text:
User talk:Rosy sahay

 Hello Rosy sahay, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rosy sahay


text:
User talk:Harumm

 Hello Harumm, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Harumm


text:
User talk:Mdshakil

 Hello Mdshakil, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdshakil


text:
User talk:Dagar0019

 Hello Dagar0019, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dagar0019


text:
User talk:Dilsha06

 Hello Dilsha06, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dilsha06


text:
User talk:Noel76

 Hello Noel76, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noel76


text:
User talk:Ae eed~enwikiversity

 Hello Ae eed, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ae eed. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ae eed~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ae eed~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Vcarmona

 Hello Vcarmona, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vcarmona


text:
User talk:Christopher.rebello

 Hello Christopher.rebello, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 17:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christopher.rebello


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/South Bohemia

The pages linked below are "keys" for flowers that have been logged as blooming South Bohemia during a particular month.

title: Bloom Clock/Keys/South Bohemia


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/South Bohemia/March

March

 * 1) All plants recorded in March (category list)

title: Bloom Clock/Keys/South Bohemia/March


text:
Help talk:Contents/Archive 1

Updated Help:Contents
I've updated the Help:Contents page and moved the old page to Help:Contents/Old if users are still wanting to use the old Layout, a few users have been working on this within my own userspace - however though no links are missing from the old Layout page - however since users have been assisting with the page they've added a few more links which maybe useful. Terra 19:28, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Well done, Terra, thanks for your efforts here - a much improved help page! -- Jtneill - Talk 00:40, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, and thank you to those who helped out as well. I'll try and finish of the other pages within the Userpage Contents, once they're completed I'll move them to it's own page. Terra  19:54, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Contents/Archive 1


text: User:OhanaUnited/Survey responses

title: User:OhanaUnited/Survey responses


text:
Template:Retired

RETIRED

This user is no longer active on Wikiversity.

title: Template:Retired


text:
Template:Semi-Retired

SEMI-RETIRED

This user is no longer very active on Wikiversity.

title: Template:Semi-Retired


text:
User talk:Specialknowledge~enwikiversity

 Hello Specialknowledge, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * [ Ask] a question, discuss Wikiversity, etc. at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:29, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Specialknowledge. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Specialknowledge~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:02, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Hurchail e barthe

 Hello Hurchail e barthe, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:29, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hurchail e barthe


text:
File talk:Edit button.png

change of licence ?
since the WV logo is displayed (even only partly), shouldn't the licence be changed to: ? see also licence of: Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 19:44, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * see also:, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 19:48, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: File talk:Edit button.png


text:
User talk:Johngregoria

 Hello Johngregoria, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 20:07, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johngregoria


text:
User talk:Livin.la.vi.da.loca

 Hello Livin.la.vi.da.loca, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 20:49, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Livin.la.vi.da.loca


text:
Introduction to Swedish/Numbers and plurals

Grammar
Counting numbers up to ten:

DECLENSIONS Declension

Well, it is hard to remember which noun is which type. ''However, it is important for mastering Swedish. Using the wrong declension will be noticed.'' Always learn a new noun by repeatedly saying like: "en glosa, flera glosor" (one translated word, several translated words) and you will build up a proper grammatical vocabulary.

Gender: Common nouns are labeled type 1. and neuter nouns are labeled type 2.

Plural types are labeled: 1x-8x, where x is the declension sub type.

Regular nouns type 1.1a (-or)

Regular nouns type 1.2a (-ar)

Regular nouns type 1.2b (-ar)

Regular nouns type 1.2c (-ar)

Regular nouns type 1.2d (-ar)

Irregular nouns type 1.3a (-er) Irregular nouns type 2.3b (-er)

Irregular nouns type 1.3c (-er)

Regular nouns type 2.4a (-n)

Regular nouns type 2.5a (-)

Irregular nouns type 1.5b (-)

Irregular nouns type 1.6a (-r)

Regular (borrowed Latin 2:nd declension) of nouns type 2.7a (-a)

Regular (borrowed Latin nouns type 2.8a) (-ier)

Irregular (borrowed English declension) of nouns type 1.9a (-s)

Irregular (borrowed English declension) of nouns type 2.9b (-s)

for type 1.9a you may also use plural form browsrar (type 1d declination) for a better adaption to Swedish.

Example Text
Till lektionerna behöver ni ta mer er pennor, sudd, anteckningsböcker samt era bärbara datorer. Mobiltelefonerna får vara påslagna, men jag vill inte höra några ringsignaler och heller inte att ni sitter och pratar i era telefoner under lektionstimmarna. Om någon bryter mot detta kommer vederbörande få svåra extrauppgifter som måste lösas för att få godkänt i mina ämnen.

To the lessons you need to bring pencils, erasers, note books and your lap tops. Cellular phones may be turned on but I don't want to hear any signals and neither that you talk in your phones during the lessons. If somebody violates this, that person will receive difficult extra tasks which needs to be solved in order to graduate in my subjects.

