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User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy2/Violets

Violet astronomy is the astronomy of emissions (and absorptions), reflections or fluorescences, and transmissions over the wavelength band 380–450 nm.

Astronomy
When any effort to acquire a system of laws or knowledge focusing on an astr, aster, or astro, that is, any natural body in the sky especially at night, discovers an entity emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing violet, succeeds even in its smallest measurement, violet astronomy is the name of the effort and the result. Once an entity, source, or object has been detected as emitting, reflecting, or fluorescing violet, it may be necessary to determine what the mechanism is. Usually this information provides understanding of the same entity, source, or object. Violet is a color that suggests the sense of sight. Most people associate astronomy with the sense of seeing, what can be termed visual astronomy. As telescope optics transmit violet well, violet astronomy is also a field within optical astronomy.

For violet astronomy, the proof of concept is demonstrated by unique or novel astronomy in the violet band of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Radiation
Violet is a bright bluish purple color that takes its name from the violet flower. ... Violet is at the lower end of spectrum of light, with a wavelength  between approximately 380-450 nanometers.

Colors
Def. a bluish-purple colour is called violet.

Def. a colour/color that is a dark blend of red and blue; dark magenta is called purple.

Purple is a range of hues of color occurring between red and blue. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as a deep, rich shade between crimson and violet.

Minerals
Axinite-(Mg) or magnesioaxinite, Ca2MgAl2BOSi4O15(OH) magnesium rich, [can be] pale blue to pale violet

Fluorapatite a sample of which is shown at right is a mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks and in calcium rich metamorphic rocks. It commonly occurs as a detrital or diagenic mineral in sedimentary rocks and is an essential component of phosphorite ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in lateritic soils.

At lower left is another fluorapatite example that is violet in color on quartz crystals.

Lower right shows both a rough stone and a cut stone of tanzanite. "Tanzanite is the blue/purple variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxy silicate) with the formula (Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH))]. Tanzanite is noted for its remarkably strong trichroism, appearing alternately sapphire blue, violet and burgundy depending on crystal orientation. Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected to fluorescent light and the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed under incandescent illumination. A rough violet sample of tanzanite is third down at left.

Tanzanite in its rough state is usually a reddish brown color. It requires artificial heat treatment to 600 °C in a gemological oven to bring out the blue violet of the stone.

Tanzanite is found only in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro.

Tanzanite is universally heat treated in a furnace, with a temperature between 550 and 700 degrees Celsius, to produce a range of hues between bluish-violet to violetish-blue. Some stones found close to the surface in the early days of the discovery were gem-quality blue without the need for heat treatment.

Perhaps the most common violet mineral is sapphire. A sample of uncut natural sapphire is at lowest right. "Sapphires may be found naturally, by searching through certain sediments (due to their resistance to being eroded compared to softer stones) or rock formations.

Lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al,Si)3O10(F,OH)2 is a lilac-gray or rose-colored member of the mica group that is a secondary source of lithium. It is a phyllosilicate mineral and a member of the polylithionite-trilithionite series.

It is associated with other lithium-bearing minerals like spodumene in pegmatite bodies. It is one of the major sources of the rare alkali metals rubidium and caesium.

It occurs in granite pegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins, greisens and granites. Associated minerals include quartz, feldspar, spodumene, amblygonite, tourmaline, columbite, cassiterite, topaz and beryl.

Human color visions
At right are normalized absorption spectra of the three human photopsins and of human rhodopsin.

Iodopsins are the photoreceptor proteins found in the cone cells of the [human] retina that are the basis of color vision. Iodopsins are very close analogs of the visual purple rhodopsin [R] that is used in night vision. Iodopsins consist of a protein called photopsin and a bound chromophore, retinal.

In humans there are three different iodopsins (rhodopsin analogs) that form the protein-pigment complexes photopsin I, II, and III. They are called erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe, respectively. These photopsins have absorption maxima for yellowish-green (photopsin I), green (photopsin II), and bluish-violet light (photopsin III).

Cyanolabe, or tritan, has an absorption range of 400 to 500 nm and a peak absorption wavelength of 420-440 nm.

In humans the OPN1SW gene (GeneID: 611) encodes cyanolabe.

Planetary sciences
The clouds of Mars shown in the image at left "from Sol 15 have a new look. As water ice clouds cover the sky, the sky takes on a more bluish cast. This is because small particles (perhaps a tenth the size of the martian dust, or one-thousandth the thickness of a human hair) are bright in blue light, but almost invisible in red light. Thus, scientists expect that the ice particles in the clouds are very small. The clouds were imaged by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP)." The usually pinkish-red color of Mars's sky turns a violet color on occasion, due to the presence of water ice clouds with very small ice particles.

While the plant whose violet or purple flowers covers the greatest surface area of the Earth at any given time may not be known, many violet or purple flowers as shown at left and right occur on Earth.

At right is a close up, well lit exposure of Clements Mountain in Glacier National Park showing a more accurate rock coloration. Compare this image with another on the right below it from the United States National Park Service of Clements Mountain which has a different orientation and apparently higher contrast.

A similar photographic or imaging effect is shown in the image at left of Red Eagle Mountain on Earth in the United States of America Glacier National Park.

Theoretical violet astronomy
As of 1977, "model calculations cannot reproduce the observed breadth of the Ca II λ3933 line in Da,F stars like Ross 627 without appealing to an unknown line-broadening mechanism".

Radiation astronomy sources
Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes; the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known.

It would appear that violet phosphorus is a polymer of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into P2 molecules. On cooling, these would normally dimerize to give P4 molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in vacuo, they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope.

Continua
"[T]he blue-violet continuum of some S and C-S stars is greatly depressed similar to that observed for N stars." "Depending upon the polytype, temperature, and concentration of various possible impurities, SiC exhibits a fundamental absorption edge lying between about 2.2 and 3.0 eV."

Backgrounds
"Carbon stars are enormously fainter in the violet region than expected from appropriate blackbody spectra."

"The spectra of six carbon stars increase in brightness shortward of 3900 Å, indicating that the violet opacity in these stars is dominated by C3, not SiC."

Hydrogens
The Balmer series of emission lines from hydrogen occur in the visible spectrum of the Sun at: 397, 410, 434, 486, and 656 nm.

Hydrogen has two emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas at 397.007 nm of the Balmer series (Hε) and 434.05 nm Hγ.

Heliums
As shown in the above spectrum, helium has at least one emission line in the violet.

The He I emission lines are at 414.3 nm and 447.1 nm.

Lithiums
"Violet satellite bands are caused by those lithium atoms which undergo an optical transition while a helium atom is nearby."

Berylliums
Above is a light spectrum of the emission and absorption lines of neutral, atomic beryllium. Important for violet astronomy is the apparent absence of strong lines well within the violet range and one strong line on the fringe of the violet and blue portions of the visual spectrum.

Borons
Above is a light spectrum of the emission and absorption lines of neutral, atomic boron. Important for violet astronomy is the two strong lines well within the violet range and one weaker line on the fringe of the violet and blue portions of the visual spectrum.

The emission and absorption spectra for boron contain lines on the border between violet and blue.

Carbons
Carbon has an emission line that occurs in plasmas at 449.881 nm from C VI.

From the spectrum above, carbon has at least two lines in the violet.

Nitrogens
Nitrogen has an emission line that occurs in plasmas at 388.678 nm from N VII.

As seen in its spectrum above, nitrogen has many emission lines in the violet.

Oxygens
Oxygen has several emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas: 406.963, 406.99, 407.22, 407.59, 407.89, 408.51, 435.12, 441.489, and 441.697 nm from O II, and 434.045 nm from O VIII.

"Electron temperatures are generally derived from the ratio of auroral to nebular lines in [O III] or [N II]." "[B]ecause of the proximity of strong night-sky lines at λ4358 and λλ5770, 5791, the auroral lines of [O III] λ4363 and [N II] λ5755 are often contaminated."

Fluorines
Fluorine has an emission line that occurs in plasmas at 429.92 nm from F II.

The emission and absorption spectra of fluorine contains at least eight lines or bands from the cyan to the ultraviolet.

Neons
Like fluorine, neon has at least fourteen emission and absorption lines or bands from the cyan to the violet.

Magnesiums
Magnesium (Mg I) has an absorption band at 416.727±2.9 nm with an excitation potential of 4.33 eV.

Magnesium (Mg II) has an absorption band at 439.059±6.6 nm with an excitation potential of 9.96 eV.

Aluminums
"The aluminium abundance was derived from the resonance line at 394.4nm, and Al is underabundant by ∼ −0.7 dex with respect to iron." "These abundances are the LTE values; no NLTE corrections, as prescribed by Baumüller and Gehren (1997) and Baumüller et al. (1998), have been applied. The prescribed NLTE corrections for Teff = 6500K, log g = 4.0, [Fe/H] = –3.0 are –0.11 ... for ... Al .... If we assume these values to apply for our lower-gravity star [CS 29497-030], then Al follows iron". The elemental abundance ratios for CS 29497-030 of aluminum are [Al/H] = -3.37, [Al/Fe] = -0.67.

Both Al I absorption lines at 394.401±8.5 and 396.152±6.5 have been measured for Sirius.

Silicons
Silicon (Si II) has two absorption bands at 412.805±10.8 nm and 413.088±13.0 nm with excitation potentials of 9.79 eV and 9.80 eV, respectively.

Silicon has an absorption line (Si IV) at 408.9 nm.

Argons
Argon has several emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas: 426.653, 428.29, 433.12, 434.8064, 437.075, 437.967, 442.60, and 443.019 nm from Ar II.

