text:
Film school:Narrative Dialog Editing:Story of Penny and Eggbert:Homework:Film Score

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" An example for the course on Narrative Film Editing
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{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="margin:0em 0em 0em 0em; width:100%"
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"Inserting narrative music"
Narrative music is music which narrates (explains) the scene. The music acts like a narrator to explain what is happening in a scene.

Narrative music has only one problem. Extreme care must be taken when you insert narrative music in a conversation so it does not step on the actor's dialog.

If you are not careful how you insert the narrative music, there can be lip sync problems.

 * Rule #1: You may add narrative music when people will not notice the lack of lip sync.

 * Rule #2: Don't add narrative music when people will notice that the audio and picture are not in sync.

 * It is that simple!

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 * bgcolor=Cornsilk colspan="2" |Note: Penny and Eggbert are 3D Poser models created by 3D Universe.  For this lesson, these characters were posed and rendered with the free DAZ Studio.
 * }

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Look at the differences
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L-Cuts vs. Narrative music
Before we start, take a quick glance at the two pictures. Do you see the difference?

One demonstrates how "L-Cuts" are created and the other shows how narrative music is added.

As you can see, these are two totally different concepts.

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See the difference? Rolling the picture edits
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This is when you create simple "L-Cuts"

 * To create a simple edit, you edit for sound, lock sound, roll the picture edits to get the best visual transition (under the circumstance) without loosing lip sync.

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See the difference?
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Insert narrative dialog

This is when you add narrative music

 * Edit for sound, put the clips apart, insert room tone, add narrative music, roll the picture edits to get the best visual transition (under the circumstance) without loosing lip sync.

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Step 1 of adding narrative music
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Step 1 - Add a gap in the dialog
In between sentences (or wherever you wish), pull apart the pieces of the rough edit.

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Create the gap for the music
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Add the gap
Narrative music is sound strong, it needs a gap in the dialog.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Step 2 of adding narrative music
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Step 2 - Fill in the gap with picture
I rolled (expanded) the clip on the end by unrolling more of the footage. This filled the gap.

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Create the gap for the music
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Fill the gap with picture
Fill the gap in the audio with picture
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Step 3 of adding narrative music
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Step 3 - The room tone
Without room tone the silence will sound bad.

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The natural sounds of the room
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Adding room tone
Without room tone, the audio will sound very bad.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Step 4 of adding narrative music
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Step 4 - Add the music
Add the narrative music to fill the gap.

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Add the music
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" |

Add the music
The music should fill the gap completely so that the pause in the dialog seems totally natural.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Look at the possible camera setups
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

The next page

 * That ends the theory. Now you must create the music and perform the edit. Click here to go to the next page.

 * }


text:
User:Jonathan Webley/Qu'mey

 * 1) Complete lesson plans for first 5 lessons
 * 2) Reference sections
 * 3) Sources of canon
 * 4) Klingons & Culture
 * 5) Organise as a Klingon ship?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jonathan Webley/Qu'mey


text:
Wikiversity:CheckUser policy/Archived proposal

At this time stewards will need to run any requested checks on Meta as there are no local CheckUsers.

CheckUser is a tool which is used to combat serial vandals and/or abusive sockpuppets. It works by either providing the IP address of a user account, or showing all accounts that have used a particular IP. Checkuser access is given on an individual basis, and is always given to a user who is already a custodian, so that he or she can block if appropriate.

Checkuser logs for any one project are visible to Stewards and any CheckUser on any other Wikimedia project. In the interests of assuring privacy, the checkuser mailinglist is not readable to non-checkusers.

The CheckUser feature in MediaWiki is a special interface for users with the checkuser permission. An editor with CheckUser status on a wiki can check if a user isn't a sockpuppet of another user on that wiki. Those with CheckUser status are able to:

 * Determine from which IPs a user has edited Wikiversity
 * Determine the edits on the Wikiversity wiki of a specific IP (even when logged in)

Data collected from the database via the CheckUser feature may be used by custodians and users with CheckUser access may investigate when a user has been vandalizing articles or persistently behaving in a disruptive way. Data obtained via the CheckUser feature may be used to assist in the targeting of IP blocks, or to assist in the formulation of a complaint to relevant Internet Service Providers.

Wikiversity has no assigned CheckUsers, so checkuser requests must be made at Steward requests/CheckUser and are subject to Meta policy.

Privacy and limits on use
On Wikimedia projects, privacy policy considerations are of tremendous importance. Unless someone is definitely violating policy with their actions (e.g. massive bot vandalism or spam), revealing their IP, whereabouts or other information sufficient to identify them is likely a violation.

The CheckUser feature is to be used to fight vandalism or check abuse of sockpuppets, for example when there is a suspicion of illegal voting. It must be used only to prevent damage to one or several of Wikimedia projects.

'''One is not allowed to use the tool for political control, nor to apply pressure on editors, nor as a threat towards an editor with whom you are in disagreement. There must be a valid motive to check a user (a bare disagreement with the leaders of a wiki is not a valid motive).'''

Sockpuppets are not generally forbidden (editors may edit Wikiversity under several accounts). It is the abuse of sockpuppets use (and in particular voting twice under two different names) which is severely frowned upon.

At Wikiversity, notice to the community of each use of the CheckUser feature must be made. This is mandatory, but private information is not released, only the fact that a check was performed. The CheckUser feature is used to check if UserX is a sockpuppet of UserY. Community members can request such checks at Requests for CheckUser by listing the users and explaining why asking for such a check (with links to offending edits). A Wikiversity user with CheckUser rights will answer you if these two users are from the same IP, same proxy, same network, same country, or they are completely unrelated.

Information on and requests for access are below at.

Vandalism and persistent disruption
CheckUser is not intended for casual use. There must be a clear reason for each use of the CheckUser feature.

Vandalism of Wikiversity
Vandalism of Wikiversity usually takes the form of a page edit deliberately made with the intention of altering the content of the page in a way that does not contribute to the mission of Wikiversity. Common types of vandalism include the addition of obscenities to pages, page blanking, or the insertion of useless content. Vandalism can also take the form of disruptive page moves.

Any good faith effort to contribute to Wikiversity, even if misguided or ill-considered, is not vandalism. Committing blatant vandalism, however, can lead to loss of your ability to make further edits. Not all vandalism is obvious, nor are all massive or controversial changes vandalism; careful attention needs to be given to whether changes made are beneficial, detrimental but well intended, or outright vandalism.

Persistent disruption
Editors can be disruptive without trying to be disruptive. When an editor is disruptive, Assume good faith and make attempts to discuss the problem. If disruption is persistent and the problem cannot be solved by discussion, then tools like CheckUser can be used to deal with the disruption. CheckUser should not be used to respond to disruptive events that are not persistent. CheckUser is for preventing likely future disruption, not responding to isolated disruptive events that appear to be over and isolated to the past.

Vote fraud
Use of multiple accounts to "stack" votes or alter the outcome of discussions is not allowed. In general, accounts created after a discussion starts or accounts used only to participate in discussions need not be taken into account in judging community consensus. Such accounts can become persistently disruptive.

Access
If you are interested in getting involved with CheckUser work, please list yourself at Nominations for CheckUser. To apply for access, there must be at least two CheckUsers, so they can monitor each other (see), they must be identified to the foundation, and each must be at least 18 years of age and the age of majority in their country (see). Requests here must be advertised (News, mailing list and Colloquium). If approved by the Wikiversity community (70-80% approval, with at least 25-30 approving votes), you can list yourself at Requests for permissions with a link to the page with the community's decision.


text:
Wikiversity talk:CheckUser policy

Please see /Archive 1 for prior discussions. See also CheckUser policy/Archived proposal for an old policy proposal that never gained enough support.

