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User:Uf.team.aero/HW4

= The Multicell Airfoil = First we will look at a specific example of how to analyze a multicell airfoil; the generalization will be provided later. Below is a schematic of a simple approximation of a two-celled airfoil.

For this example, $$t_1 = 0.3$$ cm, $$t_2 = 0.5$$ cm, $$t_{12} = 0.4$$ cm, $$a = 30$$ cm, $$b = 60$$ cm, and $$c = 40$$ cm.

To solve for the total effect of torsion on such an airfoil, contributions from each cell must be taken into account. Each cell will undergo its own shear flow and torque, and the overall torque can be equated as the sum of the torque in each cell.

 * $$T = T_1 + T_2 \qquad \qquad (1)$$

where $$T_1$$ and $$T_2$$ are the torque in cells 1 and 2, respectively. Using the equation $$T = 2q\bar A$$, where $$q$$ is shear flow and $$\bar A$$ are shear flow and average area. Applying this and equation 1 above becomes:

 * $$T = 2q_1\bar {A_1}+2q_2\bar {A_2}$$

where

 * $$\bar {A_1} = ac$$
 * and
 * $$\bar {A_2} = bc$$

It should be noted that both cells have the same rate of twists, $$\theta_1$$ and $$\theta_2$$, respectively.

 * $$\theta_1 = \theta_2 \qquad \qquad (2)$$

Also, an expression for $$\theta$$ has been previously derived and for each cell it is as follows

 * $$\theta_1 = \frac {1}{2G\bar {A_1}}\oint \frac {q_1}{t_1(s)}\, ds$$

 * and

 * $$\theta_2 = \frac {1}{2G\bar {A_2}}\oint \frac {q_2}{t_2(s)}\, ds$$

For this simplified model these equations become:

 * $$ \theta_1 = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A_1}}\oint_{}^{}{\frac{q_1}{t_1}ds} = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A_1}}\left(2\frac{q_1}{t_1}a + \frac{q_1}{t_1}c + (q_1 - q_2)\frac{c}{t_{12}} \right) $$

 * $$ \theta_2 = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A_2}}\oint_{}^{}{\frac{q_2}{t_2}ds} = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A_2}}\left(2\frac{q_2}{t_2}b+ \frac{q_2}{t_2}c + (q_2 - q_1)\frac{c}{t_{12}} \right) $$

= Different Methods for Determining Ā =

Two methods that were discussed in class was approximating area by using the triangular quadrature method shown in figure 2, and the trapezoidal approximation shown in figure 3. It has been deemed that using the triangular quadrature method is more elegant.

= Ad Hoc Engineering Method =

The equation $$ \theta = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A}}\oint_{}^{}{\frac{q}{t}ds} $$ can be developed in an ad hoc manner. Consider a uniform bar of non-circular cross-section subject to twist.

The displacement of point P to P' can be given as $$ \frac{PP'}{OP} = tan(\alpha) \approx \alpha $$ using a small angle approximation. Projecting the displacement onto a path perpendicular to OP' provides $$ PP'' = PP'cos(\alpha) $$. It is also seen that $$ OPcos\alpha = OP'' $$ via a project of OP across angle $$ \alpha $$ Thus,

 * $$ PP = (OPtan\alpha)cos\alpha = (OPcos\alpha)tan\alpha = (OP)tan\alpha $$

Recall from a previous lecture that $$ OP = r $$ and $$ OP'' = \rho $$. Then, the displacement of P in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the bar, using a small angle approximation, is given as

 * $$ PP'' = (rcos\alpha)tan\alpha = \rho tan\alpha \approx \rho \alpha $$

Also recall the definition of the rate of twist, $$ \theta $$, along a section of length dx is defined as $$ \theta = \frac{\alpha}{dx} $$. Examining the shear strain that results along an incremental section of the bar, substituting the above equations, it is seen that

 * $$ \gamma = \frac{PP''}{dx} = \frac{\rho \alpha}{dx} = \rho \left(\frac{\alpha}{dx}\right) = \rho \theta $$

Remembering that stress is calculated in the curvilinear coordinate system

 * $$\tau=G\,\gamma=G\rho\,\theta$$

 * $$\tau(s)=G\rho(s)\,\theta(x)$$

We can Integrate along the contour to arrive at our targeted equation

 * $$\oint{\tau(s)ds}=\oint{G\rho(s)\,\theta(x)ds}=G\,\theta(x)\oint{\rho(s)ds}$$

 * $$\oint{\frac{q(s)}{t(s)}ds}=G\,\theta(x)\,2\,\bar{A}$$

 * $$\theta = \frac{1}{2G\bar{A}}\oint_{}^{}{\frac{q}{t}ds}$$

= Normal Strains as Defined by the Theory of Elasticity =

The Theory of Elasticity gives us the equations of displacement within a bar subjected to a twist rate, $$ \theta $$, as:

 * $$ u_x = \theta\psi (y,z) $$

 * $$ u_y = -\theta xz $$

 * $$ u_z = \theta xy $$

where $$ \psi (y,z) $$ is a function of only y and z.

= Shear Strains as Defined by the Theory of Elasticity =

From above, remember that the Theory of Elasticity gives us the following kinematic assumptions:

 * $$ u_x = \theta\psi (y,z) $$

 * $$ u_y = -\theta xz $$

 * $$ u_z = \theta xy $$

Looking at the following figure, Figure 5:

Looking at the equations they vary slightly from those used in "Aircraft Structures" by C.T. Sun primarily due to the fact that different coordinate systems are used. Looking at the figure, the simple transformation in notation can be made between each of the axes that are shown.

