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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Born-Haber Cycle

Born-Haber Cycle
The Born-Haber Cycle is an approach to analyzing reaction energies. It was named after and developed by the two German scientists Max Born and Fritz Haber.

The Born-Haber cycle involves the formation of an ionic compound from the reaction of a metal (often a Group I or Group II element) with a non-metal. Born-Haber cycles are used primarily as a means of calculating lattice enthalpies, which cannot otherwise be measured directly.

The lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change involved in formation of the ionic compound from gaseous ions. Some chemists define it as the energy to break the ionic compound into gaseous ions. The former definition is invariably exothermic and the latter is endothermic.

A Born-Haber cycle calculates the lattice enthalpy by comparing the standard enthalpy change of formation of the ionic compound (from the elements) to the enthalpy required to make gaseous ions from the elements. This is an application of Hess's Law.

It is this latter calculation that is complex. To make gaseous ions from elements it is necessary to atomise the elements (turn each into gaseous atoms) and then to ionise the atoms. If the element is normally a molecule then we have to consider its bond dissociation enthalpy (see also bond energy). The energy involved in removing electrons to make a cation is called the ionization energy. The enthalpy of adding electrons to an atom to make it an anion is called the electron affinity.

Diagram Explanation

 * 1) Atomisation enthalpy of metal (example: lithium)
 * 2) Ionisation enthalpy of metal
 * 3) Atomisation enthalpy of non-metal (example: fluorine)
 * 4) Electron affinity of non-metal
 * 5) Lattice enthalpy

The sum of the energies for each step of the process must equal the enthalpy of formation of the metal and non-metal, $$\Delta\text{H}_{\text{f}}$$.

$$\Delta\text{H}_{\text{f}} = \text{V} + \frac{1}{2}\text{B} + \text{IE}_{\text{M}} - \text{EA}_\text{X} - \text{U}_\text{L}$$

$$V$$ is the enthalpy of vaporization for metal atoms

$$B$$ is the bond energy

$$\text{IE}_{\text{M}}$$ is the ionization energy of metal atom $$\text{M} + \text{IE}_\text{M} \to \text{M}^+ + \text{e}^-$$

$$\text{EA}_\text{X}$$ is the electron affinity of non-metal atom X

$$\text{U}_\text{L}$$ is the lattice energy


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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Octet Stability by Electron Sharing

The octet rule is a simple chemical rule of thumb that states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shells, giving them the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. The rule is applicable to the main-group elements, especially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens, but also to metals such as sodium or magnesium. In simple terms, molecules or ions tend to be most stable when the outermost electron shells of their constituent atoms contain eight electrons.

Overview
In short, an element's valence shell is full and most stable when it contains eight electrons (this stability is the reason that the noble gases are so unreactive). Note that a "full shell" means that there are the eight electrons in the valence shell when the next shell starts filling, even though higher subshells (d, f, etc.) have not been filled. There can be at most eight valence electrons in a ground-state atom because p subshells are always followed by the s subshell of the next shell. This means that once there are 8 valence electrons (when the p subshell is filled), the next additional electron goes into the next shell, which then becomes the valence shell.

History
In the late 19th century it was known that coordination compounds (formerly called “molecular compounds”) were formed by the combination of atoms or molecules in such a manner that the valencies of the atoms involved apparently became satisfied. In 1893, Alfred Werner showed that the number of atoms or groups associated with a central atom (the “co-ordination number”) is often 4 or 6; other coordination numbers up to a maximum of 8 occur, but less frequently. In 1904 Richard Abegg formulated what is now known as Abegg's rule, which states that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valences of an element is frequently eight. This rule was used later in 1916 when Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the “octet rule” in his cubical atom theory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds. In short, attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-metal bonding, agostic interactions, and three-center two-electron bonds. The term covalent bond dates from 1939. The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree, etc.; thus a "co-valent bond", essentially, means that the atoms share "valence", such as is discussed in valence bond theory. In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities. Thus, covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electronegativity. Because covalent bonding entails sharing of electrons, it is necessarily delocalized. Furthermore, in contrast to electrostatic interactions ("ionic bonds") the strength of covalent bond depends on the angular relation between atoms in polyatomic molecules.

History
The term "covalence" in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of American Chemical Society article entitled The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules:

"We shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons which a given atom shares with its neighbors."

The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years prior to 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis, who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. He introduced the so called Lewis notation or electron dot notation or the Lewis dot structure in which valence electrons (those in the outer shell) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols. Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds. Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds, such as double and triple bonds. Some examples of electron dot notation are shown in the following figure. An alternative form, in which bond-forming electron pairs are represented as solid lines, is shown alongside.

While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules. Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond, specifically that of molecular hydrogen, in 1927.[5] Their work was based on the valence bond model, which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms. These atomic orbitals are known to have specific angular relationships between each other, and thus the valence bond model can successfully predict the bond angles observed in simple molecules.

Bond Order
Bond order is a number that indicates the number of pairs of electrons shared between atoms forming a covalent bond. The term is only applicable to diatomic molecules, but is used to describe bonds within polyatomic compounds as well.

 * 1) The most common type of covalent bond is the single bond, the sharing of only one pair of electrons between two atoms. It usually consists of one sigma bond. All bonds with more than one shared pair are called multiple bonds.
 * 2) Sharing two pairs is called a double bond. An example is in ethylene (between the carbon atoms). It usually consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
 * 3) Sharing three pairs is called a triple bond. An example is in hydrogen cyanide (between C and N). It usually consists of one sigma bond and two pi-bonds.
 * 4) Quadruple bonds are found in the transition metals. Molybdenum and rhenium are the elements most commonly observed with this bonding configuration. An example of a quadruple bond is also found in Di-tungsten tetra(hpp).
 * 5) Quintuple bonds have been found to exist in certain dichromium compounds.
 * 6) Sextuple bonds are found in diatomic molybdenum and tungsten.

Most bonding of course, is not localized, so the following classification, while powerful and pervasive, is of limited validity. Three center bonds do not conform readily to the above conventions.

Resonance
Many bonding situations can be described with more than one valid lewis dot structure (for example, ozone, O3). In an LDS diagram of O3, the center atom will have a single bond with one atom and a double bond with the other. The LDS diagram cannot tell us which atom has the double bond; the first and second adjoining atoms have equal chances of having the double bond. These two possible structures are called resonance structures. In reality, the structure of ozone is a resonance hybrid between its two possible resonance structures. Instead of having one double bond and one single bond, there are actually two 1.5 bonds with approximately three electrons in each at all times.

A special resonance case is exhibited in aromatic rings of atoms (for example, benzene). Aromatic rings are composed of atoms arranged in a circle (held together by covalent bonds) that may alternate between single and double bonds according to their LDS. In actuality, the electrons tend to be disambiguously and evenly spaced within the ring. Electron sharing in aromatic structures is often represented with a ring inside the circle of atoms.

