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Intellectual Property Law

S chool of L AW  European Union · Private International · Private International · Intellectual Property Law

 Intellectual Property and the Law In law, intellectual property (IP) is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain types of information, ideas, or other intangibles in their expressed form. The holder of this legal entitlement is generally entitled to exercise various exclusive rights in relation to the entitled material. Law is the language of Intellectual Property, as IP depends upon the government to enforce certain market conditions.

 School news and current events
 * Looking for contributors.

 School history

 * September 29, 2006 - Department founded!

 Active Participants
 * AdamG

 Quote -Judge Richard Posner  Showcase of Learning Programs  Related Portals
 * "The future of the nation depends in no small part on the efficiency of industry, and the efficiency of industry depends in no small part on the protection of intellectual property."
 * Modern United States Copyright Law - A Learning Program to look at the changes in copyrights over the last 30 years.
 * History of Western Copyright Law- Starting in the 17th century and working forward to the 20th, this Learning Program examines what has been static and what has been dynamic in historical Copyright Laws
 * Landmark Copyright Judicial Decisions -
 * International Intellectual Property Treaties - This Learning Program examines the what shaped and is shaped by the rise of International Intellectual Procedure Treaties.
 * Introduction to the United States Patent System - A Learing Program that will examine the history of the USPTO, the format and procedure in applying for a Patent, and what a Patent Examiner's job consists of.
 * Case Studies in Patent Litigation - This Learning Program will examine, in-depth, landmark Patent Law cases, exploring both their roots and their effects.

 Useful textbooks from Wikibooks

Associated Wikimedia for literature and language

Related news

 * May 17, 2007 - Google ruled not guilty in copyright infringement case...
 * April 18, 2007 - Patent reform bill introduced...

title: Intellectual Property Law


text:
History of Western copyright law

Learning Project Summary

 * Project code:
 * Suggested Prerequisites: No prerequisites
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Portal:
 * School: School of Law
 * Department: Intellectual Property Law
 * Stream: United States Copyright Law
 * Level: Introductory.

Content summary
In this Learning Projects, participants will explore the origins of Copyright, exclusivity of creative works as it changes over time, and, by gaining perspective on the past, learn to see what is unique about the present. Starting with an overview of the pre-Statue of Anne publishing world and moving forward through the dawn of the computer, this program will guide participants through series of critical thinking assignments that will leave them well-prepared to see the "Big Picture" in reference to recent developments in Copyright Law.

Goals
This learning project offers learning activities to:

 * Understand why, when and how copyright came into being;
 * Recognize the effects the various exclusivity systems have had on Creativity;

Learning materials
These are the learning materials for this Learning Project. We will focus on using other MediaWiki projects, and adding content to them when needed.

Texts

 * Statute of Anne
 * Copyright Act of 1790
 * Copyright Act of 1909

Lessons

 * Lesson 1. "Shakespeare's Copyright Notice:" Publishing in the 17th century
 * An overview of the concepts of Copyright exclusivity in the pre-Statute of Anne years.
 * Lesson 2. "'For The Encouragement of Learning:'" The Statute of Anne in Great Britain
 * An analysis of the Statute of Anne and it's implications

Current Participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

 * AdamG

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of Western copyright law


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United States Law/Copyright

Please see Directions for use for more information.

Learning Project Summary

 * Project code:
 * No Prerequisites
 * Time investment:
 * Assessment suggestions:
 * Scholarly Discussions with others about Copyright Law from 1976 onward, and relevant Case Histories: 35%
 * An In-Depth Essay about Modern Changes in Copyright in relation to a particular field, technology, or Art: 35%
 * Developing course content as you see fit: 30%
 * Portal:
 * Copyright Law
 * School:
 * School of Law
 * Department:
 * Intellectual Property Law Department
 * Stream
 * United States Copyright Law
 * Level:
 * Introductory level

Content summary
In this Learning Project, participants will learn about the state of copyrights in 1976, then about the series of changes that have occured since then. Participants will take time to focus on the Copyright Act of 1976, the effect by the Act on Mass Media and vice-versa, and the recent changes in Copyright law that have been passed. The Senate Report on the Extension Act of 1996 will be read and analyzed in detail, and the effects of the DMCA on our Digital Millenium will be introduced.

Goals

 * Understand the reasons behind the Copyright Act of 1976 and how the Act changed American culture;
 * A thorough knowledge of the 1996 Senate report on the Copyright Term Extension Act;
 * To recognize the implications of the DMCA.

Texts

 * US Copyright Law
 * Copyright Act of 1976
 * Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998
 * Digital Millenium Copyright Act
 * Senate Report on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1996 (Warning- large HTML page)
 * The Digital Millenium Copyright Act (Warning- large HTML page)

Lessons

 * Lesson 1- "'To Promote Progress':" The Institution of Copyright Before 1976.
 * Lesson 2- "A Sign of the Times:" The Copyright Act of 1976: Purpose and Content.
 * Lesson 3- "The Rise of Mass Media:" Effects of the Copyright Act of 1976 and the New Media Culture.
 * Lesson 4- "'No Significant Cost':" The Senate Report on the Copyright Term Extention Act of 1996.
 * Lesson 5- "'Effectively Controls Access':" The Digital Millenium Copyright Act.

Active participants
Active participants in this Learning Group

 * AdamG

title: United States Law/Copyright


text:
User:Ryan524~enwikiversity

 Warning: I cannot spell. At all. So if you see anything written by me in an article, talk page, or on my user page and any of its subpages that is spelled wrong, I hereby grant you, the reader, authority to edit my post and correct my atrocious spelling.