Calciums
As of 1977, "model calculations cannot reproduce the observed breadth of the Ca II λ3933 line in Da,F stars like Ross 627 without appealing to an unknown line-broadening mechanism".

Calcium has a line occurring in the solar corona at 408.63 nm of Ca XIII.

Calcium (Ca I) has two absorption bands, 422.673±4.5 nm and 430.253±0.6. The second has an excitation potential of 1.89 eV.

Calcium (Ca II) has an absorption band, 393.366±55.0.

Scandiums
Scandium (Sc II) has an absorption band, 424.683±1.0 nm, with an excitation potential of 0.31 eV.

Titaniums
Titanium (Ti II) has an absorption band, 391.346-441.108 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.60-3.08 eV.

Vanadiums
The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2-5. In aqueous solution the colours are lilac V2+(aq), green V3+(aq), blue VO2+(aq) and, at high pH, yellow VO42-.

Vanadium (V II) has an absorption band, 392.973-403.678 nm, with an excitation potential range of 1.07-1.81 eV.

Chromiums
Chromium (Cr) has emission lines that occur in plasmas at 425.435, 427.48, and 428.972 nm from Cr I.

Chromium has absorption lines that occur at 425.435-428.972 nm from Cr I and 400.333-428.421 nm, 3.09-6.46 eV from Cr II near Sirius.

Manganeses
Manganese (Mn I) has two absorption bands at 403.449±1.4 nm and 405.554±0.8 nm, where the second has an excitation potential of 2.13 eV.

Manganese (Mn II) has an absorption band at 420.638±0.8 nm with an excitation potential of 5.37 eV.

Irons
Iron has a line occurring in the solar corona in the violet at 398.69 nm of Fe XI.

Iron (Fe I) has an absorption band at 392.291-440.475 nm with an excitation potential range of 0.05-2.46 eV.

Iron (Fe II) has an absorption band at 393.829-438.538 nm with an excitation potential range of 1.66-2.77 eV.

Iron (Fe II) has an emission line at 489.1 nm.

The Fraunhofer G line at 430.790 nm is from iron.

Nickels
Nickel has three emission lines occurring in the solar corona at 380.08 nm of Ni XIII and 423.14 nm and 431.1 of Ni XII.

Nickel has an absorption band at 401.550-436.210 nm with an excitation potential of 4.01 eV.

Strontiums
Strontium (Sr II) has two absorption bands: 407.771±11.3 nm and 421.552±10.4 nm.

Yttriums
Yttrium (Y II) has an absorption band from 395.035 to 439.802 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.10-0.13 eV.

Zirconiums
Zirconium (Zr II) has an absorption band, 395.824-415.624 nm, with an excitation potential of 0.52-0.75 eV.

Mercuries
As the spectrum of mercury (Hg) indicates, it has lines in the violet.

Cyanides
"The CN radical through emission in its Violet system bands has a long-established presence in comets."

Blues
Def. of the higher-frequency region of the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is relevant in the specific observation is called blue.

Def. the colour of the clear sky or the deep sea, between green and violet in the visible spectrum, and one of the primary additive colours for transmitted light; the colour obtained by subtracting red and green from white light using magenta and cyan filters; or any colour resembling this is called blue.

Superluminals
The frequency spectrum of Cherenkov radiation by a particle is given by the Frank–Tamm formula. Unlike fluorescence or emission spectra that have characteristic spectral peaks, Cherenkov radiation is continuous. Around the visible spectrum, the relative intensity per unit frequency is approximately proportional to the frequency. That is, higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) are more intense in Cherenkov radiation. This is why visible Cherenkov radiation is observed to be brilliant blue. In fact, most Cherenkov radiation is in the ultraviolet spectrum—it is only with sufficiently accelerated charges that it even becomes visible; the sensitivity of the human eye peaks at green, and is very low in the violet portion of the spectrum.

Plasma objects
Blue jets differ from sprites in that they project from the top of the cumulonimbus above a thunderstorm, typically in a narrow cone, to the lowest levels of the ionosphere 40 to 50 km (25 to 30 miles) above the earth. In addition, whereas red sprites tend to be associated with significant lightning strikes, blue jets do not appear to be directly triggered by lightning (they do, however, appear to relate to strong hail activity in thunderstorms). They are also brighter than sprites and, as implied by their name, are blue in color. The color is believed to be due to a set of blue and near-ultraviolet emission lines from neutral and ionized molecular nitrogen.

"Blue starters were discovered on video from a night time research flight around thunderstorms and appear to be "an upward moving luminous phenomenon closely related to blue jets." They appear to be shorter and brighter than blue jets, reaching altitudes of only up to 20 km.

"Blue starters appear to be blue jets that never quite make it".

"Plasma cleaning involves the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as air and hydrogen/nitrogen are used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages (typically kHz to >MHz) to ionise the low pressure gas (typically around 1/1000 atmospheric pressure), although atmospheric pressure plasmas are now also common.

At left is an image of the Northern Lights on Earth showing the very rare blue lights.

Sun
As an astronomical object sets or rises in relation to the horizon, the light it emits travels through Earth's atmosphere, which works as a prism separating the light into different colors. The color of the upper rim of an astronomical object could go from green to blue to violet depending on the decrease in concentration of pollutants, as they spread throughout an increasing volume of atmosphere.

Mercury
"MESSENGER's Wide Angle Camera (WAC), part of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), is equipped with 11 narrow-band color filters. As the spacecraft receded from Mercury after making its closest approach on January 14, 2008, the WAC recorded a 3x3 mosaic covering part of the planet not previously seen by spacecraft. The color image shown here was generated by combining the mosaics taken through the WAC filters that transmit light at wavelengths of 1000 nanometers (infrared), 700 nanometers (far red), and 430 nanometers (violet). These three images were placed in the red, green, and blue channels, respectively, to create the visualization presented here. The human eye is sensitive only across the wavelength range from about 400 to 700 nanometers. Creating a false-color image in this way accentuates color differences on Mercury's surface that cannot be seen in black-and-white (single-color) images."

Venus
Violet photographs of the planet Venus taken in 1927 “recorded two nebulous bright streaks, or bands, running ... approximately at right angles to the terminator” that may be from the upper atmosphere.

In 1959 "observations of the spectrum of the planet Venus, with spectrographs of low and high dispersion at the Georgetown College Observatory, show that a wide, continuous absorption band is present in the violet and near-ultraviolet."

The image at the page top right is from the Galileo spacecraft solid state imaging system taken on February 14, 1990. The satellite was about 2.7 million km from the planet. The highpass violet filter (418 nm) has been applied to emphasize the smaller scale cloud features. This rendition has been colorized bluish to emphasize subtle contrasts in the cloud markings. The sulfuric acid clouds indicate considerable convective activity. The filamentary dark features are composed of several dark nodules, like beads on a string, each about 96 km across.

The image at right is from a "series of pictures [that show] four views of the planet Venus obtained by Galileo's Solid State Imaging System at ranges of 1.4 to 2 million miles as the spacecraft receded from Venus. The pictures [the first two] were taken about 4 and 5 days after closest approach; those ... were taken about 6 days out, 2 hours apart [of which the image at right is the last]. In these violet-light images, north is at the top and the evening terminator to the left. The cloud features high in the planet's atmosphere rotate from right to left, from the limb through the noon meridian toward the terminator, traveling all the way around the planet once every four days. The motion can be seen by comparing the last two pictures, taken two hours apart. The other views show entirely different faces of Venus. These photographs are part of the 'Venus global circulation' sequence planned by the imaging team."

Earth
The spectra at right show a "[c]omparison between a night sky spectrum obtained in a light polluted site (Asiago Astrophysical Observatory – Italy, upper panel) and a dark site (ESO-Paranal – Chile, lower panel). Spectral line identifications for the main features are traced in red for artificial sources and in blue for the natural ones. The emissions generated by street lighting are clearly visible, mainly in the form of strong lines of Mercury and Sodium, which fall not only in the visible range (500-600nm), but also in the in blue and violet parts of the spectrum."

The second figure at right shows "[t]racings of night sky spectra at a polluted (red) and at a dark site (blue). Main line identifications for artificial features are marked. The colored curves on the top of the figure are the transmission functions of UBVR standard astronomical passbands. The light pollution appears to be maximum in the V passband, which is very close to the human eye sensitivity region. The B band is also severely contaminated, making astrophotographer’s life quite difficult."

"[T]he broad Sodium feature at about 590nm is a clear imprint of high pressure lamps, which are the most disturbing sources of light pollution."

"The 1.8m Copernicus telescope is placed on the top of Mount Ekar, at about 1300 meters on the sea level. In spite of its relatively good location, the brightest feature in its night sky spectrum is the Mercury line at 436nm (the only red line in [the first figure]), which is much brighter than the natural Oxygen line at 558nm, the most intense feature emitted by the night sky."

"The presence of these lines causes the sky to become artificially brighter, and it turns into a disaster for broad band imaging. In a relatively protected site like Mount Ekar, in the B and V filters the enhancement is more than a magnitude. But when one goes close to a relatively big town, this degradation can reach two or more magnitudes, causing many astronomical objects to be lost, not only for the visual observers, but also for the evolved amateurs equipped with modern CCD cameras."

