text:
Comparative law and justice/Peru

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

Lgomez 7938 22:56, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Practical Information
Peru is considered by many as one of the most beautiful places in the world. This country, located in South America, has a unique geography. With an abundance of mountains, exotic jungles, and enormous valleys, Peru is rich in culture. Peru is divided into three regions, its coastal area, highlands, and jungles. The Coastal area in which is next to the Pacific Ocean contains fertile valleys, various deserts, and gorgeous beaches. The Highlands have enormous mountains, such as the Andes Mountains. These mountains can be as high as 6.768 meters above sea level. The third part of Peru is divided by tropical jungles in which much of its vegetation is produced.

"* Inhabitants: ~ 32.897.070

 * Area of Peru: 1.285.220 km² (496.226 square miles)
 * Currency: Nuevo Sol (PEN)
 * Spoken languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymará
 * Borders with: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador
 * Capital: Lima
 * Seat of the congress/parliament: Lima
 * Seat of the government: Lima
 * Head of State and Government Chief: Martín Vizcarra
 * Typical products: fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, petroleum, coffee, sugar, cotton
 * Voltage: 220 V / 60 Hz
 * Telephone prefix number, Peru phone country code: +51
 * Time Zone: GMT/UTC -5 hours" (This Data was copied form the Webpage SpanishCourses)

Demography characteristics have decreased through the years in the country of Peru. With smaller percentages of fertility and mortality, the countries birth rate has decreased over one-fourth of its 1975 levels and the death rates have deduced by half. Because of this reason, people ages 15-64 are allowed to work. The population of Peru is still indigenous. 70 percent of the people that live in rural areas, which are considered indigenous, have more income and more resources than those that live in the cities.

Like most parts of the world, Peru's religion varies and has multiplied over the years. Christianity is a religion that has grown and expanded through the world. Even so, Roman Catholicism continues to be the official religion of Peru. In 2003, a study shows that there are 81 percent of people that are Roman Catholic in this country.

Quick History
Peru has an immense history. The Inca empire had established in Peru, also known as one of the biggest empires. However, the Incas were not the first humans to have lived in Peru, the indigenous people were. After 2500 BC, it was proven that indigenous people inhabited Peru. Through studies, it was proven that because of the climate change in Peru, the indigenous people and their culture were obligated to move. Nature's forces moved them to other lands that were more fertile and where there were more thriving rivers and valleys. Through this change, the indigenous people, or as they are more well known as the antique Peruvian, started to evolve. Some of the new cultures that were developed included the Chavin and the Sechin. The Chavian culture is recognized today because of its creative religion, which was known for using figurative depictions of various animals. The Sechin grew to focus more about military and did not focus about their culture or religion.

After time passed, the Chevin and the Sechin population started decreasing, causing their culture to become less popular and giving an opportunity for other cultures to rise. New cultures, such as the Saliner and the Paraca, which where a major advancement for Peru, brought technological and artistic structure to the country. Today, the inventions of these tribes seem minute when compared to the accomplishments of the Inca civilization. The Inca tribe was no different from other tribes, however, it started to grow until it became a very powerful empire. By the year 1430, the Incas controlled 1 million square kilometers of Peru. Inca’s are well known today for their complex artwork creations such as architecture made from a lot of gold, with most of their creations located in Machu Picchu and are still standing today.

Unfortunately, all good things have to come to an end. The Inca Empire was driven out by the Spanish conquistadors through a powerful war. The war lasted for seven years, but in the end, the Spanish prevailed.

For the reasons stated above, this is why there are now so many different cultures in Peru. Even though the Spanish conquered Peru, a lot of the traditions and cultures stayed in the lives and hearts of the Peruvian people. Many still, until this day, speak their original language, even of the national language is Spanish.

Economic Development, Health, and Education
According to Canadian International Development Agency, Peru's priority, like the United States, is to focus on securing its land through democracy, stability, security, and human rights. Because of the country's discipline, their economy has been one of the best in South America in recent years. Through the past few years, Peru has been hit with an economic crisis, however, since the slow of domestic product, their falling economy has not had such an impact because of the macroeconomic fundamentals and their anti-crisis plan; the economy in Peru has recuperated rapidly. Even though Peru seems perfect when looking at the beautiful geography, rich history, and stable economy, the country is not meeting its standards when it comes to education, which is one of the biggest problems for the country as a whole. Peru’s education is categorized as having the worst quality among Latin America and the whole Caribbean. According to CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), the government has made this problem a priority to improve. Their plan is to target the rural areas so that more kids can get into schools and women and indigenous groups can get the opportunity to be educated also. If this plan goes into effect, the future of this country will look much brighter.

Government
Government in Peru is somewhat similar to the United States. Peru, like the United States, fought for its independence and obtained freedom on July 28th, 1821. After its independence was obtained, leaders of the country decided that the countries ideology was going to be based on democracy, which means that the country will be based on people's rights and duties. After this decision had been made, leaders of the country decided to create a document that ought to respected that separation power. The paperwork lead to the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and the Executive Branch. This document, like the United States, is called The Constitution of the Republic of Peru. The Constitutionl After many discussions between leaders of Peru, General Jose de San Martin discussed what the Constitution would include. The fist official copy of the constitution was written in the year 1822. The document needed to be edited many times, especially for the voting purposes. Issues such as Nominal Democracy between the years of 1822-1895, Literate Masculine Democracy between the years of 1931-1955, Literate Mixed Democracy between the years of 1956-1978, and the Universal Democracy which were from 1979-to date caused a change in the document. In 1993, the congress of Peru accepted the statement that everyone had the right to vote as long they are 21 years of age. "These rights aim at benefiting traditionally excluded sectors of the population, making it possible citizens’ participation in the decision-making process, and integrating them into the conduction of our national destiny."

