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Solar System, technical/Classical planets

"In antiquity the classical planets were the non-fixed objects visible in the sky, known to various ancient cultures. The classical planets were therefore the Sun and Moon and the five non-earth planets of our solar system closest to the sun (and closest to the Earth); all easily visible without a telescope. They are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn".

"[A]stronomically, the visible Helios occupies the central position among the seven planets - Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, Hermes, and Selene, in a descending series."

With the exception of the Sun (Helios) and the Moon (Selene), none of the other classical planets apparently had a visible disk. Yet, whenever they were sighted, they were more than noteworthy, due to their brightness and the fact that they moved relative to the other stars. (The word "planet" comes from the Greek planetes, a wanderer.) This suggests that they were capable of generating something that in turn caused harm when it fell to Earth.

Notation
Notation: let the symbol Def. indicate that a definition is following.

Notation: let the symbols between [ and ] be replacement for that portion of a quoted text.

Universals
To help with definitions, their meanings and intents, there is the learning resource theory of definition.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of
 * 1) background,
 * 2) procedures,
 * 3) findings, and
 * 4) interpretation.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

Proof of concept may be the direct association of harm from the sky whenever a classical planet is seen to be connected.

The planetary equivalents of the Hindu are "Sourya est le Soleil; Bouddha, Mercury; Soucra, Vénus; Mangala, Mars; Vrihaspati, Jupiter; Sani, Saturne; [et] Tchandra, la Lune".

Wanderers
Usually the wanderers are the seven classical planets, Saturn, Jupiter, the Moon, the Sun, Mercury, Mars, and Venus. Additional wanderers may also have existed in ancient times, such as the Earth's pole stars.

Saturn
"There is one God, greatest among gods and men, neither in shape nor in thought like unto mortals ... He abides ever in the same place motionless, and it befits him not to wander hither and thither."

"Saturn, the old man who lives at the north pole, and brings with him to the children of men a sprig of evergreen (the Christmas tree), is familiar to the little folks under the name Santa Claus, for he brings each winter the gift of a new year."

"The religions of all ancient nations ... associate the abode of the supreme God with the North Pole, the centre of heaven; or with the celestial space immediately surrounding it."

"Lenormant, speaking of Rome and Olympia, remarks, "It is impossible not to note that the Capitoline was first of all the Mount of Saturn, and that the Roman archaeologists established a complete affinity between the Capitoline and Mount Cronios in Olympia, from the standpoint of their traditions and religious origin (Dionysius Halicarn., i., 34). This Mount Cronios is, as it were, the Omphalos of the sacred city of Elis, the primitive centre of its worship. It sometimes receives the name Olympos."1 Here is not only symbolism in general, but also a symbolism pointing to the Arctic Eden, already shown to be the primeval mount of Kronos, the Omphalos of the whole earth.2"

"As an offshoot of these Hellenistic speculations we should place Tacitus, Histories V,2: "Iudaeos Creta insula profugos novissima Libyae insedisse memorant, qua tempestate Saturnus vi Jovis pulsus cesserit regnis" (quoted from Loeb Classical Library)." i.e., "Jews were fugitives from the island of Crete and settled in Libya recorded the time when Saturn was driven from his throne by force of Jupiter".

"The motif of Saturn handing over power to Jupiter derives, of course, from Hesiod's account of the succession of the gods in his Theogony, and his story of the five successive ages of men -- the first, or golden, age being under the reign of Kronos (Saturn) and the following ages being under the reign of Zeus (Jupiter) -- in his Works and Days (110ff.). These stories were often retold. Ovid, for example, combines in his Metamorphoses the stories in the Theogony and Works and Days, telling us how, "when Saturn was consigned to the darkness of Tartarus, and the world passed under the rule of Jove, the age of silver replaced that of gold."8"

Pole stars
"At the present time, the northern pole star, or North Star, is a moderately bright star with an apparent magnitude of 1.97 (variable), the brightest star in the Ursa Minor constellation (at the end of the or "handle" of the "Little Dipper" asterism). Its current (October 2012) declination is +89°19'8" (as per epoch J2000 it was +89°15'51.2"). Therefore it always appears due north in the sky to a precision better than one degree, and the angle it makes with respect to the horizon is equal to the latitude of the observer. It is consequently known as Polaris (from Latin stella polaris "pole star"). It also retains its older name, Cynosura, from a time before it was the pole star, from its Greek name meaning "dog's tail" (as the constellation of Ursa Minor was interpreted as a dog, not a bear, in antiquity)."

"Due to the precession of the equinoxes (as well as the stars' proper motions), the role of North Star passes from one star to another. The name stella polaris has been given to α Ursae Minoris since at least the 16th century, even though at that time it was still several degrees away from the celestial pole. Gemma Frisius determined this distance as 3°7' in the year 1547. "

"In the Roman era, the celestial pole was about equally distant from α Ursae Minoris (Cynosura) and β Ursae Minoris (Kochab). Before this, during the 1st millennium BC, β Ursae Minoris was the bright star closest to the celestial pole, but it was never close enough to be taken as marking the pole, and the Greek navigator Pytheas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. Polaris was described as αει φανης "always visible" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as scip-steorra ("ship-star") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation."

"The precession of the equinoxes takes about 25,770 years to complete a cycle. Polaris' mean position (taking account of precession and proper motion) will reach a maximum declination of +89°32'23", so 1657" or 0.4603° from the celestial north pole, in February 2102. Its maximum apparent declination (taking account of nutation and aberration) will be +89°32'50.62", so 1629" or 0.4526° from the celestial north pole, on 24 March 2100. "

"In 3000 BC the faint star Thuban in the constellation Draco was the North Star. At magnitude 3.67 (fourth magnitude) it is only one-fifth as bright as Polaris, and today it is invisible in light-polluted urban skies."

"The Celestial south pole is moving toward the Southern Cross, which has pointed to the south pole for the last 2,000 years or so. As a consequence, the constellation is no longer visible from subtropical northern latitudes, as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks."

"There have been many pole stars throughout the millennia. Around 2000 BC, the star Eta Hydri was the nearest bright star to the Celestial south pole. Around 2800 BC, Achernar was only 8 degrees from the south pole."

Orbital poles
"An orbital pole is either end of an imaginary line running through the center of an orbit perpendicular to the orbital plane, projected onto the celestial sphere. It is similar in concept to a celestial pole but based on the planet's orbit instead of the planet's rotation."

"The north orbital pole of a celestial body is defined by the right-hand rule: If you curve the fingers of your right hand along the direction of orbital motion, with your thumb extended parallel to the orbital axis, the direction your thumb points is defined to be north."

At right is a snapshot of the planetary orbital poles. The field of view is about 30°. The yellow dot in the centre is the Sun's North pole. Off to the side, the orange dot is Jupiter's orbital pole. Clustered around it are the other planets: Mercury in pale blue (closer to the Sun than to Jupiter), "Venus in green, [the] Earth in blue, Mars in red, Saturn in violet, Uranus in grey [partly underneath Earth] and Neptune in lavender. Dwarf planet Pluto is the dotless cross off in Cepheus."

Saturn
"Saturday is the day of Saturn, and the color of Saturn, according to astronomers, is said to be black".

“Saturn has been known since prehistoric times. ”.

Apparently 5102 b2k (before the year 2000.0), -3102 or 3102 BC, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet Saturn. "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

“Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. ”.

“Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the earth star”.

“In ancient Hebrew, Saturn is called 'Shabbathai'. Its angel is Cassiel. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is Agiel (layga) and its spirit (darker aspect) is Zazel (lzaz).”.

“In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, its name is 'Zuhal'”.

Anu
Anu may be an early Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian name for Saturn.

