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Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Bibliography and Links to Other Resources

Material on Constitutional Law
Oliver Wendell Holmes "The Path of the Law"

Comparison of the Covenant of the League of Nations to the UN Charter

Federalist papers

Marbury v. Madison

Background on Marbury v. Madison

Background on Federalist paper 10

Background on Federalist paper 51

McCullough v Maryland

Calder v Bull

State v Post

Dred Scott v Sanford

Background on Dred Scott v Sanford

Missouri ex rel Gaines v Canada

Plessy v Ferguson

Background on Plessy v Ferguson

Background on Reconstruction in the South

Brown v Board of Education

Craig v Boren

Korematsu v United States

Slaughterhouse Cases

Lochner v New York

Roe v Wade

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern PA v Casey

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

Worcester v Georgia United States v Sioux Nation of Indians

MINNESOTA V. MILLE LACS BAND OF CHIPPEWAINDIANS

MERRION v. JICARILLA APACHE TRIBE

ATKINSON TRADING CO. V. SHIRLEY

Material on International Law
Grotius on the Law of The Law of War and Peace

Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace

Charter of the United Nations

Security Council Home Page

International Court of Justice

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Milosevic (IT-02-54) "Kosovo, Croatia and Bosnia"

Material on International Law:
Comparison of the Covenant of the League of Nations to the UN Charter

Human Rights Library at the University of Minnesota

Human Rights Watch

Comparative Constitutional Law Center at the University of Chicago

Sanderson Beck, "Grotius on International Law"

Judge Koroma on the history of the International Court of Justice

Wikipedia entry on Nicaragua_v._United_States

Doing Research on Indigenous Peoples in International Law

STUDY GUIDE: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Material on Legal History:
wiki on Roman Law

Rights of Indigenous Peoples

 * Arizona Native Net
 * Indigenous Peoples and the Law: U. of Victoria, Wellingtion

Return to Northern Arizona University/Philosophy of Law Main Page


text: User talk:Jeff D

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jeff D


text: Portal:Physical Sciences/to do

title: Portal:Physical Sciences/to do


text: File:Tux farmer RGB.png

title: File:Tux farmer RGB.png


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Components of the immune system

The immune system includes: These are further divided into humoral and cellular components.
 * Innate immunity or (nonspecific immunity) which consist of 4 type of barriers:
 * Physical barriers
 * Physiological barriers
 * Cellular barriers
 * Cytokine barriers
 * Adaptive immunity or (specific immunity)

The humoral components of the innate system include the complement system, the coagulation system, and cytokines. The cellular components include neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK (natural killer) cells, eosinophils. Besides these, there is the anatomical barrier that includes mechanical factors, chemical factors, biological factors.

title: Components of the immune system


text:
Introduction to Programming/Numeric Variables

Integer variables
Integer values and variables are exact representations of numbers from the mathematical set of integers. The range of values that can be stored is finite and is determined by the size of the memory location used. Unsigned integers can store only positive numbers and 0. Signed integers can store both positive and negative numbers. Signed integers are stored using a format called two's complement and have a range that is roughly symmetrical and centered on 0.

 * Reading Assignment: Two's complement (Wikipedia article)

Most strongly typed programming languages support a variety of integer types. Java, for example has five.

Although Java does not generally use unsigned types, it does have the char type (short for character), an unsigned two byte integer. Many programming languages treat characters as integers. In C, for example, 'A' is not really a capital letter A but the numeric value 65 and the numeric expression 'C'—'A' is a perfectly valid calculation with the value 2. When reading input or writing output, the numeric value of a character variable is converted to or from the corresponding text character.

Integer literals
In most programs, the programmer will need to give the program information. In this C like construct:

int numberOfMonths = 12;

The programmer declares a variable of type int, giving it the name "numberOfMonths", and initializes it with the value 12. The value 12 is an example of an integer literal. The exact rules for integer literals vary from language to language but most generally, they may start with a sign (the plus character '+' is redundant, but allowed) followed by a sequence of digits. A decimal point is not permitted. The presence of a decimal point is one thing that differentiates integer literals from floating point literals.

Integer Calculations
Calculations involving integers can be as simple as 1 + 1 or as complicated as anything that the programmer can imagine but the rules are fairly straightforward and should be moderately familiar to anyone who has had high school algebra.

"1 + 1" is an example of an integer expression—so called because the final answer that the computer gets for the calculation is an integer. In this example, there are two operands (integer literals in this case) and an operator, the plus character. The process of performing the calculation is called evaluating the expression and the answer is the result or the value of the expression.

Every programming language that supports integers has, at a minimum, four integer operators—one each for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Some languages, such as Pascal, have an exponent operator. Some languages, such as C++, allow a programmer to define new operators.

Of the four standard operators, the one that can cause the most trouble is division. What is 3 divided by 2? The answer that you get will depend on the language and the operator. In some languages (Java, C, C++), if both operands are integers, the result will be integer and so 3 / 2 will be 1. In some languages (Pascal), there are different operators for integer division and floating point division and so 3 / 2 is 1.5 (and not an integer) but 3 div 2 is 1.

Operator Precedence
In pretty much all languages that support integer expressions, some operators are evaluated before others. In high school algebra, everyone learns that multiplication and division are done before addition and subtraction—unless there are parentheses involved. The rules that dictate which operations are performed first is called precedence.

Parentheses have the highest precedence. The exact order after that depends on what operators are supported by the language—many programming languages have a variety of operators.

What about operators of equal precedence? In math, it doesn't matter what order 1 + 2 + 3 is evaluated in, but in a computer, for some expressions, it does. Every programming language will also have rules for associativity—the direction in which a given order associates. Addition generally associates left-to-right, so the expression 1 + 2 + 3 would be evaluated (1 + 2) + 3.

Now, look at this code: int i = 5; int j = 7; int k;

k = i + (j * 3) * 4;

How many operators are in the last line? Yes, the equal sign is an operator, so there are four.

Most programming languages have an assignment operator that causes the value calculated on the right side to be stored in the memory location identified by the variable on the left side. This process is known as assignment.

In most programming languages where there is an assignment operator, they have a lower precedence than addition and subtraction. Also, they associate from right to left. The expression a = b = c would associate a = (b = c)

It is a good idea to study the precedence and association rules for each programming language that you learn.

Review of Concepts
The following terms were introduced in this learning activity:

 * assignment – the process of storing a value into the memory location identified by a variable
 * assignment operator – the character sequence in a given programming language that directs the computer to perform an assignment
 * associativity – the rules that define the order in which two adjacent operators of equal precedence are evaluated (see also precedence)
 * evaluation – the process where the computer performs the calculation called for by an operator upon its operands
 * operator – a sequence of one or more characters that directs the computer to perform some kind of activity, such as a calculation, usually involving a number of values, called operands
 * precedence – the rules that define when one operator is evaluated before another (also see associativity)
 * signed integer – an integer variable that can store both positive and negative numbers
 * two's complement – the binary form that is used for storing negative integers
 * unsigned integer – an integer variable that can store only zero and positive numbers

Exercise: Integer Variables
Now would be a good time to see how integers, integer constants and integer expressions are handled in an actual programming language.