Using the Kinematic Assumptions and that the relationship between normal strains and shear strains the following results are obtained:

 * $$\displaystyle \epsilon_{xx} = \displaystyle \epsilon_{yy} = \displaystyle \epsilon_{zz} = \displaystyle \gamma_{yz} = 0$$

=Looking at Strain Compenents in 3D=

When looking at the strain coefficients in 3D, we know that there are 9 coefficients, arranged in a 3X3 matrix, given by the matrix :

$$\mathbf{\displaystyle \epsilon} =  \begin{bmatrix}

\epsilon_{xx} & \epsilon_{xy} & \epsilon_{xz} \\ \epsilon_{yx} & \epsilon_{yy} & \epsilon_{yz} \\ \epsilon_{zx} & \epsilon_{zy} & \epsilon_{zz} \end{bmatrix} $$

Using this matrix, we now need to convert this matrix into indicial notation. Indicial Notation is used here and allows us to substitute the following values:

 * $$ x \Leftrightarrow 1, y \Leftrightarrow 2 , z \Leftrightarrow 3 $$

Using indicial notation, the previous matrix, $$\mathbf{\displaystyle \epsilon}$$ can be rewritten as:

 * $$\mathbf{\displaystyle \epsilon} = \begin{bmatrix}

\epsilon_{11} & \epsilon_{12} & \epsilon_{13} \\ \epsilon_{21} & \epsilon_{22} & \epsilon_{23} \\ \epsilon_{31} & \epsilon_{32} & \epsilon_{33} \end{bmatrix}$$

This matrix may also be rewritten once again by using the Tensor Calculus Theory of Relativity, and be written in Tensorial Notation. Using this notation, the matrix is rewritten as follows:

 * $$\mathbf{\displaystyle \epsilon} = \begin{bmatrix}

\epsilon_{ij}\end{bmatrix}$$ $$$$

where, ij range from 1 to 3 and the following hold true:

 * i represents the row index
 * j represents the column index

Using the calculated matrix of $$\displaystyle \epsilon_{[ij]}$$ is formed in tensorial notation, the symmetry of the strain tensor can be given as follows:

 * $$\displaystyle \epsilon_{ij} = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i})$$

By using this symmetrical formula, there are many advantages that include the need to only remember one formula and not have to constantly keep track of the x, y, and z variables.

Taking the coordinates of x,y,z to be $$ x_1, x_2 ,  x_3 $$ respectively the symmetrical strain tensor can now be rewritten making the following substitutions: $$ x \Leftrightarrow x_1 , y \Leftrightarrow x_2 , z \Leftrightarrow x_3 $$

and written as:

 * $$\epsilon_{11} = \displaystyle \epsilon_{xx} = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial u_1}{\partial x_1} + \frac{\partial u_1}{\partial x_1})=  \frac{\partial u_1}{\partial x_1} \Rightarrow \frac{\partial u_x}{\partial x}$$

=Stress Component in 3D= Similarly from the proof of $$\displaystyle \epsilon$$ we know that for the stress tensor $$\displaystyle \sigma$$ there will only be 6 independent solutions to solve for the 9 coefficients of the matrix. This 3x3 tensor $$\displaystyle \sigma$$ can be described much like the other tensor $$\displaystyle \epsilon$$ was.

 * $$\mathbf{\displaystyle \sigma} = \begin{bmatrix}

\sigma_{ij}\end{bmatrix}$$ $$$$

where similarly, here, ij range from 1 to 3 and the following conditions hold true:

 * i represents the row index
 * j represents the column index

 Q:  Does the symmetry of $$\displaystyle \epsilon$$ related to the isotropy of the material?

Referring to the following equation (1) from the notes dealing with the shear strains defined by the theory of elasticity, we obtain the following equation:

$$\displaystyle \epsilon _{xx}=\epsilon _{yy}=\epsilon _{zz}=\gamma _{yz}=0$$

Due to $$\displaystyle \epsilon$$ - $$\displaystyle \sigma$$ relationship this equation can also be rewritten as following:

$$\displaystyle \sigma _{xx}=\sigma _{yy}=\sigma _{zz}=\tau _{yz}=0$$

=Relation of Strain to Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio= We wish to relate normal strain, εxx, to elastic modulus, E, and Poisson's Ratio, ν. Poisson's ratio, named after Simeon Denis Poisson, is defined as:
 * $$\nu =-\frac{lateral strain}{axial strain} =-\frac{\epsilon_{y}}{\epsilon_{x}}=-\frac{\epsilon_{z}}{\epsilon_{x}}$$

(for an axial load in the x direction, for example.)

When taking a simple rigid object and compressing it in one direction of the material will tend to deform in the opposite direction, a direction that is perpendicular to the force. As shown in the illustration above in Figure 7, the compression in the x direction causes the rigid structure to deform (positively) in the y direction.

Some common values for Poisson's Ratio are given as:

For Rubber,$$\nu_{rubber} = 0.5 $$

For steel,$$\nu_{steel} = 0.3 $$

For a simple cork,$$\nu_{cork} = 0 $$

Using Hooke's Law:
 * $$\epsilon _{xx}=\frac{\sigma _{xx}}{E}-\nu \frac{\sigma _{yy}}{E}-\nu \frac{\sigma _{zz}}{E}$$

We now wish to find $$\epsilon _{yy}$$ and $$\epsilon _{zz}$$:
 * $$\epsilon _{yy}=-\nu\frac{\sigma _{xx}}{E}+\frac{\sigma _{yy}}{E}-\nu \frac{\sigma _{zz}}{E}$$
 * $$\epsilon _{zz}=-\nu\frac{\sigma _{xx}}{E}-\nu\frac{\sigma _{yy}}{E}+ \frac{\sigma _{zz}}{E}$$

For shear strain:
 * $$\gamma _{xy}=2\epsilon _{xy}=\frac{\tau _{xy}}{G}$$

We also wish to find $$\gamma _{yz}$$ and $$\gamma _{zx}$$. In the same manner,

 * $$\gamma _{yz}=2\epsilon _{yz}=\frac{\tau _{yz}}{G}$$

and

 * $$\gamma _{zx}=2\epsilon _{zx}=\frac{\tau _{zx}}{G}$$

=Hooke's Law for Isotropic Elasticity= Hooke's Law for Isotropic Elasticity can be defined in matrix form as:

\begin{Bmatrix} \epsilon _{xx}\\ \epsilon _{yy}\\ \epsilon _{zz}\\ \gamma _{yz}\\ \gamma _{zx}\\ \gamma _{xy}\\ \end{Bmatrix}=

\begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{E}& \frac{-\nu }{E} & \frac{-\nu }{E} & 0 & 0 &0 \\ \frac{-\nu }{E}& \frac{1}{E} & \frac{-\nu }{E} & 0 &  0&0 \\ \frac{-\nu }{E}& \frac{-\nu }{E} &   \frac{1}{E}& 0 & 0 &0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{G} & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{G}& 0\\ 0& 0 &0 &0 & 0 & \frac{1}{G} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} \sigma _{xx}\\ \sigma _{yy}\\ \sigma _{zz}\\ \sigma _{yz}\\ \sigma _{zx}\\ \sigma _{xy}\\ \end{Bmatrix} $$ and since, for example,
 * $$\gamma _{xy}=2\epsilon _{xy}=\frac{\sigma _{xy}}{G}

$$ then
 * $$\epsilon _{xy}=\frac{\sigma _{xy}}{2G}$$

the matrix becomes:
 * $$\begin{Bmatrix}

\epsilon _{xx}\\ \epsilon _{yy}\\ \epsilon _{zz}\\ \epsilon _{yz}\\ \epsilon _{zx}\\ \epsilon _{xy} \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} \frac{1}{E}& \frac{-\nu }{E} & \frac{-\nu }{E} & 0 & 0 &0 \\ \frac{-\nu }{E}& \frac{1}{E} & \frac{-\nu }{E} & 0 &  0&0 \\ \frac{-\nu }{E}& \frac{-\nu }{E} &   \frac{1}{E}& 0 & 0 &0 \\ 0& 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2G} & 0 & 0\\ 0&0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2G} &0 \\ 0& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2G} \end{vmatrix}

\begin{Bmatrix} \sigma _{xx}\\ \sigma _{yy}\\ \sigma _{zz}\\ \sigma _{yz}\\ \sigma _{zx}\\ \sigma _{xy} \end{Bmatrix}$$

= A note on Poisson's ratio = For most materials, Poisson's ratio is positive, and is between 0 and 0.5. For example, steel has a ratio of 0.3, meaning an axial load in the x direction will result in some deformation in the y and z directions. It is interesting to note, however, that cork (used in wine bottles) has a ratio of zero. Also, some materials have a negative Poisson’s ratio. When subjected to strain in a longitudinal axis, the transverse strain in the material will actually be positive, and the material would therefore increase in that direction as well.

= Simplified Airfoil Example = A simplified airfoil is given in the figure below. It has a semicircular leading edge of diameter b = 2 m and a triangular trailing edge with one side of length a = 4 m. Thicknesses are $$ t_{1} = 0.008\ m,\ t_{2} = t_{3} = 0.01\ m $$. It is desired to determine the average area $$ \bar{A} $$, maximum torque, and the torsional constant J of the airfoil.

=NACA Airfoil Sample Roadmap= Using the following example we will outline the procedures to begin to setup the matlab project of this homework assignment by breaking up the multicell airfoil into 4 distinct areas, defined as: $$\bar {A_1}, \bar {A_{21}}, \bar {A_{22}},$$ and $$\bar {A_{3}}$$. The breakdown is shown below in Figure 9.

Similarly to what will be done in the HW 4 Matlab assignment, each of the areas will be calculated and added to develop the following sum:

 * $$\bar {A} = \bar {A_1}+\bar {A_{21}}+\bar {A_{22}}+\bar {A_3}$$

Here $$\bar {A_2}$$ represents the area of the 2nd airfoil section that is defined likewise as: $$\bar {A_2} =\bar {A_{21}}+\bar {A_{22}}$$. For simplicity this area section is divided into two sections ($$\bar {A_{21}}$$ and $$\bar {A_{22}}$$), by the dividing bisecting line, from E to F,($$\bar {EF}$$).

In Matlab, the total area will be taken by summing the individual sections. For these sections, the initial point will be set and the area calculated by sweeping areas for specific points from approximate semi circles and triangles. After the sum is taken from all of the components, careful consideration will need to be taken to compare and ensure that the results obtained in this homework 4 Matlab approximation are within 1% of the previous results obtained in the Matlab assignment in homework 3.

First to calculate area $$\bar {A_{1}}$$ we need to set the center point at $${P_{0}=D}$$ and sweep the area of the circle from the following points: $${B}\rightarrow{L}\rightarrow{E}$$

To first calculate the area of the subsection, $$\bar {A_{21}}$$, the center point will be set at $${P_{0}=E}$$ and sweep the area of the sectional triangle from points: $${F}\rightarrow{B}$$

To calculate the area of the second subsection, $$\bar {A_{22}}$$, the center point will be set at $${P_{0}=F}$$ and sweep the area of the sectional triangle from points: $${E}\rightarrow{H}$$

Finally, to calculate the area of $$\bar {A_{3}}$$ the center point will be set at $${P_{0}=G}$$ and sweep the area of the final triangle from the points: $${H}\rightarrow{T}\rightarrow{F}$$

= NACA Airfoil Matlab Code Continued =

This weeks matlab code involved adding functions to determine the torsional constant, J, for both single cell airfoils as well as multi-celled bodies.

= Matlab-code Certification =

I, the undersigned, certify that I can read, understand, and write matlab codes, and can thus contribute effectively to my team.

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.mcgilvray 16:16, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.lee 00:21, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.kurth 08:59, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.fo8.aero.oyama 16:30, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.strods 03:38, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.barcia 24:28, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

= Contributing team members =

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.mcgilvray 16:16, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.lee 00:21, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.kurth 08:59, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.fo8.aero.oyama 16:30, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.strods 03:38, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

--Eas4200c.f08.aero.barcia 14:29, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Uf.team.aero/HW4


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User talk:Naya of playa

Hello Wiki World!!! What a joy it is to finally get on line with you all! I am so excited about all the knowledge that we can share; our minds, hearts, souls and of course our imaginations. What a revolution! I live out in the country. I am building myself a smaller ecofriendly home, barn and small old fashioned store front. I am going to incorporate all the solar energy, windmill(s), rainwater that I possibly can. I think that most of you are familar with the drill. I'll be raising sheep and lamas for their wool. I want to get back into my old spinning days!! They'll be organic farming and the herbs for food and dying will be grown with all the care of a nurturing Mother. I'll be building an old fashined medicinal store front. I'm so enthusiastic. I do have great country neighbors to guide me along and also have a degree in Agriculture from SIU. My most challenging dilema will be all the ecologically sound solar and wind generated power sources. The resources here, for people who KNOW what they are doing, come from a very small pool. I would absolutely be so very grateful for any information from those that have tried these on their own. So often it is best to get ideas straight from the source. Research is great and I will always share any that I have...but "hands-on" is simply invaluable. I am in mid/central Illinois admist a multitude of deer, turkey, fox, coyote, a panther (or two), geese, etc., etc. I cannot give up my way of life nor my dream for our children of today. Just a few short lines on some other interests. I'd absolutely love to learn how to speak Spanish, Mexico is my second home. Cooking authentic Mexican food would be right up on my list of things to learn. Also I have ALWAYS wanted to play the guitar, one of my heart's deepest desires. I therefore would be willing to have a Mexican female exchange student and her small family stay with me for a year. Time wise would be open. Well, this is quite a bit to be out there on the computer, especially for one like me who has never really used a computer. But Wikiversity and Wikipedia came highly reccommended as a terrific source of cutting edge information sharing. I will be looking forward to ANY and ALL sharing of courage, knowledge, wisdom and most of all dreams for a society that is in so desperate need of growth in universal understanding. THANK-YOU for taking the time to read my thoughts.

