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User talk:Atcovi

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Hydrangeas and Me (Short Story in Progress)
CHAPTER 1:

It was a rainy Monday morning. The overcast clouds brought about a wave of light gray over the world, allowing the rain its refuge from the harsh sun. I woke up earlier than usual, due to the incessant knocking of light rain on my window. I rose from my bed, spread open the curtains, and raised the blinds. I looked outside, admittedly a bit upset about the current state of weather, and stepped down to change into my school uniform.

The walk to school would prove a bit more difficult today because of the light spray, so I prepared my best umbrella and opened the door, ready to face the world. Each of my steps pittered and pattered. Water began to soak through my sole to my foot, giving me quite an icky feeling. I walked, feeling as if sponges had been rubber banded to my feet. I saw other students making the commute as well. Some of them rose their feet in comedic ways to avoid all the water, to no avail. Others ignored the puddles and continued forward. Rather courageous… I thought to myself, smiling lightly. Little moments like these can bring happiness, even in this less-than-desired weather.

Eventually, me and the other hoards of students successfully made their way to the front gate. Some teachers decided to move under the canopy of the school’s main entrance, instead of their typical formation at the school’s gate. As I entered the canopy, I closed my umbrella and shook off the rain on the tiles in front of the glass door. Some other students mimicked my behavior and I laughed, albeit embarrassingly. I walked into the school, put my umbrella on the stand and marched toward my shoe locker before changing into the inside schools that were required of us.

Today… I hope… Unlike the other mundane days, today was a lot more exciting. She would be there, in the garden of hydrangeas. After the change, I noted the time. 7:30. I would have a good amount of time to see her. I rushed with a silly look on my face to the library. Toward the back, there were several large windows which looked out upon the gardening club’s area of operation. I made sure to pick a table that was close to the windows. I turned my head outside, and like clockwork, she stood there tending to the flowers.

Today, because of the rain, she wore a little umbrella cap supplied to the club to fend off the rain. She stood and cut stems with tiny gardening scissors. Her look was focused, yet soft. She didn’t seem like she wanted to injure the flowers, as if they meant everything to her. Each movement and cut, every one seemed to take special care toward the hydrangeas. I sat holding my head up with one hand watching her. Today’s view was particularly beautiful. Maybe the rain isn’t so bad for today.

The girl in the garden walked toward the shed to grab a few more tools. There were about 20 more minutes until the first bell would ring. Despite that, she continued to work. Her soft look and gaze had enraptured me, it reminded me of more innocent times. It reassured me, and it calmed me. Everytime I did this, I would feel so tired and relaxed. I wish I could watch for hours. Today, I want to change things. I don’t want to watch from afar anymore. I wish to know more about this girl who tends to the garden. What kind of flowers does she like? How long has she been tending to this garden? Many, many questions trying to flow out to reach their answered counterparts. 15 minutes left, if I want to do this I better act fast.

Tens of days spent watching, relaxed, for it suddenly to turn to stress and anxiety. Would she accept me? Is this her own personal time I'm trying to infringe upon? Each doubt weighed my steps like ankle weights, but despite it all, I continued forward. I opened the glass door and went outside, with no umbrella. The rain was rather light, so it didn’t pose much of a threat to my clothing. Upon opening the door, the girl in the garden noticed my entrance. Suddenly the image became reality, like entering a painting. The smell of dirt and flowers, mixed with rain. Her appearance is much more real.

“H-hello…” I stammer, honestly not knowing what else to say.

“Hi! What brings you to the garden, were you interested in joining the club?” She directs that typical soft smile in my direction. It’s very hard to not turn away from such a bright light. The rain complemented her well, like a warm bowl of porridge.

What should I say? I hadn’t intended on joining this club, but what do I say aside from that? However, I don’t want to lie…

“I wanted… to talk to you. To see you.” Ehhh… that’s not right.

The girl’s expression seems to lighten, giving me a good chance to make eye contact. She seems a bit confused.

“Do we know each other? I don’t remember ever seeing you in class… I’m sorry…”

“The hydrangeas, I mean. I want to talk to you about the hydrangeas.”

Her quizzical expression turns even brighter than the one she showed me first.

“Oh! What would you like to know?” she’s smiling brightly, and tilts forward a bit waiting for my response.

A conversation…! We’re having a conversation! Ahhh… I’m so excited but I have to keep my cool.

“You cut the flowers with those scissors, why? Does that not hurt them?”

“Ah! It’s a process called pruning… “ She snips her scissors up toward me. She turns around and beckons me to one of the many bushes. I follow suit.

“These… are buds. It’s where the flower grows from. We prune them for many reasons, but most of the time it’s because the flower or stem is diseased.”

I’m smiling so much right now, I can’t contain myself. So much stimulation just from a little conversation. I laugh a bit, out loud.

“Hmmm…?” She looks up at me, hearing my light laughter.

I quickly blush, becoming a bit embarrassed. “S-sometimes… It’s the little things that bring me happiness…” My signature phrase comes out, resulting in a large smile formulating on my face.

The girl looks at me, and reflects my smile. “Do you like hydrangeas, too?”

“I-I think I do?”

The girl erupts into laughter, and I can’t help but join in.

“You think? Well, maybe you should think a little more… about the kinds of flowers you like. And maybe the kinds of things you say, as well?”

She lightly teases me, before standing up. “Do you have any other questions about these flowers?”

I think. An important question… yet familiar. “Do you like hydrangeas?”

I reflect her question back on her. Her expression grows warm, as if I can see the colors of her mood changing before me.

“I do… They bring me a lot of my own happiness, too.” I think back to what I said earlier and smile again. “In the rain… they are so beautiful too! It makes me think of…” She pauses. “Tears of joy, or maybe the feeling of contentment. They are so… simple. Y’know it’s not just people that can talk… These flowers can too. And when you listen close enough, you find out that they have a lot to say.”

“I’m not sure I can understand…”

“That’s okay, we all have to start somewhere.” She smiles mischievously, before walking toward the shed. “We have about 5 minutes to class, you know…? What’s your name?”

I panic over the fact that we have so little time, partially because my class is on the opposite side of where we are now. “I-I’m Akio…”

“Well, Akio, thanks for talking to me… I’ll see you around!”

“Same to you!”

I walk back to the glass door before looking toward her again. She’s working in the shed, putting her tools away. I open the door inside. For some reason, leaving that rainy hydrangea world hurt me when I walked inside. As if the dryness was worse than rain…

—

Date: 2018/07/21

'''Today, when I was tending to the hydrangeas, a boy approached me and asked me about them. I was nervous at first, because I didn’t know what he wanted.'''

'''He wanted to ask about the flowers I was tending to, and why I was pruning them. We talked a little bit after this. He seems interesting… yet suspicious! I will keep an eye out…'''

'''Again, me and Mom fought. It hurts a lot when we fight, I say things that I don’t mean to say. She wants me to do so many things, but I’m just one person. I think she’s just living through me… I love her, but I want to be my own person. Making my own choices and decisions.'''

'''School was bland, except for the gardening club (as usual)! We have a field trip to a sunflower field coming up. It’s always so beautiful to see those fields in the summer… I hope the skies are blue that day. Maybe me and the club members can take photographs.'''

Ahh… I CAN’T WAIT!

Sincerely (again),

Hana

That night when I got home, I plopped back on my bed. Hours of lecturing and note-taking always takes quite a toll on me. Well, mostly everyone else too. If you think any of that is fun, I must commend you. My bookbag slid onto the floor as I unbuttoned my uniform. I felt a bit too lazy to do anything else other than rest. I noticed a pencil was sticking from my shirt pocket, if left unnoticed it might’ve poked me. I removed it, and threw it across the room. Just cause?

