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United States currency/$100 bill

Overview
The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency. U.S. statesman, inventor, and diplomat Benjamin Franklin is currently featured on the obverse of the bill, while Independence Hall is featured on the reverse. The bill is one of two current notes that does not feature a President of the United States; the other is the United States ten-dollar bill, featuring Alexander Hamilton. It is the largest denomination that has been in circulation since July 14, 1969, when the higher denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were retired.

The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the "average life" of a $100 bill in circulation is 60 months before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 7% of all notes produced today are $100 bills.

One hundred-dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in mustard-colored straps.

The Numeral four on the clock face on the reverse of the banknote is incorrectly written as "IV" whereas the real Independence Hall (United States) clock face has "IIII".

Large Size Note History
(≈ 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)

 * 1861: Three-year 10 dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3% interest per year. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate, and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott.
 * 1862: The first $100 United States Note was issued with a Bald Eagle on the left side of the obverse. Two different variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording (obligations) on the reverse; the note was issued again in series of 1863.
 * 1863: Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center, and allegorical figures representing "The Guardian" to the right and "Justice" to the left . The two-year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center, a farmer and mechanic to the left, and sailors firing a cannon to the right.
 * 1863: The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a Bald Eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse. The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time.
 * 1864: Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
 * 1869: A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE.
 * 1870: A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued. The note was one-sided.
 * 1870: One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
 * 1875: The reverse of the series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned. Also, TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse. This note was issued again in series of 1878 and 1880.
 * 1878: The first $100 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse. The reverse was printed in black ink, unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued dollar bill.
 * 1882: A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued. The obverse was partially the same as the series 1870 gold certificate; the border design, portrait of Thomas H. Benton, and large word GOLD, and gold-colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained. The reverse featured a perched Bald Eagle and the Roman numeral for 100, C.
 * 1890: One hundred dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut. The note was also nicknamed a "watermelon note" because of the watermelon-shaped 0's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.
 * 1891: The reverse of the series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.
 * 1891: The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed. The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink.
 * 1914: The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor, plenty, America, peace, and commerce on the reverse.
 * 1922: The series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom-left serial number on the obverse.

Small Size Note History
(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)

 * 1929: Under series of 1928, all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design. All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin, same border design on the obverse, and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall. The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers.
 * 1933: As an emergency response to the Great Depression, additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
 * 1934: The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard.
 * 1934: Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public, Federal Reserve bank-to-bank transactions. These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small-sized notes. The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW.
 * 1950: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray numeral 100, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it.
 * 1963: Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the series 1963 A $100 Federal Reserve Note. The obligation was also changed to its current wording,THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse.
 * 1966: The first and only small-sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin. Like the series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes, it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse. The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation. Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note.
 * 1991: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill.
 * March 25, 1996: The first major design change in numerous years took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout. The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting. New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill, optically variable ink (known as O.V.I) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles, a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin, and hard-to-reproduce fine line printing around Franklin's portrait and Independence Hall. Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers, microprinting, and a plastic security thread (which now glows red under a black light) were kept. The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number.
 * Late 2008: The redesigned $100 bill is expected to be released, receiving design changes analogous to the current $20 bill, $50 bill, and $10 bill. According to the Associated Press, the new $100 bills will be released after the re-designed $5 bill is released in spring 2008. Although the redesign has been publicized as routine, North Korean counterfeiting operations are a major concern. The new bills will contain a Crane & Co. security feature called Motion, containing up to 650,000 microlenses embedded in the printing which will allow for the image to shift when the bill is moved. This has been used for the first time ever on the Swedish 1,000-kronor note issued on March 15, 2006.

title: United States currency/$100 bill


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Talk:Paleontology/Introduction/References

hey there i need help because i have to do this project from school and i need to know these things:

how many yards long are they (best guess ) color of eyes are the arms twice as long as the body? do they have 250 air holes on the inner surface of their tenticals? beaked mouth? horned or toothed tongue? how much does it weigh? how many hearts does it have?

thanks, Stuck

 * Look up octopuss mate. Enlil Ninlil 17:38, 5 February 2008 (UTC)


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Atomic orbitals to molecular orbitals

Atomic orbitals to molecular orbitals
We start with the simple principle that atomic orbitals can be combined to give molecular orbitals. In building up our combinations, the overlap between atomic orbitals is determined by their energy, orientation and size.

In the simple example of the hydrogen molecule, the two 1s atomic orbitals (one on each H atom) are combined to give two molecular orbitals: In this case, the energy, orientation and size of the 1s atomic orbitals on each H atom are the same. In the ground state of the hydrogen molecule, the two electrons present occupy the bonding MO, and so hydrogen is a nice stable molecule!

In the next section, we extend this picture to some triatomic molecules.

title: Atomic orbitals to molecular orbitals


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User:Bduke/Workshop

For uploading project images

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Draft:Archive/2024/Hückel method/Computerising Hückel calculations

Computerising Hückel calculations
The presence of the symbols α and β in the equations and the determinant makes it difficult to handle them by computer. However, we can simplify them and in so doing we also get greater insight into what the theory is actually doing.

We take the original equations:

[Equation #1]

We divide through by [beta] and make the substitution:

[Equation #2]

to give:

[Equation #3]

The determinant becomes:

[Equation #4]

This is easily solved, in this case, by hand:

[Equation #5]

It is also easy to solve by computer. The xi terms are the eigenvalues of the matrix:

[Equation #6]

and the C terms are the eigenvectors. The numerical solution for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this type of equation is well developed.

This analysis also shows that the solutions of Hückel theory are determined simply by the connectivity matrix - a matrix that has a 1 in the off-diagonal position corresponding to two linked atoms and 0 elsewhere. This has made Hückel theory a branch of graph theory and some of the theorems of graph theory were worked out in the context of Hückel theory by Charles Coulson and others before the graph theorists got around to them.

Running calculations
You are now in a position to use a simple forms interface to a Hückel theory calculator that allows you to type in the data for any molecule, send the data to the server machine where the calculation is carried out, and then receive back the results. Note that this is going off the wikiversity wiki pages, to a straight HTML web page, which will direct you back here. The image:

 * center top}}||Image:Huckel.gif]]||center bottom}}

is always an indicator of a link out to the calculator. Links have not yet been added.

We start with our

 * center top}}||Image:Huckel.gif]]   ethene example ||center bottom}}

and, to make it even simpler, the data is already loaded into the form.

You will see that the main data is simply to indicate that atoms 1 and 2 are linked. This is all that is needed to construct the connectivity matrix and then perform the calculation.

The results show some features you have not met yet, so we have supplied an ||Hückel annotated results for ethene|annotated version]] of the ethene output.

Now that you have worked through the ethene example, try studying

 * center top}}||Image:Huckel.gif]]    benzene ||center bottom}}

 * Computational Chemistry|Basic Hückel theory|Odd electron and open shell systems}}


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Draft:Archive/2024/Hückel method/Hückel annotated results for ethene

Annotated Hückel calculation results for ethene
Below is the annotated output of the Hückel calculator results for ethene:

BOND       BETA 1    2     1.00000

 * This summarises the data you put in, indicating that the connectivity is 1.0. We call that here the BETA value. It will be different from 1.0 when we introduce heteratoms.

ENERGIES IN ASCENDING ORDER MO NO.  1          2 1.00000  -1.00000

[Equation #1]
 * The energy values as $$x_i$$ are given; i.e.