 * Break for the second exercise
 * Java version


text: User talk:Wizard king

title: User talk:Wizard king


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Introduction to Programming/Boolean Variables

Boolean
Boolean variables use a single bit and thus can store only two values. They can be thought of as on and off or 1 and 0 but they are most often thought of as being true or false. Boolean variables are useful for handling information such as, "Did the customer order cheese on her burger?"

Boolean variables and expressions are of fundamental importance in writing computer programs—you will see why in the very next section.

 * Reading assignment: Boolean algebra (Wikiversity math department)

Boolean Literals
Many languages do not have either Boolean variables or literals, only Boolean expressions. For those languages that do have them, there are only two, true and false (though the case may vary).

Boolean Expressions
Within the context of computer programming, most Boolean expressions do not have any Boolean variables or literals, but rather look something like a > 5. Where > is a Boolean operator that causes the left and right hand operands to be evaluated and the resulting values compared. In the case of a > 5, the expression will be true if the variable a contains a value larger than 5 and false otherwise.

Relational Operators
Most programming languages have some form of the following comparison operators:

Please note that the type of a > 5 (or its equivalent in other languages) is Boolean. This means that 7 > a > 5 is an illegal expression in most languages because 7 > a is a boolean. If a had a value of 6, then this would evaluate to:

(7 > 6) > 5 (true) > 5

Boolean values cannot be compared to integer values.

Logical Operators
So how would you write the expression 7 > a > 5 in a computer program? The answer is that it is really two sub-expressions, is 7 > a? and is a > 5? and both have to be true for the full expression to be true.

Most programming languages have Boolean operators for and, or and not.

And is a binary operator that takes two Boolean operands. The result is true if and only if both operands are true.

Or is a binary operator that takes two Boolean operands. The result is false if and only if both operands are false.

Not is a unary operator that takes one Boolean operand. The result is the opposite of the value of the operand.

The logical operators usually have a lower precedence than the relation or comparison operators. So, in Java, then, we could write the expression above as 7 > a && a > 5 where && is the Boolean and operator. For the sake of readability, parenthesis are recommended though, i.e. (7 > a) && (a > 5).

Review of Concepts

 * relational operator – a binary operator that compares two values (such as integers) and produces a Boolean result
 * logical operator – an operator that takes one or two Boolean values and produces a Boolean result

Exercise
It's time to take another break and do some hands-on work. Follow the link to the appropriate section for your language—if there is one. Boolean expressions and operators for languages that do not have Boolean variables will be handled in the next section.

 * Boolean variables in Java

 * Next Lesson
 * Previous Lesson


text:
Karl Marx

Welcome to the Karl Marx learning project.

Biographical notes
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in the town of Treves in the Rhineland (Germany), and died in 1883. He was born to Jewish parents who later converted to Christianity when Karl was six. Marx studied at the University of Berlin and in 1841 he recieved his doctorate for his dissertation on the philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus. Afterwards, Marx became a journalist, since his radical views and ideas were incompatable with an academic career, and in 1842 he became the editor of the newspaper called Rheinische Zeitung.

One year after becoming editor of the newspaper it was suppressed (1843), and he then moved to Paris to study the theory and practice of socialism. It was here that he met Friedrich Engels, and the two would go on to write several works together, including the seminal work Manifesto of the Communist Party.

Marx, along with Engels, took part in the Revolution of 1848, and during this time, Marx edited the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which would also become suppressed. However, along with the suppression of the paper, Marx was also indicted with Treason. Thus, Marx was forced to live in England in exile.

In 1864, the International Workingmen's Association was formed, and Marx returned to the political arena. Marx became a member of the organization, and would find himself an influential member of it's General Council.

Karl Marx eventually became ill, and he died in 1883.

Marxist Theory in Summary
"The weapon of criticism cannot, of course, replace criticism of the weapon, material force must be overthrown by material force; but theory also becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses. Theory is capable of gripping the masses as soon as it demonstrates ad hominem, and it demonstrates ad hominem as soon as it becomes radical. To be radical is to grasp the root of the matter. But, for man, the root is man himself."

One of the most viable critiques of capitalism comes from Karl Marx.

In Das Kapital, Marx elucidated how capitalism creates two things for the person in such a system: First, it creates a gap between those who have money and those who do not, and second, it fosters the individual alienation that exists in the bureaucratic workplace. In doing this, the capitalist hegemony remains in place through influencing the state - that is, since the ideas of society are those of the most powerful, the state is a reflection of the economic majority, and not necessarily the actual majority (which, according to Marx - and history - is the working class). This was sustained by "the power of [capitalism's] ideology and the durability and versatility of its economy."

Marx also subscribes - and indeed encourages - the idea of a working class that stands divorced from the necessary bonds of society that hold them down. In order to improve their situation, the workers, acting as a union against the capitalists and owners of the means of production, must rise up in unity and revolt against those of a more supreme economic class. It is this difference in economic class, as Marx explained, that would create a difference in political ideology.

Because the capitalists (and the societal hegemony) limits the freedom and exercise of power by the state, revolutions become the only manifestable end-state in one of three ways: "critical economic factors, social factors, and emergence of class consciousness among the working class."

All of Marx's writings assume that once someone owns the means of production they will be reluctant to offer up to their fellow citizen the fruits of their efforts. There are absolutely some of the capitalist hegemony who side with the working class, and often in times of great moments in history, as Marx wrote in the Communist Manifesto, "[So] now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole."

Marx borrowed many ideas from contemporary economists such as David Ricardo and Adam Smith, and incorporated them into his analysis of Capitalism. One notable example being the Labor Theory of Value, which he would use to justify Socialism.

Additional resources

 * Karl Marx - at Wikipedia.

title: Karl Marx


text:
Template talk:Tasks

I modified the links to wikipedia. They were in the form name but should be w:wikipedia:name since these pages are in the Wikipedia: namespace there. The Wikify link is still broken. But, it is also broken on Wikipedia... It currently points to Wikify but there are better links at w:Wikipedia:Glossary. All of the links should probably be migrated to pages here, esp. NPOV. Perhaps that should point to WV:NPOV. I didn't do that since it is a proposed policy and still under debate.--mikeu 19:55, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Problems
This template doesn't really seem to work. It's truncating a lot of stuff. I can't figure out how to fix it, either. The Jade Knight 23:37, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Tasks


text: File:Tux Farmer Mask.png

title: File:Tux Farmer Mask.png


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Category:Storyboard Artwork Project/Illustrations

These are illustrations for the Storyboard Artwork Project


text: File:Tux farmer.png

title: File:Tux farmer.png


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Storyboard Artwork Project/Blank pages

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" How to create Tux Paint stamps for the Storyboard Artwork Project
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

What are "starters" in Tux Paint?

 * Tux Paint is a paint program. To make it fun and easy for kids to use, Tux Paint has pages which are ready to paint.  These are in a folder called "starters".  Put a PNG file into the starters folder and it becomes a page that kids can open and paint on.  No matter what size these pages are, they will be expanded and shrunk proportionally to fit one dimension and the boarder pixels will be stretched to fill in the blank area.