Today, the county of Peru follows Direct Democracy, which means that the people are ought to elect their former representatives and their president. Peru can turn into a country in which its democracy can be represented, in other words a country exactly like the United States, in which representatives of the government are who truly elect our president. According to J.C. Madroñal, the problem that comes from government is that Direct Democracy is not truly fellowed in this country. He states that this might be due to the fact that this regulations were recently integrated in their government.

Elections
As a Proportional Representational country, the people are allowed to elect their president more than once. The role of Vice President utilizes the same concept, but he cannot take constitutional actions unless the president cannot fulfill his responsibility.

After the constitution was created, voters where oppressed and where giving regulations on who was able to vote. This constitution did not address peoples' rights or at least it was not taken in to consideration. These where some of the regulations:

"1.	Local authorities prepared the electoral register.

2.	Citizens with voting rights went to hear a mass in honor of the Holy Spirit, after which they elected the members of the polling stations.

3.	Once a table was set up, its members determined the number of voters who, in each district, made up an electoral college.

4.	The voters, in the capital of provinces, should choose among candidates to senators, representatives and the presidency o f the republic. These acts were real pitched battles in which groups of mercenaries fought to take control of the voting tables by force. The defeated groups submitted to Congress a “duality” (second alternate result) or a “triality” (third alternate result).

5.	The only voting control unit was the Congress itself. Each of the houses assessed the credentials of those chosen to join them. Their decisions were mainly based on political criteria, a vice that worsened with the 1860 Constitution, which prescribed the congressional renewal by thirds, since the ruling majoritthe right to vote is exercised by all Peruvians older than twenty-one years of age, or married younger than that age, who can read and write, and are registered in the Civic Register of their domicile.”y, through this mechanism, sought to keep control of the respective house." (This Data was copied form the Webpage Historical Outline of the Congress)

After some time, this type of regulation was revised and the right to vote was exercised by all "Peruvians older than twenty-one years of age, or married younger than that age, who can read and write, and are registered in the Civic Register of their domicile.”

Judicial Review
Peru's 'executive' body is lead by President, Alberto Kenyo Fujimori. The President is chief of the the state and head of the government. Peru's President is appointed to a cabinet, which is called the Council of Ministers. It consist of 17 members, who follow the creation in 2010 of a ministry of culture. These members of the executive body are appointed by the president who must be pointed to the congress. Every law that is passed must be reviewed by the Council of Ministers. Ministers don't have much power in the Executive Branch, so all power lies on the President.

The 'Legislative' Branch consists of 120 Members in congress; their task is to pass laws, endorse treaties, look over the government budget as well as approving it, and consenting government loans.

The third wing of the Peruvian government is the 'Judiciary'. The Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia is the sole functioning judicial body in Peru. The Judicial Branch is held by 16 members in the Supreme court. This system consists of a Constitutional Tribunal. Superior court and Court of First instance. Constitutional Tribunal duty is to follow the Constitution to protects individuals rights. Superior court is where or the revisions and appellations of decisions from lowers courts are made.

Courts and Criminal Law
Peru functions under the Civil Law system.

The following are the duties of each court system in Peru. Although these are not the exact names of the different legal courts, they give a general information that might help understand. Further in the page it will be explain the different legal structures.

"Civil Courts: have jurisdiction over all topics relating to Civil Rights excluding Family Law.

Criminal Courts: have jurisdiction over crimes and other topics relating to Criminal law.

Labor Courts: have jurisdiction over topics relating to Labor law.

Family Courts: have jurisdiction over topics relating to Family law.

Commercial Courts: have jurisdiction over topics relating to Commercial law"

Court Structure
Peru's court is organized in to five levels; Courts of Justices of the Peace, Courts of formally qualified Justices of the Peace, Courts of Special Jurisdiction, Superior Courts, Supreme Court, and Constitutional Court. (These categories are explained in the table below). The court system in Peru has a judiciary that is organized by 27 court circuits or judicial circuits. These circuits or districts are composed by geographic political boundaries of the departments that make up the country. Its is the Executive council of this country who decides the policies and creates the plan of the Judiciary.

(This Data was copied form the Webpage from IFES RU L E OF LAW OC C A S ION A L PA P E R SE R I E. )

Adversarial -VS- Inquisitorial System
Since the Constitution of Peru and its democratic rules came to effect in this country, a lot of people have been trying to change their legal system from Inquisitorial to an Adversarial system. Inquisitorial system, means that this system is controlled by the judges or investigators who collect evidence to get to the case truths, this process may take months very often even years of very confidential evidence to eventually be revealed and for the judge to decide on a case. Adversarial system allow their trials to be more open, defendants are allowed to hear evidence against them, lawyers are more involve in the trial and judges have to base their decisions of the evidence presented by the lawyers.

According to Marcela Sanchez, legal systems are supposed to make the people of their country feel free and most importantly part of their country, however, the fact that their country is Inquisitorial, excludes people from being part of important hearings.

Legal Personnel
Peru’s court system is designed to protect its people and the peace of the country itself. The court system is composed of several actors that consist of court staff, police, prosecutors, public registrar employees, attorneys and judges. The judge’s role is the most important one in the court system as actors. This is because their responsibility is to guide the court and its process. Judges have the duty to maintain the speed in which the courts run. Judges in Peru are supposed to attend four years of college and are usually appointed for court by the executive branch. For a judge to be apointed for supreme court, he must be at least 45 years old, be a born citizen of Peru, and have a lot of experience in the law.

