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Data Analysis using the SAS Language/Procedures

Procedures in SAS provide the real horsepower. Procedures can perform sophisticated reporting, charting and statistical operations with a minimum of coding. Using a procedure involves supplying the procedure name, the data set, the variables to be used for the task and any parameters, options, or output data set instructions. Most procedures already have an output report design. The display of these reports can be manipulated using ODS and proc template.

Many procedures can also output results to a data set for later use. The options and parameters allow the user to select from a variety of techniques, statstics and tests for use in the analysis or for reporting.

Some of the procedures are language unto themselves. For example, proc SQL, implements data access using the SQL database language. Proc IML and Proc GA also contain virtually a mini-programming language.

Proc Import
Proc Import is used to create a SAS data set by importing data from various PC File formats including Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and delimited such as comma separated value (CSV) files. Import can take the variable names from the first input row of the import file. It examines the data to determine if it is character or numeric. Here is an import from an Excel spreadsheet. The SAS data set will be called weather. It will contain the variables identified in the Sheet called LOCAL. The variables names will come from the Excel sheet.

Proc Export
Proc Export is used to create a file from a SAS data set. Data sets can be exported to various PC File formats including Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and delimited such as comma separated value (CSV) files. Proc export puts the SAS variable names on the first row of the export file. Here is an export to an Excel spreadsheet. The SAS data comes from the SAS data set, orchards. Proc export creates a sheet named, orchard growth in an Excel file named orchard_stats.xls. The variable names are written to the first row of the file.

Some formats are preserved in the file transfer. It is important for dates to by formatted as a data field such as mmddyy8. so it is translated correctly in Excel. If dates are not formatted they will be transfered as a SAS date serial number using the SAS internal integer representation of a date. SAS date serial numbers are the number of days offset from 1 Jan 1960 (date serial number = 0). Another way to transfer dates is to parse them into month, day, year components and then rebuild the complete date field in Excel after the transfer.

Proc SQL
Proc SQL provides nearly the complete ANSI SQL language for use on SAS data sets and through the libname engine to other non SAS databases. The SQL language needs a complete manual to describe it, but here is a useful example. The prefixes a. and b. are shorthand for the source tables shipment and weather_info. The prefixes are required when the same field name is in more than one of the tables. Two files are merged together by the common values of shipment_date and weather_date and common values of destination and station_location. Also, only observations which match the criteria type_item equals APPLE and shipment_date greater than or equal to 1 May 2005. The result of this query will be a SAS Data Set named apple_info which will contain seven variables.

The same result can be done with a combination of SAS data steps and Proc Sort. But you will be able to see how SQL can streamline some operations. This statements produce a data set, apple_info_2, similar to the table, apple_info created with the the SQL based procedure. You should also see some of the limitations of the data step method. First the two files must be sorted, then they must be matched on variables with the same names. This requires a rename option on the data set.

Descriptive Statistics
There are several procedures that produce descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics provide information about the distribution of data such as mean, standard deviation, variance, range, number of observations and extreme observations. Some are univariate in that each variable is treated independently. Other procedures are bivariate in that they work with more than two variables at a time.

Proc Means
Proc means presents descriptive statistics for each variable listed in the var statement or for each numeric variable in the data set if there is no var statement. Here are some of the keywords that can be used to tell SAS which statistics you wish to see. Below shows proc means using the data set apples to produce the statistics noted with the above keywords.
 * n     count of non missing variables
 * sum   summation of the variable
 * range largest value minus smallest value
 * mean  average
 * var   variance
 * stddev standard deviation

Proc Summary
This next example shows how to use proc summary to generate and produce store statistics in a SAS data set.. The SAS data set can be stored permanently. use later in the program, or printed in a report. Proc summary does not print any output on its own. Notice the keywords in the output statement. The statistics themselves are stored in the variables on the right of each equals sign.

Proc Univariate
Proc univariate provides a comprehensive set of descriptive statistics for each numeric in the data set or on the var statement. The statistics includes quantiles, five largest and smallest values, tests for normality, the moments (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis), and plots such as normality and box and whisker.

Proc Corr
Proc corr provides a Pearson correlation matrix and an optional variance-covariance (VCV) matrix along with univariate descriptive statistics. The correlations are done an each pair of numeric variables in the SAS data set. The summary statstics, the correlation matrix, the VCV matrix, and the sum-of-squares crossproducts (SSCP) matrix can be stored as SAS data sets for use in other data steps. Many procedures use these matrices as input. Proc corr can also produce Spearman correlations and Kendall's tau-b. In the above eample, besides displaying the simple statistics and the correlation matrix, a SAS data set is created with these statistics.

Proc Freq
Proc freq provides frequency counts of observation for each unique value of a variable. Proc freq can also perform chi-squared, $$\chi^2$$, and other analysis of two-way tables. Chi-squared is a nonparametric test for the distribution of the data. The tables statement lists the frequency tables. Any options are placed after the forward slash which follows the last table request. Two variables separated by an "*" indicate a two-way table, the first variable is on the vertical side, the second is horizontal side of the table. Variable with no "*" indicate one-way tables or frequency tables. There are several different goodness-of-fit-tests which can be performed; however the chi-squared test is one of the most common goodness-of-fit tests. Use the option, chisq, to get this test.

Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate analysis involves procedures which can analyze multiple variables simultaneously. In many of these procedures there is no model statement like in regression analysis. Instead, transformations are made on the variance-covariance (VCV) matrix or sum-of-squares crossproduct (SSCP) matrix to produce clusters, grouping of similar observations, or factors, grouping of variables which appear to be driven by the same latent factor. The general method for most of these procedures is to find the eigenvalues for the matrix. The eigenvalues represent the transformation necessary to transform the input matrix to the identity matrix (or some other form depending on the assumptions). The eigenvalues help identify the number of factors or groups and provide an estimate of the portion of explanation obtained for each one.

Using a multivariate model usually involves the hold out technique. Hold out uses a sample of the available data to develop or train the model. From this initial model come the coefficients or scores. Next, the model is tested using the scores with another sample from the same data set. One test is to use predicted group membership compared to actual group membership to develop a hit-miss ratio. Due to the need for training and testing models as well as the number of pareters that are usually etimated, samples sizes need be large.

Proc Cluster
The CLUSTER procedure hierarchically clusters the observations in a SAS data set by using one of 11 methods. The data can be coordinates or distances. If the data are coordinates, PROC CLUSTER computes (possibly squared) Euclidean distances. If you want non-Euclidean distances, use the DISTANCE procedure to compute an appropriate distance data set that can then be used as input to PROC CLUSTER.

Proc Discrim
Proc discrim is a procedure for performing discriminant analysis. Discrimint analysis models predict group membership by fitting an affine function between two or more groups. A model statement provides the variables to use for fitting the affine. Least squares and maximum likelihood techniques are used to estimate the parameters of the function.

When developing a discriminant analysis, it is useful to use a hold out technique as outlined above. Proc Discrim is tuned for training and testing a model in one step.

Proc Factor
Proc factor is a procedure for variable reduction through factor analysis. Proc factor is commonly used for analyzing surveys, questionnaires and psychological tests, where several variables are captured for each observation. Factor analysis assumes that there are true latent factors which drive the variables measured by the instrument. Factor analysis discovers the number of latent factors and reports how they are correlated to the measurement variables in the data set. In general, factor analysis is an exploratory method as opposed to model building method. However there are extensions to factor analysis (see proc calis), called confirmatory factor analysis, that let the analyst provide a theoretical factor structure and then test it.

There are several methods available to factor analysis including principal components analysis, principal factor analysis, and maximum likelihood. There are also several rotation technique for specifying how the factors are related. These rotations include orthogonal, orthomax, varimax, and oblique among others. The output of factor analysis includes correlation between the variables and the factors and the eigenvalues. The variable-factor correlation, also called the factor scores can be used in the score procedure to produce scores for a hold sample of the data set used for the factor analysis. This is a principal components analysis of a customer survey that measures qualities of the product, service and price.

