text:
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title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowbrNa


text: Template:Convert/list of units/volume/imp

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Template:Convert/kilderkin

title: Template:Convert/kilderkin


text: Template:Convert/firkin

title: Template:Convert/firkin


text: Template:Convert/impkenning

title: Template:Convert/impkenning


text: Template:Convert/dispout/text/hide-off/flip-on


text: Template:Convert/dispout/text/hide-on

title: Template:Convert/dispout/text/hide-on


text: Template:Convert/imppk

title: Template:Convert/imppk


text: Template:Convert/list of units/item3

title: Template:Convert/list of units/item3


text:
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title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowImp


text: Template:Convert/impgi

title: Template:Convert/impgi


text: Template:Convert/list of units/volume/wet


text: Template:Convert/USgi

title: Template:Convert/USgi


text: Template:Convert/ml impoz

title: Template:Convert/ml impoz


text: Template:Convert/U.S.gi

title: Template:Convert/U.S.gi


text: Template:Convert/USoz

title: Template:Convert/USoz


text: Template:Convert/U.S.oz

title: Template:Convert/U.S.oz


text: Template:Convert/list of units/volume/dry


text: Template:Convert/USdrybbl

title: Template:Convert/USdrybbl


text: Template:Convert/U.S.drybbl

title: Template:Convert/U.S.drybbl


text: Portal:Simulation and Gaming Archive/metrics


text: Template:Convert/USbsh

title: Template:Convert/USbsh


text: Template:Convert/l USdrygal impgal

title: Template:Convert/l USdrygal impgal


text: Template:Convert/U.S.bsh

title: Template:Convert/U.S.bsh


text: Template:Convert/USbu

title: Template:Convert/USbu


text: Template:Convert/U.S.bu

title: Template:Convert/U.S.bu


text: Template:Convert/USkenning

title: Template:Convert/USkenning


text: Template:Convert/U.S.kenning

title: Template:Convert/U.S.kenning


text:
Category:ASGELE metrics

This category deals with metrics for pages which are part of the Archive of Simulations and Games for the Enhancement of the Learning Experience

title: Category:ASGELE metrics


text: Template:Convert/USpk

title: Template:Convert/USpk


text: Template:Convert/l impgal

title: Template:Convert/l impgal


text: Template:Convert/U.S.pk

title: Template:Convert/U.S.pk


text:
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text: Template:Convert/USdrygal

title: Template:Convert/USdrygal


text: Template:Convert/U.S.drygal

title: Template:Convert/U.S.drygal


text: Template:Convert/USdryqt

title: Template:Convert/USdryqt


text: Template:Convert/U.S.dryqt

title: Template:Convert/U.S.dryqt


text: Template:Convert/USdrypt

title: Template:Convert/USdrypt


text: Template:Convert/U.S.drypt

title: Template:Convert/U.S.drypt


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area

title: Template:Convert/list of units/area


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/SI

title: Template:Convert/list of units/area/SI


title: Template:Convert/hm2


title: Template:Convert/dam2


title: Template:Convert/dm2


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/metric


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/area/impus

 * sqmi km2

 * sqft m2

 * sqin cm2
 * sqin mm2


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/maritime


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/Middle Eastern


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text: Template:Convert/Cypriot dunam

title: Template:Convert/Cypriot dunam


text: Template:Convert/Iraqi dunam

title: Template:Convert/Iraqi dunam


text:
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text: Template:Convert/old dunam

title: Template:Convert/old dunam


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/Japanese


text: Template:Convert/list of units/area/Korean


text: Template:Convert/pyeong

title: Template:Convert/pyeong


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/short list


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed

title: Template:Convert/list of units/speed


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/SI

title: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/SI


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/metric


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/impus


text: Template:Convert/furlong per fortnight

title: Template:Convert/furlong per fortnight


text: Template:Convert/km/h mph

title: Template:Convert/km/h mph


text: Template:Convert/list of units/speed/maritime


text: Template:Convert/list of units/force/short list


text: Template:Convert/GN

title: Template:Convert/GN


text: Template:Convert/lb-f

title: Template:Convert/lb-f


text: Template:Convert/N

title: Template:Convert/N


text: Template:Convert/MN

title: Template:Convert/MN


text: Template:Convert/kN

title: Template:Convert/kN


text: Template:Convert/mN

title: Template:Convert/mN


text: Template:Convert/oz-f

title: Template:Convert/oz-f


text: Template:Convert/µN

title: Template:Convert/µN


text: Template:Convert/gr-f

title: Template:Convert/gr-f


text: Template:Convert/nN

title: Template:Convert/nN


text: Template:Convert/lbf

title: Template:Convert/lbf


text: Template:Convert/grf

title: Template:Convert/grf


text: Template:Convert/Mdyn

title: Template:Convert/Mdyn


text: Template:Convert/kdyn

title: Template:Convert/kdyn


text: Template:Convert/dyn

title: Template:Convert/dyn


text: Template:Convert/mdyn

title: Template:Convert/mdyn


text: Template:Convert/t-f

title: Template:Convert/t-f


text: Template:Convert/kN LT-f ST-f

title: Template:Convert/kN LT-f ST-f


text: Template:Convert/tf

title: Template:Convert/tf


text: Template:Convert/kN LTf STf

title: Template:Convert/kN LTf STf


text: Template:Convert/kg-f

title: Template:Convert/kg-f


text: Template:Convert/kgf

title: Template:Convert/kgf


text: Forbidden Kingdom (strategic simulation)/metrics


text: Template:Convert/g-f

title: Template:Convert/g-f


text: Template:Convert/mN oz-f

title: Template:Convert/mN oz-f


text: Template:Convert/gf

title: Template:Convert/gf


text: Template:Convert/mg-f

title: Template:Convert/mg-f


text: Template:Convert/µN gr-f

title: Template:Convert/µN gr-f


text: Template:Convert/mgf

title: Template:Convert/mgf


text: Template:Convert/µN grf

title: Template:Convert/µN grf


text: Template:Convert/LT-f

title: Template:Convert/LT-f


text: Template:Convert/pdl

title: Template:Convert/pdl


text:
Category:Intermediate English

These are TESOL resources at an intermediate level of difficulty for learners.

title: Category:Intermediate English


text: Template:Convert/LTf

title: Template:Convert/LTf


text: Template:Convert/ST-f

title: Template:Convert/ST-f


text: Template:Convert/STf

title: Template:Convert/STf


text: Template:Convert/list of units/energy/short list


text:
Category:Beginner English

These are TESOL resources aimed at beginners.

title: Category:Beginner English


text: Template:Convert/GJ

title: Template:Convert/GJ


text: Template:Convert/kWh

title: Template:Convert/kWh


text: Template:Convert/MJ

title: Template:Convert/MJ


text: Template:Convert/BTU

title: Template:Convert/BTU


text: Template:Convert/kJ

title: Template:Convert/kJ


text: Template:Convert/cal

title: Template:Convert/cal


text: Template:Convert/J

title: Template:Convert/J


text: Template:Convert/Wh

title: Template:Convert/Wh


text: Template:Convert/ftlbf

title: Template:Convert/ftlbf


text:
Category:Advanced English

These are TESOL resources at an advanced level of difficulty for learners.

title: Category:Advanced English


text: Template:Convert/Btu

title: Template:Convert/Btu


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowuninotetopwaltab

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text: Template:Convert/hJ

title: Template:Convert/hJ


text: Template:Convert/daJ

title: Template:Convert/daJ


text: Template:Convert/dJ

title: Template:Convert/dJ


text: Template:Convert/cJ

title: Template:Convert/cJ


text: Template:Convert/mJ

title: Template:Convert/mJ


text: Template:Convert/µJ

title: Template:Convert/µJ


text: Template:Convert/nJ

title: Template:Convert/nJ


text: Template:Convert/Merg

title: Template:Convert/Merg


text: Template:Convert/kerg

title: Template:Convert/kerg


text: Template:Convert/erg

title: Template:Convert/erg


text: Template:Convert/kW.h

title: Template:Convert/kW.h


text: Template:Convert/W.h

title: Template:Convert/W.h


text: United Nations Simulation/metrics

title: United Nations Simulation/metrics


text: Template:Convert/TWh

title: Template:Convert/TWh


text: Template:Convert/TW.h

title: Template:Convert/TW.h


text: Template:Convert/GWh

title: Template:Convert/GWh


text: Template:Convert/GW.h

title: Template:Convert/GW.h


text: Template:Convert/TJ

title: Template:Convert/TJ


text: Template:Convert/MWh

title: Template:Convert/MWh


text: Template:Convert/MW.h

title: Template:Convert/MW.h


text: Template:Convert/GeV

title: Template:Convert/GeV


text: Template:Convert/MeV

title: Template:Convert/MeV


text: Template:Convert/pJ

title: Template:Convert/pJ


text: Template:Convert/keV

title: Template:Convert/keV


text: Template:Convert/eV

title: Template:Convert/eV


text: Template:Convert/aJ

title: Template:Convert/aJ


text: Template:Convert/meV

title: Template:Convert/meV


text: Template:Convert/zJ

title: Template:Convert/zJ


text:
Template:Convert/Cal

is a subtemplate of convert which converts an amount in kilogram calories (food calories) using the 4.184-kilojoule definition. For use see the main page.