Moon
"Checking out the Galileo spacecraft's cameras during its December 1992 flyby of Earth's Moon, controllers took this dramatically illuminated picture [at right] through a violet filter. The view looks down on the Moon's north polar region with the Sun shining from the left at a low angle and the direction toward the moon's North pole toward the lower right. Across the image upper left stretches the smooth volcanic plain of the Mare Imbrium. Pythagoras crater, 65 miles wide, is near the center of the image -- mostly in shadow, its central peak just catches the sunlight. Yesterday, the Moon made its closest approach to Earth and was full for the second time in July (as reckoned by UT dates). The closest point in the Moon's orbit is referred to as Lunar Perigee, a mere 221,797 miles at 8 hours UT. The second full moon in a month is known as a "Blue Moon"."

Mars
"Phoenix touched down on the Red Planet at 4:53 p.m. Pacific Time (7:53 p.m. Eastern Time), May 25, 2008, in an arctic region called Vastitas Borealis, at 68 degrees north latitude, 234 degrees east longitude."

In the image at right "is an approximate-color image taken shortly after landing by the spacecraft's Surface Stereo Imager, inferred from two color filters, a violet, 450-nanometer filter and an infrared, 750-nanometer filter."

The "image shows a polygonal pattern in the ground near NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander, similar in appearance to icy ground in the arctic regions of Earth." Noteworthy is the blue to violet faces of many of the small stones shown.

"As the sun rises over Noctis Labyrinthus (the labyrinth of the night), bright clouds of water ice can be observed in and around the tributary canyons of this high plateau region of Mars. This color composite image, reconstructed through violet, green, and orange filters, vividly shows the distribution of clouds against the rust colored background of this Martian desert."

"Scientists have puzzled why the clouds cling to the canyon areas and, only in certain areas, spill over onto the plateau surface. One possibility is that water which condensed during the previous afternoon in shaded eastern facing slopes of the canyon floor is vaporized as the early morning sun falls on those same slopes. The area covered is about 10,000 square kilometers (4000 square miles), centered at 9 degrees South, 95 degrees West, and the large partial crater at lower right is Oudemans. The picture was taken on Viking Orbiter 1's 40th orbit."

At lower right is a view of the Martian atmosphere and surface taken through the Viking Orbiter violet filter to illustrate the dramatic clarity "of the atmosphere in the region east and northeast of the Argyre basin during winter in the southern hemisphere. [The image is] taken just after the winter solstice when solar heating is minimal."

Jupiter
"This movie [at right] records an eruptive event in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter over a period of 8 Jupiter days. Prior to the event, an undistinguished oval cloud mass cruised through the turbulent atmosphere. The eruption occurs over a very short time at the very center of the cloud. The white eruptive material is swirled about by the internal wind patterns of the cloud. As a result of the eruption, the cloud then becomes a type of feature seen elsewhere on Jupiter known as "spaghetti bowls.""

"As Voyager 2 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 8 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). These images were acquired in the Violet filter around May 6, 1979. The spacecraft was about 50 million kilometers from Jupiter at that time."

At left is a "Voyager 1 image showing Jupiter with its satellite Io visible at lower left. Jupiter is 140,000 km in diameter and Io is 3600 km across. This image was taken with the narrow angle camera using the violet filter from a distance of 25 million km on 9 February 1979. North is at about 11:00 (Voyager 1, 15672.37)".

"These images [at lower right] show the apparent edge (limb) of the planet Jupiter as seen through both the violet filter (top frame) and an infrared filter (756 nanometers, bottom frame) of the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft. North is to the top of the picture. A separate haze layer is clearly visible above the northern part of the limb."

"This haze layer becomes less well defined to the south (bottom left). Such a detached haze layer has been seen previously on only one other body with a thick atmosphere: Saturn's satellite Titan. The haze layer cannot be lower in the atmosphere than a pressure of about 10 millibars (mbar), or about 40 kilometers (km) above the tropopause. (The tropopause, where the temperature stops decreasing with height, is at about 100 mbar, 20 km above the tops of the ammonia clouds.) There is some indication of streaks of slightly brighter and darker material running roughly north-south (parallel to the limb) on Jupiter's crescent."

"The images, which show the limb between 60.5 degrees and 61.8 degrees North latitude (planetographic) and near 315 degrees West longitude, were obtained on December 20, 1996 Universal Time. The spacecraft was about 1,286,000 km (18.0 Jovian radii) from the limb of Jupiter and the resolution is about 13 kilometers per picture element."

Satellites of Jupiter
"A definite color gradient is observed [in the small inner satellites of Jupiter], with the satellites closer to Jupiter being redder: the mean violet/green ratio (0.42/0.56 μm) decreases from Thebe to Metis. This ratio also is lower for the trailing sides of Thebe and Amalthea than for their leading sides."

Ganymede
"In this global view of Ganymede's trailing side, the colors are enhanced to emphasize color differences. The enhancement reveals frosty polar caps in addition to the two predominant terrains on Ganymede, bright, grooved terrain and older, dark furrowed areas. Many craters with diameters up to several dozen kilometers are visible. The violet hues at the poles may be the result of small particles of frost which would scatter more light at shorter wavelengths (the violet end of the spectrum). Ganymede's magnetic field, which was detected by the magnetometer on NASA's Galileo spacecraft in 1996, may be partly responsible for the appearance of the polar terrain. Compared to Earth's polar caps, Ganymede's polar terrain is relatively vast. The frost on Ganymede reaches latitudes as low as 40 degrees on average and 25 degrees at some locations. For comparison with Earth, Miami, Florida lies at 26 degrees north latitude, and Berlin, Germany is located at 52 degrees north."

"North is to the top of the picture. The composite, which combines images taken with green, violet, and 1 micrometer filters, is centered at 306 degrees west longitude. The resolution is 9 kilometers (6 miles) per picture element. The images were taken on 29 March 1998 at a range of 918000 kilometers (570,000 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft."

Io
"Io, the most volcanic body in the solar system is seen in the highest resolution obtained to date by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The smallest features that can be discerned are 2.5 kilometers in size. There are rugged mountains several kilometers high, layered materials forming plateaus, and many irregular depressions called volcanic calderas. Several of the dark, flow-like features correspond to hot spots, and may be active lava flows. There are no landforms resembling impact craters, as the volcanism covers the surface with new deposits much more rapidly than the flux of comets and asteroids can create large impact craters. The picture is centered on the side of Io that always faces away from Jupiter; north is to the top."

"Color images acquired on September 7, 1996 have been merged with higher resolution images acquired on November 6, 1996 by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The color is composed of data taken, at a range of 487,000 kilometers, in the near-infrared, green, and violet filters and has been enhanced to emphasize the extraordinary variations in color and brightness that characterize Io's face. The high resolution images were obtained at ranges which varied from 245,719 kilometers to 403,100 kilometers."

The image at left is through the violet filter of the Voyager 1 Imaging Science Sub-system Wide-Angle Camera of the Masubi volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, acquired on March 5, 1979 at 14:37:29 UTC.

Saturn
"The north polar region of Saturn is pictured in great detail in this Voyager 2 image obtained Aug. 25 from a range of 633,000 kilometers (393,000 miles)."

"Two oval cloud systems some 250 km (150 mi) across are visible at about 72 degrees north latitude. The bright spot in the center of the leftmost cloud is a convective cloud storm about 60 km. (37 mi.)across. The outer ring of material rotates in an anti-cyclonic sense(counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere). A similar cloud structure of comparable dimension appears at 55 degrees north (bottom center of this picture). These northern latitudes contain many bright, small-scale cloud spots--only a few tens of kilometers across--representative of convective cloud systems. Across the top of this image stretch several long, linear, wavelike features that may mark the northernmost east-flowing jet in Saturn's atmosphere."

"In this orange-and-violet-image composite, the smallest features visible are about 16 km. (10 mi.) across."

In the second image at right, "[t]he gas planet's subtle northward gradation from gold to azure is a striking visual effect that scientists don't fully understand. Current thinking says that it may be related to seasonal influences, tied to the cold temperatures in the northern (winter) hemisphere. Despite Cassini's revelations, Saturn remains a world of mystery."

Dione
This at right is an "[e]nhanced color composite of Saturn's moon Dione, based on infrared, green, ultraviolet, and clear-filter images [is] taken by the Cassini spacecraft December 14, 2004."

It shows "the darker, fractured terrain of the trailing hemisphere. The Padua Chasmata trace an arc on the left, interrupted near the top by central peak crater Ascanius. The Janiculum Dorsa extend along the upper right terminator. Near the lower left limb is the small crater Cassandra with its prominent ray system."

At left is another image of Dione partially rotated from the one at right and showing a violet cast on the apparent higher elevation portion toward the terminator. This image is from Cassini "taken 1 August 2005 from 243,000 km away."

Titan
At right is an image of Titan showing a purple haze.

"With its thick, distended atmosphere, Titan's orange globe shines softly, encircled by a thin halo of purple light-scattering haze."

"Small particles that populate high hazes in Titan's atmosphere scatter short wavelengths more efficiently than longer visible or infrared wavelengths, so the best possible observations of the detached layer are made in ultraviolet light."

"The images in this view were taken by the Cassini narrow-angle camera on May 5, 2005, at a distance of approximately 1.4 million kilometers (900,000 miles) from Titan and at a sun-Titan-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 137 degrees. Image scale is 8 kilometers (5 miles) per pixel."

Comets
"The interpretation of the peculiar structure of the CN violet band observed in cometary spectra became clear when Swings (1941) realized the essential role played by the absorption lines present in the exciting solar radiation."

The R-branch of the CN violet (0,0) band has been observed in the spectrum of Comet Mrkos with the Hale telescope in August 1957.

Comet Seki-Lines has also produced the CN violet (0,0) band.