 Introduction My name is Ryan, I am from Washington state. I am currently:

 Important Links
 * My Projects
 * My Opinions
 * My Awards Case

 My Contributions A FULL List of My Contributions To Wikiversity

 Enhance my Userpage! My user page can be edited by anyone, feel free to do what you please, enhancements to it are appreciated, and just a fair warning, ALL vandalism will be quickly reverted, and the vandal WILL be blocked from editing for a short period of time.

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity


text:
User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Opinions

The following are my opinions and beliefs on some hot-topic issues in the news today. Keep in mind that these are in no way associated with the views held by Wikiversity or the Wikimedia Foundation, and I take full credit and responsibility for what is posted here.

I stole this idea from from a user on Wikinews, however I like the idea of posting these, its a way to vent your opinions so they don't make it into articles, and wikiversity can stay NPOV.

Religion

 * I am a strong believer in non-demomination Christian worship. The only religious book I follow is Bible.

Abortion

 * Well i feel the same as i feel about murder, after all its the same thing.

Flag Burning

 * Need I say is disrespectful to that county, and its citizens?

Firearms

 * The Second Amendment states that we have the right to bear arms. But it needs to be contolled.

Stem-cell research

 * Well the way they do it now I disagree with, if they fund a humane way to do this, it would be a great advancement to medicine.

Homosexual relationships

 * "God created woman to be as a companion for man" and I belive that but I still respect those who don't feel that way, I may disagree, but am not homophobic.

Homosexuality and marriage

 * Marriage is not legal, it has some legal rights attached to it, but I think its more of a institution by God, however they should still be able to get the legal rights married couples do, after all they deserve such as US citizens.

Separation of Church and State

 * Simply put, it dosen't exist, its not in The Bible or Constitution, the idea was submitted in a letter to Jefferson but he didn't like the idea so its not in The Constitution.

Terrorism

 * I disagree with mass killing for any reason, especially just to prove a point!

War on Iraq

 * I supported the war on Iraq since it started and still do, getting Saddam out of power did alot for not just Iraq but also the world, and we need to stay their until their government is up and the Iraqi police can handle themselves.

Extraterrestrial activity

 * I do agree that "Area 51" exists but I believe it to purely be a site for testing military aircraft in development.

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Opinions


text:
User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Awards

NONE :( YET!

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Awards


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Talk:Intellectual Property Law

Streams/Degree Plans
I've never been to law school (still an undergrad- actually in community college ATM) so I am not going to fill in the parts about streams/degree plans for now, until I get a good look at other departments. If someone is in/has been in/knows something about an IP program at a uni or something, feel free to fill it in. --AdamG 21:55, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intellectual Property Law


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User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Projects

My Current Projects (Listed By Priority):

1. Fix Vandalism 2. Work on School of Information Technology

Last Updated: Ryan524 21:56, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Projects


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User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/On

ONLINE!

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/On


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User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Off

OFFLINE!

title: User:Ryan524~enwikiversity/Off


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User talk:Ryan524~enwikiversity

Post a new comment by clicking here

spelling
I also have a problem with my spelling : ("I do agree that "Area 51" exists but I believe it to puly be a site for testing military aircraft in development."In this case, should "puly" be "only"?--JWSchmidt 13:45, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I see the 101 course but i cant seem to sign up for it any advice?

--Cygnus04 03:38, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

IT-101
So... where is the course material?Rsrblm1 04:33, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Help( am having a hard time setting up a page tailored for reading needs. Any Advise??
--AjuAjulu 18:22, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ryan524. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ryan524~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:21, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan524~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Wikiversity/Modified project proposal

Wikiversity needs to also release the power of the computer to engage the learning potential of its users. Wikiversity can do this be creating a virtual private instructor, ever able to guide the student with multimedia content focused on helping the student take the next right step. To do this it will be necessary for a student's progress be retained in memory and utilized to optomize the time the student spends by finding that next most important step. That is what an actual private instructor would do, and a virtual instructor would be limited without curriculum and guidance based on progress.


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Introduction to Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecommunications equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce and computer services.

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the Sumerians developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.

Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish among four distinct phases of IT development: the pre-mechanical era (3000 BC – 1450 AD), the mechanical phase (1450–1840), the electromechanical phase (1840–1940) and the electronic age (1940–present). This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about 1940.

History of computer technology

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism. Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.

Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanicalZuse, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer. Although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. The first recognizably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.

The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison the first transistorized computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 165 watts in its final version.

Data Storage

Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of delay line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. The first random-access digital storage device was the Williams tube, based on a standard cathode ray tube, but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932 and used in the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.

IBM introduced the first hard disk drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally: 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years.

Databases
Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. One of the earliest such systems was IBM's Information Management System (IMS), which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later. IMS stores data hierarchically, but in the 1970s Ted Codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. The first commercially available relational database management system (RDBMS) was available from Oracle in 1980.

All database management systems consist of a number of components that together allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. A characteristic of all databases is that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema.

The extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation in recent years. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort". As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine and human-readable.

Data retrieval
The relational database model introduced a programming-language independent Structured Query Language (SQL), based on relational algebra.

The terms "data" and "information" are not synonymous. Anything stored is data, but it only becomes information when it is organized and presented meaningfully. Most of the world's digital data is unstructured, and stored in a variety of different physical formats even within a single organization. Data warehouses began to be developed in the 1980s to integrate these disparate stores. They typically contain data extracted from various sources, including external sources such as the Internet, organized in such a way as to facilitate decision support systems (DSS).

Data transmission
Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception. It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.

XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s, particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP, describing "data-in-transit rather than ... data-at-rest". One of the challenges of such usage is converting data from relational databases into XML Document Object Model (DOM) structures.

Data manipulation
Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.

Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited". To address that issue, the field of data mining – "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data" – emerged in the late 1980s.

Academic perspective
In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines IT as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users."