Lewis dot structures for molecules with resonance are shown by creating the dot structure for every possible form, placing brackets around each structure, and connecting the boxes with double-headed arrows.

Current Theory
Today the valence bond model has been supplanted by the molecular orbital model. In this model, as atoms are brought together, the atomic orbitals interact to form molecular orbitals, which are linear sums and differences of the atomic orbitals. These molecular orbitals are a cross between the original atomic orbitals and generally extend between the two bonding atoms.

Using quantum mechanics it is possible to calculate the electronic structure, energy levels, bond angles, bond distances, dipole moments, and electromagnetic spectra of simple molecules with a high degree of accuracy. Bond distances and angles can be calculated as accurately as they can be measured (distances to a few pm and bond angles to a few degrees). For small molecules, calculations are sufficiently accurate to be useful for determining thermodynamic heats of formation and kinetic activation energy barriers.

Reference
Wikipedia, "Covalent Bond"


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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Lewis Structures

Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. The Lewis structure was named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who introduced it in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule. They are similar to electron dot diagrams in that the valence electrons in lone pairs are represented as dots, but they also contains lines to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond (single, double, triple, etc.).

Lewis's structures show each atom in the structure of the molecule using its chemical symbol. Lines are drawn between atoms that are bonded to one another (rarely, pairs of dots are used instead of lines). Excess electrons that form lone pairs are represented as pairs of dots, and are placed next to the atoms.

Reference
Wikipedia, "Lewis Structure"


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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Hybridization

In chemistry, hybridisation or hybridization (see also spelling differences) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties. Hybridised orbitals are very useful in the explanation of the shape of molecular orbitals for molecules. It is an integral part of valence bond theory. Although sometimes taught together with the valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, valence bond and hybridization are in fact not related to the VSEPR model.

Historical Development
The hybridisation theory was promoted by chemist Linus Pauling in order to explain the structure of molecules such as methane (CH4). Historically, this concept was developed for such simple chemical systems but the approach was later applied more widely, and today it is considered an effective heuristic for rationalizing the structures of organic compounds.

Hybridisation theory is not as practical for quantitative calculations as Molecular Orbital Theory. Problems with hybridisation are especially notable when the d orbitals are involved in bonding, as in coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry. Although hybridisation schemes in transition metal chemistry can be used, they are not generally as accurate.

It is important to note that orbitals are a model representation of the behavior of electrons within molecules. In the case of simple hybridisation, this approximation is based on the atomic orbitals of hydrogen. Hybridised orbitals are assumed to be mixtures of these atomic orbitals, superimposed on each other in various proportions. Hydrogen orbitals are used as a basis for simple schemes of hybridisation because it is one of the few examples of orbitals for which an exact analytic solution to its Schrödinger equation is known. These orbitals are then assumed to be slightly, but not significantly, distorted in heavier atoms, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Under these assumptions is the theory of hybridisation most applicable. It must be noted that one does not need hybridisation to describe molecules, but for molecules made up from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (and to a lesser extent, sulfur and phosphorus) the hybridisation theory/model makes the description much easier.

The hybridisation theory finds its use mainly in organic chemistry, and mostly concerns C, N and O (and to a lesser extent P and S). Its explanation starts with the way bonding is organized in methane.


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Materials Science and Engineering/List of Topics/Origins of Modern Chemistry

The history of chemistry is long and convoluted. It begins with the discovery of fire; then metallurgy which allowed purification of metals and the making of alloys, followed by attempts to explain the nature of matter and its transformations through the protoscience of alchemy. Chemistry begins to emerge when the distinction is made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). Chemistry then becomes a full-fledged science when Antoine Lavoisier develops his laws of Conservation of mass, which demands careful measurements and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. So, while both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with the nature of matter and its transformations, it is only the chemists who apply the scientific method.The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.

Definitions
In retrospect, the definition of chemistry seems to invariably change per decade, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. Shown below are some of the standard definitions used by various noted chemists:

 * Alchemy (330) – the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies (Zosimos of Panopolis).
 * Chymistry (1661) – the subject of the material principles of mixt bodies (Robert Boyle).
 * Chymistry (1663) – a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to an higher perfection (Christopher Glaser).
 * Chemistry (1730) – the art of resolving mixt, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles (Georg Ernst Stahl).
 * Chemistry (1837) – the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces (Jean-Baptiste Dumas).
 * Chemistry (1947) – the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances (Linus Pauling).
 * Chemistry (1998) – the study of matter and the changes it undergoes (Raymond Chang).


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User talk:Edvin~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Edvin, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --HappyCamper 01:46, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Edvin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Edvin~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Edvin~enwikiversity


text: Category:WMDGS Participant

title: Category:WMDGS Participant


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MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist

Please add:

.*\/w\/index\.php.*

(spam target). Hillgentleman|Talk 02:30, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Too broad. I was actually going to criticize a similar regexp at Meta:MediaWiki:Titleblacklist for being too broad. I've updated the regexp here though to reflect another possibility even though I haven't seen it happen anywhere I've looked. I think Meta and other projects should instead be using: . --dark[[Image:Yin yang.svg|12px]]lama 17:35, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see how any education resource would contain the string "/w/index.php" ; but then I am not too familiar with this type of regex. Is there such an example?Hillgentleman|Talk 02:35, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Unnecessary title blacklisting
"User(?: talk)?:(?:Abd|Darklama)\/.* " was not explained, but researching history, seems to have been based on a single disruptive page creation in my user space. I do not understand the syntax here, but it may be that Darklama applied this to my user and user talk space and to his own. I would not advise that a custodian exempt their own space without discussion, it's COI. I did not request this and was surprised to find it today. Please remove, or if it is desired to keep Darklama's own self-protection, then I believe that editing it to "User(?: talk)?:(?:Darklama)\/.* " should fix it. (I.e., just remove the "Abd|" snippet. Ah, we need a resource on the specific Mediawiki regex, Regular expressions is not only difficult to approach, but not specific. I will also ping Darklama talk, but Darklama is irregularly active. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 02:36, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ - The perens aren't necessary for a single item, only for a set of options with the or pipe. The effect of the statement is to limit participation on those pages to auto-confirmed users only.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 03:06, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Yes, that's what I thought, but I wasn't sure. The effect was obvious. Creating a page, I got the message (even though I am obviously autoconfirmed). I may have been getting this message for a long time and just never noticed it. --Abd (discuss • contribs) 04:37, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist


text: User talk:Jeffq

title: User talk:Jeffq


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Assistant teacher course/Book project

Book project
The open-ended book project allows the assistant teachers to develop a training handbook for their own group or groups of assistant teachers in their respective schools.