COEFFICIENTS IN COLUMNS AO NO.  1   0.70711    0.70711 2  0.70711   -0.70711

[Equation #2] The 2 molecular orbitals are: [Equation #3]
 * The coefficients of the atomic orbitals appear in columns.

BOND ORDERS BOND      ORDER 1   2     1.00000

 * Bond orders, in general, are a measure of the numbers of electrons in the bond. This is certainly how it is used in the general qualitative MO picture of diatomic molecules. In Huckel theory, however, it is more a measure of bond strength. Twice the sum of the bonds does not always give the number of electrons. Here it does, but for aromatic compounds twice the sum of the bond orders is greater than the number of electrons and this reflects the extra stability of these compounds. In this case it is saying that the [pi] bond is of order 1.0. Adding the [sigma] bond gives the double bond we expect. Bond orders are calculated from the coefficients of the occupied molecular orbitals.

CHARGE DENSITY, SPIN DENSITY AND FREE VALENCE ATOM   DENSITY        SPIN DENSITY      FREE VALENCE POSITIVE   NEGATIVE ION        ION 1    1.00000     0.50000     0.50000     0.73205   2     1.00000     0.50000     0.50000     0.73205

 * Charge density is, like bond orders, calculated from the coefficients. It gives an estimate of how the [pi] electrons are distributed between the atoms. In this case the two [pi] electrons are equally distributed between the atoms. Spin density is a measure of what the odd electron is doing in an open shell system - in this case the cation and anion derived from ethene by removing or adding an electron. There will be more about this later. Free valence is a measure of how strongly radical substitution will occur at the designated atom.

 * For more detail on bond orders, charge densities, spin densities, free valence etc., click here.

NO OF ATOMS          2 NO OF BONDS          1 NO OF ELECTRONS      2 TOTAL PI ENERGY      2.00000 RESONANCE ENERGY     0.00000

 * The total π electron energy is just the sum of the orbital energies. In this case it is 2 [alpha] + 2 [beta]. The output just sums the xi values. The resonance energy compares the total energy with the energy of the required number of double bonds (using the ethene energy) in a Kekule structure. In this case, therefore, it is not surprising that it is zero. For benzene, it would compare the energy of benzene from the Hückel calculation with the the energy of three ethenes since there are three double bonds in the Kekule structure of benzene.

 * Thus the resonance energy is a measure of how the structure is stabilised by resonance or delocalisation.

To return to ||Computerising Hückel calculations#Running calculations]]

 * Category:Computational chemistry]]


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Draft:Archive/2024/Hückel method

The Hückel method will be introduced through the links below:

 * 1) Introduction to Hückel theory
 * 2) Basic Hückel theory
 * ||Computerising Hückel calculations]]
 * 1) Odd electron and open shell systems
 * 2) Alternant hydrocarbons
 * 3) Comprehension test
 * 4) Adding heteroatoms
 * 5) Exercise: Quinoline
 * 6) Some additional problems

 * Computational Chemistry|Empirical MO methods|Extended Hückel method}}

 * subpagesif}}

title: Draft:Archive/2024/Hückel method


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User:Adrift~enwikiversity

Hello! I am interested in studying at Wikiversity. Will someone contact me for classes that i think i enrolled in?

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User talk:Adrift~enwikiversity

Hello Adrift,

"Will someone contact me for classes that i think i enrolled in?" Well if you do not get feedback in a few days, you can write the people at the Algebra page (instructors/tutors, students). You could also email them (on the left bottom navigation page "E-mail this user"), if they have set it up. If you want you can also visit the Chat. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:44, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Adrift, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:44, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Adrift. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Adrift~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:JHopkins

Welcome
Hello JHopkins, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:46, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

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User:Jre~enwikiversity

First Draft!

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User:Youyou99~enwikiversity/Philosophy of Astrosociobiology and Mind

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Her words had a soothing effect. soft lips/cheeks/skin/hair So how long have u been a member on datemefree Have u ever meet anyone since u joined Are u sure u want a serious relationship honey I feel tired of being lonely That is true, i also feel the same way honey But there is no harm in try and i am willing to give it a chance and i hope u can be the Mr right I am not looking for one night stand, i want everlasting relationship honey Are u willing to give it a try also honey Do u have a webcam honey Yes i will like to see u so i will feel u more I hope am not disturbing u honey So do u live alone or with a roommate Well u can ask me anything u want to know abt me honest ,faithful ,caring and loving most of all giver Was your wife faithful during your marriage? He was faithful to his wife throughout their 30-year marriage. am very tender heart and when i give my heart to someone i did it forever I am looking for real and true love in my life, dont care where Do u come online mostly everyday honey And we have to been intouch more times So that we will know what is going on at both side Do u have any exactly time u do come online the reason why i ask is that cos of the time zone we have to fix exactly time that we will come online so we can talk everyday So when do u think we can meet online so that we can talk I am also feeling like that honey you look very pretty and I love your way of talking awww thank u for the compliments U also look nice looking woman in ur pic at the site and i will like to see more and feel my arms around u I am given my promise that i will do anything in my power to make my wife the hapiest woman on earth if only u love me as u say and want to be with me for real Ok sweetheart, i will talk to you real soon U have fill my heart in a way no one has do that to me i will love u till end of time love and i believe u will do the same thing to me love I want you to be in my arms and will hold u so close and never let go I love you too and i promise you that i will make you the happiest woman on earth I am so overwhelming U have make me so happy babe I love you and i wish u can see the smiles u have put on my face which i believe u wont let it go away forever believe so in u and plz promise me that u are not going to break my heart Well sweetheart, i am feeling sleepy now and will go now I will talk to you 4PM ur time and 9 AM my time ok And i hope u will be here ,, I will be thinking of you till i will fall asleep i think we are free to make of our lives whatever we choose She knocked on the window to attract his attention. There's someone knocking on/at the door. Please knock before entering. We'll get nowhere if all you can do is criticize - knocker - Have you resolved the problem of transport yet? The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along. I didn't ignore her intentionally - I just didn't recognize her. I am really glad that we met and I hope that we both are going to get to know eachother well and establish a long term relationship so what will be your ideal night with your man? My main aim in life is to be a good husband and father. You need to stay in control of your emotions. The car skidded and went out of control, crashing into an oncoming truck. We intend to go to Australia next year I spent half the morning on the phone, which wasn't really my intent. Her persistence and enthusiasm have helped the group to achieve its international success. If the pain persists, consult a doctor. The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week. The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length. Tracey is wearing a simple black dress. What are you wearing to Caroline's wedding? Some musicians don't like to wear rings when they're playing. He wears glasses for reading. She wears very little makeup. With persistence, you will get where you intend to go what seems to be impossible can in fact be achieved you'll bring the very best of your dreams to life Shine a positive light on the things you cannot control. And you'll find plenty of ways to achieve whatever you intend. If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade = to (cause to) lose colour, brightness or strength gradually If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. She lost her virginity at the age of sixteen to the boy next door She remained a virgin till she was over thirty. - Do you think he's still a virgin? the remnants of last night's meal = a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is The days and weeks and years come to an end. And yet it is always now He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women = to cause or allow something to continue Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives/goals. I wish YOU A HAPPY AND PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR IN ADVANCE!!! The value of a dream reside in the process of attainment We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives/goals. We must ensure that we do not set ourselves goals that are not attainable. steady = happening in a smooth, gradual and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly Time and steady persistence will achieve much more than frantic I've been working frantically all week to get it finished on time. I got home to find Lara frantically searching for her keys. i was waiting for you my love i need you in my life honey try to meet me so we can chat love The best choice is to make a choice. You have the power to choose, so make use of it. I appreciate that it's a difficult decision for you to make. I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing this meal. Time passes so quickly when you're enjoying yourself. astonish : to surprise someone very much: I was astonished by how much she'd grown. What astonished me was that he didn't seem to mind. you've got some visitors to see you. I agree with you completely. She's completely mad. He'd completely changed - I didn't recognize him. I hadn't seen her for 20 years, but I recognized her immediately. Do you recognize this song? Doctors are trained to recognize the symptoms of different diseases. He nudged the cat off the sofa so that he could sit down. I gave him a nudge to wake him up.= a gentle push soothe (REDUCE ANGER)  verb   to make someone feel calm or less worried: to soothe a crying baby Her words had a soothing effect incredible (DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE) impossible, or very difficult, to believe: an incredible story It seems incredible that no one foresaw the crisis. fire (EXCITE)  to cause a strong emotion in someone: I had a brilliant English teacher who fired me with The fire (= strong emotion) in her speech inspired everyone excite (MAKE HAPPY)  to make someone have strong feelings of happiness and enthusiasm: Nothing about my life excites me at present. 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I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me). What influenced you to choose a career in nursing? someone who thinks that their career is more important than anything else, and who will do anything to be successful in it Elaine has become a real career woman/girl = is interested in and spends most of her time on her job Judith is very career-minded/-oriented = gives a lot of attention to her job orientate yourself (FIND DIRECTION) UK verb [R] (US orient) to discover your position in relation to your surroundings: If you get lost while you are out walking, try to use the sun to orientate yourself. Have you ever dated someone from another race, culture or religion? Have you ever fallen in love at first sight? = fell, fallen Night/Darkness had fallen by the time we got back to the camp. Is it easy or difficult to get rid of a bad habit? What do you do if you forget an appointment? If he didn't have a secretary to remind him, he wouldn't keep (= remember to be present at) any of his appointments. What time do you like to go to bed at night? How would you spend the time with this person? motto : a short sentence or phrase that expresses a belief or purpose: Her motto is "Work hard, play hard". fulfil my needs it will serve my purposes Did you get along with each other? She failed to notice that her child was no longer in his crib The meeting was a complete and utter waste of time. I walked into the room and found them kissing passionately. his passions are immediately aroused = very powerful feelings a passionate kiss/embrace beauty is in the eye of the beholder?"not all people have the same opinions about what is attractive. I hope this will convince you to change your mind.= make you certain I'm convinced (that) she is lying.= certain I mainly go to bed around midnight.= usually or to a large degree Is there anything special that you'd like to do today? I don't expect special treatment - I just want to be treated fairly. treating someone in a way that is right or reasonable, or treating a group of people equally and not allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment: It's not fair to blame me for everything! Why should I have to do all the cleaning? It's not fair! If anything goes wrong, I'll take the blame (= I will state that it is my fault). I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily.=to keep or continue to have something I'm a bit confused. Was that her husband or her son she was with?=unable to think clearly or to understand something stumble : to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand veer : to change direction All of a sudden, the car veered off the road beat : beat, beaten = Hit : They saw him beating his dog with a stick. The child had been brutally/savagely beaten. She was beaten to death. - He was beaten senseless. oh you getting horny : sexually excited
 * 1) What are some situations that you enjoy?
 * 2) What are some situations that make you feel stressful?
 * 3) How can you eliminate stressful situations?
 * 1) What is your goal in life?
 * 2) Are you a 'morning' or 'night' person?
 * 3) When do you feel best? In the morning, afternoon, or evening?