Proc Fastclus
PROC FASTCLUS produces relatively little output. In most cases you should create an output data set and use another procedure such as PRINT, PLOT, CHART, MEANS, DISCRIM, or CANDISC to study the clusters. It is usually desirable to try several values of the MAXCLUSTERS= option. Macros are useful for running PROC FASTCLUS repeatedly with other procedures.

A simple application of PROC FASTCLUS with two variables to examine the 2- and 3-cluster solutions can proceed as follows:

proc standard mean=0 std=1 out=stan; var v1 v2; run;

proc fastclus data=stan out=clust maxclusters=2; var v1 v2; run;

proc plot; plot v2*v1=cluster; run;

Proc Score
Proc score combines two data sets, one with coefficients produced in an earlier procedure and another with raw. A new data set is created with the product of the raw data and the coorespnding coefficient.

Many hold-out methods use proc score to generate estimated or predicted values from coefficients determined from a training set. Proc score is often used with proc factor as an efficient method for generating forecasts or predicted values. Proc score can also be used with output from proc reg and other procedures.

Proc Tree
Proc tree uses ouput from the cluster procedure to produce a dendogram. A dendogram is a graphical display of the breakdown of clusters from a hierarchical cluster analysis.

Graphics, Charts and Plots
These are high quality charts that can be exported to a web site. Charts include pie, radar, star, and bar. Some of these have 3D versions as well. These charts are used to present business information when it is nexessary to provide comparisons or proportions of a whole. There are several Plot procedures that create scientific plots that are useful for identifying underlying relationships of unlock general patterns in the data. There is also a procedure for presenting geograpic data including state and national boundaries, and U.S. counties.

Universal Graphic Statements
These statements are used to specify global parameters than can be used by several graphic procedures. The i following each keyword is replaced by a number from 1 to 99 to represent the statement number. The appropriate statement is referenced in the procedure to apply the parameters where they are required.

 * Axisi
 * Legendi
 * Patterni
 * Symboli

Proc GChart
Proc GChart creates business charts such as bar and pie charts.

Proc GPlot
Proc GPlot creates scatterplots and other two variable plots.

This plot is a timeseries of the monthly apple sales for a single year.

Proc GMap
Proc GMap uses the SAS Map Data Sets along with other data to show data geographically. Using Proc Map requies two data sets, one is the map data set for the geography to be mapped, the other is the analysis data set. The analysis data set must have a variable that matches to a variable in the map data set such as county, province, state or country.

Proc G3D
Proc GPlot creates three way scatterplots, parametric plots and surface plots.

Proc Print
Simple reports can be created with proc print. These reports be made more complex through the use of by group processing and subtotals.

Proc Report
Proc Report creates complex, customizable reports by displaying existing fields or computing new summary or aggregate statistics for data. Using templates allows users to specify font, formatting, alignment, cell width, and display attributes. Proc Report can be used to generate standard statistical report elements such as cross tabulations, frequency tables, or listings. When coupled with the ODS system, Proc Report can generate deliverables of many different filetypes, most notably PDF or RTF.

Proc Tabulate
Proc Tabulate creates complex one-way, two-way and three-way reports. This is the SAS version of a pivot table like you may have seen in Excel. Variables are divided into two types, class variables and metrics. Class variables are identified in a class statement, they specify the categorical variables used on the margins of the report. The metric variables are identified in the var statment. They specify the variables that are being analyzed and reported on. The Table statement specifies how the table is orgainized. The major parts of the table are the page, row, column and the body. The Table statement specifies the class variables and their relation to the page, row and column. The Table statement also specifies the metrics and what statistics to display. These can be counts, means, sums or any other univariate statistic.

Proc ANOVA
Proc ANOVA is used for analysis of variance, this is particularly useful for analyzing and testing experimental data. Class variable define the treatment that each observation is in. The response variable is the dependent variable in the model. The class variables are the independent variables in the model. Several tests can be performed including means tests and tests of interactions. Each class variable must have the same number of observations or a warning is printed on the output. These are known as equal cell size.

Proc Autoreg
Proc Autoreg is for building regression models for timeseries data when the error terms (residuals) are autocorrelated or heteroskadastic over time. This is a common problem in econometric models. Autoreg lets you build a model that may give more forecasting power than regression alone.

Proc GLM
Proc GLM, generalized linear models, is a combination of regression, and analysis of variance. It allows the use of continuous variables and categorical variables (treatments). GLM also relaxes the requirement in ANOVA that all cells be of equal size. GLM and ANOVA have many of the same tests available to them.

Proc Logistic
Proc Logistic models the logit, or log of the probability of an event. In logistic regression, the dependent variable is descrete. It may be binary, ordinal or nominal. Since the dependent variable is discrete, this breaks the homoskedasticity assumption for regression. This assumption states that the dependent variable should have constant variance over the range of the independent variables. The logit transformation allows regression to be used to build the model.

Proc Mixed
Proc Mixed is an even more generalized procedure than GLM. It allows for multiple dependent varaibles and the modeling and testing of structures in the error term. Proc Mixed also allows for the regression coefficents to be random effects as opposed to fixed parameters.

Proc NLin
Proc NLin is used for non-linear regression. Non linear regression fits a polynomial built from the exogenous variables to model the endogenous variable.

Proc Reg
Proc Reg performs simple and multiple regression. Parameter estimates are generated along with their significance level. Additional tests can be done on the residuals for normality. Other tests can be done to idetnify outliers.

Proc Stepwise
Proc Stepwise uses several techniques to produce the best linear regression parameter estimates. These methods, of which stepwise is one of them, include backword, forward, maxR and minR. These techinques generally look at the incremental explanatory power of each variable in the regression data set then either bring in the highest variable (of those not in the model) or drop the lowest variable (of those already in the model). Once a certain threshold is met, the procedure stops producing new models.

Proc PHreg
Proc PHReg is the SAS procedure for performing proportional hazards regression, also known as Cox regression due to Sir David Cox. Proportional hazards regression is a regression technique for the analysis of time-to-event data, such as the failure of a lightbulb or development of cancer. This technique allows for observations to be censored at various times during the analysis period. Proportional hazards regression is semi-parametric, estimating parameters called hazard ratios while allowing for an arbitrary baseline hazard as any non-negative function of time. Note that the asterisk in this example is not actually a comment line, but denotes the product of the time-to-event variable and the event indicator.

Proc Genmod
Proc Genmod is used to calculate parameter estimates from semiparametric generalized estimating equations (GEEs). GEEs are not strictly semiparametric but allow for the specification of variance structures for the analysis of repeated measures or autocorrelated data. GEEs are a generalization of the generalized linear model (GLM) where the link function and variance components both are specified in an appropriate fashion for the analysis. Using an independence variance structure (by omitting the repeated option) gives parameter estimates from the GLM using the corresponding link, but variance estimates are of the "robust sandwich" type which are consistent in the case of model misspecification or heteroscedasticity. GEEs can be contrasted with the general linear mixed model (GLMM) which is likelihood based. The GLMMs are computed using the EM algorithm and are computationally intensive while the GEE is a relatively simpler algorithm which tends to converge faster and more often. Estimates from the GLMM are interpretted as applying to the individual level since they integrate out the effects due to individual specific random variation in the case of a repeated measures analysis. Estimates from the GEE are interpretted as population averaged effects because they do not explicitly estimate the distribution of the random effects.

Utilities
Utilities manipulate datasets as a whole, by making copies or deleting data sets from a library or catalog. Utilities also prepare data sets to be used for by group processing where the sme analysis iid performed for each group of observations with the same value of variables specified in the by statement.

Proc Datasets
Proc datasets is a series of utilities for managing SAS datasets and performing other housekeeping chores. This includes copying, moving and deleting datasets, creating indexes and other tasks.