 Hello Naya of playa, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may

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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu talk 19:38, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Naya of playa


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User talk:Mrdboyell

Welcome
Hello Mrdboyell, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * [ Ask] a question, discuss Wikiversity, etc. at the Colloquium;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversians on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Emesee 00:58, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

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User:Stevenarntson/Freshman Seminar/Research

We'll discuss these resources in class:

 * Why It's A Good Idea to Evaluate Web Resources by Susan E. Beck
 * Seattle Literacy Resources
 * Online Research
 * Ten Things You Should Know about the Seattle Public Library


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User:Stevenarntson/Analytical Writing/Research

 * Topics discussion
 * wiki 201
 * Creative Commons License
 * Composing advice (word processing, the blue box, hierarchical markup)
 * Peak Water--form/ideas: data vs. image
 * Information Evaluation
 * workshop signup
 * SPL

Please visit the following research pages:

 * Why It's A Good Idea to Evaluate Web Resources by Susan E. Beck
 * Seattle Literacy Resources
 * Online Research
 * Ten Things You Should Know about the Seattle Public Library


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Portal:Preparatory Academy

W ELCOME TO THE W IKIVERSITY P REPARATORY A CADEMY !

Purge this page

title: Portal:Preparatory Academy


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Talk:Electrical Power Economics/Introduction

Typo
My God. Eight mistakes in the brief introduction. That's more than I'll make this year. How can someone like this even graduate from primary school? . "Household" is one word, not two. It's "costs...have" or "cost...has", not "cost...have". It's "steady", not "stedy". "elecrticity". We'll call that a typo. Still crap. "Ecomic"? "Sustanable"? "Morden"? "Confortable"?

 * Thank you for drawing attention to the above typos. I have corrected them. Remember, it is a wiki, so you are also welcome to correct any mistakes you see.Happy wikiediting :-) --Thuvack | talk 07:59, 17 October 2008 (UTC)


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Social psychology (psychology)/Assessment/Essay/FAQ

When is it due?
Mon 27/10/08 09:00

What sections should my essay have?

 * Cover page - insert and complete
 * Title page - include title, author, and question
 * Abstract page
 * Essay body - use of headings within the essay is optional
 * References

Do we need an abstract?
Yes. This will be marked as part of "Written expression". It is important, at third-year level, to be able to write a clearly written abstract for your academic writing. An abstract should clearly summarise the essay. Essay abstracts generally should be no longer than 120 words. See APA style for further information.

Can we use section headings?
Yes; they are optional. For essays of this length, try to avoid more than about six top-level headings because this risks breaking the flow up into disjointed pieces. In general, headings can be useful for structuring and presenting your writing. However, the risk is that they can interfere with flow. Using intro and summary paragraphs to each section can help to link them together, as well providing a general introduction (no heading) and a final summary. Also note that sections with less than two paragraphs are not recommended - they are too short. It is possible to have lower-level headings (e.g., two major headings, each each with two sections), but there is no point in having a section with one sub-section.

Single or double-spacing
Single-spacing is best for electronic; double-spacing is best for hard-copy (to allow hand-written comments).

Electronic references
Use APA style for electronic referencing. This means no hyperlinks in the body text. Cite as per other articles, but the URL is included in the reference list. Usually this wouldn't be hyperlinked (APA style), but if its done consistently, hyperlinking would be fine and user-friendly.

How do I reference Wikipedia?
For Wikipedia or any other electronic references, follow APA style for electronic references. The author would be Wikipedia.

Capitalisation
When referring to a theory, how do you know whether to capitalise it or not? It's just that i have noticed that in some journal articles the name of a theory of model has been capitalized whereas in others they are in lower-case, so i was just wondering what the convention was?

Basically, if you are talking a specific theory, then you can treat it as a proper name and capitalise it, e.g., Realistic Conflict Theory. When referring a broad theory it isn't a "name", so don't use capitals, e.g., psychoanalytic theory. If in doubt, don't use capitals.


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Wiki business plan/External links

 * The idea at Cambrian House
 * Solar Cell Farms
 * National Cooperative Business Association
 * Writing a business plan at Amex
 * Harvard resources
 * Business plan @ inc.com
 * Business plan @ entrepreneur.com
 * Google.org investment proposals for plugin hybrid projects
 * November 2007 Scientists convert biodiesel byproduct glycerin into ethanol
 * Open Moko Buying interest list - a potential model
 * July 2008 Creative Commons Business Models

title: Wiki business plan/External links


text: Wiki business plan/See also

title: Wiki business plan/See also


text: Wiki business plan/Wikipedia

title: Wiki business plan/Wikipedia


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Search and rescue/SAR mission 2008 01

This page is an experiment to see if search and rescue (SAR) responders can teach themselves, by collaboration here on Wikiversity, how to plan a SAR mission. To the extent possible, we will use the Incident Command System (ICS), but only what seems useful. The first step is to find out if a SAR mission is needed, and details about the subject(s). The form used for this in New Mexico is here. More forms are here. Remember, use only what seems useful.

Incident Action Plan status: developing mission objectives. Content for this page is being developed on Talk:Search and rescue missions.

Subject
The subject is a 73 year old man missing from Streator, Illinois for about 3 weeks (as of October 13). He is 5' 9", gray hair, beard, blue eyes, 168 pounds. He has no car and Streator has no public transportation.  He rides all over town on a royal blue tricycle (trike) with a basket on the rear.  He collects aluminum cans from roadside ditches and sells the cans and gives the money to the Baptist Church.  He is a lifelong resident of Streator and has 7 adult children.

PLS The subject was last seen on September 24, 2008, a Wednesday. He was seen talking to his trike, it tipped over, in the Aldi parking lot (1725 North Bloomington Street). About 15 minutes later (2:00 p.m.) he was last seen a few blocks north of the Aldi at the Burger King in the 2100 block of North Bloomington Street, riding the trike. He was wearing a tan plaid shirt (or a white T-shirt) and blue jeans.

It is not know what his plans were for that day and there are no accounts of his talking with anyone that day. That day, and for several days afterward, the weather was mild and clear. The following evening, his disappearance was broadcast on the local cable emergency alert system.