"An, the oldest and highest of the Sumero-Babylonian gods, whose primordial age was "the year of abundance," signified Saturn, according to Jensen.6"

Baal-hamon
"The potential cruelty of Saturn was enhanced by his identification with Cronus, known for devouring his own children. He was thus equated with the Carthaginian god Ba'al Hammon, to whom children were supposedly sacrificed. Saturn was also among the gods the Romans equated with Yahweh, whose Sabbath (on Saturday) he shared as his holy day."

"Modern scholars identify [Baal-hamon] variously with the Northwest Semitic god El or with Dagon. "

"Ancient Greek writers identified him with the Titan Cronus. In ancient Rome, he was identified with Saturn".

Brahma
"The Hindu Brahma, Yama, Vishnu, and Manu converge as representatives of a solitary supreme god and creator governing a lost paradise as the first king, setting forth the first moral codes, and imparting to mankind the fundamentals of civilization."

Cronus
“The Greeks had made the outermost planet sacred to Cronus, and the Romans followed suit.”.

El
"In the Canaanite religion, or Levantine religion as a whole, Ēl or Il was the supreme god, the father of humankind and all creatures and the husband of the goddess Asherah as recorded in the clay tablets of Ugarit ... The noun ʾēl was found at the top of a list of gods as the "Ancient of gods" or the "Father of all gods", in the ruins of the royal archive of the Ebla civilization, in the archaeological site of Tell Mardikh in Syria dated to 2300 BC."

"Ēl (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. Ēl is rather the son of Sky and Earth."

"Joseph Fontenrose first demonstrated that, whatever their deep origins, at Ugarit Dagon was identified with El, "

Osiris
"Osiris is the mythological father of the god Horus, whose conception is described in the Osiris myth, a central myth in ancient Egyptian belief. The myth described Osiris as having been killed by his brother Seth, who wanted Osiris' throne. Isis joined the fragmented pieces of Osiris, but the only body part missing was the phallus. Isis fashioned a golden phallus, and briefly brought Osiris back to life by use of a spell that she learned from her father. This spell gave her time to become pregnant by Osiris before he again died. Isis later gave birth to Horus. As such, since Horus was born after Osiris' resurrection, Horus became thought of as a representation of new beginnings and the vanquisher of the evil Set."

"The Phoenician El - Saturn - has four eyes, as does the Orphic Kronos (Saturn)."

"The Chinese Yellow Emperor Huang-ti--identified as Saturn--is also four-eyed.74"

"Osiris, as the Ram of Mendes, is the god of "four faces on one neck."62"

Have observers recorded images of sky entities in the green?

Romulus
Def. in Roman mythology, "[t]he legendary founder of Rome and the twin brother of Remus" is called Romulus.

"Ioannes the Lydian, writing in the sixth century on the usage of his native town, says: 'Our own Philadelpheia still preserves a trace of the ancient belief. On the first day of the month (sc. January) there goes in procession no less a personage than Ianus himself, dressed up in a two-faced mask, and people call him Saturnus, identifying him with Kronos2.'"

"The twins [Romulus and Remus], as in the case of Janus, attach themselves to the Universal Monarch as his two faces, looking in opposite directions."

Saturnus
“In ancient Roman mythology, the god Saturnus, from which the planet takes its name, was the god of agriculture. The Romans considered Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus. ”.

“The Latins considered Saturn the predecessor of Jupiter. Saturn reigned in Latium during a mythical Golden Age reenacted every year at the festival of Saturnalia. Saturn also retained primacy in matters of agriculture and money. Unlike the Greek tradition of Cronus and Zeus, the usurpation of Saturn as king of the gods by Jupiter was not viewed by the Latins as violent or hostile; Saturn continued to be revered in his temple at the foot of the Capitol Hill, which maintained the alternative name Saturnius into the time of Varro. ”

Jupiter
"[O]range [is] the color of Jupiter".

5102 b2k, -3102 or 3102 BC, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet Jupiter. "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

~2800 b2k: “The observation of Jupiter dates back to the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC. ... To the Babylonians, this object represented their god Marduk. They used the roughly 12-year orbit of this planet along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac. ”.

2362 b2k: “The Chinese historian of astronomy, Xi Zezong, has claimed that Gan De, a Chinese astronomer, made the discovery of one of Jupiter's moons in 362 BC with the unaided eye. ... The Chinese, Korean and Japanese referred to the planet as the wood star”.

“The Greeks called it ... Phaethon, "blazing."”.

Erentüz
“In the Central Asian-Turkic myths, Jupiter called as a "Erendiz/Erentüz", which means "eren(?)+yultuz(star)". There are many theories about meaning of "eren". Also, these peoples calculated the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements on the sky. ”.

Guru
“Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it "Guru", which literally means the "Heavy One." ”.

Thor
“Thor [is] associated with the planet Jupiter in Germanic mythology. ”.

Zeus
"In the ancient Greek religion, Zeus (Ancient Greek ... is the "Father of Gods and men" ... He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter and Etruscan counterpart is Tinia. ... Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he is married to Hera, although, at the oracle of Dodona, his consort is Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione."

Mercury
Wednesday is the day of Mercury and its color varies blue/brown/black.

5102 b2k, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet Mercury (or Hermes). "Hermès observait en -1660; donc les Indiens observaient en -3102, et ils observaient bien!" "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

~ 3300 b2k: “The earliest known recorded observations of Mercury are from the Mul.Apin tablets. These observations were most likely made by an Assyrian astronomer around the 14th century BC. The cuneiform name used to designate Mercury on the Mul.Apin tablets is transcribed as Udu.Idim.Gu\u4.Ud ("the jumping planet"). ”.

~2900 b2k: “Babylonian records of Mercury date back to the 1st millennium BC. The Babylonians called the planet Nabu after the messenger to the gods in their mythology. ”.

~2400 b2k: “The ancient Greeks of Hesiod's time knew the planet as (Stilbon), meaning "the gleaming", and (Hermaon). Later Greeks called the planet Apollo when it was visible in the morning sky, and Hermes when visible in the evening. Around the 4th century BC, Greek astronomers came to understand that the two names referred to the same body.”.

“The Romans named the planet after the swift-footed Roman messenger god, Mercury (Latin Mercurius), which they equated with the Greek Hermes, because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet. ”.

"In ancient China, Mercury was known as Chen Xing (辰星), the Hour Star. It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the Wu Xing. ... Hindu mythology used the name Budha for Mercury, and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday. The god Odin (or Woden) of Germanic paganism was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday. The Maya may have represented Mercury as an owl (or possibly four owls; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening) that served as a messenger to the underworld. "

"In my understanding Mercury was once a satellite of Jupiter, or possibly of Saturn. In the course of the events which followed Saturn’s interaction with Jupiter and its subsequent disruption, Mercury was pushed from its orbit and was directed to the sun by Jupiter. It could, however, have been a comet and the entwined snakes of the caduceus may memorialize the appearance it had when seen by the inhabitants of the Earth."

Enki
"Enki ... is a god [dingir] in Sumerian mythology ... Beginning around the second millennium BCE [~4000 b2k], he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40," occasionally referred to as his "sacred number."   The planet Mercury, associated with Babylonian Nabu (the son of Marduk) was in Sumerian times, identified with Enki."

Hermes
"Hermes ... Greek : Ἑρμῆς ... [is] son of Zeus and the Pleiade Maia. ... In the Roman adaptation of the Greek pantheon ..., Hermes was identified with the Roman god Mercury, who, [is] inherited from the Etruscans ... The Thracian princes identified him with their god Zalmoxis, considering his ancestor. "

Nabu
"Nabu (in Biblical Hebrew Nebo נבו) is the Assyrian and Babylonian god of wisdom and writing, worshipped by Babylonians as the son of Marduk and his consort, Sarpanitum, and as the grandson of Ea."