Uranus
"This false-color view of the rings of Uranus was made from images taken by Voyager 2 on Jan. 21, 1986, from a distance of 4.17 million kilometers (2.59 million miles). All nine known rings are visible here; the somewhat fainter, pastel lines seen between them are contributed by the computer enhancement. Six 15-second narrow-angle images were used to extract color information from the extremely dark and faint rings. Two images each in the green, clear and violet filters were added together and averaged to find the proper color differences between the rings. The final image was made from these three color averages and represents an enhanced, false-color view. The image shows that the brightest, or epsilon, ring at top is neutral in color, with the fainter eight other rings showing color differences between them. Moving down, toward Uranus, we see the delta, gamma and eta rings in shades of blue and green; the beta and alpha rings in somewhat lighter tones; and then a final set of three, known simply as the 4, 5 and 6 rings, in faint off-white tones. Scientists will use this color information to try to understand the nature and origin of the ring material. The resolution of this image is approximately 40 km (25 mi). The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory."

Ariel
"The complex terrain of Ariel is viewed in [the image at right], the best Voyager 2 color picture of the Uranian moon. The individual photos used to construct this composite were taken Jan. 24, 1986, from a distance of 170,000 kilometers (105,000 miles. Voyager captured this view of Ariel's southern hemisphere through the green, blue and violet filters of the narrow-angle camera; the resolution is about 3 km (2 mi). Most of the visible surface consists of relatively intensely cratered terrain transected by fault scarps and fault-bounded valleys (graben). Some of the largest valleys, which can be seen near the terminator (at right), are partly filled with younger deposits that are less heavily cratered. Bright spots near the limb and toward the left are chiefly the rims of small craters. Most of the brightly rimmed craters are too small to be resolved here, although one about 30 km (20 mi) in diameter can be easily distinguished near the center. These bright-rim craters, though the youngest features on Ariel, probably have formed over a long span of geological time. Although Ariel has a diameter of only about 1,200 km (750 mi), it has clearly experienced a great deal of geological activity in the past."

Miranda
"This color composite [at lower right] of the Uranian satellite Miranda was taken by Voyager 2 on Jan. 24, 1986, from a distance of 147,000 kilometers (91,000 miles). This picture was constructed from images taken through the narrow-angle camera's green, violet and ultraviolet filters. It is the best color view of Miranda returned by Voyager."

"Miranda, just 480 km (300 mi) across, is the smallest of Uranus' five major satellites. Miranda's regional geologic provinces show very well in this view of the southern hemisphere, imaged at a resolution of 2.7 km (1.7 mi). The dark- and bright-banded region with its curvilinear traces covers about half of the image. Higher-resolution pictures taken later show many fault valleys and ridges parallel to these bands. Near the terminator (at right), another system of ridges and valleys abuts the banded terrain; many impact craters pockmark the surface in this region. The largest of these are about 30 km (20 mi) in diameter; many more lie in the range of 5 to 10 km (3 to 6 mi) in diameter."

Triton
"This false color image of Triton is a composite of images taken through the violet, green and ultraviolet filters. The image was taken early on Aug. 25, 1989 when Voyager 2 was about 190,000 kilometers (118,000 miles) from Triton's surface. The smallest visible features are about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) across. The image shows a geologic boundary between completely dark materials and patchy light/dark materials. A layer of pinkish material stretches across the center of the image. The pinkish layer must be thin because underlying albedo patterns show through. Several features appear to be affected by the thin atmosphere; the elongated dark streaks may represent particulate materials blown in the same direction by prevailing winds, and the white material may be frost deposits. Other features appear to be volcanic deposits including the smooth, dark materials alongside the long, narrow canyons. The streaks themselves appear to originate from very small circular sources, some of which are white, like the source of the prominent streak near the center of the image. The sources may be small volcanic vents with fumarolic-like activity. The colors may be due to irradiated methane, which is pink to red, and nitrogen, which is white."

Sirius
A variety of elemental violet lines occur in the star Sirius. These include calcium (Ca I & II), iron (Fe I), magnesium (Mg I & II), manganese (Mn I & II), nickel (Ni II), scandium (Sc II), silicon (Si II), strontium (Sr II), titanium (Ti II), vanadium (V II), yttrium (Y II), and zirconium (Zr II).

1 Centauri
Temperature (primary, F2 V) = $6,898$

1 Centauri, or i Centauri, is a yellow-white hued binary star system in the southern constellation Centaurus. It can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +4.23. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 51.54 mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located 51.5 light years from the Sun. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −21.5 km/s.

Spectrographic images taken at the Cape Observatory between 1921 and 1923 showed this star has a variable radial velocity, which indicated this is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system. The pair have an orbital period of 9.94 days and an orbital eccentricity of about 0.2.

I Carinae
Temperature = $7,017$

I Carinae is a single, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation Carina. It is a fourth magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye. An annual stellar parallax of 61.64 mas provides a distance estimate of 62 light years and it is moving closer with a radial velocity of −5 km/s. In an estimated 2.7 million years will pass within 7.46 pc of the Sun. In the next 7500 years, the south Celestial pole will pass close to this star and Omega Carinae (5800 CE).

This star is spectral type of F3 V. It is younger than the Sun with an estimated age of 977 million years, and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 51.6 km/s. The star has 1.4 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 5.56 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 7,017 K. It is a variable star and most likely (99.2% chance) the source of detected X-ray emission coming from these coordinates.

Eta Carinae
"The “Purple Haze” is a diffuse blueish/purple glow within a few arcseconds of the central star in HST images of the Homunculus (Morse et al. 1998; Smith et al. 2000, 2004). This emission is seen in excess of violet starlight scattered by dust, and the strength of the excess increases into the far UV (Smith et al. 2004; hereafter Paper I)."

Notation: let the symbol LH stand for the Little Homunculus.

"The LH has no outstanding correspondence with any of the clumps and filaments seen in scattered light in normal UV or visual-wavelength images of η Car, although it does match the spatial extent of the "Purple Haze"". Bold added.

The Fe II emission line at 489.1 nm occurs in the Little Homunculus (Eta Carinae)

Mass "loss at the η Carinae rate produces considerable changes of Teff on a human timescale. As an example, for the 120 Mʘ model, a change from about 20,000 K to 34,000 K was obtained over a time of 50 yr as a result of the secular bluewards evolution following the rapid ejection."

RY Sagittarii
"Near minimum light, the spectra [of RY Sgr] display the same main features as those observed at a preceding minimum (Alexander et al. 1972) [including] three broad emission lines in the violet (Ca II and He I λ3888)".

"The "broad bright lines" are displaced towards the red during the 1977 minimum, and they were displaced towards the violet during the 1967 minimum."

"A possible interpretation of these differences is an unsymmetrical ejection of carbon clouds. An ejection mainly directed towards the observer would be linked with a deeper minimum and violet-shifted broad bright lines. An ejection mainly directed backwards would be linked with a less deep minimum and red-shifted lines."

VY Canis Majoris
Electromagnetics are most familiar as light, or electromagnetic radiation. They span a spectrum from gamma rays to radio waves.

W UMa-type systems
A W Ursae Majoris variable is a type of eclipsing binary variable star. These stars are close binaries of spectral types F, G, or K that share a common envelope of material and are thus in contact with one another. They are termed contact binaries because the two stars touch and transfer mass and energy through the connecting neck. W Ursae Majoris variables are the most common variable stars in the present day Universe. About 1 percent of all stars belong to this group.

“[T]he violet and ultraviolet parts of the energy distributions in spectra of W UMa-type systems are abnormal with elevated ultraviolet fluxes for systems having the shortest periods at a given blue-visual colour.”

Haro 11
By combining data from ESO’s Very Large Telescope and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have created a new image of this incredibly bright and distant galaxy. The team of astronomers from Stockholm University, Sweden, and the Geneva Observatory, Switzerland, have identified 200 separate clusters of very young, massive stars. Most of these are less than 10 million years old. Many of the clusters are so bright in infrared light that astronomers suspect that the stars are still emerging from the cloudy cocoons where they were born. The observations have led the astronomers to conclude that Haro 11 is most likely the result of a merger between a galaxy rich in stars and a younger, gas-rich galaxy. Haro 11 is found to produce stars at a frantic rate, converting about 20 solar masses of gas into stars every year. Haro galaxies, first discovered by the noted astronomer Guillermo Haro in 1956, are defined by unusually intense blue and violet light. Usually this high energy radiation comes from the presence of many newborn stars or an active galactic nucleus. Haro 11 is about 300 million light-years away and is the second closest of such starburst galaxies.

IC 443
This oddly colourful nebula is the supernova remnant IC 443. IC 443 is the remains of a star that went supernova somewhere between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. The blast from the supernova sent out shock waves that travelled through space, sweeping up and heating the surrounding gas and dust in the interstellar medium, and creating the supernova remnant seen in this image. What is unusual about the IC 443 is that its shell-like form has two halves that have different radii, structures and emissions. The larger north-eastern shell, seen here as the violet-coloured semi-circle on the top left of the supernova remnant, is composed of sheet-like filaments that are emitting light from iron, neon, silicon and oxygen gas atoms and dust particles heated by the blast from the supernova. The smaller southern shell, seen here in a bright cyan colour on the bottom half of the image, is constructed of denser clumps and knots primarily emitting light from hydrogen gas and heated dust. These clumps are part of a molecular cloud which can be seen in this image as the greenish cloud cutting across IC 443 from the north-west to south-east. The colour differences seen in this image represent different wavelengths of infrared emission. The differences in colour are also the result of differences in the energies of the shock waves hitting the interstellar medium. The north-eastern shell was probably created by a fast shock wave (100 kilometres per second), whereas the southern shell was probably created by a slow shock wave (30 kilometres per second).

