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User:Kath St. Laurent/Qatar's slick goal

Audio and Visual Presentation: Go to  http://www.archive.org/details/QatarsSlickGoalBps2011  and click Qatar's Slick Goal BPS2011 under "Movie Files"

On 02 December 2010, the small oil rich nation of Qatar scored the biggest goal that any Middle-Eastern country has ever achieved: hosting the FIFA World Cup. Once the public, and some contend private, political and business deals were sealed, Qatar won the bidding match and was given the honour of hosting the World Cup in 2022.

How did a country with little to no infrastructure in place to support the world’s most prestigious soccer event get chosen over other countries, for all intents and purposes, seemingly more qualified? Was there foul play in FIFA’s decision? Much controversy has arisen as to why Qatar got the nod over such countries as Australia and the USA who already have the local and national infrastructure and experience in hosting global events.

What made these western nations, apparent front runners for the 2022 World Cup, become offside in FIFA’s eyes? More to the point, what did Qatar do to ensure it remained onside to score the winning decision?

This paper will explore the controversial decision from a local, national and global business and political perspective. Firstly, it will address FIFA’s criteria for hosting a World Cup and how Qatar, Australia and the USA matched up against these. Next, it will examine the business and political gains hosting a World Cup can generate in local, national and international areas for both the host nation and for FIFA. Finally, it will conclude whether or not the political and financial benefits of Qatar hosting the World Cup should result in turning a blind eye toward the alleged corruption and dishonesty within FIFA for the 2022 World Cup.

Introduction
On 02 December 2010, the small natural gas rich nation of Qatar scored the biggest goal that any Middle-Eastern country has ever achieved: hosting the FIFA World Cup. Once the public, and some contend private, political and business deals were sealed, Qatar won the bidding match and was given the honour of hosting the World Cup in 2022.

How did a country with little to no infrastructure in place to support the world’s most prestigious soccer event get chosen over other countries, for all intents and purposes, seemingly more qualified? Was there foul play in FIFA’s decision? Much controversy has arisen as to why Qatar got the nod over such countries as Australia and the USA who already have the local and national infrastructure and experience in hosting global events.

What made these western nations, apparent front runners for the 2022 World Cup, become offside in FIFA’s eyes? More to the point, what did Qatar do to ensure it remained onside to score the winning decision?

This paper will explore the controversial decision from a local, national and global business and political perspective. Firstly, it will address FIFA’s criteria for hosting a World Cup and how Qatar, Australia and the USA matched up against these. Next, it will examine the business and political gains hosting a World Cup can generate in local, national and international areas for both the host nation and for FIFA. Finally, it will conclude whether or not the political and financial benefits of Qatar hosting the World Cup should result in turning a blind eye toward the alleged corruption and dishonesty within FIFA for the 2022 World Cup.

History
Founded in 1904 as the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in Paris, France, the governing body for association football (soccer) was created as an administrative organisation that would assist with the development of the game on an international level www.soccer-academy.net, 2011]). Its founding president, Jules Rimet, for whom the trophy for the FIFA World CupTM is named, envisioned an international soccer competition based on the principles of ‘reinforcing the ideals of a permanent and real peace’ (www.world-cup-info.com, 2011) that involved all of the National Associations who were members of FIFA (e.g. The Football Association (England), French Football Federation, Royal Belgian Football Association, etc.).  Indeed, even today, FIFA’s slogan is: ‘For the Game.  For the World.’

Rimet’s vision of international peace through soccer was set in motion with the first World CupTM soccer competition held in 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay. Although the majority of participating countries were from Europe, the decision to host the inaugural World CupTM in Uruguay was based upon the country’s exceptional performance and gold medal wins in soccer at both the 1924 Paris and 1928 Amsterdam Olympics (www.world-cup-info.com, 2011). Riding the coattails of the Olympic Games’ reputation for instilling peace through sport was smart political thinking on the part of FIFA and helped to generate support from the member associations.

In the early days of the FIFA World CupTM, international travel was done via ship and could take up to three months to get from South America to Europe, depending on where the competition was held. Because of this, FIFA’s initial intent was to alternate the World CupTM between Europe and the Americas.

The 1934 and 1938 World CupTM competitions were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed, as the American countries were of the understanding that the location would alternate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World CupTM (Wikipedia, 2011).

In 1958, so as to avoid future boycotts, FIFA returned to its initial rotation of holding the competition between Europe and the Americas. This pattern held true until the 2002 and 2010 World CupTM competitions which were held in Asia and Africa respectively, and whose location were determined by the FIFA Executive Committee after initiating a bidding process and determining a winner using an exhaustive ballot system of voting (Wikipedia,2011).

Bidding Criteria
While FIFA’s primary objective is still to promote peace, ‘educational, cultural and humanitarian values’ (www.fifa.com, 2011) through soccer, its selection criteria for determining a host nation has evolved quite drastically. FIFA now sends out an invitation to bid to its member associations in which it delineates the selection criteria. ‘At this stage of the bidding process, FIFA would like to emphasise that the infrastructure and facilities in the host country must be of the highest quality... Approximately 12 stadiums with minimum capacities of between 40,000 for group matches and 80,000 for the opening match and final are required...’ (www.fifa.com, 2011).

There has been much controversy over the selection of Qatar for the 2022, especially here in Australia, as Qatar did not even meet FIFA’s first selection criteria for infrastructure. At the time of their bid, Qatar had only 10 stadiums fit for soccer use, averaging seating for only just under 22,000; the smallest holding only 5,000 and the largest having a capacity to seat 50,000 (www.dw-world.de, 2011; www.worldstadiums.com, 2011). This obviously fell well short of FIFA’s criteria.

