text:
Chain mail/Getting Rings

There are two ways to obtain rings, buy them or make them yourself. To make rings, wire is coiled and the coil is cut along its length. If you want to buy rings or coils pre-made, there is a list of sources at the end of this lesson.

Links to other tutorials about ring-making:

Characteristics of rings
Rings are described by the thickness of the wire from which they are made and the inside diameter (ID) of the ring. The wire diameter (WD)is referred to by gauge, or in millimeters or inches. There are two types of gauge:  Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) and  American Wire Gauge(AWG). The distinction between these two is important as, for example, 16 gauge wire is a different thickness in each system. Using the wrong measurement will result in rings of a different size than expected, possibly making them useless for the planned project.

Aspect ratio (AR) is very important to chain mailers. The formula to calculate the aspect ratio is: AR=ID/WD. A more detailed explanation can be found at. This ratio is useful as different weaves require different ARs, and you can make the same weave with a different wire thickness and it will still turn out well. When a weave is flexible about the AR required, the the rings you choose will determine flexibility and density of the finished piece. A list of web sites that give the recommended or minimal AR for many weaves is available here.

Wire
Wire is available in many different types of material. The material can be separated in two categories: soft and hard material. Any metal can be used for a given project, though some are better suited to particular purposes than others, due to looks, possible tarnishing or corroding, and ease of weaving. Be sure to research carefully which materials are appropriate for items worn to SCA or similar events, as softer metals will not be strong enough for some activites, such as combat.

Soft material

 * Aluminium
 * Anodized aluminium
 * Etched aluminium
 * Bright aluminium
 * Brass
 * Bronze
 * Copper
 * Enameled copper
 * Gold
 * Gold Filled
 * Neoprene
 * EPDM
 * Niobium
 * Anodized Niobium
 * Silver
 * Nickel Silver

Hard material

 * Inconel
 * Steel
 * Mild Steel
 * Galvanized Steel
 * Stainless Steel
 * Titanium
 * Anodized Titanium

Health Hazards
Health risks associated with metals commonly used to make chain mail are generally limited to ingestion of large amounts of the metal or inhaling dust (from saw cutting) or fumes (from heating). Take the proper precautions when working with metals in this manner, such as wearing a dust mask and working in a well-ventilated area. Solid metals can cause skin irritation in some individuals.

Rubber rings (neoprene and EPDM) may cause irritation in sensitive people.

There is some concern that aluminium and its alloys are linked to Alzheimer's Disease. It is not known if presence of aluminum in the brain is a cause of Alzheimer's or a result of the disease allowing the metal to enter.

If you are concerned about a particular metal, you may either avoid it or look into available substances to give rings or finished pieces a clear coating.

Links to applicable Material Safety Data Sheets are available at the end of this lesson.

Wear eye protection when using a power saw to cut rings, and keep hair and clothing clear of the saw. If cutting copper, become familiar with "metal fume fever" and take the proper safety precautions.

Ruboff
Some materials may leave some particles on the skin when worn. This is known as ruboff and can often be prevented by cleaning the piece, by simple washing with soap or by tumbling. It also depends on the individual, as the skin of each person has different properties that affects their reaction to the metal. Aluminium, copper, and silver are metals that are known to sometimes leave marks.

Making coils
To make a coil we need a rod or a mandrel. A mandrel is a rod with with a transversal saw cut or slot at one end, or a hole may be drilled in it. One end of the wire is placed in this cut or hole to keep the coil from slipping around the mandrel. If you have a rod, you can saw a a slot or notch at the end, drill a hole in it, or use a vice grip to immobilize the wire when coiling. If you use a drill to hold the mandrel, you can push the end of the wire into the chuck, although this is less secure.

You can make the coil manually by turning the rod with one hand while guiding the wire with the other. This can be difficult for harder materials. This can be made easier by bending a handle into the rod and constructing a holder for it, such as shown here:. You can also use a drill or other tools to turn the rod.

WARNING: Using a power tool to coil can be dangerous. There is a risk of catching fingers in moving parts. Also be aware that all metals have some degree of springback, which is the slight unwinding that occurs when tension on the wire is released. The end of the wire will whip around when this happens, which can slice open a finger, an eye, or any number of body parts. Protective wear such as heavy gloves and safety glasses can prevent this.

There is a tutorial for advanced power winding at.