Downstairs, I could hear the door open and close. “Akio, we’re home!” My mother called. “Welcome back.” I didn’t really attempt to yell this so I’m not too certain as to if the both of them actually heard that.

“Man…” I thought back to earlier this morning, when me and… And…? “Ah!” I exclaimed aloud, recognizing my mistake. I forgot to ask her name. I wonder?

“Akane? Hmm, maybe too harsh…” A soft complexion, warm smile… a love of flowers?

“Aki… Akemi…” Maybe I shouldn’t focus on A’s so much. Yet that letter seems like it would make some sense.

I kept deliberating as to what her name could potentially be before my thinking was interrupted. I heard a knock at the door. “Akio?”

“Yeah, Mom?”

“I didn’t hear you welcome us, so I thought maybe you were out? You surprised me…”

“Sorry. ‘Welcome Home!’”

“Don’t tease! How was school?”

“Better than usual… Aside from the rain maybe.”

“Oho? Anything new happen?”

I thought back to how I expressed meeting the girl in the garden as ‘entering a painting.’

“‘Things may look up in your favor’” I said, like reading a fortune cookie.

“Very funny. Well, I’m glad…” My mom flashes me a warm smile, before leaving the room and closing the door.

“Don’t forget, this weekend is the festival in town. Your father and I will be going, you can come along too if you’d like?” She speaks through the door.

“Hmm… Maybe. Let me think about it.”

“Okay.”

I hear her footsteps as she makes her way down the stairs. I look up at the ceiling and use my body weight to launch myself from the comfort of my bed. I trudge over to my bookbag and collect a few slips of homework and textbooks.

“Time for the long haul…”

A few hours pass, as I complete sheet after sheet. I’m careful to review what we learned from our textbooks. My hand grows tired of writing and my eyes get weary. I look up at the clock.

10:32 PM. Yeesh, it’s rather late now. Best to get to sleep.

I close my blinds, and shut the curtains before making my final approach to the blanket kingdom that is my bed. It’s warm and fuzzy, and makes me smile with contentment. I hope that this feeling lasts forever.

Next week… Can’t come any sooner…

Maybe…

Sleep takes me before I can finish my thought.

CHAPTER 2:

“...”

My classroom door is shut, it seems the teacher has yet to arrive. I really have to stop getting here so early. The hallway seems rather barren this morning. Yet again, the rain continues and won’t let up. Even if it’s monsoon season, I want at least one sunny day, y’know?

I sit down next to the door and put my bookbag next to me, I feel rather sleepy. The fatigue from last night’s battle still sits on my shoulders. “Hahhh…”

“Tired today, Akio?” A voice stirs me, yet my eyes remain closed. “Mmm…”

Wait. Who’s voice is that? I open my eyes and turn to see who spoke.

“Ah!” I yelp, accidentally. I quickly sit up, and try to straighten myself out.

“H-hello! Yes, last night, so much homework… Not much sleep either.”

It was the girl from the garden, and I was very startled. I couldn’t handle the cognitive dissonance of seeing her in the hallway. It was a first, and the fact that she was talking to me exacerbated this feeling a hundredfold.

“I see. Well, I’m going to my classroom. See ya..!”

The girl makes her way up the hallway, marching with great purpose.

Mgghhh. A brief exchange, yet…

“W-wait…!”

She turns around. She seems a little startled by the amount of force I put into my voice. The hallway was rather empty, save for us two, after all.

“I never… got your name. Might I-I ask what it is?”

“Oh! You’re right! It’s Hana… Can’t believe I never told you. Apologies.”

Hana. Hana. A lot of A’s, huh?

Eventually, the teacher and a few students march up the opposite end of the hallway to our classroom. “Early today, Akio?” The teacher says, as he unlocks the door with her key.

“Something like that…” I responded. I’m admittedly a little embarrassed by what just happened in the hallway, even though it went rather well. An after-effect of love, I suppose.

The door finally opens and the smell of the classroom fills my nose. It’s rather comforting, but also fills me with boredom. The brief period of movement I get from door to chair is simply too little for my antsy legs. Maybe if they made every desk a treadmill it would alleviate the problem. I chuckle to myself at the thought of some of my classmates trying to keep up.

I walk and sit down at my desk, awaiting today’s lesson. A friend of mine, Jiro, turns to me. He had found his desk a bit before me.

“Oi, Akiooo! So early, today? What gives?”

“I’m always early.”

“Pshhh! Sure… Tell that to yourself last week, Mr. 5-minutes-after-the-bell”

“I’ll have you know that is not my last name.”

Me and Jiro have been friends since the start of the school year, we haven’t really known each other long, but due to our desks being in close proximity and our great chemistry, we’ve been able to get really close.

Jiro is rather eccentric and energetic. It’s a great match for my rather calm personality. We’d make a perfect straight man/funny man duo, if we were to pursue comedy.

“Yo, Akio, the festival is coming to town. And… We’ve never even hung out!? Let’s change that!” Jiro flashes a corporate smile, as if he was pitching his company’s product to a stern investor.

“Hmm… My parents asked me about the same thing…”

“It’s me or it’s them, Akio. No in betweens! I thought we had something…” Jiro pretends to tearfully sob, putting me in a rather awkward situation. Other students settling in begin to look at us.

“Ok, ok… Maybe I’ll go with you, I had a choice to begin with. I’ll have an answer for you by tomorrow.”

“Perfect! It’s a date, then!” Jiro attempts to make his most masculine face, but I can’t help but start laughing.

“Good joke?” Jiro says, smiling lightly.

“More like a good face, that got me.”

“Nihihi!” Jiro’s face reminds me of a cat when he does this.

After this exchange, the teacher begins to give some announcements before class. Some of them pertaining to festival safety, seeing as a great majority of us would be in attendance. Others included information about clubs, the coming exams, and career documents.

All of us were in 12th grade, so after this, it was time to move on to the big world and get to work. Honestly, anytime I would hear anything about career forms or schooling after high school would always scare me. I was worried about putting myself out there in the world, afraid of what might come from that. Knowing that everyone else would have to face the same thing, it did make me feel a bit better. That light knot in my stomach still wouldn’t go away, however.

The class passed by, uneventfully. The teacher talked in great detail about some wars, called on a few clueless students, and sighed a great many times. The typical class experience. Jiro got the golden ticket today, he was sleeping when he was called on. I’ve never seen a stick of chalk fly so fast and hit so hard. I could’ve sworn that he would be sent flying, but he started holding his head in pain. I laughed, but quickly fixed my expression when he looked at me with “the stare of a thousand deaths.”

As we all began to walk out of the classroom after the bell, the hallways were flooding with oceans of students. Luckily, I had a boat and paddle to bear the waves. Or, maybe just experience?

*

The rest of the school day passed by, the classes got faster with each one that came and went. I put my shoes on, and walked out from the entrance. It was cloudy today, but there was no rain. Maybe it’s really starting to grow on me. The rain usually maddens and annoys me, but this year I want to see it more than ever.

Is it because of her? What even are these feelings of mine? Is it appropriate to attribute them to a real person? I would stare and stare at her in that garden, as if admiring a beautiful landscape portrait in a museum. When we talked those two times, I was so nervous I could barely keep it together. I don’t view myself as someone who’s lacking in confidence, or has low self-esteem, but her presence is almost choking. And it’s my own fault. The more I pedestalize her, the worse those interactions will get.

