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User:Ajgenius/GNUSystems

As part of the knowledge base of systems design, I would eventually like to see a series of booklets, covering the history and rationale leading to the current GNU & BSD systems, the places that those systems fall apart given modern considerations, where and why the specifics of the original system no longer apply, in the face of the original philopshy etc, and how to potentially move forward without losing the lessons of the past, but not holding on to things merely because they have always been done a certain way either. This is the initial working toward a part one - where we have come from, and why we are the way we are, i.e. - Understanding the system as it is.

=On understanding a GNU (especially Linux) system= Personal note: Currently the following is incomplete, kinda sucks, doesn't always make sense, and isn't always accurate. -aj-

In order to understand GNU on a system level, it is necessary to have at least a basic understanding of UNIX philosophy, and to some extent history, to help make sense of traditions, standards, and primary system design intents and rationale. So the following will attempt to guide through the overarching concepts, in brief, to build a cohesive view of the system.

The C Programming Language
To fully appreciate the nature of UNIX systems and derivatives, it is important to understand some basic concepts about its underpinnings, including the languages upon which components have been built. And as far as core components are concerned, the C Programming language is the definitive foundation of the majority of the system, followed to varying degrees by Shell Scripts, and in the case of GNU systems, Perl Scripts and C++.

Unlike more modern languages, C is merely a thin wrapper around Assembly, with various syntactic features added over the years to help make it more manageable. It has on its own, almost no features, beyond the barest minimum of math operators, and functions, pointers, and the ability to inline assembly code. While it has a type system, all core types are integers, of some sort or another - a void is a 0 length integer, a character is a one byte integer, a short is a 2 byte integer, etc. where there is also a float, and a double, for floating point integers. What this means is, on its own, without other supplements, C is more of a container for short assembly scripts, and functions to perform basic math, than anything else.

Therefore, in order to make it useful, a few things have had to be developed over the years. First and most importantly, is the preprocessor. The C preprocessor, was developed side by side with the original c language, in order to make it easier to use. It is in fact, nothing more than a simple tool for substituting one thing with another. It reads through a source file, and upon certain character patterns, replaces the patterns with something else. The most important of these is the #include pattern, which informs the preprocessor to include another file. This allows shared functions to be declared in one file, which is then included in multiple other files, to remove the limitation of everything being defined in a single source file. This allows for code to be built upon shared include files, which declare functions, to allow for the second most important addition to the C language - the c library. The C library provides a suite of common operators required to use C, without constantly falling back on direct inline assembly. It does this by having functions which directly use assembly, and then providing a shared suite of include files declaring them, so that other source can merely include the headers, to call them. These headers provide the fundamental building blocks required for memory operations, basic input/output, file management, and so forth. Between the preprocessor and the c library, C can be used for programs which require raw system calls, pointer operators, and i/o, without resorting to direct non-portable Assembly language. For this reason, C allows for core components to be built without using Assembly, and allowing for basic code reuse through shared functions. (It is of note that C also has had added to it over the years, mostly quite early on, "structs" which allow for property bags of multiple variables, and enum's which allow for choosing between a predefined set of named integer values, along with a few misc other minor extensions that have allowed for yet further simplification of otherwise complex functionality.)

What is most important about the result of the use and nature of the C language is the concept of shared functions, through inclusion. Virtually every program in a standard system includes the C library, even if they do not use it directly. Often even if they are not written in C languages, they still do, due to implicit dependencies - all important core components are written in C, and depend on the c library for shared functionality, therefore anything which depends on any core component, also depends on the C library.

The Shell
Overtime time, by necessity, a modular approach to system components was developed, due to the nature of the capabilities of the languages written in. Early on programs were written in direct assembly, then later rewritten in C, but in both cases every program "contained" the same set of functions because there was no other way to reuse functionality than to literally include it, effectively duplicating it by bundling it inside every program that used it. What this meant especially on older systems, was that because space was valuable, every system component had to have a single specific functionality, so that there was no excessive waste of space due to even more duplication of purpose or design. For similar reasons, because of the limited availability of storage at the time, commands were limited to short names, because every character added up quickly.

The natural outcome of this design, was the simple Shell interface, called sh, which was effectively the user interface and which for all intents and purposes, did nothing more than run other commands that the user typed in. For example there was one command to list files, one to copy files, one to move them, and another to remove them (called, ls, cp, mv, and rm, respectively). Each component had no code related to anything beyond its specified purpose.

The need to overcome the seeming limitations of only having single use programs resulted after a few years in the designing of the piping paradigm - using "pipes" one could pipe the output from one program, to the input of another, thus allowing one to have a series of specific purpose commands, which could be used together, without having to include duplicate functionality in both programs. Instead one merely had to run the commands in order of usage with an intermediate special file called naturally, a pipe, so that each program could use the basic i/o functionality they included from the c library, to process information in the order defined. This series of commands, called a chain, was handled by the shell program, by use of a special pipe command, which let it know to pipe output of the first command, to the second command, rather than simply running them. Similarly by use of different operations, one could pipe output directly to a file, instead of to another program or printing to the screen.

Out of this piping paradigm, the UNIX core system developed along very specific lines, so that most important commands could become part of a chain command, to allow complex operations with a single line of input, all while maintaining the modularity and highly specialized purposes of individual commands. For example most systems would include a streaming editor, to allow for piping text through, applying operations to modify text, and piping back out. Or another example, the less program, which would allow for displaying large amounts of content in manageable chunks, one screen full at a time, waiting for enter or arrow key to continue to the next chunk of text.

Perhaps the most important command to be made chain-able however, is the shell program itself. By allowing for piping into a shell, one could save common complex commands chains or series of commands, by placing them into a file, and then piping the file into a new instance of the shell at a later time as needed, thereby allowing common operations to be automated, yet without the need for wasting precious system resources by creating a custom program. Over time this ability to script shell commands grew to allow for more then merely playback of a series of commands, by enabling the ability to pass parameters to the script itself, and by the shell having simple variables, if statements, and loops built-in.

The sum result of this simple system, developed progressively by many people over the course of several years, is small clearly defined components only capable of the most basic of tasks, yet which combined allow for highly complex operations which can be run manually, or recorded and run in batches with only minimal space requirements.

The Philosophy
Out of the limitations, and subsequent modular design, was developed this philosophy of system design that reflected the nature of the system, and defined future developments for a long time to come. This philosophy was possibly summed up best by Doug Mcllroy, the inventor of the piping paradigm, as follows -

 * "This is the Unix philosophy:
 * Write programs that do one thing and do it well.
 * Write programs to work together.
 * Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface."

title: User:Ajgenius/GNUSystems


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Talk:Visual Basic

Help Discussion Page
Recommendation or request to future contributors to the page and tutorials:

I think tutorials should not require a desktop IDE, but should use one of the online IDEs. In a few minutes of searching, and a dozen links followed, https://ideone.com/ is the only site that provides a 1-button compile-&-run interaction. Simple interactions like this lower the barrier to entry for new & curious learners who can now simply follow a link to run and experiment with some code, rather than having to install the IDE for VB, whereas the VB IDE is only available if you have a Windows box in front of you (and possibly only if you have admin rights). 65.78.131.51 (discuss) 05:04, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

Click on the link to go to my help page or edit this page and insert questions.

Drnoitall.hello 02:52, 20 March 2007 (UTC)Drnoitall.hello

I think a section on VBA should be opened up too very powerful to manipulate MS Word, excel, access and text files. Has most thigns VB6 has (can make basic forms, call MS API etc) See http://sel2in.com/pages/prog/vba/VBA_Date_Time.php and http://sel2in.com/prjs/vba/profile and http://www.google.com/search?site=&q=vba+tutorial, http://www.pinyinjoe.com/pinyin/pinyin_macro_faq.htm for samples - 59.92.201.80 10:15, 12 October 2008 (UTC) Tushar Kapila tgkprog in gmail & yahoo

A pros-and-cons blunder
A "pro" that shouldn't be here: It's b*llsh*t, and it's a flamebait. First of all: Wikiversity shouldn't mind-read, it's like Roman Catholics mindreading about why Protestants dislike the "infallibility of the Pope". Secondly C and C++ are different: they're not even used for the same kind of applications as Visual Basic. Wikiversity should not be a place for religious wars. rursus 14:32, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Is potentially a lot more powerful than the average C or C++ programmer thinks. It all depends on the coder's ability and knowledge.

 * By the way: could anyone explain why (visual basic OR (C AND C++)) is better than (visual basic AND C AND C++)? rursus 14:39, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Visual Basic


text:
User:Drnoitall.hello

Leave me a message.

title: User:Drnoitall.hello


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User:Crazynas/Template:Organization infobox

Usage


text: User:Crazynas/sandbox

title: User:Crazynas/sandbox


text:
User:Kroum

Visit my page at Wikipedia.

title: User:Kroum


text:
User:Vermishis

My name is Mackie Drew, I am a high school student from Ontario Canada. My E-mail address is mackie@drew.ca.

Aliases
This is a list of my user names and nicknames from various places.

 * opop39
 * Vermishis
 * orbity60
 * prodigious
 * Zephyr
 * Tosh

Interests
A list of my various computer related interests.

