on the frequency of the words. The people’s experiences and knowledge may play an important role. For example, people may have different reactions of seeing the word of “psychology”. For ones who do not have much psychology knowledge, they may more quickly associate higher frequency words (e.g., therapy, clinical and so on), but if they have strong knowledge of psychology, they may come up with low frequency words which are familiar to them in a particular field (e.g., particular name of disorders and area of brain and so on).

Blog Post 7
This week we learned the differences and similarities of language and music. For example, for similarities both language and music have minimal sound units (phonernes of language, and notes of music). There are also differences between language and music, such as them have different semantic. In particular, I want to talk about the differences of the function and production between language and music. The notion of "all speak fluently" for language can be challenged. In my opinion, not everyone speak fluently, even their native language. One extreme example, People who has stammer. There are many people event cannot speak their own languages well, they have trouble to express their emotion in words. If the notion is right, there will be no people who worry to give speech. The functions language and music are also different. According of our lecture, the function of language is communication, and social bounding. It needs to take a lot of practice. And the function of music is entertainment and personal expression. It needs a lot of practice. I my opinion, if individuals want to be good at language and music, both language and music needed to be practiced a lot. As the example was given in the class, people do not need to practice language if they just chat with their friends in coffee store. And people do not need to be good at using language to do it. I think the same idea applies to music, everyone sings and plays music for having fun in social lives. However, if ones want to be good at it to perform in front others, they have to be professional. Same as language, if people want to be success in politics, they must good skills of persuasion, particular one wants to be in the high positions of politics. Some people need to learn this language skill.

Both language and music all have hierarchical structure. Pate (2003) suggested shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis. Language and music have overlapping neurocognitive resources for syntactic integration, and it may activity certain areas in frontal lobe. Separate from syntactic knowledge may activity certain brain areas of posterior brain regions. Pate also suggested that people may have the knowledge where the rules are. Thus, they perceive things, doing integration and taking sequence what they hear, and find what relationships are.

There are studies have looked up what the differences in brain activities between professional musicians, amatur musicians and non-musicians. Some studies suggested that professional musicians have grey matter volume differences in motor cortex. In professional musicians, they are more likely to use their fingers to produce music have more grey matter motor cortex in controlling of fingers. I think this discover not apply to professional musicians only. People who are professional at anything have association with physical movements, should have more activities in motor cortex, because they need good control of their bodies.

Blog Post 8
This week we learned gestures, and I found this is very interested to me. Gestures means body languages, people use it for communicate information and facilitate lexical access. I was surprised with the idea that actions can help to think about word. This idea of gestures has changed the thought what is "usual" language which is come from month. Also according to brain research, some brain areas are associated with gestures. Gestures more likely happen when people have tip-of-the-tongue. People's speech would be slower, and gestures would be increased. In my opinion, gestures are a good topic for culture differences. From my observation, North America people are more likely express their emotion by using body languages. In Asian, like China, Japan, Korean, these people are more likely hide their emotion inside. Body languages are used much less in these countries, even some time body languages are considered as rude in form situations. Thus, psychologist may want to see that when these people have tip-of-the-tongue, do they have more gestures, or they have other kind of behaviors that have similar foundation as gestures. I think people tend to lower their heads to think rather use rich gestures to help them think about words.

Blog Post 9
Bilingualism is an interested topic and it is popular today since the world is globalized, people need to know more than one language to comminute with others who are use different languages. Why do many people can not use second language as well as their fist language? The hypotheses which were discussed in the class were very important. I totally agree that neural plasticity is reducing while with people growing up, and this also reduce the abilities to learn new languages. Thus, to learn and use languages well, critical period is very important. If people do not explore stimuli of language, they may not use language well in their whole lives. This type of studies are done with some children, who were isolated from society. since language is part of culture, it is also important to look at how language leaning is influenced by social factors. I agree with Johnson and Newport, social variables are need to be considered. In particular, motivation is more important. In my opinion, to explain language fully, both biological and social factors need to be studied.

My self can be a good example to explain the both factors. My father was an English teacher, I learned English with him when I was 3 years old. I could have conversation with my father in English. I also did not find English was hard at all. However, I stopped to learn English when I was 6 years old. The language soon was forgotten. I re-learned English when in junior high school when I was 13 years old. Even I learned from very beginning, I found English was so hard, and nothing made sense to me, particularly tenses. I thought leaning English is useless, and I had no motivation at all. Since I decided to come to here, the motivation of learning English become very strong, and I pass all my English exams in 9 months. However, 9 months ago, I could even speak fully sentences. Now I can use English well, but I can feel both languages are not activity same. Once I get tired, I almost can not speak English. Thus, I always wonder that if the second language is learned in adulthood, it maybe coded difficulty in brain areas compared with the first language. I think psychologists should do more research on bilingualism, they may find some language potential someday, to help people learn language, or recovery with some language disorders.

Blog Post 10
In the lecture of aphasia disorders, we have learned three types of aphasia disorders, which are non-fluent aphasia, fluent aphasia, and global aphasia.

People with non-fluent aphasia can only produce short words together, but not sentences. They always know what they want to describe but they have hard time to come up with words to describe or can’t think about the label objects. Although they can say the name of object, they can write and draw what they want to describe. They also have no problem to understand commutations.

People with fluent aphasia can speak fluent, but their speaking does not make any sense. Also, they can not understand what other people say, and answer questions in nonsense. Both their writing and reading abilities are affected.

People with global aphasia have little or non language ability. They may use some particular sound to describe what they want to say. For example in the video, the man use “do do” to describe different things by changing “do do” into different tones.

There were three examples were showed with each disorder. I wonder do they only speak English or do they speak more than one language? I know some Psycholinguists suggest that first language and second language may be formed in different areas in the brain. Thus, do people speak more than one languages would be affected differently than people who only speak one language? Also, do people who learn different language in childhood would have different affect on this disorder compare with people who learn one language in childhood and other in adulthood?