Cutting coils
There are many ways of cutting coil to make wire. Many types of cutters are available, and jewelers saws or power tools like a dremel can be used as well. WARNING: Using a saw can be dangerous. Never try to hold the coil in your hand while sawing. It is easy to slip with the saw and cut yourself. Freed rings may also scatter, perhaps propelled into your face. Designs for jigs to hold coils are available, and it is also possible to purchase systems to cut rings.

Several tutorials for cutting rings, both by hand and with a saw are available on M.A.I.L.'s site. Hand cutting harder metals can be done with the score and break technique.

Deburring and polishing
Deburring rings that have sharp edges is an important step to keep the finished pieces from catching on skin, and clothing. This may be done with a file, but is easier with a tumbler. Nice results can be obtained for aluminum rings by simply tumbling a quantity of rings in a drop of soap and enough water to cover them. You may also use stainless steel shot or other tumbling media to deburr. Adjusting your cutters can help to reduce the amount of deburring required.

To polish rings, you can use rice, walnut shells (available at pet stores), soap and water, steel shot, or flour.

Some rings may also be cleaned by other methods. For example, copper can be cleaned with a lemon juice and salt mixture. More ideas for cleaning and polishing rings can be found at M.A.I.L.

Rings, wire, coils, and tools

 * Wireweavers (UK)
 * The Armchair Armoury (UK)
 * Blue Buddha Boutique
 * Golden Maille (USA)
 * Maille Etc. (USA)
 * Precious Maille (USA)
 * Aussie Maille (Australia)
 * West Coast Chainmail (USA)
 * SaR Plata y Gemas (Spain)

Beads and findings

 * Fire Mountain Gems (USA)
 * INM Crystal (USA)
 * Jatayu (USA)
 * Monster Slayer (USA)
 * Thunderbird Supply (USA)
 * SaR Plata y Gemas (Spain)

Advanced Tools for making rings
Examples of commercially available ring making tools

 * The Ringinator

MSDS

 * Zinc (applies to galvanized steel)
 * http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Aluminum-9922844 aluminum] (pdf)
 * Steel (pdf)
 * Gold
 * Silver
 * copper (pdf)
 * Tin (applies to bronze alloys)
 * Niobium
 * Nickel
 * Inconel (pdf)
 * Titanium

title: Chain mail/Getting Rings


text: User talk:Thehappyheathen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Thehappyheathen


text:
User talk:Surya~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Karthik 3625

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User talk:Mushtaq Asghar Shaikh~enwikiversity

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User talk:Anhtuan~enwikiversity

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User talk:Bilal~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Rmccartywiki

title: User talk:Rmccartywiki


text: User talk:Wasubire

title: User talk:Wasubire


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User talk:Echud123456~enwikiversity

Nice pic
Very nice work with the picture. It reminds me of my High Dchool walls. - Trevor MacInnis 20:22, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Please provide a license template and source for Image:Wiki Versity.gif. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 23:07, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

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text: User talk:Jotomicron

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User talk:Franklin~enwikiversity

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User talk:Anisha93~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Kt4wx

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User talk:Rajdeva 1~enwikiversity

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User talk:Science4all~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Wraith313

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User talk:Jonatan~enwikiversity

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User talk:JuanMiguel~enwikiversity

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text:
User talk:Jimbobalina2005

Welcome!
We had planed a "School of Oceanography", but no one had created it yet. I went ahead and double cated your new pages. Hope you stay around!--Rayc 22:40, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Marine Sciences
"Perhaps rename 'Life Sciences' 'Life, Environmental and Health Sciences' - that way Marine Sciences could be moved into this portal, and Environmental (& Earth?) Sciences could be under this and the Physical Sciences portal?" <-- in the old system "Oceanography" was within the "Life Sciences". I like the new system with School of Marine Sciences organized under Interdisciplinary Studies. As far as what to call the large Wikiversity divisions such as "Interdisciplinary Studies", it has been suggested that we can call them "Faculties". I prefer to just say, "The School of Marine Sciences is part of Interdisciplinary Studies." I suggest that we leave "Life Sciences" as it is, category containing Wikiversity schools that are concerned with the study of living organisms. --JWSchmidt 23:04, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimbobalina2005


text:
User talk:Nouiz

your project
Hello, and thank you for contributing! Well now, this is interesting. I don't know anything about chain mail, and I'm not sure where to put your lesson/learning project. I don't think that it is a subject that requires its own schools, but perhaps it belongs as a lesson as part of a school. Wikipedia puts Chainmail in the personal armour category, and this category is (eventually) in the Military category. So perhaps it belongs in the Military school. This school doesn't exist yet, so feel free to create it. You can create a school in the School namespace using Template:School boilerplate. See Naming conventions for an explanation on namespaces, schools and the boilerplates used to create them. I hope this helps. - Trevor MacInnis 22:29, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nouiz


