text:
PHP/25 Essential Functions

This is a list of 25 interesting PHP functions that are useful in a variety of situations. Please do not make changes to the actual set of functions without first discussing them on the talk page.

Function list
Following is the raw list of 25, in alphabetical order:
 * 1) ceil
 * 2) count
 * 3) die
 * 4) echo
 * 5) empty
 * 6) exit
 * 7) file_get_contents
 * 8) file_put_contents
 * 9) getenv
 * 10) header
 * 11) htmlentities
 * 12) include
 * 13) ini_set
 * 14) isset
 * 15) mail
 * 16) md5
 * 17) mkdir
 * 18) phpinfo
 * 19) preg_match
 * 20) print_r
 * 21) rand
 * 22) require
 * 23) str_replace
 * 24) str_len
 * 25) trim

Ceil
float ceil (float value)

Rounds up the supplied float value to the next integer and returns the result.

Usage

Practical applications
Can be used to check if a number divides evenly with another - for example:

$num1 = real line('enter the num1'); $num2 = real line('enter the num2'); $div = $num2 / $num1; if (ceil($div) == $div) echo "$num2 divides into $num1 evenly."; else echo "$num2 does not divide into $num1 easily ($div).";

Count
int count (mixed var)

Returns an integer value of the number of elements in the supplied variable - generally an array, as anything else will return 1.

Usage

Practical applications
Handling every element of an array - for example:  Bear in mind that this could be done without count using the foreach case structure anyway.

Die
void die ([string status])

Terminates the current script execution. If parameter 'status' is specified, also displays 'status' in an error message. Alias for exit.

Usage

Practical applications
Terminating the script if a database connection cannot be opened.

Echo
void echo (string outputstring)

Outputs data to the current stream (console, apache request etc.). Is more a language construct than a function, and can therefore be used without the parenthesis.

Usage

Practical applications

Empty
bool empty (mixed var)

Used to check if a variable is empty. Note: It is used to only check variables, thus empty(trim($var)); will result in a parse error.

Usage

Practical applications

Pitfall
0 is considered empty.

Exit
void exit ( [String status] ) void exit ( int status )

Exactly the same as die.

file_get_contents
String file_get_contents ( String filename [, boolean use_include_path [, resource context [, int offset [, int maxlen]]]] )

Reads a file into a string.

Usage

Practical applications

file_put_contents
int file_put_contents ( string filename, mixed data, [int flags , [resource context]] )

Writes data to a file. The flags are optional and can be FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH, FILE_APPEND and/or LOCK_EX. By default, without FILE_APPEND flag, function will overwrite file with given data.

Note: This is a PHP5 function only.

Will return false on failure, or the number of bytes written to the file.

Usage

Practical applications

PHP4 Workaround
There is nothing really special about this function, except it saves your time (it basically calls fopen, fwrite and fclose). Here is something that can be used for making sure your PHP script works with PHP5 and PHP4:

This is of course a very basic replacement and does not take into account any flags which goes beyond the scope of this document.

getenv
string getenv ( string varname)

Returns the value of an environment variable

Usage
<?php echo getenv('HTTP_USER_AGENT'); //will output what web browser is currently viewing the page ?>

Practical applications
Allows you to execute commands based on server information

<?php if (strpos(getenv('HTTP_USER_AGENT'), "Mozilla") !== FALSE) {    // Execute Mozilla specific code } ?>

header
void header (string string [, bool replace [, int http_response_code]] )

Updates the HTTP headers that are sent to the web browser

Usage
<?php header("Cache-Control: no-cache"); ?>

Practical applications
One use for the header function is to redirect the browser to a different web site

<?php if ($_POST['username'] == "") {    header("Location: http://my.url.com"); exit; } // Redirects the browser to http://my.url.com ?>

Another is to change how the browser will interpret the data that is sent to it

<?php header("Content-Type: text/xml") echo '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>'; // Rest of XML output ?>

title: PHP/25 Essential Functions


text:
Talk:PHP/25 Essential Functions

Format
I'm proposing the following format for each function listing: == [ http:// php.net/Functionname Function name ] == type name ( type argument1, type argument2 ) [ Brief description of function ] === Usage === [ Basic usage examples ] === Practical applications === [ Use in some practical application that allows it to qualify as 'essential' ] === See also === [ Links where applicable to interesting use, references (NOT php.net ref) etc. ] I'll just go ahead and implement the listings using this format, but please tell me if you would like it done differently. --Draicone (talk) 07:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Minor change - now names of variables and functions are bolded and not their data types. --Draicone (talk) 08:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Work to do
If anyone is an experienced php dev, please add sections for the 25 functions. You can use my current two as examples. Be simple and to the point if possible, but just do what you can. I'm happy to copyedit where required. --Draicone (talk) 08:36, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Some Thoughts
Do we really need both die and exit on the list, they are exactly the same. Also, i think we should replace print_r for var_dump, and maybe include date and/or time.

Kev 23:49, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

No particular order?
"Following is the raw list of 25, in no particular order:"

No particular order? They're in alphabetical order! --Daniel15 14:18, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Style
Does anyone else think we should fix the style for the examples? Some of the examples use single quotes ('), others use double quotes (", whatever they're called). Some use the K&R indentation style, whereas others use the BSD style. We need to maintain some level of consistancy here :-) --Daniel15 14:27, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You should only use double quotes for using the escape things for special characters (\n, \t etc), using single quotes is marginally (talking milliseconds here) faster anyway..... As for the indentation, eh, it's not exactly head scrathing-ly different.
 * Kev 01:18, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Don't get why ceil is in there.
couldn't you just use modulus? if($var1%$var2 == 0) { echo "$var1 is divisible by $var2"; }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:PHP/25 Essential Functions


text:
User:ArnoLagrange

See Arno Lagrange on eo:WP.

de:Benutzer:ArnoLagrange

title: User:ArnoLagrange


text:
Applied mathematics/Basics

Readings
Basic Math for Adults

title: Applied mathematics/Basics


text: Category:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine


text:
User:Shyam

Leave a message | Send a mail

title: User:Shyam


text:
User:StephenMaw

Je dois avouer que j'adore la langue française, en effet même depuis ma première leçon il y a presque quarante années! Malheureusement, le peuple français... Qu'en pensez-vous, les autres aimants de cette belle langue charmante? J'attends avec intérêt des réponses!

title: User:StephenMaw


text:
School:Information technology/Old Registration Center

Welcome to The School of Information Technology Registration Center! Please select from the courses below, you can view the course info and place your name on the registration list when registration is open.

'''REGISTRATION IS CURRENTLY OPEN! THE WINTER QUARTER BEGINS JANUARY 8, 2007. REGISTRATION CLOSES JANUARY 13, 2007.'''