"In Chaldean mythology, Nebo was a god whose worship was introduced into Assyria by Pul [Tiglath-pileser III] (Isa. 46:1; Jer. 48:1). The great temple at Birs Nimrud was dedicated to Nebo."

Ningishzida
"The caduceus was an emblem of the Babylonian deity Ningishzida, and an astronomical tablet from Boghazkoi [Boghaz Keui, in Anatolia] identifies Ningishzida with Nebo-Mercury (Weidner, Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie, p. 61 )."

Thoth
"Thoth ... [in] the Greeks' interpretation ... was the same as their god Hermes) and ... [Shmounein] in the Coptic rendering. ... The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions. ... [Egyptian] mythology also credits him with the creation of the 365 day calendar. Originally, according to the myth, the year was only 360 days long and Nut was sterile during these days, unable to bear children. Thoth gambled with Khonsu, the Moon, for 1/72nd of its light (360/72 = 5), or 5 days, and won. During these 5 days, Nut gave birth to Kheru-ur (Horus the Elder, Face of Heaven), Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nepthys."

"In the Ogdoad cosmogony, Thoth gave birth to Ra, Atum, Nefertum, and Khepri by laying an egg while in the form of an ibis, or later as a goose laying a golden egg."

Sun
The day of the Sun is Sunday and the color of the Sun is golden.

Depending on Earth latitude, the Sun may pass overhead almost every day. The size of its disc is very close to that of the Moon.

5102 b2k, -3102 or 3102 BC, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet, the Sun.

~3000 b2k: “In the early first millennium BCE, Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun's motion along the ecliptic was not uniform”.

~2500 - 2428 b2k, c. 500 - 428 BC “[T]he Greek philosopher Anaxagoras ... reasoned that [the Sun] was a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the Peloponnesus rather than the chariot of Helios, and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun. ”

~2300 b2k: “Eratosthenes estimated the distance between the Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BCE as "of stadia myriads 400 and 80000", the translation of which is ambiguous, implying either 4,080,000 stadia (755,000 km) or 804,000,000 stadia (148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU); the latter value is correct to within a few percent. ... The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets move was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE”

"Regarding the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac, and so Greek astronomers considered it to be one of the seven planets (Greek planetes, "wanderer"), after which the seven days of the week are named in some languages.  "

Chaos magno
The image at right is scanned from a book. The entity is Chaos magno, a primordial or first Greek god. The Commons category is "Intarsia of the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore (Bergamo)", dating from 1522-32.

"For specific cosmogonic details the most important piece of Mesopotamian literature is the Babylonian epic story of creation, Enuma Elish (ibid., 60–72). Here, as in Genesis, the priority of water is taken for granted, i.e., the primeval chaos consisted of a watery abyss. The name for this watery abyss, part of which is personified by the goddess Tiamat, is the etymological equivalent of the Hebrew tehom (Gen. 1:2), a proper name that always appears in the Bible without the definite article. (It should be noted, however, that whereas "Tiamat" is the name of a primal generative force, tehom is merely a poetic term for a lifeless mass of water.) In both Genesis (1:6–7) and Enuma Elish (4:137–40) the creation of heaven and earth resulted from the separation of the waters by a firmament. The existence of day and night precedes the creation of the luminous bodies (Gen. 1:5, 8, 13, and 14ff.; Enuma Elish 1:38)."

"[T]he term chaos has been adopted in religious studies as referring to the primordial state before creation, strictly combining two separate notions of primordial waters or a primordial darkness from which a new order emerges and a primordial state as a merging of opposites, such as heaven and earth, which must be separated by a creator deity in an act of cosmogony. In both cases, chaos refers to a notion of a primordial state contains the cosmos in potentia but needs to be formed by a demiurge before the world can begin its existence."

Helios
"And Helios, lord of the sun, sitting Away from the other gods, sitting in his own temple And listening to prayers breathing up from men: he heard."

"The Golden Age of Re was the age of An [Anu], Yama, or Kronos. One thus finds of interest an Egyptian ostrakon (first century B.C.) cited by Franz Boll: the ostrakon identifies the planet Saturn as the great god Re.4 ... [T]he expression "star of Helios" or "star of Sol" was applied to Saturn.5 Though the Greek Kronos was the Latin Saturn, Nonnus gives Kronos as the Arab name of the "sun." ... the Greek name Helios so closely resembles the Greek transliteration of the Phoenician El ... Plato (or his pupil Phillip of Opus ... gave the name Helios to Saturn."

Venus
The day of the week for Venus is Friday and its color is white.

5102 b2k, -3102 or 3102 BC, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does not include the classical planet Venus. "Vénus seule ne s'y trouvait pas." "Venus alone is not found there." "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; the planet Venus is missing; and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

“That the planet Venus is missing will not startle anybody who knows the eminent importance of the four-planet system in the Babylonian astronomy” “Weidner supposes that Venus is missing in the list of planets because “she belongs to a triad with the moon and the sun.””

3581 b2k: "The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, dated 1581 BC, shows that the Babylonians understood that the two were a single object, referred to in the tablet as the "bright queen of the sky," and could support this view with detailed observations. "

"The Greeks thought of the two as separate stars, Phosphorus and Hesperus, until the time of Pythagoras in the sixth century BC. "

"The Romans designated the morning aspect of Venus as Lucifer, literally "Light-Bringer", and the evening aspect as Vesper".

"During a rare period of very low density solar outflow, the ionosphere of Venus was observed to become elongated downstream, rather like a long-tailed comet. ... Under normal conditions, the solar wind has a density of 5 - 10 particles per cubic cm at Earth's orbit, but occasionally the solar wind almost disappears, as happened in May 1999. ... A rare opportunity to examine what happens when a tenuous solar wind arrives at Venus came 3 - 4 August 2010, following a series of large coronal mass ejections on the Sun. NASA's STEREO-B spacecraft, orbiting downstream from Venus, observed that the solar wind density at Earth's orbit dropped to the remarkably low figure of 0.1 particles per cubic cm and persisted at this value for an entire day."

"The observations show that the night side ionosphere moved outward to at least 15 000 km from Venus' centre over a period of only a few hours," said Markus Fraenz, also from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, who was the team leader and a co-author of the paper. "It may possibly have extended for millions of kilometres, like an enormous tail."

"Although we cannot determine the full length of the night-side ionosphere, since the orbit of Venus Express provides limited coverage, our results suggest that Venus' ionosphere resembled the teardrop-shaped ionosphere found around comets, rather than the more symmetrical, spherical shape which usually exists."

"The side of Venus' ionosphere that faces away from the sun can billow outward like the tail of a comet, while the side facing the star remains tightly compacted, researchers said. ... "As this significantly reduced solar wind hit Venus, Venus Express saw the planet’s ionosphere balloon outwards on the planet’s ‘downwind’ nightside, much like the shape of the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions," ESA officials said in a statement today (Jan. 29). It only takes 30 to 60 minutes for the planet's comet-like tail to form after the solar wind dies down. Researchers observed the ionosphere stretch to at least 7,521 miles (12,104 kilometers) from the planet, said Yong Wei, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute in Katlenburg, Germany who worked on this research."

Mars
"La couleur rouge sang caractéristique de Mars lui valut dans l’Antiquité le rapprochement avec le dieu grec de la guerre Arès puis avec son équivalent romain Mars, le rouge évoquant le sang des champs de bataille. Les Babyloniens la nommaient Nirgal ou Nergal, le dieu de la mort, des destructions et du feu. Les Égyptiens la nommaient « Horus rouge » (ḥr Dšr, Hor-desher) et connaissaient son « déplacement à reculons » (actuellement connu sous le nom de mouvement rétrograde). Dans la mythologie hindoue, Mars est nommée Mangala (मंगल) du nom du dieu de la guerre. Mangala Vallis est nommé en son honneur."

Tuesday is the day of the week for Mars and its color is red.