Health
The subject has epilepsy of long standing. He is not always oriented to place. He may exhibit signs of mental illness such as having God tell him not to wash. Prior to his disappearance he had not been taking his medication related to the epilepsy. Other medical information is unknown.

Tricycle
A couple of years ago the subject rode a bicycle from Streator about 60 miles northwest to Princeton.

The last part of June or July, the subject was found on a railroad track near Spring Lake Park (a city park located south of the river between Streator and Kangley). He said that he was hunting mushrooms, that he did not know where his trike was, and that it had gotten "tangled" up and he could not get it out.

He bought a new trike just like the old one.

After the subject and his new trike went missing on Sept 24th, the old trike was found about a half mile from where he was found back in June or July. It was in a ravine, sitting upright. The ravine is directly north about 1/4 mile from Spring Lake Park.

Not yet found

Clues include the subject, and anything having to do with him that could be separated from him. Rough priority list of known clues not yet found:
 * 1) bright blue adult tricycle
 * 2) the subject
 * 3) tricycle tracks
 * 4) tan plaid shirt
 * 5) blue jeans
 * 6) man's shoes, average size
 * 7) footprints, other tracks left by the subject on foot

Although the subject is most important, the tricycle has the highest priority because it is both large and very unusual.

Found

 * 1) Search dog track. A trained tracking dog followed a scent from PLS to about 5 miles north west of Streator, and north west of Kangley, where the dog lost the scent.  It tracked north on North Bloomington Street, to west on Oakley Ave, north on the cemetery road, and left(west) on Richard's road(N 17th rd). Then after going less than a mile and a half on N 17th, the dog lost the scent.  These are section roads, blacktop with wide mowed ditches.

Scenarios
Scenarios subject to change at any time. Try to list by priority. For ideas, see this SOP for urban search for people with Alzheimer's disease.

Current location

 * 1) The subject is somewhere in the vicinity of where the search dog stopped tracking.
 * 2) The subject is in the Vermillion River or a tributary creek.
 * 3) The subject is somewhere in Streator.
 * 4) The subject is in a bean field or corn field.  No action b/c very unlikely, very difficult to search, and harvesting will reveal him.
 * 5) The subject is not in the vicinity of Streator.  No action b/c outside the scope of SAR.

What happened

 * 1) Subject rode his trike until something happened.
 * 2) Subject left his trike, then something happened.

Either way, it is important to find the trike. The trike allows the subject to move faster than on foot, on roadways or maintained pathways, so the search area is large. On the other hand, the trike cannot easily go some places where the subject could go on foot, thus the trike may have been left behind: left at a fence line, the edge of a creek, a meadow, or a woodlot. Under the scenario that the subject left the trike behind, a search for the trike can focus on edges of areas, not areas. This vastly reduces the search effort required. Once the trike is found, search efforts can focus on areas near the trike. Similarly, under the scenario that the subject did not leave the trike, search efforts can focus on those same edges plus trike-passable travel routes to those edges. Eg, exclude routes beyond trike obstacles such as banks, larger ditches, fences, step-overs, and tall grass or brambles. Search all routes to the point where such an obstacle is found.

Mission scenarios

 * 1) Dog track correct, subject headed for mushroom picking areas in woods along river.
 * 2) Dog track correct, subject headed for Princeton.
 * 3) Deduced direction of travel wrong, subject in Streator.

Tasks (draft!)
Here generate a list of tasks, to be prioritized and assigned to someone to do. Some of these tasks may never be assigned. Conceptually, tasks are of four kinds: investigation (gather information), containment, search, rescue. At this time, high priorities are investigation and search.

For a visual of the area, type Kangley, Illinois into Google Maps.

Tasks completed

 * The evening of the following day, Thursday September 25, Streator police used the cable broadcast emergency alert system to notify residents of the missing man. This generated many leads, most (all?) of which related to a different man who rides a similar trike.
 * The morning of the following Friday, September 26, a story appeared in The Times.
 * The afternoon of the following Friday, September 26, search dogs came from Ottawa and Joliett. The dog from Joliett, with handler Darren Prochaska (Joliet PD), tracked a scent from the PLS north on North Bloomington Street, west on North 15th Road (?), north on East 16th Road past Hillcrest Cemetery, and west on North 17th Road to west of East 15th Road.

Tasks for IC staff

 * Identify, contact, and debrief IC staff of prior search efforts.

 * Reconstruct past investigation, continue investigation.

 * Check that the tricycle found in the ravine is the old one lost in June/July, not the new one the subject had at the PLS. If there is any doubt on this point, treat the found tricycle as a very important clue.

 * Check availability of SAR cadaver dogs.

 * Establish POC with all urgent care centers, hospitals, medical centers, medical examiners for a 60 mile radius. Consider also all EMS services, volunteer fire departments, etc., in case the subject was encountered but refused transport.

 * Prepare flyer A of missing tricycle. Use a clear photo of the subject's old tricycle.  Focus on the tricycle but include subject mug shot to help disambiguate subject's tricycle from the tricycle with canopy used by the ponytail man (another Streator resident).

 * Prepare flyer B of subject "mug shot", description, and other clues (eg, images of man lying down, man draped in tree, plaid shirt, jeans, shoes).

 * Provide a copy of flyer A and B to every volunteer searcher, to remind them they are searching for clues and the subject himself is one of many clues.

 * Identify and contact POC for agencies having jurisdiction. These include the sheriff's offices of LaSalle County and Livingston Countyas well as the Steator Police Department.

Tasks for field teams

 * Hasty search Sandy Ford Natural area (web site and map. It has 170 acres of woodland, good for mushroom hunting.
 * Hasty search trike-passable routes of travel in vicinity of where dog stopped tracking, west to Vermillion River.
 * Cadaver dogs hasty search banks or water of Vermillion River and tributaries, where passable.
 * Post flyers. Flyer B conveys a disturbing idea, so consider posting it only in "adults only" locations:  liquor store, bar, hunting supply shop, fish and game office.  Post flyers at traffic collection points, especially of foot traffic:  gas stations and grocery stores, bridges over the rivers, park entrances, trailheads.

 * Provide flyers to sources of deer hunting equipment and licenses, for them to distribute to customers. Deer hunting season has started and will bring people into the wooded areas.  Get out the word.

 * Search all abandoned and infrequently used buildings in Streator.

Outcome
Subject and trike found in a corn field that was being harvested. See property map above. The trike was about 15 feet into the corn field just off a grass area between the cornfield and a twenty foot wide area of brush along the river. The remains were found about a quarter of a mile south of the trike in the same corn row.

title: Search and rescue/SAR mission 2008 01


text:
Talk:Search and rescue/SAR mission 2008 01

Q's about the subject
Here are some useful details that could be added to the Subject section. Most are clues.

