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Bibliography for Bible students

This is a bibliography of books that may be useful to students of the Bible, especially those involved with A Translation of the Bible. It cannot attempt to be comprehensive; there are thousands of books that could be listed. Books not available in English are excluded. However, it is hoped that the great majority of the most useful books in English will be included.

General Works and Introductions to the Bible

 * Anderson, G. W. (1979) Tradition and Interpretation, pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford
 * Browning, W. R. F. (1996) The Oxford Dictionary of the Bible, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Bruce, F. F. (1969) Israel and the Nations (2nd ed.), pub. The Paternoster Press
 * Childs, B. S. (1979) Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture, pub. SCM Press
 * Geden, A. (1928) Introduction to the Ginsburg Edition of the Old Testament, pub. British and Foreign Bible Society
 * Gilmore, A. (2000) A Dictionary of the English Bible and its Origins, pub. Sheffield Academic Press; ISBN 1-84127-068-7
 * Harrison, R. K. (1969) Introduction to the Old Testament, pub. W. B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-3107-9
 * Hayes, J. H. (1979) An Introduction to Old Testament Study, pub. Abingdon Press
 * Metzger, B. M. & Coogan, M. D. (1993) The Oxford Companion to the Bible, pub. Oxford University Press: ISBN 0-19-504645-5
 * Miller, J. M. & Hayes, J. H. (1986) A History of Ancient Israel and Judah, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-02042-5
 * Rowley, H. H. (1951) The Old Testament and Modern Study, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Wright, G. E. (1961) The Bible and the Ancient Near East, pub. Doubleday

Introductions to the New Testament

 * Gundry, R. H. (1981) A Survey of the New Testament, pub. Zondervan
 * Guthrie, D. (1990) New Testament Introduction (Rev. ed.), pub. InterVarsity Press
 * Gromacki, R. 91974) New Testament Survey, pub. Baker
 * Harrison, E. F. (1964) Introduction to the New Testament, pub. Eerdmans
 * Pentecost, J. D. (1981) The Words and Works of Jesus Christ, pub. Zondervan
 * Tenney, M. C. (1985) New Testament Survey (2nd ed.), pub. Eerdmans

Translation theory

 * Bruce, F. F. (1979) History of the Bible in English (3rd ed), pub. Lutterworth; ISBN 0-7188-2662-0
 * Dewey, D. (2004) Which Bible?, pub. Inter-Varsity Press, ISBN 1-84474-035-8
 * Kubo, S. & Specht, W. (1975) So Many Versions? Twentieth Century English Versions of the Bible, pub. Zondervan
 * Lewis, J. P. (1991) The English Bible from KJV to NIV (2nd ed), pub. Baker: ISBN 0-8010-5666-7
 * Martin, R. P. (1998) Accuracy of Translation: The Primary Criterion in Evaluating Bible Versions, pub. Banner of Truth: ISBN 978-0851517353
 * Metzger, B. M. (2001) The Bible in Translation, pub. Baker: ISBN 0-8010-2282-7
 * Mulder, M. J. (1988) Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-0604-3
 * Rowley, H. H. (1951) The Old Testament and Modern Study, pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford
 * Ryken, L. (2002) The Word of God in English, Criteria for Excellence in Bible Translation, pub. Crossway
 * Thomas, R. (2000) How to Choose a Bible Version, pub. Mentor Books
 * Vaughan, C. (1988) The Bible from 26 Translations, pub. Mathis Publishers
 * Wegner, P. D. (1999) The Journey from Texts to Translations, pub. Baker: ISBN 0-8010-2169-3

Hermeneutics

 * Plummer, R. L. (2010). 40 Questions about Interpreting the Bible. (B. L. Merkle, Ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Academic & Professional.
 * Stein, R. H. (2011). A Basic Guide to Interpreting the Bible: Playing by the Rules (Second Edition). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
 * Corley, B., Lemke, S., & Lovejoy, G. (2002). Biblical hermeneutics: a comprehensive introduction to interpreting Scripture (2nd ed.). Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman.
 * Carson, D. A., & Woodbridge, J. D. (Eds.). (2005). Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
 * Hendricks, H. G., & Hendricks, W. D. (2007). Living by the Book: the art and science of reading the Bible. Chicago: Moody Publishers.
 * Robertson, A. T. (1933). Word Pictures in the New Testament. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press.

Archaeology and geography

 * Aharoni, Y. (1979) The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography of the Bible, pub. Westminster John Knox
 * Albright, W. F. (1960) The Archaeology of Palestine (4th ed.), pub. Penguin Books
 * Arnold, B. T. and Beyer, B. E. (1977) The Macmillan Bible Atlas, pub. Macmillan
 * Baly, D. (1974) The Geography of the Bible (2nd ed.), pub. Harper
 * Beitzel, B. J. (1985) The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands, pub. Moody
 * Blaiklock, E. M. & Harrison, R. K. (1983) The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology, pub. Zondervan
 * Dowley, T. (1997) Atlas of the Bible and Christianity, pub. Baker
 * Freedman, D. N. & Greenfield, J. C. (1969), pub. Doubleday
 * Lance, H. D. (1981) The Old Testament and the Archaeologist, pub. SPCK: ISBN 0-281-04021-4
 * Pfeiffer, C. F. & Vos, H. F. (1967) The Wycliffe Historical Geography of Bible Lands, pub. Moody
 * Thompson, J. A. (1972) The Bible and Archaeology, pub. Eerdmans
 * Vos, H. F. (1987) Archaeology in Biblical Lands, pub. Moody

General

 * Bruce, F. F. (1991) The Books and the Parchments (5th ed), pub. Marshall Pickering
 * Goodwin, D. W. (1969) Text-Restoration Methods in Contemporary U.S.A. Biblical Scholarship, pub. Istituto Orientale di Napoli
 * O'Flaherty, W. D. (1979) The Critical Study of Sacred Texts, pub. University of California at Berkeley: ISBN 0-89581-101-4
 * Wegner, P. D. (1999) The Journey from Texts to Translations, pub. Baker Books: ISBN 0-8010-2169-3

Old Testament

 * Barr, J. (1968) Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Barthelemy, D. et al. (1979) Preliminary and Interim Report on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project, 2nd ed., 5 vols, pub. United Bible Societies
 * Brotzen, E. (1994) Old Testament Textual Criticism, pub. Baker Books: ISBN 0-8010-1065-9
 * Davidson, S. (1855) The Hebrew Text of the Old Testament, Revised from Critical Sources, pub. Samuel Bagster
 * Deist, F. E. (1981) Towards the Text of the Old Testament (2nd ed.), pub. N. G. Kerkboekhandel Transvaal
 * Klein, R. (1974) Textual Criticism of the Old Testament, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-1087-3
 * McCarter, P. Kyle (1986) Textual Criticism: Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-0471-7
 * Roberts, B. J. (1951) The Old Testament Text and Versions, pub. University of Wales Press
 * Tov, E. (2001) Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (2nd ed.), pub. Royal Van Gorcum: ISBN 90-232-3715-3
 * Weingreen, J. (1982) Introduction to the Critical Study of the text of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Clarendon Press: ISBN 0-19-815453-4
 * Wurthwein, E. (1995) The Text of the Old Testament (2nd ed.), pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-8028-0788-7

Individual Old Testament Books

 * Hendel, R. S. (1998) The Text of Genesis 1-11, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Spurrell, G. J. (1896) Notes on the Text of Genesis (2nd ed), pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford

 * Benjamin, C. D. (1921): The Variations between the Hebrew and Greek Texts of Joshua: Chapters 1-12, pub. W Drugulin
 * Greenspoon, L. J. (1983) Textual Studies in the Book of Joshua (Harvard Semitic Monographs 28), pub. Scholars Press
 * Holmes,S. (1914) Joshua: The Hebrew and Greek Texts, pub. Cambridge University Press

 * Boer, P. A. H. de (1938) Research into the Text of I Samuel I-XVI, pub. H. J. Paris
 * Driver, S. R. (1913) Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (2nd ed), pub. Oxford University Press
 * Pisano, S. (1984) Additions or Omissions in the Books of Samuel, pub. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
 * Tov, E. (1980) The Hebrew and Greek Texts of Samuel, pub. Academon Jerusalem

 * Burney, C. F. (1903) Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings, pub. Oxford University Press

 * Janzen, J. G. (1973) Studies in the Text of Jeremiah, pub. Harvard University Press: ISBN 9780674184800
 * Streane, A. W. (1896) The Double Text of Jeremiah, pub. George Bell & Sons
 * Stulman, L. (1985) The Other Text of Jeremiah, pub. University Press of America: ISBN 0-8191-4988-8
 * Workman, G. C. (1889) The Text of Jeremiah, pub. T. & T. Clark

 * Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (2004) The Book of Ezekiel, pub. Magnes Press: ISBN 965-493-186-9
 * Taylor, J. (1891) The Massoretic Text and the Ancient Versions of the Book of Micah, pub. Williams and Norgate
 * Zandstra, S. (1909) The Witness of the Vulgate, Peshitta and Septuagint to the Text of Zephaniah, pub. Columbia University Press
 * Jansma, T. (1949) Inquiry into the Hebrew text and the Ancient Versions of Zechariah, pub. E. J. Brill