Blog Post 12
I enjoy this class, and I am happy about what I have done in the class. It took me long time to write my chapter (much longer than I planned), but I really like what I have learned from the chapter. I am surprised how much I learn about my own language. I have sent my chapter to some of my Canadian friends who are learning Chinese, they found my chapter was very helpful. I am glad to hear these commons, and thank you for Dr. Newman give us this assignment. I can read many articles which were not included into the textbook, it is a better way to study compare with taking exams. I also had another big challenge which was the debating. I never though I could debate with Canadian due to my language problems. I tried my best to prepare the debating, and I thought I was failed after the class. But I was so happy to see I got A+ it. This really made me feel more confidence with my future study. I had the most challenge assignments in this class, and I think I did very good on them, and I learn a lot from this class. Also thank you for Sarah, it must be so stressful and tired to mark so many writings in each week. I am very appreciate all work you have done for this class, and thank your for the great commons. Again, thank you for Dr, Newman and Sarah, it had been great time in the class.

title: User:Minsun


title: File:Fe1.s11.mtg3.djvu


title: File:Nm1.s11.mtg3.djvu


text:
User:Apichat5380018

Testing...... Hello I'm Apichat 5380018

Netbook Specification

Processor : Intel Atom Processor N450 (1.66GHz, 677MHz FSB, 512KB L2 Cache) Memory : 1024MB DDR2 667MHz SDRAM Single Channel Memory Hard Drive: 250GB SATA hard drive Colors : Classic and Elegant Design with NightSky Black finish Graphics: Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 3150 Internet: Mobile Intel NM10 Express Chipset Wireless: 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Battery: Up to 10-hours OS : Microsoft Windows 7

IPad Specification

Processor : 1GHz dual-core Apple A5 custom-designed, high-performance, low-power system-on-a-chip Display : 9.7-inch (diagonal) LED-backlit glossy widescreen Multi-Touch display with IPS technology 1024-by-768-pixel resolution at 132 pixels per inch (ppi) Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating OS : iOS 4 Battery : Built-in 25-watt-hour rechargeable lithium-polymer battery Up to 10 hours of surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, or listening to music Up to 9 hours of surfing the web using 3G data network Storage : 64GB

IPhone Specification

Processor : 600MHz CPU, 256MB of RAM OS : iOS 4 Display : Retina display 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch display 960-by-640-pixel resolution at 326 ppi 800:1 contrast ratio (typical) 500 cd/m2 max brightness (typical) Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating on front and back Battery : uilt-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery Charging via USB to computer system or power adapter Talk time: Up to 7 hours on 3G Up to 14 hours on 2G (GSM model only) Standby time: Up to 300 hours Storage :16GB or 32GB flash drive

Blackberry Specification

Processor: 624 MHz processor OS : BlackBerry OS; 5.0 Memory : 256 MB onboard memory 2 GB media card included Expandable memory with support for microSD cards Display : High-resolution 480x360 pixel color display Battery : 500 mAHR removable/rechargeable lithium-ion battery Talk time: Up to 6 hours (GSM or UMTS) Standby time: Up to 21 days / 504 hours (GSM), up to 17 days / 408 hours (UMTS) Music playback time: Up to 38 hours

HTC Specification

Processor: Qualcomm® MSM7201A™, 528 MHz OS : Android OS, v1.5 (Cupcake) Memory : ROM:	256 MB RAM 192 MB Display .2-inch TFT-LCD flat touch-sensitive screen with 320 x 480 (HVGA) resolution Battery : Rechargeable Lithium-ion battery Capacity: 1150 mAh

Nokia Specification

Processor : 680 MHz ARM 11 processor, Broadcom BCM2727 GPU OS : Symbian^3 OS Memory : 16 GB storage, 256MB RAM, 512 MB ROM Display : AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors Size	360 x 640 pixels, 3.5 inches Battery : Standard battery, Li-Ion 1200 mAh (BL-4D) Card slot	microSD, up to 32GB ---

From these specification I think the netbook is still the best It have the biggest storage Fastest processor and most memory. Also, the net book would suit me more because it have the OS of Microsoft Windows 7 With this I can surf the internet normally and use Microsoft Office to do homework.

For me the other item like Ipad is hard to use with the touch screen controls and keyboard and the Blackberry, Nokia are simply a phone for me. They are hard to use for homework documents and surfing internet.

title: User:Apichat5380018


text: User:Bedroom/Assignments

title: User:Bedroom/Assignments


text:
User:Elisa Pietropaolo

My name is Elisa Pietropaolo. I am currently a student in Mahidol University International College, majoring in TIM. I am half Thai-Italian. My mom is Thai and dad is Italian. The things that i enjoy doing is watching movies, playing different kinds of sports, listening to music, and traveling. :)

Reference:http://www.mysuperpc.com/

Reason why we think iPhone 4 is the best:

According to the spec lists, we think that iPhone 4 have the best spec. iPhone 4 performance hardware and storage 1GHz A4 processor, 512MB of RAM and either 16GB or 32GB of storage. It displays 3.5-inch touch screen retina display which supports a resolution of 960×640. Moreover, the camera of iPhone is 5 megapixel rear-facing cameras with auto-focus and an LED flash. iPhone 4 is said to offer 300 hours of standby time and 7 hours of talk time. Finally, iPhone 4 have faster CPU speed, higher screen resolution, and large storage. Moreover, iPhone have a better WiFi connectivity and superior talk time from a single charge than blackberry 9780 and Nokia N95.

iPhone 4

General

2G Network: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900

3G Network: HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100

Announced: 2010, June

Status: Available. Released 2010, June

Size

Dimensions: 115.2 x 58.6 x 9.3 mm

Weight: 137 g

Display	Type: LED-backlit IPS TFT, capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors

Size: 640 x 960 pixels, 3.5 inches

- Scratch-resistant oleophobic surface

- Multi-touch input method

- Accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate

- Three-axis gyro sensor

- Proximity sensor for auto turn-off

Sound Alert types: Vibration, MP3 ringtones

Loudspeaker: Yes

3.5mm jack: Yes, check quality

Memory Phonebook: Practically unlimited entries and fields, Photocall

Call records: 100 received, dialed and missed calls

Internal: 16/32 GB storage, 512 MB RAM

Card slot: No

GPRS: Class 10 (4+1/3+2 slots), 32 - 48 kbps

EDGE: Class 10, 236.8 kbps

3G: HSDPA, 7.2 Mbps; HSUPA, 5.76 Mbps

Data

WLAN: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n

Bluetooth: Yes, v2.1 with A2DP

Infrared port: No

USB: Yes, v2.0

Camera

Primary: 5 MP, 2592 x 1944 pixels, autofocus, LED flash, check quality

Features: Touch focus, geo-tagging

Video: Yes, 720p@30fps, LED video light, geo-tagging, check quality

Secondary: Yes, videocalling over Wi-Fi only

Features OS: iOS 4

CPU: 1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8 processor, PowerVR SGX535GPU, Apple A4 chipset

Messaging: SMS (threaded view), MMS, Email, Push Email

Browser: HTML (Safari)

Radio: No

Games: Downloadable, incl. motion-based

Colors: Black, White

GPS: Yes, with A-GPS support

Java: No

- MicroSIM card support only

- Scratch-resistant glass back panel

- Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic

- Digital compass

- Google Maps

- Audio/video player and editor

- Voice command/dial

- TV-out

Battery: Standard battery, Li-Po 1420mAh

Stand-by: Up to 300 h (2G) / Up to 300 h (3G)

Talk time: Up to 14 h (2G) / Up to 7 h (3G)

Music play: Up to 40 h

Reference: http://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_4-3275.php

File:Elisa_5280118.jpg|Caption1

title: User:Elisa Pietropaolo


text:
User talk:Pitcharee

Hi! My name is Pitcharee Seemakorn and i'm Thai. I'm 20 years old and turning 21 in the 10th of November. I studied in Ekamai International School in Bankok. I am the eldest child in the family. I love to watch movie and series and i was addicted to the series call prison break. I love singing and listening to music.

Welcome
 Hello Pitcharee, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! If you're a twitter user, please follow http://twitter.com/Wikiversity. --Ottava Rima (talk) 19:16, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

PC spec
Processor:High-end Processor Intel 3.33GHz Core i7 980x Processor:Intel 3.4GHz Core i7-2600K Motherboard: Core i7 (LGA1366) Motherboard Asus Rampage III Extreme Case:Full-Tower Case Corsair Obsidian 800D Video Card:EVGA GeForce GTX 580 SC Hard Drive:(Performance)OCZ Vertex 2 100GB Monitor: HP ZR30W Keyboard: Microsoft Natural Keyboard 4000 Sound card: Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi XtremeGamer Fatal1ty Professional Series Mouse: Logitech Performance Mouse MX Modem: Netgear DGN3500 modem Floppy drive: HP 1.44MB Internal Floppy Drive Optical drive: ASUS BC-1205PT Optical Drive AGP: HIS Radeon HD 4670 IceQ 1GB Graphics Card

Homework Best phone spec
According to the spec lists, we think that iPhone 4 have the best spec. iPhone 4 performance hardware and storage 1GHz A4 processor, 512MB of RAM and either 16GB or 32GB of storage. It displays 3.5-inch touch screen retina display which supports a resolution of 960×640. Moreover, the camera of iPhone is 5 megapixel rear-facing cameras with auto-focus and an LED flash. iPhone 4 is said to offer 300 hours of standby time and 7 hours of talk time. Finally, iPhone 4 have faster CPU speed, higher screen resolution, and large storage. Moreover, iPhone have a better WiFi connectivity and superior talk time from a single charge than blackberry 9780 and Nokia N95.

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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:51, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pitcharee


text:
User:Alliedepetrillo

I'm a third year Psychology major studying at Dalhousie - never taken a course in Psycholinguistics before but I am extremely interested in the subject and am looking forward to the term!

title: User:Alliedepetrillo


text:
User talk:Belle~enwikiversity

I am one of the students from MUIC who enrolls in ICNS141 taught by Mr. Brian My student ID: 5280519

Welcome
 Hello Belle, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Belle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Belle~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Belle~enwikiversity


text:
User:Belle~enwikiversity

Belle is a student from MUIC who has been brought to this wikiversity by her teacher Ajarn Bi-un! =DD

== The best PC computer: Alienware area-51 ALX Desktop ==

Homework 2: Mobile specifications
I decided to compare three smart phones made by Nokia, Blackberry and Apple. The Nokia N8, the Blackberry Bold 9780, and the iPhone 4.

There is not much to choose between the 3 phones in terms of size and weight. The Blackberry is a little smaller and lighter than the others, but this is not necessarily an advantage as they are all too large to fit comfortably in a shirt or jeans pocket.

The display of the iPhone is a clear winner. It has a much higher resolution than the others, so the image is clearer. The Blackberry has a significantly smaller display size.

The most obvious difference in the phones is the input method. The Nokia and iPhone have touchscreens, whereas the Blackberry has a keyboard. This is a matter of personal preference, but personally I prefer a touchscreen since the technology has matured and become reliable.

Each of the phones can take 32GB of storage, but in different ways. The Nokia and iPhone have a lot of internal storage. The Blackberry has only 256 MB and must be upgraded with a microSD card.

Phones often use the resolution of their cameras as a selling point, as the consumer assumes that more pixels means a better image. This is not true at all. The image quality is controlled by other factors such as the lens and the size of the sensor. Nokia's 12.1 megapixel resolution is ridiculous for a sensor just 1/1.83” large, and images do not look good at full resolution. The quality of the iPhone's images is very good for a phone, and the quality of the Blackberry's is not very good. In the video category the iPhone wins as it can take proper 720p HD video.

The operating system is again a matter of preference. But related to the OS is the applications that are available for it. In this category the iPhone wins by a long way. There are a vast number of applications for it, compared to the others. In contrast there are relatively few applications available for the Nokia.