Lawyers play a significant role in the court system in Peru since they are the ones who defend the rights of the people. The public Ministry (Ministerio Publico) seeks the legal rights for people who are convicted in Peru. The Prosecutor’s office (La Fiscalia) is who investigates crimes and take charge of criminal prosecutions. There are other organizations that help make this task possible by composing 1497 prosecutors in Peru. Another form of seeking human rights is the Peru National Public Defender’s Service, which consists of a body of 256 public defenders in 2002. Their role is to work in conjunction with the police units, Criminal Courts, Specialized Criminal Courts, Family Courts, the military justice system, and the Criminal Prosecutor’s Office.

According to Charles Montaldo, Peru's justice system does not offer its defendants the right to a jury in the trial. Instead trials are held before a panel of three judges.

Peru's justice system does not include a Jury in their trials. However, every defendant is innocent before their sentence. The justice system in Peru is based in the Napoleonic Code. This means that before submitting a case to the court system, prosecutors most investigate evidence that accuses the defendant. After this process, a judge must evaluate the facts and decide if the case is worth proceeding. Like mentioned before, all defendants are presumed innocent so they have the right to a council and witnesses in the trial.

Lawsuits are another part of the Peruvian government. Like the United States, Peru allows its people, especially those who are in business, to get compensated through lawsuits. The law permits Peruvians to file for law sue for personal purposes and injuries.

Punishment
There are several types of punishment in Peru. Punishment such as fines, prison or jail, and the death penalty can be set. In many court systems, the crime suits the punishment, which means you get punish depending on how severe the crime is. According to a survey, many adults in Peru’s capital believe that the death penalty would be appropriate for some circumstances: According to a poll by Apoyo, published in El Comercio, 81 percent of the people that participated in the poll agreed that the death penalty for people who rape minors would be perfectly suitable. The rest of the results are shown on the table bellow.

This Data was copied form the Webpage El Comercio.Visioncritical)

Capital punishment has been abolished in Peru because it is a violation of Peru's Human Rights Law. The abolishment of capital punishment happened in 1979. Peru. like many Latin American countries, signed a pact on to the American Convention of Human Rights. Since this day in history, Peru has not sentenced any prisoner to the death sentence, but many disagree with this decision.

Corporal punishment does not seem like it was used before to torture people because they had committed a crime or because the authority wanted a person to confess. Instead, corporal punishment is used mostly towards children in Peru. This behavior is used at home and in schools as a way to punish kids because of their bad behavior. According to Peter Newel, there shouldn’t be any abuse towards children because it violates their rights as a person. There are many organizations that are trying to stop this behavior in Peru.

According to the Worlds Fact Book, in 2007, Peru's incarceration are 129 per every 35,642 people. Prison conditions in Peru are particularly harsh for prisoners in this country, including woman. There are a total of 71 active number of prisons in Peru. The prisons can holds a total of 44,800 inmates. These prisons' environments are not only harsh, but are also corrupted. Prisoners that have money in Peru have a lot of power, so many prisoners are allowed to have cell-phones and access to illegal drugs. More surprisingly, they have the ability to obtain meals prepared outside the prison. However, prisoners that have no type of funds live completely different lives. Prisons are overcrowded, which means that health care is an issue because of the fact that prisoners are all together, HIV and Tuberculosis are cases that are highly reported in prisons of Peru. Some Prisoners had to even sleep in the halls because of the lack of space. A prison named San Juan de Lurigancho specifically for men, holds in fact 9,874 prisoners in a prison that is meant to be for 3,204 inmates. The country is based on revenge, everyone that does a crime should pay for what he has done. There is not Rehabilitation in this country ether, this my be due to the fact that there is no money to be spend of people the that do the wrong thing. There is rehabilitation for juveniles in the other hand. There is a program in Peru that gives juveniles a 12 to 18 a second chance to redeem there error. This rehabilitation group is called the prison youth. This is not accessible for every teen though, but is a group of 96 inmates who get some kind of education and get to get out of there in 1 to 3 years.

Law Enforcement
Peru’s Law Enforcement is divided into two major structures; the Armed Forces and the Police Force. The Armed Force was created to be responsible for the protection for the country by giving them a defense system. The Armed Force consist of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Police Force mission is to protect the government and to be guardians for the people. Within the Police Force, there are divisions such as the General Police, Security Police, and Technical Police, which each and one of them have their own tasks and duties in order to protect the country and its people.

Centralized/Decentralized
Peru, like the United States, is Decentralized and Multiple Uncoordinated. Its Like this because of the fact that the law is separated like the Armed Forces and the Police Force and none of them have communication.

Army
The Army is one of the biggest military forces in the year 1992. It had about 75,000 soldiers, 8,000 officers, and 52,000 conscripts. Including both balance technicians and the officers that would not get any commissions (NCOs), during the years the army has become smaller. Because of that reason, some men in Peru are drafted in order to train as military. These men will have to give 2 years of their lives to the Army.

Navy
"As of 1992, the navy had a total complement of 22,000 personnel, including 2,000 officers, 10,000 conscripts, and 3,000 marines. Volunteers included at least fifty enlisted servicewomen in the navy, some with ranks and regular two-year service duties, others with one-day-a-week and Saturday duties for one year. The former could reenlist for additional two-year periods, the latter for one. They performed mostly administrative tasks." <Ita.Navy.