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 2

A Spoonful of CAFÉ

Wikilinks

 * Corporate Average Fuel Economy
 * Barrel -- what we mean when we discuss "barrels" of oil
 * Clean Air Act
 * Hybrid electric vehicle
 * Chamber of commerce

Questions

 * Was the Wikipedia article on Corporate Average Fuel Economy helpful?
 * Do you think the Wikipedia article on Corporate Average Fuel Economy is biased?
 * If you own a vehicle, does it get at least 35 MPG, as the new standard will require?


text:
Introduction to Swedish/Verb tenses

Grammar
''Swedish verbs have two inflected tenses: present and past. The other tenses are made by combining auxiliary verbs with infinite forms. Swedish verbs have five active forms.''

Verb forms: example arbeta

1st conjugation tenses: example arbeta

2nd conjugation: example bränna 3rd conjugation: example tro 4th conjugation: example finna

Verbs in the 4th conjugation inflect by vowel changes (ablauts) in the preterite and supine forms. These vowel changes vary between verbs but are partly dependent on the vowels in the stem.

Irregular verbs: example gå

Irregular verbs usually follow one conjugation, but have one or two forms out of the ordinary.

The irregular verbs har/hade and ska/skulle are used in complex verb tenses in much the same way as have/had and will/would are used in English.

har & hade

ska & skulle

Note that Swedish does not have a correlate to the English continuous/progressive forms.

Example text
Kalles väg till arbetet

Det var morgon. Kalle gick ut på gatan. Han skulle gå vägen till arbetet. Den här vägen hade han gått många gånger förut. "När jag har arbetat klart ska jag gå hem igen.", sa Kalle. "Fast då går jag nog en annan väg!"

Kalle's way to his work.

''It was morning. Kalle entered the street. He would walk the road to his work. This road he had walked many times before. "When I've finished work I will walk home again.", Kalle said. "But then I'll probably walk another route!"''

Exercises
Please translate into English:

1. De har gått en annan väg.

2. Erik och Lina gick ut på puben.

3. Det var många i parken.

4. Hon har varit duktig.

5. Jag arbetade förut.

Please translate into Swedish:

6. Per, you are lucky!

7. He has another car.

8. She is exiting now.

9. Once upon a time mummy was lucky.

10. What is the meaning of this?

../Answers to exercises/

title: Introduction to Swedish/Verb tenses


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 3

Waste Not....Here

Wikilinks

 * Yucca Mountain
 * Radioactive waste (includes long term management of radioactive waste)
 * Deep geological repository
 * Harry Reid

Questions

 * Do you support nuclear energy?
 * Do you support using Yucca Mountain for storing nuclear waste?


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 4

Cloned Little Piggies Going to Market?

Report by Jeff Young brings up the question, if the meat of cloned animals is safe enough to consume. Share your thoughts on the discussion page.

Wikilinks

 * Cloning
 * Food safety
 * Food and Drug Administration
 * (No article on Stephen Sundlof, the FDA's food safety director)
 * Barbara Mikulski - Democratic Senator from Maryland
 * Rosa DeLauro - Congresswoman from Connecticut
 * Marion Nestle - Author interviewed for this segment
 * Flavr Savr - A genetically modified tomato
 * United States Department of Agriculture

Questions

 * Would you be comortable eating meat or other products from cloned animals?
 * Should meat and other products made from cloned animals be labeled as such?
 * Would your opinion be different if the animals were also genetically modified?


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 5

From Toilet to Tap

Wikilinks

 * Orange County
 * Sewage treatment
 * Reverse osmosis
 * Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
 * Peroxide
 * (note: segment did not specify which peroxide)

Questions

 * Are there water shortages where you live?
 * Would you be comfortable drinking recycled tap water?
 * Does pumping the water into the aquifer for a year before use make it any more palatable?


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 6

Water Calculator

Wikilinks

 * Food & Water Watch

Questions
Take a guess at how many gallons you use per day, then try the calculator.
 * How many gallons do you use?
 * Was your result different than your guess?
 * Do you actively try to conserve water?


text:
Template:Radio discussions-simplequestion-5

This template creates a feedback question, allowing for up to 5 answers (such as rating 1 through 5). The image in the response box will be the same for each answer.