5102 b2k is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does not include the classical planet Venus. "Vénus seule ne s'y trouvait pas." Mars is mentioned. "Babylonian astronomy, too, had a four-planet system. In ancient prayers the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury are invoked; ... and one speaks of "the four-planet system of the ancient astronomers of Babylonia." "

~3534 b2k “The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers and by 1534 BCE they were familiar with the retrograde motion of the planet. ”.

~3458 b2k "Mars was portrayed on the ceiling of the tomb of Seti I and on the Ramesseum ceiling, though it was missing from the Senenmut star map [ Hatshepsut reigned (1479 BC – 1458 BC)]. In the latter case, the planet may have been in conjunction with the Sun. "

3045 b2k "Chinese records about the appearances and motions of Mars appear from before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE),".

ca. 2626 b2k “By the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Babylonian astronomers were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They also invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets. ”.

~2400 b2k: “Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by Chinese astronomers by no later than the fourth century BCE. ”.

~2300 b2k: “In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an occultation, indicating the planet was farther away. ”.

2221 b2k "Chin Dynasty (221 BCE) astronomers maintained close records of planetary conjunctions, including those of Mars."

Moon
Monday is the day of the week for the Moon and its color is white.

5102 b2k, is the historical year assigned to a Hindu table of planets that does include the classical planet, the Moon.

~2500 b2k: “Understanding of the Moon's cycles was an early development of astronomy: by the 5th century BC, Babylonian astronomers had recorded the 18-year Saros cycle of lunar eclipses, ”

“Indian astronomers had described the Moon’s monthly elongation. ”

“The Chinese astronomer Shi Shen (fl. 4th century BC) gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses. ... Although the Chinese of the Han Dynasty believed the Moon to be energy equated to qi, their 'radiating influence' theory also recognized that the light of the Moon was merely a reflection of the Sun, and Jing Fang (78–37 BC) noted the sphericity of the Moon. ”

“Later, the physical form of the Moon and the cause of moonlight became understood. The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. ”

Aphrodite
""Foam-born" Aphrodite is linked to the Moon through her epithet Pasiphaessa, the 'All-shinig One'. In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite was conceived in the lap of the waves which were fertilized by semen from the severed genitals of Ouranos, Heaven, and was 'born in soft foam', as the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite puts it.71"

Uranus
“In the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, the planet's name is literally translated as the sky king star ”.

“Uranus ... is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus ..., the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter). Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets, it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. ”

The second image at right is a painting by artist Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574). The main focus is on Cronus (Saturn) castrating Uranus (the Greek sky god). As both Uranus and Cronus are represented by men, this suggests that they were similar in nature. "[T]he ancients’ religions and mythology speak for their knowledge of Uranus; the dynasty of gods had Uranus followed by Saturn, and the latter by Jupiter. ... It is quite possible that the planet Uranus is the very planet known by this name to the ancients. The age of Uranus preceded the age of Saturn; it came to an end with the “removal” of Uranus by Saturn. Saturn is said to have emasculated his father Uranus."

Ouranos
“Uranus was the Sky in Greek mythology, which was thought to be dominated by the combined powers of the Sun and Mars. ”

“Uranus ..., Ouranos meaning "sky" or "heaven") was the primal Greek god personifying the sky. His equivalent in Roman mythology was Caelus. In Ancient Greek literature, Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia, Mother Earth. According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite Aether as his father. ”

Caelus
“Caelus or Coelus was a primal god of the sky in Roman myth and theology, iconography, and literature (compare caelum, the Latin word for "sky" or "the heavens", hence English "celestial").”

“The name of Caelus indicates that he was the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Uranus ..., who was of major importance in the theogonies of the Greeks. Varro couples him with Terra (Earth) as pater and mater (father and mother), and says that they are "great deities" (dei magni) in the theology of the mysteries at Samothrace. ”

“According to Cicero and Hyginus, Caelus was the son of Aether and Dies ("Day" or "Daylight"). Caelus and Dies were in this tradition the parents of Mercury. Caelus was the father with Hecate of the distinctively Roman god Janus, as well as of Saturn and Ops. Caelus was also the father of one of the three forms of Jupiter, the other two fathers being Aether and Saturn. ”

Aion
"Aion (Greek Αἰών) is a Hellenistic deity associated with time, the orb or circle encompassing the universe, and the zodiac. The "time" represented by Aion is unbounded, in contrast to Chronos as empirical time divided into past, present, and future. He is thus a god of eternity, associated with mystery religions concerned with the afterlife, such as the mysteries of Cybele, Dionysus, Orpheus, and Mithras. In Latin the concept of the deity may appear as Aevum or Saeculum. He is typically in the company of an earth or mother goddess such as Tellus or Cybele, as on the Parabiago plate. " The picture at page right top is of Aion-Uranus.

Neptune
“Neptune is never visible to the naked eye, having a brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0, ”.

“Neptune ... was the Roman god of water and the sea in Roman mythology and religion. He is the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Neptune was the brother of Jupiter [Italic Neptune has been securely identified as a god of freshwater sources as well as the sea.] ”.

“Syncretic traces of a Lybian/Punic agrarian god of fresh water sources, with the epithet Frugifer, "fruit-bearer"; have been enumerated”.

The “German scholar H. Petersmann proposed an etymology from IE rootstem *nebh- related to clouds and foggs ... The concept would be close to that expressed in the name of Greek god [Uranus].”

“Indo-European people, having no direct knowledge of the sea as they originated from inland areas, reused the theology of a deity originally either chthonic or wielding power over inland freshwaters as the god of the sea. This feature has been preserved particularly well in the case of Neptune who was definitely a god of springs, lakes and rivers before becoming also a god of the sea, as is testified by the numerous findings of inscriptions mentioning him in the proximity of such locations. Servius the grammarian also explicitly states Neptune is in charge of all the rivers, springs and waters. ”

"I find it most useful to refer to the eight planets Mercury through Neptune as the "classical planets"." "By restricting the new definition to the eight existing “classical planets,” the second resolution implied that dwarf planets were a subcategory of planets, too."

Ceres
“When Ceres has an opposition near the perihelion, it can reach a visual magnitude of +6.7. This is generally regarded as too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but under exceptional viewing conditions a very sharp-sighted person may be able to see this dwarf planet.”


text:
Book Reviews/The Master and Margarita

Master And Margarita
Mikhail Bulgakov's Master and Margarita.....

Character Descriptions
Woland (Satan)

Members of Woland's Entourage The Master
 * Behemoth
 * Koroviev
 * Azazello
 * Hella

Margarita

Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyryov (Bezdomny)

Major Themes

 * Spiritual vs. Material Worlds- Man, in society, prefers to rely on himself and thinks he can ignore spiritual issues. "But what troubles me is this," Woland says to Ivan Homeless, "if there is no God, then, you might ask, who governs the life of men and, generally, the entire situation here on earth?" "Man himself governs it," Homeless replies. Bulgakov's novel, however, is his argument against Homeless's claim. It is an attempt to demonstrate that man does not govern the world as he believes. Woland and Yeshua represent the spiritual in the two parallel plots. Pilate tells Yeshua that his life hangs by a hair that he can cut, but Yeshua responds, "There, too, are you mistaken... You must agree that the hair can surely be cut only by him who had hung it?"

The novel makes it clear that earthly power is fleeting and one can die, like Berlioz, at any moment.

Characters who ignore the spiritual are confronted with it in an uncomfortable way.