All WISE featured images use colour to represent specific infrared wavelengths. Blue represents 3.4-micron light, cyan represents 4.6-micron light, green represents 12-micron light and red represents 22-micron light. In this image, we see a mixing of blue and cyan in the southern ridge that is not often seen in other WISE images. The north-eastern shell appears violet, indicating a mixture of longer infrared wavelengths from cooler dust (red) and shorter infrared wavelengths from luminescent gas (blue). About the Object: Names: Jellyfish Nebula (IC 443); Eta Geminorum (Propus) Type: Nebula > Supernova Remnant; Star > Variable. Distance: Approximately 1.5 kiloparsec or 4890 light years (IC 443). Size: Approximately 65 light years across (IC 443). Age: 5,000-10,000 years old (IC 443). Position of object (J2000): RA=06h 18m 02.7s; Dec=22° 39’ 36” (IC 443). RA=06h 14m 52.7s; Dec=22° 30’ 24.5” (Propus). Constellation: Gemini. Field of View: 1.56 x 1.56 degrees. Orientation: North is straight up. Colour Mapping: Blue=3.4 microns; Cyan=4.6 microns; Green=12 microns; Red=22 microns.

NGC 5010
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a beautiful galaxy that, with its reddish and yellow central area, looks rather like an explosion from a Hollywood movie. The galaxy, called NGC 5010, is in a period of transition. The aging galaxy is moving on from life as a spiral galaxy, like our Milky Way, to an older, less defined type called an elliptical galaxy. In this in-between phase, astronomers refer to NGC 5010 as a lenticular galaxy, which has features of both spirals and ellipticals.

NGC 5010 is located around 140 million light-years away in the constellation of Virgo (The Virgin). The galaxy is oriented sideways to us, allowing Hubble to peer into it and show the dark, dusty, remnant bands of spiral arms. NGC 5010 has notably started to develop a big bulge in its disk as it takes on a more rounded shape.

Most of the stars in NGC 5010 are red and elderly. The galaxy no longer contains all that many of the fast-lived blue stars common in younger galaxies that still actively produce new populations of stars.

Much of the dusty and gaseous fuel needed to create fresh stars has already been used up in NGC 5010. Over time, the galaxy will grow progressively more "red and dead,” as astronomers describe elliptical galaxies.

Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys snapped this image in violet and infrared light.

NGC 5584
"This image is a colour-composite of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5584. It is based on data collected by the Paranal Science Team with the FORS1 instrument on Kueyen, the second 8.2-m Unit Telescope of ESO's Very Large Telescope. The supernova SN 2007af is the bright object seen slightly below and to the right of the galaxy's centre. The galaxy and its bright supernova were observed on the nights of 16, 19 and 22 March 2007 through a B, V, R, H-alpha and OII filter."

The B filter is centered at 440 nm and the OII filter is centered at 372 nm.

"Located about 75 million light years away towards the constellation Virgo ('the Virgin'), NGC 5584 is a galaxy slightly smaller than the Milky Way. It belongs, however, to the same category: both are barred spirals."

"Spiral galaxies are composed of a 'bulge' and a flat disc. The bulge hosts old stars and usually a central supermassive black hole. Younger stars reside in the disc, forming the characteristic spiral structures from which the galaxies get their name. Barred spirals are crossed by a bright band of stars."

"In this amazing new image of NGC 5584 two dominant spiral arms are clearly visible, while the others are deformed, probably due to interactions with other galaxies. Luminous patches are spread all over the disc, indicating that stars are being formed in this gigantic rose at a frantic pace."

Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte (WLM) Irregular Galaxy
Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte (WLM) is an irregular galaxy located on the outer edges of the Local Group. WLM is about ten times smaller than our own galaxy, the Milky Way. This image was made using data from the Local Group Survey. The image was generated with observations in U (violet), B (blue), V (cyan), I (orange) and H-alpha (red) filters. In this image, North is up, East is left.

Quasars
The "discovery of J043947.08+163415.7, a strongly lensed quasar at z = 6.51, [is] the first such object detected at the epoch of reionization, and the brightest quasar yet known at z > 5. High-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging reveals a multiple imaged system with a maximum image separation θ ∼ 0".2, best explained by a model of three quasar images lensed by a low-luminosity galaxy at z ∼ 0.7, with a magnification factor of ∼50. The existence of this source suggests that a significant population of strongly lensed, high-redshift quasars could have been missed by previous surveys, as standard color selection techniques would fail when the quasar color is contaminated by the lensing galaxy."

This apparent black hole triggered a firestorm of star formation around the black hole. A galaxy was being born. A blowtorch of energy, equivalent to the light from 600 trillion Suns, blazed across the universe. Now, 12.8 billion years later, the Hubble Space Telescope captured the beacon from this event. But Hubble astronomers needed help to spot it. The gravitational warping of space by a comparatively nearby intervening galaxy greatly amplified and distorted the quasar's light, making it the brightest such object seen in the early universe. It offers a rare opportunity to study a zoomed-in image of how supermassive black holes accompanied star formation in the very early universe and influenced the assembly of galaxies.

As of 1979, "[m]ost astrophysicists seem to consider redshifts of quasars as being completely cosmological. ... In local models which involve expulsion of "quasars" from parent galaxies at distances of up to ~100 Mpc there must be objects with large violet shifts (Burbidge and Burbidge, 1967). ... [I]n the catalogue of quasars by Burbidge et al. (1977) among 633 quasars there are 57 objects which have only two lines in their spectra identified with C III 1909 and Mg II 2798. ... If local "quasars" do exist ... then objects with large violet shifts ... could be among those 57 quasars".

Physics
"Spectra obtained during the intense auroral storm of August 18 and 19, 1950, showed that the Hα emission observed at the magnetic zenith is asymmetrically displaced to the violet. The violet wing is shifted approximately 71 A [7.1 nm], indicating a velocity of impact of 3300 km/sec. The Hα emission observed at the magnetic horizon is symmetrical and undisplaced but considerably broadened."

A violet wing of an emission peak (indicating increases in velocity ranging from about +200 km/sec to +600 km/sec) or absorption trough of a star may show an anomalous structure that is either a nonsymmetrical outflow, or a fluctuation in the flow velocity.

Technology
Most spacecraft designed for optical astronomy or visual astronomy carried aboard a violet or blue filter covering the wavelength range from 350-430 nm.

"ZnSe appears as an attractive material to blue and near UV optoelectronics."

Galileo spacecraft
"[T]he Solid State Imaging (SSI) camera ... [at right of the Galileo spacecraft] uses a high-resolution, 800 x 800 charge-coupled device (CCD) array with a field of view of 0.46 degrees. Multi-spectral coverage is provided by an eight-position filter wheel on the camera, consisting of three broad-band filters: violet (404 nm), green (559 nm), and red (671 nm); four near-infrared filters: 727 nm, 756 nm, 889 nm, and 986 nm; and one clear filter (611 nm) with a very broad (440 nm) passband."

Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an excellent example of a radiation astronomy satellite designed for more than one purpose: the various astronomies of optical astronomy.

The HST is an optical astronomy telescope that incorporated a set of 48 filters isolating spectral lines of particular astrophysical interest.

The Wide Field Planetary Camera (PC-1) was in use from about 1990 through 1993. It carried 48 filters on 12 filter wheels of four each.

The violet band filters are F330W, F336W, F344N, F368M, F375N, F413M, F435W, F437N, F439W, and F469N.

The Wide Field Planetary Camera (PC-2) replaced PC-1 and carried the following filters on the same filter wheels: F300W, F336W, F343N, F375N, F380W, F390N, F410M, F437N, F439W, F450W, F467M and F469N. In December 1993 PC-1 was replaced with PC-2 and the HST was declared operational on January 13, 1994.

Onboard the HST is the Faint Object Camera (FOC) which carries filters for violet astronomy: F320W, F342W, F346M, F370LP, F372M, F410M, F430W, F437M, F470M.

The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is the Hubble Space Telescope's last and most technologically advanced instrument to take images in the visible spectrum. It was installed as a replacement for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 during the first spacewalk of Space Shuttle mission STS-125 on May 14, 2009.

Viking
"Each Viking Orbiter was equipped with two identical vidicon cameras. The camera system is commonly called the Visual Imaging Subsystem (VIS). Each camera consists of a telescope, a slow scan vidicon, a filter wheel, and associated electronics. The filter wheel contains blue, minus blue, violet, clear [no filter], green, and red filters."

"The radiometric calibration converts the digitized signal received from the camera (DN value) into a quantity that is proportional to the radiance reaching the sensor. The sensitivity of the vidicon varies across the field of view. The sensitivity of the vidicon also varies with time. Each Viking Orbiter imaging instrument was calibrated before flight. In addition, changes in the calibration over time have been estimated from analyses of images of deep space and dust storms. The radiometric calibration applies additive and multiplicative corrections that account for the varying sensitivity of the vidicon. The resulting values are proportional to radiance factor, which is defined as the ratio of the observed radiance to the radiance of a normally illuminated lambertian reflector of unit reflectance at the same heliocentric distance. The geometric calibration removes electronic distortions and transforms the point perspective geometry of the original image into a map projection. The electronic distortions are barrel-shaped distortions from the electron beam readout and complex distortions from interactions between the charge on the vidicon face plate and the electron beam. The electronic distortions are modeled by comparing the undistorted locations of reseau marks with the actual locations in an image."

"The VIS detector is a Westinghouse 5166 selenium vidicon. It is about 3.7 cm (1-1/2 in.) in diameter."