Air force
"The FAP had a total personnel strength of about 15,000 in 1990, including some 7,000 conscripts, with 116 combat aircraft and 24 armed helicopters. This compared with some 10,000 air force personnel in 1980 and 138 combat aircraft. Of Peru's three services, only the FAP had made a significant commitment to include women volunteers in regular enlisted service. As of May 1986, there were 2,100 women in the ranks, including 20 senior airwomen, 60 airwomen first class, 300 airwomen, and 1,720 airwomen basic. Basic training courses were the same as those provided to men. Most women served in administrative positions, including secretarial, teletype, nursing, meteorology, and supply assistance."

General Police
For more imformation

Security Police
For more imformation

Technical Police
For more information

Armed Forces/Police Force Training
The Armed Forces in Peru had to spend about 30 percent of their careers in school. Four or five years are spent in the military academy, one and one-half years in specialization school courses, two years in the ESG, one or two years in intelligence school or study abroad, a year at CAEM, and other special courses of six months to a year. After getting out of military school, candidates, in order to get some kind of position, would have to go under Highly competitive national examinations. After entering the program, a service requires more school training.

Peru’s Police department consist of 29 members, in which one is in charge of the Miami Country Drug task force and three of the 29 members are assigned to the detective Division. These teams of officers are on duty 24 hours a day. A Peruvian Police officer is required to attend the Enforcement Academy for fifteen weeks during in the term of their first year. In the Academy, officers are instructed in different courses like Criminal Law, Emergency Vehicle Operation, and Firearms defense tactics. When completing the academy after the term of fifteen weeks, officers are put in probation stutus for the term of one year to see if he or she is eligible. During that year of probations officers are put in field training for three months. After one gets a job, he or she is required to have training every year after their graduation from the Academy.

Corruption
According to Corruption Perception Index 2010 Under the scale From 1 to 10, 1 being the most corrupted, for corruption Peru falls under the Category 3.5.

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
Peru’s Crime Rate is high because of the raised economic crisis from the year 1980 and the new impositions that the Judicial Branch demanded upon the government in which it mandated 2 percent of the government budget. The cause of these crimes raised because there were a lot of people left unemployed. Recorded crimes of all types increased from 210,357 in 1980 to 248,670 in 1986 (18 percent). Another thing that caused the rise of crime was the fact that a lot of officers where killed or fired. Crimes like murders and drug trafficking raised tremendously. 1980 and 1986 increased by 67 percent, almost four times the rate of growth of crime overall. According to research, Peru is one of the countries in South America that has the heighest crime rate. Based on data, in 2006, Peru occupied first place in crime compared to others countries in South America. In 2010, crime rates continued to increase, making Peru the second highest place of crime compared to places like Argentina, El Salvador, and Venezuela. According to Nation Master, typical crime in the country of Peru are drug Offences, car theft, robberies with fire arms, frauds, and murder with fire arms. Data states that 4,359 per 100,000 people commit a drug offence in Peru.

A good amount of the population of Peru states that they have been victims of some type of assault at least once in their lives. According to Julio F. Carrión and Patricia Zárat, creators of the article 'Cultura Politica de la Democracia en Peru', victimization in Peru has increased quite a lot in the past four years. Their data show the percentage that has increased almost ten percent since 2006. In a survey that was conducted, 22 percent of the people who participated stated that they have been victims of crime inside their own homes. This indeed is causing a lot of insecurity in the country due to the fact that the population is not feeling safe.

Family Law
Family law in Peru, like any other country, has regulations and rules including marriage, divorce, and adoption. Adoption in Peru is a little complicated under the Peruvian law because there is no direct adoption. In order for a child to be adopted, they must be abandoned. From there, the court assigns adoptive parents to the the abandoned kids. Marrying in Peru is not difficult, especially if you are an America citizen. The regulation for an American citizen to marry in Peru consists of a sworn statement (known locally as a certificado de solteria). This basically states that they are legally free to marry in Peru. Another regulation that is required is a legalized copy of their birth certificate that must be translated into Spanish. For citizens of Peru, they would have to get married under the regulations of Peru Civil registration. This means that an event like this is to be recorded by the government. This process goes by registering the marriage by giving the the marriage date and the couple’s names, ages, places of residence, and sometimes, places of birth. Sometimes this processed even requires the names of their the parents and witnesses of those are getting married.

Divorce, on the other hand, can be done by a representative. In the case of one living outside Peru, one can get the power of an attorney to present a divorce or judicial separation sue before the appropriate judge. Sometimes people would move to other countries, leaving the processes, thinking that they could postpone it, however this is not so easy. Issues like the one mentioned below can affect many in the divorce process. “

"Article 333 of the Civil Code

The following are common causes of judicial separation (personal separation). 1.	Adultery.

2.	Physical and psychological violence which the judge will evaluate according to the circumstances.

3.	Attempting to murder the spouse.

4.	A big offense that makes each other lives unbearable.

5.	Unjustified abandon ot the house for more that two continuous year or when adding the time the spouse has abandon exceeds the two years period.

6.	The embarrassing behavior that makes each other unbearable.

7.	The habit of using drugs or toxics that lead to addiction except the case mentioned in the article 347.

8.	Illness or STD transmitted after the marriage.

9.	Becoming homosexual after the marriage.

10.	A final judgment given for intentional crime that leads to punishment for two years, after the celebration of the wedding.

11.	When it is impossible to live together and get alone for cause probed in a judicial process.

12.	The separation of the spouses during an interrupted period of two years. This time will be of four years if the spouses have minors. In these cases the article 335 will not take effect.