 * Sheppard, H. W. (1920) The First Book of Psalms in the Text of G1, pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Scott, M. (1927) Textual Discoveries in Proverbs, Psalms and Isaiah, pub. SPCK
 * Grabbe, L. L. (1977) Comparative Philology and the Text of Job, pub. Scholars Press: ISBN 0-89130-139-9
 * Stevenson, W. B. (1951) Critical Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Poem of Job, pub. The Aberdeen University Press
 * Gottlieb, H. (1978) A Study on the Text of Lamentations, pub. Acta Jutlandica: ISBN 87-87671-04-2

New Testament

 * Aland, K. (1996) The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism (2nd ed), pub. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0802840981
 * Anderson, G. W. & D. E. (1993) A Textual Key to the New Testament, pub. Trinitarian Bible Society
 * Clarke, K. D. (1997) Textual Optimism: A Critique of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, pub. Sheffield Academic Press: ISBN 978-1850756491
 * Greenlee, J. H. (1964) Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, pub. Eerdmans
 * Metzger, B. M. (1971) A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, pub. United Bible Societies
 * Metzger, B. M. (1995) The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (4th ed), pub. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0195161229

Septuagint

 * Dines, J. M. (2004) The Septuagint, pub. T. & T. Clark: ISBN 0 567 08464 7
 * Jellicoe, S. (1968) The Septuagint and Modern Study, pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford
 * Jobes, K. H. & Silva, M. (2000) Invitation to the Septuagint, pub. Baker Books: ISBN 1-84227-061-3
 * Pietersma, A. & Wright, B. G. (2007) A New English Translation of the Septuagint, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Swete, H. B. (1914) An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (2nd ed), pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Tov, E. (1997) The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (2nd ed.), pub. Simor Ltd.: ISBN 9652420034

Dead Sea Scrolls
This only includes books that deal primarily with the Bible scrolls found at Qumran and elsewhere near the Dead Sea

 * Abegg, M. et al. (1999) The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, pub. T. & T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-08715-8
 * Brownlee, W. H. (1959) The Text of Habakkuk in the Ancient Commentary from Qumran, pub. Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis
 * Brownlee, W. H. (1964) The Meaning of the Qumran Scrolls for the Bible, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Brownlee, W. H. (1979) The Midrash Pesher of Habakkuk, pub. Scholars Press: ISBN 0-89130-096-1
 * Cross, F. M. & Talmon, S. (1965) Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text, pub. Harvard University Press
 * Flint, P. W. (2001) The Bible at Qumran: Text, Shape, and Interpretation, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-4630-0
 * Herbert, E. D. & Tov, E. (2002) The Bible as Book; The Hebrew Bible and the Judaean Desert Discoveries, pub. The British Library: ISBN 0-7123-4726-7
 * Rosenbloom, J. R. (1970) The Dead Sea Isaiah Scroll: A Literary Analysis, pub. Eerdmans
 * Scanlin, H. S. (1993) The Dead Sea Scrolls & Modern Translations of the Old Testament, pub. Tyndale House: ISBN 0-8423-1010-X
 * Ulrich, E. (1978) The Qumran Text of Samuel and Josephus, pub. Scholars Press: ISBN 0-89130-256-5
 * Ulrich, E. (1999) The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-4611-4
 * Waard, J, de (1965) A Comparative Study of the Old Testament Text in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the New Testament, pub. E. J. Brill

Canon and Masorah

 * Bruce, F. F. (1988) The Canon of the Scripture, pub. InterVarsity
 * Geden, A. (1906) The Massoretic and Other Notes of the Hebrew Scriptures, pub. British and Foreign Bible Society
 * Ginsburg, C. D. (1897) Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Trinitarian Bible Society
 * Kelley, P. H., Mynatt, D. S. & Crawford, T. G. (1998) The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-4363-8
 * Kennedy, J. (1903) The Note-Line in the Hebrew Scriptures, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Leiman, S. Z. (1974) The Canon and Masorah of the Hebrew Bible, pub. KTAV: ISBN 0870681648
 * Leiman, S. Z. (1991) The Canonization of Hebrew Scripture (2nd ed.), pub. The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences: ISBN 1-878508-04-0
 * McCarthy, C. (1981) The Tiqqune Sopherim, pub. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: ISBN 3-525-53344-6
 * Metzger, B. M. (1987) The Canon of the New Testament, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Mynatt, D. S. (1994) The Sub Loco Notes in the Torah, pub. BIBAL: ISBN 0-941037-33-9
 * Wonneberger, R. (1990) Understanding BHS: A Manual for the Users of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, pub. Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico - Roma: ISBN 88-7653-578-0
 * Yeivin, I. (1980) Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah, pub. Scholars Press: ISBN 0-89130-373-1

Other special topics

 * Barr, J. (1982) The Variable Spellings of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Beyerlin, W. (1978) Near Eastern Religious Texts relating to the Old Testament, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0664213634
 * Butin, R. (1906) The Ten Nequdoth of the Torah, pub. Harvard University Press
 * Gall, A. F. von (1918) Der Hebraische Pentateuch der Samaritaner, pub. Verlag von Alfred Topelmann
 * Gillingham, S. E. (1994) The Poems and Psalms of the Hebrew Bible, pub. Oxford University press: ISBN 0-19-213242-3
 * Kahle, P. (1959) The Cairo Geniza (2nd ed), pub. Basil Blackwell
 * Pritchard, J. B. (1969a) Ancient Near Eastern Texts (3rd ed.), pub. Princeton University Press: ISBN 0-691-03503-2
 * Pritchard, J. B. (1969b) The Ancient Near East in Pictures (2nd ed.), pub. Princeton University Press: ISBN 0-691-03502-4
 * Russell, D. S. (1987) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, pub. SCP Press: ISBN 0-334-02229-0
 * Sparks, H. F. D. (1984) The Apocryphal Old Testament, pub. Oxford University Press: ISBN 0-19-826166-7
 * Gives translations of and brief commentaries on several apocryphal books not usually included in the standard Bible apocrypha.
 * Winton Thomas, D. (1958) Documents from Old Testament Times, pub. Thomas Nelson

Commentaries on the whole Bible
''While no one-volume commentary on the whole Bible can go into much detail, the books below provide good overviews and background reading. Comparison of two or three different books can provide illuminating insights into the varying perspectives that different scholars can have.''

 * Brown, R. (1990) The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, pub. Prentice Hall
 * Walter Elwell (1989) Evangelical Commentary on the Bible, pub. Baker, 1989.
 * Mays, J. L. (1988) Harper's Bible Commentary, pub. Harper & Row
 * Metzger, B. M. (1991) The New Oxford Annotated Bible, pub. Oxford University Press: ISBN 0-19-528356-2
 * Suggs, M. J. (1992) The Oxford Study Bible: Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha, pub. Oxford University Press

Commentaries on part of the Bible
Where a commentary covers more than one book, it is generally listed under the first book. There is a separate section for the Five Books of Moses and for the Twelve Prophets. Many of these commentaries include a substantial amount of textual criticism. However, commentaries primarily concerned with the textual criticism of a book are listed in the Textual Criticism section.

Five Books of Moses

 * Cohen, A. (1947) The Soncino Chumash, pub. Soncino
 * Hertz, J. H. (1937) The Pentateuch and Haftorahs (2nd ed), pub. Soncino: ISBN 0-900689-21-8
 * Sforno, Obadiah of (1987) Commentary on the Torah, vol. 1, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-238-5
 * Sforno, Obadiah of (1989) Commentary on the Torah, vol. 2, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-240-7

Genesis

 * Cassuto, U. (1964) From Abraham to Noah (2 vols), pub. Magnes Press
 * Dillmann, A. (1897) Genesis (2 vols.), pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Sarna, N. M. (1966) Understanding Genesis, pub. Schocken: ISBN 0-8052-0253-6
 * Sarna, N. M. (1989) Genesis, pub. The Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-0326-6
 * Skinner, J. (1932) Genesis (2nd ed), pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Speiser, E. A. (1964) Genesis, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00854-6
 * Wenham, G. J. (1987) Genesis 1-15, pub. Word: ISBN 0-85009-448-8
 * Wenham, G. J. (1994) Genesis 16-50, pub. Word: ISBN 0-8499-0201-0
 * Westermann, C. (1984) Genesis 1-11, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0-8006-9500-3
 * Westermann, C. (1985) Genesis 12-36, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0800695011
 * Westermann, C. (1986) Genesis 37-50, pub. SPCK: ISBN 0-281-04277-2
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1986) Genesis (2 vols, 2nd ed.), pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-362-4

Exodus

 * Cassuto, U. (1967) Commentary on the Book of Exodus, pub. Magnes Press
 * Childs, B. S. (1974) Exodus, pub. Westminster Press: ISBN 978-0664209858
 * Durham, J. I. (1987) Exodus, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0202-9
 * Houtman, C. (1993) Exodus vol. 1, pub. Kok Kampen: ISBN 90-242-6213-5
 * Houtman, C. (1996) Exodus vol. 2, pub. Kok Kampen: ISBN 90-242-6194-5
 * Houtman, C. (2000) Exodus vol. 3, pub. Peeters Leeuven: ISBN 90-429-0805-X
 * Noth, M. (1962) Exodus, pub. Westminster Press
 * Propp, W. H. C. (1999) Exodus 1-18, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-14804-6
 * Propp, W. H. C. (2006) Exodus 19-40, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-24693-5
 * Sarna, N. M. (1986) Exploring Exodus, pub. Schocken: ISBN 0-8052-1063-6
 * Sarna, N. M. (1991) Exodus, pub. Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-0328-2