Battery life is an important consideration to take into account. The Blackberry has the longest stand-by time, which is useful if you are unable to charge the phone. However its talk time is much less than the others. The iPhone has the longest talk time, with the Nokia a close second. However has a longer music playing duration than the others.

One drawback of the iPhone is that the user is required to install iTunes in order to transfer music to the phone from a computer. This an unnecessarily cumbersome and intrusive software application for such a simple task. However in terms of specifications, overall the iPhone is the best of the three phones.

title: User:Belle~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Aeterm

title: User talk:Aeterm


text:
Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension

The scale dimension – dimension, regarded as the degree of freedom in the theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter, which characterizes the location of all known objects in the Universe at large-scale ladder of levels of matter. With SPФ symmetry one can make the transition from a system on the level of matter to a similar system at a different level of matter, with the change in size of the system accompanied by at least two more parameters, for example, the mass and velocity of processes.

This implies that the scale dimension differs from the usual three-dimensional spatial dimensions, and is a special degree of freedom. In the study of matter carriers, which embody the scale dimension, revealed fractality of space systems, their self-similarity, hierarchical structures and nesting of small systems into large systems, similarity of matter levels. The transition from a certain level of matter to an increasingly lower levels reveals the depth of the space-time – the objects are reduced in mass and size, and speed of the local time from the perspective of an outside observer increases.

In the research, which uses scale transformations and spatial dimensions, the scale dimension may be studied by geometrical methods, and thus beyond the scope of the geometry. The idea of the scale dimension finally took shape in the writings of Robert L. Oldershaw, Sergey Sukhonos and Sergey Fedosin.

History
Search and research prospects of new spatial dimensions involved many scientists and philosophers. Helena Blavatsky wrote: The familiar phrase of the fourth dimension of space can only be reduced over the full form of: – the fourth dimension of matter in space ... The course of evolution may have to introduce us to the new characteristics of matter ...

As can be seen Madame Blavatsky believed the fourth dimension is not just another spatial dimension, and dimension-mediated properties of matter that can become aware and approved in the future.

P. D. Ouspensky for describing the properties of the fourth dimension came from the fact that the motion of a point beyond itself leaves a trace as a line, a similar movement of the line gives the trace in the form of surface, movement of the surface in a direction not associated with the surface, gives a three-dimensional body. Hence, the displacement of three-dimensional body in non a three-dimensional direction should lead to a trace as a four-dimensional body. Ouspensky also drew attention to the fact that the line is a set of points, the surface – the set of lines, and the body can be represented as a set of surfaces related to each other. Consequently, the four-dimensional body shall consist of a set of related somehow to the whole three-dimensional bodies.

On the other hand, the line is limited to points at the ends and gives the distance between them, the surface is bounded by lines and dots, and determines the distance between these lines and points (an example is a circle with the center and circumference), and three-dimensional body is limited to surfaces, lines and dots with a certain distance between them. Then the boundaries of four-dimensional body can be three-dimensional bodies, and probably the surface, lines and points. Ouspensky also wrote: Then – a point we consider as a section of line, the line as a section of surface, the surface of a section of the body. By analogy with this the three-dimensional body (a cube, sphere, pyramid) can probably be regarded as a section of the bodies of four dimensions, and all three-dimensional space as a section of four ... The Fifth Dimension should not be considered as lying outside the mind, but as a property of consciousness itself, – that line or what direction that should increase awareness.

In physics, the idea of extra spatial dimensions is used in the theories of unification of fundamental interactions. One of the earliest theories was Kaluza–Klein theory (Theodor Kaluza, 1921), which tried to unite electromagnetism and gravity. Due to the unobservability of the fourth spatial dimension in our world Oskar Klein in 1926 suggested that this dimension compactified and has a very small size. In string theory used 10-dimensional and 26-dimensional space-time, and additional measurements are also subject to compactification.

Historic-philosophical analysis of concepts of spatial dimension shows, that the earliest models of the universe were in the form of eggs (zero-dimension), replacing first band one-dimensional model of ancient Egypt – the universe as extended the Nile river, over which the pillars extend the sky in the form of a flat roof, to which the bottom nailed the stars. Then came the two-dimensional model of antiquity – Earth of Homer (VIII cent. BC) likened to a convex shield on all sides was surrounded by a river-ocean and covered with starry dome, and the medieval flat Earth was on the whales or elephants, and was also covered starry dome.

Ptolemy's model of the universe (II century AD.), was almost two-dimensional, in it around the Earth on epicyclical orbits rotating planets and stars (the latter are on a rotating spherical dome). At present, in science dominates the heliocentric model of the solar system and three-dimensional model of the universe of Western European civilization. Thus, there is increasing of space dimension in all models of the world and all areas of beliefs about it. This is confirmed by the history of painting, where the ancient paintings are one-dimensional, two-dimensional in the Middle Ages, and only in the Renaissance they acquire a third dimension.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, artists began to attempt to show the new fourth dimension. The most impressive results are achieved in the paintings of M. C. Escher and  Salvador Dali. The way from tape to three-dimensional space has done architecture, similarly to painting. One of the most famous attempts to break into the four dimension can be regarded as an architectural work of Le Corbusier. These examples of painting, cosmology and architecture conclusively proved that over the past five thousand years our civilization has evolved from a one-dimensional to three-dimensional space of consciousness, and is currently in the transition to the four dimension.

Modern approach
There are different points of view on the scale dimension, which underlying these or other properties of objects in it and thereby characterize the very scale dimension.

For example, Edmund Edward Fournier D'Albe believed, that the ratio of linear dimensions of the stars and atoms, as well as the ratio of their durations of similar processes, expressed as the number 1022. Yong Pyo Young by comparing atoms and galaxies found for the coefficients of similarity in size and time of the order of 1030. Thus the difference of time speeds at different levels of matter is emphasized, as a consequence of the properties of the scale dimension.