 * IT-101 (IT vs CS)
 * IT-141 (Fundamentals of Hardware)
 * IT-142 (Fundamentals of The Internet)
 * IT-150 (Fundamentals of Operating Systems)
 * IT-160 (Fundamentals of Programing)

Classes that have been striked though have been canceled, see User:Ryan524, unless someone else wants to take them over.


text:
School:Information technology/Old Registration Center/IT-101 (IT vs CS)

STUDENTS (note: emails published online probably will be harvested by spammers. Consider getting an Wikiversity account, which will allow anonymous email communication with the instructors.):
 * 1) Ragpicker14 at gmail.com
 * 2) hempalshrestha at gmail.com
 * 3) isawczuk at gmail.com
 * 4) arturoriver at gmail.com
 * 5) Ahdc_me at yahoo.com
 * 6) Ahmad.rashad 13:26, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 7) lorned at gmail.com
 * 8) mrrogers07 at gmail.com
 * 9) 'jmjohnson'
 * 10) Roytales 00:30, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 11) 'Shizuka Ikenami btkkzztb at yahoo dot com'
 * 12) NoboDobo
 * 13) TannerGooding 14:44, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * 14) empty
 * 15) empty
 * 16) empty
 * 17) empty
 * 18) empty
 * 19) empty
 * 20) empty

ALTERNATE STUDENTS:
 * 1) empty
 * 2) empty
 * 3) empty
 * 4) empty
 * 5) empty
 * 6) empty
 * 7) empty
 * 8) empty
 * 9) empty
 * 10) empty


text:
User:Jalbertson

I have a B.S. in Geosciences and a minor in Computer Science, and an MBA specializing in Technology Management.

title: User:Jalbertson


text:
User talk:Mithun~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mithun. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mithun~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mithun~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Hpayan

title: User talk:Hpayan


text:
User talk:Iroewer~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Iroewer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Iroewer~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iroewer~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Stephen.johnson9

title: User talk:Stephen.johnson9


text: User talk:Paullanger

title: User talk:Paullanger


text: User talk:Joealbarey

title: User talk:Joealbarey


text:
User talk:Peg~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Peg. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Peg~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peg~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Luisa andrade

title: User talk:Luisa andrade


text: User talk:Migraineur

title: User talk:Migraineur


text:
User talk:Rimal221087~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rimal221087. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rimal221087~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:50, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:20, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rimal221087~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Govgta~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Govgta. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Govgta~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:09, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Govgta~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:PaulT (usurped)~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called PaulT (usurped). To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name PaulT (usurped)~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaulT (usurped)~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Samprasanna.j

title: User talk:Samprasanna.j


text: User talk:Dabraju

title: User talk:Dabraju


text: User talk:Abeadham

title: User talk:Abeadham


text: User talk:Monicahg

title: User talk:Monicahg


text: User talk:Ecelan

title: User talk:Ecelan


text: User talk:Jaaquets

title: User talk:Jaaquets


text: User talk:Dukerules1087

title: User talk:Dukerules1087


text:
User talk:Connie~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Connie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Connie~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Connie~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Rotfrw

title: User talk:Rotfrw


text: User talk:Dan9223

title: User talk:Dan9223


text:
User talk:Mark~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mark. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mark~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mark~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Light4u~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Light4u. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Light4u~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Light4u~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Ehackman

title: User talk:Ehackman


text: User talk:Teekae

title: User talk:Teekae


text: User talk:Razi rindh

title: User talk:Razi rindh


text: User talk:GBow

title: User talk:GBow


text: User talk:Jniemenmaa

title: User talk:Jniemenmaa


text: User talk:Shahnewaz888

title: User talk:Shahnewaz888


text: User talk:Sam meeru

title: User talk:Sam meeru


text: User talk:Christophlng

title: User talk:Christophlng


text:
User:Mpleahy~enwikiversity

Marketing Entrepeneur with a B.A. and an M.B.A. Previously an Adjunct Professor at a major U.S. University. Interested in the development of teaching tools for a variety of environments, including primary education in Latin America, art in the US, and business and law in the US.

title: User:Mpleahy~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Mpleahy~enwikiversity

Welcome Mpleahy, and I see you've already found your way around to a certain degree (no pun intended). Your expertise will be most appreciated here, and I also appreciate that your interests are varied - a good start for a place such as this. I look forward to working with you as the project develops. Cormaggio 21:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mpleahy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mpleahy~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mpleahy~enwikiversity


text:
Template:IT-101 Info

This course will cover and define Information Technology and Computer Science. The goal of this course is to guide you to a school inside Wikiversity, and help you find courses that put you on the path to success. At the end of the course, if you plan on remaining in the School of Information Technology, a schedule can be made up for continued enrichment in that field of study.

Credits: 2.0

title: Template:IT-101 Info


text:
User:Nekteo

This is Kenneth, nekteo[at]gmail.com for msn and email.

title: User:Nekteo


text:
Wikiversity:Maintenance

Welcome to the Wikiversity Maintenance Hub!

Maintenance is one of the most important things that anyone can do at Wikiversity, along with teaching, learning and researching. Wikiversity constantly needs people to maintain the site, and anyone can get involved in maintaining Wikiversity. You don't have to ask - you can just pick some open tasks and get on with the job! Below you can find plenty of information and links to start you off with your maintenance "career" here. When you become better at maintenance tasks, you can start to identify new tasks that need doing and add them to the lists and categories.

If you stay around Wikiversity for long, and especially if you take part in maintenance, you'll soon come across the term custodian, which is what we call an "admin" or someone with "sysop privileges". Custodians have access to a few extra options on the MediaWiki interface, which enable them to do some maintenance operations faster, and do other maintenance operations which might have more radical effects on Wikiversity. For example, custodians can delete pages and block disruptive users. These operations are things which it is generally felt that not everyone should have access to. If you find a job which needs a custodian, then feel welcome to ask one!

Sometimes people decide it might be a nice idea to become a "custodian" themselves. If you want to: here's a quick how-to. First, realise that custodians (or admins) do a lot of pretty unpleasant boring jobs and end up sacrificing a lot of their family/holiday time. It's hardly a prestigious job. Secondly, before you even think of applying, get experience with a lot of the maintenance jobs below which anyone can do. This is a good way to show that you are suitable material for doing chores! But remember: if you enjoy making Wikiversity a better place by maintaining it, you don't have to be a custodian. Quite the opposite: ordinary users are especially welcome at the maintenance hub, and we hope the majority of people who come here will be ordinary users who just enjoy taking a few minutes to make Wikiversity a better place for everyone.

Oh - and finally, an especially big thank you to everyone who participates at the maintenance hub:

Thank you!

Ongoing tasks and taskforces
These are things that anyone can help with.

 * Opentask - this is a template of open tasks which some users keep on their user pages; update it to keep users informed of ongoing activity.
 * Category Maintenance Taskforce - maintaining and updating Categories from the down through the CategoryTree
 * Template Taskforce - Checking, improving, creating, testing and implementing templates used at Wikiversity
 * Main page learning project - a project to keep the main page active and useful.
 * Introduction Overhaul Taskforce - a task force which deals with introducing Wikiversity to newcomers.
 * Welcoming committee: an informal group of contributors who welcome new users and help them get started.
 * Candidates for Custodianship - view and comment on recent candidacies
 * Custodian feedback - are existing custodians doing a good job?
 * Participants - the participants list will need updating regularly - at least once a month - with recently very active editors and other significant information about participants.

Cleanup and maintenance categories
These are more things that anyone can help with.

 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)
 * Cleanup double redirects (note: see User:Mu301Bot for automated cleanup test)

Ongoing tasks for custodians
Many of these tasks depend on some degree of involvement by ordinary Wikiversity participants, such as proposing items for addition to these lists, and commenting on them.

 * Requests for deletion: custodians normally only delete if user discussion favors it.
 * : users can track down possible copyright problems and ask uploaders to clarify copyright status where a problem may exist. Pages can be added to this category with copyrighted so that custodians know action is requested.
 * Requests for custodian action
 * Notices for custodians: very much like "requests for custodian action", except that it gets overlooked.
 * Managing vandalism: a course which anyone can take, but especially valuable for custodians.
 * Monitor Special:Shortpages for pages that have been blanked - rollback and use discretion in dealing with the vandal.
 * Managing vandalism: a course which anyone can take, but especially valuable for custodians.
 * Monitor Special:Shortpages for pages that have been blanked - rollback and use discretion in dealing with the vandal.
 * Monitor Special:Shortpages for pages that have been blanked - rollback and use discretion in dealing with the vandal.

Making it easy for yourself to help maintain Wikiversity
We have a great template which you can add to your user page.

Administering Wikiversity

Type in the above at the top of your user page, and you can have a nice colourful sidebar full of useful links to key administrative pages, including this one.

Related pages
Reading material for people interested in maintenance issues.
 * Discussions
 * Bots
 * Polls
 * Policies
 * Custodianship policy
 * Custodian mentors
 * Referees / Review Board
 * Archive

title: Wikiversity:Maintenance


text:
Basic economics

School of Economics > EC1000

Throughout history, humankind has traded. At first, we bartered, but in time we created a more universal tool to make trading easier: money.