13.	The agreement of separation stated by both after two years of marriage.”

Unfortunately, not everyone in Peru has the ability or the right to get married, especially partners of the same sex. Under the Peruvian law, it is illegal to marry someone of the same sex. However, there have been exceptions to the rule. A couple in Peru was able to get married in Peru under the British law. What this means is that if you try, you can manipulate the system.

A big part of the family law is about who gets what in terms of inheritance. The law of Peru states that if both parents die in a family, goods and property must be delivered in equals parts to the inheritors. In most cases, sons and daughters of those who have died. This type of case, under the law, is primarily handled by lawyers.

Human Rights
Human rights is one of the must controversial subject, not only in Peru, but around the world also. As humans are becoming more educated and more aware of the injustice activities that go on in the world, they demand to be treated with respect and dignity. In the country of Peru, with in the legal system, there are fundamentals rights in which are protected by the law Constitution of the Republic of Peru is the document in which a lot of rules for the country are implemented including the Human Rights. This document states facts like in the first article. It is highly abstracted and states that everyone should follow it, and if not, they would be charged by the law. It includes statements such as, "The protection of the individual and respect for his dignity are the supreme goal of society and the government." . This document focuses the two first articles of Human Rights. Article two goes more into details to what a humans have legal rights to. One example of these rights is "to equality before the law. No one may be discriminated against because of his origin, race, sex, language, religion, opinion, economic status, or any other reason." . The question here is are such rights being violated in the country of Peru?

Social Inequality
Amnesty, an organization in which defenses human right all over the world, states that there is discrimination and inequality between people in Peru. In fact, the country is facing a lot of violence because of the fact that they want to take land from the indigenous people but they say that that goes against their rights. So far, a lot of people and police officers have died because of the violence that this problem is causing. The key point is that discrimination is under the law, as in no one is allowed to discriminate. However, this such thing is happening all over the world. Discrimination is caused because of factors such as race, ethnicity, nationality, class, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age or health status. .

title: Comparative law and justice/Peru


text:
Comparative law and justice/Norway

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

Basic Information

"Population 4,676,305 (July 2010 est.)

Age structure 0-14 years: 18.5% (male 441,508/female 422,050) 15-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,564,482/female 1,522,519) 65 years and over: 15.2% (male 305,120/female 404,860) (2010 est.)

Median age total: 39.7 years male: 38.8 years female: 40.5 years (2010 est.)

Population growth rate 0.334% (2010 est.)

Birth rate 10.9 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)

Death rate 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Net migration rate 1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)

Urbanization urban population: 77% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 0.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Sex ratio at birth: 1.054 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Infant mortality rate total: 3.55 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.88 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth total population: 80.08 years male: 77.42 years female: 82.89 years (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate 1.77 children born/woman (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate 0.1% (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 3,000 (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths fewer than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality noun: Norwegian(s) adjective: Norwegian

Ethnic groups Norwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)

Religions Church of Norway 85.7%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%, other 8.1% (2004)

Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) total: 17 years male: 17 years female: 18 years (2008)

Education expenditures 6.7% of GDP (2007)"Norway Demographics Profile 2011." Index Mundi - Country Facts. Web. 02 May 2011. .

Area: 385,252 square km, 148,746 square miles. Capital City: Oslo" "The climate is changeable throughout the year. Rainfall usually falls as snow in winter. Inland areas have colder winters than the Atlantic coast but summers are warmer and drier. The interior highlands and Spitzbergen archipelago have an Arctic type climate, winters bring snow, severe frost and strong winds although summers have fine spells with fairly high temperatures and long sunshine hours.Norway has for a long time been a popular location for the industry because of its extraordinary geography; the fjords, the steep mountains, the glaciers and year-round snow. The Nordic light is not only a photographer's dream, its duration may also be a blessing for the director. Modern infrastructure makes easy travel to and within Norway. Available are professionals trained in all aspects of film production and access to technical resources that meet the standards of the international film industry. Together with extensive experience with international productions and few restrictions on filming and film-related work permits Norway makes your choice easy. Situated in the capital of western Norway the Norwegian Film Commission offers assistance in setting up productions for visiting television and film crews. They provide production facilities, pre location scouting and other services in accordance with the film industry's needs.""Country Demographics for Norway('NO')." Kemps Film and Television - A Comprehensive Production Guide to Film, Television and Commercial Production Industries. Web. 02 May 2011. . "Norway Demographics Profile 2011." Index Mundi - Country Facts. Web. 02 May 2011. .

"Over 99% of the 4.3m population of Norway speak the official language, Norwegian. Norwegian has 2 written forms, "Bokmal" (Book Norwegian) and "Nynorsk" (New Norwegian) and they enjoy the same legal recognition, although "Bokmal" is increasingly more common. Minority languages include Finnish, spoken by 0.2% of the population, mainly in the northern region of Finnmark, as well as "Sami", a language closely related to Finnish, spoken by 0.9% of the Norwegian population."

"Ethnically, Norwegians are predominantly Germanic, although in the far north there are communities of Sami who came to the area more than 10,000 years ago, probably from central Asia. In recent years, Norway has become home to increasing numbers of immigrants, foreign workers, and asylum-seekers from various parts of the world. Immigrants now total nearly 300,000; some have obtained Norwegian citizenship."