In terms of geometry that describes spatial forms, the concept of "scale dimension" is some interpretation of the concept "fourth spatial dimension". One can imagine some fourth axis of space, move along its three-dimensional body and assume that the four-body is the entire set of forms, which took three-dimensional body during moving along the fourth axis of space. Similarly, movement of a point (zero dimension) yields a line (one dimension), motion of a line parallel to itself delineates a plane figure (two dimensions), movement of a plane figure in direction of vector does not lie in the plane of the figure, leads to the bulk body. In contrast to this approach, scale dimension has the additional property – not just geometric objects move in space for formation of the fourth dimension, but it can still change its scale. That is, three-dimensional body can change its size (volume) when driving along scale axis, similar to the area can vary the shape and thickness of the line. As with any axis of the coordinate system in space-time, scale axis is different from all other axes in relation its direction, and that is enough for geometry. For physical systems is convenient to assume that the direction of the axis shows in the direction of increasing scale, and opposite direction – into the interior space.

The fourth dimension is very difficult for the imagination. One way to see iеs expression – imagine yourself shrinking in size and observing the surrounding space with objects in it. Another option – to draw a volume in space surveillance and permanently reduce its size. The process is endless, and despite the fact that outside of the scope, limited quantities beyond the Planck scale, quantum physics do not imagine what there happens, we can not say that there is no space. This decrease in the volume of observation reveals, moreover, special features of space, which are difficult to apperceive – namely, the infinity of space in an infinite number of points. Since all five visible (or represented figuratively) dimensions (including time) are of infinite length, then assume the finiteness of the fourth dimension at small scale there is no reason to.

In philosophy, the concept of space is defined as a form of existence of matter, having the property length, and time – as a form of existence of matter, having the property of duration of existence. In theory of relativity an elementary event is described by spatial coordinates and time at which the object in question is in the given spatial point. Consideration of time axis as equivalent axis of reference system was only possible due to the limited speed of light, because the length of the interval of the time axis is determined by the product of speed of light in space and time, must be finite. From this it follows that time axis in its origin is not identical to any one spatial axis, and physical spacetime is not equivalent to any n-dimensional space of geometry. Scale dimension, as well as time, occupies a special position in the determination of a complete physical frame of reference necessary in each case for the solution of theoretical and practical problems.

Scale relativity
Robert L. Oldershaw considers a discrete self-similar scale relativity, which can be found in the scale dimension as a fundamental principle of symmetry of nature, which extends the principle of general relativity in the study of physical systems. The main levels in the observed world Oldershaw relates atomic, stellar and galactic levels of matter, and in nature must exist not yet observed levels of matter at the micro scale and on the mega scale.

Between the levels of matter according to Oldershaw connection can be established in the form of the same factors of similarity in size and time equal to Λ = 5.2 ∙ 1017, as well as the similarity coefficient in mass X = Λ D = 1.7 ∙ 10 56, where the exponent D = 3.174. This leads to a difference in the gravitational constant at different levels of matter – strong gravitational constant at the atomic level, the usual gravitational constant for the level of stars, and assumed to be essentially reduced the value of the gravitational constant for the level of galaxies: $$~G_{+1}=2 \cdot 10^{-49}$$ m3 • s–2 • kg–1. If to substitute these gravitational constant in the equation for the metric of the Einstein-Hilbert, different results are obtained – for example, depending on the matter level considered the black hole can be a proton or an appropriate stellar or galactic object.

Oldershaw considers it necessary to extend the principle of relativity in the sense that physical laws should be written so that they depended not only on the position in the geometrical three-dimensional space, from the time, of orientation, motion, and the position of the reference system on a discrete scale ladder matter, but also from the choice of the level of matter at the scale axis. According to him, if between the levels of matter holds the exact cosmological self-similarity (in the immutability of the coefficients of similarity for all levels), physical laws and relatively constant at these levels should be identical.

Wave interpretation
Sergey Sukhonos introduced into consideration the scale axis (M-axis) as a special, fourth spatial dimension, and disposes on it all the objects of the universe. In this case, he discovers that in the arrangement of groups of objects, there is order, corresponding to a logarithmic increase their size. In connection with this Sukhonos makes the assumption that the observed distribution of groups of objects, has its cause harmonic oscillations in four-dimensional space, which generate nodes — three-dimensional stable systems. To substantiate this point of view are considered the natural oscillations in the form of standing waves in objects of different dimensions, when the length of an object always fits a whole number of waves.

One-dimensional case for a string, sandwiched on both sides, is shown in Figure 1. String is linear system, the excitation occurs in the plane, and standing wave node represents a point object. Next will be considered dimension of systems in accordance with the dominant length. If we denote Nд – the dimension of the motion of the system, Nc – the dimension of the system, Nу – the dimension of the system nodes, then for the string $$~ N_y = 0 $$ where $$~ N_y = N_c - 1. \qquad \qquad (1)$$

Sukhonos suggests that (1) is satisfied for all values of Nc. Figure 2 shows two-dimensional (Nc = 2) case in the form of a circular flat membrane.

With vibrations of the membrane on the surface appear linear ring structure (the dimension of the nodes Nу = 1), which seemed to mark the places on the membrane, where there is no movement, representing linear " nodes" of standing waves on the plane. You can see that for a string in Figure 1 the oscillations occur perpendicular to the strings, and transverse vibrations in Figure 2 are also perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. On the membrane can be standing waves along the radius in the form of rings, and can assume the wave along the rings themselves. Space of excitation, which is seen in ring structures of antinodes vibrations, is three-dimensional.

We now turn from two-dimensional medium to three-dimensional medium (Nc = 3). In this case, the dimension of nodes equals two (flat wall of cell volumes in Figure 3), and the space of excitation must be four-dimensional.

In his early works Sukhonos analyzed the known idea that the fourth spatial dimension is orthogonal to three-dimensional space. He suggested that the forced pulsation of the three-dimensional volume (Fig. 3), its periodic compression-expansion should lead to a three-dimensional standing waves whose nodes are the walls of cells. To confirm this, he is considering an experiment in which a cubic volume of the liquid saturated with light particles (suspension) is compressed. An example is the cooling liquid metal alloy with different impurities. During the cooling the volume of casting will be compressed from all sides, providing compression orthogonal to three-dimensional space. This alloy during solidification is filled with so-called grains, two-dimensional boundary between which is formed by a suspension of (additives, pores, etc.). These boundaries are two-dimensional nodes of four-dimensional vibration in three-dimensional environment.