I’ve already confirmed it myself, in that garden. Hana is as real as those flowers. As real as the rain. Flesh, blood, bone. Breathing, beating, human. She gets sick, uses the bathroom, and makes mistakes.

“Maybe I’ve been thinking about this wrong…” I say aloud, albeit accidentally. I think it’s okay to be curious about who she is. I have to leave this mindset behind if I want to keep talking to her. I don’t really have much of a reason though, except for that I just want to. Life is funny, in that way. Sometimes we just want to do something, and we don’t really have to explain why. Rather comforting.

On a whim, I decided to visit the garden today before I made the trek home. Walking to the side gate this time, I opened it and once again found myself at the whim of these flowers. I was half expecting people to be here, seeing as it is after-school, but there was no one to be found. It was rather ethereal. The scene was similar to yesterday’s, but it possessed much more weight. Perhaps it was because I was alone. I could be off my guard, in this beautiful place.

I walked by the hydrangea bushes, and touched their leaves. They can talk, huh? I move my hand gently to the flower and feel the petals. They are silky and soft, and a bit warm. Not too far off from human skin. The flower was a bright, light purple. It swayed with each touch, despite my light movements. As a joke, I put my ear up to the flower, as if to listen to what it was trying to tell me. A gust of wind blows through, and the flower hits my head a few times. Maybe it doesn’t like me too much? Upon realizing this, I burst into laughter.

“Silly little flowers, maybe we’re equals after all?”

Before my exit, I wave and bow courteously for the flowers and open the garden gate. Much to my surprise, a few gardening club members stood on the other side of the opening. This moment was admittedly, rather embarrassing. For one, I really hope they didn’t hear me talking to those flowers. For two, am I allowed back here? I didn’t ever really think about that.

I gaze at each of their startled faces, and yet, Hana’s isn’t there. I am a bit disappointed, I let out a little sigh.

“W-what brings you to the garden?” One of the members perks up, a small boy who appears to be a bit nervous about the encounter. The other two girls look toward him and then back at me, expectant of an answer.

“I hope I wasn’t breaking any rules by being in there, I was just ta- …loo-king at the flowers? Is that okay?” I didn’t mean to sound so apologetic, but it came out rather emotional anyway.

“No, that won’t be an issue. As long as all flowers are accounted for.” One of the two girls speaks, and gives a bit of a stern answer. She still seems suspicious about my presence.

“Mei… No need to be so harsh, he doesn’t seem so bad after all.” The last girl speaks softly to the more brusque one, and gives a warm smile. I don’t know how to explain it, but I’m thanking her to high heaven right now. Who knows what would be in store for me had she not been here. My ears probably would’ve fallen off.

“S-sorry again, I wasn't trying to cause any trouble.” I make my way past the exit, and attempt to pass by the three of them. I’m successful, but I stop and turn around hesitantly.

“I love the garden, please don’t stop talking with those flowers.”

I realize that’s not exactly what I wanted to say, and in my intense embarrassment I turn around and continue home. From behind me, I could hear the group laughing a bit. I could’ve swore I heard her name too…

—

Date: 2018/07/29

'''A slower day than usual. Today was the last day of classes, meaning that we don’t come back until September. The festival will be starting tomorrow, as well. The week after, I FINALLY get to go on the sunflower trip. I am unbelievably excited for it.'''

'''I don’t have much else to say. Thanks, I guess?'''

Sincerely (again),

Hana

Today, we had the festival. I had inevitably let my parents know that instead of going with them, I would be going with Jiro. They didn’t seem disturbed by that fact, which was nice. Maybe even a little happy that they got to have some alone time. I guess this would be a win-win situation?

I had called Jiro a little while ago to confirm where we would meet before making the commute. It would be about a ten minute walk. Thank the heavens the sun is setting, or I don’t think I would’ve made it to the 5 minute mark. I was thinking of coming in my kimono, but it was much too hot to wear something like that. Decidedly, I just went with my plain clothes.

I waited a few more hours for 5:50 to come around before leaving my house. The festival started at 6:30, but we wanted to look around a bit before it began. I made the trek outside of my front door and walked to the side of the road. Despite the sun going down, it was still unbearably hot. I raised my hand to cover my eyes while walking in the sun’s gaze.

A few neighbors appeared to be preparing themselves for the festival as well. We lived in a rather small town, so most of the people around here prepared themselves for things like these. IvoctA (discuss • contribs) 19:39, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

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Hello! Wikijournal chat?
Happy new year :) Long time.

I just saw you've been working with WikiJournal; how are you finding this format and process? What are the bottlenecks at the moment, what else might be possible? –SJ+ 14:35, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hey Sj, good morning.
 * My submission for WJ has been quite slow due to IRL commitments, but I've had good experiences so far. One of the WJ reviewers was nice enough to give me and my buddy solid advice on how to improve our journal for submission, so I was pleased with that. The discussion at Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group is concerning, though, and I hope WJ will continue to be in operation. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 15:21, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

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Invitation to discuss page deletion policy
A discussion that might interest you has been started at Requests_for_Deletion. -- Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:49, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello Guy vandegrift, I appreciate you thinking about me and reaching out to me for my thoughts. I'm afraid I will have to echo Dave's response and abstain from formulating any suggestions, since I do not have the needed time to review the discussion. Best of luck. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:35, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

Movie reviews
Paris, Texas is under a prod and when I found Book Reviews I thought of copying and creating a page called Movie reviews. I obviously don't need your permission (cc-by!), but was wondering what you thought of that idea. Any chance of attracting new movie reviews? ... Another idea would be to create a subspace under Essay, with a subpage that links to Book reviews. Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 09:54, 1 March 2024 (UTC)--Afterthought: See Essay/Collection-Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 10:09, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Movie reviews would be interesting. It can be educational, but also promotional. Personally, I don't have interest in producing movie reviews - but setting it up for future users in the hopes it is developed in accordance with our guidelines does not sound like a bad idea. I think putting Book Reviews under an "Essay" subspace would be redundant (and provide exceptionally long page titles), and that may be the same for Movie reviews. I would lean towards making it a stand alone project and, if issues arise, we can address them when we cross that bridge. Thanks. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 00:15, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I am astonished by the success of Book Reviews, but noticed one odd features: Certain titles are not shown on the front page. One example is A Hero for Our Time. I traced the problem to the dynamicpagelist and its count variable. I think I can fix that feature.  Do you want me to?--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 11:23, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Of course, go for it! Thank you in advance. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 22:30, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Atcovi


text:
User talk:J.amdjfkakaasdd

 Hello J.amdjfkakaasdd, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 18:15, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:J.amdjfkakaasdd


text:
User talk:Ritnor

 Hello Ritnor, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 18:15, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Please do not edit the pages of another editor
With, you edited the page apparently belonging to another editor. If that is your page, as I suspect, then you are using "sock puppets," multiple accounts. Did you do this because Ascoboo had been blocked? The block had expired, it was not necessary. If you have a problem logging in, ask for help!

Please do not use multiple accounts unless you identify them, clearly, on the user pages. If Ascoboo is you, then which account do you wish to use? I can help you connect them. But registering multiple accounts to avoid a block could lead to your being banned from Wikiversity, and that might result in effectively banning all contributions from your school. I don't want that and I hope you don't want it either. Thanks for cooperating.

By the way, you may remove unwanted comments from your own user page, while logged in as the user. That shows that you saw them. You don't have to leave them hanging around, but what you can't do is remove them from another user page. I'm sure you can understand why.