 * Programming
 * Game Design
 * Graphic Design
 * 3D Graphic Design
 * Web Design
 * Computer Engineering
 * Gaming
 * Software Engineer
 * Information Technology

Projects

 * Smash 'N' Hurl (Website)
 * Trial Tours (Web Site)
 * Unnamed (Video Game)
 * Cheese-Off! - Cheesiness Detector (Web service)
 * iMod - Makes Everything look like an iPod Commercial (Half-Life 2 Mod)
 * Digital Broom - Cleans Computer (Freeware)
 * Gooie - VERY early stages (Operating System) Possibly For Quantom Computers

Current Wiki's

 * School:Computer_Science
 * User:Vermishis
 * CrystalCore

title: User:Vermishis


text:
Category:XML

Extensible Markup Language - general markup language defined and maintained by W3C.

title: Category:XML


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Category:JavaScript

Implementation of ECMAScript often used in web pages. The content development project for this category is JavaScript.

title: Category:JavaScript


text:
Computer-aided design/Advanced software

Part of:
 * Engineering and Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering; Production and Design Engineering
 * Computer Aided Design Course

Introduction
In the previous lesson you created very simple 2D CAD models using widely available standards and tools. Several years ago, you would have spent a lot of time to achieve this. You would have had to design the database structure, object model, many algorithms and methods for input, output, transformations, visualizations and so on.

Today, advanced CAD models are built similar to our 2D example. Software engineers use available building blocks and standards to create CAD technologies with new, specialized tools and improved functionality.

3D modeling kernel
The majority of CAD software is not programed from scratch, rather it is built upon existing generic 3D modeling kernels. Usually kernels are available in the form of C libraries. Many have been developed by major software companies as a part of their CAD program and later licensed to other developers and companies.

Major kernels are:
 * ACIS from Spatial (since 2000 Dassault Systèmes subsidiary)
 * Parasolid from UGS
 * Granite from PTC
 * Open CASCADE

The best choice from a university perspective is Open CASCADE which is an open source program. You may use it freely to create your own project; you can study the code and even make improvements.

CAD software designers also use OpenGL and other standards to improve CAD functionality and performance.

OpenGL significantly improves the quality and speed of 3D model visualization, allowing the separate Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to handle graphics rendering and freeing up Central Processing Unit (CPU) capacity, which improves CAD performance and usability. OpenGL interface offers many ready to use functions that speed up CAD development. OpenGL is supported by OS (operating system) such as Windows or Unix. CAD so first call OS function, which is performed by OS or propagated to GPU using driver. Functions and complex calculation are so preferably done by fast and optimized GPU or, if required function is not supported by graphics card GPU, then software emulation is used and calculation is done by CPU. Modern graphic cards are in fact powerful computers that process commands. That is why they are expensive and power hungry. You should be aware of GPU role while it can dramatically improve CAD performance. When using particular CAD, graphics card features (especially supported standards) should be in concordance.

Example of OpenGL code, line from 0,0 to 100,100 coordinates: glBegin(GL_LINES); glVertex2f (0.0,0.0); glVertex2f (100.0,100.0); glEnd;

Similarly to OpenGL HPGL (Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language) improves the performance and quality of plotting, as well software development time. Drawing is delivered to plotter or printer not as a matrix of points calculated by CPU, but as a stream of HPGL commands. Usually plotter stores data on internal hard disk and then prints drawing off line, independently on computer. Plotter or printer processor than calculates printed points (in the case of inkjet plotters and printers or pen moves in the case of older pen plotters). HPGL is part of PCL (Printer Command Language) specification.

You will need:
 * Internet access and a browser

 * Computer Aided Design Course
 * Previous lesson

title: Computer-aided design/Advanced software


text:
Teletraffic engineering/How is Telephony Traffic Modelled?

Author: Jorenjeye Arubayi

Module 20 of the Teletraffic Textbook

Summary
Telephony networks like all other networks have finite resources (circuits). This therefore makes it possible that an incoming call may not be served at a particular time, that is, the call may be blocked and cleared due to a limitation on the availability of resources. Call blocking is possibly the most noticeable phenomenon in telephony networks. The aim of modelling telephony traffic is to compute the best estimate of network blocking in order to obtain a reasonable balance between dimensioning of resources and acceptable grade of service. The most widely used traffic models are the Erlang models. Some other commonly adopted traffic models are the Engset and Poisson models.

The Poisson Traffic Model
The arrival and dropping of a telephone call occurs randomly. It is often assumed that the arrival of a call occurs according to a Poisson process, with a rate of $$\lambda $$ calls per unit of time [2]. However, this assumption may not be realistic if blocked calls result in immediate new attempts by impatient subscribers. Calls are assumed to have a memoryless property, with a mean of 1/$$\mu$$ [2]. Under such assumptions, the number of active calls is described as a Markov process [2].

The number of calls arriving within a given period of time, T, may be represented as [3]:

P(a) = ($$\mu$$ a/ a! ) $$e^{-\mu}$$.................(1)

where a is the number of calls arriving within a period of time T and $$\mu$$ is the mean number of call arrivals in time T.

The number of calls departing within a given period of time, T, also has a Poisson distribution given by [3]:

P(d) = ($$\lambda $$ d/ d! ) $$e^{-\lambda}$$ .................(2)

where d is the number of call departures in time T and $$\lambda $$ is the mean number of call departures in time T.

It can also be shown that calls have a negative exponential distribution given by [3]:

P(T >= t) = $$e^{-t/h}$$.................(3)

where h is the call mean holding time (MHT).

"The Poisson model is commonly used for over engineering standalone trunk groups" [4]. The following formula is used to derive the Poisson traffic model [4]:

 * $$P(i,a) = 1-e^{-a} { \sum_{k=0}^{i-1} \frac{a^k}{k!}} $$ ........(4)

where: P(i,a) is the probability of a call being blocked due to unavailability of resources a is the traffic load in Erlangs i is the number of circuits

Example 1[4]
You are required to create a new trunk group to be used by an office and you need to determine how many lines are needed. The office is expected to make and receive about 200 calls per day with an average holding time (AHT) of about 3 minutes (180 seconds). A blocking probability not more than 1 percent is required. Let’s assume that approximately 20 percent of the calls happen during the busy hour.

Solution

Number of calls during the busy hour = 200 calls * 20% = 40

Busy hour traffic = (40 calls * 180 AHT)/3600 = 2 erlangs

From the Poisson table we find that at 1% blocking probability, 7 trunks would be required carry slightly over 2 erlangs of traffic. This answer can be double checked by substituting the values into equation 4 as follows:

 * $$P(7,2) = 1-e^{-2} { \sum_{k=0}^{7-1} \frac{2^k}{k!}}$$

Erlang Traffic Models
A telephone system has a limited number of channels available for carrying user traffic. Arriving calls are assigned a channel until all the channels are occupied, after which any new calls will either be blocked or queued [2].

Erlang traffic models are formulae that can be used to estimate the number of channels required in a network, or between two PSTN exchanges, for a given grade of service and user traffic. There is also an Erlang formula for modelling queuing situations, which is useful in estimating the agent staffing requirements of call centres [1].

The main Erlang traffic models are:

 * Erlang B
 * Extended Erlang B
 * Erlang C

The Erlang B Model
This is the most common Erlang model and is used to determine the number of circuits required to carry user traffic during the busy hour for a given grade of service and traffic load [1]. The Erlang model assumes that all blocked calls will be immediately cleared [1].

In an Erlang-B telephone system, when all the available channels are occupied a new call trying to access a channel is blocked. The basic assumption is that that the call is lost and that the calling subscriber will not try again [2].

The number of active calls is described as a Markov process [2] and new calls arrive according to a Poisson process at a rate of $$\lambda$$ calls per unit of time and terminate a rate of $$\mu$$ [2]. "For i calls the rate of termination of one call is i times $$\mu$$ [2]."

At equilibrium the rate of moving into a state is the same as that of moving out of a state [2]. The probability of being in state i, and therefore having i channels occupied, can be found to be:

 * $$P_i = \frac{\frac{A^i}{i!}} { \sum_{k=0}^N \frac{A^k}{k!}} $$ ............(5)

where: A is the total traffic offered in units of Erlangs N is the number of circuits Pi is the probability that a call will be blocked due to unavailability of resources.

Example 2
There is a need to redesign trunk groups that are currently experiencing blocking during the busy hour. The current trunk group is offered 80 erlangs of traffic during the busy hour. The design requirement is for low blocking, so at a blocking probability of 0.001, the number of required circuits can be found using an Erlang B calculator based on equation 5 to be 106.

The Extended Erlang B Model
The Extended Erlang B model takes retried calls into account. This traffic model is based on the following assumptions [4]:

 * 1) Calls arrive randomly
 * 2) Blocked callers make multiple attempts to complete their calls
 * 3) No traffic overflow is allowed

The Extended Erlang B model is usually used for standalone trunk groups that have retry probability (for example, a modem pool) [4].

Example 3 [4]
You are required to determine how many circuits you need for your dial access server. You are informed that the expected traffic during the busy hour is 35 erlangs and you require not more than 2% blocking probability during that period. You also expect that 60 percent of the users will retry immediately.

Solution

Using an Extended Erlang B calculator you find that you would require 45 circuits.