The Rise of Currency
Currency is defined by Webster as a medium of exchange. Almost anything can be used as currency provided that people are willing to accept it in exchange for goods.

There are a few simple reasons why money, currency, would be used to trade with. First of all, its value is agreed upon and can be used to measure the price of other items. That is difficult to do with livestock or other things. The second reason is that it survives and looking at the example of livestock trading, doesn't die, which means that it can be saved. Finally, a medium of exchange can be carried around easily.

The Advantages of Currency
To explain the advantages of currency, we'll take an example of trading with cows and trading with coins. The following is a short story illustrating the differences.

One day, a man in the market offered to trade his two pigs for one cow. Because I had a cow and needed two pigs, I approached the market-man to make a trade. The man looked at my cow and rejected it. He told me it was too old. I told him I would bring my other cow tomorrow. I trekked home.

The next day, I went back with my younger fuller cow, but unfortunately, when I arrived, the cow had dehydrated. I was now without a cow, and the market-man wouldn't give me anything. I went back home.

The next-next day, I went to a different market with 20 coins and my old cow. Someone offered to trade two pigs for 15 coins. I gladly accepted and he took a look at my coins to ensure their authenticity and accepted them. I had 5 coins left and I decided to save those. I sold my old cow for 8 coins even though I think I should have gotten at least 12 coins. I hurried home with my two pigs and 13 coins.

...In the above example, we can see how easy it is to use currency to facilitate trade.

The (Often Hidden) Disadvantages of Currency
When man relied solely upon the barter system mentioned above, any and all trade had to be considered "fair" to both parties. However, with the introduction of a government-controlled monetary system, the above transactions would be fair to neither.

For example:

The seller above had 20 coins from previous business and 8 coins for his cow for a total of 28 coins he had obtained. Having spent 15 coins on pig he went home with two pigs and 13 coins. In a fully regulated system, money acts as the mechanism for tax collection. The seller, who earns in a 50% or so tax bracket owes 14 coins to the government. Alas, the poor soul arrives home already indebted to his government.

The person who received the money, of course, needs to treat it as income and give half of it (7 1/2 coins) to the government for his taxes. Thus in a series of 5 or fewer transactions, all money (thus work) is successfully transferred to the government.

Definition of Currency
(1) an agreement within a community to use something as a medium of exchange. Some examples: dollar bills, gold coins, frequent flyer miles, Japan's "fureai kippu" (caring relationship tickets), pogs, Ithaca hours, Bali's "narayan banjar" (meaning work for the common good of the community);

(2) a unit of exchange or some thing, which in itself may have no fundamental utility to us, but which we believe can be exchanged in the market for something that does. (i.e., what we use to buy things from someone else as opposed to bartering or taking by force);

(3) a unit of account (i.e., the measuring stick of value);

(4) a store of value (i.e., as a way of holding wealth);

(5) a standard of deferred payment for current goods.

(6) a unit as above that then carries information between the buyer and the seller. That information then "signals" the invisible hand of the marketplace to produce more goods and services of one type at the expense of another type. If I am a farmer who invests 2 gold coins to grow corn that I sell for 20 gold coins, then I am encouraged. If I invest 2 to sell for 1, I am discouraged. If my neighbours and others in the marketplace see me profiting in corn, then they will do the same (i.e., the marketplace delivers more corn). When they sell their corn and compete with mine, the price goes down (i.e., the marketplace devalues our contribution). When I have a choice to grow corn or wheat, I am "greedy" and try to maximize my returns. Thus, the marketplace encourages me to grow wheat with high prices and discourages me from growing corn with low prices. Thus, it sacrifices corn production for the wheat production. The marketplace allows the consumer to control the means of production to deliver the optimum amount of corn. If the value of money is stable over time, the cost of commodities declines over time for a variety of reasons (e.g., I get really good at growing corn; I invent more ways to produce more corn at a lower cost).

Types of Economies
There are generally three types of economies; free-market, mixed, and planned. Mixed markets are so-called free-markets, capitalism, etc. However, few deny that it is impossible to eliminate government interaction with the economy even in mixed markets. Planned economies are communist (Marxist, Stalinist, etc.), fascist, cooperative, etc. — economies where the government plans, or commands, the direction of the economy.

Free-market Economies
Free-market economies are where there is private ownership of the factors of production and owners have the right of exchange. The advantages of the free-market economy are that competition helps eliminate the worst products and services, allowing only the best to thrive. This is very similar to the survival of the fittest concept in the theory of evolution/natural selection in biology. Open markets allow imports from other countries to compete directly with the native country's businesses. External competition also promotes survival of the fittest.

Mixed Economies
Mixed economies are where a market exists but is restricted by the government. In general, the market is restricted to enact social engineering and/or redistribution of wealth. As previously noted, it is very difficult to remove the government from the equation once they are in place.

Planned or Command Economies
These types of economies are the mainstay of totalitarian governments such as those of Cuba and Cold War Russia. Though China was a command economy, the government there has slowly relaxed this and has allowed the growth of private business. The main feature of command economies is nationalization of businesses.

Summary
Political viewpoints are usually aligned with certain economic types. The left-wing or liberal viewpoint generally supports government intervention in the economy to make things fair, and at times also supports the nationalization of certain industries. The right-wing or conservative viewpoint, on the other hand, generally supports privatization, the opening of markets, less government intervention, etc. The libertarian viewpoint advocates a market completely free of governmental restriction, while the socialist would argue for total governmental control of business.

It is important to note that while each ideology has a particular economic view, many eventually turn to mixed economies. Socialist countries, for example, are mixed, as are capitalist/conservative countries. Even communist countries are mixed economies; a good example is that of China, noted previously. Thus, the views of advocates of the extremes (completely planned or completely free) must be taken with a grain of salt.

Models of Economics
The Supply and Demand model is widely known.

Supply and Demand
Wikipedia Article on Supply and Demand

General Equilibrium
Wikipedia Article on General Equilibrium

title: Basic economics


text:
Statistical economics

Contents

 * /Introduction to Probability/
 * /Common Probability Density Functions/
 * /Statistics/

Related Wikibooks

 * Statistics

title: Statistical economics


text:
Econometrics

Econometrics 1
This course is concerned with theory and application of linear regression methods, including an examination of the classical regression model and the statistical properties of the estimator. The effect of violations of the classical assumptions are considered, and appropriate estimation methods are introduced. This course is the first of a two-course sequence. At course completion, a successful student will:
 * understand the statistical foundations of the classical regression model.
 * be able to explain the properties of the least-squares estimator and related test statistics.
 * be able to apply these methods to data and interpret the results.

Random variables
How do we handle random processes? We can define a random variable as a measurable function defined on a probability space. Bievens(2004)

See set theory. Kolmorgorov gives us the axioms of probability.
 * 1) The probability of some outcome, A, is greater than or equal to zero, $$P(A)\ge0$$ for A contained in the probability space S $$A\in S$$.
 * 2) The probability over the sample space is equal to one, $$ P(S) = 1 \,$$.
 * 3) The probability of A and B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B, if A and B are disjoint and contained in the sample space S $$P(A+B)=P(A)+P(B); A\cap B=\oslash; A,B \in S$$.

For example, in a coin toss, the probability space is heads and tails. If x is a function over the probability space, we can say that x(heads) equals one and x(tails) equals zero. So the probability that x is one equals the probability of heads, and the probability that x is zero equals the probability of tails, and they are disjoint probabilities. So if the probability of heads is Ph, the probability of tails is 1-Ph. (Note that this example does not assume that you have a fair coin, though you could.)