The participants can compile their own code of conduct, decide the type of governance of the assistant teachers and other details of their grade's own customized assistant teacher effort. The grade is one of the clients here and any undesirable decisions of the participants may be subject to change as soon as the other pupils demand their right to influence the governance. They may have to establish a democracy first. They may have to read the book in order to understand that they might want to change something before that. Assistant teachers should be invited to try not to give any hints in this regard until several month later, so the pupils can work it out by themselves.

School policy may limit the options of the assistant teachers.

Reasonable answers to the questions are:
 * What are the most important content decisions you need to make?

 * Code of conduct, type of governance, training procedures for new assistant teachers, qualification procedure for new assistant teachers.

 * How can you write a book in the remaining time?

 * You don't have to. Writing the book is an open-ended process. You can decide that the book is finished whenever you think it is finished.

 * How will you organize the authoring team?

 * A good idea is to assign topics to teams of two or three people. The teams should aim to avoid important decisions. Gather regularly and make the decisions in the whole group. You can also pass on topics to other teams during a meeting. A meeting should have an agenda and a chairperson, who can allow changes to the agenda. If your book starts to look like a confusing assembly of unrelated texts that is not a problem, somebody can clean it up later.

The handouts may not cover all topics the participants might want to address. A team doesn't need a handout, the handouts only list some ideas to help with the creative process. Teams with or without a handout can start with a mind mapping of their respective topics. The teams should also browse their notes from the course for good ideas.

A chapter "Comments on school policy" can be added as a reminder to the other pupils that they weren't allowed to comment on the content of the book before it became a relevant policy for their own future education.

title: Assistant teacher course/Book project


text:
User talk:Aliahmed~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Aliahmed, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 06:14, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aliahmed. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aliahmed~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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User talk:Vic520

Welcome
Hello Vic520, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 06:14, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:Brandonscha~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Brandonscha, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 06:15, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Brandonscha. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Brandonscha~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brandonscha~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Fsalzer

Welcome
Hello Fsalzer, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 06:15, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fsalzer


text:
User talk:Kushan I.A.K.J

.

title: User talk:Kushan I.A.K.J


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Contributions by Scientists

Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839 - 1903)
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was a preeminent American engineer, theoretical physicist, and chemist noted for his famed 1876 publication of On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a graphical analysis of multi-phase chemical systems, which laid the basis for a large part of modern-day science. As one of the greatest American scientists, he devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he was an inventor of vector analysis.

Areas of Contribution

 * Theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics
 * Theoretical foundation of physical chemistry
 * 1876: "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances"

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858 - 1947)
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel, Germany – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen, Germany) was a German physicist. He is considered to be the founder of quantum theory, and therefore one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century.

Areas of Contribution

 * Birth of quantum physics
 * 1900: Electromagnetic energy only emitted in quantized form

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, $$E = mc^2$$. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."

Einstein's many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation. His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary action, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and their application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules, atomic transition probabilities, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas, thermal properties of light with low radiation density (which laid the foundation for the photon theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission, the conception of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics.

Areas of Contribution

 * Capillary Action
 * Critical Opalescence
 * Classical Problems of Statistical Mechanics with Application to Quantum Theory
 * Law of the Photoelectric Effect
 * 1905: "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light"
 * Explanation of Brownian Movement of Molecules
 * 1905
 * Atomic Transition Probabilities
 * Quantum Theory of a Monatomic Gas
 * Thermal Properties of Light with Low Radiation Density
 * Theory of Radiation Including Stimulated Emission
 * 1917: Article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission

Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885 - 1962)
Niels Henrik David Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. He was also part of the team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Niels Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist, who like his father received the Nobel prize, in 1975.

Areas of Contribution

 * Atomic Structure and Quantum Mechanics
 * 1913: Bohr Model

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (1887 - 1961)
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961) was an Austrian - Irish physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.

Areas of Contribution

 * Schrodinger equation
 * 1926: "Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem"

Linus Pauling (1901 - 1994)
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator. He is considered the most influential chemist of the 20th century and ranks among the most important scientists in history. Pauling was one of the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry, molecular biology and orthomolecular medicine (optimum nutrition).

Pauling is one of a small group of people who have been awarded more than one Nobel prize, only one of two people to receive them in different fields (the other was Marie Curie) and the only person in that group to have been awarded each of his prizes without having to share it with another recipient.

In 1954 Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances". Pauling's x-ray crystallographic research in crystal and protein structure determination as a biochemist helped lead other scientists to the eventual discovery of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule, which contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms on earth.

During the Second World War Pauling, an avid anti-Nazi, worked on research and development that had military applications. However, when the war ended he became particularly concerned about the further development and possible use of atomic weapons and with the destruction inflicted on the world by war in general. Ava Helen Pauling, Linus's wife of fifty-eight years, was a pacifist and in time he came to share her views.Pauling, along with others such as Albert Einstein began to express their concerns publicly. Pauling was particularly concerned with the effects of nuclear fallout and in 1962 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in campaigning against above-ground nuclear testing. His beliefs were not without controversy at the time and he was criticized by some for his actions.

Areas of Contribution

 * Nature of the Chemical Bond
 * Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
 * Biological Molecules
 * Molecular Genetics

Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901 - 1976)
Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Heisenberg was the head of the German nuclear energy project under the Nazi regime, though the nature of this project, and his work in this capacity, has been heavily debated. He is most well-known for discovering one of the central principles of modern physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and for the development of quantum mechanics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932.

Areas of Contribution

 * Development of Quantum Mechanics
 * 1925: Matrix Mechanics - first formalization of quantum mechanics
 * Late 1920s: Copenhagen Interpretation
 * Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
 * 1927: Uncertainty Principle


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Wikipedia

Wikipedia is the oldest and largest of the Wikimedia wikis, with over 2 millions of articles created by thousands of contributors.

Available Surveys
There is currently one main survey regarding the Wikipedia project. This survey can be altered to include additional questions:

Wmdgs-wikipedia-survey1
This is the initial survey regarding Wikipedia. To participate, add the following to your survey page:

Related surveys

 * Wmdgs-politics-US-2008 presidential election-survey1 has 2 questions regarding the quality of Wikipedia articles related to the 2008 US Presidential elections.

Requested additional questions:
Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * Different language versions of the various Wikipedia projects. (en.wikipedia/es.wikipedia/de.wikipedia; many people participate in more than one language version of Wikipedia.) Some might only participate in other languages to add interwiki links. Horologium 17:49, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Surveys under construction
These surveys are under development:
 * Template:Wmdgs-wikipedia-survey2 (discussion)

Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :

Wiki-based forums

 * Village pump

Mailinglist and IRC forums

 * Wikipedia-l
 * #wikipedia on freenode

Other forums

 * WikBack ?

title: Wikimedian Demographics/Wikipedia


text: Category:Wikimedian Demographics/Wikipedia


text:
User:BartFraden

 * "Do not dislike divination." Chilon of Sparta.

title: User:BartFraden


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Wikibooks

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to Wikibooks.