title: Template:Convert/Cal


text:
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text:
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text: Template:Convert/Mcal

title: Template:Convert/Mcal


title: Template:Convert/Cal-15


text: Template:Convert/Cal-IT

title: Template:Convert/Cal-IT


text: Template:Convert/Cal-th

title: Template:Convert/Cal-th


title: Template:Convert/Cal/12USoz(mL)serve


title: Template:Convert/Cal/12USozserve


title: Template:Convert/Cal/12USoz(ml)serve


text: Template:Convert/cal-IT

title: Template:Convert/cal-IT


text: Template:Convert/cal-th

title: Template:Convert/cal-th


text: Template:Convert/cal/g

title: Template:Convert/cal/g


text: Template:Convert/J/g

title: Template:Convert/J/g


text: Template:Convert/kcal/g

title: Template:Convert/kcal/g


text: Template:Convert/kJ/g

title: Template:Convert/kJ/g


text: Template:Convert/cal/h

title: Template:Convert/cal/h


text: Template:Convert/kcal

title: Template:Convert/kcal


text: Template:Convert/mcal

title: Template:Convert/mcal


text: Template:Convert/ftpdl

title: Template:Convert/ftpdl


text: Template:Convert/ftlb-f

title: Template:Convert/ftlb-f


text: Template:Convert/inlbf

title: Template:Convert/inlbf


text: Template:Convert/N.m

title: Template:Convert/N.m


text: Template:Convert/lbfft

title: Template:Convert/lbfft


text: Template:Convert/inlb-f

title: Template:Convert/inlb-f


text: Template:Convert/inoz-f

title: Template:Convert/inoz-f


text: Template:Convert/inozf

title: Template:Convert/inozf


text: Template:Convert/GtTNT

title: Template:Convert/GtTNT


text: Template:Convert/EJ

title: Template:Convert/EJ


text:
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text: Template:Convert/GtonTNT

title: Template:Convert/GtonTNT


text:
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text: Template:Convert/MtTNT

title: Template:Convert/MtTNT


text: Template:Convert/MtonTNT

title: Template:Convert/MtonTNT


text:
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text: Template:Convert/Eh

title: Template:Convert/Eh


text: Template:Convert/ktTNT

title: Template:Convert/ktTNT


text: Template:Convert/ktonTNT

title: Template:Convert/ktonTNT


text: Template:Convert/tTNT

title: Template:Convert/tTNT


text: Template:Convert/tonTNT

title: Template:Convert/tonTNT


text: Template:Convert/Ry

title: Template:Convert/Ry


text: Template:Convert/toe

title: Template:Convert/toe


text:
Template:Convert/BOE

id:Templat:Convert/BOE

title: Template:Convert/BOE


text: Template:Convert/latm

title: Template:Convert/latm


text: Template:Convert/Latm

title: Template:Convert/Latm


text: Template:Convert/impgalatm

title: Template:Convert/impgalatm


text: Template:Convert/USgalatm

title: Template:Convert/USgalatm


text: Template:Convert/U.S.galatm

title: Template:Convert/U.S.galatm


text: Template:Convert/list of units/temperature/short list


text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowtempTs

 * valign=top align=center ||degree
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text:
Template:Convert/list of units/rowkelvinT

 * valign=top align=center |kelvin
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text: Template:Convert/C-change

title: Template:Convert/C-change


text: Template:Convert/F-change

title: Template:Convert/F-change


text: Template:Convert/list of units/temperature


text:
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title: Template:Convert/list of units/rowtopT


text:
Traditional Stories and Interactive Storytelling

Traditional Stories and Interactive Storytelling: Exploring Innovative Ways to Learn from the Ancestors

This page presents educational resources for developing interactive tools in traditional storytelling by teachers and researchers in the fields of ethnobiology, ethnobotany, ethnoecology, human ecology, anthropology, biology and related fields. This is a memory and a follow-up from the workshop: “Stories of the Ancestors: Uncertainty and Resilience in a Vulnerable World”, developed during the 13th International Congress of Ethnobiology held in Montpellier, France. The session was co-chaired by Simone Athayde and Elaine Sponholtz, from University of Florida. The objective of the workshop was to explore innovative ways to learn and share knowledge through interactive storytelling, weaving arts and sciences.

In the session, we explored the message and the role played by myths and traditional stories in coping with uncertainty in a world of increased risk and vulnerability. To do this, stories were shared with the audience using innovative and interactive tools, exploring new ways to “experience” and learn complex scientific concepts. We applied experiential learning (learning-by-doing) and constructivist approaches to adult learning in groups.

The participants had the opportunity to experience a diversity of interdisciplinary tools and methods for cultural interaction (such as participatory games and activities, role playing, musical instruments, hands-on activities, craft making, storytelling, theatre, multimedia), in the exploration of myths, storytelling and divination.

The organizers and scholars conducting the workshop will creatively share scientific knowledge of characters, themes, elements and symbols brought out by the myths and stories.

Through this Wikiversity page, people will be able to access and contribute resources and ideas for the application of the approach and methods developed in the workshop in their own work, including the education of ethnobiology and related fields.

Let’s collaborate to share ideas and develop the theoretical and methodological approaches for interactive storytelling of ancestral stories!

Some questions addressed in the workshop

•	What is the role of stories in teaching traditions and our common cultural heritage? •	What is the role of myths and symbols in indigenous peoples’ cultural resilience?

•	What are the ways in which myths and traditional stories bridge the gap between humans and nature? •	Can powerful stories help us cope with uncertainty?

•	What do traditional stories have to offer humanity in an age of increased uncertainty and risk?

•	How can new technologies support and enhance cultural interaction and learning?

•	How might scientists, artists and local people work together to improve the human condition on Earth?

SESSION PROGRAM

PART 1: TRADITIONAL STORIES OF CREATION, VULNERABILITY AND DIVINATION

1)	The Contribution of Socio-ecological Meaning in Graeco-roman, Biblical and Polynesian Myths to Climate Change Education. Presenters: Dr. Sonia Vougioukalou - Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent; Dr. Maria Kokolaki - University of Kent & Institute of Educational Policy, Greece; Dr. Evangelos Kyriakidis - Department of Classical and Archaeological Studies & Initiative for Heritage Conservancy, Greece; and Gerald McCormack - Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust.

2)	Health, Sangoma Divination and Vulnerability in South Africa. Presenter: Ayesha Ahmad, PhD student, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.

3)	The Epic of Gilgamesh as a Cautionary Tale: Mesopotamia, Mythopoetics, and Media. Presenter: Elaine Sponholtz, PhD student, College of Journalism and Mass Communications and Digital Worlds Institute, University of Florida, US.

PART 2: INDIGENOUS COSMOLOGIES AND SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN ANCESTRAL AND CONTEMPORARY TIMES

Sensory walk interactive exercise

1)	Air & Water, Forest & Rice in Today’s Cosmogonic View of the Palawan Highlanders Confronted to Nickel Rush (Philippines). Presenter: Nicole Revel, Senior Emeritus Researcher, CNRS, University René Descartes Paris V, France.

2)	The Forest has Eyes: The Role of Traditional Stories in Biodiversity Conservation and Cultural Resilience. Presenters: Bruce Hoffman, Economic Botany Curator, Leiden Herbaria, The Netherlands; and Charlotte van t' Klooster, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam.

3)	From Nature to Culture and Back: Indigenous Knowledge on Bees and Contemporary Challenges for Socio-ecological Resilience in the Amazon. Presenters: Dr. Simone Athayde, Tropical Conservation and Development Program and Amazon Conservation Leadership Initiative, University of Florida; Dr. Vivian Zeidemann, School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Tropical Conservation and Development Program, University of Florida, US; and Lianne Jepson Guerra, University of Florida College of Education, Distance Learning Program.

MAIN TOOLS AND CONCEPTS DEVELOPED IN THE SESSION

Interactive tools:

•	Interactive poetry reciting

•	Digital storytelling

•	Role playing

•	Sensory walk

•	Puppetry

Concepts explored in the session:

•	Stories, cosmologies and attitudes towards nature

•	Traditional stories, myths and socio-ecological resilience

•	Oral traditions and cultural resilience

•	Ancestry and contemporary continuum of tradition

•	Epistemology and interdisciplinarity •	Experiential learning


title: File:BJTBias.1.A.20120530.pdf


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/short list


text: Template:Convert/t

title: Template:Convert/t


text: Template:Convert/LT ST

title: Template:Convert/LT ST


text:
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text: Template:Convert/mg

title: Template:Convert/mg


text: Template:Convert/gr

title: Template:Convert/gr


text: Template:Convert/µg

title: Template:Convert/µg


text: Template:Convert/MT

title: Template:Convert/MT


text: Template:Convert/LT

title: Template:Convert/LT


text: Template:Convert/long ton

title: Template:Convert/long ton


text: Template:Convert/ST

title: Template:Convert/ST


text: Template:Convert/short ton

title: Template:Convert/short ton


text: Template:Convert/drachm

title: Template:Convert/drachm


text: Template:Convert/dram

title: Template:Convert/dram


text: Template:Convert/carat

title: Template:Convert/carat


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass

title: Template:Convert/list of units/mass


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/SI

title: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/SI


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/metric


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/avoirdupois


text: Template:Convert/long cwt

title: Template:Convert/long cwt


text: Template:Convert/lb kg

title: Template:Convert/lb kg


text: Template:Convert/short cwt

title: Template:Convert/short cwt


text: Template:Convert/long qtr

title: Template:Convert/long qtr


text: Template:Convert/short qtr

title: Template:Convert/short qtr


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/troy


text: Template:Convert/troy pound

title: Template:Convert/troy pound


text:
Category:Memories

These are TESOL resources concerning discussing memories in English, such as when reflecting on past routines.