Review of Matrices
positive semidefinite (PSD), positive definite (PD), quadratic forms, symettric, idempotent, diagonal, block diagonal,

Matix derivatives

The Probability Distribution Function is $$F_x(x_0) =P_x(\alpha)\,$$ where $$\alpha = {x|x\le x_0}$$

Linear regression
By having a set of ys, assumed to be dependent on a set of xs, we solve for some constant $$\beta \,$$. (Where k is the number of observations, and n is the number of predictor or independent variables, y is a kx1 vector and x is a kxn matrix multiplied by an nx1 vector $$\beta\,$$ which relates y and x.)

$$y = x\beta + \epsilon\,$$

To solve for $$\beta\,$$, which will give us an expected value of $$\beta\,$$that we will call beta hat $$\hat\beta\,$$ we use this linear operation:

$$\hat\beta=(x'x)^{-1}x'y\,$$

This can be derived from OLS, ordinary least squares, which minimizes the squared residuals. Since $$y = x\beta + \epsilon\,$$, then $$\epsilon = y - x\beta$$. The residuals are then the estimated errors $$e$$, found from the estimated model: $$e = y - x \hat\beta$$ The squared residuals are then $$e'e = (y - x \hat\beta)'( y - x \hat\beta)$$. By deriving this expression with respect to $$\hat\beta$$ and solving for $$\hat\beta$$ gives the OLS estimator.

Then $$x\hat\beta = \hat y$$ or x times beta hat equals y hat, where y hat is our expected value for y given x and our calculated value of beta, beta hat.

Now the difference between the predicted values of y and the actual values of y are given by: $$y-x\hat\beta=y-\hat y = e$$ where $$e\,$$ is residual values, sometimes called error.

Matrix algebra,

Properties of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS estimator beta hat is unbiased for beta, and the Covariance Matrix for beta hat is $$\sigma ^2 (x'x)^{-1}\,$$), Classical Normal, The Information Matrix, Chi Square Distribution, The relationship between e and epsilon, The Maximum Likelihood Estimator of the variance is biased, Distribution of the variance under normality,

regression, principles of estimation and testing, stationary time series models, limited dependent variable models, longitudinal (panel) data models, generalized methods of moments, instrumental variable models, non-stationarity, stochastic trends, co-integration,

Errors in functional form specification
Omission of relevant explanatory variables

Inclusion of irrelevant explanatory variables

Nonlinear Regression Functions
Squared explanatory variables

Cubed explanatory variables

Multicollinearity
Rarely is perfect multicollinearity a problem, but multicollinearity, nearly linear relationships between explanatory variables, often is. Multicollinearity causes an increase in the variance of ß estimations, which in turn decreases the probability of rejecting the null hypotheses that such ßs are insignificant.

How to find out if two or more variables are correlated:

- Correlation matrix

- Variance inflation factor (VIF)

Resources
Recommended texts

 * Davidson and MacKinnon "Econometric Theory and Methods"

 * DeGroot and Schervish "Probability and Statistics" 3rd edition

 * A review of matrix algebra is recommended. In econometrics, it is necessary to work with very large sets of data. In order to manipulate the data and follow the discussion, you must be familiar with matrices.

 * Econometric Theory Wikibook Econometric Theory

title: Econometrics


text:
Politics and Economics

Political Economy
Political economy refers to different, but related, approaches to studying economic and political behaviours, ranging from the combining of economics with other fields, to the using of different, fundamental assumptions that challenge orthodox economic assumptions.

Markets
In orthodox economic theory, there is often much said about the "free" market and pure markets. Orthodox economics advocates a "laissez-faire" approach from government; that the government should intervene as little as possible in the economy, because the market provides the most optimal, efficient outcome. Thus, they regulate de-regulation and privatisation as means to achieve "pure" markets. However, orthodox economics often cannot explain how income gaps around the world are so large, why poverty is still so persistent throughout the world, and the fact that governments still play very important roles in governing the economy. Political Economy looks at the interaction between political and economic forces, which is highly relevant to global issues of the 21st century such as globalisation, international organisations, multi-national corporations, world trade, global governance and international finance, just to name a few.

title: Politics and Economics


text:
Game Theory

According to Cicero (Tusculan Disputations V, III, 9), when Pythagoras was once asked who philosophers were, he replied that life seemed to him to resemble the games in the Olympic festival: some men sought glory, others to buy and sell at the games, and some men had come neither for gain nor applause, but for the sake of the spectacle and to understand what was done and how it was done. In the same way, in life, some are slaves of ambition or money, but others are interested in understanding life itself. These give themselves the name of philosophers (lovers of wisdom), and they value the contemplation and discovery of nature beyond all other pursuits.

Game Theory is an approach to the study of agent behavior in a multi-agent environment. Game Theorists, either: - recommend a setup of incentives to guide the behavior to a desirable outcome, - or study a setup of incentives to predict the outcome.

It was created by Hungarian-American physicist, engineer and mathematician John von Neumann.

Agents decide their conduct mindful of their objectives. The most common objective is utility maximization.

Agents might decide simultaneously, which gives rise to "strategic games" or one after another, in a specific order, which gives rise to "extended games".

At decision time, agents might be certain or uncertain about the environment, as well as the incentives guiding other agents. Under the condition of perfect certainty, the game would be called a game of "perfect information," and a game of "imperfect information" otherwise.

title: Game Theory


text:
Telecommunication engineering

Telecommunication engineering In the past decade we have witnessed a revolution in the world of communication.this necessitated a new branch of engineering viz telecom engineering.it is an extension of electronics with focus on communication technologies.telecom engineers can look forward to an exciting career in the next century with telecommunication and networking coming to the forefront of every field.telecom engineers develop a unique combination of programming knowledge and electronics,which also gives them flexibility to switch careers with ease.many universities have initiated ms and phd programs exclusively in telecommunication and networking with an eye on the future.

title: Telecommunication engineering


text:
File talk:Computer lab showing desktop PCs warwick.jpg

Euch - where are the learners in this image? It's an image of a lab - but there's no activity - only potential. Is that what we want to portray from the Main Page? Otherwise, I've no problem with the photo. Cormaggio 09:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Draft:Operating system/Operating Systems

This page and all its subpages should either be deleted or merged into Operating system and its subpages.

Learning resources
An existing page that gives a broad overview of operating systems.

 * Development Environment Setup
 * Concepts
 * Kernel Models
 * Process Management
 * Threads and Processes
 * Concurrency
 * Mutual Exclusion
 * Deadlocks
 * Memory Management
 * Task Models
 * Dual Mode Operation
 * Thrashing
 * Synchronization
 * Buffering
 * Scheduling
 * Hardware Protection
 * Memory Protection
 * Implementation
 * Hardware
 * x86
 * PPC
 * Booting
 * Basic x86 Bootsector
 * Graphical User Interfaces
 * Existing Operating Systems
 * Unix
 * AIX
 * BSD Unix
 * GNU/Linux
 * HP-UX
 * Mac OS/X
 * Solaris
 * Windows
 * OpenVMS
 * IBM i (was OS/400)
 * Legacy Operating Systems


text:
Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Participants in this learning project explore the science and practical applications for each year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

The Wikipedia articles about topics related to each Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine tens to be very technical descriptions of the underlying science. The goal of this learning project is to complement the Wikipedia articles in two ways. The first goal is to provide a user-friendly introduction to the topic. This means creating learning resources for people who would normally be unable to understand a technical Wikipedia article on the topic. These user-friendly introductions might particularly focus on the practical medical implications behind Nobel Prize-winning scientific research. The second goal is to provide learning resources that allow interested university students to explore the science behind each awarded Nobel Prize in more detail than is possible with the related Wikipedia article.

By year

 * 2006 Awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for his work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription. Learn about the work on eukaryotic transcription from Kornberg's laboratory.

title: Nobel Prize in Chemistry


text:
Allelopathy

Allelopathy is the chemical property of a given plant that allows it to suppress the growth of other plants, similar to herbicides.