Leviticus

 * Hartley, J. E. (1992) Leviticus, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0203-7
 * Kiuchi, N. (2007) Leviticus, pub. Inter-Varsity Press: ISBN 978-1-84474-177-9
 * Levine, B. A. (1989) Leviticus, pub. The Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-0328-2
 * Milgrom, J. (1991) Leviticus 1-16, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-11434-6
 * Milgrom, J. (2000) Leviticus 17-22, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41255-X
 * Milgrom, J. (2001) Leviticus 23-27, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-50035-1
 * Scherman, N. (1989) Vayikra/Leviticus vol. 1, pub. Mesora Publications: ISBN 0-89906-370-5
 * Scherman, N. (1990) Vayikra/Leviticus vol. 2, pub. Mesora Publications: ISBN 0-89906-372-1

Numbers

 * Budd, P. J. (1984) Numbers, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0204-5
 * Gray, G. B. (1903) Numbers, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Harrison, R. K. (1992) Numbers, pub. Baker Book House: ISBN 0-8010-4380-8
 * Levine, B. A. (1993) Numbers 1-20, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-15651-0
 * Levine, B. A. (2000) Numbers 21-36, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41256-8
 * Milgrom, J. (1990) Numbers, pub. The Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-0329-0

Deuteronomy

 * Christenson, D. L. (2001) Deuteronomy 1:1-21:9, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-7852-4220-1
 * Christenson, D. L. (2002) Deuteronomy 21:10-34:12, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-1032-3
 * Driver, S. R. (1895) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * McConville, J. G. (2002) Deuteronomy, pub. InterVarsity Press: ISBN 0-85111-779-1
 * Nelson, R. D. (2002) Deuteronomy, pub. Westminster Press: ISBN 0-664-21952-7
 * Rad, G. von (1966) Deuteronomy, pub. Westminster Press
 * Tigay, J. H. (1996) Deuteronomy, pub. The Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-0330-4
 * Weinfeld, M. (1991) Deuteronomy 1-11, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-17593-0

Joshua

 * Auld, A. G. (1998) Joshua Retold, pub. T & T Clark: ISBN 0 567 08603 8
 * Bennett, W. H. (1899) Joshua, pub. James Clarke & Co.
 * Boling, R. G. & Wright, G. E. (1982) Joshua, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00034-0
 * Butler, T. C. (1983) Joshua, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0206-1
 * Cohen, A. (1950) Joshua and Judges, pub. Soncino
 * Cooke, G. A. (1918) The Book of Joshua, pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Drucker, R. (1982) Yehoshua/Joshua, pub. Mesorah Press: ISBN 0-89906-087-0
 * Nelson, R. D. (1997) Joshua, pub. Westminster Press: ISBN 0-664-21941-1
 * Soggin, J. A. (1972) Joshua, pub. Westminster Press

Judges

 * Boling, R. G. (1975) Judges, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-01029-X
 * Burney, C. F. (1918) The Book of Judges, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Butler, T. (2009) Judges, pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 978-0-8499-0207-9
 * Cooke, G. A. (1913) The Book of Judges, pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Lindars, B. (1995) Judges 1-5, pub. T & T Clark: ISBN 0-567-09696-3
 * Moore, G. F. (1895) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Niditch, S. (2008) Judges, pub. Westminster John Knox Press: ISBN 978-0-664-22096-9
 * Soggin, J. A. (1987) Judges (2nd ed), pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0334021081

Samuel

 * Anderson, A. A. (1989) 2 Samuel, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0210-X
 * Firth, D. G. (2009) 1 & 2 Samuel, pub. InterVarsity Press: ISBN 978-1-84474-368-1
 * Goldman, S. (1951) Samuel, pub. Soncino
 * Hertzberg, H. W. (1964) I & II Samuel, pub. Westminster Press
 * Klein, R. W. (2008) I Samuel (2nd ed), pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 978 0718025311
 * McCarter, P. K. (1980) I Samuel, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-06760-7
 * McCarter, P. K. (1984) II Samuel, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-06808-5
 * Smith, H. P. (1899) Samuel, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Tsumura, D. T. (2007) The First Book of Samuel, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 978-0-8028-2359-5

Kings

 * Cogan, M. (2001) I Kings, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-02992-6
 * Cogan, M. & Tadmor, H. (1988) II Kings, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-02388-X
 * DeVries, S. J. (1985) I Kings, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0211-8
 * Gray, J. (1977) I & II Kings (3rd ed), pub. Westminster Press
 * Hobbs, T. R. (1985) 2 Kings, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0212-6
 * Montgomery, J. A & Gehman, J. S. (1951) Kings, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Slotki, I. W. (1950) Kings, pub. Soncino
 * Sweeney, M. A. (2007) I & II Kings, pub. Westminster John Knox: ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6

Isaiah

 * Baltzer, K. (2001) Deutero-Isaiah, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6039-0
 * Blenkinsopp, J. (2000) Isaiah 1-39, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-49716-4
 * Blenkinsopp, J. (2002) Isaiah 40-55, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-49717-2
 * Blenkinsopp, J. (2003) Isaiah 56-66, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-50174-9
 * Childs, B. S. (2001) Isaiah, pub. Westminster John Knox: ISBN 0-664-22143-2
 * Friedlander, M. (1873) The Commentary of Ibn Ezra on Isaiah, pub. Society for the Promotion of Hebrew Literature
 * Goldingay, J. & Payne, D. (2006a) Isaiah 40-55 Volume I, pub. T. and T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-04461-0
 * Goldingay, J. & Payne, D. (2006b) Isaiah 40-55 Volume II, pub. T. and T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-03072-5
 * Gray, G. B. (1912) Isaiah 1-27, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Kissane, E. J. (1941) The Book of Isaiah Vol. I (I-XXXIX), pub. Browne and Nolan
 * Kissane, E. J. (1943) The Book of Isaiah Vol. II (XL-LXVI), pub. Browne and Nolan
 * McKenzie, J. L. (1968) Second Isaiah, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-05390-8
 * Mackintosh, A. A. (1980) Isaiah xxi: A palimpsest, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0 521 22943 X
 * North, C. R. (1964) The Second Isaiah, pub. Oxford University Press
 * Slotki, I. W. (1949) Isaiah, pub. Soncino
 * Torrey, C. C. (1928) The Second Isaiah, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Waard, Jan de (1997) A Handbook on Isaiah, pub. Eisenbrauns: ISBN 1-57506-023-X
 * Watts, J. D. W. (1985) Isaiah 1-33, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0223-1
 * Watts, J. D. W. (1987) Isaiah 34-66, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0224-X
 * Westermann, C. (1969) Isaiah 40-66, pub. Westminster Press: ISBN 0 334 00730 5
 * Wildberger, H. (1991) Isaiah 1-12, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-9508-9
 * Wildberger, H. (1997) Isaiah 13-27, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-9509-7
 * Wildberger, H. (2002) Isaiah 28-39, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-9510-0
 * Williamson, H. G. M. (2006) Isaiah 1-5, pub. T. and T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-04451-3

Jeremiah

 * Allen, L. C. (2008) Jeremiah, pub. Westminster John Knox: ISBN 978-0-664-22223-9
 * Breuer, J. (1998) The Book of Yirmeyahu, pub. Feldheim: ISBN 0-87306-872-6
 * Bright, J. (1965) Jeremiah, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00823-6
 * Carroll, R. P. (1986) Jeremiah: A Commentary, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-02093-X
 * Craigie, P. C. et al. (1991) Jeremiah 1-25, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0225-8
 * Freedman, H. (1949) Jeremiah, pub. Soncino
 * Holladay, W. L. (1986) Jeremiah 1, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6017-X
 * Holladay, W. L. (1989) Jeremiah 2, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6022-6
 * Keown, G. L. et al. (1995) Jeremiah 26-52, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0226-6
 * Lundbom, J. R. (1999) Jeremiah 1-20, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139631
 * Lundbom, J. R. (2004a) Jeremiah 21-36, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139648
 * Lundbom, J. R. (2004b) Jeremiah 37-52, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139655
 * McKane, W. (1986) Jeremiah Volume 1 I-XXV, pub. T. & T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-05042-4
 * McKane, W. (1996) Jeremiah Volume 2 XXVI-LII, pub. T. & T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-09732-3
 * Waard, Jan de (2003) A Handbook on Jeremiah, pub. Eisenbrauns: ISBN 1-57506-057-4

Ezekiel

 * Allen, L. C. (1994) Ezekiel 1-19, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0830-2
 * Allen, L. C. (1990) Ezekiel 20-48, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0228-2
 * Bloch, D. I. (1997) The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 1-24, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0802825354
 * Bloch, D. I. (1998) The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2536-2
 * Breuer, J. (1993) The Book of Yechezkel, pub. Feldheim: ISBN 0-87306-956-0
 * Brownlee, W. H. (1986) Ezekiel 1-19, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0227-4
 * Cooke, G. A. (1936) Ezekiel, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Eichrodt, W. (1970) Ezekiel, pub. Westminster Press
 * Eisemann, M. (1988) Ezekiel (3rd ed.), pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-085-4
 * Fisch, S. (1950) Ezekiel, pub. Soncino
 * Greenberg, M. (1983) Ezekiel 1-20, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00954-2
 * Greenberg, M. (1997) Ezekiel 21-37, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-18200-7
 * Wevers, J. W. (1969) Ezekiel, pub. Eeerdmans
 * Zimmerli, W. (1979) Ezekiel 1, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6008-0
 * Zimmerli, W. (1983) Ezekiel 2, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6010-2