Usage
First, copy the text above and add it to the template page, then fill in as follows:
 * question = enter the question as you want it to appear on the template
 * topic link = this defines what page the " (discuss) " link will lead to. It automatically adds " [[Wikimedian Demographics/ " to the beginning of the link.
 * Image = add the filename of the image you'd like to use, not including the "Image:" prefix. The template automatically sets the size.
 * response 1 = this is what you want the first valid response to be (for example, just enter a "y" if it's a yes or no question)
 * showtext 1 = this will show the text. For example, " likes dogs" (the  will be translated by the template to show the user's name).
 * category 1 = Add the name of the category (without the survey prefix) that you want the template to add. The category created will automatically be prefixed with "Radio Discussions feedback/ / / /" in order to keep track of responses better

Now do the same for response 2 through 5, adding the appropriate text and category.

You can use this template repeatedly on the same page to make a set of questions and responses in order to create a complete template. When you've added all the questions, add them to a preview template, and perhaps to a preloading template as well to make it easier to use. Finally, add instructions for the template.


text: Category:Parenting

title: Category:Parenting


text: Category:Radio Discussions template making templates


text: Category:Radio Discussions templates

title: Category:Radio Discussions templates


text:
Template:Radio discussions-simplequestion-2

This template creates a feedback question, allowing for 2 answers (such as a yes or no question). The image in the response box will be the same for each answer.

Usage
First, copy the text above and add it to the template page, then fill in as follows:
 * question = enter the question as you want it to appear on the template
 * Image = add the filename of the image you'd like to use, not including the "Image:" prefix. The template automatically sets the size.
 * show name = the name of the program (use the name as it appears in the subpage title)
 * show date = the date of broadcast (as it appears in the subpage title)
 * show segment = (just the number)
 * response 1 = this is what you want the first valid response to be (for example, just enter a "y" if it's a yes or no question)
 * showtext 1 = this will show the text. For example, " likes dogs" (the  will be translated by the template to show the user's name).
 * category 1 = Add the name of the category (without the survey prefix) that you want the template to add. The category created will automatically be prefixed with "Radio Discussions feedback/ / / /" in order to keep track of responses better

Now do the same for response 2, adding the appropriate text and category.

You can use this template repeatedly on the same page to make a set of questions and responses in order to create a complete template. When you've added all the questions, add them to a preview template, and perhaps to a preloading template as well to make it easier to use. Finally, add instructions for the template.


text: Template:Radio discussions feedback/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/5


text: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth


text:
Template:Bcpm/prag/2

February

This template makes a link to the January key for Prague, and adds plant pages to Category:BCP/PRAGUE/2 and Category:BCP/Flora of the Czech Republic (it automatically adds ), for plants that have been recorded as flowering in January in Prague.

This template should only be used in the "Prague = " field of Bloom clock plant middle

title: Template:Bcpm/prag/2


text:
User talk:Saisundharp

Namasté Saisundharp, the page you edited before is a general page and therefore I have removed your edit there to here:
 * Sai Sundhar Padmanabhan. India. Pursuing B.Tech in India at Sastra University

If you want you can tell on your user page more about yourself ? Below more info about Wikiversity. Phir milenge Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 15:47, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Saisundharp, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 15:47, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saisundharp


text:
Bloom Clock/Keys/Prague/February

February

 * 1) All plants recorded in February

title: Bloom Clock/Keys/Prague/February


text:
User:Pietrodn

I'm meta:User:Pietrodn. --Pietrodn 17:29, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Pietrodn


text:
User talk:Pietrodn

Hi Pietrodn, welcome and see you hopefully tomorrow. Have fun around here. More info about Wikiversity you can find here, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:32, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately Daan did not yet reply to the email. So I would say let's join in the chat and start talking about Thucydides: The_Peloponnesian War. Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 12:27, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Next date 9 february?
Hi Pietro,

Nice to have you on our group! I am Daan from Holland. Me and Erkan discussed a new date on his talk page. I asked to discuss every saturday and he was ok with it. So, 9 february would be the best, i guess. Erkan wanted to discuss pages 51 to 100 again. Hope to see you saturday afternoon.--Daanschr 18:25, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, Saturday is fine. How about limiting for about 2h and see where we come beginning from 50.
 * So, should we start then at 13 o'clock UTC ? or 14:00 UTC ? I am not sure if the time given on the Thucydides page is CET or UTC. Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 07:24, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

I can't see a time on the Thucydides page. I was looking at CET. We are all living in the CET time zone, so we can just look at our watch without having to care for time zones.--Daanschr 08:35, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * So, I guess this time is convenient for all of you ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:59, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pietrodn


text:
User talk:Gmontag

Welcome
Hello Gmontag, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 18:53, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gmontag


text:
File:Michael Weyandt Seduced by the Dark Side.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 7

Geophonic Works

Wikilinks

 * Climate change
 * Visualization (graphic)
 * Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
 * Ice core

Sound

 * A piece based on El Niño data from the last 150 years by Arvid Tomayko-Peters
 * A piece based on the North Atlantic Oscillation by Arvid Tomayko-Peters


text:
User:Asdunning

I am an author and lecturer with a BSc in Biochemistry (Edinburgh, Scotland) and a PhD in Chemistry (Cambridge, England)

title: User:Asdunning


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Crystallography

Propagation of Waves Along One-Dimensional Crystal with Two Kinds of Atoms

 * Force-balance equations
 * Trial solution
 * With a given value of k, there are two different waves of angular frequency that may be propagated

Solutions with negative sign at k = 0
Acoustic and optic branch

Correspondence to the Identical-Atom Problem
The optical mode is not present in the case with one kind of atom.

Wave Propagation in a Continuous One-Dimensional Medium
The wave velocity is independent of $$\lambda$$

$$v = \sqrt{\frac{c}{\rho}} = \sqrt{ \frac{\beta a^2}{M}}$$

Total Number of Vibrational Modes that May be Supported by the Crystal
The number of vibration modes that can be supported is equal to the number of atoms in the crystal

Propagation of Elastic Waves in Crystals
Relation of stress and strain in a cubic crystal

Cauchy Relation

 * 1) Central Forces
 * 2) Each atom at center of symmetry
 * 3) No initial stress


text:
Wiki Campus Radio/Ozvěny ze světa

This page offers spoken news in Czech language as a result of a project hosted on Czech Wikiversity (called Audio news). News are taken from Czech Wikinews. The aim of the project is to the way, how to make recorder and/or spoken news. Further aims are to get in touch with a software used for recordings, be able to find news and additional information within the Wikimedia Project, use it and offer it in finnal mixture under appropriate license on Wikimedia Commons. It also aims to teach participants to good audio speech and reporter work.

