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User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springanalytical/group 5

 * Jerileehippolyte
 * Chelseapurcella
 * Sethleneelliott
 * Timothymcinnis

Overview

 * 1.summary

Alternative energy sources to fossil fuels are becoming increasingly more available, but are they a global option, or just a regional solution in an ever conscientious world? Some of the common fuel sources available will be discussed briefly over the next few pages and farther in depth in relation to the regions of the world in the pages thereafter. Which resources work best for which regions thus far, such as fossil fuels in Antarctica, and what could be done better, like solar panels in Australia are among the focal discussions.

Reflective Assessment
Successes: We started out pretty well, making a detailed outline breaking up topics for each group member and also the subjects we would touch on. Most of our group members also came to any group meetings we had.

Failures: Each group member had many other things to do this quarter so it was always hard to remember to post something on our group assignment page. Also, we had a group member that routinely didn't show up to class so it was hard to coordinate and communicate who was going to write what.

Future strategies: Possibly have one group member send a reminder email to each person telling what needs to be done for each week. Also, just to improve on attendance since communication in a group project is pretty important.

History
Although the industrial revolution (1700’s-1800’s and the farming revolution high point in the late 1600’s) is marked as the most notary point in time where energy demands reached a critical necessity, it should be noted that the quest for energy efficiency has been around as long as life its self. The following energy scources are the most commonly used and have evolved from the earliest of societies needs and curiosities.

Bio based energy
In the 1600’s, and before, animals and humans were the only means by which work could be accomplished. Food was consumed to power them, so that they could cultivate more food, animals, and increase populations. 1650 was considered the highest point in farming. This was deemed inefficient, as demands for food became higher and productivity less capable of providing for those demands. New methods of working the farming industry led to innovations in other fuel source categories, eventually returning to the use of crops as a fuel source. Although biological consumption is the oldest form, and longest lasting renewable fuel source, the debate remains: Is it the best solution to providing for our demands, or would other methods prove more efficient?

Solar Energy
The only renewable source that is perpetually the same throughout history. Although the uses for solar radiation have changed little; light, heat, food for plants and micro-organisms, magnetic radiation charges, the methods of harnessing the sun’s rays as a fuel source have been added to. The old methods of absorb naturally through bask and consume smaller cell formations still remain, but humans have added the Solar panel to the list. A solar panel basks in the light of the sun, charging its artificial cells and transferring the stored energy through wires either directly connected to the demand of energy, or sending it to a battery that can store the power for later use. Recharging generators is another use of solar panel energy. The commonly used complaint about solar panels and solar energy is that many regions receive very little sunlight, and not enough can be absorbed to be of long term use. Also, solar panels need to be constructed, and the factories and methods are not only expensive, but require the use of other energy sources that are not as environmentally friendly to construct the devices in their entirety.

Wind power
Windmills have been the most popular form of wind power harnessing, but there are new methods in development. Wind turbines in forms similar to wind mills, and attached to balloons are in queue for the modern markets. Sent into the jet stream and various levels of the atmosphere to capture the currents of the air, these devices send the energy generated by the wind propelled mechanisms along wires to ground storage units, such as batteries and generators, and directly to the energy demanding devices. Unfortunately the devices for harnessing the wind interrupt pollen drift patterns, bird migrations, and some even question the possibility that the disruption of the winds free flow could have effects on the environmental weather patterns, disrupting rain fall and temperature cycles.

Hydropower
Dams and watermills come to mind when mentioning water power. Although new methods, such as methods of harnessing “hydrokinetic” energy from water currents have been developed, and proven able to harness more energy using less effort, the method is slow to advance in popular knowledge. Where dams interrupt the migration of fish and alter the ecological state of aquatic and surrounding plant and animal life of the regions they are constructed in, as well as the landscape, and water mills cause similar damage on a smaller scale, the SmarTurbine Generator was developed in 1981 to be environmentally friendly with these malfunctions compensated for and averted. However, what to do with the methods in place, and whether or not the newest methods can be implemented is a question worth addressing.

Fossil Fuels
For the last decade, at least, fossil fuels have been a negatively charged topic of discussion across many forums. Global warming/cooling enthusiasts insist that the burning of fossil fuels is accelerating the degradation of the planet’s delicate life cycle, and the damage threatens to make the Earth inhospitable to human kind at an accelerated pace. Environmentalist organizations and geological scientists insist that the mining of coal, oil, natural gas and petroleum, the most common forms, damages the ecosystems that thrive on and around them. The same ecosystems that are a part of the cycle that generates the fuels are being cleared away and not replaced, interrupting the very balance of nature. Humans who profit from these industries would argue that they are doing their part to ensure that safe practices in all aspects of the business have been growing alongside the knowledgeable findings of the seemingly detrimental process. Additionally, much of modern civilization has become dependent on the consumption of fossil fuels for everyday living; from transportation and home care, to refinement and generation of textiles and manufactured goods. Fossil fuels were once considered to be the alternative resource to bio fuels, but today, compliments of fossil non-renewability (in a reasonable sense of time), bio fuels are rapidly being vocalized as the alternative to fossil fuels. Is trading organic matter in one stage of its life cycle for another stage the answer to the problems being addressed, or are we in need of different questions to find more efficient solutions?

Nuclear Energy
Created through the works of several scientists like Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934), Enrico Fermi (1901-1954), and Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) to solve the world’s energy problem. Nuclear energy has seen more controversy in the latest century than any other fuel source. Harnessed by splitting atoms in toxic substances like plutonium and uranium in a process called nuclear fission (dividing the atom) and transferring the falloff radiation to storage facilities to be converted to electricity, nuclear power was believed to be the cleanest source of energy, capable of generating energy on a large scale for the longest period of time. The original hope was to develop a method of mimicking the fusion (merging of the atoms) technique accomplished by the Sun and other stars. So far no one has been able to adapt a mechanism capable of recreating and harnessing that fusion power. Where nebulae have succeeded in generating this inspiration, humans have used it to inspire other uses for the means far less creative in force. One of the biggest negative sides to the unstable nuclear energy technology came about in the 1930’s when the Manhattan Project, consisting of scientists and the like of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller, Stanislaw Ulam, and Hans Albrecht Bethe invented the nuclear bomb. The A-bomb/atomic bomb, and thermonuclear/hydrogen bomb are a force of destruction unparalleled and not to be ignored by any humans as a continued threat to existence when developing nuclear power facilities, especially since the facilities themselves have been known to react with similar results when malfunctions occur. Add to that danger the now undeniable detriment to the environment and the planet’s ecosystem in entirety through toxic discharge, waste, and increasing the amount of what would naturally be the less harmful forms of substances by converting them to the irreversible dangerously unstable forms for a bit of extra juice. How clean is this method really, and can we replace the level gained from it with something else?

Viewpoint #1: North America
To look at American energy consumption we can see a variety of needs when it comes to distribution. We believe a solid look at the way each region, within America, benefits most from various renewable energy sources, and a revamping of the system based on the most viable options available, would be taking a great stride to alleviating our need for non-renewable resources.

The first thing we must look at is how regional America is. The variety of climate zones and elevation changes make it difficult to unify any energy distribution within a single nation.

Energy History
The Pacific region of America has been entrenched in the burning of fuel to supply power to its people. Coal is abundant throughout the western side of the country and energy production capability makes it an easy option for use. The building of hydroelectric dams has become a more “Earth-friendly” option, but the yield is small and costly in comparison.

Current Problems
The western side of the nation is heavily dependent on electricity through the burning of coal. The growing need for electricity is a staggering hurdle for the next generation of energy production. Demand is expected to go up 6 fold in the next 15 years. The current, cleanest method is hydroelectric power. This accounts for only 7% of the total electricity generated for the Pacific region of America, and there is no promise of growth in the amount of power hydroelectricity can produce. The solid standby is the burning of coal to generate power. This makes up almost 50% of the electricity generated for the region. The burning of coal, however, is producing carbon emissions that pose serious problems to the climate of the planet.