You may ask me any questions, or ask for help, here or on my own Talk page, User talk:Abd --Abd 17:20, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ritnor


text:
User talk:Bac~enwikiversity

 Hello Bac, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 18:15, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bac. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bac~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bac~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Dkabbhodofbsd

 Hello Dkabbhodofbsd, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 18:15, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Recover

 * Recover headline. Good job! Denial--Denial 13:10, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dkabbhodofbsd


text:
User talk:Anar Rafiq

 Hello Anar Rafiq, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 18:16, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anar Rafiq


text: File:Hw1.1 Xia.jpg

title: File:Hw1.1 Xia.jpg


text:
Category:Egm6341.s11.team3

Egm6341.s11.team3 Figures

title: Category:Egm6341.s11.team3


title: File:F(x)=3x-2x^3.jpg


text: File:G(x)=sinh(x).jpg

title: File:G(x)=sinh(x).jpg


text: File:F(x)-G(x).jpg

title: File:F(x)-G(x).jpg


title: File:HW1.png


text:
Category:Eml5526.s11.team5

This is Eml5526.s11.team5 pics

title: Category:Eml5526.s11.team5


text: File:Fea1 1.png

title: File:Fea1 1.png


text: File:Fea1 2.png

title: File:Fea1 2.png


text:
User:Lightsup55

I'm also on Wikipedia as Lightsup55.

title: User:Lightsup55


text:
User talk:Lightsup55

If you want to leave a message for me, please click the "Add topic" (or "+") tab or leave your comment in an existing section. Be sure to sign by typing four tildes ( ~ ~  ~  ~ ) at the end of your message.

title: User talk:Lightsup55


text:
Talk:Complex socio-ecological systems/Coupled Human and Natural Systems

Summary of discussion:

We started the class with an exercise asking people to draw a forest and select one variable that they could use to measure or evaluate the resilience of that forest. This was to test if people with different disciplinary backgrounds (natural/social sciences for instance) would draw the forest in a certain way (more ecological, more socio-ecological) and to start to think on how we can operationalize the concept of resilience in real world. We had forests with and without people, and there was some doubt on whether people belonged to natural or social sciences.

The variables selected were:

Tree age

Heterogeneity of the forest

Habitat for wildlife

Deforestation rate

Biodiversity

Population density (in general)

Canopy density

We discussed how these variables could be indicators of resilience, and whether the human element was represented in them.

We then started to discuss what it means to carry out interdisciplinary work, and what was the approach of interdisciplinary research approached in the papers. Danielle commented, reinforcing her posting, that ecology is interdisciplinary since its origins and that the idea that ecology is only about ecosystems is a very distorted vision of the discipline. Claudia talked about trans-disciplinary, to mean that one might combine different disciplines to better capture a given problem or context, and that she started to study economy as a complement to her formation as a biologist. We talked about how sciences tend to follow a cycle of being entangled and dissociation, such as in the past when there was the discipline of natural history, which included relationships between humans and nature, that were dissociated with the enlightenment, and now are being combined through renewed theories of SES and CHANS. Critiques to Liu et al were related to the mechanistic characteristic of CHANS studies, that are visibly developed by ecologists with some contribution from social sciences in terms of measures of social characteristics that don't capture the nuanced variation of social system's attributes and the complexity of human societies' power and political structures. Westley et al. bring the idea that social systems differ from ecological systems in important ways, such as systems of meanings, forward vision, reflexivity and novelty. This is a good link for our next section on social systems.

Question that remains: - What are the differences or similarities between concepts, approaches and methods applied to understand SES X CHANS?

Readings comments:

Comments for this week: Interesting articles and overview of the relationship between social and ecological systems. I was intrigued by Fig. 2 in Liu et al.’s AMBIO paper: the evaluation of resilience of a lake in Wisconsin seems more qualitative than quantitative, at least in that figure. This article presents a nice overview of all the possible elements of CHANS, which by the way, is an acronym that I haven’t encountered again (though I am not much of a CAS or SES expert). I liked that there are some specific examples of integrated CHANS research (agents-based modeling of LUC, integrated models of climate change), and yet need to still discover what and how these approaches deal with researching and understanding complexity (references 146-148). Liu and colleagues’ SCIENCE paper was also clear. The commonalities and differences amongst the 4 case-studies highlight the need for research to unveil patterns and processes in other areas with different problems. The loops and inadvertent consequences of policies were nicely shown in the Wolong case (panda habitat degraded faster after the protected area was created; number of households increased to capture subsidies). I liked also the emphasis in managed systems (consequences of removal of grazing in Sweden), which reinforces the concept that systems are more than ecological machines but also products of social interventions. I saw yet another definition of resilience (capacity to retain similar structure and function after disturbances) based on our previous discussions. This paper jumps from examples on resilience that are purely ecological to others that integrate economic factors with environmental effects, and even human enhanced resilience (role of incentives). I still need want to get to the nitty gritty of measuring resilience and integrating research (the black box of interdisciplinarity).Claudia 15:20, 3 February 2011 (UTC) --- The Liu et al. and Redman et al. readings are complimentary in my mind, with the chapter from Panarchy serving as a supplementary text (sorry for the childish geometry quip). The efforts at carving out a CHANS domain has been somewhat complicated by the fact that SES thinking predates it (and indeed ideas of integrated social and biophysical science predate SES, but we’ll get to that in tomorrow’s discussion), so I think I can authoritatively tell Claudia that other than the NSF imprimatur, these are largely questions of semantics (the mission statement of the LTERs to the contrary: http://www.lternet.edu/). Perhaps more to the point, other than the brief description of the difference between sociobiologists and systems thinkers in Westley et al., the lack of nuance in these texts may be somewhat troubling—especially, though not exclusively to those who work in the social sciences. I can hear the faint utterances of determinism already. Two points that should be made now, but will again be explored tomorrow: 1)	When were human and natural systems ever decoupled in the first place? Wait, were they? 2)	Is Liu et al.’s assertion that interdisciplinary work is a new development really a new development? Is it really the new normal? What about scientific fragmentation as a parallel, equally important trend? These are double-barreled questions if ever there were any. Nevertheless, to use the jargon of “patterns and processes,” one might assume I’m asking process-oriented questions, but that’s not my intention. Both of these questions get at the seemingly bulletproof case that the authors make for the complexity of the systems we and everything around us inhabits. In the case of 1, if we add history into the mix (not to mention a few other vital ingredients), the rapprochement doesn’t look so crystal clear. And for 2, true researchers of all stripes now publish things together, but first there’ the issue of whether that’s interdisciplinary work, and secondly there were people doing interdisciplinary work far before even the 19th century. Onward to the discussion chamber! ~ Sam

-

Liu et al. (2007), CHANS:

Does it make sense to say "Coupled Fish and Natural Systems"? Or a female woman? Similarly, does it make sense to say "Coupled Human and Natural Systems"? Isn't it redundant? Aren't humans part of the natural systems? Most people might agree that humans are part of natural systems, but many people often act as if humans systems are separate from natural systems.

The title "Coupled Human and Natural Systems" poses a division that not everyone might perceive. The authors often refer to "human systems" and "natural systems" as separate things that have become increasingly coupled through increased human impact. They seem to take for granted that the reader perceive these divisions. However, I (and maybe other people too) never perceived humans to be decoupled from nature.

CHANS seems to focus more on ecosystems than on human systems (that is, society).

What is a system? Which scale of analysis is a system? At the ecosystem scale? At the micro scale? At the global scale? It seems difficult to understand where a system begins and where it ends.