This project is for the collection of learning materials related to allelopathy.

Subtopics
Subtopics of allelopathy deal with particular plants that have this trait.

Black walnut (Juglans nigra)
In the eastern United States, one of the most common allelopathic species is Black Walnut, which produces the chemical Juglone. Considerable amounts of research has been done on this chemical because of the problems it causes in horticulture and agriculture.

 * http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/nursery/430-021/430-021.html - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (mostly cultural aspects)
 * http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/blkwalnt.htm - West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (mostly cultural aspects, with an emphasis on vegetables)
 * http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1148.html Ohio State University Extension Service (includes information about toxicity to humans and animals, as well as crops)
 * http://wihort.uwex.edu/landscape/Juglone.htm University of Wisconsin (a list of plants tolerant to juglone)

Goldenrod (Solidago)
www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/ch/ch05/CHvolume05page269.pdf

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0031(200210)148%3A2%3C253%3AEOTAAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/solcan/all.html

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

 * http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040140 Discussion of allelopathic effects on mychorrizae

title: Allelopathy


text: Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry

title: Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry


text:
Eukaryotic transcription

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for his work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

This learning project allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the discussion page.

Transcription
Eukaryotic organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the enzyme RNA polymerase II.

Roger Kornberg's laboratory has used biochemical techniques to isolate the large complex of proteins that allow RNA polymerase II to produce messenger RNA. Working with yeast cells as an experimental system, Kornberg's research team has isolated and purified the functioning RNA pol II protein complex with attached template DNA, product mRNA and substrate nucleotides and captured images of the complex using electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography (see Figure 2)

General transcription factors
There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into nucleosomes and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription. Nucleosomes are a complex of DNA and histone proteins (Figure 4). In order for transcription to occur, DNA must be released from being tightly coiled in nucleosomes. Bacteria do not have nucleosomes. Another complication of eukaryotic gene expression regulation is that gene sequences controlling transcription are often distant from the DNA site where transcription starts. The RNA polymerase of bacteria is relatively small with a core of five protein subunits and one additional protein that recognizes the start points for transcription. In contrast, RNA polymerase II of yeast (Baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has 12 protein subunits and requires five general transcription factor proteins (TFIIB, D, E, F and H). The general transcription factors are complex, for example, TFIIH has at least six protein subunits in various eukaryotic organisms from yeast to mammals.

Searching for a full understanding of transcription
As discussed above, Kornberg has made important contributions to on-going attempts to discover the full complexity of transcription in eykaryotes. In addition to the polymerase core and its associated general transcription factors, another large protein complex called Mediator is involved in the control of RNA polymerase II. In some cells, Mediator is about 4 times larger than the RNA polymerase core complex (with as many as 20 different protein subunits) and is important for transmitting the effects of positive and negative regulators of gene transcription (often quite distant from the transcription start site) to the core polymerase. Efforts continue to reveal the details of how the Mediator complex functions.

Learning project; where to next?
Explore one of the following questions and then describe what you learn on this page:
 * How many types of RNA polymerase are there in humans and what does each type do?
 * What is known about transcription in archaea? (hint)
 * How do HIV proteins interact with RNA polymerase II and induce transcription from the HIV-1 promoter? (hint: search here)

title: Eukaryotic transcription


text:
Category:Agriculture

is a top-level Library of Congress Classification and Wikiversity category.

title: Category:Agriculture


text:
File:Information flow.png

Summary
I (John Schmidt) made this image for Wikiversity

title: File:Information flow.png


text:
User:Shyam/monobook.js

// w:User:Lupin/popups.js

mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

title: User:Shyam/monobook.js


text:
User:CDinAshton

Hello! I am interested in geology, chemistry, and general topics in education and psychology. If anyone is interested in starting learning projects in any of these areas, I would be interested in collaborating.

I guess I'm also still interested in drama and creative arts as well, since I'm finding a lot of really neat stuff in those departments too!

Wikiversity pages I'm interested in

title: User:CDinAshton


text:
User talk:CDinAshton

Some day I should finally get around to learning some geology! I would like to do it from the perspective of the "geology of the Moon" with the goal of wanting to understand how best to use the resources of the Moon to sustain life. I guess maybe "selenology" is really what I'm talking about. Psychology is a broad subject area. Is there a particular part of it that you are interested in? --JWSchmidt 21:04, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not sure if I'm supposed to reply on my page or your talk page, but here goes - That is an interesting angle on geology. I have some very basic knowledge in that area from an astrophysics course I took in university, but not a lot. Do you mean use the resources of the moon to sustain life on the moon, on earth, or elsewhere in space? To my knowledge, the moon is rich in iron- and magnesium-containing minerals (mafic minerals), and I would suspect that there would be substantial nickel, as well. That is just a guess, though, as nickel is a major component of many meteorites.

 * As for psychology... Yes, it is a broad subject area, and I am interested in many facets of it - developmental psychology, how neural networks form in the brain, what areas of the brain contribute to and are affected by everyday thoughts/actions and psychological disorders, psychology of learning, social psychology, effects of various chemical and neurotransmitters in the brain, and probably many other topics... --CDinAshton 00:38, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikiversity pages you're interested in
Hello :)

I see you have created this page in the main namespace. As this page is only dedicated to you, I have moved it to one of your subpages: User:CDinAshton/Wikiversity pages I'm interested in and I have fixed the internal link on your userpage.

Cheers! guillom 14:34, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Education
Hey CDinAshton, just popping in casually to say hello. I'm interested in education as a broad social initiative/project, and in the many ways to prompt/facilitate it - so if you're interested in something as general as that, I'd love to collaborate. There are some materials in School:Education, Learning and Portal:Education to perhaps kick things off (though much left to be done, even in creating an outline of the area). But anyway, I'm glad you've found some good stuff here by browsing - care to point me to interesting stuff so far - or even add it yourself to Examples? Anyway, see you 'round! Cormaggio 14:40, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Other film/theater projects
I've been talking to all the other people starting film or theater projects to see if they could work together. I see you started Collaborative play writing. Have you seen Wikiversity the Movie or 3DTheater.org yet?--Rayc 15:46, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Congratulation on completing the first assignment.
Thank you for completing the first assignment for the WikiU Film School. The link to your PDF file is [[Media:SBTDS Script CDinAshton.pdf]].

Note: If you want to add the information for the title page, you can. I have recently updated the instruction on Page 4 for typing the title information.

If you wish, I will send you the free disk for Lesson #2. Robert Elliott 15 October 2006.

title: User talk:CDinAshton


text:
User talk:Neko~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Neko. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Neko~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neko~enwikiversity


text: User talk:MUBASHIR

title: User talk:MUBASHIR


text:
User talk:Csathish~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Csathish. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Csathish~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Csathish~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Raj~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Raj. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Raj~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raj~enwikiversity


text: User talk:RATHEESHMKURUP

title: User talk:RATHEESHMKURUP


text: User talk:Sdorrance

title: User talk:Sdorrance


text: User talk:Smockdotcom

title: User talk:Smockdotcom


text: User talk:Ramjaw

title: User talk:Ramjaw


text: User talk:ArnoLagrange

title: User talk:ArnoLagrange


text: User talk:Jalbertson

title: User talk:Jalbertson


text: User talk:Nekteo

title: User talk:Nekteo


text: File:Label RNA pol II.png

title: File:Label RNA pol II.png


text:
Wikiversity talk:Welcome, newcomers

On Welcome, newcomers: Over-reaching Principles
Currently there are four: Civility,Learning, Contributing, Neutral point of view Before them should be Honesty/Integrity: We must not intentionally deceive. Mistakes appear, and we do not know everything. And We must acknowledge so. That is how a school works.--Hillgentleman 08:40, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * And also indepentent thinking?--Hillgentleman 18:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC).Ok

Newcomers Talk Page
The Wikiversity Newcomers page is in active development and editing. Your comments and contributions are very welcome. This page is for discussion of what should/should not be on the live Newcomers page.