Ethical perspective
The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:
 * Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
 * Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
 * Unsolicited emails
 * Hackers accessing online databases
 * Web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user's online activities

title: Introduction to Information Technology


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Topic talk:Pure mathematics

Shouldn't all these be in the main, not topic, namespace?--AdamG 00:11, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * They probably should be, but the pages say they are subdivisions of the Division of Pure Math, allowing them to be in the topic namespace. --Mathboy965 15:40, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

I'll take Linear algebra. -EdBoy002 00:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

One major difficulty many people have with math obviously is the question of proofs. Will each topic supply its own version of the how-to for proofs, should it be in foundations/logic, or what? Proof strategies definitely aren't congruent when comparing prob/stat to algebra. Mo Anabre 05:23, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Topic talk:Pure mathematics


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User:P.L.A.R.

P.L.A.R joined Wikiversity in September 2006. This user mainly works on Wikipedia.

title: User:P.L.A.R.


text: User talk:P.L.A.R.

title: User talk:P.L.A.R.


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User talk:AdamG

IP Law
I noticed your name as an active contributor on the IP Law portal. I intend to start pulling together/writing some IP Law learning resources to concentrate on European (and specifically UK) trade mark law, designs and copyright. There will probably be a little bit of patents eventually although this is not really my field so far as setting the course out is concerned (I'm a 'soft IP' attorney). The TM/design/copyright materials will aim to provide adequate preparation for the UK professional exams set each year by ITMA (i.e. a good grounding in UK/EU law and practice, together with knowledge of law and practice in EU member states and major foreign jurisdictions). Please let me know your activities and interests in this field and I will try to coordinate with you. - AlC 14:27, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Invitation
Dear user of Wikiversity,

Do you like to join a reading club, where you can read and discuss literature? Reading clubs could have active and inactive participants. Active participants could be required to edit on a regularly basis untill a deadline is reached and another topic can be chosen for reading and discussing. Hopefully, reading clubs can ensure a social network on Wikiversity of people cooperating with eachother and becoming friends while discussing knowledge.--Daanschr 09:28, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:AdamG


text: User talk:Zanimum

title: User talk:Zanimum


text: User talk:Isma2012

title: User talk:Isma2012


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Project management/Project control systems

Project Management tries to gain control over variables such as risk:
 * risk : Potential points of failure. Most negative risks (or potential failures) can be overcome or resolved, given enough planning capabilities, time, and resources. According to some definitions (including PMBOK Third Edition) risk can also be categorized as "positive--" meaning that there is a potential opportunity, e.g., complete the project faster than expected.

Customers (either internal or external project sponsors), external organizations (such as government agencies and regulators) can dictate the extent of three variables: time, cost, and scope. The remaining variable (risk) is managed by the project team, ideally based on solid estimation and response planning techniques. Through a negotiation process among project stakeholders, an agreement defines the final objectives, in terms of time, cost, scope, and risk, usually in the form of a charter or contract.

To properly control these variables a good project manager has a depth of knowledge and experience in these four areas (time, cost, scope, and risk), and in six other areas as well: integration, communication, human resources, quality assurance, schedule development, and procurement.

Project control systems
Project control is that element of a project that keeps it on-track, on-time, and within budget. Project control begins early in the project with planning and ends late in the project with post-implementation review, having a thorough involvement of each step in the process. Each project should be assessed for the appropriate level of control needed, too much control is too time consuming, too little control is too costly. Clarifying the cost to the business if the control is not implemented in terms of errors, fixes, and additional audit fees.

Control systems are needed for cost, risk, quality, communication, time, change, procurement, and human resources. In addition, auditors should consider how important the projects are to the financial statements, how reliant the stakeholders are on controls, and how many controls exist. Auditors should review the development process and procedures how they are implemented. The process of development and the quality of the final product may also be assessed if needed or requested. A business may want the auditing firm to be involved throughout the process to catch problems earlier on so that they can be fixed more easily. An auditor can serve as a controls consultant as part of the development team or as an independent auditor as part of an audit.

Businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. These help assure that systems are developed successfully. A formal process is more effective in creating strong controls, and auditors should review this process to confirm that it is well designed and is followed in practice. A good formal systems development plan outlines:
 * A strategy to align development with the organization’s broader objectives
 * Standards for new systems
 * Project management policies for timing and budgeting
 * Procedures describing the process

Project development stages
Regardless of the methodology used, the project development process will have the same major stages: initiation, development, production or execution, and closing/maintenance.

Initiation
The initiation stage determines the nature and scope of the development. If this stage is not performed well, it is unlikely that the project will be successful in meeting the business’s needs. The key project controls needed here is an understanding of the business environment and making sure that all necessary controls are incorporated into the project. Any deficiencies should be reported and a recommendation should be made to fix them.

The initiation stage should include a cohesive plan that encompasses the following areas:
 * Study analyzing the business needs in measurable goals.
 * Review of the current operations.
 * Conceptual design of the operation of the final product.
 * Equipment requirement.
 * Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget.
 * Select stake holders, including users, and support personnel for the project.
 * Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule.


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User:Oscar/Sig

oscar

title: User:Oscar/Sig


title: User:Oscar/Sig2


text:
History of Western copyright law/Publishing in the 17th century

Assignments

 * Answer these questions (maybe on the talk page?)

 * 1) What would Shakespeare have done to get a play published? What about having a play performed?
 * 2) Where did he (and his contemporaries) get his income from?

Activities
Discuss, with others, the pros and cons of Patronage as a method for encouraging creatvity. How about as the method for encouraging creatvity?

Place your comments on the talk page. Talking points can be posted here.

Readings
Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.