"The saturation current from the vidicon is 43 nA. The residual dark current is 0.2 nA. The response of the visual imaging subsystem is linear to first order. Analyses of imaging data acquired inflight indicate that the system is linear to within 3% over its dynamic range."

The blue filter is centered at 470 nm with a range from 350-530 nm.

The violet filter is centered at 440 nm with a range of 350-470 nm.

"The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters."

Voyager
The scan platform of Voyager 1 and 2 comprises: the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at right) in the image at left; the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon cameras to the left of the UVS; and the Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely visible under the ISS.

At right is an image of the spectral range of the Violet filter (50 to 400 nm) on the Imaging Science System aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 Spacecraft, as defined by the instrument descriptions of the Narrow Angle Camera and Wide Angle Camera.

Hypotheses

 * 1) Half of all the sources that appear violet are actually hotter.


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Engineering Projects/Model boat/Howard Community College/Spring2012/p1501-ZlM

Look up the following: R/C Model Boaters of Baltimore, Capitol RC Model Boat Club think the closest races are twice a year in half way between Frederick and Hagerstown

Found an even better link from Dave Graham grahamda@comcast.net The web page for the closest club is here 1sfoerster (talk) 18:33, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

project grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:17, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 90 .. no poster .. + 100 points for decision matrix


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Volcanoes, list/Mount Pelee

Mount Pelee is a cinder-cone volcano located in Martinique. Mount Pelee can be found at 14.8 latitude and -61.17 longitude.

Characteristics

The 1902 Mount Pelee eruption was explosive. Mount Pelee erupted pyroclastic material. The material was made up of very hot steam, gas, and some ash. There was ash in the gas that killed birds. There was a black cloud above the volcano and the town filled with gas and ashes.

The volcano is approximately 1400 metres high. The area of the volcano is about 100m².

1902 Eruption

Leading up to the eruption, there were small earthquakes, steam came out of the volcano, and ash fell upon the city. The day before the eruption there were smoke clouds at the top of the crater. Also, people could see lava coming out. The eruption happened on Saturday, May 8th, 1902. The volcano finally erupted at 7:50 a.m. On the day of the eruption, fire, ashes, and molten rock spewed in the air. There was violent shaking.

Effects

The lava and pyroclastic material destroyed the city in the matter of minutes. Only two out of the 30,000 people in the village survived the disaster. The cities that were near Mount Pelee were covered in ash.

The Latest Eruption

The last eruption was in 1929 and the volcano has been dormant ever since.

Bibliography

http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/martinique/locations/m/5.html

http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Pelee.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/effects.pelee.php

http://www.mount-pelee.com/en/volcan/evolution-of-mount-pelee.html

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User:Bsimon21/enes100/MyWork

''This is designed for a person working on a project for 4 weeks as part of a 3 credit class. Please copy this form to your user page. Then delete everything in italics when filling out this form.''

Write problem/project Goal
What is your wording of the overall problem/project goal?

My First Task
What are you going to do for the team this first weekend?

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How is what you did different than what you planned?

Week1 Narrative
Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

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Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the second weekend.

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Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the third weekend.

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My Fourth task
''Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the final weekend of project work. ''

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Complete Team Page
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title: User:Bsimon21/enes100/MyWork


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Volcanoes, list/Papandayan

The Papandayan Volcano is a stratovolcano, also referred as the composite cone volcano. The volcano has alternating layers and recorded in a total of deaths of 2,957 people. As for today, fumurole activity was in that period was still in its presence and the volcanic activity was major through 1772.

The Papandayan Volcano
Mount Papandayan or The Papandayan volcano is a complex and an elaborated stratovolcano also referred as composite volcano, and this destination is from its location in Garut Regency, from the Garut Regency to all the way to the southeast of the city of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. This place particularly is approximately about 15 km to the southwest of the town of Garut Regency. Same from at the summit, there are four large craters which contain active fumarole fields. An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages from this devastation and killed nearly 3,000 people and to be more specific around 2,957 PEOPLE. The eruption truncated and made the volcano into a broad and slightly flat shape with two small peaks and a plain flat area around 1.1 km wide with the Alun-Alun crater in the center, transiting and making the mountain look like a twin Gemini volcano. From one perspective,one of the peaks is called Papandayan and the other Mount Puntang, to my research they were identical.

Since 1772, only small and tiny phreatic and deadly eruptions were recorded and reported right before the explosive eruption that had begun in November 2002, in 2002 the volcanic activity is still building up. More recently during the volcano's presence, the volcano has been quite simultaneously active. On this date of 14 August 2011 the volcano's warning status was lifted right like that from Level II, as "Vigilant" (or watchfulness)-(Indonesian: Waspada) to a higher Level III, "Alert" From where this is dangerous and must be kept watch(Indonesian: Siaga); following the numerous of dangerous hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide gases that can destroy and vaporize us and put to death. Now people, including tourists, were urged to restrain from this pace at least 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) from the yellow-like craters on the 2,665-meter (8,743-foot) Mount Papandayan Volcano. Now, on this date of Friday 2 September 2011, the Indonesian Volcanology and Geophysical Disaster Mitigation Center has immediately contacted and rushed that numerous shallow like small volcanic earthquakes and volcanic activity had been recorded and reported from along side with the other indications and aspects of volcanic activity with it's fumarole fields. A spokesperson that represented for the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency had perhaps efficiently reported that if Mount Papandayan erupted through this period of crisis, over these limits of 170,000 people living in five nearby sub-districts or the provinces (The Province: Kecamatan) and in 20 or maybe even 40 villages could be affected from the eruption blast. Through the amount of the people likely to be affected from this fortification, it was expected through that perhaps as many as 11,500 people might need to be evacuated and lead to safety in order not to distress or disperse any type of particular indications that will matter in the villages or other types of areas.

Mount Chocolate Volcano's past and description
The Chocolate Volcano is located on the island of Java where it is lying near the south eastern part of Java, from the latitude and longitude at from where it is 7°32' S and 107°73'E, rising from approximately 2.665 meters ASL, and the volcano probably lies approximately around 175 km south east of the Indonesian capital Jakarta where this volcano lays is a stratovolcano also known as a composite cone volcano. The Chocolate Volcano is also pretty in brief explanatory detail is a complex and elaborated stratovolcano with its big four large summit craters yet where this is where it is placed from, and the youngest of which has breached and open to the New York City area by its collapse during the volcanoes brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole fields. As this devastation happened in the most particular date of 1772, this is the most major eruption recorded through out its previous or future references to the eruptions. This volcano is not extinct as well as it is dormant and it will in recorded records it not maybe erupt in this time again, but in the past, it has erupted and done some major damage to the terrain and the aspects of the village. Indications also tell us that eruption of the Chocolate volcano was abruptly powerful and nearly took thousands of lives, or in more specific matter over a couple thousand lives of 2,957!

Mount Papandayan's Location
The Papandayan Volcano was located on the island of west Java really near the south eastern part of Java. The latitude and longitude from exactly to pinpoint its location on the map is 7°32' S and 107°73'E rising from approximately 2.665 meters ASL and the volcano is briefly lying around 175 km south east of the Indonesian capital Jakarta where this volcano is an elaborated stratovolcano referred as composite cone volcano and it was big four large summits able yet to where it is located and it was been breached and open and this volcano also contains active fumarole fields just right after the eruption recorded. From where Mount Papandayan Volcano was recorded, the volcano has active fumarole fields right after the eruption of Mount Papandayan.

After Effects right after the disaster of the Papandayan Volcano
Much debris came on on the after effects of the eruption, but what was the worst thing possible that occurred during this devastation is that catastrophic eruptions that on the vent of the debris, an avalanche sloped down nearly destroying of over an entirely an amount of 40 VILLAGES and that left everyone with a shortage of food and its aftermath and effects really caused people to suffer down. Over the time, people evacuated and went for support because of this disaster left people with no homes to live in. These after effects come with the worst possible thing, over 2,957 deaths were recorded and that devastating terror petrified everyone and left them homeless and dependent on food.

Mount Papandayan's Deaths
Mount Papandayan is disastrous and recorded approximately 2,957 deaths and to every death is horrid, this in particular volcano has done much destruction and it blew down 40 villages from debris and the avalanche. The only dates the eruptions that were minor and major ever recorded in the database of the vulcanologists was the date of 1772 and that ash spews from the volcano eruption dangerous.

Characteristics of the Papandayan Volcano

 * Stratovolcano also known as composite cone volcano.
 * Deaths recorded: 2.957
 * Rising point: Approximately 2.665 meters
 * Location: West Java around south eastern part of Java; Latitude and Longitude will appear as on the map 7°32' S and 107°73'E
 * After effects; killed people, injuries, homeless, no food, dependent, and they have nothing left except the remains or no remains at all.

Large composite cone volcano with alternating layers with its steep cracks and emitting fumes of fumarole fields.

Alert Status for the Papandayan Volcano rising
On this terrifying date of 17 April 2008, authorities of Indonesia have currently raised the dangerous alert level for a volcano eruption from where near the country's third largest and biggest city following increased volcanic activity where it can lead to an eruption, a volcanology center official have said and confirmed to be reported on Thursday. To the circumstances, more than the average amount of one hundred (100) volcanic tremors were reported and recorded from Mount Papandayan in West Java near the south east of the island on Wednesday, although there were no actual visible signs it would suddenly erupt soon, said  in his/her own quote (Estu Kriswati) from the volcanology center in the nearby city of Bandung.