The Erlang C Model
In systems modelled according to the Erlang-C formula, when all the available channels are occupied a new call is queued until it can be served [2]. "The Erlang C model is designed around queuing theory" [4]. The Erlang C traffic model is based on the following assumptions [4]:

 * 1) There is an infinite number of sources
 * 2) Traffic arrives randomly
 * 3) Blocked calls are delayed
 * 4) The holding time has an exponential distribution

In the Erlang C model, you need to know the number of calls, the average call length, and the expected amount of delay in seconds [4]. This model is usually used for conservative automatic call distributor (ACD) design to determine the number of call agents needed [4]. The following formula is used to derive the Erlang C traffic model:

 * $$P_c = {{\frac{A^N}{N!} \frac{N}{N - A}} \over \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \frac{A^i}{i!} + \frac{A^N}{N!} \frac{N}{N - A}} \,$$.................(6)

where:

A is the total traffic offered in units of Erlangs N is the number of circuits Pc is the probability that a customer has to wait for service

Example 4 [4]
A call centre is expected to have about 350 calls lasting approximately 2 minutes each, and each agent has an after-call work time of 15 seconds. You would like the average time in the queue to be approximately 10 seconds. Calculate the amount of expected traffic and the delay factor.

Solution

You know that you have about 350 calls of 2 minutes duration, 15 seconds must be added to the call duration because each agent is not answering a call for approximately 15 seconds. The additional 15 seconds is part of the amount of time it takes to service a call.

Expected traffic = (350 calls * (2 * 60) + 15 seconds AHT)/3600 = 13.125 erlangs

The delay factor is computed as follows:

Delay factor = (10 sec delay)/(135 seconds) = 0.074

The Engset Model
The Engset traffic model is based on the Engset calculation named after T. O. Engset. This model is similar to the Erlang B traffic model already discussed, but contains one major difference. While the Erlang B model assumes an infinite number of callers, the Engset model specifies a finite number of callers [5]. The Engset formula requires that the expected peak traffic, the number of sources (callers) and the number of circuits in the network be known [5]. The Engset formula is given by [5]:

 * $$P_b=\frac{\left[\frac{\left(S-1\right)!}{N!\cdot\left(S-1-N\right)!}\right]\cdot M^N}{\sum_{X=1}^N\left[\frac{\left(S-1\right)!}{X!\cdot\left(S-1-X\right)!}\right]\cdot M^X}$$.......................(7)

 * $$M=\frac{A}{S-A\cdot\left(1-P(b)\right)}$$.................(8)

where:

A = offered traffic load (in erlangs) from all sources S = number of sources of traffic or callers N = number of circuits Pb= probability of blocking or congestion

The Engset model also assumes that the call arrivals can be modelled by a Poisson process, and that the call holding times are described by a negative exponential distribution [6]. However, because there are a finite number of sources, the arrival rate of new calls, $$\lambda $$, decreases as more sources become busy and therefore new calls cannot be accommodated [6].

Exercises
1. Design a trunk group for an office with the following specifications:
 * Approximately 500 calls will be received per day with an average holding time (AHT) of about 2 minutes.
 * A blocking probability not more than 1 percent is required.
 * Approximately 20 percent of the calls happen during the busy hour.

Number of calls during the busy hour = 500 calls * 20% = 100 calls

Busy hour traffic = (100 calls * 120 AHT)/3600 = 3.33 erlangs

From the Poisson table we find that at 1% blocking probabailty, 9 trunks would be required carry slightly over 3.33 erlangs of traffic.

2. Determine the required number of circuits for a trunk group that is offered 150 erlangs of traffic during the busy hour with a blocking probability of 0.05.

The number of required circuits can be found using an Erlang B calculator to be 154.

3. A call centre is expected to have about 1000 calls lasting approximately 3 minutes each, and each agent has an after-call work time of 35 seconds. You would like the average time in the queue to be approximately 10 seconds. Calculate the amount of expected traffic and the delay factor.

Expected traffic = (1000 calls * (3 * 60) + 35 seconds AHT)/3600 = 59.72 erlangs Delay factor = (10 sec delay)/(215 seconds) = 0.0465


text:
User:Umkendaj

Hello, my name is Jeff Kendall and I'm currently finishing my third year of computer engineering at the University of Manitoba. I'm looking to help out in any way I can, so let me know.

title: User:Umkendaj


text:
User:Historybuff/script

8:57 PM: historybuf: Scene: An Internet Cafe 8:58 PM:  JWSagain: "Okay students, let's all open our laptops now..." 8:58 PM: historybuf: redpants: I'd really like to figure out how plants work 8:59 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: Aren't you taking a course in bio next semester? 9:00 PM: historybuf: redpants: Yeah, but I've got some time to kill now. Too bad I can't do something right now. 9:00 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: But you can. There is this new learning site called Wikiversity. 9:01 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: Wikiversity? Isn't that some online Encyclopedia? How will that help? 9:02 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: No, it's a sister project of Wikipedia. 9:02 PM: historybuf: redpants: Ok, so how does it work. 9:03 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: First, let's get on and go to the site. 9:04 PM: historybuf: redpants sits at the computer and starts typing. : Ok, there 9:04 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: Now we can search for the topic you want to learn about. 9:05 PM: historybuf: redpants types, and then says: Cool, here it is. That is neat. 9:06 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: You can then explore this topic, and follow links to other topics. 9:06 PM: historybuf: redpants: Why is this link red? 9:07 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: That means someone's identified a topic, but no one has started the page yet. 9:07 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: See, I knew it was lame.
 9:08 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: This is an opportunity to contribute, if you want. You can do the research and write the page.
 9:09 PM: historybuf: redpants: My writing skills suck. I can't write my way out of a paper bag. If I wrote something, some Grad student will flush it away anyways.
 9:10 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: No, that's not how it works. It's collaborative, which means that others will edit and improve your writing.
 9:11 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: But some stuff could be wrong.
 9:11 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: You mean, like the planets orbiting the earth?
 9:12 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: That was an honest mistake
 9:13 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: the idea is to learn ... there should be refrences to texts and sources.
 9:14 PM: historybuf: redpants: I get it. So, I could just start something on Galileo, if it wasn't there. And then someone else would help out, with the stuff I didn't get.
 9:15 PM: historybuf: brownrobe: That's the idea
 9:15 PM: historybuf: Fade out to ... Wikivesity .... bringing the sum of all human knowledge ... to any computer, anytime.
 9:16 PM: historybuf: (background sound)
 9:17 PM: historybuf: whitecoat: That planets think was an honest mistake. I don't know why you keep bringing it up. 9:17 PM: historybuf: JWS: What do you think?
 9:17 PM:  JWSagain: do you really want to do puppets on strings?
 9:17 PM: historybuf: I was thinking popsicle sticks. :P
 9:18 PM:  JWSagain: I see
 9:18 PM: historybuf: You don't like that idea?
 9:19 PM:  JWSagain: its fine
 9:20 PM: historybuf: What do you think of the script?
 9:22 PM: historybuf: That bad, huh? :P
 9:22 PM:  JWSagain: I'm wondering if it might be possible to animate a scene  at the start where the "characters" come right off of the Colloquium page

title: User:Historybuff/script


text:
Introduction to calculus - lesson 1

Welcome to Lesson 1: Introduction to Algebra

Outline
This lesson aims to provide an introduction to basic algebra. After completing this lesson, you will be able to solve simple algebraic equations using addition and subtraction. Furthermore, you will have a basic understanding of the importance of algebra as the basis for all of mathematics.

Lesson
The objective of algebra is to be able to apply basic properties of mathematics to an equation, in order to obtain a useful result. Believe it or not, you have already solved many algebraic equations:

$$1 + 1 = x$$

Everybody knows that the value of $$ x $$ is $$ 2 $$. In order to find the value of $$ x $$, all you did was use basic addition to combine the two $$ 1 $$'s on the left-hand side of the equals sign. That's all there is to basic algebra. We want to develop methods for manipulating equations in order to solve for a variable, such as $$ x $$.

The symbol $$ x $$ simply represents something that is unknown. When we initially look at the equation $$ 1 + 1 = x $$, we do not know what the value of $$ x $$ is. Again, the point of algebra is to figure out what the value of this unknown symbol is. Since the value of $$ x $$ can vary from equation to equation, $$ x $$ is referred to as a variable.

Let's look at an example of an equation that you may be unfamiliar with:

$$ 1 + x = 2 $$

It would appear that our basic mathematical methods (addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division) cannot be applied to solve this equation, and discover the value of $$ x $$. However, one of the most important properties of an algebraic equation is that you can do anything to the equation, as long as you do the same thing to both sides of the equation. What this means for our current equation, is that we can start performing operations on both sides of the equation in hopes that we can put the equation in a form where $$ x $$ is by itself on one side of the equation, and the value of $$ x $$ is on the other side of the equals sign.