title: Category:Memories


text: Template:Convert/dwt

title: Template:Convert/dwt


text: Template:Convert/oz g

title: Template:Convert/oz g


text: Template:Convert/list of units/mass/other


text: Template:Convert/list of units/torque/short list


text: Template:Convert/list of units/extra

title: Template:Convert/list of units/extra


text: Template:Convert/GPa

title: Template:Convert/GPa


text: Template:Convert/psi

title: Template:Convert/psi


text: Template:Convert/kPa

title: Template:Convert/kPa


text: Template:Convert/MPa

title: Template:Convert/MPa


text: Template:Convert/hPa

title: Template:Convert/hPa


text: Template:Convert/Pa

title: Template:Convert/Pa


text: Template:Convert/mPa

title: Template:Convert/mPa


text: Template:Convert/mbar

title: Template:Convert/mbar


text:
Template:Metrics

.

title: Template:Metrics


text: Template:ASGELE metrics

title: Template:ASGELE metrics


text: User:Leutha/metrics

title: User:Leutha/metrics


text:
Category:Describing work

These are TESOL resources concerning describing work in English, such as one's job or responsibilities at home.

title: Category:Describing work


text: Economic Classroom Experiments/Private Value Auctions/metrics


text: Economic Classroom Experiments/The Twenty-Pound Auction/metric


text: Template:Convert/mb

title: Template:Convert/mb


text: Economic Classroom Experiments/The Wallet Game/metrics


text: Template:Convert/dbar

title: Template:Convert/dbar


text: Template:Convert/bar

title: Template:Convert/bar


text: Template:Convert/kBa

title: Template:Convert/kBa


text: Template:Convert/Ba

title: Template:Convert/Ba


text: Template:Convert/atm

title: Template:Convert/atm


text: Template:Convert/Torr

title: Template:Convert/Torr


text: Template:Convert/mmHg

title: Template:Convert/mmHg


text: Template:Convert/inHg

title: Template:Convert/inHg


text: Economic Classroom Experiments/Ultimatum Bargaining/metrics


text: Template:Str index any

title: Template:Str index any


text:
Template:Str index any/doc

The Template:str_index_any extracts a specified nth character from a string, even allowing for accented letters to be included in the string.

Usage

 * = Returns the n-th character of text.

Supports a larger character set, allowing the text to have accented letters. Returns an error message for unknown characters. Returns &#32; for a blank space.

Examples

 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0
 * 0 → 0

The last example shows extraction of letter "b" with string length as 1. The prior example extracts a blank but considers the length as 5 for the 5 characters "&#32;" even though there is only 1 space, and hence, 9 → 5. If surrounded by 2 other characters, then the length might be totalled incorrectly as 7 (rather than 3 characters):

 * 2 → 2
 * 2 → 2
 * 2 → 2
 * XX → XX

The same string-length problem occurs when using template Str index. There might be other quirks as well, but most cases work as expected.

title: Template:Str index any/doc


text: Template:Str index

title: Template:Str index


text:
Template:Str index/doc

Usage
= Returns the number-th character of text. Base 1: the first character is numbered 1, and so on.

Only supports a limited character set. Returns an error on unknown characters. Returns &#32; for a blank space.

Examples

 * → 0 (because the return is  rather than a space character.)
 * → 0 (because the return is  rather than a space character.)
 * → 0 (because the return is  rather than a space character.)

title: Template:Str index/doc


text:
Template:Str len/doc

This is the str len meta-template.

It takes a string as parameter and returns its length (excluding spaces at the start and end). It can count up to 500 in length, and returns 500 for strings that are too long.

Note! For most usage cases it is much easier and costs much less server resources to use str ≥ len or one of its sister templates. See the see also section below.

Examples
If the parameter is empty or undefined it is considered to be of zero length:

 * returns 0
 * returns 0
 * returns 0

It counts the length correctly, even if the string contains spaces, looks like a number, or contains special characters:

 * returns 6

 * returns 7

 * returns 8

It can measure strings up to 500 in length, and returns 500 for strings that are too long:

 * returns 499
 * returns 1000

Technical details
MediaWiki has no parser function or magic word to measure string lengths. And measuring string length using template code is very heavy on the servers. Thus this template is as optimised as possible. But you should consider using str ≥ len instead, since for most usage cases it is much easier to use and it costs much less server resources.

This template calls str len/core which does most of the work. For documentation on the internal workings of these two templates see /core. The talk page might also have more details.

title: Template:Str len/doc


text: Template:Str ≥ len

title: Template:Str ≥ len


text:
Template:Str ≥ len/doc

This is the str ≥ len meta-template.

It helps other templates check if a string is "longer or equally long" vs. "shorter" than a given length.

Usage
This template takes 3 to 4 unnamed parameters.

Here is how to check if the string "abcde" is 4 characters or more:

Which returns this:

Templates have a problem to handle parameter data that contains equal signs " ". But that is easily solved by using numbered parameters. Here we check if the string "ab=cde" is 100 characters or more:

Which returns this:

It probably is a good habit to always use the numbered parameters, since you might not know beforehand exactly how the data will look that your template will feed to this meta-template.

Parameters
Detailed parameter explanation:

Empty or undefined strings are considered to be of 0 length. Strings longer than 500 are not truncated to 500.

Length values below 0 are considered to be 0. Length values above 500 are considered to be 500.

Thus a string of 500 length or more are always considered to be "longer than or equally long", no matter what length value it is compared with.

Technical details
The potential alternative templates names or (for the opposite)  do not work in MediaWiki.

Even though this is a string handling template it uses very efficient code. (While some of the other string handling templates are probably so heavy on the servers that we perhaps should not use them.)

Templates have problems to handle parameter data that contains pipes " ", unless the pipe is inside another template  or inside a piped link. Thus templates can not handle wikitables as input unless you escape them by using the template. This makes it hard to use wikitables as parameters to templates. Instead the usual solution is to use "HTML wikimarkup" for the table code, which is more robust.

title: Template:Str ≥ len/doc


text: Template:Str index/logic

title: Template:Str index/logic


text: Template:Str index/logic/doc

title: Template:Str index/logic/doc


text: Template:Str index/getchar

title: Template:Str index/getchar


text: Template:Str index/getchar/doc

title: Template:Str index/getchar/doc


text: Template:Str index/getchar/sandbox

title: Template:Str index/getchar/sandbox


text:
Template:Xpd1

"" []

title: Template:Xpd1


text: Template:Xpdopec

title: Template:Xpdopec


text:
Template:Ref label

[]

title: Template:Ref label


text: Template:Ref

title: Template:Ref


text:
Template:Reflist/doc

This citation template provides formatting and organizational features for footnotes. It encapsulates the tag used by the  MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by  tags. It adds support for a reduced font size, columns, groups and.

Parameters

 * column-count: specifies a fixed number as to how many columns into which the reference list is to be rendered
 * column-width: establishes column width for the reference list based on a typographic unit of measurement
 * If a single unnamed parameter is supplied, it is treated as a column-count if it is a natural number or as a column-width if it is a typographic unit of measurement such as em.

 * refs: used with named references (e.g. ); it specifies a list of some or all named references used in the article
 * group: identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g. renders all references with groupname as the group name
 * liststyle: specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; if none is specified, the default is to render a numbered list
 * close: forces the reference list to close and render all references defined to that point; see the section on multiple uses for the details.

Usage
{{markup|title=Using only footnote-style references Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
 * Lorem ipsum.

Columns
Using will create a two-column reference list, and  will create a three-column list, and so on. Choose the number of columns that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page.

Using will create columns with a minimum width of 30 em, allowing the browser to automatically choose the number of columns based on the width of the web browser. Choose a column width that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page.

Columns are currently supported only by Gecko-based browsers (such as Mozilla Firefox) and WebKit-based browsers (such as Google Chrome and Safari). See below for more information.

The use of columns can result in widows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column. There are CSS3 selectors that could resolve this, but they are not yet supported by any major browsers.

See also bug combining grouped references and columns.

List styles
Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the liststyle parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using upper-roman will result in items being prefixed with roman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined for  as shown below.

The citations in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
 * The value for liststyle does not exactly match one of the predefined values
 * The value for liststyle is enclosed by quotes
 * Reflist is indented with the : markup

Multiple uses
If Reflist is used multiple times without a parameter, each instance will include all of the previously defined references. To force the parser to close previous references, each use of Reflist must be forced as a new instance by the use of any parameter. If no parameter is desired, the convention is to use the undefined parameter.

List-defined references
A list of references may be defined within Reflist using the refs parameter, just like including named  elements inside the

One of the following classes is assigned by the template when either column count or column width is set:
 * and  (where   is the number of columns)

The following CSS properties are utilized using the column-count and column-width templates:
 * CSS3 standard
 * CSS3 standard
 * Mozilla CSS extension
 * Mozilla CSS extension
 * Webkit CSS extension
 * Webkit CSS extension

Customizing the view
By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. From Preferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. See Skin for more help.