If to realize an increase in the dimension of the medium to a value of Nc = 4 and create some movement in it, is orthogonal to three-dimensional space, then in the medium will formed nodes whose dimension be equal to three (Nу = Nс – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3). Sukhonos suggests that such nodes can be three-dimensional body whose stability is caused only by the fact that they are nodes of five-dimensional oscillations in the four-dimensional environments. These nodes form a stable three-dimensional world of objects in the Universe, which is a complex superposition of vibrations four-dimensional space. The duration of the existence of systems of the universe, their stability is associated with power of nodes, with the energy of vibrations generating the systems. This implies that the description of the diversity of the universe can be accomplished using the theory of waves and vibrations, but in an environment of higher dimension than hitherto used traditional science.

The scale dimension as a structural property

Number of basic dimensions in physics is determined by the number of degrees of freedom or independent variables that determine the location of the physical body or its elements, considered as points in a given frame of reference. The number of dimensions or degrees of freedom gives the dimension of the used space-time. By adding of scale dimension to four-dimensional space-time, we obtain a five-dimensional manifold, which includes the usual space-time. According to the order of historical understanding it may be written in the form (3+1+1)-space, where in the first place reflects spatial dimensions, and then dimensions of the time and scale. In terms of geometry it is convenient for the axis of all the dimensions to be perpendicular each other.

According to Sergey Fedosin, scale dimension is a manifestation of nesting of matter and a consequence of the transformation of the fundamental forces at different levels of matter. Scale dimension includes a fourth spatial dimension (the transformation of an infinite set of objects by changing the size leads to a new similar set), but also requires conversion of mass and velocity of the processes (the rate of time) in objects when observer is moving from one level of the scale axis to another level. This follows from SPФ symmetry, whereby the physical laws of matter at different levels remain unchanged from the viewpoint of local observer. As a result, there is the scale invariance of physical laws, and the principle of general covariance expands, taking into account the fact that at different levels of matter are different in power of gravity fields. In addition, the relativity of scale dimension leads to what "correct" physical equations must be of such form that the scale conversion left them the same at every level of matter.

In four-dimensional space-time, simple four-dimensional body can be considered as a body consisting of a set of forms that takes a certain three-dimensional body for a certain period of time.

Model of a four-dimensional body with regard to the three spatial dimensions and the scale dimension is a set of three-dimensional bodies, located on a specific law on the scale axis. These three-dimensional bodies must change their dimensions in the appropriate size range, set the dimensions of the four-dimensional body. Incision of four-dimensional body at some point of the scale-axis shows three-dimensional body as the cross section of the scale-axis. More precisely, in point of the section should be three-dimensional image of half the three-dimensional body (to see the rest of the body is necessary to turn and look at it from the other side). In place of the cross section one can also imagine a projection of three-dimensional image of the half body on one side of the plane of the section. Similarly, a model of three-dimensional body is a discrete or continuous set of closely interrelated surfaces, together giving an image of this body, and the section of the body gives a surface. Relationship between three-dimensional bodies in this four-body can be defined by the similarity theory (see similarity of matter levels). Division by cutting three-dimensional body into pieces and carrying of these parts in space does not mean the loss of three-dimensional body, it begins to exist in a new form and even has the opportunity to build back to its original state. Four-dimensional body can be thought as a separated individual three-dimensional bodies, in various configurations or when an assembly take place, occurs one or another four-dimensional form.

The trivial case is possible when the scale axis is combined with one of the usual spatial dimensions. In this case, the instantaneous transfer of three-dimensional body along the axis of the spatial-scale dimension gives a trace in the form of a degenerate four-dimensional body. Outwardly, it looks as though three-dimensional body is disproportionately altered in some spatial direction, elongated, compressed, warping, bends, twists, etc. In painting, there are works that reflect similar experiments with three-dimensional space. Scale change can be represented as a contraction of three-dimensional body in a certain direction until the transformation of the body in the plane, with subsequent expansion in the opposite direction to the isomeric form of three-dimensional body. Thus it turns out the body, turned inside out, which left replaced by right.

Introduction of time increases the number of dimensions to five. If scale dimension is considered, taking into account the time in the volume of space where there is a three-, four-or five-dimensional body, we can trace the change of the scaling properties (volume, mass, material composition and other properties of the body) as a function of time.

From the physical point of view scale dimension can not come down simply to the spatial proportional changes in body shape and volume. If there is a small wooden model of a multistory building, then is constructed in the full-size building can not exist, because of its weight, it will crush the lower floors. The reason for this is that with the increase of size the mass increases in proportion to the cube of this size, that is much faster. This implies that similar to each other bodies at different levels of matter can not consist of one and the same substance in the same state. Properties of the material should be such that at every level of matter to ensure the existence of objects. As a rule, as the size of the objects in the transition from one level to another matter is increasing, there is a reduction of the density of objects and of the characteristic speed of its matter. Latter can be understood as a slowing of speed of time of similar processes. For example, the larger-sized objects, the longer it takes them one revolution around its axis of rotation, longer lasting other typical processes.

When we moving deeper into the matter is found the opposite trend. Thus, the nucleons at the atomic level of matter are analogues of neutron stars in the star level of matter, and the average density of the nucleons over the matter density of neutron stars (6.1∙ 1017 kg/m3 and 3.7 ∙ 1017 kg/m3, respectively). Characteristic speed of the matter of the nucleons is the speed of light $$ ~ c = 2.9979 \cdot 10^8 $$ m/s, and for the matter of neutron stars, the characteristic speed is $$~C_s =6,8 \cdot 10^7$$ m/s. These speeds are determined so that with their help, according to mass–energy equivalence, it was possible to determine the full energy of the corresponding object: for a proton with the mass $$~M_p $$ the absolute value of full energy is $$~E_p =M_p c^2$$, and for a neutron star with the mass $$~M_s $$ the same energy is $$~E_s =M_s C^2_s$$. If neutron stars are composed of more dense nucleons then nucleons must consist of more dense particles of matter than the nucleons themselves.