Physical description of the subject? What was he wearing? Colors? Physical description of the bike? Color? Chrome? Rear basket? Horn or bell? Shiny new, or new used? Other accessories? Pedal bike, not gas powered? When last seen, did he have anything in the basket? Did he buy anything at the fast food restaurant? If he did, what would he normally have done with the wrappers? Eg, put them in a trash can, toss them on the ground, leave them in the bike basket?

Health profile? Was he on medications? This information is important because lack of medications can mean he becomes more active than usual for him, or less active.

At the point last seen, was he seen by someone who knew him? Can this person fill in details re the PLS?

A relative said that a woman who lives across from the cemetery on the north/southroad saw the subject walking his trike up the hill at the cemetery location. He was reported to be at the cemetery hill on Thursday, the day after he was reported missing. If this report is correct, he may have gone home and not been seen on Wednesday night, or he may have been away from home overnight at that point. The same relative said that he had eaten at the Burger King on Wed. as he did often. Being on the cemetery hill would be consistent with the tracking dog's route.Laguyon 22:55, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

A local discussion group called Streatoronline had an entry saying that the subject had been seen in Ottawa the morning of October 16th (Thurs.) He was at the Wendy's fast food. He was on his trike. People went to Ottawa to search, but he has still not been found.71.113.202.91

--Una Smith 05:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Q's about the subject's mental state. Does not always oriented mean wandering? Did he sometimes exhibit sundowning? Did he have clinical dementia? Dementia with hallucinations equals psychosis; did he have psychosis due to his epilepsy? Was he taking any over the counter drugs that could have a psychoactive effect? What had the weather been like before he went missing? Would Sept 24th have been a good day for gathering mushrooms? If he found mushrooms, what would he normally do with them? What were his plans for that day? --Una Smith 05:51, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Wandering and sundowning together are important because they make it far more likely that he would have continued moving at night. --Una Smith 21:03, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Okay, I see he was wearing a tan plaid shirt and jeans. How about shoes? If his shoes can be identified then it may be possible to get a sample of his shoe tread, for tracking. Also, people lost in the woods have a special power to lose their shoes. More possible clues. --Una Smith 21:03, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

One problem is the lack of knowledge about what he was doing or even his medical/physical condition. Due to increasing non-social behavior (failure to clean clothing and himself), he had less contact with his family. 71.113.202.91 02:03, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * That's pretty normal, and okay. All we can do is think up what information might be useful, ask for it, and see what we get.

The missing trike
Is the found old trike the same style and color as the new, missing one? Can we get a photo of it to help give search teams a clear "search image". Also, horses' eyes are very sensitive to blue (think "scary blue tarp"), so could be of special use in this mission. Search horses could even be given a quickie training on the old trike, to give them a search image too. Say "search", approach bike, give horse praise and a treat. Esp good if same color. What kind of treads do the wheels have? Maybe they left tracks. 3 weeks is a long time for tracks to persist, but it can happen. Can the old trike be used as a model? Did the new trike come from a local shop that has more of the same? Consider also that the subject might be in a corn field, but the trike wouldn't fit between the rows, right? So if we assume for planning purposes he is in a corn field then we can look for his bike not in a corn field. --Una Smith 21:03, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

The new trike is like the old one. It is a good idea to use it as a model for searchers. I doubt that has been done. There are very few people in town who use such a trike on a regular basis. This man had no driver's license so used the trike. There is another man in town who looks similar and rides a trike. However, this man has a ponytail hair style and wears an orange hat. He has been stopped many times in the last week as people inquire who he is.71.113.202.91 02:03, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Spontaneous volunteer searchers with no experience usually do have a search image of the subject in a familiar context. So they look for someone who is upright, responsive, moving.  A more experienced searcher looks for clues:  tracks, items of clothing, objects.

The probability of the trike being in a corn field is not great. The rows are close together but you can walk between them. It would be difficult to take the trike between the rows. The corn leaves cut and make it unlikely anyone would choose to walk through the fields. There is generally a wide area around the field that might be negotiated on the trike, but it would be a difficult path. 71.113.202.91 02:03, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. --Una Smith 02:34, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

By now the tacks of the bike may have been washed out by rains. Some looking for tacks had been done in the Spring Lake area, but none were found. The looking for tracks should be continued as some may have survived if the trike were in a wet area. The three wheel configuration should be easy to distinguish from other bikes or types of tracks.71.113.202.91 02:03, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Trike brand name? Try find a match on the web.  --Una Smith 01:37, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Q's about the area
This step requires a map. Do you have one handy? --Una Smith 05:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Am working on getting a more detailed map of the area. The area north west of Streator has been considered a high probability area for search activity.71.113.202.91 02:03, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Got a scanner or digital camera? Scan a printed local topo or road map?  The TIGER map tool is here. --Una Smith 02:28, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Think about routes. If on his trike, there are places he cannot go. So either he stays on it, and goes where it can go, or at some point he gets off. The trike may be found at that point. Think about routes and the track followed by the dog; was that track a possible trike route, or only a man on foot route? Did it cross fences, walls, ditches, steps, or other trike barriers? Also, Kangley is about 3 bird miles from Streator. Did the dog track 5 miles, or did the dog track 5+x miles to a point 5 bird miles from the PLS? Either way, that track was long; too bad someone didn't bring in a second dog to try to "cut sign" alongside the road where the first dog stopped. --Una Smith 02:28, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The dog comes from Ottawa about 20 miles away --- half an hour. It tracked north on North Bloomington Street, to west on Oakley Ave, north on cemetery road, and left(west) on Richard's road(N 17th rd). Then after going about a mile and a quarter on N 17th, the dog lost the scent. Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * That dog did do a long search. It is probably the only dog around for miles. Yes, a second dog might have picked up something.  How long might you expect a dog to be able to catch the scent?  I have heard two weeks.  We are at three weeks this Wed.(Oct 15).71.113.202.91
 * I don't know. Some handlers claim weeks or months, or even longer, but most handlers I talk to say no way. --Una Smith 04:07, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * One thing to keep in mind is that the dog was not necessarily following the subject's track. Accept that as a working premise, but only one of several.  Another premise would be that the dog track is a totally false lead.  If the dog handler was told about the subject's prior adventures heading northwest on a trike, then I would be very dubious about the dog track. --Una Smith 04:07, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