"The history of Norway before the age of the Vikings is indistinct from that of the rest of Scandinavia. In the 9th cent. the country was still divided among the numerous petty kings of the fylker. Harold I, of the Yngling or Scilfing dynasty (which claimed descent from one of the old Norse gods), defeated the petty kings (c.900) and conquered the Shetlands and the Orkneys, but failed to establish permanent unity. Harold's campaigns drove many nobles and their followers to settle in Iceland and France. In the next two centuries Norsemen raided widely in W Europe and established the Norse duchy of Normandy. Harold himself concentrated on developing a dynasty; before he died (c.935) the country was divided among his sons, but one of them, Haakon I, defeated (c.935) his brothers and temporarily reunited the kingdom.Christianity, brought by English missionaries, gained a foothold under Olaf I and was established by Olaf II (reigned 1015–28). Olaf II was driven out of Norway by King Canute of England and Denmark, in league with discontented Norwegian nobles; however, his son, Magnus I, was restored (1035) to the Norwegian throne. Both Magnus and his successor, Harold III, played a vital part in the complex events then taking place in England and Denmark. After Harold died while invading England (1066), Norway entered a period of decline and civil war, precipitated by conflicting claims to the throne.Among the major events of 12th-century Norwegian history were the mission of Nicholas Breakspear (later Pope Adrian IV), who organized the Norwegian hierarchy, and the rule of Sverre, who created a new nobility grounded in commerce and, with the help of the popular party, the Birkebeiner, consolidated the royal power. His grandson, Haakon IV, was put on the throne by the Birkebeiner in 1217; under him and under Magnus VI (reigned 1263–80) medieval Norway reached its greatest flowering and enjoyed peace and prosperity. During this time Iceland and Greenland recognized Norwegian rule."

Governance
Norway is a constitutional monarchy, which means they have a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state under a written, unwritten or mixed constitution. They have a constitution that was written in 1814. There is an exectutive branch run by the Cheif of State, a legislative branch, run by a modified unicameral Parliament, and a judicial branch run by the Supreme Court.

"In the same way UK citizens are entitled to vote for MPs, so too are they entitled to vote for MEPs (Members of the European Parliament). The European Parliament is part of the EU (European Union) and it meets in Brussels. It consists of MEPs from the 15 ‘Member States’ of the EU: Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Holland, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Greece and the UK. The UK joined the EU in 1973 and since then European law has played an increasing source of laws in our country. An important example of a European law which has affected the UK is the right to equal treatment for men and women at work. This ensures that they are paid the same for the same type of work, they retire at the same age and more recently, that men are entitled to paid time off work when their babies are born, in the same way that women have been for some time."

The order of succession is family oriented, so that only a child that has been produced by a King or Queen can take power. The only exception is if another family member in the line is entitled to taking power they are eligible to do so, and elder will take precedent over the younger. An unborn child is also entitled to the succession, and is added to the line as soon as they are born.

You must be 18 years of age or older to vote. The 1814 constitution gave the King in Norway special executive powers, but they are also often practiced by the King's council as well. The Council of Ministers consists of a prime minister--elected by the political parties represented in the Storting--and other ministers.The 169 members of the Storting are elected from the 19 counties, which make up norway for 4-year terms according to the electoral system in Norway. The special High Court of the Realm hears impeachment cases; the regular courts include the Supreme Court (18 permanent judges and a president), courts of appeal, city and county courts, the labor court, and conciliation councils. Regular judges are appointed by the King of council, whom is selected by the Justice Administration .Each county is headed by a leader (governer) appointed by the king in council, with one governor exercising authority in both Oslo and the nearby county of Akershus.

Parliamentary elections in Norway consists of elections through 19 seperate counties, which make up Norway. The number of members returned to the Storting is 169. The number of members to be returned from each constituency depends on the the size of the county, and the amount of people that populate that one county. Each voter counts one point, while each square kilometer counts 1.8 points. Of the 169 members returned, 150 are elected as constituency representatives while 19, one seat from each county, are elected as members with power. In the case of local government elections, members are returned to municipal councils and county councils. Each municipal authority area and each county represents one electoral division. The municipal/county council itself lays down the number of members within statutory minimum requirements in relation to the population of the municipal authority area/county. These rules have been incorporated into the Local Government Act. Every electoral term in Norway lasts for four years.. Elections to municipal and county councils are conducted at the same time and are conducted half way through the term of the Storting. Election Day is fixed by the King to a Monday in September, usually in one of the first couple of weeks of the month. Norway does hav judicial review in their court system.

Courts and Criminal Law
"The Supreme Court is Norway's most superior court. The Supreme Court has general jurisdiction and hears issues of both civil law, criminal law, administrative law and constitutional law Based on Article 88 of the Norwegian Constitution the Supreme Court pronounces judgement in the final instance. Any matter brought before the Supreme Court must initially be considered by the Appeals Selection Committee. The court consists of 18 judges lead by the chief justice.The Court of Appeal is the appellate court for decisions made by the district courts in criminal and civil cases. The court is composed of 17 judges. In each case three judges will serve. The district court is the first instance court for matters relating to criminal and civil cases. The special High Court of the Realm hears impeachment cases."

"In both district courts and courts of appeal it is the judges who determine questions of guilt and punishment. Judges can be professional judges, co-judges, or lay judges.Professional judges are lawyers. Co-judges and lay judges are ordinary people who are appointed to the position. In serious cases a court of appeal will sit with a jury of 10 civilian members. This jury consists of five women and five men. The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not. It is an important principle in the Norwegian legal system that questions of guilt must be determined by a defendant’s peers."

"All judges are appointed by the King in Council upon the recommendation of the Ministry of Justice. To be appointed, judges must be Norwegian citizens, financially solvent, and have achieved high university grades when studying for their law degree. Jurists from all professional backgrounds can be appointed as judges. There is no formal system of promotion through the court hierarchy. Deputy judges tend to be relatively young and often have just graduated law school. Lay judges can participate in the hearing of cases. Usually one professional judge and two lay judges hear criminal cases at the District and City Courts."