Proc Format
SAS allows the creation of custom formats displaying data. This is done using Proc Format. Formats can be coded within the proc format procedure, or proc format can load a file with the format specification directly into the format library. These user formats have more uses than just displaying data. The internal hash representation allows you to build a quick way to search for observations based on their formatted value. For example, a set of customer id numbers can be given the format "FOUND". This format can be applied by searching for the formatted value, "FOUND" rather than the original id numbers.

Proc Options
Proc Options lets users see the current value of the options in SAS. This is useful for debugging and for manipuating option values in order change parameters.

Proc Sort
Proc Sort sort observations by the variables in the by statement. The sorted data set can replace the original input data set or be output to a new data set. Other parameters describe whether the variables are sorted in ascending or descending order. Proc Sort can remove observations with duplicate values of the sorted variables producing a data set with only unique values. The resulting data set, apples_shipdate, has the apples sorted by the transport_vendor and the date_shipped. The input data set has not been changed. In addition, you can see that sorting the data provides information to proc print that is seful for setting up a complex report. Proc Print will be covered in a another section.

Proc Transpose
Transpose is used to convert long datasets to wide datasets. Traditionally, most analysis datasets are rectangular in shape, meaning that row and column variables and indicies can be stated explicitly. For example, a dataset may have one row (or one record) per subject per visit in a health care utilization dataset for an HMO. Occassionally, some analyses require datasets to be restructured in terms of the row and column variables. This could be so that aggregate or summary measures can be calculated, so that the dimension of the number of records is reduced, or to improve the speed of sorting, indexing, or subsetting the data.


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Category:Ethnology/Streams

All pages in the stream plan division of the School of Ethnology.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Ethnology/Streams


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Data Analysis using the SAS Language/Macro Programming

Introduction
Macros and macro variables can be used to change a SAS program while it is running. Macro variables are also used to define SAS code that is used in several parts of the SAS program. The following demonstrates the use of macro variables and the resulting code. When the macro variables are processed above, the final SAS code looks as follows: The discussion will explain some of the finer points about macros and show more complex and useful examples.

Macro Variables
Macro variables are assigned using the %let statement. The assignment occurs during preprocess before the nonmacro code is parsed during processing. A macro variable value is a string of tokens, which may be a single character, a portion of a statement, or an entire set of SAS statements comprising what SAS calls a step. The syntax for expansion of a macro variable is ampersand macro-variable-name, e.g. &variablename. When a macro variable reference is encountered during preprocessing the macro variable reference is replaced by the tokens, i.e. the characters in the string. These tokens become part of the SAS statements submitted for compile and execution.

Macro Statements
There are several macro statements similar to the SAS data step statemetns. These statements include assignments, logic and loops. The difference is that these statements operate on macro variable and produce SAS code. This can make a powerful SAS program dynamic and flexible. From a programming standpoint, a section of SAS code can be written once, debugged, placed in a macro and then used as often as needed by placing the macro reference in the code at each point it is needed.

%let
The macro variable assignment statement %let is a global statement.

symput symget
data demo; input sno sname $; datalines; 100 naresh Reddy 101 Kranthi

proc sql; select sname into :sname separated by ' ' from demo; run; %put &sname;

System Macro Variables
SAS maintains many macro variables which provide system information. They can be reviewed with this %put statement.

The log shows the following values.

AUTOMATIC SYSADDRBITS 32 ... AUTOMATIC SYSDATE 17APR15 AUTOMATIC SYSDATE9 17APR2015 AUTOMATIC SYSDAY Friday ... AUTOMATIC SYSHOSTNAME MY-LAPTOP ... AUTOMATIC SYSJOBID 8068 ... AUTOMATIC SYSPROCESSID 41DA0058F5CBF7CF4018000000000000 ... AUTOMATIC SYSTCPIPHOSTNAME MY-LAPTOP AUTOMATIC SYSTIME 20:25 AUTOMATIC SYSUSERID RFMM AUTOMATIC SYSVER 9.4

Note: the first 16 digits of sys-process-id are a date-time stamp in hex16.

The log shows the following values.

8   %put &sysdate &systime; 17APR15 20:25 9   %put %sysfunc(putn(%substr(&sysprocessid,1,16)x,datetime.)); 17APR15:20:25:59

Macro Modules
Macro modules and simple macros, are combination of macro statments that produce SAS code. Modules can take parameters which can be used to produce dynamic SAS code.


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Data Analysis using the SAS Language/Output Delivery System (ODS)

The SAS Output Delivery System (ODS) allows SAS to create output in a multitude of forms. These include Hypertext Markup Languange (HTML), Postscript (pps), Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), Microsoft Word (DOC), and Rich Text Format (RTF). There is very little to change in the existing code. Instead wrapper statements are use before and after the procedures and data steps from where you want to capture output. You can even specify only certain parts of the output that you want to capture. These are called output objects. Output objects can also be captured as a SAS data set and used in subsequent procedures and data steps.

Display Delivery
Display delivery is designed for viewing output on the web. When publishing to the web, the SAS code writen to access and analyze the data does not change, instead, a shell, or envelope, of special SAS statements is placed around your code. All the output is automatically formatted for the web. This includes building tables and formatting the results. The first ODS statement defines where the output will go and which engine will be used to format the output. The last ODS statement terminates the creation of the output. The output written to the file, apple_shipment.htm, can be viewed from a web browser. If you have a web server set up, you can slow share this over the Internet.

Printer Delivery
Printer delivery is designed for preparing output using the portable document format. When creating a pdf file, the SAS code written to access and analyze the data does not change, instead, a shell, or envelope, of special SAS statements is placed around your code. All the output is automatically formatted for the pdf. This includes building tables and formatting the results. The first ODS statement defines where the output will go and which engine will be used to format the output. The last ODS statement terminates the creation of the output. The output written to the file, apple_shipment.pdf, can be viewed and printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader.

Proc Template
Proc template is used to apply formatting to what ever output destination is chosen. Templates can be designed and saved in order to produce consistent looking output.

Output Objects
The output from nearly every procedure is organized into a series of objects. These objects can be identified individually in order to be either included or excluded in the final output. The conents of each object can be stored for later use. Proc template can apply formatting to a specific part of an object.


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User:Emopip

student film maker and photographer from england

title: User:Emopip


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Anishinabe

The Anishinabe tribe, also known as the Ojibwa, Ojibway or Chippewa (though the latter they intensely dislike), is the third-largest tribe in North America, surpassed only by the Cherokee and the Navajo. The name Anishinabe is often translated as "first people". At one time the tribe occupied a territory spanning from east of Lake Huron to the mountains of Montana in the west. A large portion of the tribe migrated to the state of Minnesota in the mid-seventeenth century, eventually pushing the Dakota tribe to the south and west of the state and claiming the northeast for their own.

Today, the Anishinabe populations are concentrated in the reservations of Minnesota and Wisconsin (the Minnesota Chippewa and Lake Superior tribes, respectively), though there are also reservations in Montana, Michigan and the Dakotas. Canada recognizes over one hundred full or part Anishinabe settlements, located in Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Readings

 * Ojibwa
 * Anishinaabe

title: Anishinabe


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User:Sirnails

Wikipedia

/sandbox

I'm a professional FPGA engineer with a passion for electronic engineering and technology.

I'm a regular guy who welcomes any corrections if I'm veering off track. Back in 2009, I proudly earned my BEng in Electronic Engineering from Birmingham City University in the UK. Since 2013, my journey has revolved around the captivating realm of FPGA technology.

My skillset encompasses diverse areas, reflecting my curiosity and dedication. I've delved into programming PC Software, utilizing languages like Delphi, C, C++, and Java. Additionally, I've dived into embedded systems, using C and even a bit of assembler. My true forte, however, lies in FPGA development using VHDL, where I've cultivated considerable expertise.