Available Surveys
The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to Wikibooks:
 * (none yet)

Requested Surveys
Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * (none yet)

New Surveys
These surveys have been developed, and will be announced on :
 * (none yet)

Related topics on Wikiversity

 * Wikibooks

Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :

title: Wikimedian Demographics/Wikibooks


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Commons

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to Wikimedia Commons.

Available Surveys
The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to Wikimedia Commons:

Suggested Survey Questions
Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * Is it easy to find what you're looking for?
 * Content quality
 * Do you understand the scope of the project?
 * What kind of files do you upload?
 * Do you edit photos before you upload them?
 * Do you prefer galleries or categories as a browsing method?

New Surveys
These surveys have been developed, and will be announced on :
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Related topics on Wikiversity

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Survey Announcement Forums
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title: Wikimedian Demographics/Commons


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Meta

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to the Meta-Wiki.

Available Surveys
The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to Meta:
 * (none yet)

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Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * (none yet)

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 * (none yet)

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Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :

title: Wikimedian Demographics/Meta


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Wikiversity

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to Wikiversity.

Available Surveys
The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to Wikiversity:
 * (none yet)

Requested Surveys
Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * Is it easy to find what you're looking for?
 * Content quality
 * Do you understand the scope of the project?
 * Do you support consumer research projects?
 * How did you discover Wikiversity?
 * Namespaces
 * Custodianship

New Surveys
These surveys have been developed, and will be announced on :
 * (none yet)

Survey Announcement Forums
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title: Wikimedian Demographics/Wikiversity


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/IRC

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to IRC.

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The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to IRC:
 * (none yet)

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Surveys have been requested for the topics listed below:
 * Should the freenode channels be logged?
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 * (none yet)

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Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :

title: Wikimedian Demographics/IRC


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Wikimedia Mailinglists

This subpage is for developing surveys and other discussions about Wikimedia Mailinglists.

 * Mailing lists/overview - list of all mailing lists of the Wikimedia Foundation

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 * (none currently)

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 * (none suggested yet)

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 * (none currently)

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 * (none currently)

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 * (none suggested yet)

Related topics on Wikiversity

 * Write to the Wikiversity mailing list: Subscribe to Wikiversity-l and browse the archives.

Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :

Wiki-based forums

 * (none suggested yet)

Mailinglist and IRC forums

 * (none suggested yet)

Talkpage mailer bots

 * (none suggested yet)

Other forums

 * (none suggested yet)


text:
Wikimedian Demographics/Wikimedia administration

This Wikimedian Demographics subresource is dedicated to Administration on Wikimedia projects.

Note that on Wikiversity, "administrators" are called "custodians".

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The surveys listed below are available for topics specific to Wikibooks:
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 * Mentorship vs. RfA

New Surveys
These surveys have been developed, and will be announced on :
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Related topics on Wikiversity

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Survey Announcement Forums
New surveys will be announced :


text:
User talk:Choirmama76

Welcome
Hello Choirmama76, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 15:39, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Choirmama76


text:
User talk:Dan4114

Welcome
Hello Dan4114, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --McCormack 17:17, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

French pages
I've finished moving things around and correcting the links. Are you able to find everything now to continue editing? Don't forget: keep making new edits, be bold, and ask me if you mess up at all! --McCormack 17:19, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

A few tips
Thanks for your messages!
 * You had the funny blue box around the verbs because you were indenting the words in the source. Look at the page in edit mode and you'll see how I corrected it.
 * When you use talk pages, we normally add stuff to the bottom and sign with --~ (which automatically adds your name and a timestamp).
 * --McCormack 17:31, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Past participle
Thanks for your request for help. Can you give me the exact title of the page in question so I can look at it? Please reply on my talk page. --McCormack 19:43, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * ping, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 22:12, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Glad we could solve this. Have fun around here, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 22:40, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dan4114


text: Template:مقدمة 0.4

title: Template:مقدمة 0.4


text:
Category:Translators eng-ara

Wikiversity translations

Translator's template: translator eng-ara

title: Category:Translators eng-ara


text:
User:Afiandri

Dear Everyone, My name is Femmy Afiandri Setiawan, e-mail:femmy.as@gmail.com

title: User:Afiandri


text:
Portal talk:International Intellectual Property Treaties

perhaps this could be made into a learning resource in the main namespace

The organization might going something like:

Portal:Social sciences - School:Law - Topic:Intellectual property - International Intellectual Property Treaties

and in addition to this others could create an organization like -

Portal:Social sciences - School:Political science - Topic:International treaties (I don't know if that is a realistic department for the school of political science, but it is just an example) - International Intellectual Property Treaties --Remi 00:36, 5 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Captain panda

Hello to whoever is reading this. I am Captain panda on Wikipedia. I have this account for the purpose of editing lessons while I learn here.

title: User:Captain panda


text:
User talk:Kendaused

Welcome
Hello Kendaused, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:51, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kendaused


text:
User talk:Antonwg

Welcome
Hello Antonwg, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:52, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Note to other admins
I've had a communication from this user in response to the above requests. I suggest very strongly to assume good faith. I'm finishing off the new draft external links policy and will ask this user to read it when complete. --McCormack 20:10, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Response to your email
Hi, Antonwg. If you are an experienced and retired educator, I am sure you would prove a very valuable member of the Wikiversity community. Please find out about Wikiversity first by learning about learning projects or reading an introduction. If you have written free books on useful topics, you may wish to talk about this with the people on http://www.wikibooks.org (a sister project) and discuss importing your material onto that project rather than using external links. If you wish to add external links, please read the external links proposed policy first and then discuss below whether or not you think your links are permitted. Please do not add any further links until you have secured agreement with this. Thank you. --McCormack 10:39, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Your emails
Hi, Antonwg. I would be grateful if you would stop sending me emails via the mediawiki email system and post messages here on the talk page instead. I don't have much time to deal with this, and generally here at Wikiversity, many of us look at and thing about a problem together. If you send me email, this is private, and I don't feel I'm allowed to publish the emails without your permission. But I think everyone else needs to see what you said. Can you give me permission to post your emails here, so that others can express their opinions and help you too? Thanks. --McCormack 10:26, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure, please add my e-mail.
 * Sorry - I missed this reply from a couple of weeks ago. I've added your emails below as per your permission. I've formatted them with box edges for clarity. --McCormack 17:15, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Good day! I received a message from you questioning the addition of my commercial pages to the University. As a retired college teacher/administrator, my hobby is to help people learn. My 40 plus free commercial Internet libraries have 1,000 plus pages with free material to helps people learn. The most popular accounting page from the Accounting Internet Librarywas downloaded 20,000 time in 2006. It contains my three free accounting books. My Statistics Internet Library is the most popular. It contains my two free Internet books Statistics and Excel Statistics Lab Manual. Most libraries contain free Internet books. My Free Business Books Internet Library is also popular. About 40,000 unique visitors per month from all over the world visit the libraries located at  http://www.textbooksfree.org/Free%20Internet%20Libraries.htm. One of my recent projects is designed to speed the the change to free Internet Learning materials. To this end I have created textbooks free.org and affordable textbooks.org. Please advise! Thanks Walter For information about me and my company visit