Punishment
Punishment consists of either: a fine, waiver of prosecution, suspended prison sentense, immediate prison sentense, or community service. Corporal punsihment has been abolished in Norway. Norway is opposed to capital punishment. "October 10 was The World Day against the Death Penalty, and Norway was among the countries to use the day to convince others to abandon capital punishment. "The campaign against the death penalty is working," said Norwegian State Secretary Vidar Helgesen".

"The number of people held in custody is about 3,500, and there were 12,774 receptions in 2007. The imprisonment rate is 75 per 100,000. Most prison sentences are short, the average length being 100 days and three out of ten being under one month. Five per cent of sentences are over three years and while there are no life sentences, preventive detention has operated since 2002."

"Living conditions for inmates in Norwegian prisons are far worse than for the population at large. The majority of inmates are men aged 25–44 (65 per cent). They report difficult and complex living conditions. Many were unemployed and without permanent accommodation before imprisonment. Only half have completed education beyond lower secondary school and 25 per cent often have problems covering current expenses. Almost one third of the inmates suffer from mental health problems and approximately the same number have not been visited in prison in the last three months."

Law Enforcement
"The main body is The National Police, including six special agencies which render expert assistance to the local police districts, and in some cases act as a prosecution authority.The National Police in Norway is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and the Police and is completely independent from the military forces. In certain emergency situations, such as rescue operations and natural catastrophes, the police can seek the assistance of the military when there are insufficient civilian resources to cope with the situation. In such cases, the military forces are under the command of the police and must follow the laws which regulate police actions. There are 27 local police districts, each under the command of a Chief of Police who has full responsibility for all policing in his district. Each police district has its own headquarters, as well as several police stations (71 all told.) The Norwegian Police University College is the central educational institution for the police service in Norway. Basic training for police officers is a three-year university college education aimed at providing a broad practical and theoretical foundation. The first and third years of the study programme are taken at the College, while the second is a year of on-the-ground training, in which the students are divided into groups at training units in police districts around the country. The National Police Immigration Service (PU) is the Norwegian police`s expertise centre and ancillary body in immigrant cases. Their main task is to register and identify asylum seekers arriving in Norway. Further, the unit co-ordinates the repatriation of asylum seekers who have had their request for asylum refused. The National Police Immigration Service is also responsible for the transportation of other foreign nationals who are to be removed or deported from Norway."

Norway ranks 8th (out of 156 countries) with an 8.9% of police corruption occuring.

"In Norway today the Military Police are small, but effective units serving at army garrisons, naval bases or Air Forces Bases around the country. Downsizing the Norwegian armed forces is changing the Military Police as well, and there are ongoing efforts to restructure the Military Police's peace support units and combat support units. For the time being the Norwegian Military Police (Army) wartime strength are 3 battalions, 6 independent companies, and 3 independent platoons."

Crime Rates and Public Opinion
Adults prosecuted 12,009  [28th of 28] Adults prosecuted (per capita) 2.61463 per 1,000 people  [26th of 33] Assaults 14,727  [28th of 49] Assaults (per capita) 3.2064 per 1,000 people  [17th of 57] Believe in police efficiency 70%  [9th of 17] Burglaries 5,297  [40th of 38] Burglaries (per capita) 1.15328 per 1,000 people  [37th of 54] Car thefts 23,339  [21st of 46] Car thefts (per capita) 5.08143 per 1,000 people  [5th of 55] Convicted 10,782  [42nd of 34] Convicted (per capita) 2.34749 per 1,000 people  [41st of 56] Death penalty > Abolition date 1,979  [48th of 64] Death penalty > Abolition for ordinary crimes 1,905  [17th of 20] Death penalty > Last executed 1,948  [29th of 55] Drug offences 987.1 per 100,000 people  [1st of 46] Embezzlements 2,425  [17th of 36] Embezzlements (per capita) 0.527977 per 1,000 people  [4th of 44] Frauds 12,295  [22nd of 48] Frauds (per capita) 2.6769 per 1,000 people  [7th of 61] Jails 46  [26th of 80] Jails (per capita) 0.0100152 per 1,000 people  [12th of 62] Manslaughters 41  [25th of 42] Manslaughters (per capita) 0.00892663 per 1,000 people  [16th of 43] Murders 49  [53rd of 49] Murders (per capita) 0.0106684 per 1,000 people  [54th of 62] Murders committed by youths 11  [64th of 73] Perception of safety > Burglary 68%  [6th of 17] Police 11,134  [35th of 47] Police (per capita) 2.42412 per 1,000 people  [27th of 48] Prisoners 2,914 prisoners  [109th of 168] Prisoners > Female 5.3%  [43rd of 134] Prisoners > Foreign prisoners 15%  [31st of 86] Prisoners > Per capita 64 per 100,000 people  [119th of 164] Prisoners > Pre-trial detainees 22.1%  [98th of 143] Prisoners > Share of prison capacity filled 98.3%  [95th of 128] Rapes 555  [34th of 50] Rapes (per capita) 0.120836 per 1,000 people  [18th of 65] Reporting to police 43%  [14th of 17] Robberies 1,781  [45th of 47] Robberies (per capita) 0.387764 per 1,000 people  [40th of 64] Software piracy rate 29%  [93rd of 107] Total crimes 330,071  [27th of 50] Total crimes (per capita) 71.8639 per 1,000 people  [13th of 60]

Family Law
"The parliament passed a Registered Partnership Act in 1993 that gave same-sex couples almost all of the rights and obligations of married couples. Not included was the ability to adopt children or to undergo artificial insemination."