Twelve Prophets

 * Cohen, A. (1948) The Twelve Prophets, pub. Soncino
 * McComiskey, T. E. (1992) The Minor Prophets Vol. 1, pub. Baker Book House: ISBN 0-8010-6285-3
 * McComiskey, T. E. (1993) The Minor Prophets Vol. 2, pub. Baker Book House: ISBN 0-8010-6307-8
 * McComiskey, T. E. (1998) The Minor Prophets Vol. 3, pub. Baker Book House: ISBN 0-8010-2055-7
 * Mitchell, H. G., Smith, J. M. P. and Bewer, J. A. (1912) Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi and Jonah, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Roberts, M. (1995) The Twelve Prophets Vol. I, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-017-X
 * Smith, J. M. P., Ward, W. H. and Bewer, J. A. (1911) Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Obadiah and Joel, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Smith, R. L. (1984) Micah-Malachi, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0231-2
 * Stavsky, Y. (2009) The Twelve Prophets Vol. II, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 1-4226-0911-1
 * Stuart, D. (1987) Hosea-Jonah, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0235-5

Hosea

 * Andersen, F. L. & Freedman, D. N. (1980) Hosea, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00768-X
 * Dearman, J. A. (2010) Hosea, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 978-0-8028-2539-1
 * Harper, W. R. (1905) Amos and Hosea, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * MacIntosh, A. A. (1997) Hosea, pub. T. and T. Clark: ISBN 0 567 08545 7
 * Mays, J. L. (1969) Hosea, pub. Westminster Press
 * Wolff, H. W. (1974) Hosea, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6004-8

Joel

 * Barton, J. (2001) Joel and Obadiah, pub. Westminster John Knox Press: ISBN 0-664-21966-7
 * Crenshaw, J. L. (1995) Joel, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41205-3
 * Wolff, H. W. (1977) Joel and Amos, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6007-2

Amos

 * Andersen, F. L. & Freedman, D. N. (1989) Amos, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00773-6
 * Mays, J. L. (1969) Amos, pub. Westminster Press
 * Paul, S. M. (1991) Amos, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6023-4
 * Robinson, T. H. (1951) The Book of Amos, pub. SPCK
 * Smith, G. V. (1998) Amos (2nd ed.), pub. Mentor: ISBN 1 85792 253 0
 * Snaith, N. H. (1945) Amos Part I, pub. The Epworth Press
 * Snaith, N. H. (1946) Amos Part II, pub. The Epworth Press
 * Soggin, J. A. (1987) The Prophet Amos, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-00053-X

Obadiah

 * Raabe, P. R. (1996) Obadiah: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41268-1
 * Renkema, J. (2003) Obadiah, pub. Peeters: ISBN 90-429-1345-2
 * Watts, J. W. (1969) Obadiah: A Critical Exegetical Commentary, pub. Eerdmans
 * Wolff, H. W. (1986) Obadiah and Jonah, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0-8066-2244-X

Jonah

 * Almbladh, K. (1986) Studies in the Book of Jonah, pub. University of Uppsala: ISBN 91-554-1535-0
 * Sasson, J. M. (1990) Jonah, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-23525-9
 * Simon, U. (1999) Jonah, pub. The Jewish Publication Society of America: ISBN 0-8276-0672-9
 * Snaith, N. H. (1945) Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Book of Jonah, pub. The Epworth Press
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1978) Yonah/Jonah, pub. Mesorah Publications

Micah

 * Andersen, F. L. & Freedman, D. N. (2000) Micah, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-08402-1
 * Hillers, D. R. (1984) Micah, pub. Fortress Press; ISBN 0-8006-6012-9
 * McKane, W. (1998) Micah: Introduction and Commentary, pub. T. & T. Clark: ISBN 0 567 08615 1
 * Mays, J. L. (1976) Micah, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0664208177
 * Waltke, B. K. (2007) A Commentary on Micah, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 978-0-8028-4933-5
 * Wolff, H. W. (1990) Micah: A Commentary, pub. Augsburg; ISBN 0-8066-2449-3

Nahum

 * Cathcart, K. J. (1973) Nahum in the Light of Northwest Semitic, pub. Biblical Institute Press
 * Christensen, D. L. (2009) Nahum, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300144796
 * Maier, W. A. (1959) The Book of Nahum, pub. Concordia Publishing House
 * Patterson, R. D. (1991) Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, pub. Moody Press: ISBN 0-8024-9264-9
 * Roberts, J. J. M. (1991) Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah, pub. Westminster John Knox Press: ISBN 0-664-21937-3
 * Spronk, Klaas (1997) Nahum, pub. Kok Pharos: ISBN 90 242 6355 7

Habakkuk

 * Andersen, F. I. (2001) Habakkuk, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-08396-3
 * Haak, R. D. (1991) Habakkuk, pub. E. J. Brill: ISBN 90 04 09506 3
 * Hiebert, T. (1986) God of My Victory: The Ancient Hymn in Habakkuk 3 (Harvard Semitic monographs 38), pub. Scholars Press: ISBN 1-55540-077-9

Zephaniah

 * Berlin, A. (1994) Zephaniah, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-26631-6
 * Sweeney, M. A. (2003) Zephaniah, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6049-8
 * Vlaardingerbroek, J. (1999) Zephaniah, pub. Peeters: ISBN 90-429-0755-X

Haggai

 * Merrill, E. H. (1994) Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, pub. Moody Press: ISBN 0-8024-9266-5
 * Meyers, C. L. & E. M. (1987) Haggai, Zechariah 1-8, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-14482-2
 * Petersen, D. L. (1984) Haggai & Zechariah 1-8, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0 334 02041 7
 * Redditt, P. L. (1995) Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, pub. Marshall Pickering: ISBN 0-551-02832-7
 * Verhoff, P. A. (1987) The Books of Haggai and Malachi, pub. W. B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2376-9
 * Wolff, H. W. (1988) Haggai, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0-8066-2366-7

Zechariah

 * Meyers, C. L. & E. M. (1993) Zechariah 9-14, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-14483-0
 * Petersen, D. L. (1995) Zechariah 9-14 & Malachi, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0 334 02594 X

Malachi

 * Hill, A. E. (1998) Malachi, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-46892-X

Psalms

 * Allen, L. C. (2002) Psalms 101-150, pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 0-7852-4773-4
 * Briggs, C. A. (1906) Psalms (2 vols), pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Cohen, A. (1945) The Psalms, pub. Soncino
 * Craigie, P. C. (1983) Psalms 1-50, pub. Word Inc.: ISBN 0-85009-440-2
 * Dahood, M. J. (1965) Psalms I, pub. Doubleday
 * Dahood, M. J. (1968) Psalms II, pub. Doubleday
 * Dahood, M. J. (1970) Psalms III, pub. Doubleday
 * Feuer, A. C. (1985a) Psalms 1-72, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-060-9
 * Feuer, A. C. (1985b) Psalms 73-150, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-062-5
 * Hossfeld, F. L. & Zenger, E. (2005) Psalms 2, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6061-7
 * Kraus, H. J. (1988a) Psalms 1-59, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0-8006-9503-8
 * Kraus, H. J. (1988b) Psalms 60-150, pub. Augsburg: ISBN 0-8066-2425-6
 * Oesterley, W. O. E. (1939) The Psalms, pub. S.P.C.K.
 * Tate, M. E. (1990) Psalms 51-100, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0219-3
 * Weiser, A. (1962) The Psalms, pub. Westminster Press
 * Wellhausen, J. (1898) Psalms, pub. James Clarke & Co.

Proverbs

 * Cohen, A. (1946) The Proverbs, pub. Soncino
 * Dahood, M. (1963) Proverbs and Northwest Semitic Philology, pub. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum
 * Fox, M. V. (2000) Proverbs 1-9, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-26437-2
 * Fox, M. V. (2009) Proverbs 10-31, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 978-0-300-14209-9
 * Ginsburg, E. (1998) Proverbs Vol. 1 Chapters 1-15, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 1-57819-277-3
 * Ginsburg, E. (2007) Proverbs Vol. 2 Chapters 16-31, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 1422605906
 * Kidner, D. (1985) An Introduction to Wisdom Literature: the Wisdom of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes, pub. InterVarsity Press
 * McKane, W. (1970} Proverbs, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0 334 01341 0
 * Murphy, R. E. (1998) Proverbs, pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 0-8499-0221-5
 * Scott, R. B. Y. (1965) Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-02177-1
 * Toy, C. H. (1899) Proverbs, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Waltke, B. K. (2004) The Book of Proverbs Chapters 1-15, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2545-1
 * Waltke, B. K. (2005) The Book of Proverbs Chapters 15-31, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2776-4
 * Whybray, R. N. (1972) The Book of Proverbs, pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Whybray, R. N. (1994) Proverbs, pub. Marshall Pickering: ISBN 0-551-02831-9