In order to solve the current equation, we need to figure out how to get $$ x $$ by itself. If we subtract $$ 1 $$ from the left-hand side, we can see that, $$ 1 + x - 1 $$, will leave us with $$ x $$ on the left of the equals sign. Remember, that if we subtract $$ 1 $$ from the left-side, we must do the same on the right side. If we don't remember to do this, the equals sign doesn't have any meaning, because the two sides are no longer the same. So, subtracting $$ 1 $$ from both sides leaves us with:

$$ 1 + x - 1 = 2 - 1 $$

We are now able to perform our basic mathematical methods, namely subtraction, to simplify each side of the equation:

$$ x = 1 $$

We now have a value for $$ x $$, and thus have solved the algebraic equation for $$ x $$.

You will notice that this is the only value for $$ x $$ that will cause this equation to be true. This is a very powerful result, and is the basis for all mathematics. I hope you can see how algebraic equations can become very complicated, yet manageable. In the next lesson, I will show how multiplication and division can be involved in solving algebraic equations, in much the same way as addition and subtraction. Sample problems and solutions will follow on the course's website.

title: Introduction to calculus - lesson 1


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text:
Teletraffic engineering/What is tariffing?

Author: Moses Chisala

Summary
This document is about tariffing as applied in the Telecommunications industrial. Several factors have been looked at; tariffing policy entities looking at the customer and what should be priced. Also components of tariffing or tariffs such as; Why are tariffs charged?, Components of tariffs, Special tariffs and Impact of tariffs on traffic.

Definition
The word tariffing comes from the word tariff which means; tax, duty, due, fee, excise, levy or toll paid towards the use of a specific service. In the telecommunication environment it applies to the charging of telecommunication services that have been already used or prior to. Therefore, tariffing can be defined as the process of fixing a duty, fee or a price on the telecommunication services provided by the service provider and utilized by the end user (consumer) and the public policy regulating body acting as an overseer. The regulating body provides standards and guidelines to both the service provider and the end user. The standards and regulations imposed differ from one country to another.

Some of the elements affecting tariffing are:- Monopoly or competition; Pricing and Tariffs; Universal Service; Network interconnections and Abuse of Dominance.

Tariffing policy entities:

Customer

An end user customer uses one telecommunications network to initiate a communication to another customer of the same network or another. An 'interconnector' is a network operator that terminates a communication from a customer of another network operator to a customer of its network.

What Should Be Priced?

a. Rate Elements and Rate Structure

"Price elements and the structure of prices are intended to address two related issues: on the supply side, to ration scarce resources, and on the demand side, to change consumption behavior of end users.

The decision to make the next telephone call depends on the price of that incremental call, not the average price of all calls. The decision to talk for the next minute, once a call is placed, is based on the perceived price of that incremental minute. The decision to subscribe to a service is based on the perceived price of that incremental service. Each of these marginal decisions is performed by comparing the perceived price to the perceived benefit to be obtained. Customers often undertake these decisions with poor information, incomplete understanding, and only a vague notion of the actual price that will be charged. Time-of-day pricing is a crude form of peak load pricing, intended to cause users to change their behavior by shifting some of their calling to off-peak periods. Multi-part tariffs (fixed charge + usage-sensitive charge) can be used to segment the market according to user characteristics." [2]

The figure below shows a simple telecommunication network indicating the routing of the local call and long-distance call.

Simple Telecommunication Network

b. “Product” Definitions

"Fundamentally, the circuit switched telephone network is a time-sharing network. Telephone companies set different prices for different minutes of use, depending on the identity of the user, the distance of the call, and the time of day." [2]

The following componets also should be considered when looking at tariffing;

Why are tariffs charged?

Components of tariffs

Special tariffs

Impact of tariffs on traffic

Price-elasticity of demand

Elasticity of demand for new installations may be estimated taking into account the subjective price perception of potential customers. Price elasticity expresses the sensitivity of customers to the cost of the service. The elasticity parameter is calculated as the ratio of percentage change in demand (quantity sold per period) caused by a percentage change in price.

Example
Example 1

If the average price for the new service that has been introduced in the network is R15 and the elasticity of revenue is 0.7. Asuming 4% drop in quantity demand.

Calculate

I. elasticity of quantity demand

II. the new price

Solutions

I.

$$E_{RP} = 1 + E_{qp}$$

0.7 = 1 + Eqp

Eqp = - 0.3

II.

Eqp = [(Q1/Qo) - 1]/[(P1/Po-1]

- 0.3 = [-0.04]/[15/Po-1]

Po = R13.24

Exercises
Question 1

A mobile network provider charging R2 per 1Mb data download has a subscriber base of 1.2 million for a period of six months. The subscriber base increases in five months to 1.6 million after the 64% reduction per download.

Calculate

I. the initial quantity demand

II. the relative Change in quantity demand

III. the relative change in price

IV. elasticity of quantity demand

V. elasticity of revenues

VI. comment on the answer in v.

Qo = 200,000 (Q1-Qo)/Qo = 0.6 (P1-Po)/Po = -0.64 Eqp = -0.9375  ERP = 0.0625


text:
Spiritual warfare

Spiritual warfare 101
Satan looks for weakness, and exploits places in our life where our vital defenses are in shambles.

The art of turning oneself over to God is at the heart of Spiritual Warfare. Paul’s “living sacrifice” (Romans 12:1) is where daily "spiritual warfare" begins. .The Believer / Spiritual Warrior yields the throne of Self to Jesus.

Introduction
This Lesson will walk you through a Biblical exegesis of the Brazen Altar as it relaters to the vital cornerstone of a Christian’s own Spiritual Warfare.

Purpose
This Lesson will...

1) Review the salient points of the Laver as it pertains to the Human Spirit and unequivocal yielding to the Ruler-ship of Christ in one’s life.;

2) Require that you study the compact exegesis of the Brazen Altar / the Five Sacrifices;

3) Encourage you to look at "living sacrifice" as something that can be done, both deliberately and realistically, on a day-by-day / hour-by-hour basis;

4) Explore emotion, mind, will …both as to their "candidacy" for the living sacrifice, and as the bedrock strategy in Spiritual Warfare.

Learning Hints
As you read the Sources, look for the following:

1) The "constructive logic" of {A} through {E} in the Lesson Three Review;

2) The many instances of the “number five-factor" in the exegesis of the Brazen Altar;

3) The Mentor's reasoning (both Biblical and Psychological) as to the distinction between Soul and Self;

4) Illustrations as to how a day with Soul and Self on the Altar becomes the “Front-Line” battle of Spiritual Warfare.

For the Teaching, go to:

Wikipedia

 * Spiritual warfare

title: Spiritual warfare


text:
Airplane Flying Handbook/Ground Operations (Part 1)

VISUAL INSPECTION
The accomplishment of a safe flight begins with a careful visual inspection of the airplane. The purpose of the preflight visual inspection is twofold: to determine that the airplane is legally airworthy, and that it is in condition for safe flight. The airworthiness of the airplane is determined, in part, by the following certificates and documents, which must be on board the airplane when operated.
 * Airworthiness certificate.
 * Registration certificate.
 * FCC radio station license, if required by the type of operation.
 * Airplane operating limitations, which may be in the form of an FAA-approved Airplane Flight Manual and/or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH), placards, instrument markings, or any combination thereof.

Airplane logbooks are not required to be kept in the airplane when it is operated. However, they should be inspected prior to flight to show that the airplane has had required tests and inspections. Maintenance records for the airframe and engine are required to be kept. There may also be additional propeller records. At a minimum, there should be an annual inspection within the preceding 12-calendar months. In addition, the airplane may also be required to have a 100-hour inspection in accordance with Title14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, section 91.409(b).

If a transponder is to be used, it is required to be inspected within the preceding 24-calendar months. If the airplane is operated under instrument flight rules (IFR) in controlled airspace, the pitot-static system is also required to be inspected within the preceding 24-calendar months.

The emergency locator transmitter (ELT) should also be checked. The ELT is battery powered, and the battery replacement or recharge date should not be exceeded.

Airworthiness Directives (ADs) have varying compliance intervals and are usually tracked in a separate area of the appropriate airframe, engine, or propeller record.

The determination of whether the airplane is in a condition for safe flight is made by a preflight inspection of the airplane and its components.

The preflight inspection should be performed in accordance with a printed checklist provided by the airplane manufacturer for the specific make and model airplane. However, the following general areas are applicable to all airplanes.

The preflight inspection of the airplane should begin while approaching the airplane on the ramp. The pilot should make note of the general appearance of the airplane, looking for obvious discrepancies such as a landing gear out of alignment, structural distortion, skin damage, and dripping fuel or oil leaks. Upon reaching the airplane, all tiedowns, control locks, and chocks should be removed.

INSIDE THE COCKPIT
The inspection should start with the cabin door. If the door is hard to open or close, or if the carpeting or seats are wet from a recent rain, there is a good chance that the door, fuselage, or both are misaligned. This may be a sign of structural damage.

The windshield and side windows should be examined for cracks and/or crazing. Crazing is the first stage of delamination of the plastic. Crazing decreases visibility, and a severely crazed window can result in near zero visibility due to light refraction at certain angles to the sun.

The pilot should check the seats, seat rails, and seat belt attach points for wear, cracks, and serviceability. The seat rail holes where the seat lock pins fit should also be inspected. The holes should be round and not oval. The pin and seat rail grips should also be checked for wear and serviceability. Inside the cockpit, three key items to be checked are: (1) battery and ignition switches--off, (2) control column locks--removed, (3) landing gear control-- down and locked.