text: User talk:Slidertx

title: User talk:Slidertx


text:
User talk:Felixalgernon~enwikiversity

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title: User talk:Felixalgernon~enwikiversity


text:
Portal:Psychiatry

Welcome to the Department of Psychiatry

 This department is responsible for the research, teaching and assessment in the medical area of Psychiatry. The department is a division of the Wikiversity School of Medicine. The department is involved in the teaching of the Level 4 curriculum but students are welcome to join in the teaching at any time if they do not wish to follow the recommended pathway.

Projects, Research and Assignments
 * Psychiatic Interview
 * Psychiatic Diagnosis
 * Psychopharmacology
 * Psychotherapy
 * Anti-psychiatry

Department Noticeboard
 * This department is under construction. Feel free to help in its establishment.

Assessments
 * No assessments have been requested

Modules Offered

MED4.4 - Module MED4.4: Psychiatry

Members
Adrian Preda, M.D., Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, UC Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA. Email: apreda@uci.edu

Related news

 * May 2008 Low blood levels of vitamin D may be associated with depression in older adults
 * June 2008 "Spiritual" effects of mushrooms last a year

fr:Département:Psychiatrie

title: Portal:Psychiatry


text:
Set theory

Basic Definition
The term "set" can be thought as a well-defined collection of objects. In set theory, These objects are often called "elements". (Example)    $$x \in \mathbb{R}$$. In this case, $$x$$ is the element and $$\mathbb{R}$$ is the set of all real numbers.
 * We usually use capital letters for the sets, and lowercase letters for the elements.
 * If an element $$a$$ belongs to a set $$A$$, we can say that "$$a$$ is a member of the set $$A$$", or that "$$a$$ is in $$A$$", or simply write $$ a \in A $$.
 * Similarly, if $$a$$ is not in $$A$$, we would write $$a \notin A$$.

Notation
Example of a common notation style for the definition of a set: $$A = \{ x \in S \mid P(x) \}$$
 * $$S$$ is a set
 * $$P(x)$$ is a property (The elements of $$S$$ may or may not satisfy this property)
 * Set $$A$$ can be defined by writing:

This would read as "the set of all $$x$$ in $$S$$, such that $$P$$ of $$x$$."

Elements
There are two ways that we could show which elements are members of a set: by listing all the elements, or by specifying a rule which leaves no room for misinterpretation. In both ways we will use curly braces to enclose the elements of a set. Say we have a set $$A$$ that contains all the positive integers that are smaller than ten. In this case we would write $$A = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\}$$. We could also use a rule to show the elements of this set, as in $$A = \{a:\text{ }a\text{ positive integer less than 10}\}$$.

In a set, the order of the elements is irrelevant, as is the possibility of duplicate elements. For example, we write $$X = \{ 1, 2, 3 \}$$ to denote a set $$X$$ containing the numbers 1, 2 and 3. Or,$$X = \{ 1, 2, 3 \} = \{3,2,1 \} = \{1,1,2,3,3\}$$.

Subsets
Formal universal conditional statement: "set A is a subset of a set B" Negation: If and only if: for all $$x$$: If: ($$x$$ is an element of A)        then: ($$x$$ is an element of B) then: set A is a subset of set B Truth Table Example:
 * $$A \subseteq B \Leftrightarrow \forall x$$, if $$x \in A$$, then $$x \in B. $$
 * $$A \nsubseteq B \Leftrightarrow \exists x$$ such that $$x \in A$$ and $$x \notin B. $$

A proper subset of a set is a subset that is not equal to its containing set. Thus

A is a proper subset of B $$\iff$$

Set Identities
Let all sets referred to below be subsets of a universal set U.

(a) A ∪ ∅ = A and (b) A ∩ U = A.

5. Complement Laws:

(a) A ∪ A c = U and (b) A ∩ A c = ∅.

6. Double Complement Law:

(A c ) c = A.

7. Idempotent Laws:

(a) A ∪ A = A and (b) A ∩ A = A.

8. Universal Bound Laws:

(a) A ∪ U = U and

(b) A ∩ ∅ = ∅.