The reason I didn't respond earlier is I didn't understand how talk worked. I am 63 and very impatient! Read the material suggested and see no reason not to add links to my libraries and books. Please visit one or two of the libraries at http://www.textbooksfree.org/Free%20Internet%20Libraries.htm and let me know. I spent some time adding links and they have all been taken away? I put them back and again they were taken away! Thanks! Walter

Clarification: when he says "Read the material suggested and see no reason not to add links to my libraries and books" he means that he read the WV external links policy. --McCormack 17:15, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Further note: I've added some comments about the status of the block and where we should go from here at the bottom of this page. --McCormack 17:27, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Question
I added a link to free MBA prerequisite textbooks that can be found on the Internet to the MBA page and someone took it off. I don't know who or why? Thanks! --[[User: Antoniotti] 11:25 3 February 2008
 * Here is the info you requested:
 * 16:24, 1 February 2008 Remi (Talk | contribs | block) blocked Antonwg (Talk | contribs) with an expiry time of 1 year (account creation disabled)  (Spamming links to external sites: spam- if you believe these links are not spam, please bring up discussion, or unblock as nessisary.) (unblock)
 * Retrieved from "http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Blockip
 * Since we always Assume Good Faith and you had already contact with a custodian (see above), perhaps we can find a solution which makes everybody happy. Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:48, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Response
Just because a site is commercial, doesn't mean the free information isn't very valuable. For example, my Statistics Internet Library receives about 20,000 unique visitors a month. The big draw is my free 248 page Internet book Statistics using the Quick Notes learning system. People use it all over the world for free.

I also provide other free statistics learning materials and links to about ten other free Internet books at the Statistics library. Last month I had 40,000 plus unique visitor to my 46 libraries and 1% clicked on a Google ad, bought learning materials through amazon.com, signed up for a free Excel learning trial, or tried a free trial for a tutor. The other 99% used the free stuff. Interesting, the only material on the MBA page is someone trying to sell business books through amazon.com for a referral fee. The only material worth anything on the MBA page was my free internet MBA prerequisites book and the program take the link away.

Thanks Walter Antoniotti 12:22 3 February 2008

 * Hi Walter. Thanks for all your replies. Please read this carefully so that you understand how things work here. Firstly, I rather tend to think that my colleague's 1 year block on your editing was a little hasty and I would like to lift it as soon as possible; on the other hand, I did ask you to stop posting links until there was mutual agreement. Secondly, I've looked at your free text books site and as far as I can see, it is what we call a link farm (click on the link), and in general we would not allow links to link farms. If you were to add the links themselves to Wikiversity - i.e. the references to the 3rd party educational sites which you have so carefully collected over the years - this might be a good move. But please do not add "link farm" pages. If you have any original material of your own which Wikiversity should link to, then please provide a direct URL in reply to this post so that I or my colleagues can inspect it and suggest how we might proceed. I hope this sounds like a positive way forward. I will lift the block as soon as you can assure me that you will not add any further links without express prior agreement with us. --McCormack 17:38, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine. If you lift the block, I will send you a link to my accounting book and you can check it out.
 * OK. I will take this as a promise that you will not post any more links (except below this post) until you have our explicit agreement, and I will lift your block in a few minutes. This is a matter of trust. If you break this trust, you will be blocked again. I look forward to reviewing your URL's and hope we can find a good way forward. --McCormack 20:41, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

* Here it is. Note I left off the http:// to fool the spam blocker which is still on. Please type in the URL or Google free stuff accounting and my Accounting Internet library will come up first and all my free accounting books are listed below the library name.

www.businessbookmall.com/Financial%20Accounting%20Book.htm Financial Accounting

antonwg 7:27 PM 4 February 2008

Results of analysis
''Please do not insert comments into this list; add comments beneath. Thank you.''

 * 1) I went to the above URL and reviewed some of the material briefly.
 * 2) The initial page was a little confusing due the glaring colours; ads around the edge somewhat; and little text to advise me on my next choices. Poor design and Google ads shouldn't really be a factor in assessing possible linkspam, but it is very offputting.
 * 3) I dug down to Part I The Accounting Cycle and then Unit 1 Introduction to  Financial Accounting. I didn't like the number of clicks required and each page was similar to the initial one in terms of distracting design and marketing items inserted. The amount of marketing of other items increased, without my having found any useful content yet. By this stage I was feeling like a guinea pig in a marketing experiment.
 * 4) Finally I found a short list of PDF files, which appeared to be the actual content. Each PDF file was only a very few pages in length, consisting of typed pages (1960's, 1970's -style?) scanned into a computer, poorly annotated in a word processor and with a few text-based ads glued into remaining spaces. I found the quality disappointing. If one tries to ignore the poor presentation and ads, and concentrate on the information/educational content only, there might be hope, but not in this context.
 * 5) Conclusions:
 * 6) Does linking to this material make Wikiversity a better place? No. Why not? Probably the main reason is that a WV user is never going to have the patience to actually find their way through to the content, although there are other reasons (e.g. too much marketing).
 * 7) Is this linkspam, in that these links lead to a commercial site? A slightly less obvious call. There are sites worse than this. The poor navigation paths and distracting design are more of a problem and create the impression the site is more spammy than it is (but it is still spammy).
 * 8) What if the PDF files were directly linked instead of the HTML pages - would this make Wikiversity a better place? No. The main reason here is the quality/design of the material, which is really just too low. One can't link WV to just any outside materials - the external link must make WV a better place.
 * 9) The number of hits received by the site is no indication of its value and is irrelevant.
 * 10) Final point: the copyright status of just about everything is totally missing; no author or permissions are visible.
 * 11) Possible way forward:
 * 12) If the present user is the author of these materials, then he could convert the educational content for re-use on Wikiversity (obviously with total removal of advertising). Wikification would be a great improvement in terms of presentation and usability.
 * 13) The present user might then replace his PDF links with links to his material on Wikiversity; but links from Wikiversity in the other direction should not be permitted.
 * --McCormack 07:26, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Addendum. My recommendation on this user's editing status: Walter should be welcome to create real content on Wikiversity, drawing on his long experience in education. He may become a valuable and respected editor. However he should not be permitted to link from Wikiversity to his outside sites. If he attempts to do so, he should be blocked - initially for shorter periods as a warning, but after the 3rd strike an infinite block would be right. Note: other Wikiversitarians may take a different view on this, so if Walter is not in agreement, a consensus may have to be built on the action to take. --McCormack 07:26, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Antonwg


text:
User talk:Tectons

Welcome
Hello Tectons, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:52, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tectons


text:
User talk:Naites

Welcome
Hello Naites, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:52, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Naites


text:
User talk:Alfonator

Welcome
Hello Alfonator, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:53, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alfonator


text:
User talk:Afiandri

Welcome
Hello Afiandri, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:53, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afiandri


text:
User talk:Evnstarwen

Welcome
Hello Evnstarwen, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:56, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