The fuel selectors should be checked for proper operation in all positions--including the OFF position. Stiff selectors, or ones where the tank position is hard to find, are unacceptable. The primer should also be exercised. The pilot should feel resistance when the primer is both pulled out and pushed in. The primer should also lock securely. Faulty primers can interfere with proper engine operation. The engine controls should also be manipulated by slowly moving each through its full range to check for binding or stiffness.

The airspeed indicator should be properly marked, and the indicator needle should read zero. If it does not, the instrument may not be calibrated correctly. Similarly, the vertical speed indicator (VSI) should also read zero when the airplane is on the ground. If it does not, a small screwdriver can be used to zero the instrument. The VSI is the only flight instrument that a pilot has the prerogative to adjust. All others must be adjusted by an FAA certificated repairman or mechanic.

The magnetic compass is a required instrument for both VFR and IFR flight. It must be securely mounted, with a correction card in place. The instrument face must be clear and the instrument case full of fluid. A cloudy instrument face, bubbles in the fluid, or a partially filled case renders the instrument unusable.

The gyro driven attitude indicator should be checked before being powered. A white haze on the inside of the glass face may be a sign that the seal has been breached, allowing moisture and dirt to be sucked into the instrument.

The altimeter should be checked against the ramp or field elevation after setting in the barometric pressure. If the variation between the known field elevation and the altimeter indication is more than 75 feet, its accuracy is questionable.

The pilot should turn on the battery master switch and make note of the fuel quantity gauge indications for comparison with an actual visual inspection of the fuel tanks during the exterior inspection.

OUTER WING SURFACES AND TAIL SECTION
The pilot should inspect for any signs of deterioration, distortion, and loose or missing rivets or screws, especially in the area where the outer skin attaches to the airplane structure. The pilot should look along the wing spar rivet line--from the wingtip to the fuselage--for skin distortion. Any ripples and/or waves may be an indication of internal damage or failure.

Loose or sheared aluminum rivets may be identified by the presence of black oxide which forms rapidly when the rivet works free in its hole. Pressure applied to the skin adjacent to the rivet head will help verify the loosened condition of the rivet.

When examining the outer wing surface, it should be remembered that any damage, distortion, or malformation of the wing leading edge renders the airplane unairworthy. Serious dents in the leading edge, and disrepair of items such as stall strips, and deicer boots can cause the airplane to be aerodynamically unsound. Also, special care should be taken when examining the wingtips. Airplane wingtips are usually fiberglass. They are easily damaged and subject to cracking. The pilot should look at stop drilled cracks for evidence of crack progression, which can, under some circumstances, lead to in-flight failure of the wingtip.

The pilot should remember that fuel stains anywhere on the wing warrant further investigation--no matter how old the stains appear to be. Fuel stains are a sign of probable fuel leakage. On airplanes equipped with integral fuel tanks, evidence of fuel leakage can be found along rivet lines along the underside of the wing. Figure 2-6. Wing and tail section inspection.

FUEL AND OIL
Particular attention should be paid to the fuel quantity, type and grade, and quality. Many fuel tanks are very sensitive to airplane attitude when attempting to fuel for maximum capacity. Nosewheel strut extension, both high as well as low, can significantly alter the attitude, and therefore the fuel capacity. The airplane attitude can also be affected laterally by a ramp that slopes, leaving one wing slightly higher than another. Always confirm the fuel quantity indicated on the fuel gauges by visually inspecting the level of each tank.

The type, grade, and color of fuel are critical to safe operation. The only widely available aviation gasoline (AVGAS) grade in the United States is low-lead 100-octane, or 100LL. AVGAS is dyed for easy recognition of its grade and has a familiar gasoline scent. Jet-A, or jet fuel, is a kerosene-based fuel for turbine powered airplanes. It has disastrous consequences when inadvertently introduced into reciprocating airplane engines. The piston engine operating on jet fuel may start, run, and power the airplane, but will fail because the engine has been destroyed from detonation.

Jet fuel has a distinctive kerosene scent and is oily to the touch when rubbed between fingers. Jet fuel is clear or straw colored, although it may appear dyed when mixed in a tank containing AVGAS. When a few drops of AVGAS are placed upon white paper, they evaporate quickly and leave just a trace of dye. In comparison, jet fuel is slower to evaporate and leaves an oily smudge. Jet fuel refueling trucks and dispensing equipment are marked with JET-A placards in white letters on a black background. Prudent pilots will supervise fueling to ensure that the correct tanks are filled with the right quantity, type, and grade of fuel. The pilot should always ensure that the fuel caps have been securely replaced following each fueling. Engines certificated for grades 80/87 or 91/96 AVGAS will run satisfactorily on 100LL. The reverse is not true. Fuel of a lower grade/octane, if found, should never be substituted for a required higher grade. Detonation will severely damage the engine in a very short period of time.

Automotive gasoline is sometimes used as a substitute fuel in certain airplanes. Its use is acceptable only when the particular airplane has been issued a supplemental type certificate (STC) to both the airframe and engine allowing its use.

Checking for water and other sediment contamination is a key preflight element. Water tends to accumulate in fuel tanks from condensation, particularly in partially filled tanks. Because water is heavier than fuel, it tends to collect in the low points of the fuel system. Water can also be introduced into the fuel system from deteriorated gas cap seals exposed to rain, or from the supplier’s storage tanks and delivery vehicles. Sediment contamination can arise from dust and dirt entering the tanks during refueling, or from deteriorating rubber fuel tanks or tank sealant. The best preventive measure is to minimize the opportunity for water to condense in the tanks. If possible, the fuel tanks should be completely filled with the proper grade of fuel after each flight, or at least filled after the last flight of the day. The more fuel there is in the tanks, the less opportunity for condensation to occur. Keeping fuel tanks filled is also the best way to slow the aging of rubber fuel tanks and tank sealant.

Sufficient fuel should be drained from the fuel strainer quick drain and from each fuel tank sump to check for fuel grade/color, water, dirt, and smell. If water is present, it will usually be in bead-like droplets, different in color (usually clear, sometimes muddy), in the bottom of the sample. In extreme cases, do not overlook the possibility that the entire sample, particularly a small sample, is water. If water is found in the first fuel sample, further samples should be taken until no water appears. Significant and/or consistent water or sediment contamination are grounds for further investigation by qualified maintenance personnel. Each fuel tank sump should be drained during preflight and after refueling.

The fuel tank vent is an important part of a preflight inspection. Unless outside air is able to enter the tank as fuel is drawn out, the eventual result will be fuel gauge malfunction and/or fuel starvation. During the preflight inspection, the pilot should be alert for any signs of vent tubing damage, as well as vent blockage. A functional check of the fuel vent system can be done simply by opening the fuel cap. If there is a rush of air when the fuel tank cap is cracked, there could be a serious problem with the vent system.

The oil level should be checked during each preflight and rechecked with each refueling. Reciprocating airplane engines can be expected to consume a small amount of oil during normal operation. If the consumption grows or suddenly changes, qualified maintenance personnel should investigate. If line service personnel add oil to the engine, the pilot should ensure that the oil cap has been securely replaced.

LANDING GEAR,TIRES, AND BRAKES
Tires should be inspected for proper inflation, as well as cuts, bruises, wear, bulges, imbedded foreign object, and deterioration. As a general rule, tires with cord showing, and those with cracked sidewalls are considered unairworthy.

Brakes and brake systems should be checked for rust and corrosion, loose nuts/bolts, alignment, brake pad wear/cracks, signs of hydraulic fluid leakage, and hydraulic line security/abrasion.

An examination of the nose gear should include the shimmy damper, which is painted white, and the torque link, which is painted red, for proper servicing and general condition. All landing gear shock struts should also be checked for proper inflation.

ENGINE AND PROPELLER
The pilot should make note of the condition of the engine cowling. [Figure 2-8] If the cowling rivet heads reveal aluminum oxide residue, and chipped paint surrounding and radiating away from the cowling rivet heads, it is a sign that the rivets have been rotating until the holes have been elongated. If allowed to continue, the cowling may eventually separate from the airplane in flight.

Certain engine/propeller combinations require installation of a prop spinner for proper engine cooling. In these cases, the engine should not be operated unless the spinner is present and properly installed. The pilot should inspect the propeller spinner and spinner mounting plate for security of attachment, any signs of chafing of propeller blades, and defects such as cracking. A cracked spinner is unairworthy.

The propeller should be checked for nicks, cracks, pitting, corrosion, and security. The propeller hub should be checked for oil leaks, and the alternator/ generator drive belt should be checked for proper tension and signs of wear.