Matlab/Simulink is another realm where I comfortably navigate, holding an above-intermediate proficiency. I've come to appreciate the role of Model-Based Design (MBD) in grappling with complex systems, particularly in the context of safety-critical marine vehicles. MBD offers an executable model that elegantly encapsulates system operations, easing the ordeal of handling complexity.

My most recent endeavor is the Model Descriptive Development Process (MDDP), a fusion of MBD and traditional text-based requirement methods. With this approach, I've meticulously dissected requirements, ensuring accurate FPGA implementation. Over a decade of experience with MathWorks tools in generating HDL for safety-critical systems has armed me with valuable insights.

I've harnessed simulink's power to craft intricate models that succinctly capture system behavior. By using Simulink to model and simulate the desired behavior of my FPGA design, I'm able to validate functionality and iron out issues before even delving into the VHDL implementation phase.

Once my Simulink model has been thoroughly tested and refined, I employ MathWorks tools to automatically convert it into synthesisable VHDL. This translation process ensures that the VHDL code mirrors the behavior described in the Simulink model. This seamless transition from model to code accelerates development while minimizing the chances of errors creeping in.

The synthesisable VHDL code generated from Simulink serves as the foundation for the FPGA design.

While I've only scratched the surface of control systems principles, I'm always eager to learn more. If you're interested in discussing these concepts, don't hesitate to drop me a line.

My professional journey has led me through diverse industries, including automotive, vision systems, defense, and power electronics. Navigating through these varied landscapes, I've gained insights into the intricacies and demands of each sector.

Thanks in advance,

Dave Sirnails (discuss • contribs) 13:11, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User:Sirnails


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Learning by failing

Learning by failing is both a discipline and a philosophy of learning from ones own mistakes and failures. People who follow this system of learning believe that failure must be experienced personally to benefit fully from learning, and that influences, such as studying other people's failures, have a long lasting adverse effect on the ability to learn. One concern is that influences can lead to making uninformed assumptions and decisions. As such, learning by failing encourages doing things yourself.

The basic principals or philosophy of learning by failing are:

 * Failing is not bad, it is an opportunity for personal growth and learning.
 * Learning cannot begin until you fail.
 * Learning cannot begin until you learn to fail.
 * Failing first teaches you what you don't know and then helps you learn.
 * Anything that has been done was once considered impossible because of failing.

Quotes to learn by

 * I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. --Thomas Edison
 * There is no failure except in no longer trying. --Elbert Hubbard
 * Try again. Fail again.  Fail better. --Samuel Beckett
 * Failure is only the opportunity to begin again more intelligently. --Henry Ford
 * A failure is a man who has blundered, but is not able to cash in the experience. --Elbert Hubbard
 * Supposing you have tried and failed again and again. You may have a fresh start any moment you choose, for this thing we call "failure" is not the falling down, but the staying down. --Mary Pickford
 * There is no failure. Only feedback. --Robert Allen
 * Nothing fails like success because we don't learn from it. We learn only from failure. --Kenneth Boudling
 * It is better to have enough ideas for some of them to be wrong, than to be always right by having no ideas at all. --Edward de Bono
 * Failure is instructive. The person who really thinks learns quite as much from his failures as from his successes. --John Dewey
 * Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new. --Albert Einstein
 * The person interested in success has to learn to view failure as a healthy, inevitable part of the process. -- Dr. Joyce Brothers

Related topics

 * Unschooling

Suggested readings

 * Failing Forward: Turning Mistakes into Stepping Stones for Success, a book by John C. Maxwell

Related resources

 * The Hindu: Learning from failure
 * Think For A Change: Failure Is About Learning...And Learning Is About Failure
 * Paula Scher on Failure | Psychology Today Blogs
 * Servant of Chaos: The Fail First Strategy
 * How to Fail At Practically Anything - Stepcase Lifehack
 * Failing well
 * Accident analysis

title: Learning by failing


text:
User:Graie.project

$$pi$$

title: User:Graie.project


text:
Numerical Analysis/Householder transformation exercises

=Householder's method Exercises=

Exercise 1
This exercise will help you in introducing how to perform the Householder's method to transform a symmetric matrix A into the tridiagonal form. All of the notations and computations in this Exercise follow from those in Section 9.3, Numerical Analysis, Burden and Faires, 8th Edition. It's recommended that you read that section before solving the problem. It's also recommended that you read the following useful links 1. Householder's method for symmetric matrices, J. H. Wilkinson, Handbook Series Linear Algebra, Volume 4, Number 1 / December, 1962, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 2. Module for Householder Transformations, Mathematics Department, California State University, Fullerton.

Problem Let
 * $$ A = \begin{bmatrix} 5&-1&-4&2\\-1&3&2&3\\-4&2&4&-3\\2&3&-3&2 \end{bmatrix}. $$

Perform Householder's method to bring A into a tridiagonal form. Solution Step 1: k = 1 (Meaning: Making 0's for the third and fourth rows of the first column) { $$ \displaystyle \alpha = -sgn(a_{k+1,k})\sqrt{\sum_{j=k+1}^{n}a_{jk}^2} $$ is { 4.5825 _10 }.
 * type="{}"}

{ $$ r = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(\alpha^{2}-a_{k+1,k}\alpha)} $$ is { 3.5765 5% _10 }.
 * type="{}"}

{ Now, we are going to find the vector $$ w^{(1)} = \begin{bmatrix} w^{(1)}_1\\w^{(1)}_2\\w^{(1)}_3\\w^{(1)}_4 \end{bmatrix} $$ Set $$ w^{(1)}_1 = 0$$, we need to find $$w^{(1)}_2, w^{(1)}_3, w^{(1)}_4 $$ $$ w^{(1)}_2 = \frac{a_{2,1}-\alpha}{2r} = $$ { -0.7805 5% _10}. $$ w^{(1)}_j = \frac{a_{j,1}}{2r}$$ for j = 3 and 4 gives $$ w^{(1)}_3 = \frac{a_{3,1}}{2r} = $$ { -0.5592 5% _10} $$ w^{(1)}_4 = \frac{a_{4,1}}{2r} = $$ { 0.2796 5% _10}
 * type="{}"}

{ The orthogonal matrix $$ \displaystyle P^{1} $$, defined as $$ \displaystyle P^{1} = I - 2w^{(1)}(w^{(1)})^t$$ is (click Submit to see the answer)
 * type="{}"}
 * $$ P^{1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0&0\\0&-0.2182&-0.8729&0.4364\\0&-0.8729&0.3746&0.3127\\0&0.4364&0.3127&0.8436 \end{bmatrix}$$.

{ The new matrix $$\displaystyle A^{(1)} $$, defined as $$\displaystyle A^{(1)} = P^{1}AP^{1}$$, should be in the form $$ A^{(1)} = \begin{bmatrix} *&*&0&0 \\ **&*&*&* \\0&*&*&*\\0&*&*&*\end{bmatrix}$$ This is the end of Step 1.
 * type="{}"}
 * $$ A^{(1)} = \begin{bmatrix} 5&4.5826&0&0\\4.5826&6.0476&-0.1222&0.2793\\0&-0.1222&-0.6059&-3.4068\\0&0.2793&-3.4068&3.5582\end{bmatrix}$$

Step 2: k = 2 (Meaning: Making 0's for the fourth row of the second column) In Step 2, we redo the computations in Step 1 with the matrix $$ \displaystyle A = A^{(1)} $$ { $$ \displaystyle \alpha = -sgn(a_{k+1,k})\sqrt{\sum_{j=k+1}^{n}a_{jk}^2} $$ is { 0.3050 _10 }.
 * type="{}"}

{ $$ r = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(\alpha^{2}-a_{k+1,k}\alpha)} $$ is { 0.2552 5% _10 }.
 * type="{}"}

{ Now, find the vector $$ w^{(2)} = \begin{bmatrix} w^{(2)}_1\\w^{(2)}_2\\w^{(2)}_3\\w^{(2)}_4 \end{bmatrix} $$ Set $$ w^{(2)}_1 = w^{(2)}_2 = 0$$, we need to find $$w^{(2)}_3, w^{(2)}_4 $$ $$ w^{(2)}_3 = \frac{a_{2,1}-\alpha}{2r} = $$ { -0.8369 5% _10}. $$ w^{(2)}_4 = \frac{a_{4,1}}{2r} = $$ { 0.5473 5% _10}
 * type="{}"}

{ The orthogonal matrix $$ \displaystyle P^{2} $$, defined as $$ \displaystyle P^{2} = I - 2w^{(2)}(w^{(2)})^t$$ is (click Submit to see the answer)
 * type="{}"}
 * $$ P^{2} = \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-0.4009&0.9161\\0&0&0.9161&0.4009 \end{bmatrix}$$.