According to A. Colin Wright, "In the end, it is the spiritual that triumphs, out of necessity, for it is eternal." Woland, the manifestation of the spiritual within the novel, is the ultimate arbitrator of justice. He ensures that the Master and Margarita fulfill their deepest desire, to share in each other's fate. Ultimately, this leaves the reader with a fundamental optimism "Everything will turn out right. That's what the world is built on," Woland tells Margarita.
 * Absurdity
 * The State- Through the parallel plot structure, Bulgakov constantly reinforces the harmful and damaging power retained by "The State." In the biblical story, Pilate represents the state. He imposes....  In modern Russia the state fosters a specific attitude in citizens. Foreigners are treated with suspicion, busybodies are rewarded.... Evil is inherent in dictatorial power and that citizens intimidated by this power will go against their moral principles. "In both Moscow and Jerusalem," says critic Ellendea Proffer, "tyranny is maintained through spies, denunciations, and simple fear. As for Pilate himself, he is the precursor of the judges of the Stalin years who presided over the great show trials."

 * Truth- The theme of Yeshua's way, the way of truth and justice, is presented in The Master and Margarita as a lost secret which must be "rediscovered." The main seeker of truth in the novel is The Master. He succeeds in discovering the true story of Pontius Pilate however the greater desire for truth in the midst of soviet Russia remains after the novel's conclusion.

Allusions to Faust MASSOLIT
 * Literature and Writers

Composition History
Trained at the University of Bulgakov spent some of his formative years practicing medicine in provincial villages. These experiences inspired him to begin writing one of his earliest works, Notes of a Young Country Doctor. In 1918 Bulgakov returned to Kiev and then enlisted in the White Army in the Russian Civil War as a field doctor. At the beginning of 1920, however, he abandoned his career as a doctor to devote himself to writing. In 1921 Bulgakov moved to Moscow. He worked as a journalist writing humorous sketches and short novels. His novel The White Guard(1924) was one of the first serious works to describe the Civil War and one of the only works published under the Soviet regime which sympathetically portrayed the White cause and its supporters. Bulgakov also wrote a play, Days of the Turbins based on White Guard which premiered in Moscow in 1926. As the Soviet Union became more ideologically rigid in the late 1920s, Bulgakov's works came under attack and in 1929 all his plays were banned.

Sometime towards the end of his life, Bulgakov mentioned to a friend that he was working on "just a little trivial thing." This "little thing" became the apex of his literary career, sealing him into the cannon of great Russian authors.

Bulgakov began working on the novel that became Master and Margarita in the winter of 1928-29. Through the examination of Bulgakov’s correspondences, it seems as though the original inspiration for ‘’’Master and Margarita’’’ was the concept of the gospel according to the devil. The first version of the novel was finished in 1929 under the title The Consultant with a Hoof. This manuscript made no mention of neither The Master nor Margarita as characters. Bulgakov destroyed this first draft in 1930 when he became convinced of the hopelessness of a literary career in Soviet Russia. A year later he re-started work on the novel. The 1931 version contained development of the magical aspects present in the finished work and the character of Margarita was briefly mentioned. A third version from 1932 was the first complete work but still was distinctly different from Bulgakov’s final product. Bulgakov continued to rewrite sections of the third version from 1934-36 until the start of 1937 whereupon he wrote approximately 60 pages of a fourth version before abandoning that as well. In the fall of 1937 he started yet another version, now titled The Prince of Darkness which he also left unfinished. Finally, also in autumn of ‘37 he started again from the beginning on a sixth version entitled, The Master and Margarita.

Publication History
A substantially censored version of Master and Margarita was published for the first time in the Russian journal “Moskva” in two installments: first in November of 1966 and then in January of 1967. The most heavily edited portions were Bulgakov’s discussion of the secret police in both Jerusalem and Moscow which was seen as subversive. After underground circulation, the complete, uncensored text was published in Paris in 1967. Two years later, in 1969, a German publisher put out an edition that italicized text that had been edited by soviet censors. The first unedited edition of the novel was published in Moscow in 1973 which became the official standard.

English Translations:

Mirra Ginsburg (Grove Press, 1967) Ginsburg's original translation was made from the 1967 Soviet text and therefore mirrors the censorship present in that version. It has since been updated, most recently in 1994.

Michael Glenny (Harper & Row, 1967)

Diana Burgin & Katherine Tiernan O'Connor (Ardis, 1995)

Richard Pevear (Penguin, 1997)

Michael Karpelson (Wordsworth, 2011)

Literary Significance
Critic A. Collin Wright puts it best when he says "The Master and Margarita is not a tidy work, nor does it present a logically structured argument: like many a great book, ultimitely its greatness lies in its power to evoke responses intuitively from the reader."

Adaptations

 * "Pilatus und Andere"(germ.)/"Pilot and Others"(eng.) A film from year 1972 by Andrzej Wajda, Polish director.

Study Questions

 * 1) What function does the novel's epigraph, an excerpt from Goethe's Faust, serve? How does it relate to the overall themes in Master and Margarita?
 * 2) Satan in this work is not a "fire and brimstone" devil, but rather an erudite intellectual with a rag-tag group of followers whose antics reveal human vice and hypocrisy at every turn. Why do you think Bulgakov portrays divine evil this manner?
 * 3) What role does madness play in The Master and Margarita? Are those conscripted to the mad house insane, or is society? How does this reflect the Soviet practice of institutionalizing dissidents?
 * 4) Early in the novel we begin to see the conflict between Christianity, mythology, and atheism. How do these clashes perhaps lay the framework, or at least provide a resonating theme, for the rest of the novel?
 * 5) Why do you think Bulgakov waited so long to introduce the eponymous characters? Do you think that the Master and Margarita are the novel's heroes?
 * 6) How do we understand the character of Pontius Pilate?
 * 7) What is the connection between the parallel plots in Master and Margarita? What do you think Bulgakov is trying to say in juxtaposing the Christ story and (then) contemporary Soviet society under Stalin?
 * 8) What function does Bulgakov's inclusion of fantastic elements serve? In other words, why are there elements of fantasy in the novel and do they help us understand a deeper meaning?
 * 9) What is the role of humor in the novel?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Book Reviews/The Master and Margarita


text: File:Intermolecular interactions.png

title: File:Intermolecular interactions.png


title: File:Sampling.3.B.Over.20120503.pdf


title: File:Angles.20120503.pdf


text: File:WowWeeTriBotEncoder.jpg

title: File:WowWeeTriBotEncoder.jpg


text:
User:1sfoerster/enes100/Tri-BotHack/Encoder1

/* Encoder Library - Basic Example * http://www.pjrc.com/teensy/td_libs_Encoder.html * * This example code is in the public domain. */

 * 1) include

// Change these two numbers to the pins connected to your encoder. //  Best Performance: both pins have interrupt capability //  Good Performance: only the first pin has interrupt capability //  Low Performance:  neither pin has interrupt capability Encoder myEnc(2, 3); // 3 and 2 go to the motor 1 and 2 encoders //  avoid using pins with LEDs attached // initialize the motor control output button

void setup { Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Basic Encoder Test:"); pinMode(11, OUTPUT); //yellow wire to motor enable 1 digitalWrite(11, HIGH); //turn on motor 1

}

long oldPosition = -999;

void loop { long newPosition = myEnc.read; if (newPosition != oldPosition) { oldPosition = newPosition; Serial.println(newPosition); } }


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User:Crazyresearcher

--

CrazyResearcher-

Looking forward for dedicated lifelong research.

In this world, life is the fundamental energy which is keeping it moving. The nature has its own way to drive itself for sustenance. The main energy for this driving is the human itself. Human is the species which has made the world a wonderfull place by its intellect and zeal to move forward. Humans have striven constantly so as to find better ways to improve their quality of living.

According to the "crazy researcher", Humans are the real wealth which is needed to be invested.

All the wealth in this universe is made by whome? its human ! We create wealth but we dont know that we are the real wealth.

People run behind success. People run behind wealth, happiness, prosperity. But they never think that all these is made by the man itself.