Check the propeller and inside the cowling. When inspecting inside the cowling, the pilot should look for signs of fuel dye which may indicate a fuel leak. The pilot should check for oil leaks, deterioration of oil lines, and to make certain that the oil cap, filter, oil cooler and drain plug are secure. The exhaust system should be checked for white stains caused by exhaust leaks at the cylinder head or cracks in the stacks. The heat muffs should also be checked for general condition and signs of cracks or leaks. The air filter should be checked for condition and secure fit, as well as hydraulic lines for deterioration and/or leaks. The pilot should also check for loose or foreign objects inside the cowling such as bird nests, shop rags, and/or tools. All visible wires and lines should be checked for security and condition. And lastly, when the cowling is closed, the cowling fasteners should be checked for security.


text:
Teletraffic engineering/How is telephony traffic simulated

Module by: Nomfundo N. Dlamini

Summary
Telephone networks are very large and complex networks. This is due to the technological development and the ever demanding requirement for multiple services that these networks need to support. This poses a need to forecast the behavior of a network that should a certain condition prevail that a specific remedy be available. This can only be done by simulation, which is a modeling tool in great use today. It is an economic in a way that financially and chronologically represents the system's traffic behavior. By building a model, the computing power of the simulation is accessible. Not only is it accessible, there is also an increasing availability of low cost computer hardware and the development of specialized powerful and flexible simulation languages contributes the formation of a simulation for a preferred modelling technique.

What is simulation?
Simulation can be defined as the imitation of a system or environment in order to predict the actual behavior. In telecommunication systems, it is the most quantitative modelling technique used and its purpose is to model large, complex stochastic systems for forecasting or performance measurement purposes. Simulation is a cost-effective way of pre-testing proposed systems, plans, or policies before incurring the expense of prototypes, field tests, or actual implementations

Network traffic simulation usually follows the following four steps

 * Modelling the system as a dynamic stochastic (i.e. random) process
 * Generation of the realizations of this stochastic process
 * Measurement of Simulation data
 * Analysis of output data

How is telephony traffic simulated?
Telephony traffic is simulated by using two simulation methods

 * 1) Discrete/Discrete event simulations (next event approach)
 * 2) Continuous simulations (fixed time increment approach)

Discrete simulations
Discrete simulations are due to occurrence of an event. The system is dynamic and stochastic. It contains a number of states, modelled using a set of variables. A change in value of variables represents an event and the system's state changes. State equations are used in the representation of discrete simulations. The dynamic nature of the system gives it the characteristic of being in motion, thus constantly changing its position.

When designing a discrete system, there has to be an object and movement of the object through the system. The object may possess attribute values and may interact other certain conditions, leading to an event taking place which in turn changes the state of the system. Since a discrete simulation model may contain contain different objects which in turn lead to different events, a scheduler has to be used. A scheduler performs the complex task of keeping track of all objects and scheduling all events.An example of a discrete simulation model is a queueing system consisting of one server and one queue. Consider customers paying at a supermarkert till being served by the shop attendant. The assumption made is that they stand in a queue and are served by shop attendant at some specifired service time distribution and then leave system.Further, if two events are defined, an arrival and a departure event, also two state variables (the length of the queue and whether the server is idle or busy) we can draw up a possible sequence of events and system state changes.

Example  Table 1: Sequence of events for a simple queueing system (adopted from ).

Continous simulations
These are usually employed when state variables of the system change continuously. There is a mechanism to advance time in fixed increments. Simulation models contain one or more state equations which attempt to model variations in the state of the system over time. The equations are differential equations that track the system with reference to time.

Exercise
What type of traffic simulation model would you classify an SMS service? Support your answer.

The SMS service has the ability to queue during blocking in the network. So it is a discrete simulation model.

Implementation and applications of Simulations
Simulations of a telecommunications system are usually implemented in a computer program. The program can be written in a simulation-specific language or in a general-purpose language. Simulation-specific languages such as OPNET or GPSS are rapid for development. However, sometimes the flexibility of a general purpose language may be preferred --- a well-known example is the ns-2 simulator ns-2 written in C++. There are many applications that can make use of simulation as an analytical tool. While simulation does require extensive resources, it is still a relatively cost-effective method of pre-testing potential systems.It helps further in confirming and verifying the performance of implemented systems.

Advantages
Simulations models come with a lot of advantages which are stated as follows.
 * Simulation modelling may be applied to the analysis of a very wide variety of systems. Most complex, real-world systems with significant random elements cannot be accurately described by a mathematical model, which can be evaluated analytically. Simulation is often the only type of investigation possible.
 * Simulation modelling allows the detailed study of the interactions between system components. It allows the manager or analyst to make detailed decisions about the system and then judge the impact and consequences of these decisions. The model may be used for detailed sensitivity analyses to decide which controllable variables have the greatest impact on system performance.
 * Alternative system designs or operating policies can be compared to estimate the system performance. Thus we can choose the best design.
 * Simulation models and the principles of the simulation technique are often easy to understand. It is also easier to convince the non-simulation expert of the validity of the model. The simulation approach encourages active participation by management and operating staff in the modelling exercise.
 * The process of building a simulation model may provide valuable insight and understanding about the system characteristics and how it operates. The value of this advantage is often underestimated.

Disadvantages
Since simulations are merely a way of predicting the network performance, problems are bound to arise since this is not a real case scenario. What follows are some of the problems that may be encountered when running simulations.
 * Selecting the correct level of detail (or level of abstraction) for a simulation is a difficult problem. Too little detail can produce simulations that are misleading or incorrect, but adding detail requires time to implement, debug, and later change. Furthermore, it slows down simulation and can be a distraction from the research problem at hand.
 * Running effective simulations comes with experience. This means it might actually take longer to get the correct results which are a through reflection of the network performance.
 * Accurate simulation model development requires extensive resources.

Input Data
Simulation models are generated from a set of data taken from a stochastic system. It is necessary to check that the data is statistically valid by fitting a statistical distribution and then testing the significance of such a fit. Further, as with any modelling process, the input data's accuracy must be checked and any outliers must be removed.

Output Data
When a simulation has been completed, the data needs to be analysed. The simulation's output data will only produce a likely estimate of real-world events. Methods to increase the accuracy of output data include: repeatedly performing simulations and comparing results, dividing events into batches and processing them individually, and checking that the results of simulations conducted in adjacent time periods “connect” to produce a coherent holistic view of the system.

Random numbers
As most systems involve stochastic processes, simulations frequently make use of random number generators to create input data which approximates the random nature of real-world events. Computer generated [random numbers] are usually not random in the strictest sense, as they are calculated using a set of equations. Such numbers are known as pseudo-random numbers. When making use of pseudo-random numbers the analyst must make certain that the true randomness of the numbers is checked. If the numbers are found not to behave in a sufficiently random fashion, another generation technique must be found. Random numbers for the simulation are created by a random number generator.


text:
Podcast directory

Podcast Directories
For Listeners:

Podcasting directories are the best way to find podcasts. A good directory will be categorized either alphabetically or by topics. Not all directories are the same. Some directories focus solely on certain themes. For instance, MusicOnlyPodcasts.com, is a directory only for music, while Podcastdirectory.com, is a general directory that covers all themes.

Probably the largest and oldest directory on the web is Podcast.net. They have a large database of podcasters, and the largest theme index of them all.

For Podcasters:

The way to get heard and receive traffic, is to find relavent directories and ask to have your site or podcast listed in their directory. Most are pretty automated and allow you to fill in your own show information. Some will approve you immediately, some will will make you wait while they review your site. A NASCAR directory is not going to allow golfing podcasts, and vice versa. Feed Shark helps podcasters submit show information to multiple directories and internet locations.

Open Directories

 * A Podcasting Directory
 * AllPodcasts.com
 * Clickcaster.com large podcast directory with ability to make your own podcast. There is ability to upload video and audio. There is also a high quality audio recorder on the web. Very good customization features and stats of the listener demographics.
 * Digital Podcast Directory
 * Feed Shark Automatically submits your podcast to multiple directories.
 * iPodderX Directory
 * Loomia.com Personalized search for audio and video podcasts.
 * MusicOnlyPodcasts.com Big list of Music Only Podcasts.
 * Pocketcasting.com Podcast Directory Media for your Pocket PC.
 * podCast411 Directory
 * Podcast Exchange.org A podcast networking and promo directory.
 * PodcastPickle.com The Podcast and Vidcast Community. Home of the My Favorites List. Offers reviews and a ratings system as in A for All Listeners all the Way to Explicit, Also has an on site podcast player. Site also allows you to edit your own cast pages, and send private messages to other podcasters.
 * Podcasting News Directory
 * Podfeed.net Allows you to browse, review, and listen to podcasts. Forums as well.
 * podcastOne Podcasting Community and Directory. Also allows user to create podcasts for free.
 * Podseek.net is a members-based Podcasting Directory full of resources for Podcasters and podcast listeners. Podseek members can rate, vote on, and write reviews of other Podcasts(ers) in the PodSeek Directory, bookmark their favorite Podcasting sites, post questions and answers to the Podcasting Forums, and find the latest news on upcoming events and products related to Podcasting.

title: Podcast directory


text:
Teletraffic engineering/Flow Control Telecoms/Solutions

Solution
1. VoIP makes use of the Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP) which is a User Datagram Protocol UDP stream. Unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless and has no in flow control mechanisms.

2. If TCP were used for applications such voice or video when there was packet loss due to congestion TCP would than retransmit the lost packets. These packets would then arrive late and would create additional distortion to the voice call or video stream. The retransmitted packets could also compound the congestion problem with more traffic.