Job

 * Ball, C. J. (1922) The Book of Job, pub. Clarendon Press
 * Blommerde, A. C. M. (1969) Northwest Semitic Grammar and Job, pub. Pontifical Biblical Institute
 * Buttenwieser, M. (1922) The Book of Job, pub. MacMillan
 * Clines, D. J. A. (1989) Job 1-20, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0216-9
 * Clines, D. J. A. (2006) Job 21-37, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0217-7
 * Dhorme, E. (1967) A Commentary on the Book of Job, pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 0-8407-5421-3
 * Driver, S. R. and Gray, G. B. (1921) Job, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Eisemann, M. (1994) Job, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-015-3
 * Gordis, R. (1965) The Book of God and Man: A Study of Job, pub. University of Chicago Press
 * Gordis, R. (1978) The Book of Job, pub. Jewish Theological Seminary
 * Habel, N. C. (1985) The Book of Job, pub. SCM Press Ltd.: ISBN 0664222188
 * Hartley, J. E. (1988) The Book of Job, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0802825281
 * Kissane, E. J. (1946) The Book of Job, pub. Sheed & Ward
 * MacDonald, J. (1968) Studies in the Book of Job, pub. E. J. Brill
 * Pope, M. H. (1965) Job, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00894-5
 * Reichert, V. E. (1946) Job, pub. Soncino
 * Rowley, H. H. (1976) Job (2nd ed), pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-1838-2
 * Snaith, N. H. (1945) The Book of Job, pub. The Epworth Press

The Five Megilloth

 * Cohen, A. (1946) The Five Megilloth, pub. Soncino

Song of Songs

 * Bloch, A. & Bloch, C. (1995) The Song of Songs, pub. University of California Press: ISBN 0-520-21330-0
 * Garrett, D. & House, P. R. (2004) Song of Songs/Lamentations, pub. Thomas Nelson: ISBN 0-8499-0825-6
 * Ginsburg, C. D. (1857) The Song of Songs, pub. SPCK
 * Gordis, R. (1974) The Song of Songs and Lamentations (2nd ed.), pub. Ktav Publishing House: ISBN 0-87068-256-3
 * Keel, O. (1986) The Song of Songs, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-9507-0
 * Longman, T. (2001) Song of Songs, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2543-5
 * Murphy, R. E. (1990)The Song of Songs, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6024-2
 * Pope, M. H. (1977) Song of Songs, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-00569-5
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1977) Shir haShirim/The Song of Songs, pub. Mesorah Press: ISBN 0-89906-000-5

Ruth

 * Bush, F. (1996) Ruth/Esther, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0208-8
 * Campbell, E. F. (1975) Ruth, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-05316-9
 * Hubbard, R. L. (1988) The Book of Ruth, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2526-5
 * Nielsen, K. (1997) Ruth, pub. SCM Press Ltd.: ISBN 0 334 02684 9
 * Sasson, J. M. (1995) Ruth (2nd ed.), pub. Sheffield Academic Press: ISBN 1-85075-213-3
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1976a) Ruth, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-002-1

Lamentations

 * Albrektson, B. (1963) Studies in the Text and Theology of the Book of Lamentations, pub. CWK Gleerup
 * Hillers, D. (1992) Lamentations (2nd ed.), pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-26407-0
 * Provan, I. W. (1991) Lamentations, pub. W. B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-551-02323-6
 * Renkema, J. (1998) Lamentations, pub. Peeters: ISBN 90-429-0677-4
 * Salters, R. B. (2010) Lamentations, pub. T & T Clark Ltd.: ISBN 978 0 567 57651 4
 * Westermann, C. (1994) Lamentations, pub. T & T Clark Ltd.: ISBN 0 567 29226 6
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1976b) Eichah/Lamentations, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-004-8

Ecclesiastes

 * Barton, G. A. (1908) Ecclesiastes, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Fox, M. V. (1989) Qohelet and his Contradictions, pub. Almond Press Sheffield ISBN 1-85075-143-9
 * Ginsburg, C. D. (1861) Coheleth (Commonly Called the Book of Ecclesiastes), pub. SPCK
 * Gordis, R. (1968) Koheleth: The Man and His World (3rd ed.), pub. Schocken
 * Haupt, P. (1905) The Book of Ecclesiastes, pub. The Johns Hopkins Press
 * Kruger, T. (2004) Qoheleth, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6036-6
 * Longman, T. (1998)The Book of Ecclesiastes, pub. William B. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2366-1
 * McNeile, A. H. (1904) An Introduction to Ecclesiastes, pub. Cambridge University Press
 * Murphy, R. (1992) Ecclesiastes, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0222-3
 * Seow, C. L. (1997) Ecclesiastes, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41114-6
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1976c) Koheles/Ecclesiastes, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-006-4

Esther

 * Berlin, A. (2001) Esther, pub. The Jewish Publication Society: ISBN 0-8276-06990
 * Clines, D. J. A. (1984) The Esther Scroll, pub. JSOT Press; ISBN 0-905774-66-3
 * Levenson, J. D. (1997), pub. SCM Press Ltd.: ISBN 0-334-02685-7
 * Moore, C. A. (1971) Esther, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0385004729
 * Paton, L. B. (1908) Esther, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Zlotowitz, M. (1976d) The Megillah/The Book of Esther, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-000-5

Daniel

 * Charles, R. H. (1911) Daniel, pub. T. C. & E. C. Jack
 * Charles, R. H. (1929) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, pub. Clarendon Press
 * Collins, J. J. (1993) Daniel, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6040-4
 * Goldingay, J. E. (1987) Daniel, pub. Word Publishing: ISBN 0-85009-479-8
 * Hartman, L. F. & di Lella, A. A. (1978) The Book of Daniel, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-01322-1
 * Kitchen, K. A. (1965) Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, pub. Tyndale
 * Lacocque, A. (1979) The Book of Daniel, pub. SPCK: ISBN 0-281-03595-4
 * Lucas, E. C. (2002) Daniel, pub. InterVarsity Press; ISBN 0-85111-780-5
 * Montgomery, J. A. (1927) Daniel, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Goldwurn, H. (1979) Daniel, pub. Mesorah Publications
 * Slotki, J. J. (1951) Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah, pub. Soncino

Ezra

 * Batten, L. W. (1913) Ezra and Nehemiah, pub. T. and T. Clark
 * Blenkinsopp, J. (1988) Ezra-Nehemiah, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-00444-6
 * Clines, D. J. (1984) Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, pub. Marshall, Morgan & Scott: ISBN 0-551-01118-1
 * Fensham, F. C. (1982) The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, pub. Eerdmans: ISBN 0-8028-2362-9
 * Myers, J. M. (1965a) Ezra and Nehemiah, pub. Doubleday
 * Rabinowitz, Y. (1984) The Book of Ezra, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-089-7
 * Torrey, C. C. (1910) Ezra Studies, pub. The Johns Hopkins Press
 * Williamson, H. G. M. (1985) Ezra, Nehemiah, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0215-0

Nehemiah
See also Ezra

 * Rabinowitz, Y. (1990) The Book of Nehemiah, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-095-1

Chronicles

 * Braun, R. (1986) 1 Chronicles, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0213-4
 * Curtis, E. L. (1910) Chronicles, pub. T. and T. Clark: ISBN 0-567-05007-6
 * Dillard, R. B. (1987) 2 Chronicles, pub. Word Books: ISBN 0-8499-0214-2
 * Eisemann, M. (1987) I Chronicles, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-091-9
 * Eisemann, M. (1992) II Chronicles, pub. Mesorah Publications: ISBN 0-89906-093-5
 * Japhet, S. (1993) I & II Chronicles, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-02535-4
 * Klein, R. W. (2006) 1 Chronicles, pub. Fortress Press: ISBN 0-8006-6085-4
 * Knoppers, G. N. (2003) I Chronicles 1-9, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-46928-4
 * Knoppers, G. N. (2004) I Chronicles 10-29, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51288-0
 * Myers, J. M. (1965b) I Chronicles, pub. Doubleday
 * Myers, J. M. (1965c) II Chronicles, pub. Doubleday
 * Slotki, I. W. (1952) Chronicles, pub. Soncino
 * Torrey, C. C. (1954) The Chronicler's History of Israel, pub. Yale University Press
 * Williamson, H. G. M. (1982) 1 and 2 Chronicles, pub. Marshall, Morgan & Scott: ISBN 0-8028-1925-7

Apocrypha, etc. general

 * Charlesworth, J. H. (1982) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-09630-5
 * Charlesworth, J. H. (1985) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 2, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-18813-7
 * Dimiar, C. (1964) The Old Testament Apocrypha, pub. Burns & Oates
 * Metzger, B. M. (1957) An Introduction to the Apocrypha, pub. Oxford University Press

Apocrypha, etc. individual books

 * Coggins, R. J. & Knibb, M. A. (1979) The First and Second Books of Esdras, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0-521-08656-6
 * Clarke, E. G. (1973) The Wisdom of Solomon, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0-521-08635-3
 * Skehan, P. W. & di Lella, A. A. (1987) The Wisdom of Ben Sira, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-13517-3
 * Snaith, J. G. (1974) Ecclesiasticus, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0-521-08657-4
 * Bartlett, J. R. (1973) The First and Second Book of Maccabees, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0-521-08658-2
 * Goldstein, J. A. (1976) I Maccabees, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-08533-8
 * Goldstein, J. A. (1983) II Maccabees, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-04864-5
 * Russell, D. S. (1987) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, pub. SCM Press: ISBN 0-334-02229-0
 * Dancy, J. C. (1972) The Shorter Books of the Apocrypha, pub. Cambridge University Press: ISBN 0-521-08614-0