Post your recommendations and comments here. Much thanks. morley 21:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Search preferences...
Not sure where it should be done, but newcomers should know about setting the search preferences to include the Topic: and School: namespaces, since I'm pretty sure the default setting is main namespace only.--SB_Johnny | talk 21:25, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe the default should be changed to include "Topic" and "School"? The Jade Knight 23:10, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That would be good, too :).--SB_Johnny | talk 23:39, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe we can plan a big celebration for when Wikiversity finally has more main namespace articles than content development projects in the "Topic" and "School" namespaces. --JWSchmidt 01:45, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Eventually people will run out of new schools to create. =þ  The Jade Knight 01:55, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

above the table of contents
The current section above the table of contents seems to shunt visitors who are new to wiki off to Wikipedia. Will they ever return? Maybe we need to develop a page such as Introduction to Wiki so that we can keep new visitors at Wikiversity. --JWSchmidt 17:42, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Differences
Can any one tell that is there any guideline-article here related to the differece between Wikipedia and Wikiversity. If not it's better to add a guideline as Difference between Wikipedia and Wikiversity. - Vaikunda Raja 21:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Russian Wikiversity
I have came here by link from Russian Wikipedia, but Wikiversity is in English. Will Wikiversity speak Russian?
 * You might be interested at betawikiversity, see here.
 * As I see it was once rejected, see Requests_for_new_languages/Wikiversity_Russian, but perhaps a new request was transmitted ? Better ask there, since:
 * To have a new Wikiversity site, you need ten active participants for the project. Then you can request (at meta) for a new language domain to be set up. Meanwhile, please add your project's main page to Template:Main page.
 * see Main Page
 * Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:52, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Welcome, newcomers


text:
Fire and emergency management/Airport rescue fire fighting

Airport Rescue Fire Fighter

 * Airport Rescue Fire Fighter
 * ARFF Driver Operator
 * P-18 Training
 * P-19 Training


text:
Fire and emergency management/Driver - Operator

Driver Operator

 * Aerial Apparatus Driver Operator
 * Emergency Vehicle Operators Course (Ambulance)
 * [[Media:Driver_Qualification_Training.pdf|General Drivers Training (Presentation Only)]]
 * Pumping Apparatus Driver Operator
 * Various Fire Engines from Around the World


text:
Fire and emergency management/Emergency Medical Services

 * Emergency Medical Dispatcher

 * 1st Responder

 * 1st Responder Refresher

 * EMT-Basic

 * EMT-Basic Refresher

 * EMT-Basic Supplemental Airway Modules

 * EMT-Intermediate

 * EMT-Intermediate Refresher

 * w:Introduction Article about Emergency Medical Technicians


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire and Life Safety Educator

Fire and Life Safety Educator

 * Fire and Life Safety Educator I
 * Fire and Life Safety Educator III
 * Oklahoma State University Environmental Health and Safety's Fire Safety Page (Excellent resource for Fire Prevention Program Ideas)


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire Fighter

Fire Fighter

 * Fire Fighter I
 * Fire Fighter II
 * Foam Operations
 * Ground Ladders
 * Portable Fire Extinguishers
 * Various Fire Fighter Photos from Around the World
 * Various Fire Station Photos from Around the World


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire Inspector

Fire Inspector

 * Fire Inspector I
 * Fire Inspector II


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire instructor

Fire Instructor

 * Fire Service Instructor I
 * Fire Service Instructor II
 * Fire Service Instructor III


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire Investigator

About the Open Source Learning Project

General

Scene Examination

Documenting the Scene

Evidence Collection and Preservation

Interview

Post Incident Investigation

Presentations

Cognitive Applications

Psychomotor Applications


text:
Fire and emergency management/Fire officer

Fire Officer

 * Fire Officer I
 * Fire Officer II
 * Fire Officer III
 * Fire Officer IV

 * Leadership I:Strategies for Company Success (H803)
 * Leadership II:Strategies for Company Success (H804)
 * Leadership III:Strategies for Company Success (H805)

 * NIMS 700 Training


text:
School:Fire and Emergency Management/Hazardous Materials

Hazardous Materials

 * Hazardous Materials Awareness Level
 * Hazardous Materials Operations Level
 * Hazardous Materials Technician Level
 * Hazardous Materials Incident Commander
 * w:Introduction Article to Hazardous Materials
 * Various Hazardous Materials Placards


text:
Fire and Emergency Management/Technical Rescue

Technical Rescue

 * /Building Collapse/
 * /Water Rescue Awareness/


text:
School:Fire and Emergency Management/Public Safety Telecommunicator

Public Safety Telecommunicator

 * Public Safety Telecommunicator I

 * Public Safety Telecommunicator II


text:
Fire and emergency management/Terrorism

Terrorism Training

While the eventual goal of this department will be to develop training materials and courses in the area of terrorism response, initially our focus is to develop "credible" resources on terrorist groups and begin building response materials from the international community.

 * Federation of American Scientists Terrorism site
 * Israeli EMS Resource
 * Lessons Learned from Cross-border Medical Response to the Terrorist Bombings in Tabba and Ras-el-Satan, Egypt, on 07 October 2004
 * Naval Graduate College's Terrorist Group Profiles
 * South Asia Terrorism Portal
 * Terrorism Research Center
 * United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee
 * Wikipedia Resource on Terrorism

title: Fire and emergency management/Terrorism


text:
Fire and emergency management/Wildland firefighter

Wildland Firefighter

 * Wildland Fire Fighter I


text:
Fire and emergency management/Department Message Board

''Here you can post questions, discussions, comments, or initiate debate. Please remember to post your name for replies.''

What are your thoughts on the Open Source Project concept? What do you see as the strengths or weaknesses?

 * I see nothing but pluses because fire safety should be everyone's concern not just those that want to make a buck, quick or not.

If you would like to see something added, please post here

 * How is the Australian fire service funded? - Australia has over 16 different fire services (Metro and country in all 8 states and territories), which range from government funded, partially funded and completely fundraising funded... Which Service / Australian State do you want to know about?
 * This is a very cool site but this note asserts ownership and is antithetical to the Wiki process because it implies a limited ability of the viewer to contribute. I suggest that you reframe your work here to make this a true Wiki - encouraging visitors to contribute bold edits.
 * (conflict) I don't know about the other wp projects, but the english wikipedia absolutely has a 'requests' page for missing articles. Just because someone recognizes that information is missing form an article does not necessarily mean they have the knowledge to add it themselves; chances are, they noticed it was missing because they were looking for it. There's nothing about this section that implies any sort of ownership or violates wiki philosophy in anyway. This is a forum to bring attention to those who feel like putting the time in to editing the articles in question. If you disagree, take it up with me on the english wp. Also, please sign your posts. - Shaggorama 02:57, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Is it likely that the folks from IFSTA might consider posting some of their manuals here?

I have a question on references, "Seeing is believing" for most people, but at Wikipedia, I understand, YouTube references, such as "Earth Guard Technologies" running time 8:08 showing Dry ice fire fighting with both a gun mounted on a vehicle and with two helicopter air drops on fire and "Oil Spill Freeze Salvage" running time 8:37 in which spilled oil (or presumably an oil spill fire?) is herded by bubble stream, induced, surface currents and formed into a concentration whirlpool, Both videos can not be used to prove up the concept of dry ice fire fighting or oil solidifying, but both seem to be historically significant.

I have asked William Anderson of the Earth Guard Technologies to provide written newspaper or journal articles as he has developed this art and science and should be historically referenced in Wikipedia main articles. I have an L.A. Times reference for Dry ice fire fighting and property protection, "Could a Freeze Gun Put Flames on Ice" by Zanto Peabody Los Angeles Times local section 9/03/2002 and "Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow Los Angeles Times, South Bay section page 1 2/24/1994 in which two types of dry ice pellet dispersal guns i.e. Dry ice fire extinguishers are described as putting out a fire and solidifying oil.