Exercises
Please translate into Swedish 1. Karin has three cellular phones. 2. We have a lot of enemies! 3. Some roads go to Uppsala. 4. My tailors tasks are easy. 5. Five pupils study four subjects. Please translate into English 6. Du bryter mot en regel! 7. Hans sitter och pratar med två lärare. 8. Ett telefonnummer har minst sex siffror. 9. En flicka sitter framför katedern. 10. Ni har åtta lektionstimmar i dag.


text:
User talk:Black bear~enwikiversity

 Hello Black bear, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 21:23, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Black bear. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Black bear~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Black bear~enwikiversity


text:
User:Dani

User:Dani, administrator and bureaucrat in Hungarian Wikipedia.

de:Benutzer:Dani (usurped) it:Utente:Dani

title: User:Dani


text:
Wikiversity talk:Mascot contest

Category
Category:Contests start and add? --Remi 00:56, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * started :-) Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 01:05, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Random mascot
Please see Template:Random mascot. -- Jtneill - Talk 04:42, 6 May 2008 (UTC) I'm not sure where to put this so I'll say it here. You can't use a penguin as a mascot because it is the Linux mascot. --72.148.182.96 (discuss) 00:37, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Wikiversity the Movie

 * Which of you mascots wants to join the Wikiversity Movie ?
 * There are mentioned two possible other mascots:
 * Wiklar
 * Colby Nolan, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 18:36, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I like movies and would like to play in one. What must I do to get a role (I can also bring my tuxedo :-))? --Percy 21:46, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Not much, just bring some fun and humor - the rest we will see with time. Thanks for taking part. So easy it can be :-) Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 06:39, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Can we also get a part ? Since we sleep a lot we could also just be supernumeraries. btw: would you mind preparing some sleeping possibility ? Make it soundproof please, my sister is snoring. No, I am not. Believe me, you are. I am not. What do you mean, you are not ? ... --Vicky-Verity 22:07, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course. And the sleeping place: anything you like - how about you find a place which you would like, see some media files at:, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 06:39, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Mraybe. Jack 05:45, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response Jack - what conditions would change this "maybe" to "yes" ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 06:15, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Let's play tag!
You don't want to be IT do you? --CQ 19:27, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Mascot contest


text:
Template:Welcome/plain

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date with " "; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies; or
 * Chat with other Wikiversians on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --

title: Template:Welcome/plain


text:
User:Vicky-Verity

We twins Vicky + Verity are inseparable - we even share this account. Our aim is to help the two Jacks (WikiversityJack + Jack (Russell)) in the Mascot contest. btw: V. tells she likes one of the Jacks :-)

We are still new around here, would one of you please show us what one can make out of this still empty user page ? You will get a thank you by either me or my sister :-)

Here some pictures from our past:

interesting discussion

 * Wikiversity:Community Review/The making of a mascot:What are the parameters?

title: User:Vicky-Verity


text:
User talk:Vicky-Verity

 Hello Vicky-Verity, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 01:53, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Cybiko123, we both thank you for this nice hello. --Vicky-Verity 01:55, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vicky-Verity


text:
User talk:Mazza3456

 Hello Mazza3456, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 01:53, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mazza3456


text:
User talk:Lateracchi

 Hello Lateracchi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 01:54, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lateracchi


text: Category:Contests

title: Category:Contests


text:
Talk:Dynamic programming

Operations Research
Linear or Dynamic Programming is part of the broader category of Operations Research...--Billymac00 02:19, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynamic programming


text:
User talk:Billymac00

Hello Billy, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 02:33, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 Hello Billymac00, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * [ Ask] a question, discuss Wikiversity, etc. at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 02:33, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billymac00


text:
User:Livin.la.vi.da.loca

Hi,

This is my User page. Anyone can critise me or talk to me here. Please edit the page for continuing the thread.... One humble Request....please dont edit this Livin.la.vi.da.loca 04:41, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Livin.la.vi.da.loca


text: Portal:Pre-school Education/Kids Only

title: Portal:Pre-school Education/Kids Only


text:
Portal:Pre-school Education/Kids Only/Intro for kids

Welcome to Wikiversity's Pre-School Education Portal. This page is a place to go for preschool and early learning content. Pre-school education is usually for children between the ages of about two or three up to five or six years. Primary education comes after Pre-School education. Toddlers, young children and their parents, and teachers are welcome to create and share learning materials using this Wikimedia Foundation website for global learning.


text:
Portal:Pre-school Education/Kids Only/Featured

 * Animal Alphabet
 * Learning your Colors.
 * The Crocodile project for young children.
 * Wikiversity mascot contest
 * Learning fun


text:
Portal:Pre-school Education/Kids Only/Activities

 * Did you know you can make your own pages on Wikiversity? Try it now.


text:
Template:Portals/Kids Only/Guide intro

Here are some pages which might be interesting. Click the + and - signs to operate the menu.

title: Template:Portals/Kids Only/Guide intro


text:
User talk:Tthten

 Hello Tthten, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:06, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tthten


text:
User talk:Berzini

 Hello Berzini, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Berzini


text:
User talk:Pranesh

 Hello Pranesh, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Hello, your edit was reverted because the provided link at Wikibooks doesn't exist. Did you want to link to something special ? Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 12:06, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pranesh


text:
User talk:Alexey Aleshin

 Hello Alexey Aleshin, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alexey Aleshin


text:
User talk:Medoran

 Hello Medoran, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Medoran


text:
User talk:Txrose1228

 Hello Txrose1228, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Txrose1228


text:
User talk:Ollie francis

 Hello Ollie francis, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 09:07, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ollie francis


text:
Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem

Given a Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{g}$$ and an ordered basis of it, the Poincare-Birhkoff-Witt theorem constructs a basis for its universal envelopping algebra $$U(\mathfrak{g})$$, called the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW for short) basis, consisting of the lexographically ordered monomials of the basis elements. This theorem is fundamental in representation theory. It gives an concrete description of $$U(\mathfrak{g})$$; And, with a polarisation of $$\mathfrak{g}$$, also a tensor product decomposition of $$U(\mathfrak{g})$$.