Each participant has to release its news of a day and offer materials used (software, sound card, jingle, source of information) and methods used. Then other participants can say what is wrong and how it could be repaired next time. They can also ask questions to the author and brainstorm ideas how to make more professional work.

title: Wiki Campus Radio/Ozvěny ze světa


text:
Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 9

Wireless Science

Wikilinks

 * High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network


text: User:Whiteknight/Count Ticker/2008/February


text:
User:Betacommand

wikipedia:User:Betacommand

title: User:Betacommand


text: File:Flux from gas phase to silicon surface.png


text: File:Limiting case in silicon oxidation - reaction rate controlled.png


text: File:Limiting case in silicon oxidation - diffusion controlled regime.png


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing

First-Order Planar Growth Kinetics - The Linear Parabolic Model

Oxide grows by indiffusion

Chemical Reaction
$$Si + O_2 \rightarrow SiO_2$$

$$Si + 2 H_2O \rightarrow SiO_2 + 2H_2$$

Transport of the oxidant to the oxide surface
$$F_1 = h_G (C_G - C_S)\;$$

 * $$F_1$$: flux in molecules
 * $$(C_G - C_S)$$: concentration difference between gas flow and surface
 * $$h_G$$: mass transfer coefficient

Equilibrium concentration of a gas species
The equilibrium concentration of a gas species dissolved in a solid is proportional to partial pressure of species at the surface.

$$C_O = HP_S$$

$$C* = HP_G$$

 * $$C*$$:oxidant concentration in oxide that would be in equilibrium with $$P_G$$
 * $$P_G$$: bulk gas pressure

From the ideal gas law:

$$C_G = \frac{P_G}{k T}$$

$$C_S = \frac{P_S}{kT}$$

$$F_1 = h (C* - C_O)$$

Diffusion of oxidant through oxide to interface
In steady state,

$$F_2 = -D \frac{\partial C}{\partial x}$$

$$F_2 = D \left ( \frac{C_O - C_t}{x_O} \right )$$

 * $$C_O$$ and $$C_I$$: concetration at two interfaces
 * $$x_O$$: oxide thickness

Oxygen and water seem to diffuse in different manners, though the effective diffusivities are of the same order.

Reaction at the Si/SiO2 interface
$$F_3 = k_S C_I$$

 * $$k_S$$: interface reaction rate constant

Equating three fluxes
With $$F_1 = F_2 = F_3$$

$$C_I = \frac{C*}{1 + \frac{k_S}{h} + \frac{k_S x_O}{D}}$$ $$C_I \approx \frac{C^*}{1+\frac{k_Sx_O}{D}}$$

$$C_O = \frac{C^* \left (1 + \frac{k_Sx_O}{D} \right )}{1 + \frac{k_S}{h} + \frac{k_S x_O}{D}}$$ $$C_O \approx C^*$$

The approximations are based on the observation that $$h$$ is very large. Gas absorption occurs rapidly compared with chemistry at interface.

Reaction rate controlled - thin oxides

Oxidant supplied to interface fast compared to that required to sustain the interface reaction

$$C_I \approx C^*$$

$$k_S x_O /D << 1$$

Diffusion controlled - thick oxides
$$k_S x_O /D >> 1$$

$$\frac{dx_O}{dt} = \frac{F}{N_1}$$

$$\frac{dx_O}{dt} = \frac{k_S C^*}{N_1 \left (1 + \frac{k_S}{h} + \frac{k_S x_O}{D} \right )}$$

 * $$N_1$$: number of oxidant molecules incorporated

Integrate from initial oxide thickness $$x_i$$ to final thickness $$x_o$$:

$$N_1 \int_{x_i}^{x_o} 1 + \frac{k_S}{h} + \frac{k_S x_O}{D} dx_0 = k_S C^* \int_0^t dt$$

$$\frac{x_O^2 - x_i^2}{B} + \frac{x_O - x_i}{B/A} = t$$

 * $$B=\frac{2DC^*}{N_1}$$
 * $$\frac{B}{A} = \frac{C^*}{N_1 \left ( \frac{1}{k_S} + \frac{1}{h} \right )} \frac{C^* k_S}{N_1}$$

$$\frac{x_O^2}{B} + \frac{x_O}{B/A} = t + \tau$$

$$\tau = \frac{x_i^2 + Ax_i}{B}$$

$$x_O = \frac{A}{2} \left ( \sqrt{1 + \frac{t + \tau}{A^2/4B}} - 1 \right )$$

Limiting forms of the linear parabolic growth law
$$x_O \approx \frac{B}{A} (t + \tau)$$

$$x_O^2 \approx B (t + \tau)$$


text:
Czech Language/Vocabulary Resources

Dictionaries

 * slovnik.cz - a bi-directional, multilingual dictionary, where diacritics are optional.
 * seznam.cz - another simple multilingual dictionary.

General Pages

 * SlovoDne.cz - Czech word-of-the-day.
 * Czech Pronunciator
 * Local Lingo.
 * Owen Leonard's Little Czech Primer, with pictures!
 * Omniglot.
 * James Naughton's Pages. Dr James Naughton is a lecturer in Czech and Slovak at Oxford.
 * Unilang wiki.

title: Czech Language/Vocabulary Resources


text:
Czech Language/Grammar Resources

Wikimedia

 * Czech declension
 * Czech verbs
 * Czech word order

Unsorted
These sources may or may not be free, but they are useful.

 * mikero.com
 * Charles University
 * LocalLingo

title: Czech Language/Grammar Resources


text: Category:Czech Grammar Resources

title: Category:Czech Grammar Resources


text:
Talk:Aristotle/On the Soul: discussion group

Hi, the text might also be imported into Wikisource (see here). Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:45, 2 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Ncouture

Howdy! --Nicolas Couture 11:24, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Ncouture


text: User talk:Emo the Tank Engine

title: User talk:Emo the Tank Engine


text:
User talk:Ncouture

Welcome
Hello Ncouture, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 11:25, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ncouture


text:
User:Erkan Yilmaz/observations/2008 February

observations from Erkan Yilmaz for 2008 February

You are invited to add your comments (e.g. but my perception of this issue is different) - please sign anything you add (howto Signature).

2008 February 3 - contacting different organizations to foster collaboration & The Cape Town Open Education Declaration

 * The Cape Town Open Education Declaration:
 * More info here - don't forget to sign it. Available translations here.
 * So far 1313 signatures (1210 persons + 103 organizations), e.g. Wikimedia (Germany, France, UK, USA)
 * 2011-10-22: 2281 individuals + 242 organizations added, not that much tbh after 3.5 years, why?

 * Following organizations were contacted to foster cooperation with Wikiversity:
 * wikiversity.at
 * net-wiki.de.
 * freitagsrunde.org

 * edit 2011-10-22: nothig lasting, though I guess de.WV + en.WV have their reputation + attract from themselves

2008 February 2 - why not increase collaboration with wikisource ?

 * Portal_talk:Reading_groups

 * edit 2011-10-22: I've respect for WS people: their way of work needs attention, I think their work is undervalued, from what I see it's just the core of them which make the work, but when they once die or leave WS will die too :-( though there was some funding (or was that for Wiktionary?)


text:
User:Abc-maths

English
Spelling for girl

1: One - Two - Three - Four - Five - Six - Seven - Eight - Nine - Ten

2: Blue - Green - Black - Red - Yellow - Orange - Purple - Pink

Spelling for Boy
1: Addition - Subtraction - Multiplication - Division

2: Learn - Following - Page - Copy

3: Book - Day - Read - Write - Spelling

Reading
Read every 2 day one page

Writing
Copy a page of any book in every 2 day

Maths
We are going to learn the following

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

Addition
$$12+12\cdots(1)$$

$$121+123\cdots(2)$$

$$2123+1234\cdots(3)$$

$$341352+49812\cdots(4)$$

title: User:Abc-maths


text: User:RedCoat

title: User:RedCoat


text:
File:Abenisio Script Animated lesson1.pdf

Used with the WikiU Film School Lesson on how to format a movie script


text: File:Hamm musik THE SOUND OF FEAR.ogg

title: File:Hamm musik THE SOUND OF FEAR.ogg


text:
Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War/Meetings/2008-February-2

This is the chat from our meeting on 2nd February 2008 in #thucydides about Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War.