I have a new invention as described in a Provisional U.S. Patent in 2014 for a new process of casting water ice walls that freeze from the inside out and from the bottom up in 5 seconds or less of movement stops which has, as yet no written newspaper references or YouTube posting to date, but should be demonstrated to three newspaper reporters and viseotaped and uploaded to YouTube, hopefully this June or July with the cooperation of a local, county, stated or federal fire department.

Timothy Beck of TorranceTimothy Beck of Torrance (discuss • contribs) 05:28, 1 June 2016 (UTC)


text:
Fire and emergency management/Who is who in the department

If you are a contributor, an editor, a student, or simply want to be a part of the email listing for this school, please post your rank (if applicable), name, organization, background, and email.

For more information on the project or how to get involved. Please contact Mfinney

Project Facilitators
''These pages are all on Wikibooks. Please see the relevant page there.''

 Working with the Dutch translation project of this school.

 Director of Public Safety Services, Great Oaks Institute of Technology and Career Development. Check my user page, Mfinney, for background and contact information.

 Firefighter/EMT

 USAF Medic/EMT


text:
Fire and emergency management/Strategic Plan

Please click the discussion tab above to join in the discussion as the strategic plan is being developed.

Vision:
Our vision is to create freely accessible information and knowledge for the emergency services so as to support them in their efforts of saving lives and property. As a community of responders, we are creating a portal of learning and sharing to improve the response and safety of those who serve.

Mission:
Our mission is to provide training materials and online training resources to support the emergency services. Our purpose to create a knowledge base that is free and open to ensure the most current and accurate information gets to those who need it-- the emergency responder.

Goals:

 * Develop a free, open source content portal of training materials for the emergency services.

 * Develop and maintain free, open source series of online courses for the emergency services.


text:
Fire and emergency management/Current Research Projects

Fire Officer Projects
Community and Government Relations

 * Teenager Fire Safety Project Initiative
 * Unattended Cooking and Teenagers Project Initiative

Human Resource Management

 * Employment Opportunity Sample A
 * Employment Opportunity Sample B
 * Lieutenant Recruitment Process
 * Promotional Process

Safety

 * Health and Safety Policy


text:
Fire and emergency management/Resources

''Below is a listing of a variety of resources and links. If you see one that doesn't work, please remove it... if there is one you would like added, please do so.''

Academic

 * The Art of War by Sun Tzu
 * Basics of Accounting
 * Handbook of Descriptive Statistics
 * How to Become a Good Student
 * Meeting Basics
 * Project Management Introduction
 * School:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Probability and Statistics This is an intermediate level text.
 * Study Skills A resource for how to study.
 * Writing in Business

CPR Related

 * First Aid
 * First Aid/CPR
 * Outdoor Survival

Disaster Emergency Operations Management
First Aid: An inter-cultural approach
 * Radiologic emergency operations 101: Proximal site evacuation
 * Radiologic emergency operations: 102: Shelter-in-place
 * Fire evacuation and emergency operations at the urban-wildland interface
 * A survey of first responder resources

Emergency Medical Services

 * Emergency Medicine
 * Physiology and Anatomy

Fire Fighter Materials

 * w:Background of Various Hong Kong Fire Departments
 * w:Background of Various United Kingdom's Fire Brigades
 * w:Background of Various United States Fire Departments
 * Personal Protective Equipment-Labeling and Information

Fire Officer

 * Management Strategy

First Aid
First Aid in Wilderness

First Aid in the City

First Responder

 * First responder models, an international survey
 * Spanish for first responders
 * Sign language for first responders

Technical Rescue

 * Knots
 * High Angle Rock Evacuation
 * Alpine Rescue
 * Glacier and Snowfield Rescue
 * Rescue Victims of a Building Collapse
 * Shark Victim Rescue

Training and Instruction

 * Philosophy of Education
 * Abraham Maslow
 * Bloom's Taxonomy
 * B.F. Skinner
 * Edward Thorndike
 * E-Learning
 * Instructional Systems Design
 * Instructional Technology
 * John Dewey
 * John B. Watson
 * Learning Theory
 * Philosophy of Education
 * Research Administration
 * Using Wikis in Training

How To's
''This section deals primarily with how to set up components of the Open Learning Project. Check here for specifics of formats, and ways to create components of the curriculum packages.''
 * Create a Random Lesson Plan
 * Developing Learning Objectives
 * Instructional Systems Design
 * Overview of how to add, edit, and create documents in Wikibooks
 * Manual of Style for Wikibooks
 * Policies and Guidelines for Wikibooks
 * PowerPoint Presentations

Online libraries
National Fire Academy's Learning Resource Center Online Catalog

Training resources
Brady Publishers

DoDFire.com

Extrication.com

International Fire Service Accreditation Congress

International Fire Service Training Association

International Society of Fire Service Instructors

Jones and Barlett Publishing

National Incident Management System Information

National Professional Qualification System

Open Office Software Suite

Thomson-Delmar Publishing

title: Fire and emergency management/Resources


text:
Filmmaking Basics/The Raw Script

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$

The Unformatted Movie Script - Seduced by the Dark Side

The Unformatted Movie Script
EXTERIOR - A blank walled room could be anywhere in the library
 * 1) Greg: Walks in and sees what he needs to pick up
 * 2) Greg: "I can lift it"
 * 3) Greg (contined): Tries to lean over and pick up item and hurts back
 * 4) Man in Glasses: Shakes his fingure at screen and says "Lift like forklift!" Shows how
 * 5) Man in Glasses: "Not like a crane?" Shows how
 * 6) Greg thinks for a while.
 * 7) Greg: Picks the item up like a forklift using his back
 * 8) Greg (eagerly): "Yeah, I did it!"
 * 9) Man in Glasses: Nods in approval
 * 10) Man in Glasses: "Remember lift like a forklift, make sure your path is clear and known!"
 * 11) Greg smiles.
 * The End.

title: Filmmaking Basics/The Raw Script


text:
Fire and emergency management/About Open Source Learning Project

Open Source Development: It’s not just about software anymore
By Michael D. Finney

''“…given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow. Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone.”''

-Linus Torvalds, Creator of Linux Operating System

What if I told you that your training materials could be standards based? What if I told you that your curriculum could be comprehensive, yet customizable to your departmental needs? What if I told you curriculum and training materials could be free? Yes, I said free. One of the key areas I am passionate about is the untapped capabilities of the internet and online learning communities to create effective education and training resources for our fire service. Ironically, the technology is present, available, and in many cases, are easily implemented. Unfortunately, many departments and training academies do not capitalize on the benefits of the World Wide Web.

Effective use of the internet can create a portal for learning and educational exchange unparalleled by anything fire service training has yet to produce. It opens doors for communication, permits training resources to be evaluated and updated in real time, and connects all interested stakeholders with the click of a mouse. What I am proposing is the ability to collaborate on curriculum and training materials in ways we historically have not been allowed. Utilizing not only the technology, but some of the development methodologies, training materials can become comprehensive, evolutionary, and self validating. The launching point of this new approach to developing training materials for the fire service is what has been dubbed the “Open Source Learning Project”. Coined from the Open Source Software Initiatives, the Open Source Learning Project adopts the tradition of Instructional Systems Design with the efficiency and quality of software development.

However, before explaining how the Open Source Learning Project work, we must first provide a foundation.

Instructional Systems Design
Instructional Systems Design (ISD) is foundational in fire service training. It has its roots in the military, but has long been considered a standard development process for fire service professionals. ISD has many variations, but typically is divided into five phases according to the ADDIE model:

Assessment: The developer takes the topic and researches the industry need in relation to the topic. The Assessment may include surveys, task analysis, and job tasks review.