New Testament

 * Beale, G. & Guthrie, D. (2007) Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament, pub. Baker Academic: ISBN 9780801026935
 * Bruce, F. F. (1971) New Testament History, pub. Doubleday
 * Guthrie, D. (1990) New Testament Introduction (2nd ed), pub. InterVarsity Press: ISBN 0830814027
 * Guthrie, D., Motyer, J. A., Stibbs, A. M. & D.J. Wiseman, D. J. (1970) eds. The New Bible Commentary: Revised (3rd. ed.), pub. Eerdmans
 * Harrison, E. F. & Pfeiffer, C. F. (1962) The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, pub. Moody
 * Metzger, B. M. (1965) The New Testament, Its Background, Growth, and Content, pub. Abingdon
 * Moffatt, J. (1920) An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament (3rd ed), pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Tenney, M. C. (1965) New Testament Times, pub. Eerdmans

Matthew

 * Albright, W. F. & Mann, C. S. (1995) Matthew, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139785
 * Allen, W. C. (1907) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel of St. Matthew, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Harrington, D. J. (1992) The Gospel of Matthew, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5803-1
 * Hendriksen, W. (1973) The Gospel of Matthew, pub. Baker
 * Ridderbos, H. N. (1987) Matthew, pub. Zondervan
 * Toussaint, S. D. (1980) Behold the King: A Study of Matthew, pub. Multnomah

Mark

 * Donahue, J. R. & Harrington, D. J. (1994) The Gospel of Mark, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5804-8
 * Gould, E. P. (1912) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel of St. Mark, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Guelich, R. A. (1989) Mark 1:1-8:26, pub. Word Books
 * Hendriksen, W. (1975) The Gospel of Mark, pub. Baker
 * Marcus, J. (2002) Mark 1-8, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139792
 * Marcus, J. (2009) Mark 8-16, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300141160
 * Swete, H. B. (1892) The Gospel According to Saint Mark, pub. Cambridge University Press

Luke

 * Fitzmyer, J. A. (1970) Luke I-IX, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139808
 * Fitzmyer, J. A. (1985) Luke X-XXIV, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300139815
 * Hendriksen, W. (1978) The Gospel of Luke, pub. Baker
 * Johnson, L. T. (1995) The Gospel of Luke, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5805-5
 * Morris, L. (1974) The Gospel According to St Luke, pub. Eerdmans
 * Plummer, A. (1920) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke, pub. T. & T. Clark

John

 * Bernard, J. H. (1928) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel of St. John (2 vols), pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Brown, R. E. (1995) John I-XII, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300140521
 * Brown, R. E. (1970) John XIII-XXI, pub. Yale University Press: ISBN 9780300140729
 * Hendriksen, W. (1961) Exposition of the Gospel According to John, pub. Baker
 * Moloney, F. J. (1996) The Gospel of John, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5806-2
 * Morris, L. (1970) Commentary on the Gospel of John, pub. Eerdmans

Acts of the Apostles

 * Bruce, F. F. (1990) The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary (3rd. ed.), pub. Eerdmans
 * Bruce, F. F. (1956) The Book of Acts, pub. Eerdmans
 * Fitzmyer, J. A. (1982) Romans, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-46880-6
 * Gloag, P. J. (1870) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Harrison, E. F. (1976) Acts: The Expanding Church, pub. Moody,
 * Johnson, L. T. (2005) The Acts of the Apostles, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5968-7
 * Kistemaker, S. J. (1990) Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles, pub. Baker

Romans

 * Byrne, B. (2003) Romans, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5808-6
 * Cranfield, C. E. B. (1975) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, vol. 1, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Cranfield, C. E. B. (1977) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, vol. 2, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Fitzmyer, J. A. (1982) Romans, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-23317-5
 * Murray, J. (1968) The Epistle to the Romans, pub. Eerdmans
 * Sanday, W. H. & Headlam, A. C. (1904) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, pub. T. & T. Clark

Corinthians

 * Collins, R. (1998) First Corinthians, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5809-3
 * Furnish, V. P. (1993) II Corinthians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51726-2
 * Godet, F. (1957) Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, pub. Zondervan
 * Hughes, P. E. (1962) Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, pub. Eerdmans
 * Lambrecht, J. (2003) Second Corinthians, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5810-9
 * Orr, W. F. & Walther, J. A. (1981) I Corinthians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-50916-2
 * Plummer, A. (1915) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Robertson, A. & Plummer, A. (1911) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, pub. T. & T. Clark

Galatians

 * Burton, E. (1920) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Lightfoot, J. B. (1966) The Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatians, pub. Zondervan
 * Martyn, J. L. (1990) Galatians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51377-1
 * Matera, F. J. (1999) Galatians, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5811-6

Ephesians

 * Abbott, T. K. (1897) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to the Ephesians and to the Colossians, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Barth, M. (1981) Ephesians 1-3, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-04412-7
 * Barth, M. (1988) Ephesians 4-6, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51006-3
 * Hendriksen, W. (1966) Epistle to the Ephesians, pub. Baker

Philippians

 * Hendriksen, W. (1962) A Commentary on the Epistle to the Philippians, pub. Baker
 * Lightfoot, J. B. (1953) Commentary on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Philippians, pub. Zondervan
 * Reumann, J. (1969) Philippians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-06309-1
 * Thurston, B. B. & Ryan, J. (2000) Philippians and Philemon, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5820-8
 * Vincent, M. R. (1902) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to the Philippians and to Philemon, pub. T. & T. Clark

Colossians

 * Barth, M. & Blanke, H. (1995) Colossians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0385110685
 * Hendriksen, W. (1964) Exposition of Colossians and Philemon, pub. Baker
 * Lightfoot, J. B. (1959) St Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, pub. Zondervan
 * MacDonald, M. Y. (1997) Colossians and Ephesians, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5819-2

Thessalonians

 * Frame, J. E. (1912) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Hendriksen, W. (1955) Exposition of I and II Thessalonians, pub. Baker
 * Malherbe, A. J. (1974) The Letters to the Thessalonians, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51469-7
 * Morris, L. (1959) The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians, pub. Eerdmans
 * Richard, E. J. (1996) First and Second Thessalonians, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5974-8

The Pastoral Epistles (I & II Timothy and Titus)

 * Fairbairn, P. (1956) Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles, pub. Zondervan
 * Fee, G. D. (1988) 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, pub.  Hendrickson
 * Fiore, B. (1993) The Pastoral Epistles (First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus), pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5814-7
 * Lock, W. (1924) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles (I & II Timothy and Titus), pub. T. & T. Clark

Philemon

 * Fitzmyer, J. A. (2000) The Letter to Philemon, pub. Yale University Press; ISBN 978-0-300-14055-2

Letter to the Hebrews

 * Guthrie, D. (1962) Hebrews to Revelation, pub. Inter-Varsity Press
 * Guthrie, D. (1983) Hebrews, pub. Inter-Varsity Press: ISBN 0851118844
 * Mitchell, A. C. (2008) Hebrews, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5815-4
 * Moffatt, J. (1924) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, pub. T. & T. Clark

James, Peter & Jude

 * Bigg, C. (1901) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Elliott, J. H. (1972) 1 Peter, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41363-7
 * Hartin, P. J. (2001) James, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5816-1
 * Johnson, L. T. (1980) Letter of James, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-41360-2
 * Neyrey, J. H. (1976) 2 Peter, Jude, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-51275-9
 * Ropes, J. H. (1916) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of St. James, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Senior, D. P. & Harrington, D. J. (1997) 1 Peter, Jude and 2 Peter, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5817-8

Letters of John (the Johannine Epistles)

 * Brooke, A. E. (1912) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Johannine Epistles, pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Brown, R. E. (1980) The Epistles of John, pub. Doubleday: ISBN 0-385-05686-9
 * Painter, J. (1996) 1, 2, and 3 John, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5812-3

Revelation

 * Charles, R. H. (1920) A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John (2 vols), pub. T. & T. Clark
 * Harrington, W. J. (2002) Revelation, pub. Liturgical Press: ISBN 978-0-8146-5818-5

title: Bibliography for Bible students


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Nm1.s11.mtg16.djvu


text:
Psycholinguistics/Language and the Brain

Overview/Introduction (Language and the Brain)
Language and the brain are intricately related and in order to gain a deeper understanding of Psycholinguistics we must examine this relationship. It is the goal of this page to describe the various brain regions/structures, language processes and the intricate connection between them. The structural anatomy of the brain will be discussed, as it is the fundamental basis of the relationship between language and the brain. In order to understand the nature and dynamics of language we must understand how it relates to the brain. Language is a function of the structure of the human brain and several brain regions have been identified with linguistic capabilities.

Major brain regions (Language Comprehension & Production)
] ]

Broca's Area- Broca's area is one of two key areas involved in language comprehension and production. The area is located in the inferior frontal gyrus and is intricately connected to speech production. This brain area was first discovered by Pierre Broca when he noticed specific speech impairments in the patients he was treating. These patients had lost the ability to speak when damage occurred to this specific region of their brain. This brain region then became known as Broca’s area and the corresponding language production deficit was named Broca’s aphasia. Various studies of patients with chronic aphasia have played an important role in understanding this affliction in relation to speech and language functions. Through the use of diagnostic imaging such as functional MRI (fMRI), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), many activation areas for a variety of language tasks have been identified within Broca’s area. The discovery of this brain region has shed vast insight into language abilities and functions and is central to the understanding of language, language deficits as well as psycholinguistics capabilities.