Solutions
California is currently making strides in the production of solar panels. Government incentive programs and new state legislation enables citizens to contract the building of solar panels for use of private business and residential districts. This allows the people to create a substantial amount of energy to fuel the private sector. State wide, California is currently generating more than 500 megawatts of power.

To address the issues of the coal powered energy method, the main focus is environmental impact. With no immediate danger of running thin, coal is set as a resource America has become and will remain dependent on. An upside to this is that America is currently making advancements in the process of capturing the carbon burn off of the coal and recycling it into another fuel source.

Energy History
The eastern side of America has been the flourishing highlight of American advancement. The burning of fossil fuels has been a heavy part of the production oriented east coast. With many big cities of old factories a different look at the way energy is created in the region is vital.

Current Problems
Similar to the western side of the country, the Atlantic region is a heavy coal burning area. The most of the fuel they use is brought to them and used after distribution. This method has also grown inefficient to the region, not to mention environmentally dangerous. The estimated growth of used resources by the region has been around 17% since 1991 and is assumed to keep growing.

Solutions
Currently under investigation around the north east region is a plan to harvest fuel from an algae that, through the photosynthesis process, release lipids that may revolutionize the field of bio-fuels. The amount of bio-fuel that could be produced from these algae is 30-40 times higher per acre, than that of any other bio-fuel method.

To accompany the idea of bio fueling, the region is exploring bio-nuclear energy reactors. The idea is to take what is basically compost and burn the waste to produce a similar lipid as the algae. This is supposed to be an answer to two of the nation’s problems, waste and want.

Energy History
Central America has flourished as a farming and agricultural region. The burning of coal and fuels is relatively low compared to the rest of the country. The use of transferred energy has been high in the region, and an abundance of motor fuel is used in the region to support the trafficking of production.

Current Problems
The biggest issues concerning energy consumption in the central region is the transfer of electricity to the region. Current energy demands are a strain on the system established for the region. Low storage capacity, energy loss during transfer and complications arising from crashes along the pipeline make the current technology obsolete.

Solutions
The harvesting of bio-fuels from corn is a high hope for a new creation of energy. The region is currently able to produce high amounts of bio-fuel and through processing can use the power generated in a local setting, cutting energy loss and greenhouse gas emissions across the board.

America as a Whole
The process of creating energy is best fit to the surroundings for the use of the energy. But transportation and storage are still going to be an issue. There is progress being made in regards to how the energy is handled once it is harvested. A system set in place by the Bush administration and carried along by the Obama administration, known as the Smart Grid will bring the process into the digital age. The idea is going to be an automated system of energy transfer and storage. It is going to wire all transfer and storage systems along with the meters and appliances of a home. It will be a running circuit of energy that will adapt the energy output to even smaller regions based on the needs and demand. This new system is supposed to cut energy loss in all aspects of the process. As well as be more stable against blackouts and failures. Not to mention the amount of energy transfer capability of the new alloys going into the new systems hardware is greatly increased across the board.

Energy History
South America has been a nation grown on agriculture. Sugar, fruits and coffee grow in abundance. Warm climates and ample agriculture land, not to mention one of the largest supplies of fresh water in the world, gives South America distinct advantages in the future of global trade. Brazil and Argentina alone, produce one third of the worlds ethanol. The desire for clean renewable resources weighs heavy on the nations of South America. Many endeavors to sustain the rich quality of the land and the growing population are underway throughout South America.

Current Problems
Currently big cities around South America are importing mostly fossil fuels for energy generation. About forty percent of consumable energy is generated within the continent, mostly from hydroelectric power.

Solutions
Advancements in the area of “rice-hull” bio-fuels has enabled Nicaraguan cities to generate power for the local communities. The local rice hulling machines are powered by local hydroelectricity generators. The localization of this process allows the 220 farming communities to process and market their products with less overhead. Doubling profits in some cases. Regions in the Amazon Bolivia, Chile, Peru and Ecuador are attempting to raise standards of living by utilizing solar paneling technology. The introduction of this power source has shown an increase in production of local goods and has opened communication to and from the local communities. On a similar note, Argentina is currently in development of one of the most powerful solar paneling system in the world. This park, hoped to be completed in 2010, will generate up to 2400 megawatts of energy.

Energy History
Antarctica, The continent at the bottom of the world that is owned by no one, yet belongs to everyone. With wind gust reported up to 200 mph and temperatures below –50 C, (1) this frozon pice of soil has remained the most hostile place left on earth in terms of climate and has had no government nor an indigenous people. Antarctica is divided by eight territories and home to seven claimant nations which are located within the eight territories. (2) The cooperation of 47 nations has signed the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)(3)and was created in 1961 during the cold war. The Antarctic Treaty Ststem specifies Antarctica as a scientific preserve which bands military activity on the continent and establishes freedom of scientific study.

In the first part of the 1980`s Huge deposits of coal, natural gas and oil were discovered under the continent. In order to preserve Antarctica’s pristine environment additional protection to the Antarctica Treaty System, the Madrid Protocol (4) was added in 1991 and went into effect in 1998. This designates the continent as a place of peace and science and has a moratorium on mining and drilling for oil for 50 years. The Madrid Protocol also has rules that were established by all 47 nations that pertain to allhuman activity on the continent.

With no mining or drilling on the continent, all gas and oil has to be imported by air or sea by there respected countries, which in turn sometimes results in oil spills and pollution Although, not as damaging as other large oil tanker spills, none the less, Importing oil and petroleum to this hostile and pristine environment has its risk. (5) With a constant wind year round and sunlight 24 hours a day for six months out of the year, a free and renewable resource has been used for years by explorers and researchers, but on a smaller scale. But what are the cost and environment implications to this renewable resource if used on a large scale and what are the benefits to those who will use it?

Current Problems
Although wind is abundant year round and the sun only shines 24 a day during the southern hemisphere summer the challenge researchers have had is harnessing the wind and sun for power in extereme weather conditions. According to a Reuters article, (5) renewable energies such as wind and solar are starting to replace fossil fuel, although renewable energy sources are still a challenge because of the cold temperatures and high winds (6). Collecting the sun has been a challenge, but this renewable energy is finally getting a foothold on Antarctic research bases. For example, according to ABC News in Science (7) by Alister Doyle from Reuters, the solar panels can collect just as much energy as any place in Europe in one year because the sun light reflects off the snow. One of the problems with solar panels is that plastic in the panels may not always stand up to the frigid weather. Also from ABC News in Science the Belgium’s Elisabeth research station (see map2) on the east side of Antarctica is working towards relying on solar and wind power completely and the United States and New Zealand stations will share energy from a wind farm under-construction on the most southerly part of Antarctica.(8) Japan gets there solar and wind power from their Syowa base. The Australian’s have been using wind power at their base since 2003 (8).

One of the company’s manufacturing turbines is Proven Energy, (9, 10, 11) a Scottish based company with a proven track record, has manufactured wind turbines that with-stand high winds and low temperatures. Another company out of New Zealand, Meridian is shipping wind turbines to the New Zealand’s Scott Base and the American Antarctic stations. (13) One of the problems a lot of the research stations are having, which is making this natural resource slow to use is the lack of equipment to build the turbines. During the southern hemisphere winter the sea is frozen over so ships that are transporting huge wind turbine have to wait untill the ice brakes up.

Solutions
Although, solar panels are being used in Antarctica and are still experimental, extreme weather conditions are a challenge. Research stations are working together to use this renewable resource as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly source of energy. (14) One promising note is that when all the research station are utilizing  this form of renewable energy more money will be available for  extensive research on climate change, the Ozone(15) and the effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere. With technological advances in harnessing wind and solar power as well as extreme weather resistent materials, Antarctica my remain the last environmentally hostile and pristine place on earth.