CHANS seems to focus on the ecosystem scale. The questions guiding discussion of CHANS seem to be: What affects ecosystems? What is happening at the ecosystem level? Which interactions and feedbacks are taking place?

CHANS research is unique because it focuses on the LINK between human and natural ecosystems, that is, the interaction between these two systems. Because this research focuses on the LINK between two systems, it seems obvious that this research needs to look at characteristics of BOTH systems. However, this is not to say that all social science needs to consider the "natural" environment, and that all natural science needs to consider society and human behavior. There is plenty of space for research that does not focus on this link. In my view, whether one focuses on one system or the interaction between the two systems depends on the question the researcher asks.

The authors refer to the "escalating complexity" of CHANS. Why is the complexity escalating?

flaleite 02:21, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

For both the Liu et al papers, it's a useful exercise to make sure definitions and concepts are shared, and that's pretty much all I get out of these papers. I disregard entirely the argument that ecology separates the human component from the ecological; for the last 40 years the literature is inundated with the realization that no ecosystem is left untouched by human presence in one form or another. That ecologists have attempted to understand how ecosystems functioned before human intervention/before human intervention became a liability for certain ecosystems is not a problem for me; the quest is to understand ecosystem development and degradation simultaneously so that decisions can be made as to what humans want those ecosystems to look like. That human constructs, including society, abstraction, and physical presence adds more dimensions of complexity is a given. Certainly human-ecological systems are going to exhibit characteristics of thresholds, hysteresis, etc the same as the landscape they make a part of. The only surprise I see is the surprise that it's necessary to point it out in multiple review papers, and as late as 2007. My final thoughts as I finish up the Panarchy chapter is that it's not so surprising we have only begun to model coupled systems with any sophistication; modeling in general is still inadequate to fully capture the characteristics of basic systems as a primary step, coupling multiple dimensions together is a tertiary or more step that shouldn't simply be leaped into because we want to be able to model everything. If we do so without a careful evaluation of how components of a system fit together, we risk making large assumptions and making decisions based on inadequate information. The confusion over climate change models, the number of models available, and the public's and media's inability to understand what climate change models are and mean is an excellent example.DWatts 04:17, 4 February 2011 (UTC)--Danielle

--

I like the quote in Westley et al',s chapter: "In nature, there are no rewards or punishments, just consequences" (Anon)

I agree with some of you that CHANS being treated as a new and innovative science isn't convincent for me. Is there anything on earth that is not a coupled human and natural system? The "new" science of SES or CHANS is largely being advanced by a group of ecologists or human ecologists trying to apply ecosystems concepts to explain how everything works in the planet, including social dynamics. I was a little worried with the lack of history and politics in Liu's et al Science paper, which is a bit better addressed in their Ambio paper. One could argue that the bigger patterns found when you look at CHANS - such as thresholds, surprises, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, heterogeneity and resilience - are all found in ecosystems, and the details on social dynamics that lead to those patterns are not very well explored. In fact, social dynamics in those cases is treated rather in a mechanistic and deterministic way, brought by demographic dynamics and other quantitative/statistical measures that don't capture the nuances of social systems and the enormous capacity of, at the same time, innovate, conserve and destroy. The same historical events that led to the fragmentation of scientific disciplines led to the generation of mental models that are deeply rooted in our common imaginary, about de-coupling humans from nature. I want to go back to address Claudia's comments few weeks ago on the range, limits and classifications of "anthropogenic" actions of humans in nature. When is stops to be "natural"to be harmful? One example would be the role of indigenous societies in historically creating patches of heterogeneity and enhancing diversity of tropical forests X the overuse of fertile soils for agriculture leading to nutrient exhaustion and lack of productivity, due to nowadays sedentarization. I was a bit relieved after reading Westley et al in which the claim that ecosystems and social systems are intrinsically linked, but present very distinct characteristics that should be considered when doing interdisciplinary research. In that sense, we would need the discipline fragmentation to be able to understand the system better and put the pieces together. They talk about meaning, symbol and culture in human societies, in which cultural change can be extremely fast in comparison to biological evolution. They bring the idea that social constructs dictate how we relate with the natural world, which is overlooked in the more materialistic and deterministic approaches used to define CHANS. Simone

Some questions for reflection:

1. What is a system? Which scale of analysis is a system? At the ecosystem scale? At the micro scale? At the global scale? It seems difficult to understand where a system begins and where it ends. (Flavia)

2. When were human and natural systems ever decoupled in the first place? Wait, were they? (Sam)

3. Is Liu et al.’s assertion that interdisciplinary work is a new development really a new development? Is it really the new normal? What about scientific fragmentation as a parallel, equally important trend? (Sam)

4. What is means to be interdisciplinary, and what is the relevance of interdisciplinary research in the study of SES? Should we get rid of fragmented disciplines?

5. What is the critique of CHANS approach? Is there any gap or issues left out of Liu et al's papers?

6. What is the role of political ecology, economy and political sciences in advancing knowledge about CHANS?

7. How could we better address the divide between social and ecological systems without overlooking important nuances of the way in which societies evolve and culture changes?

8. The authors refer to the "escalating complexity" of CHANS. Why is the complexity escalating? (Flavia)

9. How, by which mechanisms, learning lessons and insights from studying CHANS being communicated to broader society and policy-making arena?


text:
User:Eml5526.s11.team4/HW2

= Problem 2.1 - Derive Heat Problem in 1-D =

Problem Statement

Derive the heat problem in 1-D (1.1).

Solution
Starting with the first law of thermodynamics

where no work is being done,

Assuming outer edge is insulated there are two contributions,

Bringing in the sign for the normal vectors,

Noting the Taylor Series is

or equivalently

Bringing in the Taylor Series, (1.7), into the first law with now work, (1.5), we have

We note that $$f(x,t)$$ is the heat source term in (1.8) acting along the length of the body, so that the equation becomes

Addressing the time term by explicitly including density and the heat capacity,

For the problem at hand density and the area change with respect to $$x$$. With a linear change in area, the average area times the width gives an exact measure of the volume. We proceed finding the average area while using a Taylor Series approximation for the 'far side',

The time term then becomes,

Applying the same manipulation to the density,

Carrying out the product and dropping high order terms results in

Combining (1.9) and (1.14) results in

Again dropping higher order terms (second-order and higher),

Utilizing Fourier's Law,

where temperature is proportionate to the internal energy and (1.17) is per unit area, (1.16) becomes

Finally, simplifying

Part 5
From lecture slide 7-2,4,

$$ \vec{\mathbf{K}}=\left[K_{ij}\right]=\mathbf{w}_{i}\cdot \mathbf{b}_{j} = \mathbf{a}_{i}\cdot \mathbf{b}_{j} $$

where
 * $$ \mathbf{w}_{i}=\mathbf{a}_{i}, \qquad \mathbf{b}_{1}=\mathbf{a}_{1}+\mathbf{a}_{2}+\mathbf{a}_{3}, \quad \mathbf{b}_{2}=2\mathbf{a}_{1}-\mathbf{a}_{2}+3\mathbf{a}_{3}, \quad \mathbf{b}_{3}=3\mathbf{a}_{1}+2\mathbf{a}_{2}+6\mathbf{a}_{3} $$

From equ(2-6) and using equ(2-2)

$$ \vec{\mathbf{F}}=\left\{F_{i}\right\}=\left\{\mathbf{a}_{i}\cdot \mathbf{v}\right\} $$ So,

Part 6
$$ \mathbf{d}=\vec{\mathbf{K}}^{-1}\vec{\mathbf{F}} $$

$$ \mathbf{d} $$ is the same as $$ \mathbf{d} $$ in Part 4.