We're about ready to move on to the next step, but first I have some Q's about the trip to Princeton. Was that a disoriented elopement, or did he have a specific, rational reason to go there? Does he have a reason to travel northwest from Streator, or were the Princeton and trike in ravine incidents selected from among others? About where does he live? Did he use to live anywhere else? --Una Smith 04:07, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * From what I know, he grew up around the Streator area.  His family did not seem to be clear on why he went to Princeton.  Currently he lives in downtown Streator near the police station.  This would be someplace near the corner of Bridge and Bloomington Streets.Laguyon 05:24, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Where exactly did he grow up? People with some types of dementia "forget" their adult selves and return to habits of their youth.  Sometimes they also go or try to go where they lived in their youth.  A book on my to read list is Urban Search: Managing Missing Person Searches in the Urban Environment (ISBN 9781879471382). --Una Smith 06:06, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting! He grew up here in town someplace. I think that some of the family still lives in the house,from what they said. In that case, if he were near that house, somebody should have found him.Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * For some reason the family thought he might have gone to the grave of his x-wife who was the father of his children. The area of the cemetery was searched.Laguyon 05:24, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The cemetery is also on the northwest side of town out of the city limits. About a 1/2 mile off Oakley Ave. to the north.Laguyon 05:24, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

I am interested in the possibility that the dog trail may have been bogus. That would open up the search area even greater.Laguyon 05:24, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The dog could have been following no trail or a false trail. Do you know the dog and handler?  Are they reliable?  --Una Smith 16:17, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I have no knowledge of the dog or handler. We did have a dog in town, but have not had one for many years now.  I knew Toby and his handler well but have not had contact with any of the local dogs from that time.  The dog competency is really important in this case. Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * One of the online news sites says there were two dogs involved, one a bloodhound from Joliet PD. --Una Smith 02:52, 15 October 2008 (UTC) I was not around when the first dog tracking was done and have no knowledge of the second dog. Joliet is over an hour by car from Streator, so that dog was imported some distance.  The only dog I saw was the one from Ottawa that was called the night they found the trike in the ravine. It is good to know that there are two dogs available. 71.113.202.91 03:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The dog could have been following the subject's back trail. Is Aldi a grocery store?  Is that where he would go to sell aluminum cans?  --Una Smith 16:17, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Aldi's is a grocery store. He would not sell cans there.Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Some grocery stores have machines where you deposit cans and bottles and get cash back. This Aldi isn't one of those?  If the subject often collects cans, where does he go to sell them?   --Una Smith 02:52, 15 October 2008 (UTC)Most people go to to a recycle place near downtown Streator to get money from cans. I do not know if he had places in town where he collected cans or if he got most of his from the roadsides outside of town. 71.113.202.91 03:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The relative locations of the Burger King and Aldi, and the times he was seen there, establish a direction of travel. So if that information was correct the dog presumably did track in the subject's direction of travel.  A subject on bicycle is a little different from the usual wilderness case where someone is tracked from a vehicle at a trailhead;  there, the subject's scent trail would have a definite origin and thus a solid direction of travel. --Una Smith 02:52, 15 October 2008 (UTC) One family member said something about his being seen north of town. I do not know who saw him or where he might have been reported to have been. 71.113.202.91 03:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I asked the family if there was a possibility that he might be an evader. They say he may be. He did not want the family telling him that he had to take his medication. Laguyon 05:24, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Has anyone walked the most likely paths and asked people about him? Geo.plrd 01:36, 16 October 2008 (UTC) I do not know what the family, searchers, or the police have done about interviews with people who may have seen him. 71.113.202.91 04:34, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * What about homeless shelters? Geo.plrd 07:30, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

PLS and direction of travel
The Aldi and Burger King both are on North Bloomington Street. Per the web, the Aldi is in the 1700 block. Media reports state the PLS was in the 2100 block of North Bloomington Street, but on the web I don't find a Burger King there. I do find a Burger King in the 1600 and 1800 blocks. The location of the PLS (Burger King) needs to be re-confirmed, because it relates to the subject's direction of travel. --Una Smith 16:30, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

The Burger King is on North Bloomington Street but for some strange reason has an address of 106 Northpoint Drive. Burger King is north of Aldi's. The dog tracked northward.Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Is this BK on a corner? --Una Smith 02:58, 15 October 2008 (UTC) Burger King is on a corner but it faces North Bloomington Street.  Therefore the address is strange.71.113.202.91 03:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

One family member said that his father liked to take the "back roads." That is where the dog said he went. Laguyon 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course. He was on a bike.  Do any roads in the area have bike lanes? --Una Smith 02:58, 15 October 2008 (UTC) There are no bike lanes anywhere around Streator.  People ride on sidewalks or streets in town and on roads in the country. 71.113.202.91 03:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Okay, the direction of travel is likely north, if the information is correct that he was at Aldi first, then BK. But evidence is not proof, so we factor this into POAs but don't assign zero POA to areas south of the PLS. --Una Smith 02:58, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Now we have a map showing the search dog's track: Image:DOG TRAINING TRAIL II.JPG. The track looks very purposeful. If that is the subject's route, and if the direction of travel is north, then the highest POA is in the NW corner of Bruce Township. If the direction of travel is south, the highest POA is in Streator in the neighborhood around the subject's home. --Una Smith 22:01, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe the dog hit a spur in the trail west of East 15th Road. Say the subject passed E 15 heading west, changed his mind, and turned back and north onto East 15th Rd.  The subject could have been heading for the nature preserve, or trying to go around the nature preserve.  In the latter case, maybe he was heading again for Princeton. --Una Smith 22:35, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

A realtive said that a woman saw the subject on the cemetery road hill pushing his bike uphill (north) on Thurs. the day after he was reported missing. If this is correct, he may have gone home undetected on Wed. night or been out all night. The same relative said that he ate at Burger King on Wed. as he often did.Laguyon 22:55, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Maps
USGS topo maps for Illinois are here. --Una Smith 03:10, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I updated the vicinity topo map to extend several miles farther out than before. That map show natural barriers (Vermillion River and its tributaries), terrain that is likely to be difficult to pass through (hence a barrier), and natural attractions. One jumps off the map: the Sandy Ford Nature Preserve! The other map, showing properties, makes me wonder if the subject had a friend living out there in the bend of the river south of Sandy Ford Nature Preserve. --Una Smith 21:34, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Subject found
That swath of bottomland is directly across the Vermillion River from Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetary? Yes.Laguyon 09:58, 25 October 2008 (UTC) Is that cemetary the one where his wife is? I think the Cemetary is where the where the x-wife is.Laguyon 09:58, 25 October 2008 (UTC) So either the dog was faking it, or the handler had a theory about where the man went and influenced the dog, or the dog followed the subject's back trail, which was initially overlaid by the subject's forward trail. --Una Smith 15:44, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Trike and subject were found in the same cornrow. The trike was found north of the subject and 15 feet south of a band of dense brush along the river bank? Yes. Laguyon 10:19, 25 October 2008 (UTC) Which way was the trike facing, north or south? Northeast. Laguyon 10:19, 25 October 2008 (UTC) If north, the idea I get is that the man worked his trike from south to north up the cornrow but then was unable to turn it around to go back. So as before when the trike got stuck somewhere, he left it and started home on foot. --Una Smith 15:51, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