French Mentoring
Salut, Evnstarwen. You are listed at the French stream as being a beginning student of French who is interested in learning French. The French Mentoring project has recently been launched, and if you add your name to that list, I will do my best to put you in contact with an appropriate Mentor who would be glad to help you. The Jade Knight (d'viser) 09:57, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Evnstarwen


text:
User talk:Cowardly Lion

Welcome
Hello Cowardly Lion, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
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 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:57, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cowardly Lion


text:
User talk:Atozpc~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Atozpc, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:57, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Atozpc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Atozpc~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atozpc~enwikiversity


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User talk:Rukmal~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Rukmal, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 04:58, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rukmal. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rukmal~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:20, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rukmal~enwikiversity


text:
User:Lando5

Hello, and thanks for visiting my user page. You can find links to my user pages on other Wikimedia Foundation projects by visiting my Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Lando5


text:
User talk:Lando5

Thank you for visiting my talk page. If you need an immediate response to something please visit my Wikipedia talk page.

title: User talk:Lando5


text:
Wikiversity talk:Should research be allowed, integral or prohibited on Wikiversity assets?

should this be moved into the "Wikiversity" namespace? If so, where? --Remi 05:41, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, and renamed! --McCormack 10:36, 5 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Wikiversity talk:Learning projects/Draft

This article is for general discussion of Wikiversity learning projects: their purpose, how to start and manage them and how to support the learning goals of Wikipedia participants through the development of learning projects.

What is a learning project?
A "learning project" is one of the primary units of which Wikiversity consists. Wikipedia has articles; Wikiversity has learning projects. But what is a learning project?

 * A project is collection of pages: this is one of the fundamental differences between Wikiversity and Wikipedia. Wikipedia's articles are single-page entities. Wikiversity's learning projects are multi-page entities. There is good reason for this: we have found that when people create educational resources, a single page simply doesn't work. Wikiversity deals with multi-page entities (projects), because this is what its educational mission requires.
 * A learning project is a collection of pages devoted to learning which centre around some kind of topic or theme. There's nothing particularly magical or hidden to its meaning. If you are an educator, you've probably made plenty of "learning projects" before elsewhere: every time you sit down and make a small website or a sequence of web pages on an educational topic for your classes, it's a learning project. If you've set up a course on Moodle or some other Learning Management System (LMS)/Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), it could be called a learning project.
 * Beyond that, a learning project is whatever you want it to be. The "learning project" is a bottom-up concept, not a top-down concept; nobody from above imposes an idea on you of what it is you have to create; it is the ordinary users at the "bottom" who explore the possibilities of the wiki for creating educational resources the way they want them to be.

Who can participate in a learning project?
Anyone.

In practice, the participants at any one time are most likely to be the members of a real-world class at a real-world educational institution. You don't have to apply or register anywhere. If you are a teacher, you can simply go ahead without any further permission and create a learning project. If you are a student, you can join any learning project without restriction.

In theory, any of the following variants might occur (or variants not listed here):
 * 1) Real-world classes from different institutions might join together.
 * 2) Distance learning might group around a learning project - the participants belong to a real-world class that has no real-world classroom.
 * 3) The members of the class might have met for the first time on Wikiversity. For example, educators might join together in a project to train themselves further in their professions.
 * 4) Guests from afar might join a project based around an already established group.
 * 5) One real-world class might take over and adapt a learning project which another class has finished with.
 * 6) You could be a lone educator with no class at all, but creating resources for posterity.

What is significant about this is its openness. Schools and universities often set up Learning Management Systems or Virtual Learning Environments which are restricted in their membership. For example, in a typical Moodle installation, you need a password to enter the whole system, and probably further passwords to enter any particular course. Restrictions are everywhere in these kinds of learning environment. Wikiversity does not have restrictions on participation - not even on course creation!

A note about "uninvited participants"
The principle of openness means that as a teacher, you can't actually stop anyone joining your course. In other words, there is no such thing as an uninvited participant, because everyone is invited. Normally surprise guests are unusual and everyone is very well-mannered, though, and you aren't obliged to actively teach everyone who joins. If you find you have some surprise participants, please remember the wiki-principles of assume good faith and don't bite the newcomers. If an uninvited participant becomes disruptive, you should ask a custodian to help (see request custodian action). Custodians have administrative powers that can prevent disruption, but it is rare that their action is needed.

How is a learning project structured?
The secret of the learning project structure is the subpage, and the secret of the subpage is the leading slash.

The subpage
Subpages are pretty well banned on Wikipedia, because articles are single-page entities over there. Sometimes the more experienced people at Wikiversity forget that newcomers to Wikiversity may not have a clue what a subpage is, or may be reluctant to create them because of what they have learnt about good editing elsewhere. The subpage, however, is critical to multi-page entities on a wiki, and is the first thing a new editor on Wikiversity needs to know about.

The subpage looks and works rather like a "sub-directory" of pages on a normal website. Here's an example of some page titles in a learning project: My project My project/lesson 1 My project/lesson 2 My project/lesson 3 My project/participants My project/timetable My project/quiz

If you look at this, you'll see that the learning project has a main page (the top item), and six further subpages which look rather as if they were in a sub-directory. It isn't really a sub-directory - it's just a naming convention. But it's very useful naming convention, because it keeps the learning project neat and tidy. Everyone can tell which project the subpages belong to. The title of the subpage is something like "My project/lesson 3" (with a slash in it). You can always tell when you're on a subpage, because there's a slash in the page title at the top of the page.

One of the really useful things about subpages is that they automatically contain a link back to the main page at the very top. The MediaWiki software does this for you.

See also: subpages, content development

The leading slash
The leading slash is the key to creating a subpage.

If you've edited a wiki before, you'll know that something like this creates a link to a new page:

Name_of_new_page

Many wiki editors create new pages first by creating a link as above, and then clicking on the link to enter an editor for the new page. Creating a subpage is just as easy.

/ Name_of_new_subpage

Note the leading slash before the page name (coloured red just above). This will create a subpage connected to the current page.

What makes learning projects valuable?
Possible question: ''I've read all this stuff so far, and it seems I can just jump in here and use Wikiversity to set up some pages to organise and teach my own class. Surely this is hardly in the interest of a global project like Wikiversity? Surely there must be some kind of limitation on my exploitation of Wikiversity's resources?''

Answer: of course you can jump in and do your own class stuff here!