Any marriage containing a male or female under the age of 18, must be approved by a parent/guardian. In order for a divorce to be allowed, the male must be 20 years of age or older and the female must be 16 years of age or older. It is also illegal to marry any relative that is in your direct line of blood. In other words a brother and sister are not allowed to be married. After death of a husband, widows must wait 9 years before they are allowed to marry again. This amount of time can be cut down, if the widow can prove to authorities that she is not pregnant. Divorce rights can only be granted either by royal authorities, or by judicial authorities, and there must be a valid and plausible reason for the divorce.

"Inheritance tax is levied on the net amount of the inheritance received by beneficiaries, which is generally calculated at market value. The beneficiaries are liable to pay the inheritance tax.The rates are progressive, depending on the relationship between the deceased and the beneficiary. Inheritances between spouses and cohabitants are not taxable."

"If the deceased was married, the deceased’s share (usually half) of the community property and any separate property of the deceased will constitute the inheritance to be distributed. If the deceased had children, grandchildren or great grandchildren, the spouse will receive a fourth (as of this time, at least NOK 251,000) of this estate. (There is a bit more on minimum inheritance in section 2.) If the closest relatives of the deceased were parents, siblings or their descendants, the spouse will inherit half (or, as of this time, at least NOK 377,000, see the section on testamentary inheritance). Otherwise, the spouse will inherit everything. Most often, the spouse will retain an undivided life estate in marital property, which will normally not be distributed until the surviving spouse dies. This also means that the surviving spouse does not inherit from the deceased spouse. If the deceased had any children from another relationship, such children may elect not to allow the surviving spouse to retain that portion of the deceased’s estate they are to inherit. Such children may, thus, claim their share of the inheritance to be paid from the estate. If the deceased had children, they will usually inherit everything the deceased leaves behind, after the spouse of the deceased, if any, has received his or her distribution. Grandchildren and great grandchildren will inherit, if the children of the deceased are dead or renounce their inheritance. Such grandchildren or great grandchildren will receive that portion of the estate that their parents would have received."

"Norway has a high degree of social and family stability and provides a model for health, child care, and social equality. Children under age 15 receive no punishment for crimes and no special courts have been established to try criminal cases against juvenile offenders. Older teenagers can be tried in ordinary courts, which usually give them only suspended sentences, probation, or several months in an open prison. In practice, the public prosecutor or the judge refers youths to the "barnevern" -- the child protection service. The social workers receive police information to aid in treatment rather than in prosecution. As a result, children have no legal safeguards or due process. They are often sent far away from home to juvenile institutions, often based on minimal evidence. The public is unaware of how individual cases are decided, because the process takes place behind closed doors. Thus, juveniles accused of crimes or behavioral problems receive harsh treatment that contrasts with the strikingly lenient criminal justice system."

Human Rights
"The Constitution is the most important law in Norway. It sets out who is to govern the country and how it is to be governed. The Constitution also sets out the fundamental rights of those who live in Norway. In Norway, it is not permitted to discriminate against someone on the grounds of gender, race, religion or sexual orientation. Women and men are of equal status and must be accorded equal rights in all areas of society. Gender equality means that women and men have the same opportunities, rights and obligations, at home, in the workplace, in politics and elsewhere in society. Everyone in Norway pays tax on what they earn. The people who earn most pay the most in tax, while those who earn least pay the least tax. Tax revenues enable the government to provide us with a variety of welfare services and benefits. For example, the asylum reception centre where you are living, the school that your children go to and the hospital at which you may receive treatment are all paid for out of the taxes everyone in Norway pays. Because taxes pay for public services that benefit everybody, it is important that everyone who earns money contributes their share by paying tax. If you do not pay the tax that you owe, you could be given a fine, be sent to prison or have to pay a punitive tax assessment. In order to get a job in Norway you must either have a Norwegian personal identity number or a Norwegian work permit. You will be given a personal identity number if you are granted a residence permit. You must also obtain a tax card if you undertake paid work in Norway. The card indicates how much tax should be deducted from your wages. You can get a tax card from your local tax office. Children under the age of 12 are not permitted to take paid work. After their thirteenth birthday, children may undertake light work, e.g. delivering newspapers. The work must not affect the child's safety, health or development, nor should any job negatively affect his/her schoolwork. Children have clear and important rights. They have the right to food, housing, medical care, clothes and an education. They have the right to think and believe what they want and to get the best help society can give them. Children have the right to be heard in all matters that affect them. The weight given to a child's opinion shall be proportional to his/her age and level of maturity. The Norwegian authorities are responsible for ensuring that the rights of all children in Norway are upheld. The state shall protect all children against all kinds of abuse. Children who are not together with their families have the right to additional protection and help. The state shall help children who are seeking asylum and work to reunite them with their families.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Comparative law and justice/Norway


text:
User talk:Lgomez 7938

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User talk:RLapierre

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User talk:MercyM

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User talk:Fleming~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fleming. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fleming~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fleming~enwikiversity


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User talk:Katielib06

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User talk:Edhunt20

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User talk:Surpage

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User talk:Daniella05

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User talk:Mlindenberg 3589

 Hello Mlindenberg 3589, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mlindenberg 3589


text:
User talk:Moscarelli 9768

 Hello Moscarelli 9768, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

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MaintenanceBot (discuss • contribs) 03:50, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moscarelli 9768


text:
User talk:DaveILO34

 Hello DaveILO34, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:DaveILO34


text:
User talk:Abanks 9719

 Hello Abanks 9719, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Ottava Rima (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abanks 9719