The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:
 * Font size

Change 90% to the desired size.

To disable columns, add:
 * Columns

Similarly, to force all reference lists to a number of columns, change the number.

To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:
 * Column dividers

You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.

Bugs
Do not use spaces around the column/width parameter, e.g.  will fail to display columns.

Perennial suggestions
There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible or scrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled to due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at MOS:SCROLL. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.
 * Collapsing and scrolling

To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, see Help:Reference display customization.

For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions for Scrollref and Refbox.

There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as. This is inadvisable because:
 * Including the section title
 * There is no standard section name; see WP:FNNR.
 * When transcluded, the article will have an edit link that will confusingly open the template for editing.

title: Template:Reflist/doc


text:
Template:Ldr

List-defined references

title: Template:Ldr


text: Template:Cite.php

title: Template:Cite.php


text: Template:Markup

title: Template:Markup


text: Template:Markup/row

title: Template:Markup/row


text: Template:Markup/row/sandbox

title: Template:Markup/row/sandbox


text:
Template:Markup/doc

Usage
This template is used to present markup or code side by side with the rendered output.

Parameters:
 * unnamed 1: Content of row 1, column 1
 * unnamed 2: Content of row 1, column 2
 * through

 * unnamed 39: Content of row 20, column 1
 * unnamed 40: Content of row 20, column 2

 * t1: Title of column one; defaults to Markup
 * t2: Title of column two; defaults to Renders as
 * title: Title of table; defaults to none
 * notitle: When set, suppresses table and column titles
 * margin: set table left margin in em

The Markup cell is pre-formatted with to retain newlines and spaces, but styled to allow content to wrap within the cell. It is usually desirable to escape the content of the Markup cell so that the markup is displayed by wrapping the markup in nowiki. It is technically not possible to add this feature to the template.

In the Renders as cell, the content is usually the unescaped markup copied from the Markup cell. There are instances where this may differ:
 * If the first line includes wikimarkup that must start on a new line such as #, * or ; then use crlf2 before the first line; see the template for examples.
 * Header markup such as == will show in the page table of contents; use.
 * When using with no other parameters, use  to ensure that the reference list is closed.
 * Some templates will place the page in a maintenance category, which is usually undesired:
 * Instead of use.
 * Instead of, use.
 * Some template may have error checking that places the page in a maintenance category. Suppress the category as possible:
 * templates can suppress the maintenance category by setting true.

Limitations
If you don't wrap the content of the markup cell in nowiki, then any template markup will not be escaped, it will be expanded.

This example shows the markup for tag :

HTML entities are parsed in the markup cell

To work around this, replace the  with   thus   will show as

Examples
Simple examples:

Complex example: Note that the second argument to markup uses fake heading and fake fact. {{markup
 * The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{#tag:ref|A footnote. |group=nb}} The cow jumped over the moon.{{fact}}

title: Template:Markup/doc


text:
Template:Cs1

Citation Style 1

title: Template:Cs1


title: Template:Crlf2


text:
Template:Crlf2/doc

Usage
This template adds a true carriage return and line feed. It is useful in markup when wikimarkup that must start on a new line such as #, * or ; is used in a table or template. For example, the markup template creates a table:

title: Template:Crlf2/doc


text: Template:Fake heading

title: Template:Fake heading


text:
Template:Fake heading/doc

Usage
This template is used to create examples of heading wikimarkup in style guides and in essays such as Verification methods, and to create examples of the output of code that generates, such as at Manual of Style (glossaries), so that editors have a clear idea of what they'll get.

A fake heading will not appear in the table of contents and has a subtly different appearance so that it is distinguishable from an actual heading and doesn't confuse anyone. The grey it uses for the underline is intentionally darker than the real thing, its font size slightly smaller, and the underline width intentionally shorter than full page. The default output is -level or.

To simulate , scaled down a bit to match the default heading above, use the 3 parameter (only the value "3" is supported - a   looks just like boldfaced regular text, and lower levels are uncommon).

Example
The code:

results in:

title: Template:Fake heading/doc


text:
Template:Tnull/doc

Usage
Tnull is used to nullify templates in the monospaced font. It is similar to in the way that it has support for many parameters.

Example
Typing  in the "edit-form" would yield   in the "read-mode".

Note on the "=" character
If there is a "=" character in any parameter, you must replace it with  as in:

Or you can use  as in:

Either method would yield the following output:

title: Template:Tnull/doc


text:
Template:Fake citation needed

[ citation needed ]

title: Template:Fake citation needed


text:
Template:Fake citation needed/doc

Usage
produces html code that imitates the appearance of Citation needed.

The fake citation tag appears like this:

For use on documentation pages.

title: Template:Fake citation needed/doc


text:
Template:CSS list-style-type values

...but still supported by some browsers.

title: Template:CSS list-style-type values


text: Template:Hidden begin

title: Template:Hidden begin


text: Template:Hidden begin/doc

title: Template:Hidden begin/doc


text:
Template:Hidden begin-end/doc

 * hidden begin
 * hidden end

Syntax

title: Template:Hidden begin-end/doc


text: Template:Hidden end

title: Template:Hidden end


text: Template:Hidden end/doc

title: Template:Hidden end/doc


text: Template:CSS list-style-type values/core


text:
Template:Clear left

Produces:

Usage

 * Makes leftward-clinging content appear below preceding leftward-clinging material. Text will likely be flowing on right side.

Example usage: see the botched reference section display in Sarcophaga africa before adding the template, and the references display after adding the template.

title: Template:Clear left


text: Template:Clear right

title: Template:Clear right


text:
Template:Clear right/doc

Usage

 * Delays content until right column is complete.

Related

 * : Delays content until left column is complete.
 * : Delays content until image display is complete.

title: Template:Clear right/doc


text: Template:CSS3 multiple column layout

title: Template:CSS3 multiple column layout


text:
Template:CSS3 multiple column layout/doc

Usage
This template documents browser support for CSS3 multiple column layout.

Test
column-count
 * Column 1
 * Column 2
 * Column 3

-moz-column-count
 * Column 1
 * Column 2
 * Column 3

-webkit-column-count
 * Column 1
 * Column 2
 * Column 3


text: Template:N/a

title: Template:N/a


text:
Template:N/a/doc

Redirects

 * N/A

title: Template:N/a/doc


text: Template:Notelist

title: Template:Notelist


text: Template:Notelist/sandbox

title: Template:Notelist/sandbox


text:
Template:Notelist/doc

notelist creates a section of explanatory notes that were individually specified by efn tags in the article. This is analogous to the and  tags for normal citations.

The notelist section should generally occur before the references. This is required when the explanatory notes are referenced, otherwise there will be citations errors. Even if the explanatory notes are not referenced, they are probably more likely to be read than the references, and should be nearer to the top of the MOS:APPENDIX sections than the "References" section for this reason.

Usage

 * colwidth: establishes column width for the reference list based on a typographic unit of measurement such as em.
 * refs: used with named references (e.g. ); it specifies a list of some or all named references used in the article
 * close: forces the reference list to close and render all references defined to that point; see the Template:Reflist for details.

Example
{{markup| Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2009|p=1}} More information.{{efn|A clarification.{{sfn|Smith|2009|p=2}}}}

title: Template:Notelist/doc


text: Template:Sfn

title: Template:Sfn


text: Template:Harvard citation/core

title: Template:Harvard citation/core


text: Template:Harvard citation

title: Template:Harvard citation


text:
Template:Harvard citation/doc

The Harvard citation template creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

title: Template:Harvard citation/doc


text:
Template:Sfn/doc

The shortened footnote template sfn creates a short author-date citation in a footnote. For use with.

title: Template:Sfn/doc


text:
Template:Harvard citation documentation

Usage

In the body of the article:
 *

In the references section (or in an earlier footnote):
 *

or
 *   (harv is not required when using Citation)

Parameters
Up to four authors can be given as parameters. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. See, below.) The last parameter is the year of publication.

(All these examples have links which operate. Click on highlighted text.)

{{#ifeq:|sfn|{{markup }}|{{markup }} }}
 * Article text.
 * Article text.
 * Article text.{{ |Smith|Jones|2005| p=25}}}
 * Article text.
 * Article text.}
 * Article text.
 * Article text.}
 * Article text.
 * {{ |Smith|Jones|2005| p=25}}}            |{{|Smith|Jones|2005| p=25}}
 * {{ |Smith|Jones|Brown|2005| p=25}}}      |{{|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005| p=25}}
 * {{ |Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005| p=25}}} |
 * {{ |Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005| p=25}}} |

The optional parameters p, pp and loc can be used to indicate the location in the source. All of the Harvard citation templates use the same parameters to indicate page numbers or other locations in the text.