The reason why this helps the world at large is a piece of deep, subtle and somewhat speculative wiki-wisdom, however. The theory of wiki-dom looks at the very long-term effects and fate of the learning resources you create. At first, a new resource may be so specific and particular in terms of time, place and people, that it is of absolutely no use to the wider world whatsoever. Your resource may only be used by you for a few weeks (time); its content pretty well limits it to your own lesson planning and classroom events (place); and the people involved may not extend outside your class (people). However, unlike a non-wiki webpage, others can come after you and find the resources you have left behind. Rather than reinventing the wheel, they may re-purpose your resources to save themselves time. During the process of repurposing, it is likely that the universality (wider usefulness) of the resource may increase by a small, perhaps almost insignificant amount. The universality will tend to increase, because the resource has now been used on two occasions in different times, places and by different people. Of course, each time the repurposing occurs, the universality may not increase much, or may even sometimes decrease. But in the long run, the resource will incrementally become more valuable and of more universal appeal. This is something which is scarcely visible at the beginning, or not at all visible. But it is the theory of the wiki.

Learning to edit the wiki
Funnily enough, pretty well the first thing that happens in any learning project is for the learners to learn to edit the wiki. Whether it's a learning project on astrophysics, microbiology, principles of corporate accounting or witchcraft 101, in most real-world based situations, the class do not yet know how to edit a wiki. Don't let the necessity of this put you off as a teacher. You don't have a bring wiki-house-trained students here - you can bring entirely unwitting in-computerate students as well.

There are two basic approaches to teaching wiki-editing: the sandbox approach, and the task-orientated approach. Both can be applied together. The sandbox approach involves setting up a subpage where participants are free to do anything at all (see here for the general Sandbox). The task-orientated approach involves giving a series of simple editing tasks, escalating in difficulty. A good idea is to reserve part of your learning project for these purposes - use one or more subpages.

Borrowing from other projects: as almost all learning projects have to face this same challenge, it's worth scouting out other learning projects too see how they do it. Borrow and modify their resources freely to save time creating your own.

Custodians and the wiki-illiterate: if you're planning on bringing dozens of completely uninitiated students onto Wikiversity for their first editing lesson, you don't need to ask anyone! You can go ahead just like that. On the other hand, it's advisable to find and tell some custodians what's going on. Custodians are like your local IT department handymen, who try to keep things vaguely shipshape. They wander around Wikiversity, helping or tidying up messes. A custodian who finds a bunch of clueless and rather randomly editing students will always try to be helpful, but may help wrongly if s/he doesn't know what you're planning. It's a good idea, as a teacher, to create an account for yourself at Wikiversity, and then contact some active custodians in advance of your first and most chaotic lessons. They can then help your students find the right "room" (pages) and even help when they make their first mistakes. See: custodians.

Other things that can happen
Once your students know what they're doing, it's mainly a matter of your imagination how you adapt the MediaWiki editing environment to your teaching needs. Experimentation is positively encouraged.

A non-exhaustive list of standard ideas: discussions, reports, resource preparation, web research and link hunting; formal learning from text segments (reading tasks); listening and video tasks (both creation and reception). In the area of interactive learning, Wikiversity has a quiz extension for you to make a large variety of quizzes from.

Things that don't happen
Wikiversity doesn't track learner progress or performance in the same way that a full-blown Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) does. Nor does Wikiversity formally or programmatically distinguish roles such as "teacher" or "student". In a VLE you may be able to see which resources a student has used, how often they were present, what grades they achieved on interactive tasks, and combine all this together into a grade. None of this currently exists on Wikiversity. Even quiz results are only viewable temporarily on the user's screen.

Where can I find existing learning projects?
Related learning projects are grouped into Schools and Portals. There are major Wikiversity portals that provide user-friendly introductions to groups of Wikiversity schools that are related by their common subjects of study. There is also a guide to existing learning projects at the learning project portal.

 * Engineering and Technology
 * Interdisciplinary Studies
 * Humanities
 * Life Sciences
 * Physical Sciences
 * Practical Arts and Sciences
 * Professional Schools
 * Social Sciences

How to start a learning project
The main requirement for starting a learning project is a sense of adventure and boldness.

Finding a title and parent page
One of the more difficult things you have to do at the start will be to think of an appropriate title, and then fasten the new project into Wikiversity's existing hierarchy of schools and departments.

 * Titles should generally be in English; avoid acronyms; avoid references to specific times and places; try to find a title which correctly and dutifully describes what you are doing. If you mess up, a custodian can rename or move a project for you.
 * Browse through the schools and departments until you find somewhere to "hang" or "announce" the project. If the project extends across more than one discipline, then feel welcome to announce it (with a hyperlink) in more than one place.
 * Once you have a title, and that title exists in a school or department as a hyperlink, all you then need to do is click the hyperlink and start editing the new page.

See: naming conventions (out of date?)

Relation to existing projects
There is an important distinction here between Wikipedia and Wikiversity: generally, Wikipedia has only one article for any particular topic and if two articles are created by accident, they will be merged. Wikiversity, however, does not adhere to this principle of exclusivity; Wikiversity can have any number of learning projects on the same topic. Ten introductions to knitting are just as valid and acceptable as one. As a matter of good practice, looking for ways to integrate with or communicate between similarly themed learning projects would be good. If an existing learning project hasn't been edited for a long time, you could also take it over and repurpose it, rather than creating a new one alongside. There is also the practical matter that it is impossible to create two pages with the same title, so your title will have to be slightly different from any existing project.

Learning project templates
In the course of time, Wikiversity hopes to be able to offer a selection of templates or boilerplate to get you started with a learning project. So far we only have this: the only boilerplate so far, and you should feel free to do something quite different from this.

A note about project-"ownership"
In principle, no wiki page belongs to any particular user, other than your own account page and its subpages. A learning project is a public good. At Wikipedia, this community ownership concept is very obvious and visible, but at Wikiversity the practice, if not the theory, is subtly different.

In the field of open educational resources, the creation of an educational resource generally requires more time and expertise, and the result tends to be rather more personal than an encyclopedia article. In addition, because parallel projects on the same topic are permitted, there is no real pressure on anyone else to "invade" an existing project. The result of this is that as a matter of psychology of editing, or as a matter of Wikiversity culture, people tend to respect and leave alone each other's contributions much more than on Wikipedia. So on the one hand, if you are worried that others will edit your resource beyond all recognition before your class actually takes place, do not fear - it would be bad manners and rather unnecessary for someone to interfere in this way, and you can recover your original material easily from the "history" tab. On the other hand, you must nevertheless remain aware that there is no such thing as page-"ownership" on Wikiversity. If you leave your pet project alone for a long time and find that another teacher has moved in and changed it, then your choice is either to cooperate with them, or create a new parallel project and put your old material there (which you can recover from the project "history" tab).

see also: Original_research

Learning projects, learning objects and metadata
If you're someone who's heard of open educational resources and learning objects, then you can certainly think of learning projects as the unit of organisation at Wikiversity which is the best equivalent of a learning object. One day it may be possible to define metadata for Wikiversity learning projects, so that information about these learning objects can be shared with other OER projects.