 Matlab Code

 Result

Part 7
We can observe that $$ \mathbf{K} $$ is Symmetric and $$ \vec{\mathbf{K}} $$is Nonsymmetric.

The Petrov-Galerkin method is faster to get a stiffness matrix than the Bubnov-Galerkin. We can get vector v fast.

However, the Bubnov-Galerkin has symmetric stiffness matrix, so we can handle it easily.

= Problem 2.3  =

Problem Statement
Refer to lecture slide [[media:fe1.s11.mtg8.djvu|mtg-8]] for the problem statement.

Given
Use { ai } (basis),let $$\underline{w}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)$$, then equation
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(\underline{v})=0\begin{matrix} {} & \forall  \\ \end{matrix}\underline{w}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)

$$     (3.1) becomes
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
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 * style="width:95%" |

\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(\underline{v})=0\begin{matrix} {} & \forall  \\ \end{matrix}\{{{\beta }_{1}},{{\beta }_{i}}..\}\in {{\mathbb{R}}^{n}}\begin{matrix} {} & s.t.\underline{w}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n} \\ \end{matrix}

$$     (3.2)
 *
 * }

Objectives
Show that equation (2) is equivalent to
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$$ \displaystyle
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 * style="width:95%" |

\underline(x)\underline{P}(\underline{v})=0\begin{matrix} {} & i=1,2,...n \\ \end{matrix}

$$     (3.3)
 *
 * }

Solutions
1). First, we try to derive Eq.(3) using Eq.(2).

Eq. (1) is valid for any function of w (x), which is a linear combination of these linearly independent bases. Thus, the Eq. (1) is valid for some particular sets of $${{\beta }_{i}}$$ value to get $$\underline{w}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)$$.

For example, we choose $${{\beta }_{1}}=1,{{\beta }_{2}}={{\beta }_{3}}=....{{\beta }_{n}}=0$$, then $$\underline{w}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)={{\underline{a}}_{1}}(x)$$. By substituting $$\underline{w}(x)$$ into Eq.(2), we obtain:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(v)=\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$ Which is the equation for Eq.(3) of i=1.
 *
 * }

Then, in similar way, we choose $${{\beta }_{2}}=1,{{\beta }_{1}}={{\beta }_{3}}=....{{\beta }_{n}}=0$$, then we obtain:
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$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(v)=\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$
 *
 * }

Which is the equation for Eq.(3) of i=2.

Similarly, we continuing to choose $${{\beta }_{i}}=1,{{\beta }_{1}}={{\beta }_{2}}=..={{\beta }_{i-1}}={{\beta }_{i+1}}..={{\beta }_{n}}=0$$ then we obtain:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(v)=\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$ Which is the equation for Eq.(3) of any value of i. So, Eq. (3) is derived with Eq.(2).
 *
 * }

2). Secondly, we try to derive Eq.(3) using Eq.(2).

{ ai(x), i=1,2…n } is a family of linearly independent basis functions, and according to Eq.(2) we have:

 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$
 *
 * }
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$$ \displaystyle
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 * style="width:95%" |

\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)=0

$$
 *
 * }

Linearly combining the above equations, by choosing any set of $${{\beta }_{i}}$$value, we obtain:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\begin{align} & {{\beta }_{1}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+{{\beta }_{2}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+..+{{\beta }_{i}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+...{{\beta }_{n}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)] \\ & ={{\beta }_{1}}\centerdot 0+{{\beta }_{2}}\centerdot 0+..+{{\beta }_{i}}\centerdot 0+..+{{\beta }_{n}}\centerdot 0 \\ & =0 \\ \end{align}

$$
 *
 * }

Obviously,
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$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\begin{align} & {{\beta }_{1}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+{{\beta }_{2}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+..+{{\beta }_{i}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)]+...{{\beta }_{n}}[\underline(x)\underline{P}(v)] \\ & =[\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)]\underline{P}(v) \\ & =\underline{w}(x)\underline{P}(v) \\ & =0 \\ \end{align}

$$
 *
 * }

Because the value set of $${{\beta }_{i}}$$undefinedis arbitrary, Eq.(2) is valid for any w (x).

So, we obtain Eq.(2) using Eq.(3).

According the above two aspects, we can conclude that Eq.(2) is equivalent to Eq. (3).

Problem Statement
Given that

$$\textbf{b}_i \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0 \qquad \left \{ i=1,...,n \right.\left. \right \}$$ .....equation 1

$$\textbf{w} \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0  \qquad \forall \textbf{w}\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$$......equation 2

such that $$\textbf{w}= \sum \alpha _i\textbf{b}_i$$

Prove

equation 1 => equation 2

Solution
Equation 1 can be rewritten as multiple equations

such that

$$\textbf{b}_1 \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$    .... equation a

$$\textbf{b}_2 \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$    .... equation b

$$\textbf{b}_3 \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$    .... equation c

up to

$$\textbf{b}_n \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$    .... equation n

Here $$\textbf{b}_1,\textbf{b}_2,\textbf{b}_3..\textbf{b}_n$$ are basis vectors in the given coordinate.Each of the equations a,b,c...n can be considered as particular cases in the same coordinate.

From the given fact that $$\textbf{w}= \sum \alpha _i\textbf{b}_i$$

we can infer $$\textbf{w}= \alpha _1\textbf{b}_1+\alpha _2\textbf{b}_2+\alpha _3\textbf{b}_3+...\alpha _n\textbf{b}_n$$ where $$\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3...\alpha _n$$ are components of the vector $$\textbf{w}$$

This implies that $$(\alpha _1\textbf{b}_1+\alpha _2\textbf{b}_2+\alpha _3\textbf{b}_3+...\alpha _n\textbf{b}_n) \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$

This is simply, another way of writing

$$\textbf{w} \cdot \textbf{P}(\textbf{v})=0$$

Hence the equivalence is proved.

Problem Statement
Consider F= { 1, Cos iwx, Sin iwx } on interval [ 0,T ], i.e. i=1,2

1). Construct $$\displaystyle \underline{\Gamma }(F) $$; observe property of $$\displaystyle \underline \Gamma  (F)$$.

2). Find det $$\underline{\Gamma }(F)$$.

3). Conclude that F is orthogonal basis, i.e., $$\displaystyle {{\Gamma }_{ij}}=\left\langle {{b}_{i}},{{b}_{j}} \right\rangle ={{\delta }_{ij}}$$

Solutions
1). Calculate the value of Gram matrix, $$\displaystyle w=\frac{2\pi }{T}$$:
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{ij}}=\left\langle {{b}_{i}},{{b}_{j}} \right\rangle =\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{j}}(x)dx

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{11}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{1}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{1dx}=T

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{12}}={{\Gamma }_{21}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{2}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\cos wxdx}=\frac{\sin wT}{w}=0

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

\begin{align} & {{\Gamma }_{22}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{2}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{{{\left( \cos wx \right)}^{2}}dx} \\ & =\frac{\sin 2wT+2T}{4}-\frac{\sin 0+2\centerdot 0}{4}=\frac{T}{2} \\ \end{align}