Nominations for CheckUser
At Candidates_for_Custodianship it states "Candidates must have 70-80% agreed consensus or more and a minimum of 25-30 votes in support by local community members." (bold in original) That minimum seems like an unrealistically high bar. I don't recall any recent nominations for any position that had that many participants. The last nomination for full custodian has only 11 contributors. --mikeu talk 16:42, 18 October 2019 (UTC) See below. --mikeu talk 19:22, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Proposal review
Please comment on the current text and suggest any potential changes. Please also see the text in the collapse box at Requests for CheckUser. --mikeu talk 17:02, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Couple of points
 * I read through the previous discussion and had a look at your policy. The discussion there is from 2007 things have changed somewhat. However I will address some issues.
 * 1) Any wiki that does not have a local checkuser policy that has been fully accepted must follow the one at Meta. So that yours is not in full agreement with the one at Meta is a bit problematic.
 * 2) The logs of the checkuser actions cannot be seen by anyone outside of the checkuser groups. Basically this is Checkusers, those with Checkuser-log access and Stewards. The reason for this is that the information obtained is covered by the Mediawiki Privacy Policy and is not public access.
 * 3) Checkusers cannot do a CU on anyone at a whim. There must be a process defined in policy on each Wiki that identifies the requirements for assessment to determine if it will be done. You cannot ask to have yourself checked either as a side note.
 * 4) referring to the point above by the rules for nominating checkusers is determined by the policy at Meta and overseen by the stewards. To the best of my knowledge and a Steward may comment here that cannot be overridden. However I believe you can extend the duration of the vote, and you can draw attention to the fact that there is a vote in process (not to be done by a nominee). So although it may look a little tough its what we have to do.
 * 5) the local policy in the drop down box pointed to is quite out of date and needs to be redone. My suggestion here is to look at the accepted policy on other wikis and adopt from that.
 * 6) the checkuser tool set is a last resort in many ways for a specific set of circumstances. The policy needs to acknowledge this. Remember that the information obtained from a CU is private information, hence all CU's must sign the Privacy Policy. Although it is true that most socks are using this for vandalism there are other uses for socks too, such as block avoidance, stacking votes in consensus discussions etc. So although vandalism is a part of all this in many cases the purpose of the tool is to deal with people creating socks, whatever their purpose is.
 * 7) if you are wanting to get this rolling and from what I understand it stalled in 2007 or so, your first step is to update the policies. Then work on getting checkusers. Be sure you want to do it and need them.
 * Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 18:19, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Very good points. I think we should proceed with a split short term / long term approach on this. Given the age of both the current proposal and comments/concerns it might be best to start from scratch. Participants in the 2007 discussion have mostly left or are very inactive. The opinions of current contributors should take precedence over ancient history. We currently have no local policy which defaults to the meta policy being "official" here. I suggest replacing the current page with a softredirect to meta. Having these proposal pages and procedures gives a misleading impression that we have a locally developed process for this. Personally, I prefer that we just use the meta policy (regardless if there are local CU or not.) While I don't see a pressing need for having local CU I do like the idea that someone familiar with our community and the activity on our site is running the checks. My first impression is that I am generally supportive of the idea. --mikeu talk 18:46, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Redirecting to meta may be the easiest solution. I just noticed that we would need 25-30 votes to get a local Checkuser. I don't know that we can get 25-30 votes on anything at the moment, unless there would be support and participation from the Wikijournal sub-community. If so, I'd be fine with adding two existing Checkusers to start with: (User:Faendalimas and User:Koavf) -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 19:07, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Just remember be sure you need a local checkuser before going through all this. Anyway if you want this I would be happy to help with it. But we do need to hear from as well, you need two checkusers at all times. I am happy to assist with sorting out all your pages for this, it requires policy pages and a bunch of templates etc to be created. To run the nominations it will need to be done by your Bureaucrats, they run the process, nominations, monitor the votes, outreach to the community close the votes and report the result. Then a Bureaucrat must be the one who reports the result to the Stewards for the request to grant permissions of CheckUser. If we go the path you mention  both myself and Justin will have to link our verifications of our privacy policy signings I believe. Not sure on that since we would not be Checkusers elsewhere if we did not do it, so maybe that can be assumed. Cheers  Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 19:26, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I'm happy to take the responsibility alongside Scott and watch a local CheckUser requests board. I also agree that we probably wouldn't have too many events requiring it here locally and probably won't have a need for any policy that is very different from Meta anyway. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 01:24, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * For your info examples of pages needed for a full local policy:
 * -- Policy
 * -- Discussion on CU Policy includes Steward comments.
 * -- Request for CU
 * -- Archived Case
 * There are several in between pages in this particularly forms etc as well. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 19:56, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * It seems like discussion of a local CU is de facto on hold. Let's see if a dozen or so contributors comment in this discussion. If we can't get that level of participation in a policy debate we're unlikely to get the minimum for any nomination. I generally like the idea of local CU and along with Dave I specifically support the two potential candidates. However, I also took a look at the CU request revision history at meta and I'm seeing such a low level of activity from us that it might not be worth the effort at this time. Having said that I would be willing to open up a nomination discussion with the understanding that it might need to be left open for a long time. ie. there is no point in developing the local policy if we don't have interested candidates who understand that they are agreeing to assume a role at an undetermined future date, if ever. --mikeu talk 21:39, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes there needs to be an interest and wish for this to be fleshed out. In the meantime I am playing around with a copy of your policy here underlines is text I add, strike is to be deleted, also I will link terms that need to be defined. Just first paragraph for now and a work in progress. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 22:04, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Excellent, thank you for taking the initiative on this. At least we'll have the foundation in place if there is consensus to pursue this. One suggestion that I would make is to include some explicit conditional language: if we have 2 or more local CUs then go to some local page for requests, but if no local CUs go to meta. I'd like to take into account the possibility that an unexpected retirement will leave us in an inconsistent state of affairs. Question: if we have local CU does that preclude making requests at meta? I'm thinking of inactivity or wikibreak of locals. Also, roughly how many checks are run per year on a smallish wiki like species? --mikeu talk 23:31, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I was chatting to Dave earlier and pointed out that my preference on a small wiki is to have 3 CUs the minimum is 2 of course, 3 gives us more chance that at least two will be around. However that's not necessary. Yes you can of course go to meta if no local CUs are available for some reason. For example a wikibreak. CUs do have a responsibility to announce if they are going to be unavailable for an extended period of time. On Wikispecies the CUs do have each others email addresses and we have an admins group email we can also use to get the attention of each other. The latter all admins can see so we cannot discuss the case but we can at least email them to get their attention. We also utilise IRC. If for some reason, through retirement for example, you go down to 1 CU then that CU cannot function and the one gone must be immediately replaced, through the usual means. In the meantime any requests have to go straight to the Stewards.
 * On wikispecies we had a major issue a couple of years back where we had a rather active sockpuppeteer. However, we do seem to have finally got the better of that individual and as such we do not get many, about 2-3 a year. We get some suspects also that do not go anywhere. Sometimes what looks like a sock actually is not, in which case the case is dropped.
 * There are advantages and disadvantages to having local CUs. For one we are all in contact with each other and tend to warn each other. As a CU we can request global bans and locks of the stewards and its usually just done, immediately. Of course the stewards do their job and double check, but its taken up very quickly. We also bring you information, we cannot cannot give out private data, but I am often taking information from CUs results done on other wikis and we can check if there may be a problem on our own wiki. Not by doing a CU just by looking at the edit history of known socks on our own wiki. We can then act appropriately. For example I was informed of a user and half a dozen of his socks, I found that all of these had now appeared on wikispecies. But the user had done no harm on wikispecies. I did not block the main account but I can block the known socks, thereby permitting the user to use their main account, since they had done nothing wrong with it, but preventing the socks.
 * In part, although it was not a sockpuppetry issue, this is why I posted a heads up of one user recently here as I am just used to dealing with things at a cross-wiki level. Dave blocked that user based on what he had done here and the information I provided from other wikis. Prevention in other words.
 * Another advantage is that you are dealing with your own problems on site. You do not have to run to the stewards all the time. Do not get me wrong the CUs are watched by the stewards, everything we do is logged. We cannot do anything without the stewards knowing so it has to be justified. This means that if it is a false positive, ie looks like a sock but is not, it is dealt with and dropped without wasting the stewards time.
 * Sorry for the long answer but CU is a complicated issue, I think its best when people understand it. The disadvantages are mostly the requirements for voting, setting it all up etc. But once done I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Be warned the voting for CU's is high stakes, votes for admin can be harsh, for bureaucrats can be brutal, for CU's its up there with Oversighters and Stewards. You need a thick skin to submit to it. People will say what they think with no holds barred. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 00:21, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

I'm satisfied with the policy so far. Though, I'd like to propose a change to a certain sentence in the policy, which is "It is the abuse of sockpuppets (and in particular voting twice under two different names) which is severely frowned upon". I feel that this wording may give off a lenient view rather than a strict view on sockpuppetry, which, IMO, the strict view is the correct view. I suggest that this sentence be altered to say (bolded words are the proposed changes): "It is the abuse of sockpuppets (and in particular voting twice under two different names) which is strictly forbidden and will lead to an indefinite block on the sockpuppet accounts used". It gives off the impression that abusive sockpuppetry will not be tolerated.