{{#ifeq:|sfn| {{markup }} {{markup }} }} {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|sfn| The optional parameter postscript or ps can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See, below.) The default is a period (full stop); to remove this use. (See, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time sfn is used for a particular author, year and location. The optional parameter ref is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary and it is more common to use sfnRef or harvid in the reference section. If you specify none no hyperlink is created. Note that, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to to simply not use the template. (Not available in sfn and similar templates.)
 * {{ |Smith|2005|p=25}}
 * Article text.{{|Smith|2005|p=25}}
 * {{ |Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}
 * Article text.{{|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}} {{reflist|close=1}}
 * {{ {{{1}}} |Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}
 * Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}} {{reflist|close=1}}
 * {{ {{{1}}} |Smith|2005|p=25}}        |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|p=25}}
 * {{ {{{1}}} |Smith|2005|pp=25—26}}    |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|pp=25—26}}
 * {{ {{{1}}} |Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}} |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}
 * {{ {{{1}}} |Smith|2005|loc=section 7}} |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}
 * }}

Reference section
The links in the Harvard citation templates can find anchors in, and similar templates. To make the anchor, parameter harv must be set. This is not necessary for citation, but is normally necessary for the others.

{{markup|

Author-date citation templates
There are several templates used to create in-text citations; they differ in the use and placement of parenthesis, in the separator before the page or location and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

Full citations can be created manually or by templates:
 * templates
 * citation

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of sfnm and harvs; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.

Harvard citation: harv

 * See also:

Template harv creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article.

{{Markup
 * Article text {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}.

Shortened footnote: sfn or harvnb

 * See also:

Template harvnb inside a span can be used to create a  that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template sfn has the same effect and it also combines identical footnotes automatically.

{{markup| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}

In text attribution: harvtxt

 * See also

Template harvtxt can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page. {{markup
 * According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...

Bundled citation: harvnb or sfnm

 * See also:

Template harvnb can be used to bundle citations. sfnm also produces bundled citations.

{{markup| Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}). | Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}). Article text.

More exotic Harvard citations harvid or harvs
More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the harvs template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom  #| link name.

{{markup| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. | The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936,Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937,Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943). | The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936, Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937, Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943).

Using colon format: harvcol, harvcolnb, harvcoltxt
Templates harvcol, harvcolnb, harvcoltxt use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

Parenthesis around the year: sfnp
Template sfnp puts parenthesis around the year. Compare the two examples.

{{markup Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}

Additional comments or quotes: ps
Paramater ps can be used to add quotes or additional comments. Note that this effect can also be achieved using harvnb. The postscript is only effective the first time sfn is used for a particular author, year and location.

{{markup Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=2|ps=: "A quote verifying the information."}}

No closing period: ps
Using ps in sfn removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with Citation style 2, as produced by Citation, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) in notes. The postscript is only effective the first time sfn is used for a particular author, year and location.

{{markup Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=}}

Adding a URL for the page or location
If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number. {{markup
 * {{harv|Smith|2011|loc=chpt 3}}
 * {{harv|Smith|2011|loc=chpt 3}}
 * {{harv|Smith|2011|loc=&sect;7}}
 * {{harv|Smith|2011|loc=§7}}
 * Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=3}}

Wikilink to citation does not work
If nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:
 * 1) The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with citation not found.
 * 2) The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
 * 3) The Harvard citation uses a template (such as sfn or harv):
 * 4) The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:
 * 5) The name is spelled differently here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling.
 * 6) The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year.
 * 7) The citation template requires harv (not needed for citation, but is needed for most other Citation Style 1 templates). Solution: Add harv.
 * 8) The template has a date field and no year field, but the format of the date field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add year to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)
 * 9) The citation does not have an author's last name. Solution: check that args is set correctly (see below).
 * 10) The citation uses a Citation Style Vancouver template. Solution: check that harvid is set correctly (see below).
 * 11) The citation uses a template that does not support ref (See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: An anchor can be created using .
 * 12) The citation does not use a template:
 * 13) It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If  citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the citation with the appropriate  template and set the ref appropriately. Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add  templates and harv templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use wikicite to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.
 * 14) Uses a  span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed as with the previous.
 * 15) Uses wikicite. Solution: Check that args matches.
 * 16) If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as  Smith (2006)
 * 17) The citation uses a citation template which supports ref (See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: Check that ref is set to a matching id.
 * 18) Otherwise, check that the reference has    with a matching id.

Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category.

More than one work in a year
For authors who have published more than one work in the same year, the standard way to differentiate such works is to put a lowercase letter after the year (e.g. place 2006a and 2006b in the citation templates and use and in the article body).

{{markup More text.{{sfn |Smith|1993b| p=32}}
 * Article text.{{sfn |Smith|1993a| p=25}}

Large numbers of authors
Only the first four authors are required by the template. Listing more is not supported. It also possible to use the harvid in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

{{markup {{harv |Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994| p=25}}.
 * Article text

No author name in citation template
Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikiversity or among citation styles) about how to format author-date citations to works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using harvid in the citation template can handle these cases.
 * 1) For a newspaper or periodical you may use the name of the paper and the date.
 * 2) For a publication by an institution, use either:
 * 3) The initials of the institution
 * 4) The name of the institution
 * 5) Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
 * 6) Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."

{{markup
 * Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}}

Citation has date and no year
Either the year or date of a citation template can be matched – the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both date and year parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. If only the year is known the year field must be used in the citation for the link to work correctly (i.e. 2005 may not work correctly). These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

{{markup
 * Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}

Citation template does not support harv
The family of templates use parameter harvid to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

{{markup
 * Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}

Citation format does not support anchors: wikicite
In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the ref parameter (such as cite report) or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use wikicite to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove harv or sfn.

{{markup
 * Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}

Recommended style
The recommended Harvard referencing style potentially uses all four templates. Each automatically generates a hypertext link based on the name(s) and date. Here is an example {{markup
 * Some works on gravitation are so massive they warp spacetime themselves {{Harv|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973}}; yet {{Harvtxt|Einstein|1915}} presented essential equations with notable brevity. The essential ingredients are the curvature tensor and the stress-energy tensor ({{Harvnb|Einstein|1915|loc=p.&nbsp;844}}; {{Harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|loc=p.&nbsp;41}}).

Implementation notes
These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

Citation template anchor
The most common citation templates are or. If harv is set, then Citation/core creates an anchor followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: Template Citation sets harv as the default.
 * last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author or author1 or authors,
 * last2 or surname2 or author2,
 * last3 or surname3 or author3,
 * last4 or surname4 or author4,
 * editor-last or editor-surname or editor1-last or editor1-surname or editor or editors,
 * editor2-last or editor2-surname,
 * editor3-last or editor3-surname,
 * editor4-last or editor4-surname,
 * year.

This covers the most common templates. Information about all the templates is available at User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors.

Please note that the above list does not include the coauthor parameter, which is ignored in generating the citation's CITEREF anchor. It is recommended that, when used with the harv family templates, citation templates always use the numbered last parameters instead of coauthor so that a more accurate CITEREF anchor may be generated. If coauthor is used, it will not be possible to generate a Harvard citation that displays the authors' names correctly and that generates a link to the correct CITEREF anchor.

Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred when full dates are known. The date parameter should not be used to simply encode a year, as this can fail to generate a viable #CITEREF link.

Harvard citation wikilink
The Harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example produces the link #CITEREFSmith2006 and  produces the anchor CITEREFSmith2006.

Using CITEREF directly
A few articles create a custom ID using CITEREF, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. (2006)) or as a value for ref in the citation template.

Examples: Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.

sfn's ref name
Template sfn creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with FOOTNOTE followed by a concatenation of the arguments to sfn. E.g.: this template call should have exactly the same functionality as Smith which, in turn, has the same functionality as Smith (2006), p. 26

The call to harvnb has been subst'ed for quicker load times.

title: Template:Harvard citation documentation


text: Template:SfnRef

title: Template:SfnRef


text:
Template:SfnRef/doc

Generate an identifier suitable as an anchor for a Harvard citation. This template, which can be used with either the name or the name, is intended to be paired with Harvard citation templates such as Sfn, harv, and harvnb. This templates uses the same arguments as the other citation templates. As explained below, this template is needed only in some cases when the Harvard citation templates are used.

Usage

or

The first parameter is the first author's last name. Up to four authors can be given as parameters; if there are more than four authors, list only the first four. The last parameter is the year of publication, possibly with a letter suffixed to avoid ambiguity if there are multiple citations by the same set of authors in the same year.

All named parameters such as p are ignored.

Purpose
This template creates the proper value for the ref parameter for use with cite journal, cite book, citation, and the other templates implemented via citation/core, and for use by vcite journal, vcite book and other templates that generate Vancouver system references. It is intended to be paired with Sfn and uses the same arguments. As explained below, / is only necessary in a subset of the cases where is used.

creates a short footnote that is linked to a full footnote. creates the link automatically, but the full footnote must be assigned the proper ID value to be a valid target for that link.

When using the family of citation templates, the ID is created via the ref parameter. In most cases, the parameter should be coded as harv: this generates the ID from the last names of the first four authors. This parameter setting is not needed for citation, which defaults to harv. However, if last1 etc. are not used, such as when the author of the source is unknown and the short footnote specifies an organization name, harv will not create the proper ID value. In those cases, use to create the proper value without having to know the rules for how  creates the ID.

The vcite journal etc. templates (with " ", not " ") do not support harv and require the use of / to work with Harvard citations.

Examples

 * With the shortened footnote template

When citing an article published in the December 2004 edition of Rolling Stone where the author is unknown, you might create a short footnote as follows:

harv will not work in this case because "Rolling Stone" is not the name of the author. You may code the value for the ref parameter manually, or you can use and specify the same parameters as used with :

The full footnote:

You can copy and paste the template code and change the name of the template from "Sfn" to "SfnRef". If your short footnote includes page numbers such as, you can copy and paste it to create ; the 48 parameter is not necessary but will do no harm.