Not only did Qatar’s existing soccer infrastructure not meet the bidding criteria, other concerns about Qatar hosting the world’s biggest soccer event soon came to light. The FIFA World CupTM is traditionally held during the months of June and July – the off season for professional soccer in most countries. For Qatar, designated a ‘subtropical dry, hot desert climate’ (www.weatheronline.co, 2011), temperatures can reach well above 40o C during these months. Apprehension for the athletes’ health and safety during match play in temperatures such as this were soon voiced as a concern, especially for clubs who pay millions of dollars for top players such as Barcelona and Argentinean international star Lionel Messi.

In comparison, Australia and the United States of America (USA), who were also bidding for the right to host the 2022 FIFA World CupTM, already had more than enough stadiums to meet FIFA’s seating criteria. The USA were already veterans in hosting both the FIFA World CupTM for men’s soccer in 1994 ,and for women’s soccer in both 1999 and 2003. Of note, the 2003 World CupTM (women’s) was a last minute venue change due to an outbreak of the SARS epidemic in China, who were the original host nation.

Should Australia have been chosen to host the World CupTM, it would have done so during its winter. This, however, did not pose a problem for hosting the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, which were held at the end of the Australian winter. Australia was also well versed in hosting an international team sport competition with its experience gained in the 2003 World Cup for rugby union football.

FIFA’s bidding criteria also required that the host country have ‘the very highest standards of TV broadcasting, information and communication telecommunications technology, transport and accommodation...’ (www.fifa.com, 2011). FIFA stipulated that these criteria were to be ‘an absolute must’. Once again, Qatar, at the time of its bid, fell way short of these benchmarks whereas both Australia and the USA hit the mark.

For all intents and purposes, both Australia and the USA seemed extremely qualified, given FIFA’s selection criteria and their previous experience in staging global sporting events, to host the 2022 World CupTM. What went wrong for Australia and the USA, or more importantly, what went right for Qatar?

Business and Political Gains
Qatar, nor the USA and Australia for that matter, is struggling financially as a country. Alarbiya.net and the International Monetary Fund list Qatar as the world’s richest country per-capita (population 1.7 million), with an economic growth projected to be 15.8 percent. The estimated growth for its gross domestic product is 16.2 percent by the end of 2010 (www.alarabiya.net, 2010; www.time.com, 2011).

Qatar’s wealth stems from its natural gas resources, the third largest in the world (www.alarabiya.net, 2010). This has given Qatar a seemingly endless cash flow to support its ever increasing interest in sport, to include Formula One racing, golf and athletics.

Gulf States such as Qatar use sport as a means of diplomacy. This might be due to the fact that the region’s political reputation as a whole is somewhat dubious in the eyes of the Western, non-Arabic world. Purchasing sponsorship in top flight soccer leagues such as Germany’s Bundesliga or the English Premier League allows Gulf State Leaders to obtain respectability as heads of state (www.time.com, 2011).

How far will Qatar go to earn respectability on a global level? Over the next five years, it will spend $225 billion USD, or over 40 percent of its national budget, on improvements to its infrastructure (www.propertywire.com, 2011). This includes money allocated for new and improved roads, a new international airport and deepwater seaport, hotels, and new soccer arenas that meet FIFA hosting standards (www.time.com, 2011). One can surmise that the increase in spending will positively influence the employment rate and assist local and national businesses. It will then re-emerge on an international level with an influx in global tourism.

It can be argued that the estimated $65 billion USD Qatar is spending (www.alarabiya.net, 2010) on its preparations for the World CupTM can be invested in other areas of its infrastructure with a greater return for the general public; however, Qatar’s ambition to be at the forefront of world sporting events is reaching epic proportions and drawing the attention of international businesses, specifically those experienced in development and construction.

For example, Mercury Engineering, an Irish mechanical and electrical engineering company, developed the zero-emission cooling system built for the Doha 2022 Showcase Stadium and shown to FIFA executives (www.propertywire.com, 2011). This system helped convince FIFA that the 40C plus heat Qatar typically has during summer could be dealt with.

Not only has the prospect of hosting the World CupTM brought Qatar technological clout, it will also aid to further promote Qatar as a positive role model within the Middle East region. Qatar is often viewed as regional mediator and catalyst for change (www.alarabiya.net, 2010). With all the sweeping political changes occurring in the region, Qatar seems poised to stand as its crowning jewel.

Being labelled as a cheat would undoubtedly strike a blow to the morale of Qatar and further bring mistrust to the region in the eyes of the West.

Business Ethics
Whether or not Qatar, or any other country bidding for the right to host the World CupTM, played dirty is actually irrelevant as compared to how FIFA allegedly conducted itself. FIFA has certainly come a long way from the administrative organisation founded to standardise and develop the game on a global level. It has taken ‘development’ to a whole new level and indirectly purports itself as a vehicle for political change.

Despite its Swiss registration as a non-profit organisation, there is no denying that FIFA relies heavily on the big business of capitalism. Complete with its own Marketing, Television (TV) and Media Departments, the FIFA brand has truly reached an international business status on par with other global giants like Coca-Cola, Adidas, McDonald’s, Hyundai and Sony – all of whom also happen to be part of the FIFA ‘sponsorship family’ (www.fifa.com, 2011). Broadcasting rights for the 2010 World CupTM in South Africa took in a profit of 1.6 billion Euros, with similar numbers brought in by their Marketing department (www.dw-world.de, 2011).

But does FIFA, the non-profit organisation, need to adhere to business ethics that other international companies do, or any business ethics at all for that matter? The logical answer would be yes as, despite its non-profit status it is still, in the true definition of the word, a business.

FIFA is now a global business pulling in millions of dollars whilst key members of his staff have been accused of corruption leading up to and during the bidding and voting process for the 2022 World CupTM.

The United Nations (UN) established Global Compact Principles for businesses to follow. In 2005, it added a tenth principle addressing corruption, such as misusing appointed power for personal financial or non-financial gain and bribery, and the need for business communities to take responsibility and work with governments in mitigating it (Bitanga and Bridwell, 2010).