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{13}}={{\Gamma }_{31}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{3}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\cos 2wxdx}=\frac{\sin 2wT}{2w}=0

$$
 *
 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{23}}={{\Gamma }_{32}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{3}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\cos wx\centerdot \cos 2wxdx}=\frac{3\sin (wx)+\sin (3wx)}{6w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{33}}={{\Gamma }_{33}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{3}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{{{(\cos 2wx)}^{2}}dx}=\frac{\sin 4wT+4wx}{8w}|_{0}^{T}=\frac{T}{2}

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{14}}={{\Gamma }_{41}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{4}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\sin wxdx}=\frac{-\cos wx}{w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{24}}={{\Gamma }_{42}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{4}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\cos wx\centerdot \sin wxdx}=\frac{-\cos (2wx)}{4w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{43}}={{\Gamma }_{34}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{3}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{(\cos 2wx)\centerdot \sin wxdx}=-\frac{\cos 3wx-3\cos wx}{6w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{44}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{4}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{{{(\sin wx)}^{2}}dx}=\frac{2wx-\cos 2wx}{4w}|_{0}^{T}=\frac{T}{2}

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{15}}={{\Gamma }_{51}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{5}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\sin 2wxdx}=\frac{-\cos 2wx}{2w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{25}}={{\Gamma }_{52}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{5}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{\cos wx\centerdot \sin 2wxdx}=\frac{-2{{\cos }^{3}}(wx)}{3w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{53}}={{\Gamma }_{35}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{3}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{(\cos 2wx)\centerdot \sin 2wxdx}=\frac{-\cos 4wx}{8w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{54}}={{\Gamma }_{45}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{4}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{(\sin wx)\sin 2wxdx}=\frac{2{{\sin }^{3}}wx}{3w}|_{0}^{T}=0

$$
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:95%" |
 * style="width:95%" |

{{\Gamma }_{55}}=\int\limits_{\Omega }(x){{b}_{5}}(x)dx=\int_{0}^{T}{{{(\sin 2wx)}^{2}}dx}=\frac{4wx-\cos 4wx}{8w}|_{0}^{T}=\frac{T}{2}

$$ So, the Gram matrix is:
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\Gamma =\left[ \begin{matrix} T & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & T/2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & T/2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & T/2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & T/2 \\ \end{matrix} \right]

$$ It is observed that this matrix is diagonal matrix, i.e. only the diagonal component is not zero.
 *

 * }

2). Calculate the determinate of the Gram matrix,
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

\det (\Gamma )=\det \left[ \begin{matrix} T & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & T/2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & T/2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & T/2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & T/2 \\ \end{matrix} \right]=\frac{16}

$$
 *

 * }

3). from the matrix, it is found that only the diagonal components, i.e. i=j, have non-zero value.
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

{{\Gamma }_{ij}}=0\begin{matrix} {} & i\ne j \\ \end{matrix}

$$     (Eq )
 *

 * }
 * {| style="width:100%" border="0"

$$ \displaystyle
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |
 * style="width:92%; padding:10px; border:2px solid #8888aa" |

{{\Gamma }_{ij}}\ne 0\begin{matrix} {} & i=j \\ \end{matrix}

$$ This agrees with the definition of Kronecker delta function. So, the F is orthogonal basis.
 *

 * }

Problem statement
Family of basis functions given:

with the same domain $$\displaystyle \Omega =[0,1]$$.

Do the following steps to determine whether $$\displaystyle \mathcal{F}$$ is a orthogonal family.

1)Construct the Gramian matrix $$\displaystyle \Gamma \left( \mathcal{F} \right)$$, and observe its property

2)Find the determinant of $$\displaystyle \Gamma \left( \mathcal{F} \right)$$

3)Conclude on the orhogonality of $$\displaystyle \mathcal{F}$$.

Solution
1)Construct the Gramian matrix $$\displaystyle \Gamma \left( \mathcal{F} \right)$$, and observe its property

First let ‘ s assign notation to the family $$\displaystyle \mathcal{F}$$:

The Gramian matrix is defined as

Since,

then,

Then we can construct the Gramian matrix,

And we know that it is a symmetric matrix.

2)Find the determinant of $$\displaystyle \Gamma \left( \mathcal{F} \right)$$

The determinant can be calculated via WolframAlpha:

3)Conclude on the orhogonality of $$\displaystyle \mathcal{F}$$.

Since the determinant of $$\displaystyle \Gamma \left( \mathcal{F} \right)$$ is non-zero, so we can conclude that the family of basis functions $$\displaystyle \mathcal{F}$$ is an orthogonal family.

Problem Statement
Given:

Where $$\displaystyle \underline{w}(x)\cong {{\underline{w}}^{h}}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)$$, $$\displaystyle \underline{u}(x)\cong {{\underline{u}}^{h}}(x)=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{d}_{j}}\underline}(x)$$.

Show that Eq. (8.1) is equivalent to Eq. (8.2).

==Solutions ==

1). First, we try to derive Eq.(8.2) using Eq.(8.1).

Eq. (8.1) is valid for any function of wh (x), which is a linear combination of these linearly independent basis.

Thus, the Eq. (8.1) is valid for some particular sets of Ci value to get $$\displaystyle {{\underline{w}}^{h}}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)$$.

For example, we choose C1=1, C2=C3=..=Cn=0, then $$\displaystyle {{\underline{w}}^{h}}(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}(x)={{\underline{b}}_{1}}(x)$$. By substituting $$\displaystyle {{\underline{w}}^{h}}(x)$$ into Eq.(8.1), we obtain:

Which is the equation for Eq.(8.2) of $$\displaystyle i=1$$.

Then, in similar way, we choose C2=1, C1=C3=..=Cn=0, then we obtain:

Which is the equation for Eq.(8.2) of $$\displaystyle i=2$$.

Similarly, we continuing to choose Ci=1, C1=C2=.. Ci-1 = Ci+1 =Cn=0 then we obtain:

Which is the equation for Eq.(8.2) of any value of $$\displaystyle i$$. So, Eq. (8.2) is derived with Eq.(8.1).

2). Secondly, we try to derive Eq.(8.2) using Eq.(8.1).

{ bi(x), i=1,2…n } is a family of linearly independent basis functions, and according to Eq.(8.1) we have:

Linearly combining the above equations, by choosing any set of Civalue, we obtain:

Obviously,

Because the value set of Ciis arbitrary, Eq.(8.1) is valid for any wh (x). So, we obtain Eq.(1) using Eq.(8.2).

According the above two aspects, we can conclude that Eq.(8.1) is equivalent to Eq. (8.2).

Problem Statement
Consider $$\scriptstyle \left\{b_j(x); j=0,1,...,n\right\}=\cos(jx+\phi)$$. Select $$\phi$$ such that $$\scriptstyle b_j(x=0)\ne 0$$. Consider $$\phi=\pi/4$$ and $$\pi/2$$.

 * 1) Let $$\scriptstyle{ n=2  \rightarrow \text{ndof} = n+1 = 2+1=3 }$$, where ndof is the number of degrees of freedom and  $$\scriptstyle \textbf{ d} = \left\{d_j;j=0,...,n\right\}$$.
 * 2) Find two equations that enforce boundary conditions for $$u^h(x) = \sum_{j=0}^n{d_jb_j(x)}$$
 * 3) Find 1 more equation to solve for $$\textbf{ d} =\left\{ d_j\right\}_{3X1}  (j=0,1,2)$$ by projecting the residue $$P(u^h)$$ on a basis function $$b_k(x)$$ with $$k=0,1,2$$ such that the additional equation is linearly independent from the above equations in part 2.