Design: Based on the Assessment, the developer will begin to create a plan for developing the curriculum. The planning stage, as it is sometimes called, is where the objectives are developed and the framework for the development process is determined.

Development: The developer actually creates or assembles the materials. The instructional outlines developed, the audio/visual materials, support material, and evaluation instruments.

Implementation: Once the curriculum is developed, the course must be tested (or piloted) to confirm delivery accuracy, validation, and reliability.

Evaluation: To determine the relevancy of a curriculum, evaluation must take place. Materials must be reviewed and adjustments made. Most importantly, does the course fill the void determined by the Assessment.

Instructional Systems Design is a methodical process for developing effective, comprehensive curriculum. Providing a structure ensures necessary components were created and information is thoroughly covered.

What is Open Source
|Open Source, while applied to many areas today, has primarily been associated with software development. Under the Open Source Definition, software must meet ten criteria to be considered open source:

1.Free Redistribution: the software can be freely given away or sold.

2.Source Code: the source code must either be included or freely obtainable. 3.Derived Works: redistribution of modifications must be allowed.

4.Integrity of The Author's Source Code: licenses may require that modifications are redistributed only as patches.

5.No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups: no-one can be locked out.

6.No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: commercial users cannot be excluded.

7.Distribution of License: The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

8.License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: the program cannot be licensed only as part of a larger distribution.

9.License Must Not Restrict Other Software: the license cannot insist that any other software it is distributed with must also be open source.

10.License Must Be Technology-Neutral: no click-wrap licenses or other medium-specific ways of accepting the license must be required.

Related to the Open Source Definition is the |Free Software definition by the |Free Software Foundation, which attempts to capture what is required for a program license to qualify as being free-libre software. In practice, licenses meet the open source definition almost always also meet the Free software definition. All licenses reported to meet the free software definition as of 2005 also meet the open source definition.

According to Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (FSF), "free" software licenses grant:

·	the freedom to run the program for any purpose (called "freedom 0")

·	the freedom to study and modify the program ("freedom 1")

·	the freedom to copy the program so you can help your neighbor ("freedom 2")

·	the freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits ("freedom 3")

Freedoms 1 and 3 require source code access, because studying and modifying software without source code is extremely difficult and highly inefficient compared to modifying annotated source code.

Open Source software development is initiated with a core program or kernel. The kernel becomes the foundation that makes the software functional. The person who develops the kernel posts the program in a location accessible to others. Other people can then add to the kernel. The end result becomes a mature program that benefits all users. One of the elements of open source is the accessibility to all, typically free. Open Source software creates a community of developers and users that build off of each others needs and specialties.

There are four critical roles within the Open Source development process:

·	Project Manager: Oversees the project. Directs and coordinates the overall project.

·	Developers: Introduces and oversees components of the project.

·	Co-Developers: creates and develops components of the project.

·	End Users and Focus Groups: Provides feedback for improvement and software bugs.

Open Source Curriculum Development
Considering what is discussed thus far, how does it apply to curriculum development. Working with the assumption that one is working within the context of the Instructional Systems Design, applying the principles of Open Source development can be innovative. Consider the following approach:

1. The developer determines the need to develop a new curriculum.

2. The developer develops the framework of the course. Such considerations are the learning objectives and an outline of the curriculum.

3. The curriculum is then posted to a common place for review, comments, and expansion of content.

4. Other subject matter experts begin to add components, add support material, evaluation instruments, and comment on other posts.

5. The course begins to evolve and develop as the community of subject matter experts and developers join the community.

6. The end result is an evolving curriculum that grows with the industry needs, self updates, and changes with industry demands.

One of the benefits to the approach is the community approach creates a validation and reliability component to the development process. Errors, misinformation, and false statements have a greater opportunity to be addressed early on. As well, controversial material or conflicting information can be resolved by the group rather than the individual.

How the Open Source Learning Project Works
The Open Source Learning Project is designed for the fire service, by the fire service and projects are developed in accordance with current, applicable NFPA standards. Course "kernels" will contain the learning objectives and the basic course outlines. Once completed, a project facilitator will be assigned and the course posted for comments. Anyone can post to the curriculum as long as the ground rules are maintained. As well, organizations and individuals creating support materials (i.e., PowerPoint presentations, student guides, skill sheets, test questions/banks, and so forth) can be posted as well. Courses will remain on the website for continuous development and ongoing updates. In the spirit of Open Source, courses can be downloaded at no cost to the individual or the organization. The individual or organization accepts responsibility for ensuring the course meets their local needs as the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Equally, contributors accept that the information they provide is open to comments, edits, downloads, and use. The best explanation is to quote Wikibooks with, "If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don't submit it here."

Finally, the purpose is to create a community of fire service developers, experts, and users, that will create the most comprehensive curriculum possible for the referenced NFPA standards. In the end, the most critical component of training benefits- the student. Knowing the end result, the fire service is improved and at the end of the day the philosophy of "everyone is safe and everyone goes home" becomes a reality.

Ground Rules
In order to maintain the integrity of the curriculum, but to allow for the ongoing evolution of the curriculum, the rules are somewhat simple:

1. All material and contributions must be original... do not use someone else's material or it will be deleted and the contributor potentially banned from the project.

2. All content must be consistent with the applicable NFPA standard.

3. SAFETY FIRST... all practices and information must not be or suggest unsafe acts.

4. Conflicting or controversial material will be resolved by the community of developers and subject matter experts. In situations where no resolution or compromise can be obtained, the project facilitator has the final word.

5. All information must be relevant and focused on the topic at hand. Information irrelevant or off the mark will be deleted.

6. Finally, we want to develop and grow safer and well trained fire personnel. The courses and information must constantly reflect such.

Our attempt is to create a framework or parameters for development. We do not want to squash the creative mind or the flow of information, we simply want to keep it relevant, applicable, and focused.

Final Thoughts
The opportunities as a result of the Open Source Learning Project are endless. It provides the capabilities for curriculum development, online course, collaboration, and research. When I look at the benefits of this type of project, I think of the National Fire Academy. While I am always impressed with the courses and content, one of golden nuggets I cherish is the ability to network and share ideas with department personnel across the country. Imagine having that same ability to share information and collaboration at anytime, any place, and any level. There are typically two types of positive change processes that take place. The first is innovative change which is an improved or better way of doing a skill or process. The second, disruptive change, is a change in the organizational landscape. With disruptive change, we are not just improving the process, we are creating a new process all together. Disruptive change will be the result of the Open Source Learning Project as we will be able to change the landscape of fire training and academics. Collectively, as a fire service, we will create some of the most comprehensive ways to train our personnel. We will break down the barriers that have prevented effective training and collectively, we will create a safer fire service.


text:
Fire and emergency management/Airport Rescue Fire Fighter

About the Open Source Learning Project

Response

Fire Suppression

Rescue

Additional Training Materials


text:
Fire and emergency management/ARFF Driver Operator

About the Open Source Learning Project

Additional Training Materials


text:
P-18 Training

About the Open Source Learning Project

[[media:P-18_LP.pdf|Lesson Plan]]

[[media:P-18_SG.pdf|Student Guide]]

Cognitive Applications

title: P-18 Training


text:
Fire and emergency management/P-19 Training

About the Open Source Learning Project

Lesson Plan

Student Guide

Presentation Slides

Cognitive Applications


text:
Fire and emergency management/P-18 Training/Cognitive Applications

Cognitive Applications

 * [[media:P18_test_1.pdf|P-18 Test One]]
 * [[media:P18_test_2.pdf|P-18 Test Two]]


text:
Fire and emergency management/ARFF driver operator/Additional training materials

Additional Training Materials

 * [[media:Arffdo.pdf|DoD ARFF Driver Operator Lesson Plans]]


text:
Fire and emergency management/Airport Rescue Fire Fighter/Additional Training Materials

Additional Training Materials

 * [[media:Arff.pdf|DoD Airport Rescue Fire Fighter Lesson Plans]]