{| class="wikitable" !Identity !For all sets A ! $$A \cup \emptyset = A$$
 * Identity Laws:
 * Identity Laws:

$$A \cup A^c = U$$ $$A \cap A^c =\emptyset$$ $$A \cap A = A$$
 * Complement Laws:
 * Complement Laws:
 * Double Complement Law:
 * $$\left( A^c \right)^c = A$$
 * Idempotent Laws:
 * $$A \cup A =A$$
 * Idempotent Laws:
 * $$A \cup A =A$$
 * Idempotent Laws:
 * $$A \cup A =A$$
 * Universal Bound Laws:
 * }
 * Universal Bound Laws:
 * }
 * }
 * }

2. Associative Laws: For all sets A, B, and C,

(a) (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) and

(b) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C).

3. Distributive Laws: For all sets, A, B, and C,

(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) and

(b) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C).

For all sets A and B,

De Morgan’s Laws:

(a) (A ∪ B) c = A c ∩ B c and (b) (A ∩ B) c = A c ∪ B c.

Absorption Laws:

(a) A ∪ (A ∩ B) = A and (b) A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A.

Set Difference Law:
 * A − B = A ∩ B c.

Complements of U and ∅:
 * $$U^c= \empty$$
 * $$\empty^c = U$$

Cardinality
The cardinality of a set is the number of elements in the set. The cardinality of a set $$ A $$ is denoted $$ |A| $$.

Types of Sets by Cardinality
A set can be classified as finite, countable, or uncountable.
 * Finite Sets are sets that have finitely many elements, $$ A = \{1,2,3\} $$ is a finite set of cardinality 3. More formally, a set $$A$$ is finite if a bijection exists between $$A$$ and a set $$\{1,\ldots,n\} $$ for some natural number $$n$$. $$n$$ is the said set's cardinality.
 * Countable Sets are sets that have as many elements as the set of natural numbers. As since $$ |\mathbb{Q}| = |\mathbb{N}|$$, the set of rational numbers is countable.
 * Uncountable Sets are sets that have more elements than the set of natural numbers. As since $$ |\mathbb{R}| > |\mathbb{N}|$$, the set of real numbers is uncountable.

Common Sets of Numbers

 * $$\mathbb{N}$$ is the set of Naturals
 * $$\mathbb{Z}$$ is the set of Integers
 * $$\mathbb{Q}$$ is the set of Rationals
 * $$\mathbb{R}$$ is the set of Reals
 * $$\mathbb{C}$$ is the set of Complex Numbers

Comparison of Sets
2 sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ have the same cardinality (i.e. $$|A| = |B|$$), if there exists a bijection from $$A$$ to $$B$$. In the case of $$ |\mathbb{Q}| = |\mathbb{N}|$$, they are the same cardinality as there exists a bijection from $$\mathbb{Q}$$ to $$\mathbb{N}$$.

Partitions of Sets
In many applications of set theory, sets are divided up into non-overlapping (or disjoint) pieces. Such a division is called a partition.

Two sets are called disjoint if, and only if, they have no elements in common."A and B are disjoint ⇔ A ∩ B = ∅."

Sets $$A_{1}, A_{2} , A_{3}, \ldots$$ are mutually disjoint (or pairwise disjoint or nonoverlapping)

if, and only if, no two sets $$A_{i}$$ and $$ A_{j}$$ with distinct subscripts have any elements in

common. More precisely, for all $$i, j = 1,2,3,\ldots $$

$$A_{i} \cap A_{j} = \emptyset$$ whenever $$i \not= j$$.

Power Sets
The power set of a set A is all possible subsets of A, including A itself and the empty set. Which can be represented: $$P_{(A)} = \{ \emptyset, \{ 1 \}, \{ 2 \}, \ldots \}$$

For the set $$ A = \{1,2,3\}$$

$$P_{(A)} = \{\emptyset,\{1\},\{2\},\{3\},\{1,2\},\{1,3\},\{2,3\},\{1,2,3\}\}$$

Wikiversity

 * Introduction_to_set_theory/Lecture_1

Wikipedia

 * Set theory category

title: Set theory


text:
Fourier transform

Fourier Transform represents a function $$s \left( t \right)$$ as a "linear combination" of complex sinusoids at different frequencies $$\omega\,$$. Fourier proposed that a function may be written in terms of a sum of complex sine and cosine functions with weighted amplitudes.

In Euler notation the complex exponential may be represented as:

$$e^{j\omega t}\, = \cos(\omega t) + j \sin(\omega t)$$

Thus, the definition of a Fourier transform is usually represented in complex exponential notation.