Facts about the Papandayan Volcano
This volcano is situated on the Indonesian island of the West Java, The Papandayan Volcano is a crater-filled semi-active volcano which is a stratovolcano referred as composite-cone volcano, this also contained fumarole fields that still have an active activity. During this period in 1772, this on indication of one side of the volcano exploded and avalanched into the surrounding 40 villages and the debris covering up with the ashes, destroying them completely and ravaged over quickly without hesitation. About 3,000 villagers were killed (approximately 2,957) and 40 whole villages were trembled and destructed by this avalanche and complete disaster. The volcano is still considered very dangerous, and very vulnerable to much people where it is still dormant and much of the surrounding area is restricted and regarded by the officials;- especially considering there have been smoke,ash, tremors and minor eruptions in 1923, 1942, plus several, all increasing in strength during all periods of this time, in 2002.

title: Volcanoes, list/Papandayan


text:
School:Electrical engineering/Biography ELE-3

Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 - 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. He was an important contributor to the birth of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.. "Today's scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equation after equation, and eventually build a structure which has no relation to reality."

 * read more...


text:
User:Royalhistorian

Background
Name: Carl Edwin Lindgren

I was born and raised in Virginia and moved to Mississippi in 1965.

I would like to take this opportunity to let individuals reading this page know that I am very interested in helping all readers on the topics of medieval history, education theory, Metagogiek, genealogy, heraldry, nobility and religious thought.

Education
Degrees/Diplomas

•	1994-1999 – University of South Africa, D.Ed. in history of education (Metagogiek – Education of Becoming)- DISSERTATION: (1999, June). A historical-comparative study of the development of the county school systems on North and South Panola. Universiteit van Suid-Afrika, Pretoria, South Africa. Doctoral thesis (DEd) - Dr. A.E. Van Zyl, Lead Faculty and Dr. Kenneth Bender (University of Mississippi), Mentor/Second Chair;

•	1989-1993 - Royal Chartered College of Teachers, Fellowship (F.C.P.), a thesis of 30,000 words which embodied the "results of original ... work [in higher education] ..." – Royal Charter - Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II;

•	1989-1993 – University of Mississippi, S.Ed. in curriculum and instruction/research methodology - 30 hrs;

•	1973-1977 – University of Mississippi, M.Ed. in history (24 hrs) / education (21 hrs) (Honors: Phi Alpha Theta, Phi Delta Kappa, Phi Theta Kappa, E.D.P.A. Graduate Fellow, University of Mississippi — Educational. Dev. Project Act (United States) — two year graduate fellowship in historical research, Robert A. Taft Institute of Government – Honors Fellow, Graduate School, University of Mississippi, 1977 — In 1996 the Taft Institute chose Queens College of the City University of New York as the site of its headquarters;

•	1970-1972 - University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), B.A.E. in Social Sciences (24 hours in history).

Academic Occupations
•	2012-Present – External Assessor/Examiner – The College of Teachers, U.K. (under advisement);

•	2012-Present – PhD Dissertation Committee External Examiner - Trident University;

•	2010-Present – President of the American School of Genealogy, Heraldry and Documentary Sciences (Institutional Member & Accredited Centre - program accredited by the College of Teachers. New Postgaduate program is under accreditation.)

Past Positions:

•	2002-2008 - Professor of Medieval Studies and Military History at -American Military University;

•	2005-2007 – Professor of Education at American Public University System (APUS) (reg./nat. accreditation);

•	2000 -2000 - University Vice President, Academic Affairs (DETC accreditation);

•	1982-2000 - Director, Educational Consultants of Oxford (University, Mississippi);

Current Research Interest*
•	During the early 1980s quite a number of questions arose amongst certain members of the then Dept of History of Education at UNISA regarding the status, field of study and, in particular, the methodologies employed in History of Education. A few years earlier something similar happened at the University of Pretoria (UP) and the University of Port Elizabeth (UPE). In an attempt to "revitalize" the History of Education, UP advocated a "new" type of History of Education called Wordingsgeskiedenis (this Afrikaans word can possibly be translated as the "History of Becoming") whereas UPE advocated Temporaliteitspedagogiek (possibly to be translated as "Pedagogics of Temporality"). Each regarded their methodology as something different from existing research methodologies and their focus as unique. At the University of South Africa a number of colleagues then started propagating yet another "new" type of History of Education, referred to as Metagogiek. According to De Jager, DK, Coetzee, JH & Bisschoff, TC. 1983. Metagogiek: Metodologie En Toepassing. HAUM; Pretoria]: "The name, Metagogiek, indicates the intention that an all-inclusive view is striven for. Meta pertains to change always taking place and emphasis will be placed on this aspect in particular. The second half of the name, agogics, emphasizes the guidance that one human being offers to another during every phase of life." Therefore one could say the Metagogiek refers to the "pedagogics of change" keeping in mind that, according to advocates of Metagogiek pedagogics focuses on children only - agogics, according to them, includes all human beings, from the cradle to the elderly. Lindgren attempts to utilize certain concepts in Metagogiek to bring a better awareness of human becoming as it relates to helping the human condition. Emphasis is on human rights and ways in which issues relating to chronic pain, poverty and social injustices can be addressed through the science of education.

Academies & Royal Societies
2007-Present

•	Life Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science (President Ivo Šlaus) - Founding President John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr;

•	Life Corresponding Fellow, World Association of International Studies (Formerly the California Institute of International Studies - Stanford University - Founding President Dr. Ronald Hilton - Hoover Fellow); and

•	Academician - Euro Mediterranean Academy of Arts and Sciences 2004-2001

•	2004 - Académico Correspondiente, Academia Belgo-Espanola de Historia (Spain); Proposed by Alfonso de Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Duke of Ostuni in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Marquess of La Floresta and Lord of the Castle of Arbeteta in the Kingdom of Spain; Ilmo. Sr. Don Manuel Rodríguez de Maribona y Dávila; Luis Francisco Cercos Garcia;

•	2001 – Academician (Life), “Studium”- Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato per l’Arte, la Letteratura, le Scienze e le Varie Umanità fondata nel 1476 - Casale Monferrato, Italy;

1989-1981

•	1989 – Life Fellow, Royal College of Preceptors (College of Teachers) (Patron: His Royal Highness, The Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., K.T.);

•	1989 - Fellow, Royal Society of Arts (President: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951-2011) and Anne, Princess Royal (2011- ); and

•	1982 - Fellow, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (Patron: His Royal Highness The Prince Charles).

Learned and Scientific Societies:
•	2003-Present – Life Fellow (Member of Honors), La Societe Napoleonienne Internationale (The International Napoleonic Society) - Honorary Presidents Prince Albert II of Monaco & Prince Charles Napoleon, Honorary Vice-President for French-Speaking Countries S.A. Le Prince Murat, Honorary Patron Victor André Masséna Prince d'Essling, Duc de Rivoli;

•	2003 - Hon. Academician - Academia Portuguesa de Ex Libris (Portugal);

•	2001 - Life Member, Medieval Academy of America (Cambridge, M.A.) Knighthoods and Honors for Educational Service:

Knighthoods
•	2008 - Merit Award - Priory Vote of Thanks from the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.

•	2008 - Knight Commander, Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (Vatican);

•	2008 - Knight Commander - Order of Prince Danilo I of Montenegro;

•	2005 - Grand Cross (honorary knight), Order of St. Michael of the Wing (Duke of Braganza);

•	2003 - Knight Commander (honorary), Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Duke of Braganza); and

•	2002 – Medal of Merit, Order of Vila Viçosa.

Editorial Boards & Publications:
•	2010 – Special Advisor – Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education – Institute of Economic Sciences, Serbia

•	2007 – Author Status - Encyclopedia of Earth;

•	2000 – Present - EDITORIAL HISTORICAL COMMITTEE — Almanach de Bruxelles (Brussels) — The first ALMANACH DE BRUXELLES was published in 1818 as the Nouvel Almanach de Poche de Bruxelles pour 1818;

•	1993-Present - EDITORIAL BOARD of Science Technology, the official journal of London Institute of Technology (England), History of Science section;

•	1998 SPECIALIST PANEL - New Dictionary of National Biography - 23 volume set Encyclopedia published by University of Oxford Press;

•	1998 SPECIALIST PANEL - American National Biography; and

•	Over 150 articles and 4 books and booklets. (ask for publications).

Comments
I am interested in helping Wikiversity in anyway possible. I have an extensive background relating to the aforementioned topics (Background) as well as those noted in my bio. Of particular interest is education (speciality - history, Metagogiek – Education of Becoming, education in the State of Mississippi) and medieval history (speciality - the Church, education in the Medieval era, chivalry and knighthoods).

title: User:Royalhistorian


text:
User talk:Royalhistorian

As mentioned on my user page, I am interested in teaching or researching in Metagogiek – Education of Becoming, education in the state of Mississippi, genealogy, heraldry, medieval history, chivalry and knighthood. Royalhistorian (talk) 04:48, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Royalhistorian


text:
School:Electrical engineering/Biography ELE-5

Charles Proteus Steinmetz (April 9, 1865 – October 26, 1923) was a German-American mathematician and electrical engineer. He fostered the development of alternating current that made possible the expansion of the electric power industry in the United States, formulating mathematical theories for engineers. He made ground-breaking discoveries in the understanding of hysteresis that enabled engineers to design better electric motors for use in industry. "There are no foolish questions and no man becomes a fool until he has stopped asking questions"
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User talk:Mir07

reading week2 Summary & Narrative in your work Eshipley 2:50, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Good work! Call me when you get a good software setup. I want to start installing the software on my computer, so I can have some fun with my own kinect when the time comes. I'm going to research "making a good exhibit" (project poster) for our next presentation.

read week 3 activities and next task Engsihn 3:33 PM, 15 March 2012.