Exercise
Write out the PBW basis for sl2.

Wikimedia resources

 * PBW theorem

title: Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem


text:
Java Enterprise Edition/Exercises

These is the exercise section for the course JEE. The exercises are under construction, so please be aware and patient, if some details do not work yet

JBoss
As described in the course, the version used is a critical thing. JBoss is presenting often new versions and students of course would like to jump on the newest version. For the course material, this is a problem as it will result in an eternal construction place for a shifting target.

Therefore the strategy so far is to use the current stable release 4.22 to create and build the exercises.

Participants of the course who feel comfortable enough to try the exercises with newer versions will - hopefully - add notes about changes needed to run them on the later version.

JBoss 4.04

 * Step 1: Have JDK 1.5 installed. (It is highly recommended to use 1.5 and not 1.6 with version restriction to 5 as obscure errors have been reported that are tricky to find.!). Create an environment variable JAVA_HOME directory and point it to the root directory.

You can get SUN's JDK at Java SE Downloads - Previous Release - J2SE 5.0
 * Step 2: Goto source forge and download jboss-4.0.4.GA-Patch1-installer.jar. (At the time this exercise was created the full URL was jboss-4.0.4.GA-Patch1-installer.jar. You may want to see the notes at Notes ).Install the downloaded jar on the command line with "java -jar jboss-4.0.4.GA-Patch1-installer.jar"
 * After defining the target directory to install, you have to select an Install type. You have to select ejb3-clustered! (TODO define the reason why. Probably the other versions have bugs?).
 * in the next pane, select all installation packages
 * in the pane "configuration name" accept the name default (it prevents you from running into errors, because you forgot to use "-c [configurationname")
 * In the pane "Isolation and call by value semantics" check the box for "Enable deployment isolation / call by value" (Otherwise you get strange errors if e.g. you redeploy an application even without having changed anything! Read the notes if you want to know more)
 * In the pane JMX Security you may want to disable the admin username and password. If you keep them (or better change them), remember to add them to your shutdown script with -u [username] -p [password]
 * After the installation is completed, you are offered to save an installation report. It is recommendable to do that to find possible configuration problems later on

title: Java Enterprise Edition/Exercises


text: Category:Number theory

title: Category:Number theory


text:
High School Biology/Lessons/Lesson 1

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Lesson 1 in High School Biology
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Cell Introduction

 * This lesson will introduce you to cells. To get started, read Cell Structure in the FHSST Biology textbook at Wikibooks.  This book will be our guide throughout the course.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Lesson Vocabulary
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="1"|

Vocabulary List
You should know the following terms before moving on to the next lesson.
 * Robert Hooke
 * Matthias Schleiden
 * Theodor Schwann
 * Cell Theory
 * Prokaryote
 * Eukaryote

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

Review Questions
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid LightBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;" |

{Who discovered cells? - Matthias Schleiden - Theodor Schwann + Robert Hooke
 * Question #1
 * type=""}
 * Incorrect, Matthias Schleiden discovered plants are made of cells.
 * Incorrect, Theodor Schwann discovered animals are composed of cells.
 * Correct, Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Pop Quiz!
 * style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;" rowspan="2"|

Quiz
Know all the answers to the following questions before moving on to the next lesson. {Which scientists created the cell theory? - Schwann and Hooke. + Schleiden and Schwann. - Schleiden and Hooke. - Hooke, Schwann, and Schleiden.
 * type=""}

{Which is NOT part of the cell theory? - All cells are made from pre-existing cells. - All living things are composed of at least one cell. + All living things are prokaryotic. - The cell is the basic organizational unit of all living things.
 * type=""}
 * This is false. Living things can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

{Prokaryotic cells are highly structured. -TRUE +FALSE
 * type=""}
 * This is false, eukaryotic cells are highly structured. Prokaryotic cells are not.

 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

What You Have Learned
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid LightBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;" |

You have learned:
 * This lesson has been on basic cell structure.
 * The History of Cells
 * The Cell Theory
 * The Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |
 * style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" |

In the Next Lesson
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid LightBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;" |

You Will Learn About:
 * The next lesson is on plant and animal cells.
 * The Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells
 * Organelles
 * How Organelles Work
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Lesson Conclusion
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

The Next Lesson

 * Continue to Lesson 2- Plant and Animal Cells.

Contact Your Instructor

 * Your instructor for this lesson was : Wesley Gray. To email me, you simply @undefined.  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

 * }

title: High School Biology/Lessons/Lesson 1


text: User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Input boxes

title: User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Input boxes


text:
Intelligence

What is intelligence?
Intelligence is a term used to describe many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn.