The Fourier transform of s(t) is defined by $$ S \left( \omega \right) = \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty s\left( t\right) e^{-j\omega t}\,dt.$$

Under appropriate conditions original function can be recovered by:

$$ s \left( t \right) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty S\left( \omega\right) e^{j\omega t}\,d\omega.$$

The function $$ S \left( \omega \right) $$ is the Fourier transform of $$s \left( t \right)$$. This is often denoted with the operator $$\mathcal{F}$$, in the case above, $$ S \left( \omega \right) = \mathcal{F} \left(s ( t) \right)$$

The function $$ s \left( t \right) $$ must satisfy the Dirichlet conditions in order for $$ s \left( t \right) $$ for the integral defining Fourier transform to converge.

Forward Fourier Transform(FT)/Anaysis Equation

$$

S \left( \omega \right) = \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty s\left( t\right) e^{-j\omega t}\,dt.$$

Inverse Fourier Transform(IFT)/Synthesis Equation

$$ s \left( t \right) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty S\left( \omega\right) e^{j\omega t}\,d\omega.$$

Explanation coming from Linear Algebra
According to linear algebra, for every orthogonal B of a vector space H, and every element x of H

 * $$x = \sum_{b\in B} \langle b,x\rangle b.$$

holds true.

 * $$ \begin{align}

B &:= \{b_k | k\in 1,2,..,N\} ,\quad \text{with}\\ b_k &:= (e^{1\cdot 2\pi ik/N}, e^{2\cdot 2\pi ik/N}, ..., e^{N\cdot 2\pi ik/N})^T / \sqrt{N} \end{align} $$

is an orthonormal basis as can be confirmed by calculating the scalar products. This means that

 * $$ \begin{align}

x_n &= \sum_{k=1}^N X_k e^{n\cdot 2\pi ik/N} / \sqrt{N},\quad\text{with}\\ X_k &:= \sum_{n=1}^N x_n e^{-n\cdot 2\pi ik/N} / \sqrt{N} \end{align} $$

($$x_n$$ denotes the n'th component of the vector x) holds true for every N-dimensional vector x. $$X_k$$ is exactly the discrete Fourier transform, and we just proved that the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the discrete Fourier transform of a vector x is the vector x, which is the central theorem of discrete Fourier theory. Discrete Fourier theory essentially means writing something in the Fourierbasis B. This also explains the linearity of the Fourier transformation.

Relation to the Laplace Transform
In fact, the Fourier Transform can be viewed as a special case of the bilateral Laplace Transform. If the complex Laplace variable s were written as $$ s = \sigma + j \omega \,$$, then the Fourier transform is just the bilateral Laplace transform evaluated at $$\sigma = 0 \,$$. This justification is not mathematically rigorous, but for most applications in engineering the correspondence holds.

title: Fourier transform


text:
School talk:Marine sciences

Ideas for learning and research projects
I wanted to put this in the talk section before it goes on the main page - in accordance with the 'learning by doing' philosophy of wikiversity, I suggest that learning takes place by participation in research projects and development of a wiki-textbook for a course on the marine sciences (and for courses tailored more towards the specialised aspects represented by the constituent departments). The marine sciences school should have interdisciplinary research projects and learning materials, focusing on all aspects of the marine sciences, from the pure sciences of marine biology, chemistry and physics, to the philosophy of the field and socio-politico-economic issues to practical uses and applications of the knowledge.

Suggestions for broad research themes:

 * Interactions between the marine world and the land and atmosphere - stressing the interconnectedness of different systems on earth

 * The oceans and climate change - a mixture here of primary and secondary research, focusing on the effects of climate change on the seas and the effects of the seas on climate change

 * The impact of shipping - global shipping has increased dramatically over the past decades - project to assess the impact and how shipping can either be reduced or its impact reduced

 * The impact of economics and politics on the marine environment

 * Developing an integrated study of marine systems and society - a philosophical, economical and political project

And of course also the learning materials and community needs to be developed. I would suggest that topic modules are developed for each of the departmental disciplines (e.g. marine biology, marine chemistry etc.) and from there general marine science materials are developed by synthesising modules from different disciplines. Ideas for modules I have had (betraying my biological bias) are 'Plankton and Microbial Life', 'Energy in the seas', 'Coral Reefs and Primary Production' and 'Fisheries and Exploiting the Seas'. I would suggest that rather than spend ages trying to work out the most rational system of modules, modules develop naturally and can be modified/abolished/merged at a later date when the material is there to work with. Maybe modules explaining critical ideas from other disciplines should be present also - e.g. an 'Introducing Marine Chemistry and Physics' module for the dept. of marine biology. Maybe a large project in developing materials for a general 'History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science' course can be developed that will be of use in all science studies and some humanities as well.