In accordance with a change in physical properties of matter at different levels of matter there is also changing the existing forces. If at the level of planets and stars the main force is gravity, forming the spherical shape of bodies and control their motion near each other, then at the atomic level the same role is played by strong gravitation. In this case, strong gravitational constant is by many orders higher than the normal gravitational constant.

The hierarchy of space-based systems is that they are grouped in separate scales, located about equidistant from each other on a logarithmic scale sizes. This implies similarity of matter levels, when between the various levels similarity relations are derived not only in size but also in the masses, in the speed of similar processes and in other physical parameters. Consequence of the similarity are the stellar constants, discreteness of stellar parameters, hydrogen system, quantization of parameters of cosmic systems, gravitational model of strong interaction, the substantial models of neutron, proton, electron and photon.

Thanks to the nesting of certain matter levels in another levels the more massive objects are composed of particles of lower levels of matter. This leads to the relationship of characteristics of objects and states of matter, as well as the symmetry between the properties of particles of matter and the properties of objects, which is manifested through the relationship of similarity. In this case may be found the basic and intermediate levels of matter. At the basic levels of matter current fundamental forces, gravitation and electromagnetic forces, reach a maximum. At the same time the density of matter objects increasing; the gravitational force of attraction at first oppose the electromagnetic force, and then strong interaction. Examples here include:
 * Normal main sequence stars with matter which is thermally ionized plasma; the pressure of the plasma counteracts gravitation.
 * White dwarfs, which are composed of a degenerated plasma, and gravitation is opposed to the Fermi pressure of electrons.
 * Neutron stars, consisting of a neutron liquid, in which according to gravitational model of strong interactions the convergence of neutrons increases their force of repulsion from each other by gravitational torsion fields (gravitomagnetic fields in gravitomagnetism).

The role of weak interaction reduces to the fact that under the action of the fundamental forces and the strong interaction of objects after their formation take place a slow transformation of matter. For example, a neutron in a very large time by the standards of atomic processes turns into a proton, an electron and a neutrino. The transformation of the matter can be significantly accelerated by external factors. Thus, the incident on an elementary particle a neutrino can easily convert the matter of the particle and cause it to decay into other particles.

From the described is seen that the realization and manifestation of the scale dimension in nature can be represented as an infinite scaling ladders with steps – the levels of matter, which contain all known objects of the universe. In this case, similar objects at different levels are not simple enlarged or reduced copies of each other, as distinguished by their matter and its properties, and rate of the time. At the highest step of the scale space ladder we are seeing large galactic system and Metagalaxy, behind which must be placed even larger objects. At the bottom the elementary particles are discovered, still hypothetical partons and preons, as well as other smaller carriers of matter. In particular, the particles of which must consist of nucleons, is given the name praons.

The scale dimension characterizes the nesting levels of matter as a structural feature that specifies the order of material objects, adjusting their properties. There is a law of philosophy of breeding structures, which is formulated as follows: "'Structures are contained in the essence of things and events and determined their quality, have mechanisms of reproduction, resulting in maintaining the integrity of these structures and distribution them through other things and objects. '"

Another philosophical law describes the similarity of the carriers on different scale levels of the matter: "'Carrier distribution in mass (in size, while others related to the mass parameters) take place according to the law of geometric progression, highlighting at each step of the characteristic and dominant carriers, the major carriers and their satellites, and between carriers in separate steps, and between whole sets of steps are observed ratio similarity.'"

Stability of large-scale staircase of matter as a manifestation of the structure of nested levels of matter derives from the very method of formation of new material objects is dynamic in nature and is a consequence of multiple interactions of matter particles and field quanta. On the one hand, the disparate pieces of matter pulled together by gravitational forces and form a dense matter of new massive objects. With the growth of the mass of the objects in them is growing internal pressure increases the energy of the particles, which leads to a change in state of matter. At a basic level of matter occurs balance between the inflow and outflow of mass at the objects. This is illustrated by the massive main sequence stars, which are due to the high temperature emit huge amounts of energy and losing mass due to the expiration of the matter, thereby compensating inflow of matter from the outside. For neutron stars are also detected a slight variation of their mass, since the incident upon them matter "sprayed" in thermonuclear flashes. Apparently, neutron stars, as stellar analogs of the neutron, and magnetars, as analogues of protons have a maximum density which is attainable in stable objects under normal gravitation (the same should be for the nucleons and the strong gravitation).

On the other hand, the theory of infinite hierarchical nesting of matter predicts that the quanta of the gravitational field are produced mainly in the processes associated with the formation and transformation of matter of objects at the basic levels of matter. Thus, the formation of neutron stars in supernova explosion accompanies powerful neutrino emission. Neutron stars and magnetars can emit jets; they are sources of X-rays and gamma rays, as well as cosmic rays. The same is true for nucleons – they emit a neutrino, fluxes of matter and electromagnetic radiation. All these radiations may be part of gravitons, the carriers of the gravitational field in the Le Sage's theory of gravitation. Calculations show, based on the energy density flux of gravitons that the source of gravitons for normal gravity are the emission of particles at two or even three main levels lower than the star. Gravitons and charged particles form the basis of electrogravitational vacuum.

Thus, the fundamental fields forming objects at different levels of matter, and these objects in turn generate photons of fundamental fields, already operating at higher scale levels of matter. With regard to the objects of intermediate levels of matter, they are formed not only by the action of the fundamental forces, but also in the process of interaction of objects with each other or with the increase in mass, or the disintegration into smaller components. Thus, during the formation of planets of Solar System in numerous clashes occurred a separation between the planets, moons, asteroids, meteorites, comets, cosmic dust and micrometeorites, and these objects have taken some scale niches in mass and size. Analysis of these niches shows that the objects in them to the masses and sizes relate to each other in a geometric progression, and the transition between niches take place by the law of transition from quantity to quality. In each niche can be allocated specific major carriers, standard carriers and the boundary points of action, in which objects become unstable under existing conditions.