{ The new matrix $$ \displaystyle A^{(2)} $$, defined as $$\displaystyle A^{(2)} = P^{2}A^{(1)}P^{2}$$, should be in the form $$ A^{(2)} = \begin{bmatrix} *&*&0&0\\**&*&*&0\\0&*&*&*\\0&0&*&*\end{bmatrix}$$ This is the end of Step 2. Now the matrix $$ \displaystyle A^{(2)} $$ is in a tridiagonal form. The Householder's method is complete.
 * type="{}"}
 * $$ A^{(2)} = \begin{bmatrix} 5&4.5826&0&0\\4.5826&6.0476&0.3049&0\\0&0.3049&5.3914&-0.7824\\0&0&-0.7824&-2.4390\end{bmatrix}$$

Exercise 2
{Householder's method is for - Any matrix. - A non-symmetric positive define matrix. + A symmetric matrix. - A non-symmetric diagonally dominant matrix.
 * type=""}

{The goal of Householder's method is for - Finding the determinant of a matrix. + Transforming a matrix to tridiagonal form. - Finding eigenvalues of a matrix. - Finding the LU decomposition of a matrix.
 * type=""}

{How many steps do we need to perform in Householder's method - n steps (where n is the size of the matrix). - 2n steps. - $$ \frac{n}{2} $$ steps. + n-2 steps.
 * type=""}

{What should be performed after Householder's method - LU decomposition. - Support Vector Decomposition (SVD). - Power method. + QR decomposition.
 * type=""}

{Will the Householder's method ever fail - Yes + No.
 * type=""}

Exercise 3
Problem Based on the computations performed in Exercise 1, write code in Matlab to perform the Householder's method for an input symmetric matrix A.

Solution 132.235.39.18 19:02, 28 May 2009 (UTC) Nam Nguyen
 * }


text:
User talk:Graie.project

 Hello Graie.project, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Math is #1!
Hi! Saw you're interested in the math department over here. Anything specific you would like to add, or get out of WV? I look forward to seeing your participation. --AFriedman 16:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Graie.project


text:
Portal:Linguistics/Did you know

activities ==

title: Portal:Linguistics/Did you know


text:
Portal:Linguistics/WikiProjects

None

title: Portal:Linguistics/WikiProjects


text: User:Emmette Hernandez Coleman

title: User:Emmette Hernandez Coleman


text:
User:Alien FX Fiend™

1. Computer Networks: Deals with communication architecture and mechanisms 1.1 Networking Architecture 1.2 Web Servers/ Security 1.3 Web Applications/ Security 2. Software Architecture/ Platforms: 2.1 System Development/ OS Kernel Internals: Spans Internals, BIOS, APIC, Device Drivers 2.2 Software OS Platforms: 2.2.1 Windows NT/ Security 2.2.2 Unix/ Linux/ Solaris/ Security 2.3 Application Programming Interfaces: 2.3.1 POSIX 2.3.2 Win32 2.4 File Formats: PE, ELF, OBJ, HEXADECIMAL 3. Programming: Mainly C++/ Assembly/ Advanced programming resources covered here, with special reference to internals 3.1 C Language 3.2 Assembly Language 3.3 Integrated Development Environment Topics 3.4 Algorithms/ Data Structures 3.5 Graphics 3.6 Cryptography: Polymorphism, Permutation, Transposition, Encryption 3.7 Reverse Engineering: Disassembling, Debugging (breakpoints, ptrace, threadcontexts, single step events), Patching (section-padding), Packers/ ProcDump 3.8 Artificial Intelligence 3.9 Compiler Construction 4.0 Advanced Concepts 4.1 Source Code 5. Hardware: 5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 Hardware Architecture: Intel x86, AMD, SPARC, MIPS, VMS, VACS 5.3 Microprocessor/ Embedded Hardware 5.4 Advanced Electrical Engineering 6. Hacking/ Black Hat: 6.1 Software/ Vulnerability Exploitation: Injection Vectors// Shellcode 6.2 Malicious code: Rootkits, Virii, Worms, Malware 7. Archives: Collections of series spanning mixed/ random/ old topics 8. Miscellaneous: Other displaced topics 8.1 External Resources/ Links

Bibliography: Algorithms - Robert Sedgewick4.6m Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C- - Mark Allen

Weiss(1992)2.3m Introduction to Algorithms - Thomas H. Cormen.pdf 13m GraphThreoryII.pdf 2.1m Cormen,Leiserson,Rivesr,Stein,, Introduction to Algorithsm MIT Press

Mcraw Hill 20011003pg.pdf 68M Introduction Efficiency Different Algorithms for the Same problem Comparing Functions More on Big-O Omega and Theta Efficiency functions Recursion Brute force Algorithms Convex hulls Exhaustive search More on recursion Multiplication of integers Matrix Multiplication Closest pair in a plane spanning trees karatsuba Multiplication example Andr's sicard computing a turing-incomputable problem from quantum computing.pdf 179k