Jimbobalina2005 16:08 (GMT) 2 September 2006

title: School talk:Marine sciences


text: User talk:Slick Gecko

title: User talk:Slick Gecko


text:
User talk:McQuackor~enwikiversity

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text:
User talk:Claudia700~enwikiversity

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User talk:Crush~enwikiversity

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User talk:Thaxx~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Shienpjovys

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User talk:Kikare~enwikiversity

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User talk:Relax~enwikiversity

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title: User talk:Relax~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Equilibrium~enwikiversity

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text:
User talk:Tetsuya~enwikiversity

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User talk:Koffie~enwikiversity

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text: User talk:Nick1915

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text: User talk:Daniel1027

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text:
User talk:Eli~enwikiversity

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User talk:Tofftux~enwikiversity

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User talk:Kevin (usurped)~enwikiversity

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title: User talk:Kevin (usurped)~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Izntit

title: User talk:Izntit


text:
User talk:The Jeff Killer~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:The Jeff Killer~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Manjithkaini

title: User talk:Manjithkaini


text:
User talk:Plazajuan~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plazajuan~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Mdannella

title: User talk:Mdannella


text:
User talk:Mathwizxp~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Mathwizxp~enwikiversity


text: User talk:LarryK12308

title: User talk:LarryK12308


text:
User talk:Jemanon~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Jemanon~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Wafu

title: User talk:Wafu


text: User talk:ZeChinaman

title: User talk:ZeChinaman


text: User talk:Vector001

title: User talk:Vector001


text:
User talk:Vector007~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:11, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Vector007~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Nodoubt9203

title: User talk:Nodoubt9203


text: User talk:Lcarsdata

title: User talk:Lcarsdata


text: User talk:NunoGomes 49

title: User talk:NunoGomes 49


text: User talk:KevinBaker42

title: User talk:KevinBaker42


text: User talk:TkdApe

title: User talk:TkdApe


text: User talk:Kem Rixen

title: User talk:Kem Rixen


text: User talk:Simfansu

title: User talk:Simfansu


text: User talk:Sirvoltor

title: User talk:Sirvoltor


text:
User:Pathomed~enwikiversity

See Patho

de:Benutzer:Pathomed

title: User:Pathomed~enwikiversity


text:
User:Patho~enwikiversity

medical student

de:Benutzer:Patho

title: User:Patho~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Patho~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patho~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Pathomed~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pathomed. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pathomed~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pathomed~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Frdnwr~enwikiversity

Arabic
We should develop a lesson introducing the basics of Conjugation.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Frdnwr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Frdnwr~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Frdnwr~enwikiversity


text:
User:Zhaladshar/sig

— Zhaladshar > (Talk) >

title: User:Zhaladshar/sig


text:
User talk:EricSchmurr

Cat
Besure to put cats on those pages, or we might never find them again.--Rayc 03:38, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Ray means "categories". :-) Cormaggio talk 22:30, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Introduction to philosophy
Hi Eric, just to let you know, I've moved the page Historical_Introduction_to_Philosophy/General+Introduction to Historical_Introduction_to_Philosophy/General Introduction (removing the "+" from the title). Cormaggio talk 22:30, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Deontology
I've deleted this page because it appears to have been copied from here. If you wish to add text from other sites to Wikiversity, please ensure first it is licenced under the GFDL (see Copyrights), and that proper attribution is added. Note that I've left Image:Img kant.jpg on the wiki if you would like to use it again. Thanks --Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 12:40, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's been moved and is now at Historical_Introduction_to_Philosophy/Formalism and Deontological Ethics. Cheers. Cormaggio talk 12:20, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Comic strips
I deleted these, as posting them on Wikiversity violates the copyrights. If you can get written permission from the authors, please do so and then re-upload them. Looked nice they way you had it... sorry!--SB_Johnny | talk 12:00, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Image licence
An image you uploaded, (Image:Thinker.jpg), has no licence info, and appears to have watermarking info from another site. If it is a freely distributable image, please make a note of that on it's licence page. If you need some assistance finding a replacement, let me know. Historybuff 03:50, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:EricSchmurr