Scale dimension describes not only the natural physical or chemical related objects, but also suitable for describing of the living beings. It turns out that living beings and carriers of life faithfully replicate key features of objects of different levels of matter, since arranged at the same levels of matter in relation to their size and mass.

Like other carriers of matter, living beings can form an infinite nesting of levels of living, so that in every organism, there are many levels with the appropriate living carriers at these levels. Living matter is a complex interplay of living and nonliving, and the living is clearly governs and dominates the inanimate. In turn, the inanimate has living inside, but apparently not in the manifest, in a weak form. Evolution of living in scale dimension is not only the progress in space and time, but also the transformation of the structure of the living in order to adapt to the changing conditions of existence of the new scales.

Application
Study of scale dimension and objects belonging to it is engaged in the theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter. This theory presents itself as an interdisciplinary systems science and part of systems theory, which deals with the space systems of various scales. Discovering of scale dimension for scientific research is not just pushing the horizons of science, but also allows us to find previously unknown patterns in physics and mathematics. The detection of direct links between micro, macro and mega-worlds of our universe allows us to understand its evolution as the evolution of hierarchically nested levels of matter, to clarify the picture of the world, and to include in the scientific thinking new concepts and lines of development. From a practical point of view the substantial models of elementary particles built on the base of the theory of similarity, can make significant and necessary complement to the quantum mechanics and the theory of elementary particles, which can lead to useful results in physics and in technology.

New opportunities are created in biology as the science about life and living beings. Living beings can be understood as the active open systems with an infinite nesting of living systems inside and deep inner sources of ordering, which dictate behavior, and ensure the functioning of such systems. The expansion of the living can take place both within the same level of matter (moving in uninhabited territory), and by moving to new levels of matter. Last inevitably requires adjustment of the living forms of existence, since a large increase in the size of the habitat make problems with the integrity of the entire system in the environment and the slowdown resource allocation processes. Knowledge of the existence strategy and of the evolution of living is quite important for the development of humanity as a whole.

In medicine, science has come to ensure that at the genetic level to reproduce clones of living organisms from a single genetic material and correct gene to cure some diseases. It is also planned to use genetic methods to protect against dangerous micro-organisms and viruses. However, as it follows from the theory of infinite hierarchical nesting of matter, must exist such creatures whose size is much smaller than prions, the smallest of the currently known particles of the living. In this case, the disease may be associated with these creatures and finding of it is beyond the capabilities of modern medicine. To study these living particles now known nanotechnology should be replaced by even more powerful research methods.

title: Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension


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User talk:Alliedepetrillo

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User talk:Elisa Pietropaolo

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What is the copyright of File:Elisa 5280118.jpg?
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Category:Spacetime

For topics relating to Spacetime.

title: Category:Spacetime


text: Category:Dimensional analysis

title: Category:Dimensional analysis


text: Category:Dimension

title: Category:Dimension


text: Category:Manifolds

title: Category:Manifolds


text: File:Struna.jpg

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User:Egm6321.f10.team4.Yoon/Mtg2

=EGM6321 - Principles of Engineering Analysis 1, Fall 2010=

 Mtg 2: Thu, 26 Aug 10

[[media: 2010_08_24_15_22_30.djvu | Page 2-1]]
[[media:2010_08_24_15_22_30.djvu | Eqs.(2), p.1-3]]: $$\displaystyle f=u^1 $$ or $$\displaystyle u^2$$ (1)

Dynamics: $$\displaystyle F=m \cdot a$$ (2) with the accereration $$\displaystyle a $$ could be one of the following quantities $$\displaystyle \ddot u^1, \ddot u^2, or, \ddot Y^1$$

Next, equations of motion.

= Equation of motion(EOM) of wheel/Magnet =

N2_ODE

[[media: 2010_08_26_13_57_13.djvu | Page 2-2]]
Note: Terms with $$\displaystyle \dot Y^1$$ are not due to damping, but to convection.

Ref:VQ&O 1989 CMAME Eqs(2.1bc) $$\displaystyle \ \ \exists $$(There exists) a misprint in (2.1b)

where, M is mass of wheel/magnet

From Eqs.[[media: 2010_08_24_15_22_30.djvu | (3),p.2-1]]: $$\displaystyle c_0$$ is horizontal force acting on wheel/magnet

$$\displaystyle A:=F^1[1-\bar R u^2_{,SS}]$$

Dimensional Analysis
$$\displaystyle \underbrace{[F^1]}_{\color{blue}{_{dimension of}}}=F_{(force)}$$

[[media: 2010_08_26_13_57_13.djvu | Page 2-3]]
where the number 2 in $$\displaystyle \partial^2 $$ means the 2nd derivative; the number 2 in $$\ \displaystyle U^2 $$ means the superscript, and the number 2 in $$\ \displaystyle \partial S^2 $$ means the power (i.e., $$\displaystyle (\partial S)^2$$).

title: User:Egm6321.f10.team4.Yoon/Mtg2


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User:Atcovi/The Aqib Sochal

This User stand for the talk page two of them. Birth: May 17

Hello. I`m User:Aaqiby1 I`m asking you do you like Finn because he put ketchup in your milk. "No`s powerline show on the row" Aaqiby1. (Meet /Aaqiby1)

Hello. I`m staring you famous Aaqib. I just saw the pro guy who knows me from A quiz class. From The 2nd message on the other User talk.

title: User:Atcovi/The Aqib Sochal


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User:Mabuabsdd/News of the Aqib show

--> Or reloading the account

<-- You can request Aqib Aze Show

New Shows
Re Me E--

title: User:Mabuabsdd/News of the Aqib show


text: Template:User kiss

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User talk:MrMouse

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Thank you! --MrMouse 23:46, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sure thing. Enjoy your time here. Ottava Rima (talk) 00:01, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:MrMouse