Back to Flow Control


text:
User talk:Wikicosy

''[Corsivo]--1>0>-1 21:05, 20 March 2007 (UTC)Buongiorno a voi! Grazie per l' opportunità che mi è offerta di donare me stesso a chi ne ha più bisogno attraverso le mie povere conoscenze... Amo dire che Wikipedia è un segno di Speranza e ne sono profondamente convinto. Con entusiasmo, gioia, impegno e i miei modestissimi mezzi, mi impegno a rispondere alla differenti domande che mi saranno poste, lo spero, dagli allievi di questa formidabile idea che è e sarà Wikiversity. Con l' Appoggio del Signore e sempre alla Luce della fede in Lui. Cordialità wikicosy''

title: User talk:Wikicosy


text:
Template:MathDeps

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 * Numerical Analysis
 * Mathematical Physics
 * Quantum Algebraic Topology
 * Statistics

title: Template:MathDeps


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Topic talk:Photoshop

Merge
Care should be taken to figure out what materials belong here at Wikiversity, and what materials belong at Wikibooks. The Jade Knight 02:23, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Photoshop


text:
User:Jman~enwikiversity

Hi I am Jman if you need anything leave a e-mail peace

title: User:Jman~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Digital information literacy

what is reliable information?
Please feel free to discuss this question here.

How do we communicate effectively?
Please feel free to discuss this question here

how do we develop and maintain knowledge?
Please feel free to discuss this question here

title: Talk:Digital information literacy


text:
Parallel computing

Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster. The idea is based on the fact that the process of solving a problem usually can be divided into smaller tasks, which may be carried out simultaneously with some coordination.

Approaches to parallel computers include:

 * Multiprocessing
 * Computer cluster
 * Parallel supercomputers
 * Distributed computing
 * NUMA vs. SMP vs. massively parallel computer systems
 * Grid computing

title: Parallel computing


text: User talk:Arenofius

title: User talk:Arenofius


text:
Portal talk:Novial/Participants

It's not that the current material should be merged (so much as perhaps moved), but this page should almost certainly provide disambig links to pages like Participant Coordination. The Jade Knight 10:06, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Moved this page to Topic:Novial/Participants since the only link to this page was from Topic:Novial. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 23:49, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Novial/Participants


text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 000 wide.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project

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text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 045 light.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project


text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 000.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project

title: File:3D Universe Toon Croc 000.png


text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 315 down.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project

title: File:3D Universe Toon Croc 315 down.png


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text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 075.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project

title: File:3D Universe Toon Croc 075.png


text:
File:3D Universe Toon Croc 020.png

Example for the Storyboard Artwork Project

title: File:3D Universe Toon Croc 020.png


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Computer-aided design/Practical lessons

Part of:
 * Engineering and Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering; Production and Design Engineering
 * Computer Aided Design Course

Practical Lessons Introduction
Practical lessons are based on commented examples.

In the end you should be able to create 3D models efficiently.

Idea is to provide instructions for the same tasks and examples for variety of available CAD programs, so that you can follow "AutoCAD trail", or PowerSHAPE, Inventor, Sketchup ... trails.

Each trail has:
 * Introduction to CAD program principles (GUI, coordinate system ...)
 * 2D drawing part
 * 3D modeling part

You will need
You will need CAD. You may have one, but more probably you need one. CAD software is expensive and open source CAD are not widely used, yet (hopefully it will change in the future). However there are free or educational versions that are usually limited either in functionality, or are available for limited time period.

As in 2007 there are available free or educational versions for:
 * AutoDesk AutoCAD - students.autodesk.com
 * Delcam PowerSHAPE - delcam.com
 * Google Sketchup - sketchup.google.com

 * Computer Aided Design Course

title: Computer-aided design/Practical lessons


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text:
Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation

(last lesson)←Lesson 1: Pronunciation→(next lesson)

Introduction: this is Lesson 1. It should teach students how to pronounce Spanish and how to write Spanish. It is not difficult, so try to study by listening and repeating after the recordings. Near the end of this lecture, you will find a dictionary and place for global discussions.

Original text
1) listen to this text:

Breves reseñas históricas

Los orígenes fundacionales de la ciudad de Las Palmas se remontan al año 1478, concretamente al 24 de junio (día de San Juan) momento en el cual Don Juan Rejón, capitán castellano, inicia la conquista de la isla de Gran Canaria. Esta conquista se inicia en la desembocadura del barranco de Guiniguada, lugar que inicialmente se denominaría El Real de Las Palmas y que pertenece en la actualidad al barrio de Vegueta.

La lucha se prolongó por un periodo de cinco años, costando un gran número de vidas, sobre todo en el lado aborigen, que carecía de medios para defenderse frente a los ejércitos mandados por los Reyes Católicos. Aun así la resistencia fue feroz. El final de la conquista llegaría en 1483, con la incorporación de la isla a la Corona de Castilla por parte de Don Pedro de Vera que logró el sometimiento de los aborígenes de Gáldar en la zona noroeste de la isla.

La importancia de la ciudad fue creciendo paulatinamente, convirtiéndose en el centro administrativo y político del Archipiélago, constituyéndose el Obispado de Canarias (cuyo ámbito actual es el de la provincia de Las Palmas) Tribunal de la Santa Inquisición, la Real Audiencia de Canarias, etcétera.

Durante estos primeros siglos de vida, la ciudad se convirtió en un punto activo económico, principalmente debido al comercio de la caña de azúcar, llegando en el siglo XVII un receso debido al freno que sufrieron las exportaciones agrarias tanto a América como al resto de Europa. Durante la época de esplendor, se produjeron numerosos ataques piratas que se prolongaron en el tiempo hasta el siglo XVIII.

En octubre de 1595, la ciudad consiguió repeler el ataque inglés a mando de Francis Drake y John Hawkins, pero cuatro años más tarde, los holandeses, al mando de Van der Does saquearon e incendiaron la ciudad.

En el siglo XIX se produjo un hecho de importancia vital para la economía de la ciudad. La instauración de los puertos francos. Se trata de un régimen económico especial que favorece las relaciones comerciales del archipiélago. Este beneficio actúa como estimulante para que numerosos barcos y navieras recalen en la isla. Este ir y venir de barcos fue la primera semilla para que posteriormente se desarrollara en la isla la principal fuente de economía actual, el turismo. De este interés inicial por el turismo nace el primer hotel de la isla, el Hotel Santa Catalina, en el año 1890 y que en la actualidad sigue abierto y es considerado el de mayor prestigio de la ciudad.

Con posterioridad a la finalización de la Guerra Civil Española y de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se notaron ciertos síntomas de recuperación turística, que culminan en la Navidad de 1957 cuando aterriza en el Aeropuerto de Gando un avión de la compañía sueca Transair AB, con 54 pasajeros en su interior. Acababa de iniciarse la era de los vuelos charter, principal motor económico de la isla, y en general del archipiélago canario en la actualidad.

Original text taken from es Wikipedia (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria): Full text.

2) now print the text, listen to it once more and underline the differences in pronunciation: Printable version available here: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

3) work with a teacher via skype:

Pronunciation
1) Study this text:

Most of the consonants are pronounced as they are in American English with these exceptions:
 * b like the English b at the start of a word and after m or n; otherwise closer to v (in Latin America there's no distinction)
 * c before a, o, u and other consonants, like English k - e.g. [[Media:casa.ogg|casa]], [[Media:Costa Rica.ogg|Costa Rica]], [[Media:cultura.ogg|cultura]]
 * c before i and e like English th in “think” - e.g. [[Media:Cinco-Espana.ogg|cinco]], [[Media:Cena-Espana.ogg|cena]] (in Latin America is like English s - e.g. [[Media:Cinco-América Latina.ogg|cinco]], [[Media:Cena-América Latina.ogg|cena]])
 * ch like ch in “cheese” - e.g. chino, chupar
 * d between vowels (even if it starts a word following a word ending in a vowel) or at the end of a word, like English d in dental - e.g. Madrid
 * g before e or i like the Scottish pronunciation of ch in “loch” - e.g. Gerona, gitana, except that it is voiced
 * g before a, o or u like g in “get” - e.g. gazpacho, gorila, laguna
 * h is always silent - e.g. Honduras, hola, húmedo (except in the digraph ch)
 * j like the Scottish pronunciation of ch in “loch”- e.g. Juan, jamón, Gijón
 * ll is pronounced like English y in “yes” - e.g. llamarse, me llamo, llorar, llanura
 * ñ like nio in “onion” (or gn in French cognac) - e.g. niño, niña, [[Media:Es-Ano.ogg|año]]
 * q like the English k
 * que - e.g. ¿qué?, Quetzacoatl, quemar
 * qui - e.g. Quique, quinto
 * r slightly trilled; like a soft d except at the beginning of a word or after l, n or s where it is trilled
 * rr should be trilled longer than a single r - e.g. perro,
 * v is pronounced like "b"
 * z like the English th - e.g. zapato, Zurbán, zócalo (in Latin America, like English s - e.g. zapato, Zurbán, zócalo)

''Original text taken from en Wikibooks with modifications (Spanish/Lessons/¿Cómo te llamas?). Available via: Wikibook Spanish.''

2) Listen to the orange words and try to repeat until you get the right pronunciation:

3) Here write down your own explanation of the pronunciation if you feel it different from thatone up:

3) Work with a teacher via skype:

Stress
1) Study this text:

The stress in Spanish is usually on the second syllable from the and or first syllable from the end (=last syllable). But sometimes it could be on another syllable counted from the and. So, how to recognize, where is the stress? In fact non native speakers can recognize the stress, just in the written language due to roles below. From oral language in new words it is for non native speakers difficult, because it is not even to be possible to hear it from native speaker speach.