 * Reading 1.1- Wikipedia article: Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers
 * Reading 1.2-


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User:Example~enwikiversity

Example enjoys editing Wikimedia projects, and indeed, can be found on most in some form.

title: User:Example~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Example~enwikiversity

Example discussion subject
Hi there, Example, I wasn't quite sure what you intended in your recent edits on Example policy. Could you clarify your removal of example content? Regards, Example, 29 July 2024 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Example. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Example~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Example~enwikiversity


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Planning the Movie/Animatic

This Film School page is under construction
 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #003: Planning the Movie - Overall Considerations

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - Animatic   → You Are Here!
 * Page 2 - Filming
 * Page 3 - Animation
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size
 * Page 5 - Audio Considerations

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Lesson #003: Planning the Movie $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Page 1 - Overall Considerations

The Animatic
The animatic is a movie of the storyboards. In our case, the animatic is the movie of the 3D storyboards.

For convinience, the storyboard frames will be 640 by 480 square pixels.

I don't know what speed we will edit at. 12 might be too high. We shall see.

(more later...)

Robert Elliott 03:22, 30 September 2006 (UTC)


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Planning the Movie/Filming

This Film School page is under construction
 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #003: Planning the Movie - Filming Considerations

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - The Animatic
 * Page 2 - Filming   → You Are Here!
 * Page 3 - Animation
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size
 * Page 5 - Audio Considerations

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Lesson #003: Planning the Movie $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Page 2 - Filming

Filming Considerations Today
It will take about three years to complete this movie. Obviously, the state of the art will change over that time. But deciding how to film this movie based in guesses of future developments is not a safe idea. So let's look at what is possible today.

Overall Considerations
Before we can begin making the motion picture, some basic decisions need to be made. Are we filming a live action movie or will this movie be animation? What frame size should be used? What frame rate and what aspect ratio? Which audio? Will this be shot by DV camcorders or by HDV camcorders or HD camcorders or with film cameras?

These decisions are made by the film's Producer... which in this case, is the your instructor (me!). For this movie, I am acting as the Producer. Here is the logic I used to make the decisions up until now.

Note: Throughout the entire filmmaking process, the Producer continues to make decisions. Therefore, you will return to this lesson over and over again to see what new decisions have been made and why.

Filming & Animation
This is both a training exercise and a real motion picture... even if it is very short. Therefore, this movie will be done both as a live action movie and as an animated movie so you will learn more. This is not a far fetched as it might seem since this movie will be storyboarded using 3D software. Therefore, the step to full animation is not be that great. Also, many of the steps will overlap (filming vs. animation) so the effort to do both will not be as great as two times doing it one way.

The Year of HD
Steve Jobs has declared that this is the year of HD. Therefore, I don't think that Steve Jobs will want to demonstrate a movie made at SD resolution. So now we have to decide which frame size we should use. Just saying HD is not enough. We will still have to decide which HD standard we want to use.

Film is the Ultimate Standard
This is a good time to point out one of the great truths about filmmaking. In filmmaking, there is only one standard. That is [[w:film |motion picture film]. Motion picture film is recorded at 24.000 frames per second.  Film is not shot at 23.976 (or more accurately 24.000 *1000/1001) except for some television shows in North America which are edited on NTSC video.

Selecting the Digital Video Camera
Based on today's technology, we have a lot of choices.

DV Camcorders
Today, the lowest cost of filming digitally is by using a DV  Camcorder. Therefore, if you want to make an SD movie in North America (which is NTSC country), you can create a anamorphic 16 by 9 movie which will be distributed on DVD-Video disk using wide (fat = anamorphic) pixels at 720 by 480 pixels.

For all graphic (such as the titles) that means drawing on a square pixel frame of 720 by 540 pixels which will later be squeezed to 720 by 480 using non-square (wide) pixels.

Using most any modern computer, this is easy... though a bit awkward.

HD Camcorders
For now, there are very expensive cameras. That is why currently, most people are using HDV camcorders. (Yes, these two formats are very different even if their names sound the same.)

HDV Camcorders
HDV is rather confusing since HDV uses non-square pixels just like DV (as compared with HD which uses square pixels.) I prefer to work with square pixels since this movie will require lots of compositing.

Conclusion about Cameras
For our movie, we will use:
 * Square Pixels
 * 16:9 aspect ratio
 * 1280 by 720 frame size

 * Anything which is not in this format will be converted to this format before editing.

Lenses
If possible, we will use prime lenses so we can control the depth of field.

Matte Paintings
We will use a Matte Painting wherever possible. We will NOT use greenscreen.

The purpose of this movie is to teach the technologies of filmmaking. Greenscreen is the hot technology of the day... but not the most useful. Therefore, we will explore how matte paintings can be used instead of greenscreen.

Digital Video vs. Film
This movie is short enough to shot on film. If it is possible, we will. If not, DV.

Animation vs. Live Action
As you will see in the next section, we will also do an animated version. That will show you many new and exciting options.

(more later....) Robert Elliott 30 September 2006


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Planning the Movie/Animation

This Film School page is under construction
 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #003: Planning the Movie - Animation Considerations

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - The animatic
 * Page 2 - Filming
 * Page 3 - Animation  → You Are Here!
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size
 * Page 5 - Audio

 * Current Location
 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity (English) $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Humanities $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Art and Design $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Fine Arts $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Film and Television $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Narrative Film Production $$\Leftrightarrow$$  Course #01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Lesson #003: Planning the Movie $$\Leftrightarrow$$ Page 3 - Animation Considerations

Animation Considerations Today
While this movie will be filmed, I want to also create an animated version.

Rather than use expensive animation, we will use digital puppet for Poser and DAZ Studio which is the same programs we are using for the 3D storyboards.