 * These start pages can be very complex. They can have areas which are protected and areas which are not protected.  That way they can have artwork which remains while the kids draw and they have other artwork that the kids erase as they draw.  This is done with an alpha channel of the starter page.  White means protection and blank means that the paint will stick to the canvas.

 * }

The Finished Painting By Robert Elliott (age 62)

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" A starters page for storyboarding
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

Storyboarding Starters Page
Click on this image to see the full sized version.

Download it and put it in the starters folder for Tux Paint.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

A finished storyboard frame
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

This is a scene that was creates with Tux Paint screen set at 600 by 800. This produces a painting which is 472 pixels tall.
 * }

title: Storyboard Artwork Project/Blank pages


text: File:Storyboard frame 16 x 9.png

title: File:Storyboard frame 16 x 9.png


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Talk:Pineapple production

This lesson is in preparation --Juan 18:19, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pineapple production


text:
User:Jeepday

Wild Wiki World
This documentation is not transcluded from W:User:Jeepday/Wild Wiki World

Wikipedia is my home wiki. For those who track Editcountitis my degree of infection according to Special:CentralAuth is over 40,000 edits across all wiki's Including edits from my not at home account User:JeepdaySock. Edit counters come and go so if your interested in counting take a look at w:Wikipedia:WikiProject edit counters

title: User:Jeepday


text:
Metrology

Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. It is a field of study which has been highly politicized and nationalized with sharp even severe rhetoric as the field progressed.

Mechanisms of metrology
At the base of metrology is the definition, realisation and dissimination of units of measurement. Physical or chemical properties are quantised by assigning a property value in some multiple of a measurement unit.

The basic 'lineage' of measurement standards are:

 * 1) The definition of a unit, based on some physical constant, such as absolute zero, the freezing point of water, etc; or an agreed-upon arbitrary standard.
 * 2) The realisation of the unit by experimental methods and the scaling into multiples and submultiples, by establishment of primary standards. In some cases an approximation is used, when the realisation of the units is less precise than other methods of generating a scale of the quantity in question. This is presently the situation for the electrical units in the SI, where voltage and resistance are defined in terms of the ampere, but are used in practice from realisations based on the Josephson effect and the quantised Hall effect.
 * 3) the transfer of traceability from the primary standards to secondary and working standards. This is achieved by calibration.

Theoretically, metrology, as the science of measurement, attempts to validate the data obtained from test equipment. Though metrology is the science of measurement, in practical applications, it is the enforcement and validation of predefined standards for precision, accuracy, traceability, and reliability. These standards can vary widely, but are often mandated but governments, agencies, and treaties such as the International Organization for Standardization, the Metre Convention, or the FDA. These agencies promulgate policies and regulations that standardize industries, countries, and streamline international trade, products, and measurements. Metrology is, at its core, an analysis of the uncertainty of individual measurements, and attempts to validate each measurement made with a given instrument, and the data obtained from it. The dissemination of traceability to consumers in society is often performed by dedicated calibration laboratory with a recognized quality system in compliance with such standards. National laboratory accreditation schemes have been established to offer third-party assessment of such quality systems. A central requirement of these accreditations is documented traceability to national or international standards.

Some common standards include
 * ISO 17025:2005 - General Requirements for Calibration Laboratories
 * ISO 9000 - Quality Systems Management
 * ISO 14000 - Environmental Management
 * 21 CFR Part 210/211 - FDA Regulations concerning GMP (Good Maintenance Practices) Quality Systems
 * 21 CFR Part 110 - FDA Regulations concerning Food Industry GMP's

Resources

 * Search for Metrology at Wikiversity

Related news

 * 2008 Femtogram-level chemical measurements now possible

title: Metrology


text:
Java Programming/Introduction

This page was copied from Introduction to Java.

What is Java?
Java is an object-oriented, cross platform, multi-purpose programming language produced by Sun Microsystems. First released in 1995, it was developed to be a machine independent web technology. It was based on C and C++ syntax to make it easy for programmers from those communities to learn. Since then, it has earned a prominent place in the world of computer programming.

Java has many characteristics that have contributed to its popularity:
 * Platform independence - Many languages are compatible with only one platform. Java was specifically designed so that it would run on any computer, regardless if it was running Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix or any of the other operating systems.
 * Simple and easy to use - Java's creators tried to design it so code could be written efficiently and easily.
 * Multi-functional - Java can produce many applications from command-line programs to applets to Swing windows (basically, sophisticated graphical user interfaces).

Java does have some drawbacks. Since it has automated garbage collection, it can tend to use more memory than other similar languages. There are often implementation differences on different platforms, which have led to Java being described as a "write once, test everywhere" system. Lastly, since it uses an abstract "virtual machine", a generic Java program doesn't have access to the Native API's on a system directly. None of these issues are fatal, but it can mean that Java isn't an appropriate choice for a particular piece of software.

History of Java
See History of Java article section at Wikipedia

The java Platform
One thing that distinguished Java from some other languages is its ability to run the same compiled code across multiple operating systems.

In other languages, the source code (code that is written by the programmer), is compiled by a compiler into an executable file. This file is in machine language, and is intended for a single operating system/processor combination, so the programmer would have to re-compile the program seperately for each new operating system/processor combination.

Java is different in that it does not compile the code directly into machine language code. Compilation creates bytecode out of the source code. Bytecode generally looks something like this: a7 f4 73 5a 1b 92 7d When the code is run by the user, it is processed by something called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is essentially an interpreter for the bytecode. It goes through the bytecode and runs it. There are different versions of the JVM that are compatible with each OS and can run the same code. There is virtually no difference for the end-user, but this makes it a lot easier for programmers doing software development.

Installing the Java Development Kit
Before installing the Java Development Kit (JDK), you should probably know what it is. It is distributed by Oracle. It contains the core libraries and compiler required to develop Java. The JDK should not be confused with the JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The JRE is a JVM for running, as opposed to compiling, Java programs.

Downloading and Installing
To download the JDK, go to http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html. Click on "JDK with NetBeans Bundle". Follow the instructions for downloading the JDK installation file. Windows: If you are running Windows, simply run the executable file and follow the installation instructions. Unix, Solaris, or Linux: For Linux and Unix, download the "jdk1 6.0" for Linux systems. Save the downloaded file in any drive. Once you have saved the file, extract it to a place that you can remember, by using Terminal or by double clicking on the file. When you have finished extracting the file, copy the JDK 1.6.0 folder and paste it in the usr/local(To paste to the usr/local directory, you have to be in root) so that every user can use the java files. You can delete the downloaded zip file so that it doesn't take up space on your drive. Macintosh: The latest available JDK is automatically installed by the operating system. Because Java for Macintosh is developed and maintained by Apple, in coordination with Sun, the current version on the Macintosh may not be the current version that is available from Sun.

Note on Editions
The JDK comes in three editions.
 * Java Standard Edition (JSE) – This version is the basic platform for Java. The course will focus on this edition.
 * Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) – This edition is mainly for developing and running distributed multitier architecture Java applications, based largely on modular software components running on an application server. We will not be covering this version in the course.
 * Java Micro Edition (JME) – This edition is primarily for developing programs to run on consumer applicances, such as PDAs and cell phones.

Configuring Variables
Before writing code, it is recommended that you set the Path variable on your system so you can compile your code more easily.