Energy History
Australia is the world’s fourth largest coal producer and coal accounts for around 44% of its total energy needs. Australia is also a net exporter of natural gas and was, until recently, about 70% self sufficient on its own oil. Fossil fuels dominate Australian energy consumption and their dependence on fossil fuels is heightened by the fact that electricity is largely produced in coal-fired power stations. 84% of the electricity generated for Australian homes is powered by coal and the other 12% comes from renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity. Also, nuclear power is a possible resource because Australia’s one research reactor holds 40% of the world’s known uranium reserves and it currently serves as just an export.

Current Problems
It is estimated that by the year 2020, Australia’s use of renewable energy sources will double the amount of petajoules put out in 1999. Coal and oil will continue to dominate energy use in Australia over the next twenty years but there are further changes on the way driven by climate change, international treaties including the Kyoto Protocol and by mandated government policy.

In 2006, Australia’s Prime Minister John Howard announced that a study into whether the country should develop nuclear power began. The assessment looked into whether the country should shift some of its energy production from coal and gas to nuclear energy. Currently, Australia is the world's largest coal producer, thus the majority of Australia’s energy comes from coal. Critics argue that nuclear power is unnecessary because of Australia’s large coal resources and environmentalists are against any domestic nuclear power. Implementing a nuclear energy program would involve having to build the infrastructure necessary to house the nuclear power processes.

The Mandatory Renewable Energy Target was created in 2001 by the Australian government and stated that Australia’s energy producers were required to generate an extra 45,000 gigawatt-hours in 2020. In addition to this, the government initiated a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the introduction of a carbon accounting system for estimating greenhouse gases, and funding for programs to boost renewable energy projects, research and development. In 2009, these goals were expanded even more.

Australia’s new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. The Australian government’s Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts has implemented many programs for reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and to meet its Kyoto target, such as grants to schools for the installation of solar power systems and rainwater tanks as well as rebates for home and building owners when they install solar panels.

Australia has also executed an experimental program called Solar Cities. Each Solar City integrates a combination of energy options such as energy efficiency measures for homes and businesses, the use of solar technologies, cost reflective pricing trials to reward people who use energy wisely, and community education about better energy usage in an increasingly energy-reliant world.

Solutions
With such large coal and natural gas reserves, continuing their use of them is the best option for Australia, just out of convenience. Also, with Australia holding 40% of the world’s known uranium in a research reactor, a nuclear energy program would provide the extra gigawatt-hours required by the Renewable Energy Target. Australia also has so much potential for the use of solar energies because of the amount of desert that makes up the landmass. Solar panels and troughs could easily be placed there without disturbing or harming the wildlife. Sources of hydroelectric power should also be taken advantage of, such as tidal power, since Australia is surrounded by water.

Energy History
90% of the continent's electricity supply comes from the burning of coal, oil and/or gas. Africa produces about 5% of the world's coal with almost all of it being in South Africa. Africa's proven gas reserves make up 8% of the world total with more than two thirds of this gas in Nigeria. 16% of Africa's electricity is generated by hydro electric power and in some countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Ethiopia, it provides almost all the available electricity. Africa also has large uranium reserves, the element needed to generate nuclear power. Niger, Namibia and South Africa are currently the biggest sources of uranium on the continent.

Current Problems
The paradox of Africa's plentiful supply of energy reserves and the day-to-day struggle of people living without a reliable electricity supply or access to fuel is highlighted by Nigeria's oil industry. Part of the problem is that although 12% of the world's oil is drilled in Africa, less than a third of that is refined in Africa, making processed products much more expensive. Things are made worse by the fact that the few refineries in Nigeria don’t even run at full capacity.

Coal currently provides most of the electricity in Africa, but by 2030 gas will become more widely used. Most of Africa's oil is in four countries: Nigeria, Libya, Angola and Algeria. Based on the current levels of consumption, the world's currently known oil reserves will be used up within 40 years.

Only 7% of Africa's hydro electric power potential has been developed; compared to the 33% globally and 65% in Europe. African rivers with the largest potential are the Congo, the Nile and the Zambezi. The proposed Grand Inga project on the Congo could produce 40,000 megawatts, enough to provide electricity for most of Africa.

Another renewable source of energy with untapped potential is wind power. Small-scale projects are being tried out, where wind-turbines are built to provide small towns and villages, like M'muock in Cameroon, with electricity. In northern Europe, huge wind-farms account for 20% of Denmark's electricity and studies suggest the African countries with the most potential are Madagascar, South Africa, Kenya, and Ethiopia.

Africa's ethanol production makes up only 1% of the total global output. Bio-fuel is a renewable energy source, but concerns have been raised because the crops needed to make it might otherwise be used for food. Plans by the South African company Ethanol Africa to build a string of eight maize-fed ethanol plants at a cost of about one billion dollars have been put on hold because of the current global food crisis. Several other African countries have bio-fuel research projects underway, including Nigeria, which wants to use cassava, and Mozambique, which hopes to exploit sorghum and sugarcane.

South Africa is currently the only country on the continent that has nuclear reactors producing electricity for commercial purposes. South Africa's nuclear reactors generate enough electricity to satisfy the needs of about two million people. Egypt has plans to build a nuclear plant and Namibia, Niger and Nigeria, among other countries, are considering nuclear power. Nuclear power plants produce 16% of the world’s electricity but just 2% of Africa's electricity comes from nuclear power.

Solutions
The most convenient solution for Africa is to stick with oil. While not all of the refineries run at full capacity, that is a change that can be easily made, especially with more and more people living in homes that have opportunities for electricity. The downside with oil is that guerillas often fight over control of the oil and also the deformities that follow an oil spill. Nuclear energy is all an option for Africa because it already has reactors built in South Africa which could be expanded, thus increasing it’s availability. The most environmentally sound option is hydro electric power. It is a good option for Africa because of all the large rivers that flow through it. However, if the infrastructure isn’t there, it could be hard to harvest that energy.

Energy History
It wasn’t until the Oil Crisis in 1973 that any sort of strategy, within Europe, was created for energy policy. The European Council implemented a program the following year to get energy from as many sources as possible, so that no one group could monopolize the oil (1). The European Commission defined an energy policy for the European Union in order to reform the energy market. Their goal was to find ways to obtain inexpensive energy in order for its citizens to maintain a standard of living (2).

Current Problems
The current priorities of the European Union are to guarantee a secure common supply of energy while promoting the use of renewable energy, and research into energy technology. They are working on developing an internal energy market offering quality and low prices, reducing dependence on imported fuels, and lowering the region’s consumption of energy (1). Negotiating these common policies have been difficult, because each country has different energy priorities and uses a different energy mix based on their geographical location. Such difficulties as the reliability of Russian gas and Middle Eastern oil shipments illustrate concerns when it comes to quickly finding renewable energy alternatives (3). Declining resources means the European Union member states must act to effectively ensure continued supply, without interruption. I do not believe a common policy will be effective for all European countries, although one will be discussed later in the reading, but energy supply should remain under the control of each country as it pertains to their needs and resources.

Some European countries are relying heavily on imports and resources that either may not always be readily available or are harmful to the environment. Spain for instance is the most energy dependent country in Europe (4). It imports 80 percent of its energy needs. While it has shut down one of its power plants, nuclear power still provides one fifth of its electricity. The Ukraine relies on Russian and Turkmen gas. A dispute over gas pricing in 2006 caused gas supplies to be cut off; shipment resumed, but only after the Ukraine agreed to double its payments (5). Britain, a major exporter of oil and gas, has asked requested imports, due to their declining production of gasoline. France relies on its oil and gas imports from Norway, which accounts for 40 percent of their total energy consumption (5). Given the four examples, one can see the commitment to energy imports these countries have made, and the need to provide alternatives.