There are several ways to define intelligence. In some cases, intelligence may include traits such as creativity, personality, character, knowledge, or wisdom. However, most psychologists prefer not to include these traits in the definition of intelligence.

title: Intelligence


text:
Talk:Zen proverb

"'When the student is ready, the teacher will appear.' - Zen_proverbs"

What is it's original meaning?
In my opinion, this quote may come from a Chinese book, named , which was written more than two thousand years ago and is regarded as the Chinese Holy Bible. 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之. ” If you have read that in the great book, you should remember what "三人行，必有我师焉" means. If translated directly to English, it states that "If Three (三) people (人) were walking（行）there, one of them should(必) be (有) qualified to be my(我) teacher（师）, at least." The purpose of this is to persuade us to self-reflect through others' advantages (noble characters) and disadvantages (poor characters). In other words, no matter what a man is, we can always learn something from him, if we can think critically. You may find out that this quote is not a Zen proverb at all, but instead belongs to Confucianism.

What does it mean?
I'd like to start discussion on this quote here and feed possible themes/meanings/summaries to the resource page. So what does it mean? What does it imply? Here are (some of) my thoughts.. Any thoughts? Cormaggio talk 10:00, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * First of all, zen koans are designed to not make any rational sense, and were used to 'blow the minds' of trainee monks in order to trigger their enlightenment. Is this statement really a koan (in the same vein of "what is the sound of one hand clapping?")? Does it not make any rational sense?
 * I think it does. I means that when you are ready to learn, then you will learn.  The concept of "teacher" is simply a metaphor.   It does not need to be a person to be a teacher - life is a teacher, nature is a teacher.  Luck is a teacher (good or bad).   Regardless of how you look at it, each of us is exposed to an environment that allows us to reflect and adapt if required.--96.244.247.130 02:52, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I think it actually does make a lot of sense :-) and it seems to resonate with Wikiversity's potential (if not its current reality). If someone is ready to learn, and that readiness is apparent, it should be possible for a someone to be able to guide that person through a learning path - or indeed to join them in that learning path, negotiating it together.That is true when you discover the meaning of leaning you want to more of it. Suddenly you realise your ignorance and the desire to learn
 * In a sense, this latter example is more appropriate for Wikiversity, in that it does not need to be a "teacher" that helps someone to learn. Even in the widest sense of the word - treating someone who helps someone else as a teacher - the quote doesn't necessarily capture the diversity of ways in which someone can learn, or be aided in their learning.
 * However, I think there's a much more profound meaning in this quote - that the desire to learn begets experiences which further that learning. I don't know how this quote reads in its original language (Japanese?), and I wonder about the nuances of its meaning. But even treating the word "teacher" as a strict entity, there is a lot of flexibility in how we could visualise this learning scenario. Anyone - from a 'bum' on the street, to a university lecturer - can trigger that learning experience, that moment of 'ahhhh..' (whether expressed silently, or out loud). In fact, this latter is almost a cliche in many films and books (even though I can't think of an example right now). However, I wonder if the cliche captures the full meaning of the koan - if indeed it is a koan.

 * I would think it refers to the fact that the potential of learning something is ever-present and when someone is ready to learn, they will be able to find that potential. 76.226.209.143 23:49, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Ok, I'm pretty sure this quote deals with sex. --78.99.188.64 13:14, 28 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sure. It deals with learning.
 * The context is misleading. This is not a "koan." It's a "Zen proverb." Cormaggio, you were correct in your suspicion. Koans are, indeed, paradoxes, when seen from a limited mind. I had a brief conversation with the Abbot of Nanzenji on this, when I was in my early twenties, and he was visiting the University of California at Santa Barbara and I happened to be there. Koans were designed to test mental state, as part of ensuring the dharma transmission. The present WP article is actually quite good, I was pleasantly surprised.
 * The proverb here is a general statement about reality and approach to understanding. --Abd 17:48, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

I heard a Dharma talk by a Tibetan teacher, and he said "You don't need to go looking for the teacher, as soon as you're ready the teacher will look for you", and I think I remember reading this somewhere else also. Dharma Masters are said to possess clairvoyance and this is one explanation for this statement.

Clairvoyance aside it could also mean the teacher is the student.

It means: "Do not make questions, do not search for answers, do not look for problems, do not search for teachers. Do now, what lies in front of you. When this is mostly completed the next question, problem, and teacher will appear in front of you (since the last one is not there anymore). Your next appearing question, problem, and teacher is the one you where looking for -- you did not search for it -- it came to you". In other words, "deconstruct first, construct next.", Jorge Simão. Jan, 2010.

Jorge Simão seems to have showed the best answer to this riddle. It is indeed more simple than it seems, you could rewrite it as: only those open to be taught by anyone, anything, and any situation can indeed learn what is truth...And this is indeed an example of Reconstrutivist theory.

TRUTHACHE (talk) 10:44, 14 July 2012 (UTC)Truthache=== It seems to me that it actually means what it says, but is referring specifically to 'spiritual' things. When a very young child is learning to walk, it holds up its hand for support from its parents, then slowly becomes independent of it and one day it becomes a parent itself.