Animation: Addison Wesley - OpenGL Reference Manual.pdf 24-Dec-2007 10:56 752K  Addison Wesley - OpenGL Reference Manual.rar 04-Jan-2008 08:06 549K  Addison Wesley - Software Engineering and Computer Games.zip 07-Jan-2008 08:56 5.3M  Addison wesley - OpenGL Programming Guide.zip 06-Jan-2008 19:30 5.5M  Advanced Graphics Programming Techniques Using Opengl.pdf 04-Jan-2008 06:55 298K  Advanced Graphics Programming Techniques Using Opengl.rar 04-Jan-2008 09:35 6.9M  Autodesk - 3D Studio MAX R2.pdf 04-Jan-2008 06:55 384K  Basics of Game Programming in C.zip 05-Jan-2008 07:08 563K  Charles River Media - Game Programming Gems II.pdf 04-Jan-2008 06:56 128K  Charles River Media - Game Programming Gems II.rar 04-Jan-2008 10:31 12M  Corolius Group - Graphics Programming Black Book.pdf 04-Jan-2008 06:56 128K  Corolius Group - Graphics Programming Black Book.rar 05-Jan-2008 11:44 46M  Focal Press - Timing for Animation.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:15 14K  Focal Press - Timing for Animation.rar 06-Jan-2008 19:12 4.6M  Hungry Minds - 3D Studio MAX 4 Bible.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:15 58K  IDG Books WorldWide - DirectX 3D Graphics Programming Bible.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:21 1.2M  IDG Books WorldWide - DirectX 3D Graphics Programming Bible.rar 06-Jan-2008 15:50 17M
 Intellect - The Art and Science of Computer Animation.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:16 155K
 Intellect - The Art and Science of Computer Animation.rar 06-Jan-2008 16:13 3.3M
 Linux Journal Press - Programming Linux Games.zip 06-Jan-2008 04:47 11M
 MIT Press - The Theory of Learning in Games.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:18 57K
 MIT Press - The Theory of Learning in Games.rar 06-Jan-2008 20:04 1.8M
 MS Press - Animation Techniques for Win32 - A C++ Programmer.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:19 20K
 MS Press - Animation Techniques for Win32 - A C++ Programmer.rar 05-Jan-2008 06:57 496K
 Microsoft Press - Inside Direct3D.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:18 53K
 Microsoft Press - Inside Direct3D.rar 07-Jan-2008 08:01 2.6M
 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers - Real-Time Shader Programming.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:18 40K
 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers - Real-Time Shader Programming.rar 06-Jan-2008 19:56 2.9M
 New Riders - Developing Online Games.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:20 33K
 New Riders - Developing Online Games.rar 05-Jan-2008 07:41 2.6M
 New Riders - Direct3D Professional Reference.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:26 1.2M
 New Riders - Direct3D Professional Reference.rar 07-Jan-2008 08:11 1.9M
 New Riders Publishing - Chris Crawford on Game Design.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:21 17K
 New Riders Publishing - Chris Crawford on Game Design.rar 05-Jan-2008 07:57 2.1M
 New Riders Publishing - Developing Online Games - An Insider.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:22 27K
 New Riders Publishing - Developing Online Games - An Insider.rar 06-Jan-2008 18:34 2.6M
 OpenGL Super Bible.zip 07-Jan-2008 09:40 6.4M
 Oreilly - SVG Essentials.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:23 78K
 Oreilly - SVG Essentials.rar 06-Jan-2008 17:45 2.1M
 Premier Press - 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:25 206K
 Premier Press - 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists.rar 06-Jan-2008 10:59 26M
 Premier Press - Focus On 2D in Direct3D.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:25 37K
 Premier Press - Focus On 2D in Direct3D.rar 05-Jan-2008 11:49 1.5M
 Premier Press - Real-Time Rendering Tricks and Techniques in.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:27 138K
 Premier Press - Real-Time Rendering Tricks and Techniques in.rar 05-Jan-2008 17:10 5.9M
 Prentice Hall PTR - Windows Graphics Programming Win32 GDI a.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:30 1.1M
 Prentice Hall PTR - Windows Graphics Programming Win32 GDI a.rar 06-Jan-2008 11:29 9.0M
 Sams - Black Art of JAVA Game Programming.zip 05-Jan-2008 06:51 14M
 Sams - Teach Yourself DirectX 7 in 24 Hours.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:28 15K
 Sams - Teach Yourself DirectX 7 in 24 Hours.rar 06-Jan-2008 17:39 5.3M
 Sams - Teach Yourself Game Programming in 24 Hours.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:28 9.2K
 Sams - Teach Yourself Game Programming in 24 Hours.rar 07-Jan-2008 09:48 3.0M
 Sams - Tricks of Windows Game Programming Gurus.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:29 60K
 Sams - Tricks of Windows Game Programming Gurus.rar 06-Jan-2008 08:31 15M
 The Coriolis Group - Cutting Edge Direct3D Programming.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:29 7.1K
 The Coriolis Group - Cutting Edge Direct3D Programming.rar 06-Jan-2008 17:21 4.8M
 The Coriolis Group - Zen of Graphics Programming.zip 06-Jan-2008 19:55 3.0M
 Wordware Publishing - Advanced 3D Game Programming with Dire.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:31 108K
 Wordware Publishing - Advanced 3D Game Programming with Dire.rar 06-Jan-2008 16:35 4.0M
 Wordware Publishing - Delphi Graphics and Game Programming E.pdf 20-Dec-2007 21:31 14K
 Wordware Publishing - Delphi Graphics and Game Programming E.rar 06-Jan-2008 20:16 1.8M
 Wordware Publishing - Java 1.4 Game Programming.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:33 204K
 Wordware Publishing - Java 1.4 Game Programming.rar 06-Jan-2008 06:20 9.3M
 Wordware Publishing - Learn Computer Game Programming with Direc.zip 06-Jan-2008 13:10 20M
 Wordware Publishing - Wireless Game Development in C-C++ wit.chm 20-Dec-2007 21:34 79K
 Wordware Publishing - Wireless Game Development in C-C++ wit.rar 07-Jan-2008 08:06 3.8M

Click Here For Web Link

index of parent directory
 Animations/ 21-Sep-2006 15:46 -
 CSE291 Reading List by Topic.pdf 28-Sep-2006 15:13 29K
 DifferentialGeometry I.pdf 26-Sep-2006 11:07 2.5M
 DifferentialGeometry II.pdf 28-Sep-2006 11:21 4.3M
 DifferentialGeometry III.pdf 03-Oct-2006 20:34 409K
 DoCarmo Chapter 1.pdf 04-Oct-2006 08:55 2.4M
 DoCarmo Chapter 2.pdf 05-Oct-2006 18:40 5.2M
 DoCarmo Chapter 3.pdf 05-Oct-2006 18:41 2.7M
 Elasticity and FEM I.pdf 05-Oct-2006 11:24 1.3M
 Elasticity and FEM II.pdf 10-Oct-2006 14:43 2.2M
 Elasticity and FEM III.pdf 12-Oct-2006 14:14 1.4M
 Introduction.pdf 21-Sep-2006 14:32 151K
 Presentations/ 28-Nov-2006 13:13 -
 Summary Articulated Body Deformation from Range Scan Data.pdf 07-Nov-2006 13:41 79K
 Summary Character Skins from Examples.pdf 07-Nov-2006 13:42 34K
 Summary Deformation Transfer.pdf 26-Oct-2006 13:48 55K
 Summary Elastically Deformable Models.pdf 16-Nov-2006 12:07 36K
 Summary Laplacian Surface Editing.pdf 19-Oct-2006 14:22 91K
 Summary Mesh-based Inverse Kinematics.pdf 31-Oct-2006 18:05 73K
 Summary Meshless Deformation.pdf 16-Nov-2006 12:10 59K
 Summary Morphable Face Model.pdf 09-Nov-2006 13:39 85K
 Summary Pose Space Deformation.pdf 17-Oct-2006 13:17 90K
 Summary Rotation Invariant Mesh Coordinates.pdf 24-Oct-2006 10:41 171K
 Summary Stable Real Time Deformations.pdf 21-Nov-2006 12:09 78K
 Summary discrete shells.pdf 28-Nov-2006 13:08 57K
 Summary point-based animation.pdf 30-Nov-2006 14:20 31K

Click Here For Web Link

index of parent directory
 3_point_lighting.blend 30-Sep-2002 14:00 68K
 Blender-toonarm.pdf 30-Sep-2002 14:00 84K
 Blender- tutorial3.pdf 30-Sep-2002 14:00 378K
 Blender- tutorial4.pdf 30-Sep-2002 14:00 481K
 Blender-tutorial80.pdf 30-Sep-2002 14:00 905K
 Blender-tutorial93.pdf 30-Sep-2002 14:00 548K