The "crazy researcher" beleives that if one has the control of this wealth (human) i.e of others or even self, then he can have all the types of wealth in the world.

--Crazyresearcher (talk) 17:46, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Crazyresearcher


text:
Book Reviews/Dead Souls

Dead Souls is a novel by Russian author Nikolai Gogol. Along with Gogol's short stories, it is considered a masterpiece. Although it is primarily concerned with Russian society during the early 19th century, Gogol's wit and fresh prose make it a joy to read today.

Recommended translation: Gogol, Nikolai. Dead Souls. Ed. Susanne Fusso. Trans. Bernard G. Guerney. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Introduction to Dead Souls
Nikolai Gogol's novel Dead Souls is a satire that exposes the corrupt "underbelly" of Russian nineteenth century society. On a superficial level, the title refers to the book’s plot, where the main character Chichikov sets out to amass serfs, or souls, to his name. In order to do so, he buys the names of dead peasants off of landowners who are still being taxed for them because censuses were taken once every few years, resulting in a list congruous with the previous census in his name. On a more philosophical level, the title refers to the morality or lack thereof of the characters the reader meets within the novel. Their actions, though consistent with societal expectations, are corrupt, showing how fraudulent Russian society really is, and Gogol has the reader question the ultimate ethicalness of the Russian 19th century world.

Plot
The novel begins with Chichikov coming to the town of N--. He is welcomed by everyone, who think he is a model person, and is invited to various social gatherings. He begins roaming around the countryside with his coach driver, Selifan, looking for land owners to buy dead serfs from. The land owners are presented as comedic and simple caricatures, with much of the novel's humor derived from interactions with them. The first land owner, Manilov, is so friendly he takes on a farcical air; Korobochka is a widow out of touch with the world; Nozdrev is deceitful; and Sobakevich is an adroit business man who knows no morals. Even Pliushkin, the most tragic of the land owners, is first introduced in a comic fashion: Chichikov mistakes him for an old, female serf.) The plot is considered very circular because of the visits to the land owners

Despite distrust and greed somewhat hampering Chichikov's acquisition of the dead souls, he returns to the village after meeting with Pliushkin, having amassed four hundred dead souls. Once back, he promptly resumes festivities with the people. Eventually, however, rumors begin to spread about Chichikov when they realize all the serfs he bought were dead. Some conjecture that he wants to run away from with the governor's daughter, while others think he is Napoleon or a war veteran who lost his leg in disguise, revealing the backwardness of the townspeople. Chichikov is at first blissfully unaware of the people's gossip; when it comes to his attention he quickly leaves town.

During the final chapter much of Chichikov's life is revealed. He was a studious and hardworking student with a knack for money, and after graduation works several government jobs. The real reason for the acquisition of dead souls is also revealed: the more serfs one has in Russia at this time, the greater their social standing. It is, in other words, a get rich quick scheme. The novel ends on an uncertain note, as it is unclear where Chichikov will go or what he plans to do next.

Character Descriptions
Chichikov: The protagonist of the novel. The driving force of his story is his desire to obtain dead souls from serf owners in the region. His past and motivations for collecting dead souls remain a mystery for much of the novel. He is cordially greeted when he arrives in the town of N-- and impresses the residents there. Although at first he appears warm and honest to the reader as well, as the narrative goes on he appears to become more and more superficial. His name is derived from the Russian word for "sneeze."

Selifan: Chichikov's carriage driver. He is portrayed as dimwitted and lazy and is also of a lower social standing than many of the other characters in the novel.

Manilov: The first serf owner Chichikov visits. He is both nice and welcoming to a fault, as well as being highly sentimental. His name means "to lure, attract, or beckon" in Russian.

The Widow Korobochka: The second serf owner Chichikov visits. She is an old widow and very shrewd in her ways. She is hesitant to sell Chichikov the serfs because she is afraid dead souls actually sell for much more than what Chichikov is offering. Her name means "little box" in Russian.

Nozdrev: The third serf owner. He is superficial and a dilettante, in addition to being incredibly two-faced. Gogol asserts that everyone knows someone who has similar characteristics as Nozdrev. Nozdrev is also the Russian word for "nostril."

Sobakevich: The fourth serf owner. He is a quiet and resourceful man who tries to sell Chichikov dead souls the instant he thinks he can make a profit from him. His name means "dog" in Russian.

Plyushkin: The fifth and final serf owner. Chichikov thinks he is a serf when he first sees him. He has a troubled past: his older daughter eloped with a soldier, his wife and younger daughter are dead, and his son, against Plyushkin's wishes, joined the military. His farm has fallen into disrepair and because of this Chichikov is able to buy a multitude of serfs from him.

Major Themes
Artificiality vs. Nature: While on the surface many characters act in certain ways, they rarely show their true colors, preferring instead to present to the world masks they wear. Chichikov, for instance, appears as a nice, charming man to many of the town's residents, but in actuality he arguably feels none of those emotions. He is simply doing this to get on their good side like the social climber he is. Characters like the two-faced Nozdrev and the other land owners are similar in this regard, as they only let their true feelings show when no one is around. Nozdrev even puts on different masks for when he is with different people, playing to what each person wants to hear.

This theme is prevalent in other Russian works from this time period, such as Eugene Onegin. The difference here is that Gogol seems to be saying nothing is truly natural when it comes to Russia. There are hardly any characters in the book who do not pander to another's liking and reveal who they truly are.

Greed: All of the land owners who Chichikov goes to in order to purchase dead souls bargain with him over the selling price. This might not seem too important until one realizes that by giving away these dead souls, for which they are taxed but receive none of the benefits they would from a living serf, they would be benefiting themselves. Gogol, then, takes greed to the extreme; the characters here are so greedy they are only hurting themselves. By bringing attention to this, Gogol critiques and satirizes another part of Russian society, pointing out the foolhardiness in parts of daily life that some Russians assume are perfectly fine.

Materialism: Description is favored over plot in this book. Though this may irk some, there is a good reason behind this choice in design: Gogol wanted to emphasize character's possessions, the same way they try to emphasize them. In 19th century Russia, one's social standing meant everything, and this social standing was determined by one's possessions. It is for this reason that Chichikov desires those dead souls so very much. By placing descriptions of the things people own above plot in terms of significance, Gogol satirizes the need to show off one's wealth and property and reveals the pitfalls in considering one's possessions the most important things in life.

Gossip: A very common motif in the novel. In later chapters of the book, it takes on a significant role, to the point where it is gossip that ends Chichikov's plans. Village people gossip with one another about Chichikov and his past, creating pasts for him so absurd they are humorous. Some think that Chichikov is Napoleon in disguise, trying to make a new life for himself. One man even states that Chichikov is an old war veteran who lost his leg in the war. When other men point out that Chichikov does not have a wooden leg, the man backs down, but others' ideas are still just as ridiculous.

In this way the backwardness of the townspeople is revealed. Though they fancy themselves smart and capable individuals, they are all irrational in their conjectures and crave gossip. Though on the surface the townspeople might look innocuous and even welcoming, deep down they cannot escape their backwater country roots, and eventually these inevitably come to light.

Composition History
Gogol first referenced the work that would become Dead Souls in a letter to his friend Alexander Pushkin in 1835. At this point in time he was already an established novelist, having published short story collections to much acclaim like Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka and Arabesques. He referred to it as “a very long novel” and continued to work on the novel intermittently while also writing other work like his short stories “The Nose” and “The Overcoat” and traveling around Europe (Gogol, 278). Much of Dead Souls was written during his time in Rome. After much work, the novel was finally published in 1842. Gogol had meant the book that was published to be the first part in a modern rendering of Dante’s Divine Comedy, roughly corresponding to the Inferno. He continued work on the project, but gradually he fell into a slump as he experienced a creative decline. In 1852, Gogol slipped into depression and burned his manuscripts, including what was to be the sequel to Dead Souls. Gogol died nine days later, but luckily some pieces of the manuscript he had been working on survived.