When you start of on a spiritual path its the same, you need a guide (teacher) and you will meet one apparently by pure chance (as if that exists). When you have grown sufficiently then you may need a different one. During this time you may become a guide for others, being both guided and guider. Ultimately your guide will be the Source of All things. Then you are no longer guided, you get orders and often have to find out for yourself the best way of carrying them out and so you then become self taught.

it means simply one thing: we should first have initiative; a moral obligation to one self to make ourselves better, then everything else to supplement us in our learning will appear

The world and the universe not only has everything needed for basic human survival, but there is also knowledge in the land. The natural/more than human world is always teaching us something. If we have the mindset of a student we will find that the earth has always been teaching us regardless of whether we were listening. So when the master says "when the student is ready" the master means "when the student has the mindset; when the student has their eyes and ears open; when the student stops acting like they know everything, then a teacher will appear."

When the Mind sees itself As-It-Is, then everything appearing as the Mind’s display is a teacher and a teaching. — DErnestWachter, email:[mailto:dewnada@icloud.com dewnada@icloud.com]

When the student is ready, the teacher will appear.
Along with a dozen charlatans, saboteurs, corporate shills, moneylenders, informants, and anyone else who might be looking to make a buck. Such is life in the 21st century. AP295 (discuss • contribs) AP295 (discuss • contribs) 03:02, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zen proverb


text:
BCP/Fraxinus americana

Fraxinus americana

title: BCP/Fraxinus americana


text:
BCP/Fraxinus americana/Logs

2008 Logs

 * SBJ 24 April 2008 (Photographic log)
 * Ngravagna 18:34, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Recent Logs
Ngravagna 18:47, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 20:14, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Fraxinus americana/Logs


text:
BCP/Ribes alpinum

Ribes alpinum

title: BCP/Ribes alpinum


text:
BCP/Ribes alpinum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Ribes alpinum (Alpine Current).

Archived Logs
(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * Ngravagna 07:06, 18 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Ngravagna 18:51, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: BCP/Ribes alpinum/Logs


text:
User:White Horse

I am also White Horse at Wikipedia, Wikiquote and the Wikimedia Commons.

title: User:White Horse


text:
User talk:White Horse

 Hello White Horse, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:25, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:White Horse


text: File:Alpine current.jpg

title: File:Alpine current.jpg


text: File:White ash.jpg

title: File:White ash.jpg


text:
User talk:Paragon~enwikiversity

 Hello Paragon, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:20, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Paragon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Paragon~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paragon~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Vish~enwikiversity

 Hello Vish, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * [ Ask] a question, discuss Wikiversity, etc. at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:20, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vish. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vish~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vish~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Bhargavsn

 Hello Bhargavsn, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:20, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bhargavsn


text:
User talk:Therapydoctor

 Hello Therapydoctor, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:20, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Therapydoctor


text:
User talk:Craisity

 Hello Craisity, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * [ Ask] a question, discuss Wikiversity, etc. at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 19:21, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Craisity


text:
User talk:Dr.Ramakrishnan

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Thank You.
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It is said that nobody can resist an idea whose time has come! That is why I am here today to post a link "about Dr.Ramakrishnan", and to thank you who have extended a warm welcome to Wikiversity. More input in due course.

Cheers.

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intial sign up
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may 3, 2008
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Thanks! 14:43, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:DavidMSA

Hello, welcome around here. I hope we can help you succeed in your learning goals. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 21:23, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

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Philosophy of sport

History
Some time during the 5th Century BCE, just outside of the Corinth on Greece’s Peloponnese, a budding young philosopher named Plato competed in wrestling at the Isthmian Games. Ancient Greece is recognized in the West as the birthplace of both philosophy and Olympic-style sport, and Plato may have been the first philosophical athlete. In the East, philosophy and martial arts have an equally ancient—though less-explored—connection. As a discrete academic field, however, Philosophy of Sport didn’t really take hold until 1969 when Paul Weiss of Yale University published Sport: A Philosophic Inquiry. Weiss was neither an expert nor a practitioner of sport, but his prominence as a philosopher caused the philosophical world at last to take a serious look at sport. Soon afterward, Warren P. Fraleigh and others formed the Philosophical Society for the Study of Sport, now known as IAPS, the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport. The Journal of the Philosophy of Sport was launched in 1974, and a variety of books and anthologies on the subject were published in its wake. Growth in the field has accelerated in recent years with increasing interest and contributions from scholars beyond North America and Europe.

Metaphysics
Socrates liked to begin his philosophical investigations with a “what is” question. To explore the question “What is sport?” however, many philosophers looked back to Johan Huizinga’s 1950 Homo Ludens, an analysis of the nature of play. Huizinga claimed that play is not just prior to sport, but also to culture and civilization. He further characterized play as not serious, not necessary (i.e. for survival), and separate from ordinary life. In 1978, Amherst historian Allen Guttmann tried to define modern sport as an intersection between Huizinga’s non-serious play and the very serious contests found among ancient Greeks. He described sports as “non-utilitarian contests which include an important measure of physical as well as intellectual skill” (From Ritual to Record, 7). Guttmann also identified several distinctive qualities of modern sport such as secularism, equality of opportunity, specialization, rationalization, bureaucratic organization, quantification, the quest for records. It was Bernard Suits’ playful dialogue The Grasshopper, however, that laid a serious foundation for sport metaphysics. Suits defined a game as the “voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles,” and noted as its necessary components (1) a “prelusory goal” also known as the “object of the game”; (2) constitutive rules which forbid the most efficient means toward the goal; and (3) a “lusory attitude,” that is the players’ conscious acceptance of rules which makes the game possible. In the game of basketball, then, the prelusory goal is to score points by putting the ball into the basket, the constitutive rules prohibit such useful means as ladders and running without bouncing the ball, and the lusory attitude is what makes the players see this activity as a game. Over the years, Suits’ definitions have been explored, refined, and applied directly to sport. In 2005 The Grasshopper was reissued as a sport philosophy classic.