Certainly, this is a minuscule issue... but I'd thought I would bring it up. Thanks. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 18:48, 9 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with the principal of what you say, however, although I agree that abuse such as vote-stacking as you point out is a very serious issue I do not like to lock policy into black and white decisions. Hence stating the actual punishment does not best serve the use and enactment of the policy. The scenario mentioned could certainly lead to a global block / lock, it could also be dealt with less severely depending on the circumstances and severity of the case at hand. Therefore I am not making that suggested change at this point unless there is a consensus on this point. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 17:16, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Restructuring Policy
As I pointed out above I have been working with a version of the Policy here which could be proposed to get this happening. Now I am going to write it from the point of view that we intend to get local CU's so it will include sections on all this. We cannot do a nomination for CU's until we have a policy in place and this policy must be voted on. All Wikimedia projects are supposed to have a policy on CheckUser, even if it just adopts the one at Meta. I am leaving it to everyone to decide if this will be used. But am preparing it case we can. However I am only going to prepare the policy page itself, like I said it will be written as if we have local checkusers, in place of identifying them I will write to be filled.

This version could be voted on and placed as the local policy since without local CheckUsers we default to the Stewards doing this anyway as per the policy at Meta. Which I will state. I think your current policy had too much in it, was too long, so I intend to simplify it a bit. The important thing is to explain what a CheckUser does and when it can and cannot be used, and how to make a request. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 18:00, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok I have made a draft policy its ready to be presented. It takes out some of the descriptive stuff that will go on the page where people actually apply for a sockpuppet investigation. That page would be something like this one here. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 16:30, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * That looks fine to me. If don't intend to make further changes we can open this up for discussion on adopting it. --mikeu talk 18:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I made some minor edits. Ready for wider discussion from my perspective. Thanks! -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 00:07, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Your welcome to move it to an RfC for discussion if you wish. I will answer any questions that come up explaining all the policies and how it works. Thanks for the edits. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 00:28, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Proposal discussion
Please comment on the recently completed draft of CheckUser policy/Proposal. --mikeu talk 13:42, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

There is clearly a great deal of support for this proposal which has intentionally been left open for a full month given the importance of the topic. Closing as: community support to adopt as official policy. --mikeu talk 00:39, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * this is aligned with WMF policy and looks like a sensible policy to adopt. --mikeu talk 13:52, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * this proposal takes into account at how this is done on other wikis as well as Meta's requirements. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 14:02, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * the policy proposal. Noting that operationally, it will need some modifications, as the Access section is missing, etc. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 14:47, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I referred to the Access section as Becoming a CheckUser but this can be re-titled to Access if its the preference. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 15:06, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

 * with the stipulation that this is all way over my head. While I am grateful to those dedicated to improving the inetgrity of Wikiversity, I am too busy to learn how these efforts are conducted. In the unlikely event that a cogent opposition to this proposal is presented, I will reexamine my position.  But as been already pointed out in the above discussion, the active Wikiversity community is very small.  The absence of participants in this discussion should in no way be viewed as a sign of indecisiveness or apathy. --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 15:00, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems reasonable and useful. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 05:33, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for surfacing this, Scott. Again, if we decide that we want local CUs, I'll be happy to serve. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 01:27, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * your welcome Justin, this is one of those policies that wikis need to have working, whether we get local CheckUsers or not is for the community to decide, I am also willing if needed, but having the policy in place helps alot even when you go to the Stewards. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 14:00, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * the policy proposal. --Bert Niehaus (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Given the importance of this policy I would suggest leaving this open longer than usual to solicit commentary from the entire community. I see a great deal of support here but would prefer to continue to collect comments to solidify the suport for this endeavor. --mikeu talk 01:19, 9 November 2019 (UTC)
 * As I am effectively the proposer of the policy here I will leave it to other sysops to determine how long the proposal should run. Cheers Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 15:26, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * - I do not find any reason to object. Josephine W. (discuss • contribs) 00:20, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * the policy proposal. Lionel Scheepmans ✉ Contact (French native speaker) 11:21, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * although proposed changes have not been addressed, I still support the vital points of the policy proposal. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:03, 13 November 2019 (UTC)
 * My apologies had a bsy few days and did not see your point above am anserwing it under your point. Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 17:10, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I usually do not like pesky vandalism and revert them as soon as I determine them. Soumya-8974 (discuss • contribs) 04:44, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * ., 16:34, 16 November 2019 (UTC).

CU nomination
I have high regard for the fine work that both of you have done here, as do many others participants at en-wv. I am inclined to nominate you for consideration by the community for the newly adopted position of local CU. Given the requirement of a minimum of 25-30 contributors approving (which could take an extended amount of time on our site) I feel the need to verify that both of you are willing to formally accept the responsibility before continuing. Would both of you accept a nomination for CU? Also, do either of you have a strong opinion (based on your enstensive experience) on the question of necessitating the need for a third CU on this site? --mikeu talk 01:42, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the kind words I do consider CheckUser an important function on wikis. Of course it can be readily handled directly by the stewards. If the community would like to take this step I would be happy to accept the nomination. The vote can be carried out on your current page you utilise for Custodian/ Bureaucrat nominations. The major differences are the rules on what is considered a consensus as you point out. As a minimum of two checkusers must be present it is best if both initial checkuser nominations are carried out at the same time. In regards to a third checkuser, I personally favor the idea as it means that in general at least two will hopefully be present at any time it basically gives us a bit of a fallback option in the event someone is away for a week or so. However, it is not necessary. The minimum is two. I would therefore caution that the third may be best looked at from the point of view of can you get three voted on at the same time. You can add a third later if you like this option. In general both Justin and I are available most of the time that I have seen in the 2 odd years we have both been checkusers on Wikispecies. An advantage to you both also is that as both Justin and I are already checkusers, we have already signed the privacy policies, we are already identified to WMF and we already know the checkuser tools and have used them. I do not expect you would get alot of cases here. More likely the benefit will be we will be able to identify and head off cross wiki socks that cause issues if they come this way. I would suggest that to run the vote that one of the bureaucrats here send a message to all active editors here to encourage them to vote. This is best if it did not come from myself or Justin as it should be seen as neutral. However this would help you get to the 25 vote threshold. We certainly did this on Wikispecies also and further had one of our bureaucrats oversee the election process who also examined votes for anything out of the ordinary. Editors here should be encouraged to ask questions also, this is a set of very powerful tools and carry alot of responsibility. Although Justin knows this if anyone else is considering this people should realise this is an election that will attract interest from outside Wikiversity, certainly from Meta and also likely from other wikis that have regular contributors here as well, even if this is not their home wiki. Anyway, if Justin also confirms his nomination I am fine with a nomination being made on the appropriate page and will accept it there as required. Cheers and thanks  Scott Thomson  ( Faendalimas ) talk 02:15, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * How kind. Yes, I would be happy to have those user rights if the community trusts my judgement, thinks I'm a friend of the project, sees the utility of it (seems like that's a yes), etc. As far as having three, I do think that's handy because I could get hit by a bus or Scott could get busy with the real world and I take CU and RevDel rights seriously: it's good to have the oversite. Thanks again: I hope I can be an asset here whether everyone decides that I should be trusted with the tools or not. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 05:59, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:CheckUser policy


text:
Help:Quiz-Simple

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" A simple introduction to quiz formats
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Basic quiz types

 * Here are simple examples of the basic quiz types at Wikiversity, all using the Mediawiki's quiz extension  (AKA ...) .

 * For full details on all quiz types that use this extension, go to Help:Quiz

 * For an experimental alternative to the quiz extension, see the subpage /Alternative (multiple choice)/,

 * }

Example of a questions with Feedback
Try this. You will find it rather messy.