People joining the chat: Dank55, Erkan Yilmaz, pietrodn, remote, Turelion, Viele-baeren

getting to know each other
You are now in #thucydides Topic: Welcome! We are reading at the moment http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thucydides:_The_Peloponnesian_War Herzlich Willkommen! Wir lesen zur Zeit von Thukydides: http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Der_Peloponnesische_Krieg

14:01 - pietrodn joined 14:01 hi pietrodn 14:01 hi pietrodn 14:01 hi all 14:01 ok, should I start with introducing my self ? 14:02 ok 14:02 I am active at de. and en.WV and together with Daan (he is not yet here and did not react on the mail :- we have started this reading group 14:02 let's start :-) 14:02 we had 2-3 meetings and some visitors joining 14:02 but the core is Daan and me 14:02 reading for editing the resource on en.wv? 14:03 yes, that would be one nice outcome, though we can edit many stuff e.g. also on WP 14:03 there are many things possible 14:03 I read mostly a German Thucydides translation 14:03 and I have secondary literature in ENG 14:04 wow 14:04 I see that on en.wv there is the entire resource... why it isn't on Wikisource instead? 14:04 which resource ? 14:04 I think we just have links ? 14:04 the entire text of thucidides 14:04 do you have the link ? 14:05 I though text is just on wikisource + elsewhere 14:05 sorry, it is on wikisource 14:05 it's non an itnernal link 14:05 yes, today I also met someone at WS who said we can make a link here to gather more attraction: 14:06 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal_talk:Reading_groups#public_domain_texts 14:06 but that is for the future 14:06 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so far we are about aphorism 1-50 14:06 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so it is no problem to talk about the first ones (since I haven't read them lately :- 14:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>do one of you know already something about the Peloponnesian War ? 14:07 Yes, I know the first phase 14:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>cool 14:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>remote: what about you ? 14:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you just joined because you saw there was a meeting or ? 14:07 "archedamical"? I don't know how it's called in English... 14:08 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the archidamian war 14:08 <Erkan_Yilmaz>431-421 BC 14:08 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietro - where did you get to know the Peloponnesian War ? 14:09 no i'm a lurker 14:09 Erkan_Yilmaz: at school, we're studying it 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>super, lurkers are welcome here 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietro - oh really ? 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>to how much extent ? 14:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hours per week ? 14:10 * Erkan_Yilmaz does not remember anymore doing this in school 14:10 3-4 hours of history per week 14:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>wow, impressing 14:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>is this normal ? 14:11 - Dank55 joined 14:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hello Dank55 14:11 <Dank55>hello/hallo 14:11 Erkan_Yilmaz: I attend this school: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_scientifico 14:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>we are just about to start the meeting 14:11 (PNI) 14:11 * Erkan_Yilmaz clicks 14:12 I'm at the first year 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well we had in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 only 1,5 h per week 14:13 <Dank55>your english is quite good, pietrodn 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and then later in 12th + 13th class I took as major history (besides maths, english and sports) 14:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn you know Dank55 ? he is an active robotics interested person 14:14 No, I don't know him. 14:14 Dank55: :-) 14:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw: Dank55 is not the Daan I mean 14:14 (Now I know him :-P ) 14:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 14:14 <Dank55>yes...and i'm also, apparently, to get the WP people to be more tolerant of the needs of roboticists...that's a harder accomplishment, and a greater one :) 14:14 <Dank55>the first to get, i mean 14:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well sounds to me like one way the old ancient people do when they are gathering in their meetings to decide about some important action 14:15 <Dank55>but...i am distracted from thudydides...i am a bit busy but i will listen in 14:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Dank55 cool - you are like remote (he said he will be lurking :-) ) 14:16 <Dank55>i read herodotus in college (in greek...i have forgotten my greek), and a little thucydides 14:16 * Erkan_Yilmaz can not speak Greek :-( 14:17 * pietrodn can't speak Greek, too 14:17 * remote lurks some more 14:18 * Erkan_Yilmaz loves remote

starting
14:18 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so pietrodn how should we begin ? 14:19 I think we should begin with the conflict between Athens and Sparta 14:19 The different POV of the society 14:19 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok 14:20 Athens is democratic, Sparta is aristocratic 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you mean like: Spartans with their oligarchic system and Athens with their democratic polis ? 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 14:20 yes 14:20 <Dank55>spartans had much in common with the beginnings of the roman empire, 14:20 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, how is this ? example ? 14:21 <Dank55>there was a sense that life was hard, every citizen owed a debt, and not much more should be expected from life 14:21 <Dank55>they had great pride in their ability to endure suffering 14:21 <Erkan_Yilmaz>interesting, I guess this was also for Athens in one way or ? that they would do anything for their polis 14:22 <Erkan_Yilmaz>though they were richer 14:22 Erkan_Yilmaz: they were richer because of the Delian League 14:22 <Dank55>not every athenian was idealistic...in fact most weren't...but there was great pride in the athenians who were idealistic, who were thinkers and poets 14:22 <Dank55>the spartans thought that such an outlook was corrupting, dangerous 14:22 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Dank: ah, I see 14:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Delian League: well this was achieved because Sparta did not continue their expanison in asia minor and Athens could succeed there with their navy 14:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Sparta came back to their policy to restrict only on the Peloponnese 14:24 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Dank: do you have some examples about this being not so many not idealistic ? 14:24 Athens made up a very imperialistic politic with the poleis of the Delian League... 14:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you mean that they started to force them tributes or military resources for their help (somehow that reminds me of the mob/mafia :-) ) 14:25 yes, they were not so democratic in this sense 14:25 <Erkan_Yilmaz>indeed 14:26 An example of this is the isle of Melo. Melo was neutral, and Athens menaced Melo. 14:26 <Dank55>what we know about the golden age of greece is constructed from many artifacts (that is, things that archeologists dig up), but surprisingly little written material... 14:27 <Dank55>therefore, we have to make guesses that are not guaranteed to be accurate about the majority of greeks, 14:27 * Erkan_Yilmaz looks up where Melos lies 14:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos 14:27 <Dank55>but the artifacts suggest that most saw themselves as simple farmers or warriors, with a few merchants 14:27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos 14:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I see the island is pretty much out of reach 14:28 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well the other islanders probably were just self-interested or there was no more naval power available in that region (other naval powers were Corinth, Corcyra, ...) 14:28 Every polis had to be with Athens, or with Sparta. 14:28 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Dank55 I have read that things on so called steles are there 14:28 The could not be neutral. 14:28 *they 14:29 <Dank55>yes, steles are useful 14:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and how are books like the ones from Herodot or Homer survive the centuries ? because they are copied many times ? 14:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn - yes, obey the strong ones to survive 14:30 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the small islanders might have thought perhaps: the strong ones can do what they like as long as it does not interfere with our freedom and if so, then we are in a bad situation 14:31 <Erkan_Yilmaz>as I see, Sparta's inactivity on expansion in these areas gave Athens the possibility to expand 14:31 <Erkan_Yilmaz>what about Persia ? they probably had also bad feelings to Athen's expansion 14:32 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I mean having cities in Asia Minor (on Persia's territory) 14:32 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but since they were beaten, not much to do for them until their time came 14:32 Persia and Athens were not in war, they signed http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Callias 14:34 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so they had some kind of agreement which allowed Athens to expand 14:36 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so Athens expands and expands and some people do not like this for some reasons 14:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and to come to Thucydides' book then there is this "incident" with Epidamnos 14:38 - Viele-baeren joined 14:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hello Viele-baeren 14:38 Hi Viele-baeren. 14:38 <Viele-baeren>hi Erkan_Yilmaz 14:38 <Viele-baeren>hi pietrodn 14:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>guys may I introduce Viele-baeren from the German Wikibooks 14:39 <Viele-baeren>Erkan_Yilmaz: no, im not really active there. I am ABF@commonswiki 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, I see - and do you know something about the Peloponnesian War ? 14:39 <Viele-baeren>hi all of you :) 14:39 - Turelion joined 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>wow another one 14:39 Hello Turelion. 14:39 <Turelion>Hi 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>hi Turelion 14:39 <Viele-baeren>Erkan_Yilmaz: yes, learned a bit about it in year 6 of history 14:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>great 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>actually today all people here in this meeting are new 14:40 <Viele-baeren>but i forgott nearly everything :( 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so it is a great opportunity to begin fresh 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>where is Dank55 and remote again ? 14:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you are here ? 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Turelion do you know the Peloponnesian War ? 14:41 <Dank55>i'm more remote than remote is :) 14:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>haha 14:41 :-D