Of course, sport is more than the games themselves, it also involves athletes, and traditional philosophical arguments about mind and body have been deftly applied to sport. In his 1990 book Philosophy of Sport, Drew Hyland considered the three positions of dualism, physicalism, and phenomenology. Although dualism has been the dominant view in Western philosophy, sports enthusiasts resisted its tendency to privilege mind over body and thereby to denigrate sport. Physicalism had more surface appeal, but tended to view the human being as a machine. Phenomenology, which focuses on the experience of the lived body, was Hyland’s preferred approach to the question for athletes. Now the view of a person as both mind and body, dubbed “holism” is the most popular metaphysical theory in the philosophy of sport.

Ethics
Not surprisingly, ethical issues have drawn the most scholarly debate within the field. Aside from the general debate about the role of movement, sport, and play in “the good life,” the field provides a variety of issues that can be examined in a variety of ways. For example, the morality of doping may be approached from the perspective of traditional virtue ethics by developing a conception of a good person within sport (sometimes called sportsmanship or sportspersonship), then asking whether this person would use dope. From the perspective of Kantian-style duty ethics, one may point out that doping violates a promise made to a competitor. And from a consequentialist utilitarian perspective, one may argue that doping has negative health consequences. In recent years, Alisdair MacIntyre’s social practice theory (After Virtue, 1981) has been applied frequently to sport. On this view, sports are seen as group activities in which practitioners seek certain internal goods and uphold particular standards of virtue. From this perspective the question about doping is whether it interferes with the pursuit of those internal goods or group-defined virtues. Moreover, do group-defined virtues need to match larger group-defined virtues? In other words, if a sub-group of athletes deem it appropriate to use performance-enhancing substances to maximize athletic prowess, does that supersede a larger community's repugnance of drug use?

Of course the most basic ethical question in sport is cheating: is it ever morally permissible to intentionally break a rule? The most controversial example is fouling to stop the clock in basketball. A strict perspective on this practice is Warren Fraleigh’s “logical incompatibility thesis,” which says you can’t break a rule and play the game at the same time. Insofar as games just are sets of rules, violating rules amounts to not playing the game. A softer approach views breaking rules as unethical when it interferes with the game’s purpose of testing a prescribed set of skills. A third perspective views games as cultures rather than rule sets and defines sport ethics in terms of what’s accepted by the community of practitioners. The clock-stopping foul in basketball, on this view, is morally permissible because it’s accepted and even expected within the culture of the game. It’s not clear, however, that acceptance of a practice amounts to moral rectitude. Unwritten rules might also carry moral obligations—as with the soccer custom of kicking the ball out of play when a player is injured. If a player is somehow unaware of this custom, and therefore fails to do it, has she done something immoral?

Morality in sports competition involves more than rule-obedience. The interpersonal nature of competition itself implies certain moral obligations. In Fair Play: Sport, Values, and Society (1991) Robert Simon defines athletic competition as a “mutual quest for excellence” that is ultimately cooperative and therefore carries the obligation to provide a good test for one’s opponent. Violence, defined as the intent to harm or disable one’s opponent, is unethical on this model because it interferes with the cooperative quest for excellence. Aggressive but clean checking in hockey may be part of the game, but preventing a competitor from being able to test his skills is not acceptable. This is a problem for the sport of boxing insofar as its lusory goal—the knock out—just is the violent disabling of ones opponent, and points out one flaw in Simon's argument -- that it is not universalizable to all customarily recognized sports. This has led to assertions that Simon's definition is unsatisfactory. The notion of "mutual quest for excellence" is a misnomer since excellence is not the ultimate goal of an athlete, whereas victory is. It has been argued (Gorbski, 1999) that Simon uses the notion "mutual quest for excellence," which itself does not require sports for its fulfillment, as a way of introducing the morally benign notion of cooperation into the more questionable morality of competition, thus making sports morally acceptable.

Ethical issues in sport also examine actions in terms of what is good for the sport generally. The use of high-tech equipment, such as hydrodynamic swimsuits, is a good topic for debate. Robert Butcher and Angela Schneider define fair play as “respect for the game,” which they describe in terms of preserving what MacIntyre called the internal goods of a particular sport. Hi-tech equipment may interfere with these goods if, for example, it makes the sport too expensive for many to participate, or if it replaces one of the sport’s important skills with a mechanical advantage. On the other hand, high-tech equipment can be good for the game if it preserves or increases access to internal goods. Many would argue that the advent of the fiberglass vaulting pole made the sport safer and more accessible to athletes of all sizes and genders. Sports ethics does not always cohere with conventional athletic wisdom, but it does apply disciplined ethical thinking to practices which too often view themselves as “beyond” ethical scrutiny.