 * Nice job! Hopefully, you will find a computer with 32-bit OS. I have a OS CD with Windows XP 32-bit, if you got spare computer for formatting.

title: User talk:Mir07


title: File:CORDIC.cpp.1.A.20120228.pdf


text:
School:Electrical engineering/Biography ELE-6

Sidney Darlington (July 18, 1906 - October 31, 1997) was an electrical engineer and inventor of a transistor configuration in 1953, the Darlington pair. He advanced the state of network theory, developing the insertion-loss synthesis approach, and invented chirp radar|, bombsights, and gun and rocket guidance.Darlington joined Bell Labs in 1929, where his first supervisor was Hendrik Wade Bode, and he remained there until he retired in 1971.

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text:
School:Electrical engineering/Biography ELE-7

Donald O. Pederson (September 30, 1925 - December 25, 2004) was an American professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the designers of SPICE, the canonical integrated circuit simulator. From 1953 to 1955, he worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories, in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and lectured at Newark College of Engineering. In 1955, Pederson joined the faculty of the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of the University of California, Berkeley as an assistant professor of electrical engineering. In the late 1970s he began work on SPICE, with his colleagues from the Electronic Research Lab. He retired in 1991, but continued to teach part-time.

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text: File:Orion's celestial cemetary, dagger's tip.jpg


text: File:Orion's Belt.png

title: File:Orion's Belt.png


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Talk:Engineering Projects/Robot end effector/Howard Community College/Spring2012/p1501mjj

video of lego fin ray working fall 2011 204.126.132.241 15:31, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

project grading 1sfoerster (talk) 13:31, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 90 points ... poster is one graphic ... not several


text: File:397056 2980214917177 1616055657 2526275 1045865988 n.jpg


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Talk:Anatomy/Bones

Information to be added
What information can be added to this page to help it along to completion? --Knssilm (talk) 16:19, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anatomy/Bones


text:
User:Jim Bartek

Hello,

I am the Director of a business incubator in Indiana, USA. In this role I advise high tech startup companies. My background is in graphics, visualization, and entrepreneurship. My passion and expertise is around leveraging the following areas for startups and small businesses:

 * Digital & Direct Marketing
 * Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
 * Social Media
 * Sales (mainly B2B)
 * Analytics / Key Performance Indicators / Metrics
 * Operations (mainly for digital companies, not logistics)
 * Business Process Improvement
 * HTML 5, CSS3
 * Graphic design
 * Information Visualization
 * Business Plans
 * Fundraising

You can read more about me at: http://www.linkedin.com/in/jimbartek

I hope to add valuable information about these topics to the Wiki projects. If you've read this you might as well contact me and strike up a conversation.

Best,

Jim

title: User:Jim Bartek


text:
User talk:Engsihn/my work

reading week2 Summary & Narrative in your work Eshipley 3:00, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Nice format on your user page. Good job researching the materials Makerbot uses. That reminds me that we need a materials list and a decisions list. In class today, we can talk about those lists and an exhibit (project poster and other visuals) we can use for our next presentation.

p1 w1 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:43, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/10/0 .. looks like you read a little about the makerbot .. this does not push the project forward

p1 w2 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:09, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/5/0 ... no positive comments on your team mates pages

Javiereduturcios Hey if you need any help on the project ask me

p1 w3 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:18, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 ... nothing to grade

read week 4 narrative Eshipley 6:39, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Sounds like you have really been trying to get that turntable working. I have collected some useful materials for this, and I also know the wire configuration with the Stepper Motor and the Motor Shield.

Javiereduturcios It seems you made some progress Good Job!

week 4 project 1 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 18:41, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/5/20 .. lots of detail in words, but "top down" isn't clear, in the text you referred to a picture that doesn't exist .. and there is no picture or drawing of the box ... no user page for new project, no positive comments on team mates pages

title: User talk:Engsihn/my work


text:
User talk:1wPhipps/enes100/myWork

p1 w1 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:49, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/0 ... no discussion, nothing done ... no commitment over the weekend

p1 w2 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:31, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/0/5 ... good picture ... where are all the of the pictures? nothing planned, no positive comments on your team mates pages

p1 w3 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 19:55, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 .. nothing to grade

p1 w4 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 16:39, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/5/10 .. good pictures of hovercraft, no positive comments on team mates pages

title: User talk:1wPhipps/enes100/myWork


text:
User talk:9484syoon/enes100/personal work page

p1 w1 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:54, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 ... nothing to grade

p1 w2 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:46, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 ... nothing to grade

p1 w3 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:06, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 ... nothing to grade

p1 w4 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 18:19, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 5/0/0 .. nothing to grade


text:
User talk:Brianwcallaghan/myWork

p1 w1 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:56, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/10/75 ... excellent

p1 w2 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:49, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/5/0 ... good description of what was done, but this is just a report. Need pictures of the AutoCAD work. Need the files (even if not finished) uploaded to google docs and linked into the narrative. No positive comments on team mates discuss pages.

p1 w3 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:08, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 .. nothing to grade ... I know you have put many many hours into this project, but there is nothing to show for it ... you need to post the pictures of the presentation you gave, link up the CAM file, etc. otherwise all the work you did is a mystery.

p1 w4 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 18:22, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 5/5/200 ... excellent tutorial on CNC ... no week0 work on strandbeest project ... no positive comments on teammates discuss pages

title: User talk:Brianwcallaghan/myWork


text:
User talk:M'kay M'kay/myWork

p1 w1 grading
 * 10/10/0 ... looks like you are getting started .. good

p1 w2 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:52, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 10/5/0 ... I see a description of what you did ... need pictures .. did you record the starting of the build? what did you learn? what are some tips/tricks that you can give to someone else building the model? did you shoot a youtube video? what is not properly working at this point? slow down, take pictures, this is good work. But without documentation it means nothing. ... no positive comments on team mates pages

p1 w3 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 20:09, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/0/0 ... nothing to grade ... I know you put together the model, I know that it has problems, you could have documented all that and earned a lot of push points ... but physically doing something and not documenting or writing about is not going to get you points in this class.

p1 w4 grading 1sfoerster (talk) 18:25, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 0/5/0 ... no user page set up for second project, no positive comments on team mates pages, nothing that pushes the project forward .. good report of "ideas" but no documentation of the ideas

title: User talk:M'kay M'kay/myWork


text:
User:Bsimon21/enes100

Rubberband Gun Spring 2012

 * /myWork/

Wind Tunnel Spring 2012

 * /myWork Wind Tunnel/

title: User:Bsimon21/enes100


text:
User:Bsimon21/enes100/myWork

''This is designed for a person working on a project for 4 weeks as part of a 3 credit class. Please copy this form to your user page. Then delete everything in italics when filling out this form.''

Write problem/project Goal
Design and make a rubberband gun.

My First Task
What are you going to do for the team this first weekend?

I am going to look up what a rubberband gun is specifically, focusing on the production and design of the gun itself.

Summary of actual work over first weekend
How is what you did different than what you planned?

There was nothing different than what I said I was going to do. I followed through with my task over the weekend.

Week1 Narrative
Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

Initially, I did not know what a rubberband gun was, so I decided to do some investigating. I went through google and YouTube and found videos and pictures of what the gun was and how it was manufactured. The gun's purpose is to fire rubberbands at a rapid rate of 288 within a time frame of 7 seconds; however, I did see some potential road blocks with the project's design itself.

My Second Task
Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the second weekend

During this week I plan on designing and naming the different mechanisms and systems that are occurring with the rubberband gun design.

Summary of actual work over second weekend
How is what you did different than what you planned?

During the week, I had a dream involving the complexity behind the reloading mechanism, so I began to focus more on how the design of the rubberband gun could reload itself without the manual labor behind it.

Week2 Narrative
Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

Over the weekend, I worked my brain and thought of ways to involve a reloading mechanism in the design of the rubberband gun. With the presentation of my dream that I had made to the class, their ideas helped in the possible options for how a rubberband gun could reload automatically, even at the least semi-automatically.

My Third task
Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the third weekend.

During the weekend, I plan on creating a material list along with finishing the naming of the systems and mechanisms involved in the preparation of the rubberband gun. With the material list created, the design of the rubberband gun would be on its way to production.

Summary of actual work over third weekend
How is what you did different than what you planned?

I stuck to the idea that I had and helped collaborate a material list, along with the naming of the systems involved in the rubberband gun.

Week3 Narrative
Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

Over the weekend, the systems of the rubberband gun were named and broken down into the different mechanisms that are occurring within the project as a whole. It also was made that constructing a reloading mechanism would require more time than expected, so the decision was to focus on construction of the gun without it being able to reload automatically. Along with this, the material list was further broken down into correct dimensions that are needed for the construction of the project.

My Fourth task
''Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the final weekend of project work."

This week, the plan is to construct the rubberband gun using the materials gathered, along with the images that Greg has formulated. If all goes well, the rubberband gun will be complete.

Summary of actual work over fourth weekend
How is what you did different than what you planned?

Nothing changed in the plans, the rubberband gun was constructed.

Week4 Narrative
Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

I went out and bought wooden dowels, sized 1/4 and 5/16 of an inch, for the construction of the rubberband gun. The dowels were used for the firing mechanism, along with the placement of the rubberbands on each end of the dowel.

Complete Team Page
Fill out the Team Form (should have already copied the form, created the team page, linked to it and started filling it out).

title: User:Bsimon21/enes100/myWork