Solutions
As stated above, a common energy policy will not be completely effective; rather solutions should be left to each country based on its needs, resources, and location. The following identify various renewable energy potentials across Europe and then on a larger scale (6).
 * Austria’s forests and flowing rivers make it a major renewable energy resource for hydropower, biomass, and solar power.
 * Denmark has developed a major wind turbine industry that plans to have 50 percent of its country’s electricity come from wind power. This of course makes wind turbines a major renewable energy resource.
 * Finland’s natural resources offer cheap and readily available energy, making them a major resource for hydro and wind power.
 * France has been dubbed as being one of the early pioneers of hydroelectric power, but it also relies heavily on nuclear power, more than any other country. Its major energy resource is hydro and nuclear power.
 * Germany’s solar power development and wind power capacity make it one of the most innovative and successful renewable energy sectors. Their energy resources are solar and wind power.
 * Ireland’s investments in ocean energy has made them world leading in wave resources. Even though its major energy resource is hydropower, the country is still continuing its developments relying on wind power.
 * Italy receiving high levels of sunshine and being one of the largest producers of geothermal energy make it a major resource for solar power.
 * Spain’s wood burning industry is growing rapidly, making it an excellent resource for biomass energy. It is also the second largest producer of wind energy, which is also a favorable resource in Europe.
 * UK has made minor improvements in their wind energy capacity and their interest in tidal waves has been increased. Even though the UK may be a good resource for wind and wave energy, their consciousness about the impact of the wildlife has caused the issues to fall out of favor.

Wind energy is the leading renewable energy technology in Europe; this is why I believe relying heavily on this resource on a national level will benefit most of the European countries. Global wind-generating capabilities have made an eight fold increase from 1995 to 2003 (7). Natural gas has an annual growth rate of over 2 percent in the course of the same time, followed by oil at less than 2 percent, and coal at less than 1 percent. Nuclear generating capabilities expanded by 2 percent (7).

Electricity from the wind allows for the electrolyzation of water to produce hydrogen. This offers a system to store and transport wind energy. At night when the demand for electricity drops, the hydrogen generators can be turned on to build up reserves (7). Hydrogen is the fuel of choice for the fuel cell engines that automakers worldwide are working on and, if all goes well, cars with gasoline burning internal combustion engines can be converted to hydrogen (8).

Hydrogen can then be used as a gas substitute to fuel power plants. There will be both a backup for wind power and a substitute to natural gas, whenever there is a strain on gas resources (7). Given the recent unpredictability of natural gas prices, the stability of wind power prices is particularly appealing. With the possibility of a continuous rise, natural gas fired plants can be a backup for wind generated electricity. Europe's leadership has given it a major economic bonus: nine of the world's 10 leading wind turbine manufacturers are in three countries—Denmark, Germany, and Spain. These happen to be the three countries that have had the strongest and most stable market incentives (7).

Energy History
Rising energy demands due to rapid industrialization, combined with soaring oil prices and worrying levels of pollution have led many Asian countries to diversify their energy sources. The region is increasingly turning to renewable energy. Asia is the only region in which electricity generating capabilities and nuclear power has grown considerably (1). In East and South Asia there are over 111 nuclear power reactors in operation, 21 under construction and plans to build about a further 150 (1).

Current Problems
Electricity generating capacity and nuclear power have seen no considerable growth within North America and most of Western Europe, but many South and East Asia countries are already in the works of building new reactors to meet electricity demands (2). The demand for additional MW of electricity is to be filled by building nuclear plants. This will make the country less dependent on oil or coal, while providing the necessary power at ease. The question is why build nuclear reactors in an area plastered with volcanoes and prone to earthquakes, flooding and tsunamis. There must be better alternatives.

Asia is in the lead when it comes to hydropower and water resource development, with key plans under way in over 20 countries and strategies for new hydro abilities in more than 30 countries (3). The government wants to broaden electrification to all inner-city areas, and to 90% of the rural areas by 2010, and reach 100% electrification by 2020 (4). Electricity demand is estimated to increase by 15-16% by that time, with investments in the country’s power industry expected to reach $ 20 billion. Hydropower is essential to current development activities, with several tasks under way throughout the country and nearly 5000 MW of new capacity planned (5). Potential for small hydro in Vietnam is estimated at around 1000 MW, and this will play a major role in rural electrification (4). Many multipurpose systems will offer water supply, irrigation, and recreational benefits for the population (5). Nearly 700 million people in the Asia-Pacific region still have no means of getting safe drinking water, and the region suffers a enormously inconsistent level of water-related disasters (which caused about 62,000 deaths per year between 2001 and 2005) (4).

Solutions
It is expected that increasing hydropower installed capability will have an annual growth rate of 6.92% during the period 2009-13 to reach 434,388 MW by the end of 2013 (6). China is ahead in the hydropower division, and it will continue to have immense growth potential in the hydroelectric sector. Since the country is dependent on fossil fuels in order to meet the majority of its electricity needs, a change towards renewable energy is a must (7). As a result, China is making efforts to exploit its vast available hydropower potential. Three Gorges dam; the world's largest hydropower dam is under construction in the country. This will lead to significant hydroelectric capacity additions in the future period (7).

Resolutions
As a group, we feel that every country's infrastructure and way of harvesting energy is very diverse. With this diversity comes a need for each country and/ or region to come up with, not only, a local solution but also one that is environmentally friendly. And since each region is different and is dealing with their own political, economic, and social issues, one solution to one region's energy crisis may not work for the next.

For Antarctica, the Madrid Protocol and the Antarctica Treaty System has prevented the exploration and drilling of the continent's fossil fuel. Although wind and solar power is environmentally and economically friendly, technology and logistics will always play a part of the survival of Antarctica. In order to keep this pristine environment, pristine, wind and solar power are the only viable energy sources. Antarctica is a remote continent with a hostile climate and renewable energy is still expensive, but as the rest of the world adopts this renewable energy, in time wind and sun will slowly pay for its self.

Australia's energy crisis can be resolved very easily. This region already uses taxes to fund public works programs, so to build up the infrastructure to harvest the energy of the sun through solar panels placed in Australia's vast deserts would only require the rearranging of where tax dollars are spent. Another environmentally friendly solution the Australia's energy crisis could be solved through the harvesting of tidal power, since it is surrounded by water.

In Africa, there isn't much of an infrastructure built to harvest large amounts of energy, but also the demand for electricity isn't largely in demand as many countries on the continent are still developing. While they do use oil and nuclear power, they aren't environmentally friendly and these resources are often fought over due to the many civil wars in separate areas of Africa. The energy source with the most potential in Africa is hydro electric power, harvested through rivers like the Nile.

Europe's renewable energy consumption, as stated above, should be dealt with by country. However, Europe has shown tremendous growth as a leader in wind power. It will greatly refute the amount of polluting and costly fuels they have relied on for years. Not only will wind power help this region become less dependent on fossil fuels, but it will and has created about 60,000 jobs. In 2008, more wind power was installed in the European Union than any other power generating technology. This proves its effectiveness and consistency.

The Asia-Pacific region leads the global hydropower market with a total installed capacity of 295,764 MW by the end of 2008. The region has witnessed tremendous growth in the hydroelectric sector over the years, principally because of strong growth in the leading hydropower nations such as China, Japan, India, and Australia. These countries are cited as the most attractive destination for hydropower generation principally because of the abundant water resources. Among the leading nations, China and India has vast untapped hydro resources. This gives a positive indication of the growth of the region in the next few years.

South America is best served by maintaining their current trends of clean energy production. Solar paneling, hydro-electric power and bio- fuels would help the continent keep its fertile agricultural benefits as well as supply its people with comforts and trade option.

History of Energy
(1)“A history of world societies” Text books, http://www.ib-source.com/title_info.php?id=2212

(2)http://www.nrel.gov/wind/

(3)http://www.nrel.gov/wind/wind_project.html

(4)http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JLEED9000129000003000081000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes

(5)http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/wind-power/

(6)http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/hydro/

(7)http://www.free-flow-power.com/?gclid=CK2Y6KvSzpoCFYVM5Qod2UBP3Q

(8)http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/fission/fission.html

(9)Albert_Einstein

(10)	http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html

(11)[w:Marie_Curie|Marie_Curie]]

(12)	http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html

(13)[w:Enrico_Fermi|Enrico_Fermi]]

(14)	http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html

(15)Henri_Becquerel

(16)	http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html

(17)Nuclear_weapon

(18)	History_of_nuclear_weapons

(19)J._Robert_Oppenheimer

(20)http://ohst.berkeley.edu/oppenheimer/exhibit/

(21)Edward_Teller

(22)http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/eteller.pdf

(23)Hans_Bethe

(24)http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/bethe.html

(25)Stanislaw_Ulam

(26)http://www.lanl.gov/history/people/S_Ulam.shtml

North America
Scheer, Rich. Badin, Joseph. Blackwood, Marylee. Brinch, Jan. Nielson, Tara. "Grid 2030.” A National Vision for Electricity’s Second 100 Years. (2007): 1-30.