For Windows Users

 * From the Control Panel, double click "System" (System and Maintenance in Vista)
 * For Windows 7 or Vista, click on "System," "Advanced System Settings" on the left, and then on "Environment Variables."
 * For XP and 2000, click on the "Advanced" tab and click on "Environment Variables". And For NT or Windows 10/11, click on the "Environment" tab.
 * Select the Path variable and click "Edit"
 * Add the path to the bin directory of where Java is installed on your hard drive. It should probably be: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_20\bin unless you changed it during installation.
 * Click OK

For Linux and UNIX
One way to set your path in Linux/Unix is to add a path export to your bash profile.

"pico ~/.bash_profile" "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/jdk/bin" Note that the path to the java directory "/usr/local/jdk/bin" may be different on your machine.
 * In order to do this, first open your bash profile in a text editor. For example,
 * Then add this line:
 * Restart your shell.

For Macintosh
Apple sets everything up for you. Sit back and relax.

The only drawback is that because Apple handles development and maintenance of Java on the Mac, there is usually a delay from the time that a new version is released by Sun and the time that the new version is released on the Mac. Also, getting the latest version sometimes requires an operating system upgrade.

Oh well, you can't have everything.

Java programming notes for Macintosh - feedback from new Java programmers

"Hello World"
Anytime you learn a computer programming language, it is tradition that the first program you write should be to make your computer say, "Hello World". This is a small feat, but is a good opportunity to make sure that you installed the JDK properly.

The Java compiler reads basic text files. Open up a text editor like Notepad (Don't use a complex program like Word for this). Type this code, remembering that Java is case-sensitive: Save this file as HelloWorld.java. Start your system's command line and navigate to the folder that you saved HelloWorld.java to. Type. This runs the java compiler, javac, and creates a class file, which contains the bytecode for the application. Next type. This runs the class file that was just created by the compiler. Your console should print: Hello World!

Syntax and Comments
As mentioned above, Java is case-sensitive, meaning that if a variable name is "day" it cannot be referred to as "Day" later in the program. In addition, semicolons must end each statement in the code. Programmers also use comments to insert statements into their code that the computer ignores. Comments can be used to help explain code so that other programmers can understand it or the original writer of the code can remember what their code does. Java has several types of comments.

Go to the Wikipedia article for Javadoc for more information on that type of comment.

Congratulations - you finished reading Intro to Java. Now, you can move on to Integer Variables

Inside the Magic
The "Hello World" program has become a de-facto standard with computer programmers for a first program in any language. The main advantage is that it is as simple as a program can get - when considering what it does. Depending upon the language and/or environment though, it may be necessary for some set-up code and/or syntactic glue.

In the program shown above, there are two pieces of syntactic glue.

The first part, public class HelloWorld, and the accompanying matched pair of curly braces, declare a Class construct. At this point, we could try and explain what a class is, but for someone who is genuinely new to programming, the explanation would probably be more of a distraction than a help. For now, we will settle for a simple universal truth - all Java code must be contained inside a Class construct.

The second part, public static void main(String[] args) and the accompanying matched pair of curly braces declare a Method construct. In particular, they declare a special type of method that Java can use as the entry point for a program. A method is a somewhat simpler construct than a class, but for now we will just describe it as a group of runnable code. A main method is required for each and every Java program. (Methods are also known as 'functions' in some other programming languages such as C++.)

title: Java Programming/Introduction


text:
User talk:Eshafoshaf~enwikiversity

Welcome to Wikiversity
I see you've already found the "edit" button. I wanted to say hi, and that I modified a part of Topic:Web Development to move installing a server to a new subsection. It's a good topic, but it's a bit of a learning curve, and it isn't strictly needed to do development. Let me know if you need some help with content development here. I'm quite busy at this time, but I should have some time shortly to help out, and I'm quite knowledgeable in this area. Thanks. Historybuff 14:28, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eshafoshaf. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eshafoshaf~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eshafoshaf~enwikiversity


text:
Storyboard Artwork Project/Scenery and props

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" How to create props and scenery for Tux Paint for the Storyboard Artwork Project
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Two ways to create scenery

 * There are two ways to create scenery which can be used by kids to make storyboards.

 * You can create scenery by creating stamps. This is like have a collection of props. This requires a piece of art (from a 2D or 3D program) which is masked.

 * You can create a starters page with the entire scene on a single page. This is a bit more complicated since starter pages do not have backgrounds on them normally.  Instead, you need to create a second page which has the background and give it a special name which tells Tux Paint that it is a background which can be painted over.

In this example, the stamp is the movie poster (show right) and this stamp is scaled in Tux Paint to be used as background scenery for the storyboard. The two human figures (old person and young person) are the same stamp only mirror imaged and scaled differently. Every simple, very easy. This is what makes Tux Paint so much fun. Also, this is what makes Tux Paint more powerful than most other paint programs.

 * To use this stamp
 * To use the poster in Tux Paint, click on the picture of the poster to see the original (full-sized) version of the poster. Copy this file to your hard drive and put this file into the stamp folder for Tux Paint.

 * Then next time, you use Tux Paint, this stamp will automatically appear in the list of stamps. Because this artwork is a perfect retangle (rather than an odd shape), you do not need to add a mask to it.  The only requirement of Tux Paint is the artwork must be in the PNG format.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Example of an irregular-shaped prop
 * style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

PNG pictures with alpha channels
You need to create a PNG picture has four channels :
 * A red image
 * A green image
 * A blue image
 * A mask image

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

The mask
 * style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Props can be any size. If the prop is not rectangular, the shape of the prop is created with a mask.
 * The mask
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

The RGB Image
 * style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

See the ugly white area around the picture. Without a mask, the image does not look good. (Look very carefully at the left and right edge and you will see an ugly white edge. The mask gets rid of this edge.)
 * The image
 * }

Here is a storyboard created with two stamps to create scenery.

.

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Creating the blank starter page
 * style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

The blank frame for the storyboard
A blank storyboard frame can be created as a starter page (which goes into the starters folder in the Tux Paint application. You need to create one PNG picture has a picture and a mask which protects it.  In this case, the frame has a 16 by 9 aspect ration which is the same as for DV video.  Click on this frame to see the original at full size that you can download to your hard drive for use in Tux Paint :

You can also add a background scene (without an alpha channel) to the black storyboard frame. This is a second picture which has the name "-back" added to the file name of the blank storyboard frame. (Yes, this is a bit complicated for a multipage storyboard since you need all the blank frames to have unique file names and all the bankgrounds to have the same nemes with "-back" added to the name.)