 Display three equations in matrix form,

$$\textbf{Kd=F}$$

Observe symmetry properties of $$\textbf{K}$$

 Solve for $$\textbf{d}$$

 Construct $$u^h(x)$$ and plot $$u^h(x)$$ versus $$u(x)$$

 Repeat 1. through 6. for
 $$n=4$$
 $$n=6 $$

Exact Solution
After applying boundary conditions

$$ n = 2 $$
with

Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are

Which defines two of the needed three unknowns.

Additional Equation
For the third condition, we project the residue on the basis function.

Recalling

So that

Matrix Form
There are now three equations for three unknowns which can be expressed in matrix form.

Noting that $$ \mathbf{K} $$ is not symmetric.

$$ \phi = \pi/4 $$
Solving the system for $$ \phi = \pi/4 $$

$$ \phi = \pi/2 $$
Solving the system for $$ \phi = \pi/2 $$

$$n=4$$
with

Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are

Which defines two of the needed five unknowns.

Additional Equations
As with $$ n = 2$$, we project the residue on the basis function but an additional two times for $$ b_1, b_2, \text{ and } b_3$$

$$\phi = \pi/4 $$
With the boundary conditions adding the two equations

In matrix form

$$ \begin{bmatrix} 0.70711 & -0.21296 & -0.93723 & -0.79982 & 0.072944\\ 0 & -0.97706 & -0.69742 & 1.8007 & 3.9893\\ 0 & -0.29193 & -0.71256 & -0.37114 & 1.5396\\ 0 & -0.17814 & -2.3464 & -6.2838 & -7.1682\\ 0 & -0.041238 & -2.7928 & -8.9403 & -12.901 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}d_0\\d_1\\d_2\\d_3\\d_4\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 4.0\\ -0.80986\\ 0.53759\\ 1.3074 \end{bmatrix} $$

With the solution

$$ b_k=\begin{bmatrix} 0.1317\\ 5.6638\\ -1.5368\\ 0.40319\\ -0.066163 \end{bmatrix} $$

$$\phi = \pi/2 $$
With the boundary conditions adding the two equations

The above system does not involve $$d_0$$, and is thus insolvable.

$$n=6$$
with

Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are

Which defines two of the needed five unknowns.

Additional Equations
As with $$ n = 2$$, we project the residue on the basis function but an additional two times for $$ b_1, b_2,b_3,b_4, \text{ and } b_5$$

$$\phi = \pi/4 $$
With the boundary conditions adding the two equations

In matrix form

$$ \begin{bmatrix}0.70711 & -0.21296 & -0.93723 & -0.79982 & 0.072944 & 0.87864 & 0.87652\\ 0 & -0.97706 & -0.69742 & 1.8007 & 3.9893 & 2.3874 & -2.8882\\ 0 & -0.29193 & -0.71256 & -0.37114 & 1.5396 & 4.896 & 8.1699\\ 0 & -0.17814 & -2.3464 & -6.2838 & -7.1682 & -0.29708 & 11.966\\ 0 & -0.041238 & -2.7928 & -8.9403 & -12.901 & -7.7865 & 5.9511\\ 0 & 0.096228 & -1.792 & -7.2568 & -13.709 & -15.728 & -9.7467\\ 0 & 0.19584 & -0.047533 & -2.8032 & -10.066 & -20.402 & -27.035 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}b_0\\b_1\\b_2\\b_3\\b_4\\b_5\\b_6\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ -4.0\\ -0.80986\\ 0.53759\\ 1.3074\\ 1.2783\\ 0.71075 \end{bmatrix} $$

With the solution

$$ b_k=\begin{bmatrix} 0.14316\\ 5.6686\\ -1.6181\\ 0.53522\\ -0.16633\\ 0.03925\\ -0.0055692 \end{bmatrix} $$

$$\phi = \pi/2 $$
As before, this system of equations is singular.

title: User:Eml5526.s11.team4/HW2


text: File:Eml5526.s11.team4.ccook.hw2.problem1.fig1.png


text:
Lunar effect

This project explores the idea that the Earth's Moon has an influence on human behavior. These beliefs have a very long history but there are few sources that give a good overview of the topic. Surveys have shown that this belief is still commonplace in contemporary society, despite studies which have found that there is no correlation between the Moon and many indicators of human behavior. One of the goals is to gather information which can be used to improve Lunar effect and perhaps also Medical astrology.

History

The term "lunatic" derives from the Latin word lunaticus ("moonstruck") which originally referred mainly to epilepsy and madness as diseases caused by the moon. By the fourth and fifth centuries astrologers were commonly using the term to refer to neurological and psychiatric diseases. Through at least 1700 it was also a common belief that the Moon influenced fevers, rheumatism, episodes of epilepsy and other diseases.

The nativity shown here is an historic example of the belief that lunacy was caused by the position of the Earth's Moon at the time of birth. This author describes how the positions of the planets Saturn and Mars (both of which are considered to be a malefic planet by astrologers) with respect to the Moon are the cause of "diseases of the mind."

Literary references

Depictions in art
An insane man (Tom Rakewell) sits on the floor manically grasping at his head, whilst two attendants manacle his legs: his lover, Sarah Young, cries in distress, they are surrounded by lunatics at Bethlem hospital, London.

title: Lunar effect


text: File:Eml5526.s11.team4.ccook.hw2.problem9.fig1.png


title: File:Fe1.s11.mtg13.djvu


text:
Classical Chinese/Exercise 1: Vocabulary

{Which of the following characters means "you"? + 台 - 我 - 吾 - 為
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters mean "I/me" in all cases? - 台 - 我 + 吾 - 為
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "large/big"? - 小 - 害 - 天 + 大
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means “country" or "state"? - 道 - 興 + 國 - 我
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "old"? - 鳥 + 舊 - 神 - 遠
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "flourish" or "prosper"? - 玉 - 是 + 興 -水
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "water"? - 火 + 水 - 言 - 我
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "fire"? + 火 - 山 - 吾 - 君
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "wood"? - 日 - 我 - 臣 + 木
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "metal"? - 遠 - 曰 + 金 - 土
 * type=""}

{Which character fits the best? 王＿國 - 不 + 治 - 部 - 臣
 * type=""}

{Which character fits the best? 士不＿君 + 言 - 日 - 法 - 字
 * type=""}

{Which character fits the best? 善＿害 - 近 - 是 + 遠 - 法
 * type=""}

{What is the opposite of 臣? - 遠 - 我 - 士 + 君
 * type=""}

{Which is the opposite of 大? - 曰 + 小 - 道 - 時
 * type=""}

{Which is the opposite of 害? - 山 - 為 - 道 + 善
 * type=""}

{What does 神 mean? + spirit, god - magic - path, way - become
 * type=""}

{What does 道 mean? - to speak + path, way - law - to rule
 * type=""}

{What does 字 mean? - house + character - day - sir, gentleman
 * type=""}

{Which character does not belong? 國,法,君, 日 - 國 - 法 - 君 + 日
 * type=""}

{Which character does not belong? 金,木, 為, 水 - 金 - 木 + 為 - 水
 * type=""}

{水 is the opposite of 火, and ＿ is the opposite of 天. + 土 - 興 - 言 - 大
 * type=""}

{安 is to 法 as 國 is to ＿. - 玉 + 王 - 士 - 子
 * type=""}

{Which of the following characters means "Chinese classic" or "sacred book"? + 經 - 士 - 法 - 神
 * type=""}

{Complete the sentence: 子＿水使＿木而＿ - 知, 舊, 火 - 言, 天, 金 + 曰, 興, 火 - 曰, 大, 火
 * type=""}

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title: File:Nm1.s11.mtg13.djvu