"Energy Facts." Solar Energy International, SEI. http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html.

“Biofuels Myths and Facts.” Good and Balanced Food and Fuel News. 2008. Friday, April 4, 2008. http://www.foodandfuelamerica.com/2008/04/biofuel-myths-vs-facts.html.

South America
"Helio." Power to the People, San Diego Union Tribune. June, 1, 2009. http://blog.heliopower.com.

"South America Solar Energy." Solar Energy. May, 21, 2009. http://www.gstriatum.com/solarenergy/2009/05/south-america-solar-energy/.

"Renewable Energy Powers Local Economies in South America." Partnership for a Better Life. America.gov. May, 31, 2007. http://blog.heliopower.com.

"Solar in Rural South America." Fight Poverty- Fight Climate Change. Solar Aid. Jan, 21, 2008. http://solar-aid.org/projectts.livelihood.solar-rural-south-america.html.

Europe
(1)http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSENV/ENV3.htm

(2)http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm

(3)http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28515983/

(4)http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080806/115846538.html

(5)http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3468

(6)http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/1999/sep/10/energy.business1

(7)http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update37.htm

(8)http://www.pca.state.mn.us/oea/p2/hydrogen.cfm

Asia
(1) http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf47.html

(2) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1178902

(3) http://www.minorityrights.org/7670/programmes/mrg-asias-programmes.html

(4) http://iahs.info/conferences/2008Danang.pdf

(5) http://www.hydropower-dams.com/d/d_Asia08_PB.pdf

(6)http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid=3009&title=asia-pacific-region-to-lead-the-global-hydro-power-market

(7) http://www.prlog.org/10224995-asia-pacific-hydro-power-market-analysis-and-forecasts-to-2013.html

http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update37.htm

http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Reports/BREP043.htm

http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/renewable-energy-resources/world/asia/index.shtml

http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-04/2006-04-03-voa10.cfm

http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/619

Australia and Africa
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5051022.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4457210.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4702386.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/06/global_energy/html/introduction.stm

http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin/artikeldezember2002-e.html R

http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/renewable/index.html

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/renewabletarget/index.html

http://macuv.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/FULLDAY_GLOB.PNG

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2008/05/080501_energy_week_intro.shtml

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5125336.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4549313.stm

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/op/nepadkarekezi

http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/concentrating-solar+power-africa/491

Antarctica
(1)"Antarctica" 5/12/2009

(2) "List of Antarctic territorial claims". Wikipedia,5/12/2009

(3)"Antarctic Treaty System". Wikipedia,23 May 2009. 5/25/2009.

(4) "Antarctica;Fact sheet".Country Analysis, Sept/2000. 5/5/2009.

(5)"Antarctic bases turn to renewables-even solar".Reuters,1/20/2009. 5012/2009.

(6) "Blizzard winds to power Australian Antarctic Devision". Australian Antarctic Division,01/09/2008. 5/12/2009.

(7)" Antar bases turn to renewables".by Alister Doyle.Wed,21 January 2009.ABC Science-News in Science.5/12/2009.

(8) "Living &working in Antarctica". Australian Antarctic Division.5/14/2009.5/16/2009.

(9)"Wind to Power Research Base in Antarctica".RenewableEnergyWorld.com,January 30,2007. 5/16/2009.

(10) "proven energy". Why proven Turbines? 01/2007. 5/16/2009.

(11)"International Polar Foundation" Corporate website.01/2007.5/16/2009.

(12) wind energy ( http://www.thebioenegysite.com/news/2863/windpower.sets-sail-for-antarctica.

(13) "Antarctica Turning to Solar,Wind Power".By Ariel Schwartz.CleanTechnica.com. January 22,2009.5/12/2009. (

(14) "Ozone,High in the Sky". Antarctica:Journey to Frozen Continent,2002. 5/15/2009.

More fun facts about Antarctica and renewable resources

"Antarctic Connection". News and information on Antarctica.


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User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springhumanitiesii

 * /group 1/
 * the triangle of fire
 * /group 3/
 * folklife
 * Optional Folklife Assignment: While at Folklife, take some time to experience the work of several artists. Afterwards, try to find out more about them, where they're from, what sort of music/art they create, and what sorts of traditions support their work. Then present your findings to the class.
 * monsters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springhumanitiesii/group 1

Controversial Media

Reading Assignment
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_3_59/ai_54574815/

Banned in the Media: A Reference Guide to Censorship in the Press, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, and the Internet Questia Media America, Inc. www.questia.com

Discussion Questions
Introduction:

 * Censorship  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXmy5cr_cV8
 * The Chilling Effect
 * Self-Censorship  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZRE7wgXqVo

( Pertaining to the article)

1. How does censorship affect materials presented in media? 2. Does media have a more positive or negative impact on society's perceptions? 3.List 5 controversial topics that are constantly being debated. Which one on the list stirs up the most emotions among people? Why? 4.Do you feel that censorship fully protects society from negative materials or has its enforcement loosened over the years? Why?

I enclosed a article and some questions- featured above- that might be of some interests to the students.

Final Assignment
Find two controversial artists who interest you who have struggled with censorship of one kind or another. Describe the censorship, and your thoughts about it. Additionally, elaborate on why you like or dislike their work.

 * 1) Market Censorship
 * 2) Constitutive
 * 3) Power/Knowledge
 * 4) Regulative

Show some of the work to the class.

Resources
Here's a website with a bunch of short articles on art censorship that we've been discussing. http://www.tjcenter.org/ArtOnTrial/tourstart.html Karlynbennett

And another...this would work better for the reading assignment (the formating needs cleaning up)(I cleaned it up and will have a copy to be copied for class -Denise Fennewald)(o btw awesome possum article Karlyn!) http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/2046.php Karlynbennett

A Robert Mapplethorpe link from DeniseF 04:38, 8 May 2009 (UTC)Denise http://www.mapplethorpe.org/

OH OH OH OH Okay I know it is on wiki but I found a tid bit about mapplethorpes censorship in WA DC here's the link it is titled Corcoran Scandal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe  DeniseF 04:38, 8 May 2009 (UTC)Denise

Found a link disscussing if sally man and mapplethorpe were child pornographers Linkizle: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/mccu0154/artguild/2007/12/child_pornography_art_or_dummy.html DeniseF 04:38, 8 May 2009 (UTC)Denise

Link to Araki Nobuyoshi http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/oct/04/photography.japan


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User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springhumanitiesii/group 2

Topic
MOMENTARY ART

Reading Assignment
The three basic components of a work of art.

Subject A subject is a person, a thing, or an idea. A person or thing may be recognizeable to the average observer, but an idea ma not be. In abstract or semi-abstract works, the subject may be somewhat perceivable but in nonobjective works, the subject is the idea nbehind the form of the work, and it communicates with those who can read the language of form. The subject is improtant only to the degree that the artist is motivated by it and thus is only a starting point. The way a subject is presented or formed to give it expression is the important consideration.

Music, like art, deals with subjects and makes an interesting comparison. In the visual arts, the subject is often a particular thing viewed and reproduced by the artist. But at other times, artr presents "nonrecognizable" subject an idea rather than a thing, Like wise music sometimes deals with recognizable sounds --thunderstorms and birdsongs in beethovens pastoral symphony or taxi horns in gershwins An american in Paris. While represent rather abstractly, these are the muscial equilancies of recognizable subjects in art work. By way of contrast bethovens fifth symphony and gershwins concerto in f are stictly collections of musical ideas. In the medium of dance choreopgrahps often has no specific subject, but dancing in coplands ballet rodeo is to a degree oriented. In all of the arts subjects obviously should be judged not alon but by what is done with them.