While it certainly can be argued that good ethical practices are expected from countries, or more specifically the leaders who run those countries, this has been shown time and again to not be the case where large amounts of money and/or clout is at stake. The same can be said for big business.

Good ethical practices should contain the following: 1) honest handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest 2) accurate disclosure 3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations (Michael, 2006).  Most businesses, including FIFA, have a code of ethics set in place as rules are most influential when they cause people to behave differently than they would have if no rules were present (Milgram, 1974).

Conclusion
The lapse in ethical values for Qatar in ‘buying’ respectability is of course a concern. Despite the rules and guidelines that were in place (e.g. UN Global Compact Principles), and FIFA’s investigation into foul play within its organisation that named two of its own guilty of unethical practices, this does not mean that rules should be tossed out. Rules have and will continue to provide guidelines for conduct.

Most often, the right thing to do ethically is also the right thing to do politically and economically. Business decisions are often more than two dimensional (i.e. ‘right or wrong’). FIFA’s decision to have Qatar host the world’s most prestigious tournament was made based on its creed to develop the game ‘for the world’.

While Qatar didn’t need to host the World CupTM for financial purposes, hosting the event has brought prestige to a region long short of it, especially after the events of 9/11. The road taken by FIFA to get to its decision might have been marred by corruption, but the end may very well justify the means if the Qatar World CupTM 2022 is played without incident.

Reference List
Bitanga, J. and Bridwell, L (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility and the United Nations Global Compact. Competition Forum. 8(2), pp.265-269.

Michael L. Michael (2006, March). Business Ethics: The Law Rules. (Working Paper No. 19). Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Stanley Milgram (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. 1st. ed. New York: Harper and Row.

Wikipedia (2011). FIFA World Cup [online]. [Accessed 13 September 2011]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup#Selection_process.

www.alarabiya.net [online]. (2010) [Accessed 16 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/02/151471.html.

www.dw-world.de [online]. (2011) [Accessed 16 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5774498,00.html.

www.fifa.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 13 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/01/48/60/05/fifastatuten2011_e.pdf.

www.fifa.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 13 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/mission.html).

www.fifa.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 14 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/99/74/80/20182022invitationtobidcirculare.pdf.

www.propertywire.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 18 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.propertywire.com/news/middle-east/qatar-construction-sector-outlook-201012074749.html.

www.soccer-academy.net [online]. (2011) [Accessed 13 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.soccer-academy.net/fifa-history.html.

www.time.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 21 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2080062,00.html.

www.weatheronline.co [online]. (2011) [Accessed 21 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Qatar.htm.

www.world-cup-info.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 13 September 2011]. Available from: .

www.worldstadiums.com [online]. (2011) [Accessed 18 September 2011]. Available from: http://www.worldstadiums.com/middle_east/countries/qatar.shtml.


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User talk:Kath St. Laurent

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User:Kath St. Laurent/Qatar's slick goal
I moved your content that you had placed on this page to User:Kath St. Laurent/Qatar's slick goal. If you'd rather not have that there, it's fine. Let me know if I can be of any assistance. --Abd 13:17, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kath St. Laurent


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User:PEA1.f11.team3.Yang.yc

User:PEA1.f11.team3.Yang.yc/Lecture 1

title: User:PEA1.f11.team3.Yang.yc


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Java Tutorial/Intermediate GUIs/Working with tables

Example programs

 * $Locode viewer$ (a small program that downloads the list of UN location codes from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and displays the table of location codes)


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Category:Proteins

This category is for pages related to proteins.

title: Category:Proteins


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User:Mathsci

This account is operated by Mathsci on en.wikipedia.org

title: User:Mathsci


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Category:Sweden

This category is for pages relating to Sweden.

title: Category:Sweden


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Talk:Learning theories in practice/Introduction

'''8/29/11 (12:55 PM) Increasingly since the initial development of these books academics is getting on board with the idea. See: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/members/aps-wikipedia-initiative

Dale Fowler Central Michigan University.''' []


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User:KARTHIK PRAVEEN KUMAR

I accept CC-BY-SA 3.0 License and the GFDL.

I need to contribute to a project on Visual Reality on any of the sister projects of wiki. Can someone guide me out where i could find it pl:)

title: User:KARTHIK PRAVEEN KUMAR


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User talk:Humzalahori

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hi everyone
i want to know about economics so what should i do as i don't have any idea about this subject

Humzalahori 18:37, 29 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, you can look at the above. I can't help you specifically, you'll have to see what we have. Do you know that you could, if you don't find anything useful here, or even if you do, create a page in your user space called, say User:Humzalahori/Economics and start to put together notes from other web sites, links, etc., and, in your own words, what you learn as you rummage about. And then, if you think it might be ready, you could Move the page to mainspace as a resource. Right now, you might look at Economics, to start!

title: User talk:Humzalahori


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Java Tutorial/Intermediate GUIs/Working with tables/Locode viewer

Locode viewer
This is a small program that downloads the list of UN location codes from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and displays the table of location codes with a special TableSorter class published by Oracle. The table sorter can sort by multiple rows (hold the CTRL key and select another row by clicking on the header to sort by a second or third row).

Exercises

 * Improve the table model and the rendering of table cells. What can be improved?
 * Add a filter that can filter the table with regular expressions.
 * Display location codes on a globe or allow to select regions on a map.

(Attention: If you write a program using location codes or the table sorter please pay attention to either license.)