True/false questions / square buttons
ar:مساعدة:اختبارات ويكي الجامعة es:Ayuda:Introducción a los formatos de preguntas de la extensión Quiz ja:ヘルプ:Quiz入門 ru:Справка:Оформление тестов de:Hilfe:Quizerweiterung in Wikiversity

title: Help:Quiz-Simple


text:
User talk:Toddkaplan

references feature
Lately, there have been problems with the references feature. Look at Colloquium and see if that helps you. Let me know if it does not solve your problems. --JWSchmidt 16:39, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

subpages
Hello, in agreement with Tim yesterday (see User_talk:FeeleTim) I have moved yesterday some of the pages of Economic Classroom Experiments. Therefore I moved now also this page. Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 13:48, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW I like the result of this one The Twenty pound auction. Erkan Yilmaz (evaluate me!, discussion ) 13:50, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problems

 * The currently affected images are listed below. For each, please provide a source and license template. Thanks – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 23:17, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 2007-04-07 19:59, Toddkaplan: Twentypoundauction.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-08 22:26, Toddkaplan: Graph1.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-08 22:34, Toddkaplan: Graph1a.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-09 09:41, Toddkaplan: Twobidders.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-09 09:44, Toddkaplan: Threebidders.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-23 20:25, Toddkaplan: Bertrand2.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-26 17:28, Toddkaplan: Guessgame1.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-04-26 17:29, Toddkaplan: Guessgame2.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-12-30 15:20, Toddkaplan: Pitmarkettransactions.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-12-30 15:20, Toddkaplan: Pitmarketdemandandsupply.jpg: untagged! ; 1 (1)

title: User talk:Toddkaplan


text:
Topic talk:French/Conversation

Bonjour! Je suis un utilisateur à Wikiversité. Je veux apprendre le français. Voici un page pour les étudiants de français. Nous pouvons parler beaucoup des choses ici! --HappyCamper 15:55, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:French/Conversation


text:
Help talk:Quiz-Simple

Hi Robert. Yes - this is very pretty, and a good idea for beginners and schoolkids. Something slightly simpler than my documentation! McCormack 16:11, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Getting less simple
I agree that it's still pretty, but it's slowly getting less and less simple. How about chopping it into quite a few pages? McCormack 18:11, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Problem with write-ins
I don't know if it's on my end (firefox) or mediawiki's or the mark-up for those particular examples, but both of the questions requiring write-in answers aren't working for me. The first answer isn't registering and all of the other answers are shifting up to fill it's void, so that leaves all of the answers wrong because they're in the previous spot and they'd be correct in the next spot (that they were originally in until the 'submit' button was clicked) this in turn leaves the last answer space blank because there's no more answers to move up and fill in there. -LambaJan 07:54, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Picture to illustrate a problem with the Quiz (shows Firefox 2.0.0.12).jpg|left|300px]]
 * Tried first example and happens here also with Firefox 2.0.0.12 + IE 7.x on windows OS (more info can be given on request) - see pic for result and input. I suppose this is browser independent ? Probably something in the code ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:43, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * See also mw:Extension_talk:Quiz, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 18:05, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Bug now fixed
The original developer has now fixed this bug and the fixe should be live in the next few days. It was caused by a change in the Mediawiki core code in Mediawiki version 1.12. --McCormack 13:32, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Colour of correct answer when wrong answer selected?
In the first two multi-choice examples, on selection of a wrong answer, the wrong answer is bordered in red, with a tick, and the correct answer is also bordered in red - shouldn't it be bordered in green instead?? -- Jtneill - Talk 11:10, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I think this streams from the mathematical logic. Within this way of thinkinig it is OK, but for users it would be friendlier to have also that option you pointed.--Juan 10:24, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Bug added to phabricator here: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165387 -- but I think this is probably the correct behaviour. If the correct answer is not selected, it is wrong - a false negative. If they choose an incorrect answer, it is also wrong- a false positive. If there is a mix of correct and incorrectly answered items, there is no visual way to distinguish between a genuinely correct answer and a false negative if they are both green. Mvolz (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 09:50, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

Still problems
I created a page with two quiz, and when I press the button "Submit" on one of them, the other is also wrongly corrected. Can this be fixed? --Feministo 13:55, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Which one was that? I'd like to see. ---Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 21:22, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
 * This was reported here and is now resolved: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152398 Mvolz (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 09:51, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Quiz-Simple


text:
Talk:Wikimania/2007

Virtual Wikimania
The Wikiversity School of Media Studies is planning to get Wikiversity involved in producing a "Virtual Wikimania" from Taipei via a "Wikiversity kiosk" located at the main event. Some of the participating content development groups are:
 * Topic:Wikimania - Wikimania, Wikimania 2007 etc.
 * Topic:Internet Audio and Video - Setting up the Sandbox Server (or equivalent) with Icecast and and other Internet Audio/Video services.
 * Topic:VoIP - Setting up the Sandbox Server (or equivalent) with Asterisk Voice over Internet Protocol hub linked to something like an OpenMoko/Internet Kiosk
 * Topic:Server administration - Setting up the Sandbox Server (or equivalent) in general
 * Topic:Internet Audio - Wiki Campus Radio, Hypatia, etc. to work on Topic:Audio Engineering learning projects for the "Sound of Wikiversity" Internet radio project
 * ...several others... just follow the breadcrumbs...

If you know of people, companies or groups that could help out, please let us know, below. Thanks in advance for your input! CQ 17:40, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikimania/2007


text:
Wikimania/2007/coordination

This effort is migrating to a wikimania page Please see Technology for the starting point in this migration.

A number of diverse groups are trying to get things happening.

This is a spot where we can all communicate, until it finds a permanent home.

Players include:
 * Wikiversity. We want to be involved to learn things, as part of learning projects

 * Wikimania. To get the message out.
 * Wikinews. To report on the big WikiMedia event of the year.

This list isn't complete and the objectives aren't exhaustive. It's a wiki, feel free to add and expand.

Wikicast
Wants to stream parts

What is needed is a streaming mount point, from conference sound system? ShakespeareFan00 18:11, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * A jotting of my tech notes. Thanks, GChriss 02:26, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

First things -- what we'd like
What we all would like is some easy to use multi capture component. It would capture audio, video and slides, in one neat package. Maybe audience noise and questions too.

While there may not be anything out there now that does this, we should look into it, and decide what we want.

Wikimania Lounge
We've talked a bit about this. Not sure what exactly will be in here.

Wikimania kiosk
See OpenMoko/Internet_Kiosk

title: Wikimania/2007/coordination


text:
Kana/Quiz

{Hiragana to rōmaji Transliterate the following into rōmaji (put spaces between each mora): いろはにほへと ちりぬるを わかよたれそ つねならむ うゐのおくやま けふこえて あさきゆめみし ゑひもせす { i ro ha ni ho he to chi ri nu ru wo wa ka yo ta re so tsu ne na ra mu u wi no o ku ya ma ke fu ko e te a sa ki yu me mi shi we hi mo se su }
 * type="{}"}

{Katakana to rōmaji Transliterate the following into rōmaji: { karaoke }
 * type="{}"}

{Katakana to rōmaji Transliterate the following into rōmaji: { raamen }
 * type="{}"}

title: Kana/Quiz


text:
Wikipedia studies/NPOV

The policy on Neutral Point of View has existed on Wikipedia almost since its creation. This policy has been said to be non-negotiable by Jimmy Wales.

 * History of NPOV
 * What is NPOV

Related resources

 * Disclosures

title: Wikipedia studies/NPOV


text:
Wikipedia studies/Wikipedia administrators

Wikipedia Administrators are described as "Wikipedians to whom the community gives access to technical features that help with maintenance". However, administrator abuse has been an important issue on Wikipedia, causing some editors to leave.


text:
Wikipedia culture

Wikipedia has had an enormous impact on the ideas people have about an encyclopedia. It has created a whole new concept in collaboration all around the world. Users in many countries now can join the effort in creating knowledge and working together in a global wide project. Besides, it has created a new type of job (although not remunerated), the wikipedian.

Wikipedia popularized the concept of a wiki, a concept made possible by the MediaWiki software. After the growth of Wikipedia there has been a number of new websites based on wiki software, related and founded by the same foundation and some independent projects, as MediaWiki software is GPL. Examples are wikia.com, wikiversity.org, wikinews.org, etc. Also, many people in the world can contribute due to the fact that wiki projects are usually multilingual.

title: Wikipedia culture


text:
Editors who choose to leave

Participants of this learning project wish to better understand what are the reasons that make editors leave Wikipedia, whether they leave in anger or in peace, among other aspects of the phenomenon.