Subject The term form has various meaning in discussions of art. When applied to sculpture form refers to the essence of the sculpture as expressed in its total organization/ Asculptures appearance is a result of the use of the elements of line texture, color,shape, and value and their relationship to the principles of harmony and variety. Form does not refer exculsively to the sculptures shape, although shape is the result of form. On the other hand sculptors may speak of forms when referring to the shapes sugessted by cavities or protuberances. Even in two dimensional work formal organization involves all the visual device. Using these devices, effective artists arrange and manipulate their materials to convey what is being expressed. Some artists arrange intuitively, others logically. With experience however all artists develop a personal feeling for organization and form.

By Form is so central to the creation and understanding o are that we devote an entire chapter to it. The principles of formal order are flexible and creative, not dfogmatic rules, every work is original and has its own unqiue problems. Thus an artist employs the principles of form to create meaning in structure.

Content The emotional and intellectual message of an artwork is its content, a statement, expression, or mood found in the work by the observer, ideally attuned to the artists intentions. For example the photographer W eugene smith suggest meaning through his subject and the associated symbols of death in figure 1.13. In this work form expresses meaning through the somber use of the black and grays, the restriction of texture and the emphasis of low diagonals. For some people, content is confined to associations aroused by familiar objects or severs to art hat expresses familiar experiences. A broader and more meaningful experience does not rely solely on the subject of the image but can be subtly reinforced by the form. This content born of form can be found in abstract as well as realistic works. Samantha B 08:15, 29 May 2009 (UTC)} This is from the book Art Fundamentals :Theory and Practice by Ocvirk, Stinson, Wigg, Bone, Cayton. -- Interesting Links: The Szpliman Award--and award for momentary art. http://www.award.szpilman.de/best08.mit.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best08.cho.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best08.sze.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best08.kua.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best03.wei.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best04.bol.html http://www.award.szpilman.de/best04.buh.html ( balloon) http://www.award.szpilman.de/best04.bus.html   (blue ice cream and sun) http://www.award.szpilman.de/best04.leh.html (bouncing ball)

Chihulys work and ice wall http://www.chihuly.com/Video/j2k.html http://www.learnersonline.com/weekly/archive99/week40/index.htm

Ace of cakes http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/shows/channel/0,1000011,FOOD_32078_10721,00.html

Discussion Questions
-What is Art?-

What is ART, which is considerate so important and necessary for humanity? Art is architecture, sculpture, painting, music, theatre, poetry in all its forms. An ordinary man will say that Art is such activity as producers of beauty. “Art is a human effort to imitate, supplement, alter, or counteract the work of nature; the conscious production or arrangement of sounds, colors, forms, movement or other elements in a manner that affects the sense of Beauty; the high quality of conception or execution as found in works of Beauty”. All those definitions found in the dictionary. Does art then has to be beautiful? The ordinary man will say yes. For him it seems clear and understandable that art consist in manifesting beauty, and that a reference to beauty will serve to explain all questions about art. In Russian for example music can be pleasant and good, or unpleasant and bad, but there can’t be such thing as “Beautiful” or “ugly” music. Beautiful may relate to man, a house, a view. Beautiful can be used only in a concept that is pleasing the sight. So do the “beautiful” has to be “good” and does “good” include the world “beautiful”? It is taken for granted that what is meant by the world beauty is understand by everyone. Yet the question what is beauty remains to this days quite unsolved. The question of art supposes the purpose of art is to be beautiful or pleasing, when the true purpose of art is expression. Art is about creation, being unique, personality, not beauty. Beauty is in the eyes of beholder. What is beautiful to one is spiteful to another. The art expresses idea, emotion and can help us understand the culture in which we belong. Does art has to be eternal? And is there anything in the universe that is eternal? When I was looking over internet eternal art the first thing that pop out was tattoos. The definition of eternal, however, is: “without beginning or end; lasting forever; always existing”. Is there anything that last forever? Some people say that spirituality lasts forever. I will not argue with that because each person decide for them does they believe in “God” or no. I don't know that there is a forever or eternity. Maybe people just wish it to be, because they like to believe there will be continuity in time and life and love. The SZPILMAN AWARD is awarded to works that exist only for a moment or a short period of time. The purpose of the award is to promote such works whose forms consist of ephemeral situations. Ephemeral art is by its very nature impermanent. There are any numbers of art works of all mediums that are intended by their creators to not 'last', or to 'last' only for a while. Which that brings us to the use of 'Time' as an artistic medium. There are some artists that use the ephemeral art: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TXDSlhSo-U ; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyTICpTXA9M http://www.award.szpilman.de/best07.mem.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftAxiqzOf4o&feature=related “Andy Goldsworthy is a brilliant British artist who collaborates with nature to make his creations. Besides England and Scotland, his work has been created at the North Pole, in Japan, the Australian Outback, and in the U.S. Goldsworthy regards all his creations as transient, or ephemeral. He photographs each piece once right after he makes it. His goal is to understand nature by directly participating in nature as intimately as he can. He generally works with whatever comes to hand: twigs, leaves, stones, snow and ice, reeds and thorns.” Citing his web site. http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=Andy+Goldsworthy&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=ZR4gSrwrkpy2A9_KyJcE&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&resnum=1&ct=title

"Ugly art"  "Beautiful art"

- Media Momentary Art -

In this day an age, we often take things for granted. We assume that an immaterial object has no life expectancy, it will always be there for us. This is a primitive notion however. As we have seen throughout the years, things come and go in phases, including art. What is in and what is out always changes. Lets then focus on arts that we don't consider sometimes.

Music is defiantly an art form recognized by many. Over its many years of evolution, it has changed time and time again. The question I ask you then is do we consider music momentary art? Even with the advent of devices such as Ipods and cds?

Both Film and Photography capture moments in time. Once the image has been captured, it will be printed over and over again in successive repetition. (Photo) But is the product we get the actual art, or are we simply admiring that specific moment in time? Once the photo is taken and printed, we can no longer go back and change it.

Much like in film. The multiple replications make it widely available. But stop to think. The image we see projected is all just temporary. We see a sequence of images capturing time in motion. Once again, once we get a disc that will play back a copy of the film. So are they a permanent art form?

Take all pieces of media art. Over time our tastes change, from one fad to another. We recall times in history and link various music, photos, films, clothing, to that time frame. These days we seldom rarely see them in public. Is then all media art momentary? What of all art in general?

________ Some think that some momentary art exhbits/performances are just stunts or entertainment and not art. Do you think that these "pieces" are art? Do they possess the three basic fundamentals? Some people think it is pointless, or a waste of time.Do you think momentary art is meaningful?

Final Assignment
Make two pieces of momentary art--an art piece that will last for less than a day.

Piece #1: Document the piece with photography, recording, etc.

Piece #2: Do no documentation. When the piece is gone, it is gone for good.

Presentation: Show the documentation of piece #1 and describe how you think the documentation relates to the original object. Then describe the piece that was not documented, and discuss the nondocumentation process, what it felt like to lose the work.

Resources
Art Fundamentals Theory and practice. http://www.award.szpilman.de/informations.html http://www.chihuly.com/Video/j2k.html http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/091799/Loc_icewall.html http://www.learnersonline.com/weekly/archive99/week40/index.htm


text:
User:Stevenarntson/group spaces/2009springhumanitiesii/group 3

Mattcarr

Topic
Coffee House Culture and the Arts

Discussion Questions
Discuss Field Trip

What would the world look like without coffee? How would society change?

How much love goes into the art of making coffee?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUZtbtbglZE&feature=relatedlink title http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjvwPhN7EBslink title
 * watch how baristas tamp and brew an espresso shot...
 * watch how David Schomer of Espresso Vivace in Seattle demonstrates the proper way to steam milk...
 * watch baristas create latte art and have a good time while doing it...
 * creating latte art in various ways

 * listen to baristas as they talk shop

What is Fair Trade Coffee and why is it important to support it?