text: User:Juandev/Survey responses

title: User:Juandev/Survey responses


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User:Quiettype

See Wikibooks:User:Quiettype.

title: User:Quiettype


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User talk:Tdunn

Welcome
Hello Tdunn, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 13:56, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tdunn


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User talk:Syced

Spanish course refreshed
Hi, if you are still interested in studying Spanish language, let me invite you to this refreshed course Spanish One. It uses Wikibookian textbook "Spanish" and includes an oportunity of live discussio with teacher via Skype. The course understood the importance of live speech and understanding, when letter is understood like a code of explanations.--Juan 14:19, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Syced


text:
User talk:Simgab84

Spanish course refreshed
Hi, if you are still interested in studying Spanish language, let me invite you to this refreshed course Spanish One. It uses Wikibookian textbook "Spanish" and includes an oportunity of live discussio with teacher via Skype. The course understood the importance of live speech and understanding, when letter is understood like a code of explanations.--Juan 14:19, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simgab84


text: Category:Introductory articles in need of repair


text: Category:WMDGS/Regularly uses IRC

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User talk:PGalasti

Welcome
Hello PGalasti, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWSchmidt 20:06, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:PGalasti


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Daily Discussion Topics

 * January 5, 2008
 * January 6, 2008
 * January 7, 2008
 * January 8, 2008
 * January 9, 2008
 * January 10, 2008
 * January 11, 2008
 * January *12, 2008
 * January 13, 2008
 * January 14, 2008
 * January 15, 2008
 * January 16, 2008
 * January 17, 2008
 * January 18, 2008
 * January 19, 2008
 * January 20, 2008 (Questions to Discuss)


text: File:Polarization versus frequency.png

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Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Daily Discussion Topics/January 5, 2008

(111) and (100) planes

The (111) plane is the lowest energy interface

(100) texture results from strain
 * This plane is associated with the lowest Young modulus

If creating this interface by straining a material, apply thermal energy to allow the atoms to rearrange

What causes deviation of ohmic behavior of a light bulb?
Increase in resistivity due to increase of temperature

Change of conductivity due to impurity content
Scattering results from introduction of impurities into metal

Impurities in semiconductor can increase the number of charge carriers

What is the effect of electromigration?
Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.

Boltzmann's Law
Boltzmann's statistics provides a description of the spatial arrangement of molecules in a potential field (magnetic, electrical)
 * up and down spins

Indistinguishable and Distinguishable Particles

 * Indistinguishable particles: Boltzmann's statistics
 * Distinguishable particles: Fermi-Dirac statistics

Contributions of each degree of freedom to energy

 * $$1/2 kT$$ per degree of freedom (per molecule)
 * Vibrations
 * $$1/2 RT$$ per degree of freedom (per mole)
 * $$3/2 RT$$ when considering three dimensions

$$E_{tot} = E_{trans} + E_{vib} + E_{rot} + E_{elec}\;$$

Total energy of a diatomic molecule
$$E=\frac{1}{2} k_B T [3 + 1 + 2]$$ $$E=3 k_B T\;$$

 * translational (x,y,z) freedom: $$E=3/2 k_B T$$
 * vibrational freedom: $$E=1/2 k_B T$$
 * rotational freedom: $$E=1/2 k_B T$$

Definition of heat capacity
Per mole:

$$C_v = \frac{d}{dT} [E = 3 k_B T] N_A$$

$$C_V = 3R\;$$

Heat capacity in a metal

 * $$C_v = \frac{d}{dT} ( E_{tot} )$$
 * $$C_v = \frac{d}{dT}(E_{pot} + E_{kin})$$
 * $$C_v = \frac{1}{2} k_B T + \frac{1}{2} k_B T$$

Five types of polarization
On application of an electric field, electron deviates from nucleus on a small time interval

In ionic materials, ions can move

Mobilities of materials classes

 * Metals ~ 10^8 S/m
 * Semiconductors (doped) ~ 10^3
 * Semiconductors (undoped) ~ 10^(-2)
 * Holes in Si
 * Electrons in Si
 * Insulators ~ 10^(-14)

Young's Modulus of materials classes

 * Metals ~ 100 GPa (10^11 Pa)
 * Rubbers ~ 10 MPa (10^7 Pa)

Band gap of materials

 * Si = 1.12 eV
 * GaAs = 1.42 eV
 * Ge = 0.7 eV
 * Visible light = 1.77-3.10 eV

Structures of materials

 * III-V compounds
 * Wurtzite (combination HCP)
 * Zinc blende (combination of FCC)

High-k materials

 * Why are high k-materials needed?
 * Homeworks may be a helpful resource
 * Fabrication of high k materials

Moore's Law

 * Resource: paper by Megan and George

Most significant problems of the silicon industry

 * Resistance of interconnects
 * Channel mobility will be very good

Modern channel width

 * 45 nm gate: channel length
 * 7 nm oxide thickness
 * Reduce tunneling effects

BJT

 * Draw structure
 * How to improve upon the device?
 * Significance of heterojunctions

Examples of Major Material Classes

 * Indirect semiconductor: Si
 * Direct semiconductor: GaAs
 * Ferroelectric: BaTiO3
 * Superconductor: YBaCuO3, Nb-Ti
 * Antiferromagnetic: Cr, Mn
 * Soft ferromagnetic (refrigerator doors): defect-free Fe-Ni (permalloy)
 * Hard ferromagnetic (refrigerator magnets): defect-full BaFeOx, rare-earth compounds, Alnico
 * Anisotropic ferromagnets: Fe (BCC, [100] easy direction), Ni (FCC, [111]), Co (HCP, [0001])
 * Diamagnetic: C2 (no net spin)
 * Paramagnetic: B2 (net spin)
 * Magnetoresistance:
 * High-K Dielectric: HfO2
 * Low-K dielectric:
 * Polymer: Polyethylene
 * Miscible system:
 * Immiscible system:
 * Polymer: Polyethylene
 * Miscible system:
 * Immiscible system:
 * Miscible system:
 * Immiscible system:

List Of "Must Know" Trick Questions

 * Write down Fick's first and second laws, as generally as possible. What is the origin of these equations?
 * What happens to metals (such as Na) under extremely high pressures?
 * Why does the electrical conductivity suddenly increase in metals at very low temperatures?
 * What is k in Bloch's Theorem?
 * What is so unique about diamond?
 * Why is the sky blue? Why are sunsets red?
 * What is the fundamental flaw in the regular solution model?
 * Why do we use effective mass, rather than just mass, for mobility of electrons in a metal?
 * What happens to the bandgap of a material under hydrostatic pressure?


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Talk:United States Law/Education

are these copyright violations? it looks like a copy and paste with a little formatting done. --Remi 22:02, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Law/Education