 * With other Harvard templates

For example, a References section might contain the following markup:

This markup uses  to generate the anchor identifier "", used internally to link Harvard references to citations. (This identifier is not visible to the article's reader.) The generated citation looks like this:

Article prose can link to this citation with markup like the following:

which generates the following:

To see how it works, click on the "".

title: Template:SfnRef/doc


text: Template:Vcite journal

title: Template:Vcite journal


text:
Template:Vcite journal/doc

These templates format citations to sources. They have the following major variants:
 * vcite book for books
 * vcite journal for articles in academic journals and similar periodicals. You can use the Diberri template filler to generate this template, by replacing "cite" with "vcite" in its output.
 * vcite news for articles in newspapers and similar news sources
 * vcite web for web pages, that is, sources published as part of web sites that are not books, journals, or news

These templates can be used in Wikiversity footnotes and in article sections that list sources. They generally follow the Vancouver system as specified by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). For performance reasons they do not generate COinS metadata (see Rationale below); otherwise, they act much like cite book, cite journal, etc.

Usage
See Examples below for filled-out examples.

Common parameters

 * Entire book (see example) :
 * Contribution to a book (see example) :
 * Journal article (see example) :
 * News article (see example) :
 * Web page (see example) :

All main parameters
The core templates have names starting with vcite, such as vcite book. Each such template has a variant whose name starts with vancite, such as vancite book, which supports some extra parameters for backward compatibility, but is slower and more complicated.

 * Book (see example) :
 * Journal article (see example) :
 * News article (see example) :
 * Web page (see example) :

Terminology

 * article: an individual article or document within a journal or newspaper
 * book: an entire major published work
 * chapter: a single part of or contribution to a book: this might be a chapter, or some other part such as an appendix, figure, or table
 * journal: academic journal, magazine, or any other archival periodical publication
 * newspaper: a newspaper or any similar periodical publication
 * web page: a web page that is not part of a book, journal, or newspaper. When citing a web page, it is important to identify the source. At the very least this should include an author; when possible, it should also include the publisher or homepage of the web site in question. For example, when citing comments by Professor X at the web page http://www.example.edu/~professorx/study/comments.html it's good practice to also cite the title of Professor X's homepage, which you might find by consulting http://www.example.edu/~professorx/index.html.