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User talk:KARTHIK PRAVEEN KUMAR

 Hello KARTHIK PRAVEEN KUMAR, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User talk:Dpfowler~enwikiversity

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dpfowler. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dpfowler~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dpfowler~enwikiversity


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User talk:Mathsci

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User talk:PEA1.f11.team3.Yang.yc

 Hello PEA1.f11.team3.Yang.yc, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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User talk:Iritchka

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User talk:Petladda22

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 19:44, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petladda22


text:
User talk:Vignesh.S

 Hello Vignesh.S, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 19:45, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vignesh.S


text:
User talk:Ravi75~enwikiversity

 Hello Ravi75, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 19:46, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ravi75. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ravi75~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ravi75~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Mjsuarez

 Hello Mjsuarez, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 20:41, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mjsuarez


text:
Literature/1975/Chen

 * http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1095277.1095279

Authors

 * Peter Chen
 * (1973) Ph.D. in computer science/applied mathematics, Harvard University.
 * (1974-1978) Assistant Professor, MIT Sloan School of Management.
 * (1978-1984) Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, Management School.
 * (1983- ) M. J. Foster Distinguished Chair Professor of Computer Science, Louisiana State University.

Contents

 * DEPARTMENT: ACM Transactions on Database Systems abstracts

 * The entity-relationship model: toward a unified view of data
 * Peter Pin-Shan Chen
 * Pages: 9-9

A data model, called the entity-relationship model, is proposed. This model incorporates some of the important semantic information in the real world. A special diagramatic technique is introduced as a tool for data base design. An example of data base design and description using the model and the diagramatic technique is given. Some implications on data integrity, information retrieval, and data manipulation are discussed.The entity-relationship model can be used as a basis for unification of different views of data: the network model, the relational model, and the entity set model. Semantic ambiguities in these models are analyzed. Possible ways to derive their views of data from the entity-relationship model are presented.

 * On the encipherment of search trees and random access files
 * R. Bayer, J. K. Metzger, München W. Germany
 * Pages: 10-10

The securing of information in indexed, random access files by means of privacy transformations must be considered as a problem distinct from that for sequential files. Not only must processing overhead due to encrypting be considered, but also must threats to encipherment arising from updating and the file structure itself be countered. A general encipherment scheme is proposed for files maintained in a paged structure on secondary storage. This is then applied to the encipherment of indexes organized as B-trees, a particular type of multiway search tree. Threats to the encipherment of B-trees, especially relating to updating, are examined, and counter-measures proposed for each. In addition, the effect of encipherment on file access and update, on paging mechanisms, and on files related to the enciphered index are discussed. Many of the concepts presented here may be readily transferred to other forms of multiway index trees and to binary search trees.

 * Optimal allocation of resources in distributed information networks
 * Samy Mahmoud, J. S. Riordon
 * Pages: 11-11

The problems of file allocation and capacity assignment in a fixed topology distributed computer network are examined. These two aspects of the design are tightly coupled through an average message delay constraint. The objective is to allocate copies of information files to network nodes and capacities to network links so that a minimum cost is achieved subject to network delay and file availability constraints. A model for solving the problem is formulated and the resulting optimization problem is shown to fall into a class of non-linear integer programming problems. Deterministic techniques for solving this class of problems are computationally cumbersome even for small sized problems. A new heuristic algorithm is developed, based on a decomposition technique which greatly reduces the computational complexity of the problem. Numerical results for a variety of network configurations indicate that the heuristic algorithm, while not theoretically convergent, yields practicable low cost solutions with substantial savings in computer processing time and storage requirements. Moreover, it is shown that this algorithm is capable of solving realistic network problems whose solution using deterministic techniques is computationally intractable.

 * The design of a rotating associative array memory for a relational data base management application
 * C. S. Lin, Diane C. P. Smith
 * Pages: 12-12

There are significant advantages to tailoring hardware storage devices to support high level data models in very large data bases. A storage device that can assume some of the data selection functions traditionally performed by the CPU can substantially reduce the amount of data to be transferred to the CPU. This reduction together with increased concurrency of CPU and device operation result in increased data rates and lower response times. By designing the device to support one specific data model, greater efficiency can be achieved than in devices designed to be a compromise in their support of several different models. The number and complexity of the functions performed by the device can be drastically reduced, along with its development and production costs. In this paper we describe the design and usage of an associative array memory using a rotating storage device which is tailored to support the relational model of E.F. Codd.

 * Restructuring for large data bases: three levels of abstraction
 * Shamkant B. Navathe, James P. Fry
 * Pages: 13-13

The development of a powerful restructuring function involves two important components - the unambiguous specification of the restructuring operations and the realization of these operations in a software system. We direct our efforts to the first component in the belief that a precise specification will provide a firm foundation for restructuring algorithms and implementations. This paper defines completely the semantics of the restructuring of tree structured data bases.The delineation of the restructuring function is accomplished by formulating three different levels of abstraction, with each level of abstraction representing successively more detailed semantics of the function.At the first level of abstraction, the schema modification, three types are identified: naming, combining and relating, and are further divided into eight schema operations. The second level of abstraction, the instance operations, constitutes the transformations on the data instances. They are divided into group operations such as replication, factoring, union and group relation operations such as collapsing, refinement, fusion etc. The final level, the item values operations, includes the actual item operations such as copy value, delete value, or create a null value.

 * A data base management facility for automatic generation of data base managers
 * David W. Stemple
 * Pages: 14-14

This paper presents a facility for the implementation of data base management systems having high degrees of horizontal data independence, i.e. independence from chosen logical properties of a data base as opposed to vertical independence from storage structures. The facility consists of a high level language for the specification of virtual data base managers, a compiler from this language to a pseudo-machine language, and an interpreter for the pseudo-machine language.It is shown how this facility can be used to produce efficient data base management systems with any degree of both horizontal and vertical data independence. Two key features of this tool are the compilation of tailored data base managers from individual schemas and multiple levels of optional binding.

Wikimedia

 * Peter Chen
 * The hypertext concept, which makes the World Wide Web extremely popular, is very similar to the main concept in the ER model. Dr. Chen is currently investigating this linkage as an invited expert of several XML working groups of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
 * The ER model also serves as the foundation of some of the recent work on Object-oriented analysis and design methodologies and Semantic Web. The UML modeling language has its roots in the ER model.