Conclusions

 * An animated version will also be created.
 * The Character Animation will be done with DAZ Studio or Poser
 * The scenery Animation will be done with Vue

To be completed shortly... Robert Elliott 03:33, 30 September 2006 (UTC)


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Planning the Movie/Aspect Ratio and Frame Size

 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #003: Planning the Movie - Frame Size and Aspect Ratio

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - Overall Considerations
 * Page 2 - Filming
 * Page 3 - Animation
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size → You Are Here!
 * Page 5 - Audio

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity - English → Faculty for Humanities → The School of Art and Design → The Division of Fine Arts → The Subdivision of Film and Television → The Department of Narrative Film Production →  WikiU Film School:Course: WikiU Film School Course 01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking  →  Lesson #003: Planning the Movie →  Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size

Frame Size and Aspect Ratio
So if you were going to make a motion picture today, what frame size and aspect ratio would you finally decide on? That is what we need to answer here.


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Planning the Movie/Audio

 * Lesson
 * WikiU Film School - Lesson #003: Planning the Movie - Audio Considerations

 * Pages of this Lesson
 * Title Page
 * Page 1 - The Animatic
 * Page 2 - Filming
 * Page 3 - Animation
 * Page 4 - Aspect Ratio & Frame Size
 * Page 5 - Audio Considerations → You Are Here!

 * Current Location
 * Wikiversity - English → Faculty for Humanities → The School of Art and Design → The Division of Fine Arts → The Subdivision of Film and Television → The Department of Narrative Film Production →  WikiU Film School:Course: WikiU Film School Course 01 - Learning the Basics of Filmmaking  →  Lesson #003: Planning the Movie →  Page 5 - Audio Considerations

Audio Considerations
Audio CD quality is very easy to work with. DV requires higher quality audio. Which will we work with?

to be completed shortly Robert Elliott 03:37, 30 September 2006 (UTC)


text:
Template talk:Department boilerplate

How about we adopt School:Language and Literature's design here? It's by User:%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B5_%D0%94._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B. And, I think it's awesome.--AdamG 05:15, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Department boilerplate


text:
User:Draicone/Blocktemplate

Description
This blocking template was shamelessly stolen borrowed from digital_me. It has been rewritten with simplified parser functions for sysops.

Usage
The template takes two parameters - the length of the block and the reason for the block. Remember the placement of the parser functions is as follows: blocked from editing If neither parameter is supplied, the template will default to an indef block for vandalism. However, specifying only the reason for the block will result in a block for length block reason in response to vandalism. For example: But not: Keep in mind that this template is merely for informing a user of a block, and requires sysop action at Special:Blockip to actually block the user.

title: User:Draicone/Blocktemplate


text:
User talk:Jean Krohn

Hello Jean!

Welcome to Wikiversity! If you decide that you need help, check out Help desk, ask the support staff, or simply ask me on my talk page (you can access it clicking on my pseudo below). Please remember to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. Happy Editing!

guillom 08:18, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi Guillom,

Thanks for your welcome. :-)

Jean Krohn 09:08, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jean Krohn


text: Category:Introduction to HTML

title: Category:Introduction to HTML


text:
Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"

 * style="background-color: #ffffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Thumbnail storyboards

 * Storyboards are important

 * In this lesson, you download a storyboard sheet and create very simple storyboards called "Thumbnail Storyboards".

 * In the next lesson, you create 3D storyboards using the free demo version of FrameForge Studio 3D.

 * Later, you turn your storyboards into a movie called an "animatic".

 * Keep it simple
 * You should be able to rough out these thumbnail storyboards in about 15 minutes.

 * Your goal
 * The only reason you are creating the thumbnail storyboards is to get ready to create the 3D storyboards. You do not have to impress me with your artwork.  Only the size and position of the head plus the direction of the eyes is important.

Note: If you spend more than 15 minutes, you are trying too hard.

 * style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; border: 1px solid #777777;  -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

More details

 * The theory of thumbnail storyboarding

If you would like to know more about storyboarding, I have created more detailed instructions for you.

Most people do not need any instructions. Go for it!

 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ff8; border: 3px solid #f77; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

[[Media:SBTDS Thumbnail Storyboard.pdf|Download!!!]]

The storyboards sheets

 * Storyboarding is much easier if you use a storyboard sheet. I have created two sheets for you.

 * The smaller frames are perfect for drawing quick thumbnails. The frames are a perfect size.

 * Kids ages 6 to 10 will prefer the large frames. The larger frames gives them more room to draw.

 * Download
 * Download and print the pdf storyboard file.

 * The direction of the eyes
 * Draw what you think the scene should look like.

 * The most important thing is the position of the head and the direction the eyes are pointing.

 * style="width: 25%; background-color: #ddd; border: 3px solid #778;  -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" |

Sample Storyboard

 * }

 June 12, 2008 -- Rick14 created this thumbnail storyboard. It is an excellent example of what your thumbnail storyboard should look like. Nothing fancy but a clear vision of the location of the actors and the direction of their eyes.

 June 17, 2008 -- Digitaldave80 created this thumbnail storyboard. It is an excellent example of what your thumbnail storyboard should look like. Nothing fancy but a clear vision of the location of the actors and the direction of their eyes.

Question

 * Study this storyboard carefully
 * Did the camera cross the line?

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: LightYellow; border: 3px solid Gold; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

More Examples

 * This is correct thumbnail storyboards
 * This is examples of what your thumbnail storyboards should look like. You only want the size of the head, its location, and the direction of the eyes.  That is all!!!

Incorrect
The actors should never look at the camera.
 * }

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #eef; border: 3px solid #7777ff; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" |

Sending me your thumbnail storyboards

 * If you can, scan your completed storyboard sheet (72 or 75 dpi) and email it to me at r_elliott -at- innercite.com.  You will get 10 points.