Parameters

 * Date: Date the URL (see url) was last accessed and checked; see Dates. This parameter is intended to be used for websites that typically change pages after they are published; it is not normally needed for websites that do not typically change published pages, such as pages in archival journals.
 * Agency: The news agency that distributed the article, as in Associated Press or Reuters.
 * Date: Date the resource was archived as described under archiveurl; see Dates.
 * URL: The URL of an archived copy of the resource identified by url, if (or in case) the original resource is unavailable. This is typically used to refer to services like WebCite and the Internet Archive.
 * Type: The type of journal article. This should be omitted for standard articles. When specified, the most common values are abstract and letter; other values include book review, editorial, and interview.
 * Location: The location in a book of the chapter or part being identified. By convention, use pages if the location is a page or range of pages, and use at if the location is something else, such as [about 10 p.].
 * Author(s): Author or authors of the resource. See Authors.
 * For vcite book, if editor is also given this is assumed to be the author of the chapter, otherwise of the book. If the entire book has both authors and other contributors, such as editors or translators, list the latter under secondaryauthor. If the entire book has no listed authors, but only editors or other contributors, list them here and omit secondaryauthor. If a chapter is being cited but it is not by different authors or editors than the entire book, list the contributors here and omit editor.
 * undefined: If Author(s) ends in a period (.), specify an empty author. parameter to suppress any duplicate periods in the output.
 * Bibcode: The journal article's bibcode in the Astrophysics Data System, as in 1924MNRAS..84..308E.
 * Chapter title: Title of the part of the book being cited; often this is a chapter title. See Titles. If the title is in a foreign language, put its English translation in trans_chapter.
 * undefined: If Chapter title ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty chapter. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the chapter.
 * Date: Date the chapter's URL (see chapterurl) was last accessed and checked; see Dates.
 * Format: The format of the resource that chapterurl links to. Specify PDF for Portable Document Format. Omit if the article is published in HTML or XHTML. This is an extension to the NLM Vancouver style; it is added here because Wikiversity articles are commonly hyperlinked, whereas the NLM style is purely text.
 * ID: Identification for the chapter, as in Appendix A.
 * Language: The language of the chapter, if not English. This need not be given if it is the same as language.
 * Update action and date: The uncapitalized word for updated that was used by the source, followed by the date the chapter was updated or revised, as in changed 2009-12-13 or revised 2009. See Dates. This need not be given if it is the same as updated.
 * URL: URL of the chapter. This should point to a freely readable version of the full text. If the full text is not freely readable, give this parameter only if the book has no other identification such as isbn. When giving this parameter, also give chapteraccessdate unless the URL is known to be stable.
 * Column: The column number the newspaper article started in, as in 3.
 * type: The type of book, if it is not a standard book. Possible values include dissertation, master's thesis, and bibliography.
 * Date: Date of publication; see Dates.
 * For book publication dates it is often simplest to specify just the year, even if a more precise date is known, as a too-precise publication date may distract the reader with useless and even misleading information when a source is written well before its official publication date.
 * For journals, the month and day are optional unless volume and issue are both missing. For journal publication dates it is often simplest to specify just the year, even if a more precise date is known, as a too-precise publication date may distract the reader with useless and even misleading information when a source is written well before its official publication date.
 * For newspapers it is best to give the full date.
 * For web pages, omit this if it is the same as homedate.
 * DOI: A digital object identifier for the chapter, book, or journal article, such as 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1153:TAFSIA>2.3.CO;2.
 * For books, if chapter is also given, DOI should be the DOI for the chapter if available. Often the two DOIs are related; for example, the chapter with DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04568-4_45 belongs to a book with DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04568-4.
 * Date: The most recent date that DOI was checked and found to be not working; see Dates. This can happen when a publication is transferred to a new publisher which does not provide DOI access. DOI is still shown, but without a link, and the article is placed in Category:Pages with DOIs broken since YYYY , where  YYYY  }} is the date's year.
 * Edition: The edition or version being cited, if the source is published in more than one edition.
 * With books, this is equivalent to editionphrase, except that it appends " ed." instead of just a period; common values include 2nd, 3rd, and Rev. See editionphrase for details.
 * With journals, this uses the same sort of abbreviations as the journal parameter, for example, Off Ed for Office Edition.
 * With newspapers, capitalize each important word and use common abbreviations, as in Metro Ed. and English Ed.
 * Edition phrase: For books, a complete phrase specifying the edition or version being cited, if the book is published in more than one. In the NLM Vancouver style this uses Arabic ordinals and abbreviations, with the first word capitalized and periods after abbreviations. The editionphrase parameter should be used instead of edition if "." should be appended rather than the typical " ed." Examples where this might be needed include foreign-language editions such as Shohan and other phrases such as 2009–2010 ed., fully rev. and expand.
 * undefined: If Edition phrase ends in a period, specify an empty editionphrase. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the edition phrase.
 * Editor(s): Editor or editors of the book. This uses the same format as for author; see Authors. Editor(s) should contain roles, as in Smith RB, editor and Smith RB, Jones WR, editors. When both author and editor are given, it is assumed that the authors contributed a chapter to the editors' book, and chapter should also be given. Otherwise, the editors are listed in place of the authors. If the entire book has both authors and editors, the editors should be listed under secondaryauthor.
 * Format: The type of medium for the source. Specify PDF if url specifies a resource in Portable Document Format. Omit format if the source is published in HTML or XHTML. Other possible values include physical formats such as microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, and ultrafilm for books, and video, videocast, and podcast for web pages. Normally it is not necessary to specify Internet or print, as this should be obvious from the rest of the citation if no format is specified.
 * For journal and news sources, this parameter is an extension to the NLM Vancouver style; it is added here because Wikiversity articles are commonly hyperlinked, whereas the NLM style is purely text.
 * ID: An anchor suitable for Harvard citations; see Anchors. For example, the SmithJones2010 might be used as a target of the Harvard citation, and it is equivalent to ref. If harvid and ref are both given, harvid is ignored.
 * Homepage title: The homepage's title; see Titles. If the title is in a foreign language, put its English translation in trans_home.
 * undefined: If Homepage title ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty home. parameter to suppress the period that would otherwise follow the homepage title.
 * Date: Date the homepage (see homeurl) was last accessed and checked; see Dates.
 * Date: Date of publication for the home page; see Dates.
 * Edition: The edition or version of the homepage being cited. This is equivalent to editionphrase, except that it appends " ed." instead of just a period.
 * Edition phrase: The edition or version being cited, if the homepage is published in more than one. In the NLM Vancouver style this uses Arabic ordinals and abbreviations, with the first word capitalized and periods after abbreviations. The editionphrase parameter should be used instead of homeedition if "." should be appended rather than the typical " ed."
 * undefined: If Edition phrase ends in a period, specify an empty homeeditionphrase. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the homepage edition phrase.
 * Format: The type of medium for the homepage, as in PDF; see format. The NLM Vancouver style specifies Internet as the only value, and it also specifies a content type prefix of homepage, as in homepage on the Internet.
 * Language: The language of the homepage, if not English.
 * Notes: Any further information about the homepage. This should be brief; complete sentences are not needed. End it with a period.
 * Update action and date: The uncapitalized word for updated that was used by the source, followed by the date the homepage was updated or revised, as in changed 2009-12-13 or revised 2009. See Dates.
 * URL: URL of the homepage. When giving this parameter, also give homeaccessdate unless the URL is known to be stable.
 * ID: A unique identifier, used if no other ID is available. Omit this if a more specialized parameter such as isbn or oclc is also given. The ID should specify the kind of identifier used.
 * ID: A unique identifier, used if no other ID is available. Omit this if a more specialized parameter is also given, such as doi, isbn, oclc, or pmid. The ID should specify the kind of identifier used, as in, which generates . Other ID-generating templates include arxiv, JFM, JSTOR MathSciNet, and Zbl.
 * isbn: The book's International Standard Book Number such as 978-0-231-14636-4. The hyphens may be omitted, as in 9780231146364. Prefer 13- to 10-digit ISBNs if both are available. Convert an SBN to an ISBN by prefixing it with a zero. See ISBN for more about ISBNs in Wikiversity.
 * Issue: The issue number of the journal. Use an Arabic number, without any preceding "number" or "no." If it is a range, use an en dash, as in 1–2. Issues may be named, as in Anniversary issue, or an issue supplement or part, as in 3 Suppl, 16 Suppl Pt 1, or a special number, as in 3 Spec No.
 * Journal name: Name of the journal. This should be the name as it was published at the time. In the NLM Vancouver style, journal names are abbreviated by omitting insignificant words and replacing the rest with abbreviations, with no periods. For example, The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun without any periods. Lists of standard journal abbreviations are available. In some other styles, journal names are spelled out in full, or contain periods after abbreviations.
 * undefined: If Journal name ends in a period, question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty journal. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the journal name.
 * Format: The type of medium for the entire journal. Possible values include physical formats such as microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, and ultrafilm. Normally it is not necessary to specify Internet or print, as this should be obvious from the rest of the citation if no format is specified.
 * Language: The language of the source, if not English.
 * Date: The lay summary's publication date; see Dates.
 * Source: The lay summary's source, for example, New York Times.
 * URL: The URL of the lay summary, which could be in the popular press.
 * Location: Place of publication. For newspapers this is appended to the newspaper name, in parentheses; see work.
 * Notes: Any further information. This should be brief; complete sentences are not needed. End it with a period.
 * OCLC: The book's Online Computer Library Center number, such as 3185581. This is particularly useful for older books that lack an ISBN.
 * Pages: The page number or numbers of the source. Use en dashes in page ranges, as in 99–106. For a single hyphenated page number such as "3‑5", use a non-breaking hyphen ("‑" or "&#8209;") rather than a regular hyphen, so that it is not inadvertently changed to an en dash by another editor or by a bot. In the NLM Vancouver style, a page range does not repeat page numbers (for example, 1447–50 rather than 1447–1450) unless they are followed by a letter (for example, 1447A–1450A).
 * For books, use the page numbers of the chapter, as in 100 or 37, 39. In accordance with the Vancouver style, this will be displayed with a leading "p. ", regardless of whether the argument is a single page number or several numbers.
 * For journals, use the page numbers of the journal article.
 * For news, use the page numbers of the article, if the printed edition was consulted. In the NLM Vancouver style, only the first page number is given.
 * For web pages, use this if only part of the web page is being cited. For example, if the URL is a PDF file, this might be 603–4.
 * Pagination: The total number of pages in the book, followed by a space and "p", as in 495 p. Or if the book is multivolume, list the number of volumes followed by a space and "vol", as in 4 vol. Do not append a period. If a chapter is cited, use pages or at instead of pagination.
 * Part ID: Use this when citing just a part of the article. Give the article's identification for the part, as in Table 2 or Figure 1A.
 * Part pages: The page or pages of the part being cited, in the same format as pages.
 * Part title: The title of the part being cited. See Titles. If the title is in a foreign language, put its English translation in trans_parttitle. This can be combined with partid and pages to produce most citations for article parts; complex examples, such as citing parts available in multiple languages, should be placed at the end of notes instead.
 * undefined: If Part title ends in a question mark or exclamation point, and if no partp is given, specify an empty parttitle. parameter to suppress the period that would otherwise follow the title.
 * Part URL: The URL of the part being cited, if this differs from that of the article.
 * Physical description: The book's physical characteristics if it requires special equipment to read, as in 3 microfiche, blue & white, negative, 5×10&cm. If this is given format should also be given.
 * PMC: The article's PubMed Central number, such as 2699548. This provides free full-text access.
 * PMID: The article's PubMed Unique Identifier, as in 15128012. This provides access to an abstract and citation, and is a standard identifier in medicine and health-related fields. It may be useful even if doi is available, as it may point to a freely readable copy when the DOI does not, and PubMed servers are often more reliable than servers for DOIs.
 * Publisher: The organization or individual that issued the resource. This can be abbreviated if well-known, for example, Wiley for John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 * For books, use the publisher's name as recorded in the book.
 * For news, this parameter should normally not be used; it is present only for backward compatibility with cite news. In practice, agency or work should be used instead.
 * For web pages, se the publisher's name as recorded in the homepage.
 * Quote: An optional brief and relevant except from the source. It is surrounded by double quotes "like this", so it should use single-quotes internally.
 * Anchor: An anchor for this citation; see Anchors. It should begin with a letter.
 * Secondary author(s): Editors, translators, illustrators, and other secondary authors. See Authors. Secondary author(s) should contain roles, as in Smith RB, editor and Wu RB, Jones WR, illustrators.
 * For books, this parameter should refer to the entire book (not just to a chapter), and should be used only if author is also used; in the common case where the author wrote a chapter of a book that has an editor, use editor for the editors instead of secondaryauthor.
 * Section: This is convenient shorthand for Sect. Section.
 * Section phrase: The section of the newspaper that the article was published in, as in Home & Family. By convention, use section if this is a number.
 * Series: The name of the series of the book.
 * Editor(s): The editor or editors of the series, followed by ", editor"; see Authors. The series parameter should also be specified.
 * Volume phrase: The volume or number of the book in the series, using the same terminology the source uses, as in no. 7, vol. 7, or just plain 7. The series parameter should also be specified.
 * Volume: A convenience parameter; 7 is equivalent to vol. 7.
 * Size: The size of the web page, as in 950 kB, about 15 screens, 5 p., about 10 p., 4 paragraphs. If it contains a podcast or other timed data, specify its duration, as in about 30 sec. or 2 min., 31 sec.}
 * Title: Title of the source. See Titles. If the title is in a foreign language, put its English translation in trans_title.
 * For books, this is the title of the entire book.
 * For journals and news, this is the title of the article.
 * For web pages, this is the title of the web page.
 * undefined: If Title ends in a question mark, exclamation point or period, specify an empty title. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the title.
 * Translated chapter title: Translation of chapter (the chapter title) into English. See Titles.
 * Translated homepage title: Translation of home (the homepage title) into English. See Titles.
 * Translated title of article part: Translation of parttitle (the title of the article part) into English. See Titles.
 * Translated title: Translation of title (the title) into English. See Titles.
 * Update action and date: The uncapitalized word for updated that was used by the source, followed by the date the source was updated or revised, as in changed 2009-12-13 or revised 2009. See Dates.
 * URL: URL of the source. This should point to a freely readable version of the full text. If the full text is not freely readable, give this parameter only if the source has no other identification such as doi, id, or isbn. When giving this parameter, also give accessdate unless the URL is known to be stable.
 * For books, this should point to the entire book. If it is just a chapter, use chapterurl.
 * For journals and news, this should point to the entire article.
 * For journals, if it just a part of the article, use parturl. The URL should not point to PubMed Central; use pmc for that.
 * For the web, this should point to the individual web page.
 * Volume:
 * For books, the volume number of a multivolume book. This is a convenience parameter; 7 is equivalent to Vol. 7.
 * For journals, the volume number of the journal. Use an Arabic number, without any preceding "volume" or "vol." If it is a range, use an en dash, as in 1–2.
 * Pagination: The total number of pages in the book volume, followed by a space and "p", as in 495 p. Other formats are also allowed, in unusual cases, such as p. 1027–997 for a volume that is continuously paged from the previous volume. Do not append a period. If a chapter is cited, use pages or at instead of pagination.
 * Volume: Which volume of the book was cited. Use an Arabic number, such as Vol. 3 or Pt. 3. This parameter is intended for multivolume books, when only one volume is being cited; for books that are volumes in a series, use seriesvolumephrase instead.
 * Volume title: Title of book volume. See Titles.
 * undefined: If Volume title ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty volumetitle. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the title.
 * Work name: Name of the newspaper or other published work that contains the news article. This should be the name as it was published at the time. Do not abbreviate the newspaper name, except it is OK to omit a leading "The", as in New York Times. If the title does not indicate where the newspaper is published, add the location, as in The (Baltimore) Sun and Daily Nation (Nairobi); if a location is not well-known, follow it with the state or country, as in The Record (Stockton, CA), East Valley (AZ) Tribune, and Le Journal du Jura (Bienne, Switzerland). For convenience, if the parenthesized part is at the end, location can be used instead, as in "Daily Nation Nairobi".
 * undefined: If Work name ends in a period, question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty work. parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the work name.
 * Format: The type of medium for the entire newspaper or other published work. Possible values include physical formats such as microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, and ultrafilm. Normally it is not necessary to specify Internet or print, as this should be obvious from the rest of the citation if no format is specified.