The Social and Political Functions of Sport
The third big area of philosophical speculation in sport has to do with sport’s social and political functions. Foremost among these is the use of sport in education. Many sport philosophers are also physical educators and the role and purpose of PE is a popular topic. R. Scott Kretchmar’s Practical Philosophy of Sport (1994) promotes a reflective approach to physical education that emphasizes finding meaning in movement. Sport is also discussed as a means of moral education, with special attention paid to its ability to reveal or perhaps cultivate “character.” Heather L. Reid’s The Philosophical Athlete (2002) focuses on what athletes can learn from participating in competitive sport. Finally, sport is discussed as a means of social education—a way of teaching the cooperation and teamwork necessary to succeed in modern society.

Philosophers of sport also debate issues of sport and social access. Sport, like society, has a history of exclusion by class, race, and gender. A hot topic in recent years has been the relationship of women with sport. In the USA a law called Title IX guarantees equal access for males and females to all educational programs—including sport. Educators note that sport helps females to compensate for social discrimination, and there are quantifiable data showing that athletic teenagers are less likely to become pregnant or use drugs. Nevertheless, Title IX preserves sex segregation in sport, which begs the question of whether separate can really be equal (and whether equal is really appropriate) for males and females in sport.

Sport is often discussed in terms of political concepts such as the social contract. Is accepting the rules of a game akin to entering a social contract? The political ideal of justice can be compared to the sport-specific concept of fair play. Principles such as equal opportunity seem to be reflected in sports by common starting lines and level playing fields, but they are also challenged by inequities of natural ability, coaching resources, equipment, and poverty. Sports sometimes compensate for competitive advantages by providing various “handicaps,” but are these always just? Issues of liberty and authority are frequently discussed in issues revolving around personal risk and safety, as well as social control issues, such as the excessive celebration rule in American Football.

Broader cultural issues are also examined in their relationship to sport. Prominent among these are questions about commercialization and commodification. Big-time college sport in the USA seems driven by business interests even while it applies the strictest amateur regulations to its athletes. Does professionalization make sport more work than play? Has sport lost the qualities of autotelicity (i.e. being an end in itself) and gratuitousness (i.e. being unnecessary for survival) that set it off from ordinary life and—at least to the ancient Hellenes—made it noble? William J. Morgan believes that the relationship between sport and culture teaches us as much about society as it does about athletes. In Why Sports Morally Matter (2006) he recounts the damage done to sport by so-called free-market values, illuminating at the same time sport’s potential to cultivate constructive social skills and values that challenge the dominant ideology. On an international level as well, sport has demonstrated its ability to encourage peaceful dialogue among diverse cultures—indeed this is a philosophical foundation of the Olympic Games.

Questions for the Future
By any standard, philosophy of sport must be regarded as a nascent academic field with a vast unexplored frontier. Important texts and ideas from the history of philosophy have been profitably applied to sport and there is still much ground to cover. Non-western philosophy offers many opportunities in this area; Zen in the Art of Archery by Eugen Herrigel, is the only major work to date. The analysis of additional ethical and political issues is also ripe for development, particularly as sport plays a larger role in commercial society and international politics. Philosophy, ultimately, is about the desire to know—there is much to know about sport and our journey has just begun.

Books

 * Fraleigh, W. Right Actions in Sports:  Ethics for Contestants.  Champaign, IL:  Human Kinetics, 1984.
 * Gorbski, J. Why Compete?  Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee, 1999.
 * Guttmann, A. From Ritual to Record:  The Nature of Modern Sports.  New York:  Columbia U. Press, 1978.
 * Herrigel, E. Zen in the Art of Archery.  New York:  Vintage, 1989.
 * Huizinga, J. Homo Ludens:  A Study of the Play Element in Culture.  Boston, MA:  Beacon, 1950.
 * Hyland, D. Philosophy of Sport.  New York:  Paragon House, 1990.
 * Kretchmar, R. Practical Philosophy of Sport.  Champaign, IL:  Human Kinetics, 1994.
 * MacIntyre, Adasdair. After Virtue.  Notre Dame, IN:  University of Notre Dame Press, 1981.
 * Morgan, W. Why Sports Morally Matter.  New York:  Routledge, 2006.
 * Reid, H. The Philosophical Athlete.  Durham, NC:  Carolina Academic Press, 2002.
 * Simon, R. Fair Play:  Sports, Values, and Society.  Boulder CO:  Westview Press, 1991.
 * Suits, B. The Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia.  Toronto:  U. of Toronto Press, 1978.  Reprinted by Broadview Encore Editions, 2006.
 * Weiss, P. Sport: A Philosophic Inquiry.  Carbondale, IL:  Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.

Journals

 * Journal of the Philosophy of Sport http://www.humankinetics.com/JPS/journalAbout.cfm
 * Sports, Ethics and Philosophy http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/17511321.asp

Websites

 * International Association for the Philosophy of Sport: http://www.iaps.net
 * British Philosophy of Sport Association: http://www.philosophyofsport.org.uk
 * Ethics & Sport Book Series: http://www.routledgesport.com/books/series/Ethics+and+Sport
 * AAFLA Sports Library http://www.aafla.org/5va/over_frmst.htm
 * IOA (searchable archive of sessions and reports) http://www.ioa.org.gr/special_sessions.htm

title: Philosophy of sport


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Talk:Philosophy of sport

(I've removed what appeared to be some sort of history log from this page - it's still there under 'view history' if you need it) - I stumbled across this page, and have the vague intention to read a bit more, and maybe link to some other stuff - hence this note, and popping on my watchlist.... Privatemusings 03:59, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

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What external educational structures might be used to help map/guide blended Wikiversity/University learning resources? e.g.,
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User:Drake~enwikiversity

Hi,

My real name is Kelly Steven Johnson. I also go by Cally and Drake.