 * If you cannot scan your completed sheet, let me know that you are finished and I will send you my mailing address. Clicking Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * Once you have created your thumbnail storyboards, you can begin the lesson on 3D Storyboarding. You must turn your thumbnail storyboard into a real storyboard frames.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next lesson

 * If you have any problems, look at the special help pages listed above. Otherwise, you are done with this lesson

 * Once you have created your thumbnail storyboards and hopefully sent it to me, you can begin the lesson on 3D Storyboarding. [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

 * }

title: Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard


text:
User:Misericordia~enwikiversity

BEng(Hons)(Telecomms) studying PhD at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.

title: User:Misericordia~enwikiversity


text:
User:Shroomland

BEng(Aerospace Avionics), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.

title: User:Shroomland


text:
Shannon's Law

The Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem, more commonly known as the Shannon-Hartley theorem or Shannon's Law, relates the system capacity of a channel with the averaged received signal power, the average noise power and the bandwidth.

This capacity relationship can be stated as:

$$C = W \log_2\left(1+ {S \over N}\right)$$

where:

C is the capacity of the channel (bits/s)

S is the average received signal power

N is the average noise power

W is the bandwidth (Hertz)

Shannon's work showed that the values of S,N, and W set a limit upon the transmission rate. [1]

It is important to note that doubling the bandwidth will NOT double the available capacity. The parameter N, is often defined as the average noise power in an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) system, is dependent upon bandwidth. In order to double the capacity, the argument within the logarithm, "1 + signal to noise ratio" must be squared.

$$C = W \log_2\left(\left(1+ {S \over N}\right)^2\right)$$ $$C = 2W \log_2\left(1+ {S \over N}\right)$$

title: Shannon's Law


text:
Template:Dynamic navigation noncentered

Parameter: BGCOLOR = colour of the heading of the navigation box TITLE  = heading of the navigation box CONTENT = contents of the navigation box. Use &#124; to separate links. It is not possible to include a pipe ("|") in the contents as this symbol is used to separate parameters. SMALLCONTENT = as per CONTENT but produces 90% fontsize WIDTH  = Optional parameter to limit width

title: Template:Dynamic navigation noncentered


text: User:Stevenfruitsmaak/sandbox

title: User:Stevenfruitsmaak/sandbox


text: User talk:Cmgraham

title: User talk:Cmgraham


text: User talk:Shroomland

title: User talk:Shroomland


text:
User talk:Roytales

News from Topic:Japanese
The Introduction to Japanese learning project is now ready for use. You are recieving this message because you signed your name at Topic:Japanese/Participants. If you do not want to recieve any more messages from Topic:Japanese, remove your name from Topic:Japanese/Participants.

title: User talk:Roytales


text:
User talk:Misericordia~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Misericordia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Misericordia~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Misericordia~enwikiversity


text:
User:Taimz

Hello, I'm Taimz

title: User:Taimz


text:
User:Henson777

Hello, I'm a newbie trying to learn how to use the site. Any advise?

title: User:Henson777


text:
Talk:Fourier transform

Misericordia 09:59, 1 October 2006 (UTC) I know the page is in a bit of a mess, with bits and pieces everywhere, but at least I got the ball rolling.

 * Should there be seperate discussions for functions on the real line and functions on the circle (i.e. periodic functions)?--Hillgentleman|User talk:hillgentleman 05:11, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think there should. In fact, I think this article should introduce the concept of Fourier series first... --HappyCamper 18:43, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * But come to think of it, this article seems to be written as if someone had already had exposure to them... --HappyCamper 18:44, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fourier transform


text:
Violoncello

The violoncello or cello is a bowed or plucked string instrument with four strings.

Posture
Good posture is important when playing the violoncello (commonly known as the cello). The player should be relaxed, balanced, and comfortable, sitting upright on the edge of the chair. The cello is held between the knees, also resting on the chest, and the neck of the cello a couple of inches above the left shoulder. The length of the endpin should be such that it allows the cello to be at around 45 degree angle to the floor while resting on the player's sternum.

Preparatory exercises
The player should warm up with exercises aimed at the flexibility and strength of the hands.

Bowing
The bow should be drawn left to right (and back), parallel to the bridge. The best point of contact (hair on string) is half-way between the bridge and the end of the fingerboard. The goal is to produce a clear, resonant tone. For starters, the cellist should try to play on only one string, playing repeated notes of equal length, until the sound is good and the bow hold becomes more familiar.

Start by playing repeated notes on every string, then combinations of alternating strings. Different rhythm patterns can be used.

Putting force into the bow and having a strong hold is very important to the sound that it produces on the string. If you are unsure if you are playing the wrong note do not play quitely because this causes you to make a very screechy abd sound on the strings.

To practice putting force into the bow try this : hold it with your fist instead of your fingers. Now bow. Do you hear/feel the difference? Now hold the bow by the tip and bow, the frog puts weight on the bow to make a nice sound across the strings. Now hold the bow normally, flex your fingers and try to recreate the sound you just had. This does not mean to press down too much but to apply correct and even pressure on the strings during the whole bowing action.

The cello strings are, from highest (thinnest) to lowest (thickest): A, D, G, and C.

Left Hand
Fingers are numbered thus:

 * 1) First finger - index finger
 * 2) Second finger - middle finger
 * 3) Third finger - ring finger
 * 4) Fourth finger - little finger

The thumb is also used, mostly in upper positions.

When the left hand is placed next to the player's chin, it is called first position. There are five "neck" positions (1/2 through 4th), three "transitional" positions (5th-7th), after which there is "thumb" position (thumb comes from under the neck and is positioned on top of the strings, while the 4th finger rarely plays). The positions grow in number as the player's hand moves toward the bridge of the cello.

Thin tapes or stickers can be used to mark the placement of fingers on the fingerboard and increase consistency of intonation. As this becomes more secure, visual reminders can be removed, and the player relies on listening for good intonation.