text:
User talk:Deltinu

Welcome to Wikiversity. --JWSchmidt 03:07, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Welcome and offer to collaborate
Hi! I've seen you've contributed in topics on Physics. I'd like if you join my effort to coordinate the editors of Physics so that we can do a better and more pleasant work. See: Portal talk:Physical Sciences --Jorge 16:17, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I would say _all_ areas require work... It's like we're just starting. I prefer working on active pages, so I don't feel like doing things alone. But at this stage, anything you do is very worthy. --Jorge 03:35, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deltinu


text:
Portal:Wiki Scholar

=Publications= This is the portal for Scholarly Journals. This portal can be used to list new journals. Journal pages can be wrapped from user-pages for publication (by transclusion). The portal can also be used as a center for publishing essays such as Wikipedia's essays. There are at least two scholarly publication categorizations available so far: Category:Wiki Scholar, Category:Wiki journals.

Scholarly Journals

 * Wikiversity reports. Accounts of interesting projects, activities and content at Wikiversity.
 * WikiJournal user group - a set of peer-reviewed, academic journals
 * WikiJournal of Medicine - the flagship WikiJournal
 * WikiJournal of Science
 * Scientific articles that have undergone peer review.

Blogs

 * Blogs and outreach: Cormac Lawler - Wikiversity

Essays

 * "Learning the wiki way" - an essay, planned as content for the future "Wiki Scholar" journal.

Peer Review
Where the author has requested collaboration please use (or create) an appropriate template to show commentary. An example is:

, which generates:

Peer reviewed material (see Peer review) can go through the process of Peer review verification for further quality assurance.
 * Templates for peer reviewed pages include:
 * Peer review to be verified
 * Under peer review

=Scholarly Participants=

title: Portal:Wiki Scholar


text:
Category:Wiki Scholar

This category is for use with the Portal:Wiki Scholar See also: Category:Wikiversity scholarship

title: Category:Wiki Scholar


text: User talk:Savio dcunha

title: User talk:Savio dcunha


text:
User talk:Poli~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Poli. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Poli~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poli~enwikiversity


text:
Introduction to Philosophy

Course: Introduction to Philosophy
|    Introduction |    Philosophical Problems |    Logic |    Reality |    Truth |    Self |    Mind |    Knowledge |    God |    Language |    Free will and Determinism |    Right and Wrong |    Justice |    Animals |    Politics |    Reality |    Science |    Art |    Death |    Meaning of Life

--

Welcome
Introduction to Philosophy is under development. How would you like to add to it and aid its development?

This learning project introduces participants to philosophy, its major terms, themes and thinkers. Hopefully most of them will be interesting and enjoyable to you. Intro to Philosophy, like any "intro" to an academic topic, is always a little too broad. It is designed to give you the common foundation that anyone taking philosophy courses should have. Unlike more advanced philosophy courses, the reading should be relatively less challenging, and only be to get you ready for the real philosophy stuff.

There are different approaches in philosophy like idealism, realism, positivism and linguistic analysis for solution of philosophical problems. Kantian distinction of noumena and phenomena leads to fundamentally different fields of knowledge. Categories of understanding limit itself to "what can be know objectively" and the other field of knowledge beyond this objective thinking and that is the field of pure reason where subject progresses to sublime experiences. Such case be can be seen in context of Hegel's rationalism and Kierkegaardian subjectivity. Hegelian 'real is rational' does not provide acceptance for individual experiences. Kierkegaard suggests that objectivity can be attained in case of science but it is not the case with human existence. kierkegaardian hero is tragic being who wants to live subjectively but the moral obligation becomes so big to neglect. On the contrary Abraham the knight of faith could live up on the ground of subjectivity. Further development of philosophy in post modernism all rejects continuity and reasonability of rational thinking in solution of all human problems. so Philosophy is the study of different approaches of thought within that phenomena where they flourish.

Overview
Intro to Philosophy deals with typical topics while trying to improve and innovate:

 * 1) Pre-Socratics (Anaxamander, Heraclitus, several important others)
 * 2) What is Philosophy? (Questioning(Socratic Method)/Philo Sophia(Love of Wisdom)/Philosopher opposed to the Sophist)
 * 3) Everything after Plato (done very quickly)

Objectives
An intro course should prepare students for 300 level courses in the subject. Such courses in Philosophy assume basic knowledge and demand intense, challenging reading. Therefore, this course should give you the basic fundamentals that the higher Philosophy courses can build on. Typically, these are (among others):

What thinking was there before Socrates? How was Socrates different, a turning point? What about all that stuff since then?