Chronology

 *
 *
 *

title: Literature/1975/Chen


text: File:Brain and physiological needs 2011 3 slides per page.pdf


text:
Literature/1976/Chen

 * http://csc.lsu.edu/news/erd.pdf

Author

 * Peter Chen

Abstract
A data model, called the entity-relationship model, is proposed. This model incorporates some of the important semantic information about the real world. A special diagrammatic technique is introduced as a tool for database design. An example of database design and description using the model and the diagrammatic technique is given. Some implications for data integrity, information retrieval, and data manipulation are discussed. The entity-relationship model can be used as a basis for unification of different views of data: the network model, the relational model, and the entity set model. Semantic ambiguities in these models are analyzed. Possible ways to derive their views of data from the entity-relationship model are presented.

Wikimedia

 * Entity-relationship model

Chronology

 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5
 * Douque, B.C.M. & G.M. Nijssen, eds. (1975). Data Base Description. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. ISBN 0-7204-2833-5

title: Literature/1976/Chen


text:
Literature/1975/Schank

Authors

 * Roger C. Schank

title: Literature/1975/Schank


text:
User:Lynnberry/Writing outlines/abstracts

(1) Writing outlines/abstracts

Aim of essay:

Write a descriptive text that shows awareness of the interplay of business and politics in a sport/physical activity at both a local and global level.

Preparation:

Get an overview of the interplay in your chosen sport. What involvement does business and politics have? What would we have to be aware of? Would we need to modify our speech and actions? What might be off-limits? etc.

Possible outline/abstract structure:

 * Title
 * The Hook - What is the essay about and why is this interesting or important (eg why should we care?)?
 * What aspect are you covering? What is your scope? For example, you may cover 3 out of a possible 6 views that exist in a particular sport.
 * Why is the reason you've chosen these aspects and why are these important?
 * What views/ideas/solutions exist and what are the reactions to these?
 * Which ones are getting the most attention and why?
 * If you are writing a narrative, what were the consequences of events/actions?


text: User:Ashleetronerud

title: User:Ashleetronerud


text: User:RJasmine

title: User:RJasmine


text: User:Noodles&Wedges

title: User:Noodles&Wedges


text: User:AngelaC

title: User:AngelaC


title: User:Livy194


title: User:Paton3027789


text:
User talk:Paton3027789

 Hello Paton3027789, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

To get started, you may

 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit.
 * Visit a (kind of) random project.
 * Browse Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary, non-formal education.
 * Find out about research activities on Wikiversity.
 * Explore Wikiversity with the links to your left.

 * Read an introduction for teachers and find out how to write an educational resource for Wikiversity.
 * Give feedback about your initial observations
 * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the colloquium.
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.
 * Follow Wikiversity on twitter (http://twitter.com/Wikiversity) and identi.ca (http://identi.ca/group/wikiversity).

You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 10:57, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 10:57, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paton3027789


text:
Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Sleep and negative emotions

Overview

This chapter focuses on the relationship between sleep and the negative emotions of depression and anxiety.

Negative emotion
Negative emotion is a term that could have a broad range of definitions. Hoyt and Yeater (2011) suggest a trait of negative emotionality very alike to neuroticism, it is defined as the tendency of intense anxiety, hostility, self-consciousness and impulsivity to be experienced by the individual. Negative affect proposed by Levin and Nielson (2007) also suggests a trait in which emotional distress is heightened and extreme behavioural expressions are more likely. Both of these descriptions involve negative emotions, but do not cover the whole of what is meant in this case by negative emotion. For the purpose of this chapter when the term negative emotion is used it means those emotions or states that are at an unhealthy level, such as extreme anger, pessimism, depression and anxiety.

Sleep types
There are two distinct types of sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages from 1-4 with each stage representing a deeper stage of sleep (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). REM and NREM sleep alternate in a cycle every 90 minutes throughout the night (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). This cycle is mostly consistent for the duration of the night with some changes in the ratio of NREM to REM sleep (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). NREM sleep in particular the 3rd and 4th stages are more prevalent in the first half of the night, while the 2nd stage of NREM and REM are more common in the later half (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009).

Sleep and emotion regulation

The area of sleep and its effects on emotion regulation has had only limited study. However this does not mean no study has occurred on the area, with studies showing findings that show the critical role sleep plays in emotion regulation (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). The importance of sleep to regulate emotions is noticeable in that when sleep deprivation occurs irritability and affective volatility increase (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Sleep also plays a role in the level of reactivity the amygdala shows in response to emotion stimuli, when sleep deprived reactivity to negative emotional stimuli is increased (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Also a change in anticipation of negative events is seen when sleep deprived, with negative events being anticipated earlier by individuals that are sleep deprived (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009).

Sleep plays an important part in our emotional memory. Stimuli that trigger an individual's emotions are usually remembered better than if the stimulus was neutral, also events that have emotional and personal significance to the individual are remembered easily (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Studies using neuroimaging have found that the amygdala plays an important role in emotional memory encoding (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Further studies have found that part of this role is influencing medial temporal lobe structures, such as the hippocampal complex, for when emotional information is first received (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Sleep is involved in this memory formation in that emotional memory is better retained with sleep.

If sleep is deprived after a learning task, when the same task is performed the next day performance was impaired (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). This effect was found to occur not from general sleep deprivation, but from REM sleep deprivation in particular (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). However this provides some interesting possibilities for clinical use in particularly in relation to fear conditioning. If sleep is disturbed soon after learning the fear conditioning, consolidation is impaired (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). If it is possible to decrease how well the fear conditioning was learned then it is possible a method of sleep deprivation could be used to help treat problems such as PTSD by decreasing the degree to which fear and other similar emotions would be consolidated (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009).