Fair price

Fair labor conditions Direct trade

Democratic and transparent organizations

Community developmentt

Environmental sustainability

Final Assignment
Option 1: If you were to start your own coffee shop, what would it look like? Outline what your dream coffee shop would be. Include who your cliental are, what you would have to offer; food, coffee, live music, art displays; and something that would attract customers to come to you. Remember we live in Seattle so what would set your shop apart. Along with your outline bring a piece of art; sketch, painting, compilation of photos; of what you envision your storefront to look like or a piece of work that would convey the feeling a person would get when they walk into your establishment.

Resources
http://www.seattle.net/entertainment/restaurants/restuarantreviews/toptencoffeeshops/link title


text:
Design for the Environment/Low Carbon Energy for California

This page is part of the Design for the Environment course

The problem of carbon emissions and greenhouse gases has grown over the years to become one of the leading issues facing the world today. In the United States alone, the State of California has already taken measures to reduce their carbon emissions. In 2006, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation to lower carbon emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.

Strategically located along the coastline, the city and county of San Francisco has access to a variety of natural resources not readily available to other landlocked cities. Furthermore, the city itself has already begun looking into various energy alternatives. This allows for San Francisco to be a suitable city to base this report on.

In 2007, San Francisco consumed about 5,510,000 MWh of energy. In line with this, the objective of this report is to analyze several possible low carbon emission energy alternatives to provide 50% of this total power consumption.

Three options will be considered for this report: gas turbine power (baseline), solar power and lastly, tidal power. The next section details the results from each aspect of the analysis as well as a final recommendation on which alternative would be the most feasible.

Project Information
Chan, Marina (dfe09.lowcarbon) Chua, Timothy (tim.chua) Erkaya, Yalim (Yalim erkaya) Lee, David (leedav11)

Highlights and Recommendations
The Functional Analysis shows that the IGCC gas turbine would be the best alternative. The technology already has years of development behind it. The large number of solar panels required and the insufficient information available for tidal turbines make both alternatives unattractive.

Using the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIOLCA), it can be seen that in all stages of the life cycle the gas turbine produces the most emissions. This is largely due to the gas turbine’s use phase where it requires coal to be burned. Although a solar farm and a tidal farm have similar overall GWP, a solar farm would be the better alternative for the purpose of this analysis due to its lower CO2 emissions.

According to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA), solar power is the best alternative out of all three. The largest contributing factors being the use of recyclable materials, the least use of virgin materials and the least energy intensive processes.

From a Cost Analysis perspective, the IGCC gas turbine is significantly cheaper than the other alternatives. The IGCC gas turbine would cost approximately $50,000 per year if the total costs were divided over its lifetime. A solar farm will cost approximately $2.3 million per year while a tidal farm will cost around $4.9 million per year.

Based on the Societal Analysis, an IGCC gas turbine is the most feasible alternative. Although gas turbines have several societal downsides, they also have the biggest impact in terms of creating stable jobs and useful by-products.

Taking all aspects into consideration, a solar farm would seem the best alternative due to its lowest CO2 emissions. Its costs, however, are impractical when compared to the costs of an IGCC gas turbine power plant. The IGCC gas turbine is also advantageous over the solar farm in terms of functional and societal analyses. There is also a sequestration method for IGCC gas turbines that could lower CO2 emissions to zero which would satisfy the low carbon objective.

Therefore, with the CO2 sequestration an IGCC gas turbine would be the most feasible alternative for low carbon electricity for California.

Functional Analysis
The following is the functional overview of each alternative: gas turbine, solar, and tidal power.

Gas Turbine Power
Gas turbines create electricity through the internal combustion of fossil fuels or non-renewable fuel to drive turbines. Although there are several types of gas turbines, the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) gas turbine will be used for this analysis. It has 45-50% efficiency and can produce power from syngas and natural gas. IGCC gas turbines have stable and cheap fuel costs as well as potential zero carbon emissions.

The gas turbine power plant will be able to generate 543 MW of power and can produce up to 5.5 TWh annually ; more than enough to complete the given power generation objective.

Solar Power
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells create electricity from the sun’s rays. Although no electricity can be generated at night, batteries can store energy created during the day which can be used as an electricity source instead. Mono-crystalline silicon PV cells, which will be used in this analysis, can convert 15% of the sun’s energy into electricity which is the highest efficiency from other types of PV cells.

In order to achieve the given objective of power generation, the solar farm would need to generate 754.8 MW of power assuming 10 hours of operation per day. Since one solar panel can create 210 W of power, a total of 3,594,286 solar panels are needed.

Tidal Power
Tidal turbines use the movement of water mass to create energy. Underwater currents turn turbine blades creating mechanical energy which is then converted into electricity by a generator in the shaft. Tidal turbines are conceptually similar to wind turbines.

A single tidal turbine produces 1.2 MW of electricity and can operate 20-22 hours per day. To achieve the given objective, a tidal turbine farm with 315 turbines should be constructed 1-4 miles off the coast.

Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment
The EIOLCA method utilizes an online economic database that models inter-industrial economic relationships as well as the associated environmental impacts of all industries in the United States. The method provides an quantitative way of comparing the three power generation methods.

Global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases (GHG) and toxic releases are compared among the three alternatives with the assumption that each will generate 2.7 TWh/year. Each alternative is broken down into 5 life cycle stages: pre-manufacturing, manufacturing use, transportation and end of life, with the exception of Gas Turbine Power.

The cost of each alternative in different stages are researched or estimated. The dollar value input into the EIOLCA database gives the GWP emissions and the toxic releases for each alternative. The economic data for each alternative are based on:

 * Gas turbine:

 * Solar panel:

 * Tidal Power:

The following are the comparative results for each alternative. The tables below show the total GWP emissions and toxic releases of each alternative. Graphs for CO2 emissions and toxic releases are also provided for convenience.

Comparing EIOLCA values of each alternative, it can be seen that the gas turbine power plant has the most toxic releases as well as the most GWP emissions. This was already the expected outcome since a solar farm and a tidal farm have no emissions during their use life. Gas turbine power plants emit the most especially since it burns coal all throughout its use life. This is clearly not the most feasible alternative especially when considering the amount of emissions alone.

According to the tables, solar power and tidal power have very similar amounts of overall GWP emissions. However, tidal power has more CO2 emissions as solar power has more CH4.

Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment
Since solar panels and tidal turbines can be considered more as products while gas turbine power plants more as processes, the SLCA has been modified in order to compare all three alternatives within the same level.

Pre-manufacturing includes all the raw materials involved in other stages of the life cycle. This also includes material inputs for power generation for the gas turbine. Manufacturing includes the production of the solar panels and the tidal turbines for the solar and tidal farms, respectively. Since the delivery stage is almost identical for all alternatives, this stage has been replaced by a construction stage. The construction stage accounts for the construction of the solar and tidal farms themselves. The manufacturing and construction stages are identical for the gas turbine power plant to keep consistent with the other alternatives. Values in the manufacturing stage will be used as well for the construction stage for the gas turbine power plant. The use stage includes the maintenance of each alternative and finally the disposal stage includes disposal and decommissioning of all alternatives.

The table below shows the scoring matrix for the SLCA.

Pre-manufacturing
The gas turbine power plant requires coal to generate power. The extraction of coal is an energy intensive process and gives off a considerable amount of solid residues in mining as well as liquid residues through mine drainage. The coal used in the gas turbine also gives off a large amount of GHGs. These contribute to the low score of the gas turbine.

Solar panels use recyclable materials as well as no energy intensive extraction of virgin materials. There are also no solid, liquid or gaseous residues which give the solar farm a high score.

Tidal turbines have composite parts as well as anti-corrosive chemicals. They also require energy intensive extraction methods. These heavy extraction methods also contribute to large solid residues and liquid residues. Other materials in tidal turbines are also indirect producers of GHGs which account for the tidal farm’s low score.