Click Here For Web Link

index of parent directory
 2006 FirstLight Cat.pdf 23-Feb-2006 07:57 5.9M
 Acting &amp; Directing.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:03 4.5M
 Audio Production.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:02 1.4M
 Aug 07-08 FL Catalog.pdf 24-Aug-2007 01:42 3.7M
 Beginner Animation.pdf 15-Aug-2005 18:41 439K
 Broadcast &amp; Print Journalism.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:03 942K
 Create &amp; Animate a Clay Puppet TGuide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 18:41 77K
 Dance &amp; Stage Combat.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:04 1.6M
 Digital &amp; Multimedia.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:03 543K
 F645-Shedding Some Light T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 18:46 5.0M
 F646 &amp; F646DVD Where Do I Start T Guide.pdf 27-Apr-2006 15:11 7.0M
 F647- Basic Costumer T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 18:46 4.7M
 F648-Creative Deama &amp; Improv T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 18:56 10M
 F671-Movement for the Actor T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:00 15M
 F972-Building A Character T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:01 5.0M
 F973-Directing Process T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:04 3.9M
 F974-Mime Over Matter.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:06 4.6M
 F975-Make-up Workshop T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:11 6.4M
 F976-Combat For Stage T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:10 4.0M
 F977-Audition Techniques T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:12 2.6M
 F978 &amp; F978DVD How Do I Paint It T Guide.pdf 27-Apr-2006 15:14 7.3M
 FIRST LIGHT CATALOG INDEX.pdf 08-Feb-2007 01:05 36K
 Film, Video &amp; Post Production.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:06 2.4M
 Film, Video &amp; TV Production.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:10 5.6M
 First Light 05-06 Catalog.pdf 29-Aug-2005 20:57 24M
 First Light 2005-2006 Index.pdf 29-Aug-2005 20:42 15K
 First Light 2007 Cat.pdf 21-Feb-2007 13:59 5.3M
 FirstLight Winter 07 Index.pdf 29-Sep-2006 06:34 31K
 How To Order.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:10 171K
 Lighting &amp; Camera.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:13 3.0M
 Order Form.pdf 29-Sep-2006 06:36 733K
 Radio Production.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:13 81K
 Scriptwriting.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:15 1.7M
 Sets, Prop, Costumes, Make-Up.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:18 3.1M
 Speak For Yourself T Guide.pdf 15-Aug-2005 19:12 762K
 Speech &amp; Mass Communication.pdf 25-Aug-2005 19:01 4.4M
 Visual Language &amp; Media Studies.pdf 25-Aug-2005 18:58 1.3M
 Winter 2006 Cat Cover1.pdf 23-Feb-2006 02:15 704K
 Writing for the Media.pdf 25-Aug-2005 18:59 1.1M

Click Here For Web Link

index of parent directory
 3D Studio Max Animation Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Animation Tutorial.pdf
 3D Studio Max Dynamic Brake Blister Tutorial.pdf
 3D Studio Max Illuminated Numberboard and Transparent Window Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Locomotive Dynamic Brake Blister Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Pantograph Animation Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Radius Edge Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Radius Edge Tutorial.pdf
 3D Studio Max Rolling Stock Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Spoked Wheel Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3D Studio Max Steam Animation Tutorial TRS.pdf
 3d Studio Max Shiny tutorial TRS.pdf
 3d Studio Max Shiny tutorial.pdf
 Animation Tutorial for Gmax.pdf
 Art File Creation Tutorial in Paint Shop Pro TRS.pdf
 Art File Creation Tutorial in Paint Shop Pro.pdf
 Art File Creation Tutorial in Photoshop 7 TRS.pdf
 Art File Creation Tutorial in Photoshop 7.pdf
 Bogey File and Folder Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Cut and Paste Texturing Tutorial in Paint Shop Pro 7 TRS.pdf
 Cut and Paste Texturing Tutorial in Photoshop 7 TRS.pdf
 File and Folder Tutorial for Bogeys.pdf
 Gmax Dynamic Brake Blister Tutorial.pdf
 Gmax Fan Animation Tutorial.pdf
 Gmax Illuminated Numberboard and Transparent Window Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Locomotive Dynamic Brake Blister Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Locomotive Tutorials.pdf
 Gmax Pantograph Animation Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Radius Edge Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Radius Edge Tutorial.pdf
 Gmax Rolling Stock Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Shiny Wheel Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Spoked Wheel Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Gmax Steam Animation Tutorial TRS.pdf
 HouseOfTrainz
 Layer and Blending Texture Tutorial in Photoshop 7 TRS.pdf
 Reskin Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Rolling Stock File and Folder Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Rolling Stock File and Folder Tutorial.pdf
 SD70MACNight2.jpg
 Scenery File and Folder Tutorial TRS.pdf
 Scenery File and Folder Tutorial.pdf
 Shiny Wheel Tutorial for Gmax.pdf
 Spline File and Folder Tutorial TRS.pdf
 TRS2006 Keyword Search.pdf

title: User:Alien FX Fiend™


text:
Lighting ordinance

Over 100 years ago talk of light pollution would have made people look at you like your head was on backwards. The night was dark and threatening. The more light the better. Now we're seeing what millions of lights can do to the night environment. Cities and organizations around the world have been adding ordinances to reduce light pollution. Lighting seems like a simple enough subject but trying to make a universal lighting ordinance that gives us all the good stuff we like from lighting at night without all of the negatives is proving very difficult. The most recent attempt at a Model Lighting Ordinance to be used as a universal lighting ordinance was viewed by many as being too complicated for adoption since cities and developers wouldn't want the headache and cost of understanding it and enforcing it.

Here is an attempt at a simpler option which cities of various sizes may choose to add as their lighting ordinance. It is not intended as a perfect, bullet-proof ordinance. Rather one which is simple and effective in 90% of the situations.

"At 10 feet (3.0 m) beyond the property line the vertical light at 5' above grade level shall not exceed 0.10 fc, except at drive entrances to the site. Average illumination of hardscape shall be between 0.5 and 1.5 fc. No point on the site shall exceed 10.0 fc horizontal at grade level.  All site fixtures with lamps over 50W to have cutoff optics.  Limit total site uplight to 5% based on initial lamp lumens."

It's best to understand what each part of the ordinance is doing. There are 4 main types of light pollution: light trespass, over illumination, glare, and skyglow.

Light Trespass
"At 10 feet (3.0 m) beyond the property line the vertical light at 5' above grade level shall not exceed 0.10 fc, except at drive entrances to the site."

Stating "zero light at the property line" is too vague. Absolute zero means that even if a light fixture is a mile away and the light source is visible, it is in violation, and would require hoods to be placed over every light fixture. What is realistic may vary according to whether an area is residential or industrial, urban, suburban or rural. The credit offered by LEED provides limits at the property line and 10-15 feet beyond it. At the 10-15 foot distance LEED limits light to 0.01 fc. (For comparison, a full moon provides 0.03 fc and a moonless night 0.004 fc). This is a very difficult limit to comply with while providing even light on a parking lot and driveway. Most light poles would need to be at least 70' away from the property line. How is the light to be measured? Horizontal measurements are common for interior and exterior lighting calculations. However, for light trespass the concern is how much light shines into a neighbors property or window. Since light into the window causes all of the complaints let's focus on the vertical light measurement rather than the horizontal measurement. Window heights and locations vary so we'll measurement at approximate eye level (5' high) of the vertical light level facing into the site. Exceptions might be allowed where drives enter the street. This would permit street lights at the drive entrance to make cars more visible as they pull into traffic. As ideallistic as we want to be limiting light pollution there's going to be some spill onto a neighboring site. We're trying to keep it down to a realistic level. Lighting technology may have improved a lot in recent decades but there are no magic wands to stop all spill light.

Over Illumination
"Average illumination of hardscape shall be between 0.5 and 1.5 fc. No point on the site shall exceed 10.0 fc horizontal at grade level."

Another effective ordinance is to limit the maximum light on the site. Businesses are in an arms race with their neighbors. The brighter the building or parking lot the more business it attracts. Putting a limit on the arms race allows the lighting designer to tell the developer 'No' when he demands more light. Commonly a parking lot is lit to get an average of 1.0 fc at night. When our eyes are adjusted to the night environment 1.0 fc is more than adequate light. But this is an average. The light is always brighter directly under the pole than between poles. Since there's more area between the poles than under the poles the result is hot spots under the poles quite a bit higher than 1.0 fc. Most parking lots should be able to get good coverage without going over 5 or 6 fc. Allowing up to 10.0 fc would be for the larger shopping plazas. Any more and we are reaching indoor, daytime light levels. Pay attention to the Light Loss Factor (LLF) they use in the submittal. Light levels go down as lamps age and dirt gathers on the lens. A LLF of 0.65 (35% light loss) is common for MH and HPS lamps to estimate light output after several years of use. Anything lower and they're manipulating the calculation to get a brighter site while allowing you to think it's not so bright.