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14:42 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Viele-baeren - so you would like to participate today - in some kind of form ? we just talked shortly about the situation of Athens with the expansion

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14:42 <Turelion>Erkan_Yilmaz, not exactly, I guess it is the time after the persian wars (eg. seafight of salamis) and before Alexander the great 14:42 <Erkan_Yilmaz>it is about 431-404 BC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peloponnesian_War

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14:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so where were we with the Peloponnesian War again ? 14:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Athens is expanding and obviously some people do not like this

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14:49 <Erkan_Yilmaz>pietrodn should we continue e.g. like with the Epidamnos conflict, so others can join fresh with the book ? 14:49 I don't know what the Epidamnos conflict is... 14:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the incident where Corinth and Corcyra fight over and this involves Athens into it 14:50 * Erkan_Yilmaz is searching a WP link

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14:58 Erkan_Yilmaz: At the beginning it was not a real war, Athens and Sparta embarked on disturb actions 14:58 Athens was stronger on the sea, and Sparta was stronger on the earth 14:58 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, it began with not directly them but their allies 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and they actually divided their territories regarding their abilities 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>it could perhaps be said that their allies (e.g. Corinth) drove them ultimately to war 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>or the war-liking factions in Sparta and Athens 14:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>though Thucydides tells that Sparta's fear of Athenian power growth lead to it 15:00 <Erkan_Yilmaz>one of the catalysators: the incident about Epidamnos Durr%C3%ABs which lead also to: Battle of Sybota 15:00 <ABFbot>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%25C3%25ABs#Greek_foundation 15:00 <ABFbot>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota?redirect=no

history often directly results from geography
15:01 <Turelion>I have once learned, that history often directly results from geography, and I think ancient greece is a good example. 15:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ah, you can elaborate on this more ? 15:02 <Turelion>Of course, I just waited on your question ;-) 15:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>haha 15:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so I should ask you more then ? 15:02 <Turelion>greece is a country full of hills, which part effictively all the regions. 15:03 <Turelion>So ancient greece became a land full of differencies 15:03 <Turelion>Athen, the city of wisdom 15:03 <Turelion>Sparta, the city of war 15:03 <Turelion>Corinth, the city of trade 15:04 <Turelion>Delphi, the city of religion 15:04 <Turelion>and i think, you can find other examples 15:04 <Turelion>Persia was much greater, but from east to the west it was far more the same. 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Athens' soil was indeed not so good which as it says in Thucydides made it ideal for people to join them (because they were not in trouble by others who wanted their land) and which lead probably to the naval activities to get grains from the black sea 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and I guess Corinths position in between Peloponnes and other Greece made it ideal for bypassers 15:05 <Turelion>That is another thing, which helps my thesis: To Greece belong lots of insulas and penninsulas 15:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:704px-Greece_topo.jpg 15:06 <Turelion>Greece was great at sea 15:06 <Turelion>sea 15:06 <Turelion>sea 15:06 <Turelion>Seefahrt 15:06 <Turelion>Sailing? 15:06 <Erkan_Yilmaz>seafaring 15:06 <Turelion>Thanks 15:07 <Turelion>Also because of their geography 15:07 <Turelion>But, back to the war 15:07 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok, so Athens and Corinth and Corcyra were good with their navy (Athens + Corinth being in the same region) 15:07 <Turelion>Greece was predestinated to develop more than one dominating cultures 15:08 <Turelion>And one day this had to lead to war. 15:08 <Turelion>Did I make myself clear? 15:09 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yes, you are saying like: that they could develop undisturbed though to their geographic situations and when they want to expand they reach the freedom borders of others - like this ? 15:09 <Turelion>Yes, I think, thats it. 15:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok, makes sense 15:11 <Erkan_Yilmaz>at the begin of Thucydides it is also told that the barbarians always came into Greece and dispelled the previous owners of land since they had no fortifications and such and e.g. Athens due to its bad soil could be spared from such and involve not so much in the lifestyle by sword 15:12 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and e.g. Lesbos and Chios since Islands were also not harmed by intruders and could develop a good navy 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and since the entrance to Peloponnes is also "guarded" by some cities this also makes it with less intruders into their (though they have other internal probs) 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so their are several powers developing Greece 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>there 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>in 15:13 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I shoudl really look more on my typos :-) 15:14 <Turelion>^^

plague of Athens
15:14 Should we discute on the pestilence in Athens on 429 BC? 15:14 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you mean the plague ? 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>o, why not 15:15 yes 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>dont know much so about it - just heard that Thucydides describes it in detail, but I did not read the paragraph itself yet 15:15 <Erkan_Yilmaz>it could enhance to such an extent because of the many people inside of the walls ? 15:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>as I read quite many people died 15:16 my History teacher gave us the text of Thucidides, but there weren't enough copies... I don't have one at the moment 15:16 <Erkan_Yilmaz>we could find it in wikisource I am sure 15:17 Erkan_Yilmaz: Pericles packed the population of Athens inside the city, so the plague spread quickly 15:18 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yeah I read once that even sanctuaries were not spared to fill people in there 15:18 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well I wonder if Pericles also thought of this happening ?