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

The mask for the starter page
 * style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

White in the mask is the area which will be protected. When the kids draw their storyboards, the lines protected by the white mask are not erased or covered up.
 * White is protected
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Background scenery for the storyboard frame
 * style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

For this project, we are designing for a scene size of 800 by 600. That means an actual picture size of 608 by 472 pixels.
 * No mask necessary
 * }

Here is what the final storyboard looks like. In this picture, the scenery is on the starters pages except for the "Star Wars" movie poster which is a stamp.


text:
User:Eshafoshaf~enwikiversity

My email is info@clickandcreate.us

title: User:Eshafoshaf~enwikiversity


text:
Topic talk:International Economics

This field concerns with topics about economic reletions with other countries, like trade , BOP , exchange rates ,etc. It is one of the oldest branches of economic theory. In the seventeenth century, trade was regarded as the means of increasing income ,by a country. Now-a-days, this branch concerns about international trade ties, WTO , IMF's policy regimes ,etc.

title: Topic talk:International Economics


text:
User talk:Dr. Darkwood

Student Galaxy 16:30, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dr. Darkwood


text:
South African Law/Persons

Introduction
The course is intended to cover the South African Law of persons. The course is aimed at First Yeart University level, for students doing an undergraduate law degree. The course work is based on the UNISA syllabus and is intended as an aid to students. The course is based on the UNISA course work and the principle works cited are:
 * Jacqueline Heaton & D.S.P. Cronjé, The South African Law of Persons, 5th edn. Durban: LexisNexis, 2017.
 * Jacqueline Heaton & D.S.P. Cronjé, Casebook on The South African Law of Persons / Vonnisbundel oor die Suid-Afrikaanse personereg, 3rd edn. Durban: LexisNexis, 2008.
 * UNISA Department of Private Law - Law of persons 2007 study guide. Eds Ferreira, Heaton, Kruger & Mailula.

Other works cited:
 * Percy Sydney Twentyman Jones & Harry Osborne Buckle. The Civil Practice of the Magistrates' Courts in South Africa, 10th edn. 2 vols. Eds. H. J. Erasmus & D. E. Van Logerenberg. Claremont, South Africa: Juta, 2011.

Topics to be covered

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Legal personality/
 * 3) /The beginning and end of Legal Personality/
 * 4) /The beginning of Legal personality/ -
 * 5) /The interests of the unborn child/
 * 6) /The end of Legal personality/
 * 7) /Status/
 * 8) /Domicile/
 * 9) /Extra-martital birth/
 * 10) /Minority/
 * 11) /The legal status of an infans/
 * 12) /The Legal status of a minor/
 * 13) /The Minor's contractual capacity/
 * 14) *Assistance by a guardian
 * 15) *Ratification of contracts
 * 16) *Statuory exceptions.
 * 17) /Minor's contractual capacity - Misrepresentation/
 * 18) /Mionor's contractual capacity - Undue Enrichment/
 * 19) /Minor's contractual capacity - Restitutio in integrum./
 * 20) /Minor's capacity in other juristic acts/
 * 21) *Litigation
 * 22) *Delictual liability
 * 23) *Criminal liability
 * 24) /Majority/
 * 25) /Attainment of majority by various acts/
 * 26) *Venia Aetas
 * 27) *Release from tutelage
 * 28) *Age of majority
 * 29) *Emancipation
 * 30) /Diverse factors affecting status/:
 * 31) /Status: Insanity/
 * 32) /Status: Insolvency/

title: South African Law/Persons


text:
Introduction to geological engineering

Welcome to Introduction to Geological Engineering

Geological engineering is the engineering science of applying engineering principles to the study of geological materials as part of the engineering design of facilities including roads, tunnels, and mines especially as related to minerals and mineral products. Some see it as a merging of the disciplines of geology and engineering and material science, but, while it includes aspects of all, it has several specializations unique to the field.

Geological engineers are particularly prized in the field of mining, including the fields of mine development, exploration, and operation. Geological engineers conduct slope stability analysis, and design remediations for unstable slopes including landslides for mining concerns and civil engineering projects. They are involved in both civil and mining tunneling projects. Some geological engineers choose to specialize instead on geotechnical or environmental aspects of the field.

Geologic Hazards and Adverse Geologic Conditions
Typical geologic hazards or other adverse conditions evaluated by an engineering geologist include:

 * fault rupture on seismically active faults ;
 * seismic and earthquake hazards (ground shaking, liquefaction, lurching,lateral spreading, tsunami and seiche events);
 * landslide, mudflow, rock fall and avalanche hazards ;
 * unstable slopes and slope stability;
 * erosion;
 * slaking and heave of geologic formations;
 * ground subsidence (such as due to ground water withdrawal, sinkhole collapse, cave collapse, decomposition of organic soils, and tectonic movement);
 * volcanic hazards (volcanic eruptions, hot springs, pyroclastic flows, debris flows, debris avalanche, gas emissions, volcanic earthquakes);
 * non-rippable or marginally rippable rock requiring heavy ripping or blasting;
 * weak and collapsible soils;
 * shallow ground water/seepage; and
 * other types of geologic constraints.

An engineering geologist or geophysicist may be called upon to evaluate the excavatability (i.e. rippability) of earth (rock) materials to assess the need for pre-blasting during earthwork construction, as well as associated impacts due to vibration during blasting on projects.

Methods and Reporting
The methods used by engineering geologists in their studies include
 * geologic field mapping of geologic structures, geologic formations, soil units and hazards;
 * the review of geologic literature, geologic maps, geotechnical reports, engineering plans, environmental reports, stereoscopic aerial photographs, remote sensing data, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, topographic maps and satellite imagery;
 * the excavation, sampling and logging of earth/rock materials in drilled borings, backhoe test pits and trenches, fault trenching, and bulldozer pits;
 * geophysical surveys (such as seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, magnetometer surveys, electromagnetic surveys, high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, and other geophysical methods); and
 * other methods.

The field work is typically culminated in analysis of the data and the preparation of an engineering geologic report, geotechnical report, fault hazard or seismic hazard report, geophysical report, ground water resource report or hydrogeologic report. The engineering geologic report is often prepared in conjunction with a geotechnical report, but commonly provide geotechnical analysis and design recommendations independent of a geotechnical report. An engineering geologic report describes the objectives, methodology, references cited, tests performed, findings and recommendations for development. Engineering geologists also provide geologic data on topograpic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, or other map bases.

title: Introduction to geological engineering


text: Category:Geological Engineering

title: Category:Geological Engineering


text:
South African Law/Persons/Legal personality

Definition
The law of persons is the branch of private law which govern:
 * The determination of legal personality
 * What beings are legal subjects (persons)
 * The status of legal subjects
 * The effect of various factors on a legal subject.

Different kinds of legal subjects
A legal subject is any entity which has rights, duties and capacities. Sometimes those rights, duties and capacities are limited for various reasons, for example, a minor has limited capacity to act; a company can only act through its members or through its board of directors; a universitas has no feelings. There are two classes of legal subject recognised in South african law.
 * 1) Juristic persons and
 * 2) Natural persons.

Traditionally the Law of persons deals with natural persons. Accordingly we will mention juristic persons in the briefest form and move on to natural persons as soon as is decently possible.

Juristic persons
In roman law, the only persons recognised as having any rights and duties were natural persons. The concept was developed in Roman Dutch law to include juristic persons.

A juristic person has a separate legal personality from the persons who created it. Thus for example, a company can sue in its own name; a mutual society would have rights and obligations separate from its members; A university could have duties towards its employees...etc. For a comprehensive discussion on legal personality see Jones & Buckle: The Civil Practise of the Magistrate's Courts in South Africa' Ninth Edition. Volume II The Rules Rule 6 and commentary thereto.