Wernicke's Area- Wernicke's area is another very important region of the brain intricately involved with language. As part of the cerebral cortex it is directly linked to speech and involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language(Tyler & Marslen-Wilson, 2008). Wernicke's area is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus. Specifically, this area encircles the auditory cortex on the Sylvian fissure. It is at the sylvian fissure where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet and comprises a portion of Brodmann's area (Casey et al., 2005). Wernicke's area is named after Carl Wernicke (pictured left), who hypothesized there was a connection between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the mimicking of words associated with the sensory and motor images of spoken words.

Language localization
The Cerebral Cortex- The cerebral cortex is a composed of a layer of neural tissue at the outer periphery of the cerebrum of the brain and plays a crucial role in a variety of cognitive tasks such as memory, attention, thoughts and language (Fields, 2008). The majority of the cerebral cortex is folded into large grooves called sulci and is made up of sensory, motor and association areas. Six horizontal layers vary in their composition such that neuron or connectivity ratio/composition varies. The cerebral cortex is approximately 2-4mm thick and is composed of gray and white matter (Friederici, 2009). The grey matter is formed from neurons and unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter is formed predominantly by myelinated axons. Neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex communicate with one another as well as with neurons in other parts of the central nervous system, allowing for messages to be sent proximally or distally.

Corpus Callosum- The corpus callosum is a bundle of neural fibers located beneath the cortex in the brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right hemispheres and is responsible for directing communication between them. It is important to note that the corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million contralateral axonal projections.

Contralateral Processing- Contralateral processing means that any stimulation of the right motor cortex will induce a body part on the left side move. Conversely, stimulation of the left motor cortex makes the right side move.

Ipsilateral Processing- Ipsilateral processing is the opposite of contralateral processing and is any processing that occurs on the same side of the body. This means that it would be situated on or affecting the same side.

Subcortical structures (Role in language processing)
Limbic System - The limbic system is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behaviour, long term memory, and olfaction. This set of brain structures forms the inner border of the cortex. Each cortical hemisphere is a section of gray matter, with an area where nerve fibers connected to the subcortical structures of the basal forebrain. This area is surrounded by cortical and noncortical areas that combine to make up the limbic system. The cortical components generally have fewer layers than the 6-layered neocortex.

Basal Ganglia- The basal ganglia/nuclei are a group of nuclei in the brain that act cohesively to function as a unit, not independently from one another. Located at the base of the forebrain the basal ganglia are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain regions. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, learning routine behaviours, eye movements, and cognitive functions. Recent theories implicate the basal ganglia as being primarily responsible for decisions relating to appropriate behaviours to execute at a given time. Experimental studies have shown that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems and allow motor system activation (Casey et al., 2005). When we switch between different behaviour it is directly related to the basal ganglia but if also influenced from various other brain regions. One of these brain regions directly influencing signals to the basal ganglia is the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions. The basal ganglia play a central role in a number of neurological conditions, including several movement disorders.

Many brain structures play a critical role in brain functions, specially language acquisition, production and comprehension. It is important to understand these structures in order to better understand how the brain and language are intricately related. Through the evolution of diagnostic imaging researchers can gain this better understanding. As technology and human research interests evolve together, a better understanding of how exact brain regions influence the various dynamic aspects of language.

Brain imaging (Methods used to study the brain)
Various techniques and methods are used to identify and study brain structures, functions and abnormalities. It is through these imaging techniques that we can gain a deeper understanding of how the brain works on a neural or cellular level. When images are obtained through brain scanning we can determine specific activation areas of the brain when various functions are carried out such as speech production, listening or thinking. It is through these methods that lead to a better understanding and future areas of research in brain and language related matters. The discoveries of abnormalities in the brain, such as a tumour, show how deeply brain areas can be afflicted and what processes are hindered as a result of the disease. It also allows for further mapping of the human brain.

Conclusion
The neural networking and structures of the brain in terms of how they relate to language, comprehension and vocalization have always been a focus of researchers. As technology advances and we are better able to utilize neuroimaging techiniques to analyze the brain and its structures, we will further our understanding of how truly magnificent and complex it is. Language in and of itself is a complex thing and when we research this in terms of neural process patterning in the brain it becomes an increasingly more complex area to study. It is clear that many factors are involved in the acquisition and use of language and that various brain structures have key roles in critical functions. Neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, MRI and PET scans have vastly increased our knoweledge and ability to study the brain in depth and will only continue to expand upon the knowledge of how our sensory world gets coded in the brain.

Learning Exercise
Apply your knowledge - Diagnose the Patient

A patient presents with weakness on the right side of their body. As well they struggle with speech output and do not use complete sentences. After the patient was asked directly do you want a drink? or would you like to go home?, they produced utterances such as "want drink" or "go home". The patient appears to understand everything you are saying to them.

Questions:

1. What diagnosis do you give to the afformentioned patient?

2. What region of the brain is implicated in this disorder?

3. What are the best treatment options for this patient?

4. Do you expect this patient to regain the ability to speak in complete sentences?

Multiple Choice Exercise

{A type of brain imaging measuring the change in blood flow in relation to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans. + fMRI. - ERP. - EEG. - MRI.
 * type=""}

{Part of the cerebral cortex, located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus, it is directly linked to speech and involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language.
 * type=""}

-Broca's Area -Primary motor cortex +Wernicke's Area -Hippocampus

{Which of the following is associated with the basal ganglia?
 * type=""}

-Eye movements -Voluntary motor control -Learning routine behaviours +All of the above Crossword Exercise

ACROSS

2. How does each lobe of the brain make a different contribution to understanding and producing language?

3. Term for processing occurring on the same side of the body.

4. Name the area of the brain involved in speech comprehension.

5. Name the area of the brain involved in motor movement.

6. What is the brain system that allows conscious control over motor actions.

9. How cognitive processes are handled by either the right or left hemisphere.

10. Who was the French surgeon who contributed to the discovery of Broca's area and contributed to important findings in cognitive neuroscience?

11. What is the brain imaging method used to monitor the amount of energy being exerted by various areas of the brain?

12. What is the main type of processing occuring between the brain and body?

DOWN

1. What is the structure that connects the two brain hemispheres and allows communication?

7. Name the area of the brain involved in speech production.

8. This is the method of brain imaging measurement that tracks the amount of electrical activity in the brain via microelectrodes.

Essay Question

1. Pick one area of the brain you have read about in the above page that you find most interesting and describe how it is intricately related to language production and capabilities.

Videos

Interesting videos to further your knowledge concerning Language and the Brain.

Science Bulletins: Language in the Brain: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK29RAKDzf8

Language Processing in the Brain: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KXIDUo18aA

This is your brain on simple language:http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=182980&print=1

Learning Applications

Through the use of this iTunes application you can find out how each brain region functions, how injury affects the brain, etc. Follow this link to download the iTunes application called "3D Brain" that will faciliate your learning in regards to the anatomical structures of the brain: http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/3d-brain/id331399332?mt=8


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User talk:Castanheira amazonia

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Comparative law and justice/Switzerland (later version)

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

Jlaythe 22:46, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Basic Information

Capital City: Bern

Climate & Terrain: Switzerland is a landlocked country that shares a border with the following countries: France, Italy, Austria & Germany. The current climate is temperate, the temperature varies with altitude for the most part they get their mix of rain, snow & warm weather. There are 2 mountain ranges in Switzerland the Alps and the Jura. In addition they have rolling hills, plains and large lakes.

Languages: Switzerland has 4 official languages German (63.7%), French (20.4%), Italian (6.5%) and Romansch (0.5%). While those are the official languages they are not the only ones spoken. Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official), other 2.8% (2000 census)

Area: 41,277 sq km
 * Land: 39,997 sq km
 * Water: 1,280 sq km

Population: 7,623,438 (July 2010 est.)

Age Range & Gender Breakdown: 0-14 years: 15.6% (male 616,561/female 571,610)

15-64 years: 68.1% (male 2,609,673/female 2,567,245)

65 years and over: 16.3% (male 514,761/female 724,617) (2010 est.)

Nationality: Swiss

Ethnic groups: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%

Religions: Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Muslim 4.3%, Orthodox 1.8%, other Christian 0.4%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none 11.1% (2000 census)

Geographic coordinates:  47 00 N, 8 00 E

Brief History
Switzerland declared its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. However, the Swiss Confederation was founded on August 1st, 1291. Their most recent constitution from 1874 replaced the confederation and created a centralized federal government. Despite being right in the middle (geographically) of both world wars Switzerland was able to stay out of both conflicts. It wasn't until 2002 that Switzerland became a member of the United Nations

Economic Development, Health, and Education
The GDP for Switzerland in 2010 is estimated at $522.4 billion, while the GDP per capita is $42,900. The country has a very low unemployment rate of 3.9%. Having such a high GDP per capita & low unemployment rate requires the Swiss to have a variety of jobs and jobs that are profitable so it is no surprise that industry there includes: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, and insurance.

The CIA World Factbook lists the following as their major imports & exports Imports: machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles Exports: machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products

The literacy rate in Switzerland is 99% for both male and females. Also, males are expected to go to school for 16 years while females are only expected to go to school for 15 years.

There are 4.12 infant deaths for every 1,000 live births. Life expectancy is very high with males expected to live 78.14 years and females even higher at 83.95 years.

Governance
Switzerland has a constitution which is largely based of that of the United States. It leaves cantons (states) largely autonomous including criminal justice.

Here is a link to view the constitution electronically. http://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/c101.html

Elections
Like the United States, the voting age for all adults in Switzerland is 18. Any citizen is able to participate in the elections.