General resources

 * Wikiversity participants who choose to leave
 * Wikipedia needs editors
 * Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers
 * Disruptive editing
 * User:Raymond arritt/Expert withdrawal
 * Wikipedia:Expert rebellion

Case studies

 * User:Doc glasgow
 * User:Hillman

title: Editors who choose to leave


text:
Talk:Web Design/XML challenges

I added something fun, and on-topic, at the bottom of XML Challenge 4 --Jawboot 06:06, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Where is "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step"?
Point 2 of XML Challenge 4: Roll your own RSS feed makes reference to "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step" but there does not appear to be a link to this resource. On closer inspection it appears that the resource in question is a sub-section of the article RSS - Really Simple Syndication.

Work through the "Building a personal RSS Feed, step-by-step" section of RSS - Really Simple Syndication to create your own RSS feed for your own site. Try to make sure you've got 3 or 4 items in your feed. They might point to different sections of your site.

== Please use Try it out! - Dan --Dmccreary 04:58, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

== Don't confuse mixed content with invalid XML The example implied that mixed content was invalid. Not true. To be valid you have to have and XML Schema. Mixed content can always be valid XML. --Dmccreary 05:19, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web Design/XML challenges


text:
User:MrPete~enwikiversity

Here's my WikiVersity page... MrPete 10:03, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User:MrPete~enwikiversity


text:
Category:Quiz

pt:Categoria:Quiz

title: Category:Quiz


text:
Draft:Operating system/Operating Systems/Deadlocks

Whenever two or more processes try to access a resource that is in use by another process, making them enter a waiting process, then it is said to be a Deadlock.


text:
User:Joonion

Joonion Bae.

Wish to be a programmer.

Always write something with happiness.

Teaching others to be a good programmer.

Having a wife, son and daugter.

title: User:Joonion


text:
Economic Classroom Experiments/Bertrand Competition

Bertrand (1883) modelled firms competing on price (as oppossed to quantity). The experiment demonstrates the Bertrand model and tests the equilibrium prediction.

Theory
Examine the case with two firms where both firms choose prices simultaneously and have constant marginal cost $$c$$. Firm one chooses $$p_1$$. Firm two chooses $$p_2$$. Consumers buy from the lowest price firm. (If $$p_1=p_2$$, each firm gets half the consumers.) An equilibrium is a choice of prices $$p_1$$ and $$p_2$$ such that firm 1 wouldn’t want to change his price given $$p_2$$ and firm 2 wouldn’t want to change her price given $$p_1$$.

Take firm 1’s decision if $$p_2$$ is strictly bigger than c: If he sets $$p_1>p_2$$, then he earns 0. If he sets $$p_1=p_2$$, then he earns $$1/2*D(p_2)*(p_2-c).$$ If he sets $$p_1$$ such that $$ c1/2*D(p_2)*(p_2-c)$$. From this we see that each has incentive to slightly undercut the other. Thus, an equilibrium is that both firms charge $$p_1=p_2=c$$. Note with three or more firms, in a (pure strategy) equilibrium, we need only two of the firms to set price equal to $$c$$, the others can charge a higher price.

Hand Run
Andreas Ortmann (2003) has published a hand-run version. On varying the number of firms in experiments on Bertrand competition see Martin Dufwenberg and Uri Gneezy (2000) There are some elements to Bertrand competion in the Twenty-pound auction.

Computerized Version
There is a computerized version of this experiment available on both Veconlab and Exeter games site. The main advantage of the Exeter games version is the graphing feature which allows graphing of the average sale price in addition to average price. Looking at the graph of the data, this makes the results much clearer (since for three or more firms average price is not a reflection of proximity to equilibrium).

You can quickly log in as a subject to try out this group participation experiment, by pretending to be one of the original participants in a real session. You may also find the sample instructions helpful.

Results
This experiment has fairly consistent results. At Exeter, it has been run on sixth form (high school) students and Korean executives (from Korean Gas Corporation). When there are two firms in the market, prices are above marginal cost. This persists even when matching is random. Once we increase the number to 4 or 5 firms and random matching, the sales price drops to marginal cost. Note that the average price does not always do so. Three firms and random matching usually also goes to marginal cost.

Student Quotes
These quotes are from Exeter microeconomics students.

In reference to the two firm, Bertrand competition experiment: "“I learnt that collusion can take place in a competitive market even without any actual meeting taking place between the two parties.”"

In reference to the four firm, random matching, Bertrand competition experiment: "“Some people are undercutting bastards!!! Seriously though, it was interesting to see how the theory is shown in practise.”"

Discussion
We see cooperation (collusion) between firms in setting prices in practice as well. This can occur without direct communication.

Cooperation in Bertrand Competition
Case: The New York Post vs. the New York Daily News

Until Feb 1994 both papers were sold at 40¢. Then the Post raised its price to 50¢ but the News held to 40¢ (since it was used to being the first mover). So in March the Post dropped its Staten Island price to 25¢ but kept its price elsewhere at 50¢, until News raised its price to 50¢ in July, having lost market share in Staten Island to the Post. No longer leader. So both were now priced at 50¢ everywhere in NYC.

Theoretical Cooperation
If firms get together to set prices or limit quantities, what would they choose?

As in your experiment, demand for the goods is $$D(p)=15-p$$ and each firm has the cost function of $$c(q)=3q$$ (marginal cost equal to 3).

Price Cooperation
Let us say the firms try to coordinate on a price that maximizes their profits. Here the firms' joint problem is $$\max_p  (p-3)\cdot (15-p)$$. What is the choice of p? It is $$p=9$$. (The expression $$(p-3)(15-p)$$ is an upside-down parabola that starts at 3 and ends at 15 reaching its peak midway.) This is the monopoly price and D(p) is the monopoly quantity!

Quantity Cooperation
The joint firms' problem is $$\max_{q_1,q_2} (15-q_1-q_2)\cdot (q_1+q_2)-3(q_1+q_2)$$. All that matters in the solution is that $$q_1+q_2=6$$. (We can call $$q:=q_1+q_2$$ and then the problem becomes $$\max_{q_1,q_2} (12-q)\cdot (q)$$.) This is the monopoly quantity and $$D^{-1}(6)$$ is the monopoly price.

[Slides] for teaching Bertrand Competition.


text:
User:Sakatsu~enwikiversity

Knowledgable in Occult studies and Pagan studies, she has studied Japanese for three years and is currently attending Clark College in Vancouver, WA, U.S.A. Majoring in Psychology and her Minor in Japanese.

title: User:Sakatsu~enwikiversity


text: Category:Physics concepts

title: Category:Physics concepts


text:
Portal:Literary Studies/Reading lists/English Literature - Read and discuss

Hello My name is Gilbert, I don't know who is going to bother to read this, but I am going to start reading The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. If anybody wants to join me they are welcome to do so. Cheers, Gilbert

 * Interesting idea! We should set up various reading groups - around particular topics perhaps - what is the general area of this book, so that you can gather together some other people who might also be interested in this book, or similar books? Cormaggio talk 20:01, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

aww a long time though.. anyways hi folks! i'm Affee. i have two texts in my reading list. 1- The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins- (criticism on literature written about God) 2- Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (a romantic comedies)

if any one u is reading something, share it with us.. regards. 14-04-2008


text:
User:Zeibura~enwikiversity

I can be found primarily on Wikipedia:

title: User:Zeibura~enwikiversity


text:
User:Kinsuji

Please tell us more about yourself. Erase this message and begin. Robert Elliott 02:48, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Kinsuji


text: File:Script for wikiu-Kinsuji.pdf

title: File:Script for wikiu-Kinsuji.pdf


text:
Organometallic Chemistry/Acyclic Diene Metathesis

Acylic diene metathesis is when two terminal olefins are combined, via an organometallic compound (most typically a Grubb's Ru carbene catalyst) acting as a catalyst, to yield ethane and a new hydrocarbon chain. The process is continued until it is kinetically limited or the catalyst has decomposed.


text:
Klingon prefixes

Prefixes
none indicates that no prefix is required. For the blank entries, the object is translated by -'egh or -chuq.