Waking up on the wrong side of the bed
Most of us have heard this phrase at some point in time, whether it was yourself providing a reason for a horrible day or someone else directing it at you because you've been a grump all day. Now why would people possible use a saying such as this to explain such things? And what do they mean wrong side, how does a bed have a wrong side to get out of? Quite simple, because it actually has to do with your sleep. When you're having one of those bad days and just forget important things (like having lunch with your best friend or getting the tickets to watch your favourite team in the grand final) you often wonder why. Well it's possible that the night before you didn't get enough REM sleep to help properly encode these emotionally significant events in your memory. What about when you're being a grouch, we can't blame that on lack of sleep too can we? Luckily we can, when you are sleep deprived the amygdala reacts more to negative stimuli, and also an increases anticipation of negative events. As such you are more likely to overreact to negative events and possibly expect more negative events to occur. Hence why everyone might have been calling you a grump this morning after you only got 4 hours sleep, and were yelling angrily at your house mate simply because they had eaten the last of the cornflakes. The good news is that getting a good night's sleep will help to prevent waking up on the wrong side of the bed again.

Sleep and depression
Depression is one of the most common mood disorders, with up to 90% of patients suffering sleep abnormalities (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Individuals with depression can have trouble going to sleep, oversleeping and waking up in the early morning or night time, as such they feel fatigue and sleepiness during the day (Koffel & Watson, 2009). Insomnia is a common risk factor for the beginning of depression and later recurrence (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Individuals with depression may also quickly fall into REM sleep, this has been associated with an increased risk of relapse (Walker & Van der Helm, 2009). Depression is characterised by high levels of negative emotionality or neuroticism and low levels of positive emotionality or extraversion (Koffel & Watson, 2009). In a study by Koffel & Watson (2009) it was found that insomnia was a good indicator of depression, however hypersomnia and fatigue were even more reliable indicators.

Sleep and anxiety
Two specific types of anxiety use sleep related symptoms: generalised anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (Koffel & Watson, 2009). Generalized anxiety disorder is characterised by excessive worrying, irritability, trouble concentrating and muscle tension (Wetherell, Le Roux & Gatz, 2003). Sleep related symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder are a difficulty falling or staying asleep and poor quality sleep with fatigue during the day (Koffel & Watson, 2009). Evidence has been found that suggests that sleep problems early in life are a predictor of anxiety and anxiety disorders later on (Alfano, Pina, Zerr & Villalta, 2010). Frequent nightmares are associated with anxiety symptoms particularly in children, the occurrence of nightmares can cause the child anxiety before going to bed, further increasing any sleep disturbances they already have (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Nightmares and our emotions
Nightmares are one of the most common forms of disturbed dreaming, they can vary in their effect on our emotions however it is possible for a nightmare to cause emotion escalated to the height of extreme terror (Levin & Nielson, 2007). The emotions nightmares cause can be simple and harmless, however some can be comparable to psychotic episodes with the severity of the emotion they cause (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Though nightmares occur occasionally in the general population it is often underestimated how common more severe nightmares can be, as roughly 4-10% of people are being affected by nightmares that are distressing and occur frequently (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Nightmares usually occur during REM sleep, however they may occur in the 2nd stage of sleep when there are certain circumstances (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Nightmares can usually be divided by whether they are related to some trauma that has occurred, either by replicating the trauma or referring to it, or those nightmares which have no obvious relation to any trauma (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Nightmares are described as dreams which are disturbing enough to wake the sleeper, as opposed to a bad dream which will not wake the sleeper (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Levin and Nielson (2007) propose a framework that explains the range of disturbed dreaming, two of the central concepts of this framework are affect load and affect distress. Affect load is stated as being the variations of emotional pressure that occur daily, affect distress is a disposition where events are more likely to be experienced with highly reactive emotions that are distressing (Levin & Nielson, 2007). It is the influence of these two concepts that result is variations in the prevalence, severity and frequency of nightmares (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Affect load is increased by rises in stress and negative emotions, thus interpersonal conflicts or heavy demands on memory may increase affect load (Levin & Nielson, 2007). When an individual is susceptible to a high affect load nightmares can become more frequent, this is supported by studies that have found increased life stress or specific stressors such as pregnancy or taking a fake intelligence test resulted in an increase in the frequency of nightmares (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Affect distress is seen as a long lasting trait where emotional distress is heightened and the individual is more likely to react with behavioural expressions that are extreme (Levin & Nielson, 2007).It is proposed that affect distress in relation to nightmares occurs both when awake and sleeping, this highlights that intense emotional reaction occur to the sleeper not simply upon waking from a nightmare but also during (Levin & Nielson, 2007; Nielson & Levin, 2007). This distress along with the prevalence and frequency of nightmares can lead to mental health problems (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Nightmares and personality
Studies have found contradicting evidence about personality traits in relation to nightmares, while some studies find a link between nightmares and neuroticism, others do not (Miro & Martinez, 2005). This inconsistency could come about for several reasons, differences in nightmare evaluation, the samples used and also the criteria that is used to define what a nightmare is (Miro & Martinez, 2005). Miro and Martinez (2005) conducted a study looking at the relation between nightmare frequency and certain personality traits, neuroticism and psychoticism, and also other possible affecters, anxiety and depression.

It was found that when nightmares occur on a monthly basis there were links to personality traits in particular psychoticism, with no link to sleep quality, anxiety or depression (Miro & Martinez, 2005). In comparison when nightmares occurred on a weekly basis there was a strong connection with those participants that showed a depressed mood (Miro & Martinez, 2005). There was no evidence in this study of links between nightmare prevalence and anxiety or neuroticism (Miro & Martinez, 2005).