•The President is appointed by the Federal Parliament to serve a 1-year term. The current president as of 2011 is Micheline Calmy-Rey, she is the second female to serve as president and this is also her second term (2007). •In the Council of States, 46 members are to serve 4-year terms*. In the National Council 200 members are elected by popular vote. These seats are distributed proportional to the population of the canton.

 * Two representatives are elected from each of the 20 cantons and one is elected from each of the six half-cantons, according to cantonal procedure..

"Electors in multi-member constituencies choose among lists of candidates. Two or more lists may form an electoral alliance, and two or more lists within an alliance may form an electoral sub-alliance. Political parties often present multiple, allied lists representing male and female sections, youth and senior citizen wings, or geographical areas within a canton; electors vote for as many candidates as there are seats to be filled. Electors may select a single list, and in this manner vote for every candidate on the list, but they may also drop a candidate from the list, and either put another candidate from the same list a second time, thus casting an additional vote for that candidate (a procedure known as cumulation), or write in the name of a candidate from another list (a practice known in French as panachage); in fact, electors may even compose their own lists by combining candidates from different lists. Meanwhile, electors in single-seat cantons cast a vote for only one candidate ."

Judicial Review
There is judicial review of legislative acts except when they are from federal decrees.

Punishment
Prison Statistics: Prison Population: 6,181 Percentage that are women: 5.6% Percentage that are foreign: 71.6% Minors: .6%

The death penalty in Switzerland was abolished in 1942 but there have been recent efforts by the people of the country to bring it back.

The penalty for murder is at least 5 years in prison or as they saying being deprived of liberty. Rape carries with it a sentence of 1 to 10 years. However if there is cruelty involved there is a minimum sentence of 3 years. The penalty for assault for according to the Swiss Penal Code is just a fine with the exception of a few special circumstances. High Treason warrants at least a one year jail sentence.

Corporal Punishment in Switzerland is prohibited in schools, as a form of punishment and as discipline in the penal system. However, corporal punishment in the home is legal

Juveniles and Justice

Like in America much of the criminal justice system varies slightly by canton (State). They view juveniles as 7 to 18 years old. But it was said that this was likely to change to 10 years old when a new law is passed.

Law Enforcement
Each of the 26 cantons in Switzerland are responsible for having their own police force. They are responsible for every aspect of the force from recruiting, training, equipping, arming, and uniforming their force. Also, there are more than 100 cities and towns that have their own police force. The responsibilities of these departments including maintaining law and order.

Since the cantons are responsible for their own police force it has resulted in a unique situation where there are several different organization styles. Including

"The German-speaking cantons divide their police forces into three main areas: criminal, security and traffic police."

"The French-speaking cantons, however, divide their forces into two sectors: the “gendarmerie“ and “sûreté“. The “gendarmerie“ is equivalent to the security police in the German-speaking cantons, and usually also includes the traffic police. The „sûreté“, on the other hand, is equivalent to the criminal police."

"The Italian-speaking canton Ticino has its own system and divides its forces into geographical sectors."

"Finally, Canton Basel-Stadt deserves special mention, because in this canton the public prosecutor’s office is in charge of the criminal police, and the police commando unit is in charge of the force that carries out search operations."

The Federal Office of Police is responsible for maintaining and protecting national security. In addition they also provide information, coordination and analysis to assist the cantons. Though it should be noted that there is NO federal police force in Switzerland.

Information from the CIA World Factbook says that the Manpower of available for military service in Switzerland is males: 1,828,043 females: 1,786,552. It also states that between the ages of 19-26 citizens must serve complusory service for males only, and voluntary service for both males and females is 18 years. It is required that every Swiss male serve at least 260 days in the armed forces; "conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by seven 3-week intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years ."

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
Switzerland falls under the same family of law that most of Europe falls under: civil law. "Switzerland had in the course of its legal history been under the influence of French, German, and Austrian-Hungarian criminal legislation. After having long been a cantonal matter,the substantial criminal law was unified in 1937. The criminal code, which entered into effect in 1942, has been a fairly independent codification, innovating upon and melting various concepts from neighboring countries." Their system is aimed at finding the truth rather than formal issues.

According to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) it appears that Switzerland has a very low use of drugs compared to other countries. They report the following percentage of the population using each of these drugs ranging in age from 15-64:

Opiates: .61%

Cocaine: .80%

Cannabis: 9.7%

Amphetamines: .6%

Ecstasy: .3%

In 2007 only 7,400 people were being treated for drug problems in Switzerland.

According to data from the International Crime Victim Surveys(ICVS) and government sources the UNODC & Tilberg University put together a report that included results from many countries including Switzerland. Here are the crime rates they provide :

Burglary: 1.6% (middle of countries providing data) Recently this rate has been on the rise

Car Theft: .6% (low among countries providing data)

Theft of Personal Property (includes pick-pocketing): 5.9% This is 3rd highest among nations reporting

Robbery: .8% middle of

Sexual Assault on Women: .9% makes them 7th among countries reporting.

Consumer Fraud: 7.3%

Corruption: .5% towards the top

63% of Crime is reported to police in Switzerland making them near the top in terms of reported crime.

72% of people report that they are satisfied with the police which is second among countries reporting data.

26% of people think that a burglary is likely or very likely in the coming year.

In 2004/2005 69% of the population thought that the police were doing a good job or a very good job. A number which has climbed from 50% in 1989.

The homicide rate in 1999 for Switzerland was between .009 and .010 per 1,000 capita. There were 76 reported Homicides. While the reported rapes per 1,000 capita was about .23 Conviction rate for homicide in '99 was .01 per 1000 capita. The average sentence for murder was 100 months and the average served time was only 60 months.

Rights
According to the Swiss Constitution there are several rights that are guaranteed to its citizens, many are similar to those of citizens of the United States. Including equality, liberty,the protection of human dignity,equality before the law, no discrimination based upon race, religion, sex, ethnicity, etc. Everyone has the right to be treated by state authorities in good faith and a non-arbitrary manor. Citizens have the right to life and personal freedom. There is special protection for children and their integrity. Everyone has the right to assistance when it is needed in order to have a decent standard of living. The right to marry and have a family. Freedom of religion and conscience. Freedom of expression, information and media. Censorship is prohibited. Children have the right to primary school education. Citizens have the right to artistic expression and academic freedom. Freedom of assembly and association. For full rights guaranteed in the constitution please follow this link. http://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/1/101.en.pdf

Family Law
According to the United States Office or Personnel Management Investigations Services just because you are born in Switzerland you are not guaranteed citizenship. If you are born outside of the country you must register by the age of 22 or you will not be considered a Swiss citizen.

Marriage
According to the Swiss Federal Office of Foreign Affairs getting married there is much more complicated and costly than it is in the United States. According to the Website swissworld.org there has been a downward trend in the number of people getting married, one main reason is that it is possible for the parents to have joint parental rights making without getting married. Since 2007 same-sex unions in Switzerland have been recognized and couples share the same benefits as marriage.

Divorce
If both parties can come to an agreement the court will hear from them together and separately then after to months if the both still wish to be divorced the divorce will be granted. Consequences of divorce include “The couple is separated in terms of the law of matrimonial property, i.e. their assets are distributed in accordance with the system of marital property. Decisions are made about maintenance payments (alimony for children and for spouses). Decisions are made about custody and visiting rights for the couple's children” The divorce agreement includes “children's needs, parental rights and duties such as custody, visiting rights, child maintenance agreements based on property law between the spouses, such as divisions in terms of the law of matrimonial property and post-marital maintenance .”

Adoption
To adopt a child several requirements must be met. These include child’s consent, the age of both the parents and child, and a period of time for assessing the adoption. In addition those wishing to adopt must meet certain requirements. These include: couples must be married for at least five years or be over the age of 35, you may adopt your spouse’s child if you have been married for more than five years, single parents may also adopt a child. The authority to approve an adoption after one year is with the “cantonal authority of the adoptive parent's domicile .”

Inheritance
According to Swiss law statutory heirs are descendants, parental heirs and spouses. If there is not a will or inheritance contract in place the following is what they follow. “The surviving spouse gets: a) half of the estate if there are descendants of the deceased, or 	b) three quarters of the estate if there are no descendants but parental heirs, or c) if there are no parental heirs either, the full estate. Children always inherit in equal shares .“

What is interesting about these laws is that a man or woman cannot do everything that they want with their will or inheritance contract. By law their parents, children, spouses are entitled to a portion of the estate. Also, and assets and liabilities are taken on by the heirs at the moment of death.

Human Rights
As far as racism and discrimination go, the 2010 Amnesty International Report says that there have been issues with political decisions that infringe upon some Human Rights. For example a law was passed banning the construction of minarets, which was discrimination against Muslims. They also so that migrant children cannot easily access education and a report by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance said that there is a lack of places for traveling populations to set-up leading to hostile situations with locals when they set-up in their areas. In addition they call for harsher penalties for crimes committed against minorities. The report says that there is ill treatment by police against asylum seekers in the country. They applaud Switzerland for a new law against Violence and Trafficking of Women and Girls but say that there still needs to be support programs for victims. What is shocking from the report is that politicians voted AGAINST religious freedom.

The State Departments report for 2010 confirms much of what is said in the Amnesty International Report. They say that there was discrimination against Muslims, anti-Semitic incidents, violence against women, trafficking in persons, and discrimination against minorities. The report says that there were many cases were suspects were held for over 50 days before trial. The law says that except in extreme situations suspects must be brought before a prosecutor and judge within 24 hours of detainment.