Publication History
The first edition of Dead Souls was printed in Moscow and published in Russia in 1842. An English translation by D.J. Hogarth followed later that year; this translation is currently in the public domain. Bernard Guilbert Guerney translated the novel into English again in 1942, was revised in 1948, and was published by the New York Readers' Club.

Literary Significance
Dead Souls: A Poem came under scrutiny for its title, which was deemed heretical, prompting Nikolai Gogol to change it to The Adventures of Chichikov: Dead Souls. The work is considered to be a novel, yet Gogol calls it a poema, perhaps for its philosophical qualities and musings on the state of the Russian Empire. Anne Lounsbury, however, states that poema is “an ambiguous generic label that in his day generally signified a long work in verse, epic or mock epic” (Lounsbury, 125.) Gogol may in fact be deriding his contemporaries, depicting a bleak and grotesque rather than a romanticized version of the Russian provincial townships and the supposedly erudite people that inhabit them.

Lounsbery also notes that “Gogol’s career coincided with the period when Russian literature moved decisively out of the aristocratic and semiprivate sphere of the salons and into the broader and far less predictable realm of print” (Lounsbery, 127.) Dead Souls therefore is significant for its wider audience; its distribution exceeded high society and went towards the literate mercantile and provincial gentry. It was received at the time with mixed opinions, as book reviewers, used to romantic novels filled with virtuous heroes modeled after the Russian skazka, or fairy tale, criticized the lack of plot and excessive detail. It is precisely this description-centric aspect of the work that distinguishes it from the preceding literary tradition; Gogol emphasizes the characters’ material possessions just as they themselves do. Almost fifty years later, in 1886, a book review in the New York Times (see References) described it as Gogol’s masterpiece, a work that perfectly encapsulates the Russian condition in the provincial townships. According to the book review, Alexander Pushkin, clearly aware of the disparaging social criticism remarked, “It is the picture of the universal platitude of the country (Russia.)” Furthermore, when Gogol read the work aloud to him, he supposedly burst into tears and said, “The sad thing, our poor Russia!” Such pity-evoking depictions of the Russian Empire influenced writers such as Turgenev, who according to this 1886 book review “sang the same” themes, but in a more refined manner: “It is a tender minor on the part of [Turgenev], exquisite in its delicacy, intoned with a broken heart, while Gogol howls it, if you like in the major key, with many a joke and a quibble.” This theme of discussing the errors within Russian society such as its materialism, its gossipy nature and its corruption (one only has to look at Chichikov’s rise to prominence to see this element) is an integral part of the Russian literary tradition; it is Gogol's manner in addressing the question that is unique.

Adaptations
Theatre

Mikhail Bulgakov first adapted the novel for the Moscow Art Theatre. The production was directed by Constantin Stanislavski and opened on 28th November, 1932.

Opera

Dead Souls was also turned into an opera in 1976 by Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin.

Television

In 1984, it became a television mini-series directed by Mikhail Shveytser.

Radio

In 2006, the novel was aired on the BBC’s Radio 4, incorporating the voices of Mark Heap as Chichikov and Michael Palin as the narrator.

Source: Dead Souls. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. May 14, 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Souls.

Study Questions
1. What kind of hero is Chichikov? Can he even be called one?

2. Gogol frequently makes detailed lists about inanimate objects. What may be the purpose of such attention on seemingly superfluous matters?

3. What are the satirical elements of the book?

4. What impressions of Russian life do you as the reader get from Dead Souls? Are they positive or negative?

5. Analyze a passage that you found to be thematically rich and apply it to the work's title. What insights do you garner?

6. How does Gogol portray serfs and serfdom?

7. What was serfdom like in Russia when Gogol wrote the book?

8. What does Chichikov value? What does he want from life?

9. What are the types of Russian landlords? Are there any good landlords?

10. Besides serfdom, what else is Gogol criticizing in the novel?

title: Book Reviews/Dead Souls


text:
Book Reviews/Fathers and Children

Fathers and Children is a realist novel written by the Russian author Ivan Turgenev. His most famous novel, many consider it to be one of the greatest works of fiction of the 19th century. Considering its universal themes, like the young versus the old or nihilism, it still is relevant and is an enjoyable read in present times.

Recommended Translation: Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Children, translated by Michael Katz. Norton critical edition (2nd ed., 2008).

Introduction to Fathers and Children
Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Children secures its place in the Russian cannon by addressing an issue that never loses cultural relevance: the tension between successive generations. This work's original Russian title is Отцы и дети (Otcy i Deti), which literally translates "Fathers and Children." The novel's title, however, is often translated in English to "Fathers and Sons."

Plot
Yevgeny Vasil'evich Bazarov – A nihilist and medical student. As a nihilist he is a mentor to Arkady, and a challenger to the liberal ideas of the Kirsanov brothers and the traditional Russian Orthodox feelings of his own parents. Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov – A recent graduate of St. Petersburg University and friend of Bazarov. He is also a nihilist, although his nihilism has a lot to do with Bazarov's influence. Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov – A landlord, a liberal democrat, Arkady’s father. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov – Nikolai’s brother and a bourgeois with aristocratic pretensions, who prides himself on his refinement but, like his brother, is reform-minded. Although he is reluctantly tolerant of the nihilism, he cannot help hating Bazarov. Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov – Bazarov’s father, a retired army surgeon, and a small countryside land/serf holder. Educated and enlightened, he nonetheless feels, like many of the characters, that rural isolation has left him out of touch with modern ideas. He thus retains a loyalty to traditionalist ways, manifested particularly in devotion to God and to his son Yevgeny. Arina Vlas'evna Bazarova – Bazarov’s mother. A very traditional woman of the 15th-century Moscovy style aristocracy: a pious follower of Orthodox Christianity, woven with folk tales and falsehoods. She loves her son deeply, but is also terrified of him and his rejection of all beliefs. Anna Sergeevna Odintsova – A wealthy widow who entertains the nihilist friends at her estate. Katerina (Katya) Sergeevna Lokteva – The younger sister of Anna. She lives comfortably with her sister but lacks confidence, finding it hard to escape Anna Sergeevna's shadow. This shyness makes her and Arkady’s love slow to realize itself. Feodosya (Fenichka) Nikolayevna – The daughter of Nikolai’s housekeeper, with whom he has fallen in love and fathered a child out of wedlock. The implied obstacles to their marriage are difference in class, and perhaps Nikolai's previous marriage – the burden of 'traditionalist' values. Viktor Sitnikov – A pompous and foolhardy friend of Bazarov who joins populist ideals and groups. Like Arkady, he is heavily influenced by Bazarov in his ideals. Avdotya (Evdoksia) Nikitishna Kukshina – An emancipated woman who lives in the town of X. Kukshina is independent but rather eccentric and incapable as a proto-feminist, despite her potential.

Major Themes
Ultimately Bazarov's nihilism disintegrates when it comes into conflict with his emotions and his love for Odintsova. Nihilism is not even sustainable for Bazarov, its greatest champion. It cannot help him understand the pain he feels when faced with unrequited love, ultimately leading to a level of dispair with which he is unable to cope.
 * Generational Divides: The generational divide established in the novel's title emerges as its main theme. Fathers and Children attempts to adress whether the new generation will always eclipse the old.
 * Science vs. Poetry; Realism vs. Romanticism; Belief vs. Nihilism: Turgenev presents generational tension through the conflicting theories of nihilism and romanticism. Bazarov's nihilism spurns art, literature, and music, rejecting emotions in favor for that which has been scientifically proven.
 * Serfdom and a Changing Class Structure
 * The West in Russia (Westernization)

Composition History
On August 6.1860, the idea that would eventually become Fathers and Children came to him. By the end of September, he had outlined the entire novel and wrote the first half during the winter of 1860-61. In typical Turgenev fashion, however, he procrastinated, and did not start writing the second half until May of 1861. He finished work in July of 1861 and sent the manuscript to publishers. While working on the novel, Turgenev kept a diary for Bazarov, reacting events in Russia the way he imagined Bazarov would.