Left hand fingers should be perpendicular to the string ("little hammers"), stopping the string on the fingerboard, in order to produce a clear pitch. The left hand thumb is positioned behind the second finger, centering the hand and facilitating extensions (stretches) and vibrato. The hand should not squeeze the neck of the cello.

Scales
Scales and finger exercises are fundamental to left hand technique and knowledge of the fingerboard. They should be practiced regularly, with centered intonation, and projecting sound. A variety of bowings and rhythms can be used.

title: Violoncello


text:
User talk:Digitalme/IndefBlocked

Usage:

title: User talk:Digitalme/IndefBlocked


text:
Graduate Record Examination

The Graduate Admissions Examine comes in a variety of flavors.

There is the general test, and then different sub tests like engineering, computer science, psychology, etc.

This is a page for helping Wikiversity participants prepare for GREs. http://www.ets.org/gre/

If you want to attend graduate school, at least in America, you will probably have to take the GRE.

There are variety of reasons to attend graduate school. In graduate studies you will cover a topic in much greater depth than in high school, or undergraduate studies. You can also have a chance to do research.

If you are passionate about something, that is the best reason to attend graduate school. However, there are many other reasons.

Money is one. Statistically, people who attend graduate school make more money than those who do not. They also have greater flexibility in what they can do to earn a living.

There are several ways to do well on the GRE. The underlying principle to all these methods is to know the material. You can know the material through dilligent study. This can be dilligent study in college, or you can dilligently study books on the GRE. They sell practice GRE tests for around 20-40 dollars. They have classes on the GRE that cover all the material too.

Grades are important to getting into graduate school, so if you study hard, and get good grades, chances are you will be more prepared than not to take and succeed on the GRE.

GRE Computer Science

Information about the GRE on Wikipedia

Wikipedia

 * Graduate school
 * GRE
 * GMAT
 * LSAT

Self-Study

 * Teach Yourself the GRE in 24 Hours

title: Graduate Record Examination


text:
User:Banaticus

You may be asking yourself, "Who is this Banaticus fellow?" Check out my Wikipedia userpage as I'd rather only ever update a single Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Banaticus


text:
User:Blake~enwikiversity

User Blake is Blake Cantrell

title: User:Blake~enwikiversity


text:
Draft:Solids

Among the common states of matter (gas, liquid and solid), the liquid and solid states have higher density. It is often useful to classify the states of matter according to their relative kinetic and potential energy scales (KE vs PE):

Gas: KE >> PE;

Liquid: KE ~ PE;

Solid: KE < PE.

Therefore, the solid state is characterized by very localized constituent units (atoms, molecules or ions). At all temperatures, atoms in a solid vibrates in the vicinity of their equilibrium positions. Another significant difference between the solids and fluid phases (liquid and gas) is that a solid has a non-zero shear modulus; that is, a finite deformation of a solid can only be caused by a finite force.

The solid state materials can be categorized based on the presence/absence and the type of order. In a crystalline material, the crystalline order is characterized by the translational symmetry, which are defined by the unit cell vectors and the sums of their integer multiples. That is, if you start from one point in a crystal, and travel along a vector that is the sum of integer multiples of the unit cell vectors, at the end of your trip, you will be sitting at a point in an environment identical to your starting point. A result of the three-dimensional periodicity is that a crystal shows sharp peaks in the diffraction patterns when irradiated with x-rays, electron or neutrons. In an amorphous material, such translational symmetry is not present, but local order may still be observed because of local bonding. The diffraction patterns of amorphous materials do not have sharp peaks, a signature of the lack of long-range order. In a quasicrystal, three-dimensional translational symmetry is absent. However, the structure of a quasicrystal may be viewed as a projection of periodic structure in higher dimensions, and as a consequence, quasicrystals exhibit sharp diffraction peaks -- hence the name "quasicrystal".

There are other ways to categorize solid state materials. Based the electrical conductivity, there are metals, insulators and superconductors. Based on magnetic properties, a solid can be said to be diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic. Based on the bonding and constituent units, there are covalent, metallic, and molecular solids.

Even though real solids have finite sizes and definite shapes, typically we start understanding the structure and properties of a solid by first looking at the thermodynamic limit, that is, infinite size without a boundary (or often, with a periodic boundary condition). Quantum theory, in conjunction with statistical mechanics, is at the heart of modern understanding of the solid state. It will always keep it's shape.

Mineraloids
Def. "[a] substance that resembles a mineral but does not exhibit crystallinity" is called a mineraloid.

As with minerals and rocks, mineraloids can also be solids.

Ebonites
Def. a "hard rubber especially when black or unfilled" is called an ebonite.

Limonites
Limonite is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the two principle iron ores, the other being hematite, and has been mined for the production of iron since at least 2500 BCE.

Although originally defined as a single mineral, limonite is now recognized as a mixture of related hydrated iron oxide minerals, among them goethite, akaganeite, lepidocrocite, and jarosite. Individual minerals in limonite may form crystals, but limonite does not, although specimens may show a fibrous or microcrystalline structure, and limonite often occurs in concretionary forms or in compact and earthy masses; sometimes mammillary, botryoidal, reniform or stalactitic. Because of its amorphous nature, and occurrence in hydrated areas limonite often presents as a clay or mudstone. However there are limonite pseudomorphs after other minerals such as pyrite. This means that chemical weathering transforms the crystals of pyrite into limonite by hydrating the molecules, but the external shape of the pyrite crystal remains. Limonite pseudomorphs have also been formed from other iron oxides, hematite and magnetite; from the carbonate siderite and from iron rich silicates such as almandine garnets. Limonite usually forms from the hydration of hematite and magnetite, from the oxidation and hydration of iron rich sulfide minerals, and chemical weathering of other iron rich minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. It is often the major iron component in lateritic soils. One of the first uses was as a pigment. The yellow form produced yellow ochre for which Cyprus was famous.