Imperative Prefixes
Topic:Klingon

title: Klingon prefixes


text:
Klingon/Suffixes

—This is a list of suffixes that can be applied to nouns and verbs. For a full understanding of these suffixes, please read the relevant lesson.

Topic:Klingon

title: Klingon/Suffixes


text:
Basic psychology

Welcome to Basic Psychology, This unit aims to prepare you for an advanced psychology course, such as Introduction to Psychology or Advanced Psychology.

Objectives
By the end of this unit, the student will be able to:

 * Describe Psychology briefly, identify notable psychologists, and describe key experiments.
 * Appreciate the importance of psychological principles as they apply to everyday life.
 * Understand how ethics play an important role in many sciences, and briefly describe ethics.
 * Understand, evaluate and give detailed descriptions of social behaviors.
 * Understand how and why the brain, central and peripheral nervous systems, and human development works.
 * Understand how other animals differ from humans psychologically.

Course outline
Lecture Quiz (Un-assessed) Assessment Piece (Essay on Ethics) Assessment Piece (Empirical Research Activity) Assessment Piece (Essay on brain, or nervous systems)
 * Introduction to Psychology as a science
 * Ethics in Psychology
 * Social Psychology
 * Introduction to social behavior
 * Behavior in groups
 * Human Development
 * The Brain and Nervous System
 * Central Nervous System
 * Peripheral Nervous System
 * Behavior of animals (other than humans)

Course completion
Requires a mark of 64% or higher, (determined by scores in assessment pieces, and the final test.)

Lecture One: a brief Introduction to Psychology
Why do people feel, think, and act the way they do? For over a century psychologists have been searching for an answer to this question. This lecture serves as a very general introduction to the field. For this lecture, we will use "Donna - an autistic lady", as an example.

Defining Psychology
Psychology (Ancient Greek, psyche = soul and logos = word) is the scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes. People with different approaches view Psychology in different ways; for example, a humanistic approach views Psychology in terms of helping others, whereas an objectivist approach views Psychology as discovering the laws that govern human behavior. Many people study Psychology to pursue a career as a Clinical or Counseling Psychologist and they might see psychology as helping those with mental problems (e.g. Donna's Autism), or helping a student overcome test anxiety. Though Psychology may be defined in many different ways, it is useful for understanding the profession of Psychology to agree on one standard definition: In this textbook, "Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behavior and mental and physiological processes."

Goals of Psychology
If you were a psychologist, studying "Donna's" behavior, you would have four main goals in mind. You would want to, describe, explain, predict and control her behavior.

 * 1) Describe:
 * 2) The first goal of psychology is to describe the different ways that organisms or in this case Donna behave.
 * 3) As psychologists become able to describe behavior, it is easier for them to understand and explain the behavior. This brings us to the next goal;
 * 4) Explain:
 * 5) The second goal of psychology is to explain the causes of that behavior
 * 6) Being able to describe and explain behavior helps a psychologist to ultimately control the behavior.
 * 7) Predict:
 * 8) The third goal of psychology is to predict what behavior will come next in certain situations
 * 9) Predicting a behavior is hard, unless the behavior has already been studied
 * 10) A psychologist can attempt to predict a behavior simply using past instances of that behavior.
 * 11) Control:
 * 12) The fourth goal (though sometimes unnecessary) is to Control an organism's  or in our example Donna's behavior but counseling and clinical psychologists try to do this with psychotherapy. Experimental and Behavioral oriented psychologists use reinforcement and punishment to control behavior.
 * 13) Controlling behavior of those with disorders can be very difficult but yet behavioral change is the work of clinical and counseling psychologists.
 * 14) for some situations, an experimental psychologists may use drugs on an animal, etc.
 * 15) for some situations, a recommendation from a psychologist for other forms of control may be necessary and carried out by other professionals (i.e. removal by school personnel of a child with behavioral disorders from a classroom; hospitalization by a psychiatrist to control for suicidal behavior, continued imprisonment by legal authorities for those apt to continue committing crimes, etc).

title: Basic psychology


text:
Talk:Basic psychology

No merge
I suggest this course shouldn't be merged with Introductions to psychology, as this just tips the iceberg, to prepare students of a lower age (schooling, 15-20) for more advanced psychology classes. It is a lighter course, less lectures, and uses third party readings rather than primary sources from wikipedia, wikibooks, etc. --ClEeFy 12:17, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Would you call it a "survey course"? I've been thinking that Wikiversity should have a special "place" (at least a category) for survey courses. --JWSchmidt 13:11, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You could say so, but it doesn't entirely use quizzes etc. It does have assessment pieces. I suppose it comes down to what people like in teaching styles, and frankly, I didn't like the style of the other course, so I thought I'd open a different one. --ClEeFy 23:28, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basic psychology


text:
User:Programmer8~enwikiversity

hello i am programmer8

title: User:Programmer8~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:ClEeFy~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ClEeFy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ClEeFy~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ClEeFy~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Theophilus~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Theophilus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Theophilus~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theophilus~enwikiversity


text: Basic psychology/Lecture 1 quiz

title: Basic psychology/Lecture 1 quiz


text:
Help:CSS at Wikiversity

No manual

 * Currently there is no manual for CSS (style sheets) for the pages of Wikiversity. Therefore, I am trying to rough out a list of what is possible. Once this is done, it will need a complete rewrite to get it into a useable form for instructors.Robert Elliott

 * More info on CSS can be found at http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_units.asp and http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp

CSS at Wikiversity CSS at Wikiversity

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" CSS coding in simple HTML paragraphs
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

The paragraph
A new paragraph is created with two carriage returns, not one.

Break also creates a paragraph.

Other paragraph formatting can be done with the ":" and ";" symbols at the beginning of a line (even without two carriage returns.)

Another option is to use HTML paragraphs with CSS coding.

This text does not have any style applied to it.

This text does not have any style applied to it.

The limitation of this format is it creates only a single paragraph and ignores multiple carriage returns in a row.

This text has the font-size style applied to it, making it 20pt.

creates

This text has the font-size style applied to it, making it 20pt.

The only way to get multiple paragraphs is by using the break symbol

This text has the font-size style applied to it, making it 20pt. This looks like a single paragraph when I write it but separate in the final output.

This text has the font-size style applied to it, making it 20pt. This looks like a single paragraph when I write it but separate in the final output.

Therefore, you have to be careful how you use this.
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" CSS coding that I find useful
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Simple paragraphs
Big colorful heads

Big colorful heads

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Codes for paragraphs
 * }
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Style Sheet formatting
style="width:200px"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="width: 60%"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="background-color: Red"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="margin-left: 2cm"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="background-color: Red"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="font: 8pt/16pt georgia; margin-top: 100px; text-align: justify;"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="position:relative; left:100px; top:15px"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="font-style: italic"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="marging-left:4em"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.

 style="text-indent:8em"

This text which has been typed to look like two paragraphs. This paragraph has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text. I used the break funtion to create the second paragraph which also has lots of text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text and text.
 * style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="color: white;"

font-family - Sets the typeface. font-size - Sets the font size. font-weight - Sets the thickness the text will be, values like bold and normal. font-style - Sets the style of the text, common values are normal and italic. font-variant - Modifies the text, e.g. small-caps. line-height - Sets the spacing between the baselines of adjacent lines of text.