1. Stress on the first syllable from the end is: when the word ends on consonants (except N or S) or it is marked by accent. See example:
 * Madrid - this word ends on a consonant
 * profesor - this word ends on a consonant
 * Alcalá - this word ends on a vowel, but accent is marked on the last syllable
 * José - the same case
 * León - this word ends on N, but accent is marked on the last syllable.

2. Stress on the second syllable from the end is: when the word ends on vowel and/or N or S or it is marked by accent. See example:
 * Sevilla - this word ends on a vowel
 * Paco - this word ends on a vowel
 * Carmen - this word ends on N
 * chicos - this word ends on S
 * Cádiz - this word ends on a consonant, but the accent is marked.

3. Stress on any other syllable is: when it is marked. See example:
 * Cáceres - stress is marked on the third syllable from the end
 * América - stress is marked on the third syllable from the end

Double accent
Note that in Spanish exist words, usually they are adverbs with -mente ending having two accents. See example:
 * rápidamente

2) try to write down more Spanish words and bold in stress:

3) write down orange words and bold a stress in them:

4) work with a teacher via skype:

Syllables
How I can part the word for syllables? Well, it is quite difficult for the beginners, so it is better to have a look into monolingual dictionary.

More exercises
1) circle articles in the printed text:
 * Spanish definite articles are: el - los, la - las

2) Write down words you find similar to English and try to translate them:

3) find out more pictures related to the words below and upload them in here:

4) work with a teacher via skype:

Dictionary
Note: Spanish = English.

 * casa = home, house
 * Costa Rica-country in Central America
 * cultura = culture
 * cinco = five
 * cena = dinner, supper
 * chino = Chinese language, Chinese
 * chupar = suck (literally)
 * Madrid-the capital city of Spain
 * Gerona-city in the northeast of Spain
 * gitana = gipsy (lady)
 * gazpacho-cold Spanish soup
 * gorila = gorilla
 * laguna = lagune
 * Honduras-country in Central America
 * hola = hi
 * húmedo = wet
 * Juan = John
 * jamón = ham
 * Gijón-city in the north of Spain
 * llamarse = to call one's self
 * me llamo = I call myself
 * llorar = (to) cry
 * llanura = flat-land
 * niño = child (male)
 * niña = child (female)
 * año = year
 * ¿qué? = what?
 * Quetzacoatl-Aztecan God
 * quemar = burn
 * Quique-Spanish given name
 * quinto = fifth
 * perro = dog
 * tranvía = tram
 * zapato = shoe
 * Zurbán
 * zócalo-"Plaza Mayor"-main square in Latin American understanding

Discussion
(last lesson)←Lesson 1: Pronunciation→(next lesson)

title: Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation


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text:
Talk:Spanish: An Introduction

IRC channel
Maybe we could establish an IRC channel for this subject. What you think?--Juan 15:14, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge
I'm going to keep adding these merge tags to new participation pages in the Spanish Department until things get merged/sorted out, and students know where to go. The Jade Knight 22:10, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think its chaotic. Sorted would be better. Anyway is there any rule, that there cant be to courses, project, lessons about the same, but having a different point of wiev. So I am against the merge.--Juan 09:16, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure what your point is. As it currently stands, there is no way for potential students/instructors to tell which of the six lists they should sign up at in the Spanish program.  Either these lists need to be combined, or there needs to be a clear sorting system, or a combination of the two.  The Jade Knight 09:53, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Concerning the merge with Spanish One, much of this material looks like it will be similar. What will be the differences?  Why would a student choose one and not the other?  This, above all, needs to be clear.  The Jade Knight 09:55, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I have sturted the new one, cus the old one looks death. Anyway there could be a difference in methods. So I would vote for king of sorting.--Juan 12:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

@Thats what the sitution will completely block. Yes! It is possible sorted them out. But the code used in Spanish is difficult and for me additional work. I am becomming to be tired from this birocracy.--Juan 15:13, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Vocabulary
We need to be able to organize vocabulary words into parts of speech as well as category (around the house, eating, school, at the park.) Is there any way we can have references to the wiktionary?JoelWhitehouse 15:37, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, I can link all the vocabulary to wiktionary via wiktionary:en: Is what you ment?--Juan 19:05, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Extra line
When I added myself to the table as a student, why is there an extra line above my name?? Buddpaul 17:13, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This bug was fixed.--Juan 19:05, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Skype
Is there any possibility of us using some other form of voice communication? "Skype" for my system simply doesn't exist (GNU/Linux on PowerPC). --Rjc 15:33, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, what kind of protocol you suggest?--Juan 06:55, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * SIP, H.323 or any other open protocol would do.--rjc 10:07, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of either of those. Most commonly used protocols (in no particular order):  AIM, MSN (now Live Messenger), Skype, ICQ, Yahoo, GTalk (and, of course, IRC, but that's no good for voice).  The Jade Knight 01:47, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I was talking about protocols, not particular software. Please check VoIP about what VoIP is. --rjc 11:24, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yahoo, AIM, and MSN are all protocols. I use VoIP regularly.  I don't really understand what you're getting at.  The Jade Knight 02:59, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * AIM is a software and it uses OSCAR protocol (also used in ICQ), MSN or now WLM uses MSNP protocol and Yahoo! uses YMSG, but that's beside the point. Client !== Protocol. What I was talking about ware the open protocols, so everyone can use them - I would also like to be able to comunicate with you, that's why SIP, H.323 or even XMPP/Jabber using a client with libjingle.--rjc 02:42, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

helping
I can help you teaching (I am a navite speaker and a teacher in real life but this project doesn't explain how to do it. I'm "Barcelona" user in catalan wikipedia--62.175.87.83 11:29, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I recommend you create a username for Wikiversity, and contribute under that. Your help in teaching would be much appreciated (at least by me) in the Spanish department.  Right now the project does not explain how because there is no set way—you can edit the pages, and add any content you think would be helpful.  If  you were to structure an online course in learning Spanish, how would you do it?  The Jade Knight 11:45, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Stalled?
Has this course stalled?? Buddpaul 17:23, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I hope not, but its very difficult to create all the content just by myself. Maybe there should be a better methodology, when students will help to create this conntent. Good point we can run and IRC, channel.--Juan 18:24, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Plan
I think its important for us to plan the course 1st and then begin adding to the course following established layouts. Forgive me for saying so, but the course currently seems very messy to me and i think it might put people off joining. There are too many red links etc and layout is not consistent. I propose that we begin a plan here --RMFan1 17:33, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Nothing to forgive: you just tell your opinion. And that is welcome here.
 * If you have some ideas, tell them please. It is a wiki, you just have to be bold. Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 18:21, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish: An Introduction


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Teletraffic engineering/What is the High loss calculation/Module 7 Solutions

Solutions

1.	A system where there is congestion and callers do not have indefinite patience and reattempt calls and congestion leads to further congestion. The arrival distribution of incoming calls ceases to be a random poissonian process but becomes a function of blocking.

2.	Erlang calculations make assumptions of poissonian arrival process, that blocked calls will leave the system and that callers have indefinite patience when they encounter congestion which is not true for high loss systems.

3. a. Call demand: This is an intention or desire to make a call and results in a call attempt.

b. Call attempt: The operation of attempting to make a connection to the intended party in a communication.

c. Rank of reattempt: The subsequent number of the reattempt after the first attempt.

d. Efficiency rate r: a ratio of the number of successful call attempts to the number of call attempts.

e. Coefficient of call repetition β: The average number of repeated calls after the call intention.

4. We use the relation λc =λ1(1-p) to find λ1 the total traffic. Making λ1 the subject of the formula, λ1= λc/ (1-p) =0.583/ (1-0.36) = 0.911 erl.

Blocked traffic is λ1x p = 0.911x0.36 = 0.328 erl Alternativly Blocked traffic = total traffic - carried traffic = 0.911-0.583 = 0.328 erl


text:
What is Tariffing?/VI

'''Q1. VI.'''

Ans

Demand is inelastic whenever the elasticity coefficient is less than modulars one. When it is greater than then the demand is called elastic.

title: What is Tariffing?/VI


text:
User talk:Moses~enwikiversity

Image copyright problem with Image:Formula.PNG
Thanks for uploading Image:Formula.PNG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikiversity because of copyright law (see Wikiversity' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at Colloquim. Thank you. – Mike.lifeguard | talk 23:39, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * FYI: You can use TeX-like syntax to enter mathematical formulas in this wiki. Ask at Colloquim if you need help. – Mike.lifeguard | talk 23:39, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problems

 * Your currently affected uploads are listed below. Please provide a license template and source for each. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard | @en.wb 23:49, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 2007-03-20 19:18, Moses: Simple Telecommunication network.PNG: untagged! ; 1 (1)
 * 2007-03-20 20:08, Moses: Price-elasticity of demand formula.PNG: untagged! ; 1 (1)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Moses. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Moses~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Files Missing Information
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 * File:Simple Telecommunication Network.JPG

MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moses~enwikiversity