Formats
Typically, parameter values are displayed as entered, without reformatting or linking. This section gives advice as to how to format commonly-used parameters.

Authors
Authors should be formatted consistently within a Wikiversity article's citations. There is no Wikiversity-wide consensus about what format to use for authors. The Vancouver system suggests one of two main styles:

 * Commas separating authors: Use the author's surname (as spelled by the author) and then initials, with no punctuation within an author's name. Convert family rank to Arabic ordinals such as 3rd but keep Sr and Jr alone. Omit degrees, titles, and honors. Romanize non-roman alphabets. Spell out organizational authors, and separate them from other authors with semicolons. Omit "Anonymous". Some examples:
 * Smith RB, Hu AL
 * O'Malley AR, L'Engle JZ, S'adeh M, St Cloud M, Smythe-Jones ER
 * van der Platt J, Happé J, Sanchez Garcia JM, Lopez y Fuentes P
 * Smith RC Jr, Jones B III, Barney MR Jr; American College of Academics

 * Semicolons separating authors: This is similar, except separate authors with a semicolon, and spell out author names in full, surname first, with comma separating surname from given name and with periods following abbreviations. Some examples:
 * Smith, Roger B.; Hu, Albert L.
 * Smith, Robert C. Jr; Jones, Bertram III; Barney, Max R. Jr; American College of Academics

If the contributors to a book are not authors, follow their names with a comma and their role. The role should not be abbreviated. Separate multiple roles with a semicolon. Some examples:

 * Smith RB, editor
 * Smith RB, Hu AL, editors
 * Jones AR, translator; Joseph RW, illustrator

If there are many authors, replace the trailing authors with et al. or and others. Typically the first three or six authors are kept. In one variant, all authors are listed unless there are more than six authors, in which case just the first three are listed. The limit of three or six often applies separately to individual and to institutional authors.

Dates
Like authors, there is no consensus on Wikiversity about which date format to use in citations. Dates should use a consistent format within an article, and this format need not be the same as in the article's prose. Some formats are specified by the Vancouver system, and some other formats are also in common use on Wikiversity.

All formats allow a plain year, such as 2009, to stand for that year.

 * Vancouver dates: The Vancouver system uses the following date formats:
 * 2009 Jan 2 for the second day of January in 2009. Use three-letter English-language month abbreviations, with no periods. 2009 Jan stands for the entire month.
 * 2009 Winter for seasons. Use English-language season names without abbreviation.
 * 2009 Dec 31–2010 Jan 7 for date ranges. Separate the dates with en dashes. Other examples: 2009 Dec–2010 Jan if days are omitted, 2009–2010 if months are omitted, 2009 Jan–Feb if years are the same (and similarly for seasons), and 2009 Jan 1–10 if months are the same.
 * YYYY-MM-DD: 2009-01-02 for the second day of January in 2009. This format is useful for citations that may be reused in foreign-language Wikiversitys, since it is recognized globally.
 * Day Month Year: 2 January 2009 for the same example, and January 2009 for the entire month.
 * Month Day, Year: January 2, 2009 for the same example, and January 2009 for the entire month.

Titles
Use sentence case, the same way that you would capitalize an ordinary sentence, to capitalize the title of a minor work such as a chapter or article. Do this even if the original title capitalizes every word.

Use title case, in which every important word is capitalized, to capitalize the title of a major work such as a book, volume, journal, or newspaper. (The NLM Vancouver style uses sentence case even for book and volume titles, but Wikiversity style is to use title case.)

If a title value is in a foreign language, put its translation into trans_title, and similarly for chapter and trans_chapter, for home and trans_home, and for parttitle and trans_parttitle. This will display as the original title followed by the translation in square brackets. The original title is often omitted as it is rarely important to English language readers. If including the original title, use the appropriate case of the source language; for example, for the book Man's Fate one might use "La Condition humaine Man's Fate".

Use ": " to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other punctuation is already present.

Anchors
The Anchor parameter adds an anchor to the citation, so that it can be a target of a wikilink to the citation, as in text. This is useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing.

Harvard references such as harv are a common form of parenthetical referencing, and the ID parameter is a convenient way to generate an anchor suitable for Harvard referencing templates. The contents of this parameter should be the last names of the authors of the citation (omitting any authors after the first four), followed by the year, all jammed together without spaces or punctuation. For example, article prose might contain the markup, which generates the Harvard reference. To have this link to a citation, use PehNg2009, such as in the following:

This generates the following citation:

This citation is the target of the Harvard reference. To see how it works, click on the "".

Compatibility
These templates are intended to be used in place of cite book, cite journal, etc. For efficiency reasons they do not support all uses of cite book etc., but they do support the following commonly used and documented parameters.

 * Day: See year.
 * Month: See year.
 * Page: The default value for pages.
 * Year: The year of publication. This provides a default value for date. If year is used and the citation is to a relatively timely source such as a newspaper or a web page, the parameters month and day also contribute to the default date.

The following backward-compatibility arguments are supported by vancite book etc., but for simplicity and performance reasons they are not supported by vcite book etc. This is the only way in which the vcite and vancite variants disagree. New uses of these templates should avoid these parameters, and should use the main parameters listed above.

 * Location:
 * For books, this parameter is supported by vcite book as well as by vancite book.
 * For journals, the default value for pages.
 * Similarly for the web, except that leading "p. " is not prepended.
 * Author: The first author. Similarly for author2, author3, etc.
 * URL: A wikilink to be placed around the author. Similarly for authorlink1, authorlink2, etc.
 * Mask: Mask for the author, for books and journals.
 * Separator: Separator between authors' last and first names, for journals.
 * Separator: Separator between authors, for journals.
 * URL: Equivalent to author2.
 * N: Display at most N authors, for journals.
 * Editor: The first editor, for books. Similarly for editor2, editor3, etc.
 * Name: First name of first editor, for books. Similarly for editor2-first, editor3-first, etc.
 * Name: Last name of first ecditor, for books. Similarly for editor2-last, editor3-last, etc.
 * Page: A wikilink to be placed around the first editor, for books. Similarly for editor1-link, editor2-link, editor3-link, etc.
 * Name: First name of first author. Similarly for first1, first2, etc.
 * Journal name: The default value for work, for news.
 * Name: Last name of first author. Similarly for last1, last2, etc.
 * Boolean: Whether to use "&" before the last author's name, for books.
 * Journal name: The default value for journal, for journals and news.
 * Journal name: The default value for journal, for journals and news.
 * Journal name: The default value for journal, for journals and news.
 * Journal name: The default value for journal, for journals; and the default value for home, for web pages.

The following cite book parameters are not supported.

The following cite journal parameters are not supported. Typically their values should be folded into the values of related parameters.

 * : Parameters associated with a citation to the entire journal are not displayed by cite journal and vancite journal; these parameters would be suitable for a vcite entire journal template, should one be written. Such parameters are usually not needed; exceptional cases can be folded into notes.

 * Periods after parameters: If the title parameter's value ends in a period, question mark, or exclamation point, the period that normally follows the title can be suppressed by specifying an empty title. parameter. Parameters such as author. behave similarly. Parameters such as title. and author. are not needed with cite book etc., which punctuates these parameters differently.

Examples

Rationale
This template was originally designed to attack a major problem with citation, cite book, etc.: these templates generate pages that can take way too long to load while browsing and editing. The initial version of the revised templates improved the page-generation time for Autism by a factor of two, and reduced the size of its HTML by over 35%.

To improve performance, this template omits the following features of cite book, cite journal, etc., roughly in descending order of importance:

 * COinS metadata, which greatly bloats the output of citation, cite book, cite journal, etc. Readers who want COinS data can get it by copying a page into a sandbox and replacing all instances of " {{vcite " or " {{vancite " with " {{cite ". Perhaps a gadget or tool will be developed to automate this task.
 * Wikilinks from each instance of "doi" to Digital object identifier, from each instance of "ISBN" to International Standard Book Number, from each instance of "PMID" to PMID, etc. Not only do these links consume needless bytes, they are not that useful and they typically constitute overlinking.
 * Automatically-generated Harvard references. The Vancouver style is normally used with numbered footnotes, not with Harvard references, so this deficiency is not serious. Harvard references can still be done fairly easily with {{para|harvid}}; see Anchors.
 * The vcite variants do not support fancy ways of formatting authors and editors, with parameters like {{para|coauthors}}, {{para|last8}}, {{para|editor2-first}}, and {{para|editor3-link}}. Please format author names and links the way you prefer them, inside {{para|author}}. Or you can use {{tl|vancite book}} etc., which do support fancy formatting, at some cost in simplicity and performance.
 * Boldface volume numbers. Boldfacing is not needed in the Vancouver style, and would be a distracting visual cue.
 * Quote marks around titles of chapter or article titles. This is not part of the Vancouver style.

title: Template:Vcite journal/doc


text: Template:Vcite book

title: Template:Vcite book


text: Template:Visible anchor

title: Template:Visible anchor