Coding

Coding
 * }

Simple Table
Here is a simple table created with pipes

Which looks like this

The coding
These are not style sheet styles so I don't know what to call them:

 * border=1
 * cellspacing=0
 * cellpadding=5

Making improvements
We can expand on this by adding color and a fixed width

Adding width to the entire table
The basic rule is to add CSS items which affect the entire table in the first line. In this example, I added style="width:200px" to create the width for the entire table

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style="width:200px"

Adding color individual boxes
The basic rule is to add CSS items which affect the entire table in the first line. In this example, I added bgcolor="#ccff99"" plus an extra pipe (vertical line) to create the color for the first box in the table

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
Codes for tables
 * bgcolor="#ccff99" | This
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;" |

Basic formatting

 * border=1
 * cellspacing=0
 * cellpadding=5
 * bordercolor="yellow"

Style Sheet formatting

 * style="width:200px"
 * style="width: 99%"
 * style="background-color: inherit"
 * style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="color: white;"
 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
Codes for items in tables
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

Basic formatting

 * bgcolor=Red
 * colspan="2"
 * rowspan="3"

Style Sheet formatting

 * style="width: 200px"
 * style="background-color: #ffffa0"
 * style="border: 1px solid #777777"
 * style="border: 1px #cccccc solid;"
 * style="-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px"
 * style="height: 60px"
 * style="vertical-align: top"
 * style="text-align: center;"

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
DIV coding
 * colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

I do not know what a DIV is but it works for some things Robert Elliott

Basic formatting

Title

 * }

This text has the font-size style applied to it, making it 20pt.

title: Help:CSS at Wikiversity


text: User talk:Varun.ag

title: User talk:Varun.ag


title: File:AutoCAD2DLesson1-7.jpg


text: Template:Economic Classroom Experiments

title: Template:Economic Classroom Experiments


text:
User talk:Madmanguruman

2 preposed page moves for EE111 Class
I'm really thinking we should move the page to the page Number system to "EE 111 Digital Electronics/Lecture 1, Introduction to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Mathematics" and the page Lecture 2, Digital Logic to "EE 111 Digital Electronics/Lecture 2, Digital Logic" and

simply number systems is ambiguous and doesn't specify its a part of the ee111 class this also allows for a auto generated back link and helps keep it together as a part of this class anyhow its in the discussion for the page  i posted here because your involved with the class Eadthem 18:41, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Madmanguruman


text:
User:Xyzt1234

Where have I been here

 * Biochemistry
 * Medical Biochemistry
 * Portuguese

Quiz
81%   Idealist 69%  Cultural Creative 63%  Postmodernist 63%  Romanticist 56%

title: User:Xyzt1234


text:
User talk:Xyzt1234

link to School of Pharmacy
Is this (above) okay? Many Wikiversity pages were created at Wikibooks using a different name convention. Some of the old links still exist. --JWSchmidt 00:21, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

content development at Wikiversity
"please enlighten me, as I'm afraid I'm not getting your drift" <-- I think we might be getting into some serious discussion here. Is there any way you could come to the IRC chat channel for Wikiversity where it is easier to communicate? If not, we can continue to use talk pages....this is just slower. --JWSchmidt 21:34, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The main point I wanted to make about not duplicating efforts is that we really do not want to host textbooks here at Wikiversity. Textbooks go at Wikibooks. Once that is clear, it then becomes a question of what kind of learning resources for biochemistry you want to create for Wikiversity. I've been thinking that it might be good to start with something like a short survey "course". What do you think? --JWSchmidt 21:38, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Voice chat
TeamSpeak looks nice. Wikiversity should probably have some experiments in which we use external resources like TeamSpeak to assist in communication between Wikiversity participants. There has been some casual use of Skype and offers to help learners via live audio chat (see). --JWSchmidt 12:39, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to doing some tests. I suggest you describe what you want to do at Topic:VoIP. We can then bring in some other folks who have been working on VoIP options, in particular, we need to get User:Historybuff involved. --JWSchmidt 13:17, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

page "moves"
"Medical Biochemisty (no "r")" <-- happens all the time. Just hit the "move" button and you can switch to the correct page name. --JWSchmidt 23:16, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Teamspeak, audio, VoIP
We've done some basic experiments with audio and VoIP. I've heard about teamspeak, and it's something that we should explore, but it's not in the spirit of GFDL (or open source) so it would be more as an evaluation then as an end product. That said, if we can get a few different things out of it, I think it would still be an interesting piece of software to fiddle with. If you've set one up, or have one available, I'd like to try a few tests. I've seen you pop into IRC, what Timezone are you in? Maybe we can have a short chat in IRC? Historybuff 21:52, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, for a first try, it wasn't bad. I'd like to see more of the "bells and whistles" of the protocol, which is what is interesting. Have you checked out Topic:VoIP and our Wiki Campus Radio stuff? We haven't done too bad with that stuff so far. Thanks for the demo too, btw. Historybuff 19:27, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xyzt1234


text:
User talk:Pentu von HELLsinki~enwikiversity

Hi there, welcome to Wikiversity - and thanks for adding Introduction to Finnish. My girlfriend's Finnish, but I still can't string a sentence together - perhaps with some help from seeing it written down, I might be able to remember a bit more. Some links below - cheers! Cormaggio talk 19:53, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pentu von HELLsinki. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pentu von HELLsinki~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Gilbert~enwikiversity

Hi Gilbert, I saw your note on English Literature - Read and discuss, and I replied briefly there. I'm adding some links below - they might be useful in orienting yourself - please feel free to ask me any questions on my talk page. Cormaggio talk 20:04, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gilbert. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gilbert~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:09, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gilbert~enwikiversity


text:
Portal talk:Biochemistry

Let's not duplicate existing resources
I think we should make a list of biochemistry learning resources that already exist online.
 * Biochemistry - online textbook
 * Wikibook--JWSchmidt 22:17, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

-- I agree fully with you. As you can see, I'm currently trying to link topics here to online pages, mostly Wikipedia (as scattered online resources) for the moment being, while at the same time trying to complete the topic list that serves as a guiding line to organize resources.

About Stryer (your first link); not all can be read online, but we can read the summaries and search the book; you will find that full biochemistry books online might be very hard to catch. Stryer's link might be moved into the "Books" section. The Biochemistry Wikibook is already there.

HolyZarkon 22:49, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

I added Stryer's online book to Books. HolyZarkon 13:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree completely with this sentiment. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia aimed at providing free knowledge to everyone. Pages there are written in a way that anyone can understand, no matter what level they are at or what knowledge they may have. Wikiversity offers the possibility to study the same subjects at different levels and different subjects at the same level. I think there should a lot of wikiversity pages in this department offering lessons and learning resources with the aim of providing a learning pathway for biochemistry students in the real world or wikiversity biochemistry students. The department should also cooperate with other departments, such as medicine and biology. Please discuss. Donek (talk) - Go raibh mile maith agaibh 00:11, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Biochemistry for biology
The course biochemistry for biology has a lesson: proteins which has no educational objectives or any content. The two links, one for chapter 6 and one for chapter 7, are both dead. In 2012 a user fixed the link to the course, but other than that the resource is undeveloped and abandoned since 2009. I have put a prod deletion request on the Lesson: Proteins because it has no educational content or objectives. This has a deadline of October 9, 2015. Hopefully opinions can be gathered before then.

What I would like to do is as follows:
 * 1) Move lesson: Proteins to Proteins/Lesson without a redirect.
 * 2) Change the link in the course Biochemistry for biology so that Lesson: Proteins links to Proteins/Lesson as Proteins.
 * 3) Move Protein with a redirect to Proteins.
 * 4) List the course in the Category:Courses.

This will allow anyone who wishes to develop this lesson for the course Biochemistry for biology to do so. I have no idea what user Fapril had in mind.

So far it seems the only declared participant with the Biochemistry department is user mysterioso. This last sentence will ping the user who hasn't contributed since March 2015, hopefully for an opinion.

Comments, criticisms, questions, and suggestions are most welcome! --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 01:43, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I saw the talk page for the lesson first and applied a different solution. Biochemistry for Biology and Biochemistry were the same content as currently developed, so I merged the two back to Biochemistry and moved the lessons under this project as subpages.  Proteins can now either be a new lesson or a disambiguation page to multiple protein lessons.  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 03:25, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm okay with this! I'm not sure as yet how many resources on proteins we need, but for now I've moved protein to proteins for further development. If anyone from the department is interested in something different, I'm sure we can work it out. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 04:58, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Biochemistry


text:
Digital Electronics/Lecture Digital Logic Gates

Introduction
Digital electronics work on a branch of mathematics called Boolean Algebra or Boolean Logic. George Boole is credited with the invention of what is now called Boolean logic. Boolean logic deals with variables that take on any one of the two discreet values and performs operations on it. The two values that can be assigned to the variables are normally attributed as "logical true" or "logical false"; which are represented in real world digital electronics as different voltage level - high and low, respectively. For simplicity, we will assign them the bit value of 0 and 1. In Boolean Logic (or more commonly referred to as Binary Logic in digital world), the variables are designated by the letters of the alphabet such as A,x,C, etc., with the variables having only 1 of the two allowed values - 0 or 1.