I am a songwriter and an audio engineer. Audio is the single thing that excites me more than anything else. I tend to look at everything in terms of sound.

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$$\mathfrak{Wikiversity}$$ $$\mathfrak{Tardis}$$

Appropriate technology $$ \longrightarrow$$ System $$ \longrightarrow$$ Concept mapping $$\curlywedge$$ SourceForge $$\Rightarrow$$ MediaWiki $$\Leftarrow$$ Wikimedia $$\Downarrow$$ 1999 Meta-Wiki $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Nupedia $$\Downarrow$$ 2001 Wiktionary $$\Leftarrow$$ Wikipedia $$\Rightarrow$$ Wikiquote $$\Downarrow$$ 2003 Wikinews $$\Leftarrow$$ Wikibooks $$\Rightarrow$$ Wikispecies $$\Downarrow$$ 2005 Wikisource $$\Leftarrow$$ Wikiversity $$\Rightarrow$$ Commons $$\Downarrow$$ 2009 Artificial memory?? $$\circlearrowleft$$ Vision $$\circlearrowright$$ Semantic wiki $$\Downarrow$$ Free culture - OER - University - Multiversity $$\Downarrow$$ $${\circlearrowleft}$$ $$\overset{\underset{\mathrm{?}}{}}{\Leftrightarrow}$$ Prime radiant $$\overset{\underset{\mathrm{?}}{}}{\Leftrightarrow}$$ Gaia-Global brain $$\overset{\underset{\mathrm{?}}{}}{\Leftrightarrow}$$ Singularity $$\overset{\underset{\mathrm{?}}{}}{\Leftrightarrow}$$ $${\circlearrowleft}$$ $$??$$

Inflight movies: Global brain | Hole in the wall | Did you know 2.0?

References: 1, 2

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User talk:Elliazidi

 Hello Elliazidi, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 02:38, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elliazidi


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User talk:Rfkolbe

 Hello Rfkolbe, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Cybiko123 02:38, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rfkolbe


text:
John Dewey

John Dewey (1859–1952) was a highly respected American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose ideas continue to be significantly influential.

Education
Dewey was a leading representative of the progressive movement in U.S. schooling during the first half of the 20th century. The ultimate goal of education, for Dewey, was to enable each individual to become an effective member of a democratic society. Dewey was critical of "traditional", teacher-centric educational styles, but equally critical of the overly free "progressive" educational movements for lacking sufficient theory and discipline in their pedagogical methods.

Dewey proposed that a theory of experience was needed in order to be able to understand students' learning experiences and how they might be optimally arranged and facilitated by teachers.

Dewey proposed two key principles in his theory of experience:
 * Continuity: All experiences affect all future experiences (for better or worse)
 * Interaction: All past experiences interact with the present circumstances to give rise to each person's unique experience of the present.

Carver and Enfield (2006) provide a contemporary description of Dewey’s principles of continuity and interaction operating within an experiential education program.

John Dewey's Theory of Valuation
Dewey’s concern about values was uninterrupted throughout his career but it has its most complete version in his 1938 “Theory of Valuation”. This article is Dewey’s second contribution to the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, the famous editorial project promoted by the positivist Otto Neurath. In spite of this, Dewey’s article is a discussion with emotivism, the position about ethical judgement upheld by empirical positivists like Alfred Ayer and C. L. Stevenson. Dewey’s main thesis is that value judgements are genuine propositions, that is, propositions which can be warranted through scientific inquiry. According to the pragmatist, value judgements are propositions that state that some “end-in-view”, some purpose that we intend to reach through action, is good or bad, right or wrong or morally obligatory. Thus, the problem is to establish if it is possible to base such propositions on reasons or rather if the ends we pursue in action are only based on tradition and bare impulse. In other words, the problem is to determine if it is possible to intelligently decide if some end is worth being pursued. The answer is that it is possible because the process by which we assess propositions about ends is the same by which we assess things considered as means. Therefore, value judgements are genuine propositions because they are based on propositions about means and ends that can be warranted by inquiry. It is important to point out that, in this conception, values do not become equal to bare impulses or pure preferences nor are they determined by means of absolute principles. Instead, values are considered as chosen desires, as ends formed in accordance with some thorough deliberation. In other words, Dewey is maintaining a fallibilist, anti-foundationalist and anti-skeptical approach on values and ethics. To conclude, it is important to note that Dewey’s theory of valuation has received several objections. The most remarkable are the criticism made by M. G. White on the one hand, and by Herbert Marcuse on the other. While the former has attracted the attention of some philosophers and scholars, the latter has passed unnoticed, despite the fact that Marcuse is a well known philosopher.

Quotes
"Keeping track is a matter of reflective review and summarizing, in which there is both discrimination and record of the significant features of a developing experience. To reflect is to look back over what has been done so as to extract the net meanings which are the capital stock for intelligent dealing with further experiences. It is the heart of intellectual organization and of the disciplined mind."
 * John Dewey quote

"Perhaps the greatest of all pedagogical fallacies is the notion that a person learns only the particular thing they are studying at the time."

title: John Dewey