Nightmares and PTSD
A health problem that is commonly associated with nightmares is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Nightmares and dysfunctional REM sleep are strong indicators of PTSD, other similar indicators are lower sleep quality and sleep disturbances that occur frequently (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Nightmares associated with PTSD often involve a replication or reference to the trauma that was experienced (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Nightmares occur in roughly 90% of individuals that are effected by PTSD, with nightmares occurring up to a possible 6 times a week (Levin & Nielson, 2007). It has also been found that nightmares occurring before a trauma can predict the severity of PTSD, this implies that the presence of nightmares may indicate a risk towards psychopathology, such as PTSD, when trauma is experienced (Levin & Nielson, 2007). Also when nightmares began to occur immediately after a trauma it was found that the individuals later had severe PTSD symptoms that were worse than other individuals that had not had the nightmares (Levin & Nielson, 2007). These findings indicate that nightmares are closely linked to PTSD as a primary symptom and also as a predictor of the development of PTSD after a trauma (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

 * Some interesting points
 * Nightmares are more common in women, this difference is maintained across the lifespan, however it is still unclear why this difference occurs (Levin & Nielson, 2007).
 * Nightmare frequency and distress has been related to health problems such as allergies, gastric problems and pain (Levin & Nielson, 2007).
 * Nightmares associated with PTSD can continue to occur 40-50 years after the trauma (Levin & Nielson, 2007).

Quiz yourself
{When sleep deprived you are more likely to be: - Happy. - Agreeable + Irritable - Joyful
 * type=""}

{You are more likely to remember a stimuli if it was: - Neutral + emotion stimulating - Had nothing to do with you
 * type=""}

{Which is incorrect. Individuals with depression: - Can have trouble with oversleeping. + Do not suffer from insomnia. - Are sleepy and feel fatigued during the day. - Suffer from sleep disturbances.
 * type=""}

{Generalised anxiety disorder is NOT characterised by: + Anger. - Excessive worrying. - Trouble concentrating. - Muscle tension.
 * type=""}

{Nightmares that are more severe occur in roughly what percentage of people, also what effect can these nightmares have on the individual? - 1-2%; no effect - 4-10%; no effect - 1-2%; distressing + 4-10%; distressing
 * type=""}

{In the study conducted by Miro and Martinez they found that when nightmares occured on a monthly basis there was a link with personality traits, in particular: - Impulsivity. + Psychoticism. - Neuroticism. - Openness.
 * type=""}

{When nightmares begin to occur immediately after a traumatic event it is more likely that: + Severe PTSD will develop. - PTSD will not occur. - If PTSD develops it will be less severe then normal. - The effected individual has had PTSD before.
 * type=""}


text:
Molecular Biology/External resources

Freely Accessible Online Content
Frank Lee. "Molecular Biology Web Book" http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/

Saylor Foudation. "BIO101A: Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology" http://www.saylor.org/courses/bio101a/

title: Molecular Biology/External resources


title: User:U3067255


text:
User talk:U3067255

 Hello U3067255, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 12:27, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 Woof! My name is Jack Russell. I am a dog and a Wikiversity mascot. I am pretty new around Wikiversity. Perhaps we can learn together! Tail wag...

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:27, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:U3067255


text:
Java Tutorial/Trail: NASA World Wind

NASA World Wind
NASA World Wind Java is a Java virtual globe application with an extensive set of APIs. The application is licensed under the NASA Open Source Agreement.

SimplestPossibleExample
The SimplestPossibleExample.java is a tiny program with about thirty lines of code. It creates a WorldWindowGLCanvas window inside a frame.

HelloWorldWind
The program HelloWorldWind.java is only slightly more complex and instantiates a BasicModel.

ApplicationTemplate
ApplicationTemplate.java provides a template for applications based on NASA World Wind and is used by several other programs in the examples directory.

Shutdown
Shutting down NASA World Wind is non-trivial and has its own beginner's example: Shutdown.java. Apparently the WorldWindow class does have a  method and the class WorldWind has a static   method to reset WorldWind to its initial state in order to conserve memory (e.g. for applets that are not currently used).

title: Java Tutorial/Trail: NASA World Wind


text:
User talk:Coco89~enwikiversity

 Hello Coco89, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 13:13, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 13:13, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Coco89. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Coco89~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coco89~enwikiversity


title: User:Rajama08


text:
User talk:Rajama08

 Hello Rajama08, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 13:59, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 Hi , I am Percy. Nice to meet you. I love the beach, swimming, fishing, and I am currently doing some research at Wikiversity on oceanography. I am also learning to play piano. What do you like? Can I be your mascot?

Welcome to Motivation and emotion
Hi. Welcome to the unit and to Wikiversity! I look forward to learning with you and I hope that you find the topic and the unit rewarding. Please feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions or would like help at any point along the way. Sincerely, James Neill, -- Jtneill - Talk - c 13:59, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rajama08


text:
User talk:Sirwayne

 Hello Sirwayne, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 15:34, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sirwayne


text:
User talk:John 14:23

 Hello John 14:23, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 15:36, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:John 14:23


text:
User talk:Rmusers

 Hello Rmusers, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 15:47, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmusers


text:
User talk:Biomenace

 Hello Biomenace, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! --Abd 15:49, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Biomenace


text:
User:Collapse~enwikiversity

1. What Financial and accounting information does it deal with? SCM deal with many financial systems, material, and supply so that we can have a solution about how to deal with supply chain, when we use this SCM program correctly, the changing will occur with the company's supply and material, and then the company will have to do the accounting that is also changing because of the change that occur with the supply that make the accounting information change. This SCM program helps you optimization and execution solutions span the entire supply chain from materials to the consumer.

2. What are the advantage for using this module? The programmers that invent this kind of service try hard to make this program to help the customers meet their needs in order to use this service, this module helps customers to make optimal decisions that improve profitability and achieve real results. This program provide the solution that help customer to make easy decision about what to maintain and upgrade. Use correctly and with knowledge of supply chain management by the person who know the function of this module. It will help you to make decision and help you design, planning, action, and control the supply chain activities.

Group Work Pattanapong Limsirichai Arrissara Thongdee Kittituch Numnim

3. Now a day every students in our world especially teenager till adult normally able to access to internet by mobile phone, and if we want to sell this used text book, every students in college will interest in our service because every students need to use a textbook and we can provide them a used text book with lower price and by using mobile phone, every students can contact us faster than going to normal store or open to a webpage.

title: User:Collapse~enwikiversity


text:
User:Solstag/Portuguese Wikipedia Qualitative Researcher

This is a proposal to the RFP located at foundation:RFP/Portuguese Wikipedia Qualitative Researcher.