Also it might be good to know what we're measuring. 1 fc means 1 foot-candle. A foot-candle is a measurement for light levels on objects. There's another unit in the metric system but in the US everyone is familiar with foot-candle. To get an idea of how much 1 fc is think of a dark room with a single candle in the center as the only light source. Hold your hand next to the candle 1 foot away from the flame. The amount of light you see on your hand is 1 fc. 1 foot away from 1 candle. 1 fc. But light level decreases quickly with distance. 2 feet away from the candle your hand only has 0.25 fc.

If you'd prefer the metric system the conversion rate is One footcandle ≈ 10.764 lux. Many people use a quick 1:10 ratio for conversion. So either 5 to 15 lux or 6 to 18 lux could be used as acceptacle ranges for average illumination on the site. Maximum not to exceed 100 lux or 108 lux. People tend to like using round number and the difference between the numbers would not be noticable by people. Think of the lux unit as the amount of light 1 meter away from a candle.

Glare
Covered in Light Tresspass and Sky Glow. Many cities have traditionally limited pole height to reduce glare. This was before fixtures were designed to "cutoff", "semi-cutoff", and "full cutoff" standards. With the old glare bombs like street lights and yard lights the best way for a city to reduce the glare was to limit the height so trees and other buildings would quickly block the light before it traveled too far. These newer cutoff style light fixtures not only limit the light going up into the sky but they also limit light between 80-90 degrees above nadir. This area causes the most problems with glare. And it's being improved at the same time we're limiting sky glow. If cities want to limit pole heights it should be for asthetics rather than trying to limit light pollution.

Sky Glow
"All site fixtures with lamps over 50W to have cutoff optics. Limit total site uplight to 5% based on initial lamp lumens."

Allowing 50W lamps to aim up is mostly for things like flag lights or decorative wall sconces on the building. Some ordinances choose to limit uplights based on lamp lumens. People are much more familiar with lamp wattage than lamp lumens. By focusing on wattage it encourages the designer to choose more efficent lamps. If technology improves significantly this can always be updated with a lower wattage. The second sentence is to prevent people deciding to put (1000) 50W lamps all aimed up. Lots of little lamps do add up. So if the site lighting levels are limited and this limits the percentage of uplight we now have a cap on the maximum uplight for the site. It's a somewhat flexible cap but does provide a limit. To give an idea of what 5% up light is.
 * 10 * 250W MH parking lot lights with full cutoff optics: 20,000 lm each = 200,000 lm
 * 3 * 50W MH flag lights, all of which is aim up: 3325 lm each = 9,975 lm
 * 9,975 / (200,000 + 9,975) = 4.75% uplight for the site.

title: Lighting ordinance


text:
BCP/Rubus sect. Eubatus

'Rubus sect. Eubatus'

title: BCP/Rubus sect. Eubatus


text:
BCP/Rubus sect. Eubatus/Logs

2008 Logs

 * (no archived logs yet)

Recent Logs

 * Jomegat 00:12, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:28, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 00:20, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * This looks like a new batch of dewberries. Probably a different species than the May-June bunch?
 * Jomegat 00:47, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 23:53, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 15:49, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Jomegat 04:01, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

title: BCP/Rubus sect. Eubatus/Logs


text:
User:Xhaoz

I'm mainly active in Wikipedia, but I'm going to try to start getting involved with other Wikimedia projects.

title: User:Xhaoz


text:
User:Mark Reymon Diez

I am mark reymon diez and finally i discovered wikiversity that will really work great for me,,, you know being a student is so stressful understanding lessons and researching something that makes me feel so tired in the library but because of wikiversity i feel ok coz im learning at the same time developing my personality ,,great!!!!

I'm currently studying as a junior in high school here in Hagonoy(my place)im a candidate for an honor role but still doing the best of me to bring home the bacon ha ha ha. I want to take a chemical engineering course. I spent my vacant time reading books in chemistry and physics.I hopefully waiting and looking for a scholarship(c0z were not so wealthy).wanna know my recent research in chemistry and physics.

title: User:Mark Reymon Diez


text: User:Graeme E. Smith/Skill in Processing as well as Action?


text:
User talk:Douchebag

 Hello Douchebag, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
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 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --Juan de Vojníkov 06:19, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Your editing experiment
Thank you for experimenting with Wikiversity. Your test was recorded, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for further testing. You may wish to learn more about what Wikiversity is to help you contribute. If you haven't done it yet, consider registering if you are keen on our project. --Juan de Vojníkov 06:19, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Douchebag


text: Category:Pollution

title: Category:Pollution


text: Category:Numerical Linear Algebra

title: Category:Numerical Linear Algebra


text:
Category:Ways of learning

This category lists learning projects on the many ways of learning. See the main Ways of learning learning resource for an overview and comparison of learning approaches.

title: Category:Ways of learning


text:
User talk:Xhaoz

 Hello Xhaoz, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 10:18, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Vandal
Welcome Xhaoz, thanks for coming along to Wikiversity and thanks your vigilance. Looks like Juan has speedily deleted those pages. Here are the deletion templates Category:Deletion templates. Template:Delete is for speedy delete nomination. Please let me know if I can do anything else and hopefully see you around. Do you have a particular area of interest? Sincerely, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 10:25, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sure WV can use your talents! See Category:User warning templates e.g., For obvious vandalisms, I might use: Template:Test. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:47, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xhaoz


text:
Talk:Data Analysis using the SAS Language

The SAS language, with all its procedures, is a very large system to know completely. Many people become experts by focusing on just a few aspects of the system. I hope to incorporate the experience of current SAS users in order to build up the proficiency of new SAS users. The goal is always to help users understand how to organize data for successful and appropriate analysis.

You are invited to leave your questions, comments, examples or requests; or to answer any left by other users. I look forward to your thoughts into the pages of this resource. pages. The Wiz 16:07, 2 June 2009 (UTC) 2 Jun 2000

Tone of article
Firstly, thank you to The Wiz for providing a portal for learning SAS. However the tone is not neutral or objective: some of the language is too normative, and feels like it came from SAS marketing materials. I suggest toning it down. --Winterstein 16:31, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Neutral and objective aren't requirements at Wikiversity. The requirement here is educational value (vs. solicitation).  -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 04:19, 17 December 2013 (UTC)


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Portal:Mentorship/Custodian Mentors

Custodian Mentors Area
This is an area set aside for Custodian Mentors if they want or need it. It could be used to organize roles within the Custodian Mentors Program but there is undoubtedly resources unavailable to normal Wikiversity Users that Custodians have. This space might be used to promote custodianship for those interested in it.

title: Portal:Mentorship/Custodian Mentors


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Portal:Mentorship/Content Mentors

Content Mentors Area
This area is meant to be used to develop resources for content mentors. It will be subdivided by tasks to give resources to each. As well Offices or Workshops might be created to coordinate the plan of attack for each task. An office does not necessarily have an office holder, it is merely a place where tasks are coordinated.

title: Portal:Mentorship/Content Mentors


text:
Numerical Linear Algebra/Con exercises

Problem

title: Numerical Linear Algebra/Con exercises


text:
Portal:Mentorship/Education Mentors

Education Mentors Area
This area is meant to be used by Education Mentors, It may include resources for different types of mentors, and it may include offices to coordinate different types of mentors, and to give an area where monitoring of mentors or Education Resources is possible

title: Portal:Mentorship/Education Mentors


text:
User:Argarrett

Hello! I am new to Wikiversity as of May 2009. I am an undergraduate student preparing for medical school next year. I am a Psychology major and love everything from foreign languages to science. I also speak Spanish fluently and am happy to help out in any way that I can.

Hope to talk with you all soon!

title: User:Argarrett


text:
Portal:Mentorship/Research Mentors

Research Mentors Area
This area is set aside for Research Mentors, Resources, and "offices" could be put here to coordinate research. Obviously the difference between this and Portal:Research, is that this area is meant to promote research mentorship while Portal: Research is meant to promote research projects.

title: Portal:Mentorship/Research Mentors