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15:21 Erkan_Yilmaz: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_2#Second_Year_of_the_War_-_The_Plague_of_Athens_-_Position_and_Policy_of_Pericles_-_Fall_of_Potidaea I read this today 15:21 (in Italian) 15:21 * Erkan_Yilmaz clicks 15:22 Erkan_Yilmaz: Pericles didn't know how to avoid plague 15:23 <Erkan_Yilmaz>did they have such bad sanitary devices ? because I guess with ships they could bring much food (with vitamins) or probably not all people inside the city could afford that and from there it spread ? 15:25 Erkan_Yilmaz: I think the Greeks didn't know how to cure plague, they didn't isolate the ill people 15:25 but they was a lot solidal, even with the plague 15:25 *were 15:26 <Erkan_Yilmaz>isolating: wouldn't people do this automatically ? I mean people normally fear - so they would fear infection 15:27 <Turelion>I have once heard a story about troy: The people did not clean up their floor. They waited, until there was enough wastes lying on it. Then they made a new layer of plaster floor (german: Estrich) on it. 15:27 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I also read that the plaque infected their army in other regions like this: they send troops from Athens and so this harmed them also 15:28 <Turelion>Troy was just around the corner, and just a few centuries before that. 15:28 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Turelion - who knows perhaps they wanted the methane to warm their feet ? :-) 15:28 <Turelion>rofl 15:28 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 15:28 Erkan_Yilmaz: Yes, they was scared, but some people wanted to cure the ill people... and got infected 15:29 <Erkan_Yilmaz>that is bad :-( 15:29 <Turelion>I wanted to say, that they perhaps did not have the knowledge 15:30 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so the plaque took many people, e.g. Pericles 15:30 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but still Athens was in a condition to continue and Sparta did not use the opportunity to make a peace on favourable terms 15:32 <Erkan_Yilmaz>perhaps they thought that Athens could be destroyed completely after the plaque 15:32 Erkan_Yilmaz: the doctors were infected, because they tried to cure the plague 15:33 <Erkan_Yilmaz>let me read the intro here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens don't know this section in Thucydides 15:35 1/3 of the Athens people died because of the plague 15:35 <Erkan_Yilmaz>quite much 15:36 «Thucydides stated that people ceased fearing the law since they felt they were already living under a death sentence. Likewise people started spending money indiscriminately. Many felt they would not live long enough to enjoy the fruits of wise investment, while some of the poor unexpectedly became wealthy by inheriting the property of their relatives. It is also recorded that people refused to behave honourably because most did not expect to live 15:36 this is an important thing IMHO 15:37 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well I guess it is hard to imagine how it is since I was not in such a situation, but I guess this is a normal reaction to external factors (e.g the disease) ? 15:38 <Erkan_Yilmaz>since the disease makes no division after some kind of factor (e.g. wealth, young/old, male/female) it can have bad effects 15:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>imagine all necessary people die in the first wave and nobody with experience available 15:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>people have to learn how to do their functions and would make mistakes 15:39 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and as you said, the doctors got infected 15:40 <Erkan_Yilmaz>one way could be to bring in doctors from elsewhere with ships ? or perhaps they did not want to enter the danger zone ? 15:41 <Erkan_Yilmaz>or a strict division of killing the infected - I mean in the course of the war they did many killings (also to people who already surrendered) 15:42 Erkan_Yilmaz: Nobody knew how to cure the plague... it's like our avian flu 15:43 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well then another option is to leave the city - save the kids and females first :-) - and spread the disease to the rest of the world 15:43 uhm... it's not a good comparison 15:43 (mine) 15:43 :-D 15:43 it's not a good idea :-P 15:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok, but somehow the plaque stopped 15:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>do you want to talk more on the effects of the disease or the time specifically ? 15:44 Erkan_Yilmaz: Thucidides ws infected, but he survived 15:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>on the disease itself I can not tell you much, would have to read the article 15:44 *was 15:44 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so, if he would not have survived, how tragic for us 15:45 We can go on :-) 15:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but perhap somebody else would have written the history 15:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so another thing in mind: 15:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so the Spartans did actually a good thing by besieging Athens :-) LOL 15:45 <Erkan_Yilmaz>to restrict it to a certain area only 15:46 :-P 15:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>well I guess the Spartan troops also fled 15:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>they probably feared infections too 15:46 «The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease.» 15:46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens 15:46 <Erkan_Yilmaz>that is a good war weapon :-) 15:46 yes, but you can't control it! 15:47 <Erkan_Yilmaz>true

outro
15:48 Erkan_Yilmaz: the next topic is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias ? Or there are other important events? 15:49 <Erkan_Yilmaz>the Peace came 421 15:49 <Erkan_Yilmaz>you just missed 10 years of war :-) 15:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I am privately starting with the Peace of Nicias soon 15:50 :-D 15:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>in the course itself we were at Book1, 1-50 (50-100) 15:50 Erkan_Yilmaz: At school we didn't study so much details 15:50 <Erkan_Yilmaz>but since we are the two only talking right now (besides Turelion chipping in) we can cover many other events 15:51 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so until the Peace of Nicias I can give you some input with facts and for the other I would have to assume what might be probable 15:51 <Erkan_Yilmaz>e.g. from the time 431-421 there was: 15:52 <Erkan_Yilmaz>perhaps we can find a timeline 15:52 <Erkan_Yilmaz>one mom 15:53 there was Cleone 15:54 <Erkan_Yilmaz>here is one graphical: http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/ancient_wars_and_conflicts/peloponnesian_wars/ 15:54 <Erkan_Yilmaz>should we follow this one ? 15:54 <Erkan_Yilmaz>death of Pericles is because of the plague in Athens so that we covered :-) 15:55 wow, that's a cool timeline 15:55 <Erkan_Yilmaz>yup, but it misses some events 15:55 <Erkan_Yilmaz>and also would be good if with a click it goes to a page with more info 15:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>who knows in the course of this project we could build such a time line 15:56 <Erkan_Yilmaz>or we find a better one 15:56 we can create one with EasyTimeline :-P 15:56 It's not very easy, though. 15:57 <Erkan_Yilmaz>looks nice: http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline 15:59 <Erkan_Yilmaz>as I see it is available in WV: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Version 15:59 yeah, I've used it for representing a piece of the history of criptography, but i don't remember the syntax now. http://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Utente:Pietrodn/Sandbox 16:00 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok 16:02 <Erkan_Yilmaz>so pietrodn - what do we do now ? we could continue or make it stop for now (we have already 2h) ? did you like the meeting ? what about you Turelion - wanna join also other meetings ? 16:02 Now I'm going to stop - I should make my homework 16:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>ok - what about you Turelion ? 16:03 <Turelion>Erkan_Yilmaz, no, sorry, at the moment my mind deals to much with programming 16:03 <Erkan_Yilmaz>btw guys: what do you think on making this chat publically available ? so other interested persons can see what we did ? 16:04 <Erkan_Yilmaz>I would remove material not to do with the Peloponnesian War 16:04 Erkan_Yilmaz: you have my authorization to publish the log of this chat 16:05 :-) 16:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>also send you what is going to be made available before publishing 16:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>thx pietrodn 16:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Turelion - what do you say ? 16:05 <Erkan_Yilmaz>Dank55 remote Viele-baeren - what do you say ? 16:05 * Viele-baeren away 16:10 <Turelion>I'm content with publishing the chat-log 16:10 <Erkan_Yilmaz>thx Turelion 16:18 <Dank55>you have my authorization 16:18 <Dank55>in fact, i feel strongly that everyone should read my magnificent thoughts 16:18 <Erkan_Yilmaz>great 16:19 <Dank55>(that was humor, in case there are people here whose english is not good) 16:19 <Erkan_Yilmaz>:-) 16:21 <Dank55>what was the plague, possibly the black death (yersinia pestis)? 16:21 <Dank55>or smallpox? 16:21 <Turelion>There are 29 candidates for it. 16:21 <Dank55>wow 16:22 <Turelion>Including Ebola 16:23 - remote left 16:23 <Turelion>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attische_Seuche#Hypothesen 16:23 Dank55: black death

todo

 * build a time line


text:
User talk:Janewilson90

Welcome
Hello Janewilson90, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 16:33, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Janewilson90


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Template:Radio discussions feedback/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/2

usage:


text:
User:Dangwhatno

Aw man it is too early in the morning for this crap

title: User:Dangwhatno


text:
User:Conrad.Irwin

I am a clone of wikt:User:Conrad.Irwin, anything you want me to hear should be said here not |here. Conrad.Irwin 19:42, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Conrad.Irwin


text: User:Raimondo

title: User:Raimondo


text:
User talk:Sidon~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Sidon, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 22:27, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sidon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sidon~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sidon~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Conrad.Irwin

Welcome
Hello Conrad.Irwin, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! SB_Johnny | talk 23:36, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conrad.Irwin