We Solstag (Alexandre Hannud Abdo) and Pietro Roveri (Pietro Fornitano Roveri), Brazilians, propose to jointly undertake the contract to accomplish the tasks and duties enumerated in the Portuguese Wikipedia Qualitative Researcher RFP by the Wikimedia Foundation.

...

About our double feature
We, Alexandre and Pietro, chose to respond to this RFP with a joint offer, under which we agree to split the contract's payment based on hours worked by each of us and not exceeding the limit of 30 hours a week total. Our reasons lay on the facts that none of us alone has the time to dedicate the minimum of 20 hours a week, and that our complimentary expertise and diverse relations with the community will put us in a much better position to fulfill the contract with the highest quality of research.

About our qualifications

 * Masters degree, PhD candidate or PhD in relevant field such as social science, history, or sociology strongly preferred.
 * Solstag holds a PhD in Physics from the University of São Paulo, acquired in collaboration with the Sociology Department of Columbia University, working on a study of contagion in social networks. (concluded 2009)
 * Pietro Roveri is pursuing a PhD in Social Sciences at Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC), studying ways of production and collaboration on the Internet, especially the Wikimedia projects (conclusion 2014). Holds a master in Management of Organizations from the University of São Paulo, working on a study of the organization of lusophone Wikipedia, a.k.a. Portuguese Wikipedia. (concluded 2007)

 * Experience wrestling with historical, sociological or anthropological questions pertaining to the success, growth and survival of communities, social movements and large scale collaborative work
 * Solstag was assistant to Professor Imre Simon and took over his work at the University of São Paulo (USP) in organizing and teaching a course on computer networks and collaborative production, while extending it to two of the most important culture centers of Brazil. (since 2008)
 * Solstag actively collaborates with the ATOPOS research center of the School of Communication and Arts at USP, which hosts interdisciplinary teams to study networked forms of cooperation, usually composed of sociologists, historians and communications scholars. (since 2010)
 * Pietro Roveri has published two papers  about the structure and maintenance of the lusophone Wikipedia, in particular the political aspects mediated by a socio-technical framework. He also made a presentation about The organization of the lusophone Wikipedia at Wikimania 2010 in Gdansk.
 * Pietro Roveri was the supervisor of 28 MBA monographs in Sustainable Regional Development.
 * Pietro Roveri has taught courses on local development and democracy and has worked as a consultant in the participatory diagnosis and the green map in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo.

 * Experience wading through dense and complex historical archives or other textual social data
 * Solstag has worked on summarizing and evaluating the dispersed and heterogeneously documented history of remote participation in the European Dialogue on Internet Governance. (2011)
 * Solstag authored most of the chapter reports of Wikimedia Brasil, for the two times the community was invited to the Wikimedia Conference. (reports 2008 and 2009)
 * Pietro Roveri used qualitative instruments to analyze historical data on the structure (social e political) of the lusophone Wikipedia.

 * Experience working with nonprofits or community driven projects
 * Solstag has been a user, contributor and advocate of free software projects for over a decade. (since 1997)
 * Solstag has conceived and edited a peer-reviewed popular science magazine produced voluntarily by the alumni community of his undergraduate program at USP (2005-2006).
 * Solstag works with community projects and nonprofits in the realm of politics through the Nossa São Paulo Network (since 2008s1).
 * Solstag participates in art-activism communities in Brazil, and has worked as mediator in their meetings, (since 2008s2).
 * Pietro Roveri is the chief financial officer of the Foundation Palavra Mágica (since 2011).
 * Pietro Roveri has worked in SENAC an educational and political nonprofit (2009-2010), SESC a cultural nonprofit (2004-2008) and INEPAD an educational nonprofit (since 2006).

 * Strong communications skills across various avenues and to various audiences
 * Solstag has contributed featured articles to Brazil's largest newspaper; has written pieces to popular science magazines; has lectured at culture centers and universities; has spoken to varied audiences at meetings of scientists, technologists, businessman, artists and politicians; has a history of participation in both technical and community mailing lists and IRC channels of free software and free culture projects.
 * Pietro Roveri has spoken in Wikimania 2010, has lectured at university (business and production engineering), has taught short courses in poor communities(entrepreneurship, fundraising and local development), is a professor in MBAs and member of Wikimedia Brasil community.

 * Comfortable operating in new environments and dealing with ambiguity of a "startup"
 * Solstag is cool with new.
 * Pietro Roveri yes, I always worked with projects.

 * Passion for the mission of Wikimedia and positive can-do attitude
 * Solstag is a Knight who says Ni!
 * Pietro Roveri evidenced by more than 5,000 editions on Wikipedia.

 * Speaks both Portuguese and English
 * Solstag ... and Spanish, and Italian, and can read French and a tiny bit of Arabic.
 * Pietro Roveri and French (beginner), and can read Spanish.

 * Wikimedians/Wikipedians a huge plus!
 * Solstag is an administrator at the Portuguese Wikiversity and Wikimedia Brasil, having a significant role in both communities. Also present at two Wikimanias and two Chapter Meetings.
 * Pietro Roveri is an administrator at the Portuguese Wikiversity and moderator at the Wikimedia Brasil mailing list, having a significant role in both communities. Also present at three Wikimanias.

CV

 * Pietro Roveri
 * English
 * Portuguese

 * Solstag
 * Doesn't maintain a generic CV, check the qualifications section above. You can also visit my web page.

Test task
/Test


text:
User:Pietro Roveri

 * Curriculum Lattes
 * Blog
 * Perfil Meta
 * Perfil Commons
 * Perfi Wikiversidade
 * Perfil Wikilivros
 * Perfil Wikisource

 * Research proposal

title: User:Pietro Roveri