Digital electronics is based entirely on the fundamental principles of Boolean logic. Consider the following devices:

 * a soda machine which accepts coins and dispenses cans of soda
 * a microwave oven with programmable power levels and timers
 * a hand-held calculator

All of these systems rely on digital electronics to some extent. The degree of digital control could vary from a simple finite state machine for the soda machine, to a general-purpose computer for the calculator. Despite the apparent complexity, all digital devices can be boiled down to three elementary Boolean functions commonly known as AND, OR and NOT. These three elementary functions can be further combined to produce other functions: NAND (NOT of AND), NOR (NOT of OR) and the more complicated Ex-OR and Ex-NOR functions.

Operations using boolean algebra deal with the relationship between two signal levels. This relationship is the result of the operation performed on them.

Representing state
For this course, all signal levels with a positive voltage are to be determined as 'high' or 'on'. A signal that is 'high' should be considered as a representation of true. Conversely, any electrical signal with a voltage of zero should be considered 'low' or 'off'. A signal that is 'low' should be considered as a representation of false. These high and low signals are further represented as 1s and 0s. This convention makes it easy to represent a logical sequence using one character rather than a three of four letter word.

For the purpose of this course all signals are determined to either be in state high or low.

With these two rules we have the basis of almost all computing devices in the world.

Truth Tables
Digital logic functions can operate on between one and many signals and have either one or many results. A standard way to represent these inputs and outputs is using what is called a Truth Table to list the inputs and outputs of a digital logic function. Truth tables will be used extensively in this course and students should become familiar with their structure.

The AND function
The "ANDing" of two bits can be defined by the following rule.

The AND of two bits is a logic '1', if and only if both the input bits are also logic '1'.

AND logic is very helpful in implementing 'inhibit' functions. A common TTL IC with AND gate function is the 7408. This IC contains four 2 input AND gates.

$$A \cdot B = X\!$$

Where A and B are inputs and X is the output.

The OR function
The "ORing" of two bits can be defined by the following rule.

The OR of two bits is a logic '1', if any or both the input bits are logic '1'.

$$A + B = X\!$$

Where A and B are inputs and X is the output.

The NOT function
The logical NOT function is a single operand function. This means it determines its output based on the logic level of a single input. The output of the NOT function is the opposite of the input level. If the NOT function is applied to a logical high signal, the result would be a low level. As one would expect executing a NOT function on a low signal produces a result of high.

NOT high -> low

NOT low -> high

$$\lnot A = X$$

Where A is the input and X is the output

The NAND and NOR functions
NAND = "NOT"-"AND" ~ Therefore this indicates that the result of the inputs placed through the gate will go through the AND operation and the NOT operation. The correct order of processing is: Step 1. Put the inputs through the AND operation. Step 2. From the results of the first step - invert (using the NOT operation). Step 3. Take the result from Step 2 as the output.

Similarly NOR = "NOT"-:OR". The output is obtained by using the NOT operation on the output of the OR operation. $$ X = \overline{ A \cdot B } $$

The NAND gate and the NOR gate can be said to be universal gates since combinations of them can be used to accomplish any of the basic operations and can thus produce an inverter, an OR gate or an AND gate. The non-inverting gates do not have this versatility since they can't produce an invert.

The Exclusive-OR (XOR) function
The "XORing" of two bits can be defined by the following rule.

The XOR of two bits is a logic '1', if any but not both the input bits are logic '1'.

MARICA

Logic technology types
There have been several different types of logic circuit over the years all of their names are based on the way the various components are interconnected internally.

Out of all these logic types TTL, MOS, and CMOS are the ones used today.

TTL
TTL is named because the only components performing logic operations are BJT's. Looking at the image of a TTL NOT gate Q1 has multiple emitters built on to the transistor base. The emitters each can function as an input to the inverter. When the base emitter of Q1 is forward biased, Q1 is in saturation and Vce(sat) is less than the forward bias Vbe of Q2 will be off and the output(X) will be 5 V, 0 or high.

Vbe = Vce(sat) = 0.2 V, 0 and low

There is also a 0.3 volt noise margin because:

As you remember a diode has 0.7 volt voltage drop, 0.4 V + 0.3 V(noise) = 0.7 V drop.

The diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased Zener diodes which have a deliberate avalanche reverse current flow above the max input voltage(Vinput(max)), this protects the logic gate to a point against static electricity.

(TODO: analysis and differences  NAND gate)

Boolean algebra
Every digital circuit has inputs and outputs. Then, purpose of the digital circuit can be thought of as "matching" an output to a certain input (or a sequence of inputs). For example, a digital circuit can be designed to control the movement of an elevator. The inputs are the floor you are on and the floor you want to go to. The output is the motor being turned on in the right direction for the correct period of time. To design this and more complicated digital circuits, we use a field of mathematics called boolean algebra.

Like high school algebra, boolean algebra also deals with variables and operations performed on them. In boolean algebra, the variables usually represent the logic state of some part of the circuit (usually inputs). The output is then represented as an expression containing these variables and operations to be performed on them. And like an algebraic expression, boolean expressions can be simplified. The usefulness of this is evident if you imagine a digital circuit containing a million transistors being simplified into a citcuit of only 10 transistors.

To begin our study of boolean algebra, consider some arbitary input variables A and B and an output variable Y. We shall perform the basic operations AND, OR and NOT on them to demonstrate how boolean algebra is used.

AND(.): Y is equal to A AND B:   Y = A.B

OR(+): Y is equal to A OR B:    Y = A+B

NOT: Y is equal to NOT A:     $$ Y = \overline{ A } $$

A typical boolean expression is Y = (A+B').(A'.B)

Fundamental laws
A.0 = 0 A.1 = A

A + 0 = A

A + 1 = 1

A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C

DeMorgan's Theorem
DeMorgan's Therom allows the conversion of an AND function to an OR function.

By inverting each individual input to a gate, and then inverting the output, an AND gate can perform the function of an OR gate, and vice versa.

This can be proven by truth tables.

$$\lnot(A + B) = \lnot A \lnot B$$

$$\lnot(AB) = \lnot A + \lnot B$$

Notes and references
Wiki page about logic elements

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/not-gate/

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/ttl-nand-and-gates/

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/ttl-nor-and-or-gates/

Video experiments with logic circuits


text:
Talk:Learning Java/Decision Structures

Re-naming the lesson
How about re-naming this lesson to "Control Structures"? We already know the topic is on Java, so having Java in the name is a bit redundant. And decision structures are really only if/else and switch statements, not loops. Zchenyu 22:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

then how about splitting it up into 2 parts? Al-20 09:41, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello Al-20, and a belated hello to you Zchenyu. If you are confident that doing these actions will help a learner of Java increase their knowledge, then please, by all means, be bold and make the change. I don't really know enough about Java to have an opinion, at least with regards to the naming. If you can cut up the page in a meaningful way, please do. It can always be changed back if later on others come to the consensus that doing it a different way would be most advantageous. --Remi 10:08, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

-equals
Can we add a section about &=, and |= ? That seems pretty significant. 24.178.120.46 06:19, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learning Java/Decision Structures


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User:NSPossum

There's not much to be said about me at the present. I am interested in european languages and, as of this moment, I speak fluent English, decent Italian, and basic German. This summer I will begin my University studies at the Pennsylvania State University with an undecided major. In the future, I plan to add lessons to the Italian Wikiversity page while concurrently learning from other Wikiversity language pages.

John

title: User:NSPossum


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User talk:Flareholymeteo

Hi there, and a warm welcome to Wikiversity! I just read through your contributions to trigonometric interpolation. Which resources do you plan on referencing? I'm curious if you have come across Lanczos' book on applied analysis...Anyway, hope you enjoy the project and decide to stay. See you around! --HappyCamper 03:07, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flareholymeteo


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User talk:NSPossum

Hi there, and welcome to Wikiversity! Since you indicated you have an interest in languages, I thought you might want to check out Topic:Foreign Language Learning/Participant Coordination. See you around the Wiki! --HappyCamper 03:22, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can: Thanks and I hope you sign up! Cbrown1023 17:35, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com
 * Sign our list of interested participants

title: User talk:NSPossum


text: File:Penny Eggbert Two Shot.png

title: File:Penny Eggbert Two Shot.png


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User:TakuyaMurata

I am not active here. See either
 * w:User:TakuyaMurata

or
 * Wikibooks:User:TakuyaMurata

title: User:TakuyaMurata