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

You should also read about the Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

Philosophy, from the greek philos (friend, lover) and sophia (knowledge, wisdom), etymologically means "the love of wisdom." The term originally comes from classical Greece, and was originally used by Socrates because he, as opposed to the wise men of his time, said that he did not know anything, but that he loved and was seeking out knowledge.

I only know that I don't know anything, and even of that I am not sure --Socrates The task of the philosopher is to explore possibilities of belief and understanding in existence, and to develop critical thinking skills on the deepest, most profound issues. Curiosity is the hallmark of a good philosopher. Philosophy asks the ultimate questions about the universe, questions which seem to have no provable answers. Is there a God? Can anything be real? What is existence? These questions are often asked in Metaphysics, a branch of Philosophy. What is right?, what is really justice? A popular topic often discussed in Philosophy. What makes something beautiful, pretty, ugly, cute? Initial questions asked in Aesthetics. These are questions which have been asked since the dawn of time. They have all asked BIG questions, some have got answers, some haven't. But we still ask these questions to get better answers and to better our knowledge about the world. These questions will build a base, to what you will need to understand more difficult works in philosophy. To do philosophy, you need an open mind. To start philosophy I would recommend reading "Sophie's World." It is a great introduction and will really get you thinking! Enjoy!

-

"Sophie's World" is a high school-level fiction book, which was on my high school's summer reading list several years back. "Philosophy: The Basics" by Nigel Warburton also skims philosophical arguments (like "Sophie's World"), but in a non-fiction format.

This is the "Chapter 1 God" listing in its Table of Contents: 1 God - - 11 The Design Argument - - 12 Criticisms of the Design Argument - - 13 The Anthropic Principle - - 16 Criticism of the Anthropic Principle - - 16 The First Cause Argument - - 17 ...

The author (Warburton) cites who supports/supported each argument or criticism. Hume, Pascal, Kant, and others are name dropped in that respect. Read "Philosophy: The Basics" if you're not in the mood for fiction.

--all_one 5-5-06

<Home

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group
 * Seapal.
 * Anderswohin
 * ObubbledO.
 * Hei314

Socrates
Some think of Socrates as philosophy's hero. He was a citizen of Athens, a city-state in Ancient Greece.

The Socratic Problem:

Forming a historical picture of Socrates is problematic. There are no known text which Socrates authored. We learn about him through his students and contemporaries.

The Socrates that appears in Plato's dialogues is used as an example of philosophy. Socrates typically "plays dumb" (called Socratic irony) and the person he is speaking to does not seem to notice. In this way, Socrates leads the person, by asking them questions, to realize they really knew nothing. This "teaching by questioning" is referred to as the Socratic method. Over and over, the wisest, most famous and successful celebrities of Ancient Greece are revealed to know nothing when they agree to enter into a dialogue with Socrates.

This persistent, "wise" questioning is often presented as an example of a Philosopher. Socrates was a Philosopher, and these other people (professional teachers of rhetoric at the time) are called sophists, the most famous being Gorgias.

Plato (or Socrates) criticizes the sophism of Gorgias and other rhetoricians.

Read Plato's dialogue Gorgias to see how he criticizes him. That should really be enough for now. Leave the "pre-socratics" and the motivations of Plato and life story of Socrates for some other time.

--Seapal 19:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Aristotle's The Rhetoric
Aristotle was a student of Plato (and Plato was a student of Socrates). Plato's (or Socrates') ideas about truth (from The Gorgias) should be contrasted with Aristotle's break from Plato in this matter (see The Rhetoric). They both have every different concepts of truth (or "epistemologies"--ways of knowing--epistemology is the term for the branch of philosophy for the study of truth).

Aristotle, in a kind of handbook made from lecture notes by his students we call The Rhetoric, says something very different than Plato/Socrates about the value of rhetoricians (or sophists).

(unfinished) --Seapal 19:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Online - translation by W. Rhys Roberts

<Home

Activities

 * Listen to one of these shows and then add related content to Wikiversity.
 * Define philosophy.
 * etc.

References and Further Reading

 * Introduction To Philosophy An online text by Philip A. Pecorino.
 * Introduction to Philosophy
 * Introduction to Philosophical Logic

Additional helpful readings include:

Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection. Gorgias is a dialog in which Socrates questions a practitioner of rhetoric, Gorgias, in an attempt to discover what rhetoric is.

 * Gorgias
 * Study guide:
 * etc.

title: Introduction to Philosophy