Manufacturing
Gas turbine construction will be discussed further in the construction stage.

Solar panels use recyclable materials. They also require energy intensive processes in component manufacturing. As well, there are minimal solid, liquid and gaseous residues which give the solar farm a high score.

Tidal turbines require a small level of toxic material. Production also requires energy intensive processes. Solid residues are recyclable and liquid residues are biodegradable. There are also minimum gaseous residues. The use of toxic materials gives the tidal farm a lower score than that of the solar farm.

Construction
Construction materials are cheap and recyclable for gas turbine power plants. The processes are energy intensive although solid, liquid and gaseous residues are minimized which gives the gas turbine power plant an average score.

Solar farms and tidal farms have no material inputs as well as no solid, liquid and gaseous residues. However, construction of the tidal farm requires a higher amount of energy and equipment which give the solar farm a higher score than the tidal farm.

Use
The gas turbine power plant uses chemical sorbents and coal which is neither renewable nor reusable and the energy used in this stage is minimal. It has highly toxic solid residues but also has very useful by-products. There are minimal liquid residues but a high amount of gaseous residues in the form of GHGs. These give the gas turbine power plant a low score.

Since solar panels are made of recyclable materials, replacement parts are made up of recyclable materials as well. There is little maintenance needed and produces no solid, liquid and gaseous residues which give the solar farm a high score.

Tidal turbines require new materials for replacement components. Sometimes energy intensive equipment may be required as well. However, there are no solid, liquid or gaseous residues which give the tidal farm an average score.

Disposal
For the gas turbine power plant material diversity is not minimized although most are recyclable. Plant decommissioning also does not require energy intensive methods. Furthermore, solid residues are recyclable and there are no liquid and gaseous residues. These give the gas turbine power plant a high score.

Solar panels are no longer recyclable once produced. In addition, the batteries have toxic chemicals which require special disposal methods. Although there are no gaseous residues and minimal energy is required, the solar farm still gets a low score due to the toxic chemical content of the batteries.

Tidal turbines are mostly made of non-recyclable materials. They also require a high amount of energy to dispose. Tidal turbines also have non-recyclable oil as liquid residue. Due to these, the tidal farm gets a low score.

Cost Analysis
Costs are calculated based on the required objective which is to generate 50% of San Francisco’s power consumption (2,755,000 MWh).

Gas Turbine Power
The cost analysis of the IGCC power plant is divided into 2 possible configurations. First of which would be an IGCC power plant with a CO2 sequestration process and the other configuration would not have the CO2 filter. The analysis assumes that an IGCC power plant life span per construction capital cost is 30 years.

The final cost of having a zero emission CO2 filter is $49.4 million, which costs 32.4% higher than not having a zero emission CO2 filter. The recently proposed carbon tax law in California would charge an average of $42,272 / MTCO2E to industries. The equivalent CO2 released from 2700 GWh of power using a coal-based IGCC would be 1.9595 MT (1600 lb/MWh). 1.95 MT of CO2 is equivalent to $82430.4 under the new carbon tax in California. In comparison to the zero CO2 emission sequestration process, the carbon tax is merely 0.366% the capital investment required in today’s dollar.

The figure below is the combined IGCC capital cost breakdown of the two configurations.

The total cost break down in percentages is shown in the graphs below. It is interesting to note that majority of the costs incurred (other than capital investment) are related to service sectors that are indirectly related to the power plant. The figures below show the total cost break down for the two scenarios proposed.

The cost associated with the chemical reactants are totaled to be $4.0389 million (1997 USD), which is only 8.23% of the total annual cost of generating 2700 GWh. The projected cost of installing a by-product disposal and filtering system on a conventional coal-fired power plant would be 10.81$/kW/year. So the cost for a conventional coal-fired power plant with a capacity of 550 MWh would be $6.021 million/year, which is approximately 50% more than an IGCC gas turbine.

Solar Power
A table summarizing all the costs of a solar farm are included below:

It must be noted that some costs are taken as approximations and may not necessarily be the most accurate value.

As mentioned, 3,594,286 panels are required. Given that one 210W solar panel costs $874, the solar panels would cost $3,141,405,964 in total.

Land plays a major factor in the creation of a solar farm. The desert area in San Joaquin County will be a suitable location for a solar farm. According to treehugger.com, 120,000 solar panels would cover 100 hectares (247.1 acres) of land. This means 7401.23 acres of land are required for the farm. A certain 28 acre patch of land in the San Joaquin area is being sold for $340,000. Using this as a basis, 8,180.3 acres of land will cost $89,872,079.

An inverter is needed to convert the electricity to a usable form (DC to AC). Inside the inverter are six batteries which store generated energy which is not being used. 18,870 inverters are needed continuously running 40 kW of power. This would cost $994,395,866 in all.

To maximize exposure to the sun, solar panels are attached to a tracker which follows the sun. 399,366 trackers are needed costing $1,857,051,900. As well, these trackers are mounted on steel poles in which one end is planted onto the ground that costs $445.76 per item resulting $178,021,388 in total.

The amount of wiring is unknown so an assumed 4,000,000 feet of wiring is allotted which costs $50,000.

The transmission lines that connect the solar farm to the city of San Francisco will also be considered. The approximate distance between San Francisco and San Joaquin is 91.9 miles. This leads to a total cost of $21,137,000 for transmission lines.

In total, all the capital costs of assembling a solar farm are approximately $4.42 billion. This number is an approximate number as several other costs have not yet been included.

It is assumed that labor costs would also play a role. Four plant managers will be checking the solar farm constantly for any need for maintenance and on average they are paid $549,928 per year. Another assumption is that there needs to be personnel present in case any repair work is needed. An average worker gets paid $82,395 per year. These basic operating costs amount to $632,323. This will be a yearly cost over the lifetime of the solar panels which is 20 years.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, there are no readily available recycling processes for solar panels. However, some of the PV components, such as the conductor metals within the panel can be recycled. In general though, the panels will be disposed into landfills without any other processes done on it. Assuming each panel weighs 40.8 lbs (0.0155 ton) then it will cost approximately $86,213,994 to dispose of the solar panels.

Turbine Power
A summary of the costs for a tidal farm is included below.

The capital cost of such a tidal farm would include the manufacturing and placing of the tidal turbines to the intended site as well as the transmission lines that are needed to transmit the electricity. The cost of the land of the site where the turbines will stand is assumed to be insignificant because it is underwater. Study shows that each turbine is estimated to cost around $15 million. The same study also states that each year an amount of $750,000 is incurred as maintenance costs for a single turbine. At the end of a turbine’s useful life, almost all the parts of the turbine would be disposed. Many of the parts lose their ability to be recycled because the chemicals used to coat these parts against corrosion in sea water make them either too energy intensive, if not impossible, to recycle. In addition, some of the components are made of composite materials which are non-recyclable.

The total capital cost of a tidal turbine farm that can power half of San Francisco would be $5.01 billion. The operating and maintenance costs would be another $4.73 billion over the course of its lifetime of 20 years. Disposal of the farm would cost around $11 million. The total cost, estimated to $9.75 billion in 20 years is still lacking other costs including taxes, among others. This calculation assumes all the turbines survive to the end of their life, and none are lost prematurely due to damage, weather or other factors.

Societal Analysis
All three alternatives share one common societal advantage: they create more jobs. The jobs the plants may create are for construction workers, operators and maintenance laborers. As well, both solar and tidal farms generate no noise pollution to distract nearby communities while power is being generated.

However, each alternative also has their downsides. Smog is a by-product of gas turbines. This is not only harmful to the health of those who live around the plant but dirties properties as well. A societal drawback for a solar farm is amount of land used. Since a large number of solar panels, inverters, and batteries are needed in order to sustain a large amount of power, a lot of land is used which can be for other purposes such as agriculture or housing. A disadvantage of a tidal farm is that during construction of the tidal farm many of the marine habitats may be ruined thus potentially killing marine life living in the area.


text: File:Familiarization Tutorial Part 1 Neuropsychology School.pdf


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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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