A juristic person can come into being in various ways:
 * 1) By Legislation.
 * 2) Associations incorporated by general enabling legislation have legal personality. Examples of such jursitic persons are:
 * 3) *Companies: Incorporated in terms of the Companies Act Act 61 of 1973.
 * 4) *Close Corporations: - The Close Corporations Act 69 of 1984
 * 5) *Banks: - The Banks Act 124 of 1993
 * 6) *Co-operatives: - The Co-operatives Act 91 of 1981
 * 7) Associations incorporated in terms of specific legislation E.g.
 * 8) *Universities
 * 9) *Semi-state organisations.
 * 10) *Escom
 * 11) *SABC
 * 12) Associations which comply with common law requirements. These persons are known as universitates (singular: universitas).
 * 13) * The association must have continuous existance - even though the people controlling it may differ from time to time.
 * 14) * It must have rights, duties and capacities separate from its members
 * 15) * Its objects must not be for gain. If it were for gain, it would have to be registered as a company in terms of the Companies Act.
 * 16) *Examples are: Churches; Political parties; Trade unions:
 * 17) Trusts and partnerships are not legal persons. The trustees and partners of a trust or a partnership are personally liable for the liabilities of the entity, although limited personality is given by virtue of other acts, for example the Trust Property Control Act, the Income Tax Act and the like.


text:
Talk:Introductory Ancient Greek Language/Lesson 3

in the singular chart, whats that symbol over the w in vocative, it looks like a inverted pyrmid composed of 3 dots.

 * ὦ is a circumflex(ed?) omega with smooth breathing.
 * https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ὦ
 * or,
 * https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%A6

 * George Rodney Maruri Game (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Does the definite article follow only this declension model?
When the same word works as a pronoun there are three declension models.

Thereby, my doubt.

George Rodney Maruri Game (discuss • contribs) 15:15, 23 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Homeschooling

 * Hello! The writing is very clear, and effective. However I would suggest more perspectives on the notion of homeschooling. For instance, how about homeschooling's pros and cons, meaning the positive and negative positions towards homeschooling? How old is it? Or, the international influence and span of homeschooling? Is there a way to see homeschooling grow or fail in our future?

Furthermore, I have already learned a lot from the great way you approached the subject, objectively and under a huge umbrella. Good job with the picture, it is inviting. I also understood a lot from the structure of the page. Great job with the loads of references!Jtnazari 09:51, 29 September 2008 (UTC)Jasmine Nazari

Hi! I thought you have done a lot of research. (I knew this from your references.) However, since this is wikiversity and not wikipedia, I suggest to create quiz or discussion section in your page so that the readers can learn and think about homeschooling more deeply. Good job with the research of many perspectives!Haruna 09:28, 3 October 2008 -Haruna

 * I hope this can be improved so that it factors in the new technology that is now available on the market and how we can take that to universities as well, not just for kids.

title: Talk:Homeschooling


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User:JWSchmidt/Blog/5 February 2007

Featured content  I decided that Content development, Schools and Topics need to be solidified and the specific "School:" pages to be featured need to be cleaned up before actually doing featured schools on the main page. For now I am satisfied with having the main page link to portal pages that have featured content in the main namespace and links to the content development pages.

Research policy  A more pressing concern is to draft some research guidelines at the multilingual Wikiversity hub as was requested by the Board.

Allowing original research within a WikiMedia Foundation project is a major change for the Foundation. This requires a written plan that will be evaluated before original research is actually approved as a component of Wikiversity. We need to invent a system to deal with the potential problems that can come from allowing original research activities. This process started six years ago when Wikipedia started. The decision was made to not allow original research at Wikipedia because of the danger of editors trying to include bogus ideas in the encyclopedia. During the past 5 months there has been discussion,, , , of the potential problems that would arise from including original research within the Wikiversity project. We now have months of experience that show the types of original research projects that are likely to be started by Wikiversity participants. I think we now know enough to write a first draft of Wikiversity policies that would govern research activities within Wikiversity.

title: User:JWSchmidt/Blog/5 February 2007


text:
Wikiversity:LiquidThreads

liquidThreads part of the MediaWiki Project

Overview
This project began as a MediaWiki feature request at meta, (liquidThreads) but was pretty much shelved. We hope to revive it here. see liquidThreads

Core model
The LiquidThreads core model consists of four components: Channels, Threads, Comments and Summaries.

Channels
Every article can have one or multiple subject-specific channels in which issues can be discussed. A channel can also be attached to multiple articles to which it is relevant. For Wikiversity, channels may align with Schools and/or Portals.

Threads
A thread is a collection of comments about a specific subject. It can be attached to multiple channels at the same time, moved, renamed, deleted and combined with other threads.

Comments
The author of a comment can determine if other users may edit it. (disputed) Each comment has its own version history. A comment can only belong to a single thread, but it can be moved within the thread, to another thread, or even to another channel. Each comment has its own entry in the database, and its own version history. This allows for the display/reply features mentioned above.

Summaries
Each thread and each channel has its own associated summary page. When editing such a summary page, a user can request the whole wikitext of a discussion to be inserted for easy refactoring.

title: Wikiversity:LiquidThreads


text:
PLC/Design and implementation

PLCs typically have many DC outputs with a fixed voltage and one AC output.

Outline of an Approach
Manufacturing process, systems, equipment

Acquire pre-existing specifications for system components and behavior
 * Site Layout Plan
 * Wiring Diagrams
 * Component specifications and constraints
 * System and component behavior and constraints
 * Process and instrumentation diagrams

Design the system and draft P&IDs (Process and Instrumentation Diagrams)
 * Define scope: which parts of control system will be handled by the PLC and which by logic external to the PLC (e.g. hardwired, relay-controlled, or directly controlled by specialised instrument/controllers.)

Assign I/O and memory ports
 * Document for system manuals

Program PLC (languages specified in IEC 61131-3 and corresponding national standards)
 * Ladder Logic (LD) - readily understandable by electricians who are familiar with the use of relays
 * Others: Function Block Diagram (FBD), Structured Text (ST), Instruction List (IL), Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
 * Older PLCs pre-existing on site may use proprietary programming languages.

Create user and maintenance manual (sometimes known as Operation & Maintenance (O&M) manual)

Test PLC code

Install system in field

Field test entire system

External References

 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_PLC_Programming
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Relay_ladder_logic

Design Challenges
A manufacturer who dyes a lot of cloth has a requirement to process waste water to oxidize the organics in the waste water before dumping the waste water into a nearby large river. It already has a waste water processing pond but the bugs keep dying off over the weekend when no feedstock is arriving as waste from the factory. Environmental engineers have decided to build a 300,000 gallon holding tank to smooth out the flow to improve the pond's performance. Average outflow during the middle of the week is 300 gallons/minute with occasional peaks (to avoid emergency overflow of holding tank) of 1200 gallons/minute.

A control valve will be used to smoothly control the outflow into the pond. In normal operations, stock should be built up on Thursday and Friday to start the weekend with a full tank without any emergency overflow.