Asphalts
Def. a "sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid, composed almost entirely of bitumen, that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits" is called an asphalt.

Zietrisikites
Def. a natural, waxy hydrocarbon mineraloid is called a zietrisikite.

Ozocerites
Def. a natural dark, or black, odoriferous mineraloid wax is called ozokerite, or ozocerite.

Ambers
Def. a "hard, generally yellow to brown translucent fossil resin" is called an amber.

Obsidians
An example of obsidian is shown on the right. Obsidian is a naturally occurring glass. Glass is an extremely viscous liquid.

Def. a naturally occurring black glass is called an obsidian.

Tektites
Def. "[a] small, round, dark glassy object, composed of silicates" is called a tektite.

Opals
Def. a naturally occurring, hydrous, amorphous form of silica, where 3% to 21% of the total weight is water is called an opal.

On the right are light blue opals from Succor Creek, Oregon, USA. On the left is an idealized diagram of the structure of opal consisting of spheres of silica arranged in an orderly manner.

On the lower left, by contrast to the light blue opals on the right, is massive dark blue and fluorescent banded opal.

Lechatelierites
Lechatelierite is amorphous SiO2, or silica glass.

Pearls
Def. a "shelly concretion, usually rounded, and having a brilliant luster, with varying tints, found in the mantle, or between the mantle and shell, of certain bivalve mollusks, [...] and sometimes in certain univalves" is called a pearl.

Quasicrystals
A crystalline substance that falls into a periodic pattern, or space group, in three dimensions, can be a mineral, or crystalline solid.

A quasicrystal consists of an ordered array of atoms or molecules without periodicity. They display a discrete pattern in X-ray diffraction but do not fall into any space group.

Soils
Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter (the soil matrix), as well as a porous phase that holds gases (the soil atmosphere) and water (the soil solution). Accordingly, soil scientists can envisage soils as a three-state system of solids, liquids, and gases.

Carbonates
"The carbonate, originally dissolved in the oceans, contains oxygen, whose atoms exist in two naturally-occurring stable isotopes, 18O and 16O. The ratio of these two isotopes tells us about past temperatures. When the carbonate solidifies to form a shell, the isotopic ratio in the oxygen (written as δ18O) varies slightly depending on the temperature of the surrounding water. The change is only a tiny 0.2 parts per million decrease for each degree of temperature increase. Nevertheless, this is sufficient for us to be able to estimate the temperature of the water in which the forams lived millions of years ago. From this, we can see that temperatures in the Arctic Ocean were about 10-15°C warmer at the time of the dinosaurs than they are today!"

title: Draft:Solids


text:
User:Xrayman

Hello My name is Richard.

I am a Writer with qualifications and an interest in Human Biology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine as an Engineer. My day job is as an Instructor. I teach Electronics, Radio Communications and Navigational Aids to technicians and engineers.

I am a freelance Writer and Editor as well.

Find out more information at http://freewebs.com/read-write.

or email me at read-write-services@hotmail.com

Work I am currently undertaking:

Member of the WikiProject for Viruses
and
 * 1) http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_biology
 * 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola
 * 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus
 * 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging
 * 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus

--Richard 23:32, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Xrayman


text:
User talk:Blake~enwikiversity

Welcome!
Hi there! Looking forward to collaborating with you at School:Chemistry. See you around! --HappyCamper 02:17, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Blake~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Miguelcaldas

title: User talk:Miguelcaldas


text:
User talk:Alikhalesi~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Alikhalesi~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Korjjj~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Korjjj~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Raymondpaolo~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Raymondpaolo~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Onika~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Onika~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:GammaRei~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called GammaRei. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name GammaRei~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:GammaRei~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Andee1976

title: User talk:Andee1976


text: User talk:Mirgul s

title: User talk:Mirgul s


text:
User talk:New g~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:New g~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Mhe1506

title: User talk:Mhe1506


text:
User talk:Shreyas~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Shreyas~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Physics8986

title: User talk:Physics8986


text: User talk:Faithis45

title: User talk:Faithis45


text:
User talk:Exeter~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Exeter~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Awie~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Awie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Awie~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Awie~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Lauanddisorder~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lauanddisorder. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lauanddisorder~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Lauanddisorder~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Icx~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Icx. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Icx~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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title: User talk:Icx~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Banaticus

Honestly, I'm not going to be looking here very often. If you want to contact me, please do it in a place that I'll be more likely to notice, like my talk page on the English Wikipedia. :) Banaticus 21:01, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Banaticus


text: User talk:Nivek1385

title: User talk:Nivek1385


text:
User talk:MoritzE~enwikiversity

Your question
I've moved your question to the Colloquium, our version of Wikipedia's village pump where general discussion takes place. sebmol ? 09:42, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:MoritzE~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Fyntan~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Fyntan~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Henson777

title: User talk:Henson777


text: User talk:Taimz

title: User talk:Taimz


text: User talk:Lifeshear

title: User talk:Lifeshear


text:
User talk:Djs2~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Djs2~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Pyrotech

title: User talk:Pyrotech


text:
User talk:DavidCary

Python
Hi David, I noticed you asking questions in your edit summaries about structuring Topic:Python. I just wanted to say it looks good, and you're on the right track. :-) Cormaggio talk 10:45, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavidCary


text: User talk:AlexMiller

title: User talk:AlexMiller


text:
User talk:Richardgush~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:50, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Richardgush~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Kazim Raza Merchant

title: User talk:Kazim Raza Merchant


text:
User talk:Sethrolland~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sethrolland. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sethrolland~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:57, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Sethrolland~enwikiversity


text: User talk:Davemahoney

title: User talk:Davemahoney


text:
User talk:BonsaiViking~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called BonsaiViking. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name BonsaiViking~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:BonsaiViking~enwikiversity