The man seems to have been traveling east along the river on the south side of the river. When he went into the corn field, it was to get around a tree that was across the path of travel. He went about 15 feet south into the field and then turned northeast in an attempt to get back on the trail along the river. He was not able to get the trike through the corn and left it facing northeast. He then walked south down the corn row.Laguyon 09:58, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

It is still undetermined how the man got his trike into the area. There are two possible ways. The first is by entering the field area from N 1559 Road and the second by entering the river area at a dead end road north of 1559 Road ( N 1509 RD) and then traveling along the river. Either way would require a great deal of strength to push or ride the trike either along the river or around the corn field.Laguyon 10:19, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Searchers had searched the general area but had not gone far enough into the corn field area. They had concentrated on wooded areas around the corn field. It was believed that the man could not have gotten the trike to the place where it was found.Laguyon 10:19, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Following the recovery, a reliable source, who works for the power company, said that while working in the area of the recovery, he saw the subject on his trike. This sighting was the day prior (Tues) to the subject being reported missing (Wed). The power company employee does not live in the Streator area and may not have seen or heard the media accounts of the missing person, therefore not reporting the sighting. If this account is correct the subject may have been in the area two days in a row.Laguyon 05:15, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The cause of death is still being investigated.Laguyon 05:15, 25 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to Historiography

This course provides an introduction to the subject of History. Much of the content here was developed by the now defunct Department of Philosophy of History. Students can use these resources to learn about History and its methodologies.

History is the study of systematically collected information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans, families, and societies as preserved primarily through written sources. History is thus usually distinguished from prehistory by the widespread adoption of writing in the area under study. Knowledge of history is often said to encompass both knowledge of past events and historical thinking skills.

Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. However, in modern academia, history is increasingly classified as a social science, especially when chronology is the focus.

Essays

 * Civilization, Cultural Diffusion, and Innovation
 * Human Interaction With The Environment
 * Values, Beliefs, Political Ideas and Institutions
 * Conflict and Cooperation
 * Comparative History of Major Developments
 * Patterns of Social and Political Interaction
 * History's Habits of the Mind
 * How to Write History Better
 * Schools of History

title: Introduction to Historiography


text:
Social psychology (psychology)/Assessment/Essay/Submission

3}}/Submission|Submission

 * 1) Essays are to be submitted electronically by emailing the convener as follows:
 * 2) * Subject: Social psychology essay submission
 * If you use this subject line, you will get an automatic email as a receipt of confirmation; otherwise, you will get a manual email receipt within 24 hours. Keep a copy of this email and your original email. If you do not get an email receipt within 24 hours, you should contact the convener.
 * 1) * Message: Your name and student ID and/or Wikiversity user name.
 * 2) * Attachment: Provide a single file (.rtf, .doc, .docx format), or .odt) which consists of:
 * 3) *# An electronic cover sheet and
 * 4) *# Your essay
 * 5) *# File name: Use this structure:
 * 6) *#* Surname Firstname Social Psychology Essay
 * 7) *#* e.g., Smith John Social Psychology Essay.doc
 * 8) Late submissions will incur a penalty of 5% per day.
 * 9) Do not submit a hard copy.
 * 10) Your marks and feedback will be emailed back approximately three weeks later.


text:
Talk:Chemistry and its socioeconomic impact

comments?

just want to sign to let me know someones reading this? feel free to do so.--Jolie 11:45, 13 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Eas4200c.f08/HW report table/The best of HW3

 Under construction; not final. The intention here is to document the best features in any HW report for the readers (including you); if you see excellent features in any HW report (including your team's) that I may have missed noticing, don't hesitate to let me know. (I don't have time to read all HW reports in detail.) Eml4500.f08 13:57, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * prove the expression for the area of a triangle when the height falls out of the triangle. Best solution: Team Aero Team Aeris

 * compare the polar moment of inertia $$\displaystyle J$$ between a solid circular cross section and a thin-walled circular cross section with area $$\displaystyle A$$, there are two parts; Part 1: Keep area the same, i.e., $$\displaystyle A^{(a)} = A^{(b)}$$ and find $$\displaystyle J^{(a)} / J^{(b)}$$; Part 2: Keep moment the same, i.e., $$\displaystyle J^{(a)} = J^{(b)}$$ and find $$\displaystyle A^{(a)} / A^{(b)}$$. Best solution: Team Aeris

EML 4500, The best of HW3
 * matlab problem: NACA airfoil, plot airfoil, find centroid and plot centroid, find area $$\displaystyle \bar{A}$$.
 * follow the code development guide to validate the matlab code with a circular airfoil before applying the code to the NACA airfoil.
 * the area $$\displaystyle \bar{A}$$ has to be found using quadrature by triangles, and not by trapezoids, since this method is more elegant and corresponds exactly to the derivation of the expression $$\displaystyle T = 2 q \bar{A}$$.
 * demonstrate that the code works for $$\displaystyle c = 0.5 m$$, and not $$\displaystyle c = 1 m$$.
 * demonstrate that the same area $$\displaystyle \bar{A}$$ is obtained regardless of the location of the observer point $$\displaystyle P_0$$.
 * do a convergence study for the quadrature and provide a plot.
 * Best solution: Team Aero6 Almost perfect, except for doing for $$\displaystyle c=1m$$ and for not validating their code at different observer points $$\displaystyle P_0$$; good figure explaining the quadrature by triangles, nice plots, syntax highlighting; even applied their code for different NACA airfoils. Team Carbon completed most of the above tasks, except for the location of the centroid; their code's syntax is highlighted by using the wiki commands  .  See also Team Aeris even though the centroid of Team Aeris is a little off center (odd); also did not validate their code at various observer points $$\displaystyle P_0$$.  See also Team Aero.