Water flows through a rotary strainer into a 20,000 gallon wet well. From the wet well two of three 600 gallon/minute pumps on a rotating basis pump water to the holding tank. The pumps' specifications require a 5 minute cooling period after operating (or any attempt failed attempt to start pumping.) Failure to meet these specifications voids warranty and could permanently damage or destroy the pump.

Fluid flows as vats are dumped during mid and end shifts at up to 3,000 gallons/minute, for up to fifteen minutes at a time in a linear ramp pattern from 3000 down to 0 gallons/minute.

Level monitoring is required in the tank with alarm-alerting to bring abnormal operating conditions to the maintenance personnel's attention.

Design an instrumentation and control system using a PLC and any appropriate instrumentation to control the equipment listed throughout the week. Address holidays and 3 day weekends.

Solution Discussion 1
it's very simple.

title: PLC/Design and implementation


text: User:Sean Whitton

title: User:Sean Whitton


text:
International Relations/Classical Realism

Classical Realism
Classical Realism derives from the thought of Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, Edward H. Carr, Nicolas Spykman, Hans J. Morgenthau, Henry Kissinger, Z. Brzezinski, S. Huntington.

Key assumptions:

 * The international system is anarchic, no true authoritative world government exists.
 * Sovereign states are the principal actors in the international system.
 * International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations and other sub-state or trans-state actors are viewed as having little and mostly not independent influence.
 * International Law reflects the current balance of power.
 * States are rational unitary actors each moving towards their own national interest. They move on a cost- gain axis trying to maximise their gains
 * Because of the anarchy of the international system there is a general distrust of long-term cooperation or alliance.
 * The overriding 'national interest' of each state is its national security and survival.
 * In pursuit of national security, states strive to amass resources.
 * States resolve to war on order to achieve high levels of security
 * Relations between states are determined by their comparative level of power derived primarily from their military and economic capabilities.

Both Classical Realism and Structural Realism agree on the key assumption that the states are rational actors moving towards their own national interests. The difference between these two theories is that Structural Realism emphasizes on the function and the role of the international system and the way that states interact in it.


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User talk:Rory096

Hi Rory, I wanted to thank you for joining the Wikiversity BOINC Team. Your computer has really been putting out for us. It is closing on the credit my computer has generated and I had a bit of a head start. There has been some other interest expressed but the people already were supporting other teams. I am confident we will pick up some other team members as Wikiversity continues to expand. Thanks again. Mirwin 22:29, 5 February 2007 (UTC) (aka lazyquasar)

title: User talk:Rory096


text: File:Now Showing Stamp.png

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text: User talk:Dmonkey

title: User talk:Dmonkey


text:
Cert III Applications Qualification in Australia

Qualification name: ICA30105 - Certificate III in Information Technology - Applications Stream

"This qualification provides the skills and knowledge for an individual to be competent in introductory ICT 'technical' functions and is designed to support information activities in the workplace and to achieve a degree of self-sufficiency as an advanced ICT 'user'."

The applications stream:

"Provides skills in advanced use of applications and could provide basic application software support within an organisation. This stream may provide for natural progression into several Certificate IV in IT qualifications including Multimedia or Programming."

There are 6 core units for the Applications stream of the Cert III I.T. qualification; 4 specialist units and 7 electives (some of which are also prerequisites for other units). For more detailed information about this qualification you can either find the qualification in the official ICA05 Training Package PDF (note: it is huge) or browse the conveniently accessible Certificate III in Information Technology page at ICA05 - Deconstructed.

Core Units
The following 10 core units are made up of the 6 common core units (common to all Certificate III IT streams), and the 4 core units for the Applications stream.

Note: the small box after each unit indicates the completion status of the unit description.

 * ICAD3218A Create user documentation [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAI3020A Install and optimise operating system software [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAS3031A Provide advice to clients [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAS3234A Care for computer hardware [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAT3025A Run standard diagnostic tests [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAU3004A Apply occupational health and safety procedures [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAU3019A Migrating to new technology [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAU3028A Customise packaged software applications for clients [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAU3126A Use advanced features of computer applications [[Image:75%.png]]
 * ICAI3110A Implement system software changes [[Image:25%.png]]

Electives for the Applications stream

 * ICAS3032A Provide network systems administration [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAS3024A Provide basic system administration [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAI3021A Connect internal hardware components [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAS3034A Determine and action network problems [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAB3018A Develop macros and templates for clients using standard products [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAI4030A Install software to networked computers [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAA4041A Determine and confirm client business expectations and needs [[Image:25%.png]]

Prerequisite units
A number of units within this qualification have prerequisites. These are detailed as follows:

 * ICAI3101A Install and manage network administration protocols [[Image:25%.png]]
 * ICAS3120A Configure and administer a network operating system [[Image:25%.png]]


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text:
Using advanced features of computer applications

From the official document:
 * "This unit defines the competency required to use computer applications employing advanced features."

Basically, that means pushing your familiar word processing, spreadsheet or database application a little bit harder than the average user - unlocking and using those features that everyone pays for, but few know about.

You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAU3126A.

This unit is part of the following qualifications:
 * Cert III Applications Qualification in Australia

How this unit will help you
After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:

 * Creating and employing objects (buttons, drop down lists, etc.), macros and templates for routine activities
 * Using shortcuts and features to increase productivity
 * Import and export data in a variety of formats
 * Link and embed data from one application into another.
 * Using on-line help, manuals and training booklets to overcome difficulties with applications
 * Accessing technical support for system problems using troubleshooting results and alert messages

Finding Help

 * press F1 while using any office application
 * visit office on-line help
 * browse or ask questions on the Tech Support Guy business applications forum

Templates

 * work through Charles Kyle Kenyon's chapter on Template Basics in Microsoft Word or
 * the Microsoft Most Valued Professional series on creating a template

Macros

 * Work through this introduction to Excel VBA. If you like, try lesson 2, 3 and 4

Finding Help

 * oooForum.org - one of the best supported forums on the web
 * In any office application click on Help | OpenOffice.org Help or press F1 to open the OOo help pages. OOo contains help for Writer, Calc, Base, Basic, Draw, Math, and Impress.

Templates

 * read through the Linux Journal article on OOo templates
 * work through Linux Magazine's article on templates (pdf)
 * try some of the examples in xml.com's hacking open office
 * search swik for articles tagged with 'OpenOffice' and 'Templates'
 * Check out templates for Abiword (Abiword is another FOSS word processor)

Macros
link title
 * Work through some examples on openoffice.org's how-to page
 * Download, read through and experiment with the examples in Andrew Pitonyak's (300 page!) macro document
 * Look through Sun's StarOffice 8 Programming Guide for BASIC

Exercises
Try these Applications_Challenges

Ideas for demonstrating this unit
The best way to demonstrate these skills is to create some simple macros and templates and attach them to buttons and/or keyboard shortcuts. Some ideas for projects:
 * automate the import or export of data in different formats
 * make a shortcut that adds your name and address to a document
 * create a lookup (pivot) table from some data
 * running a mail merge from a database or spreadsheet

You might also write some user instructions for a complicated or advanced process (such as nested if statements in a spreadsheet or doing a mail merge)

Grading
If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:

Notes and discrepancies

 * there's a lot of overlap between this unit and ICAB3018A Develop macros and templates for clients using standard products and ICAU3028A Customise packaged software applications for clients, and they could easily be run together with some common assessment


text:
Talk:Quantum harmonic oscillator/Boson operators

Are boson operators related to bosons? If so, how? Wikipedia was not helpful and had no entry that I could easily find under search for Boson Operator. Perhaps an opportunity for us to help them out while achieving a link to our lessons here? Mirwin 04:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

OK, some applicable stuff at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_operator I will be back later. Mirwin 04:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

We might want to define operator by linking to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators. If this is correct regarding how the term is used locally. Mirwin 05:05, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There's plenty of stuff to be added about second quantization until it becomes "understandable" he he. I'll move its priority up in my list =). --Jorge 03:59, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * They are used to construct the state of many-identical-bosons systems. In the sea of particles' names, Boson and Fermion are opposite, and refer, respectively, to particles which can be identical AND in the same quantum state (as photons) and to particles which cannot be in the same quantum state IF identical (by Pauli, as electrons).
 * There are Fermion operators as well.--Jorge 04:07, 13 February 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:Schrödinger equation

So is E the total energy of the system potential plus kinetic? Mirwin 05:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes. In classical mechanics the Hamiltonian is the energy of a state. In QM we have states with well-defined energy (which fulfil Schrödinger's equation -e.g., the electronic levels of an atom, for the state of its electrons) and superpositions of those states (for which there's no possible value for E -note that E is a scalar and H an operator). This is an eigenvalue equation. --Jorge 05:44, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm...I'm not sure if the original question has a yes or no answer...The Hamiltonian H is constructed from two operators, one of them corresponds to the potential, and the other is kinetic. E represents a set of values which are allowable energies in the system. --HappyCamper 02:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schrödinger equation


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User:Beth~enwikiversity

I'm a recent graduate of Georgia State University with a BBA in Marketing. I would eventually like to get into Advertising, specifically copy writing.

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Bacteria and the body

Welcome to the Bacteria-on-your-skin learning project.

This article over at Physorg.com noted that there are many more bacteria growing on the skin of healthy individuals than we previously knew. Included in the article are distributions of different bacteria on people's skin.

Estimating values from the article, it appears, on average: 50% of bacteria are "actinobacteria" then with a wide varibability between subjects are proteobacteria. On one subject, 24% of his or her bacteria was "other".

What are these different types of bacteria that probably grow on skin then?

Firmicutes
According to Firmicutes:

The Firmicutes are a division of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, the Mollicutes or mycoplasmas, lack cell walls altogether and so do not respond to Gram staining, but still lack the second membrane found in other Gram-negative forms. Others, such as Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Selenomonas, and Zymoph Actinobacteria. They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-shaped forms.

Many Firmicutes produce endospores, which are resistant to desiccation and can survive extreme conditions. They are found in various environments, and some notable pathogens. Those in one family, the heliobacteria, produce energy through photosynthesis.

The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are obligate or facultative aerobes, and the Mollicutes. On molecular trees the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, Clostridium and Bacillus. It is likely these groups will undergo revision.

Firmicutes play an important role in beer, wine, and cider spoilage.

Researcher Jeffrey Gordon and his colleagues found that obese humans and mice had a lower percentage of a family of bacteria called Bacteroidetes and more Firmicutes. But they are not sure if Firmicutes cause obesity or if people who are obese grow more of that type of bacteria.

While there are currently more than 274 genera within the Firmicutes phylum, Notable genera of Firmicutes include... Wow. Not having advanced training in biology, that is way over my head. Let's break it down...

Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are classified as bacteria that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process. Gram-positive bacteria will appear blue or violet under a microscope, whereas Gram-negative bacteria will appear red or pink. The difference in classification is largely based on a difference in the bacteria's cell wall structure. Okay, so what?

In the original bacterial phyla, the Gram-positive forms made up the phylum Firmicutes, the name now used for the largest group. It includes many well-known genera such as Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria like Mycoplasma that lack cell walls and so cannot be stained by Gram, but are derived from such forms.

The actinobacteria are another major group of Gram-positive bacteria; they and the Firmicutes are referred to as the high and low G+C groups based on the guanine and cytosine content of their DNA. If the second membrane is a derived condition, the two may have been basal among the bacteria; otherwise they are probably a relatively recent monophyletic group. They have been considered as possible ancestors for the archaeans and eukaryotes, both because they are unusual in lacking the second membrane and because of various biochemical similarities such as the presence of sterols.

The Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria also have Gram-positive stains, although they are structurally similar to Gram-negative bacteria.

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may have a membrane called an S-layer. In Gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer. Unique to Gram-positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall. Some particular teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, have a lipid component and can assist in anchoring peptidoglycan, as the lipid component is embedded in the membrane.

That still doesn't tell me a whole lot of useful information. That makes me wonder if learning about Firmicutes could give me any knowledge that can enhance my health, happiness or wellbeing.

Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family. The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Endospores are commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for long periods of time. Some bacteria produce exospores or cysts instead.

So this is what about 25% of the bacteria on my skin produce. I am morbidly fascinated.

Actinobacteria
50% of the bacteria on my skin might be actinobacteria... From Actinobacteria

The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. Most are found in the soil, and they include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium.

Some Actinobacteria form branching filaments, which somewhat resemble the mycelia of the unrelated fungi, among which they were originally classified under the older name Actinomycetes. Most members are aerobic, but a few, such as Actinomyces israelii, can grow under anaerobic conditions. Unlike the Firmicutes, the other main group of Gram-positive bacteria, they have DNA with a high guanine and cytosine concentration.

Interesting things to note: some produce spores, and some decompose organic material.

Proteobacteria
Perhaps, an estimate of around 25% of the bacteria on our skin may be proteobacteria.

Proteobacteria says: The Proteobacteria are a major group of bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, and is named for the Greek god Proteus (also the name of a bacterial genus within the Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found in it.

All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are non-motile or rely on bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria, referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation.

Gram-negative
From Gram-negative

Gram-negative bacteria are those that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. Gram-positive bacteria will retain the dark blue dye after an alcohol wash, whereas Gram-negative bacteria do not. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, which colors all Gram-negative bacteria a red or pink color. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinctly different types of bacteria based on structural differences in their cell walls.

Many species of Gram-negative bacteria are pathogenic, meaning they can cause disease in a host organism. This pathogenic capability is usually associated with certain components of Gram-negative cell walls, in particular the lipopolysaccharide (also known as LPS or endotoxin) layer.

Interesting things to note
Many proteobacteria are pathogenic, gram negative, and RNA.

Conclusions and what I have learned
It is interesting to know that the various bacteria on my body have different classifications. I assumed this was the case considering my previous schooling but had no idea what they were or the different characteristics of each.

It would be interesting to know what the hygenic habits are of the participants of this study. When was their last shower? How clean do they keep their rooms. What sort of environments do they frequent. It seems using an ecological systems approach more data/insights could be gleamed about the methods of creating the most healthy environments. While all these individuals are "healthy" perhaps some of them have a sore throat more often than others or perhaps some have colds more often than the others.

This learning project is an experiment in Wikiversity for my own satisfaction and learning. Please, if you are interested, add to it, edit it, improve it etc.

title: Bacteria and the body