By the time of Fathers and Children release, Turgenev was already a well-established writer. Works such as A Sportman's Skechtes, Rudin, Home of the Gentry, and The Diary of a Superfluous Man all brought him fame and recognition. In The Diary of a Superfluous Man, Turgenev coined the superfluous man, an up to this point unnamed by existing literary hero stereotype. A superfluous man is someone who does not fit into society, plagued by boredom, and simply allows events to to simply happen to him. As some have said that Turgenev himself was not a man of passion and thought that he would never be able to achieve happiness, it is possible that Turgenev saw himself as a superfluous man. The superfluous man can be viewed as a nihilist, and thus be seen as a precursor to Turgenev's nihilist character, Bazarov.

Also, at the time of writing the novel, Russia was undergoing a nihilist movement. Both members of the movement and liberals wanted to westernize Russia, a view that contrasted greatly with Slavophiles, who were conservatives that believed staying true to tradition would bring about a better Russia. Elements of both movements can be seen in the novel, as represented by various characters.

Publication History
Fathers and Children was first published in Russia in 1862. An English translation by Eugene Schuyler first appeared in 1867, published by Leypoldt and Holt Press in New York City. Some translations change the title of the novel to Fathers and Sons in order to create a more aesthetically pleasing name. Both titles are acceptable to English-speakers when speaking of the book.

Literary Significance
When Fathers and Children was first published, it was received with mixed reception. Many from both the left and the right criticized it for its themes and what certain characters stand for. The radical youth took it as blasphemous slander, while conservatives thought its treatment of nihilism was not harsh or condemning enough. People also disliked it because the book did not offer any problems to the questions it raised, whereas other contemporary authors, like Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, did just that. Others, however, could not get enough of it for this very reason. They were puzzled by the character Bazarov: just what was he? Who was he? What was the meaning behind his character? Many readers puzzled over the eccentric fellow, trying to unravel his mystery, along with the moral ambiguities of the novel. Turgenev favors neither the fathers or the children, those who favor the traditional and those who favor the intellectual, and thus it is unclear exactly what Turgenev meant with the work.

In addition, the novel introduced both the idea of nihilism and the growing movement to a wider audience than it had previously. It popularized the ideas behind nihilism, helping the movement gain steam until it reached widespread usage. Philosophers such as Nietzsche examined the term and utilized it in their own philosophies, leaving a lasting imprint on both philosophy and history itself.

Study Questions

 * 1) If we establish generational conflict to be at the heart of this novel, does Turgenev seem to sympathize with the fathers or the sons? Does he support either generation?
 * 2) Fathers and Children was first published in 1862, a year after the emancipation of the Russian serfs, but takes place in 1859 while serfdom is still enforced. Why do you think Turgenev chose to set his novel during this period?  Do you think it gains thematically by incorporating indentured serfs, or does it date itself by incorporating a system that ceased to (officially) exist?
 * 3) What is the function of the female characters in the novel? Do they represent a continuation of previous portrayals of Russian femininity or do they provide a something new?
 * 4) What narrative strategies does Turgenev employ? Does Fathers and Children represent an advance in narrative techniques over earlier Russian novels?
 * 5) What role does love play in the novel? How does success or failure in romance shape the characters' destinies?
 * 6) By the end of the novel, do you think Turgenev comes out favoring romanticism, nihilism, or some third alternative?
 * How, as readers, do we understand Bazarov's death?
 * 1) How does Arkady change throughout the novel?

title: Book Reviews/Fathers and Children


text:
Caregiving and dementia/Participants

List of participants

 * 1) Jtneill - Talk - c 20:54, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 2) Eliza (talk) 00:58, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 3)  JMH (talk) 01:10, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 4) SA & NT DTSC (talk) 02:31, 24 August 2012 (UTC) Hannah
 * 5) Hannahpb (talk) 00:55, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 6) Leanne74 (talk) 05:18, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * 7) Fallon (talk) 04:00, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * 8) WADTSC (talk) 05:23, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * 9) Denise.Dallimore (talk) 02:45, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
 * 10) Cchenco (talk) 03:53, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Caregiving and dementia/Participants


title: File:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf


text:
User:Chendonghao55

Hello world! Go on!!!

title: User:Chendonghao55


title: File:Angles.20120504.pdf


text:
User:Aplasia

"Mit Dummheit kämpfen Götter selbst vergebens."

Friedrich Schiller - Die Jungfrau von Orleans

title: User:Aplasia


text:
User talk:Ready

 Hello Ready, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our Privacy policy, Civility policy, and the Terms of Use while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to be bold to contribute and to experiment with the sandbox or your userpage. See you around Wikiversity! Jtneill - Talk - c 20:31, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 Hi! My name is WikiversityJack. I am a pumpkin and a Wikiversity mascot. My aunt told me that fun + learning = Wikiversity. Let me know if I can help you out.

Usupuration
The old Ready account is now Ready (old) and Ready12 is now Ready per http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Changing_username&curid=24030&diff=908052&oldid=904036. -- Jtneill - Talk - c 20:31, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ready


text: User:Dzięcioł 3

title: User:Dzięcioł 3


text:
User:Nickispeaki

hi! :-)

title: User:Nickispeaki


text:
User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/First astronomical X-ray source/Quiz

First astronomical X-ray source is a lecture for the advanced course on X-ray astronomy. You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture at any time. Once you’ve read and studied the lecture itself, the links contained within the lecture, listed under See also, External links and in the template, you should have adequate background to achieve 100 %.

Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz
{Object identification: What "mystery object" made a sudden appearance on February 21, 2006, and was observed to have an X-ray glow around it by the X-ray observatory satellite XMM Newton in early August 2006? { SCP 06F6 (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Yes or No, An X-ray may have a wavelength as long as 10 nm. + Yes - No
 * type=""}

{The first astronomical X-ray source in the constellation Dorado is likely to be which of the following? - the Sun - the Small Magellanic Cloud - Scorpius X-1 + the Large Magellanic Cloud - the Crab Nebula
 * type=""}

{Which of the following may be a type of X-ray binary? - a dwarf planet - a member of the Oort belt + a soft X-ray transient - the polar regions (North and South) of Jupiter + an X-ray burster + Hercules X-1 + an X-ray emitting Be star
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: { No (i) } publication in print contains the identification of all of the first X-ray sources discovered for each of the 88 (or 89) constellations.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The Sun is an X-ray source in the constellation Lupus. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{A natural X-ray source has been detected by an X-ray counter at a site on the ground (Earth) from what astronomical X-ray source? - the Sun - the ionosphere - the diffuse X-ray background - Serpens X-1 - the Moon + lightning
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is associated with the diffuse X-ray background? - the Sun + rather consistently observed over a wide range of energies - an Aitoff-Hammer equal-area map in galactic coordinates + an isotropic X-ray background flux was obtained in 1956 + an early high-energy end was obtained by instruments on board Ranger 3 + super soft X-rays are absorbed by galactic neutral hydrogen
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, A professional astronomer holding an X-ray detector in their hands while working on the International Space Station is a primary astronomical X-ray source. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{The Sun is a natural X-ray source because X-rays originate from what astronomical X-ray source? + a coronal cloud about the Sun - the diffuse X-ray background - sunspots - the photosphere - nucleosynthesis in the center of the Sun - lightning
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is associated with the Sun as a possible first X-ray source? + lofting an X-ray detector with a V-2 rocket from White Sands Proving Grounds on August 5, 1948 + in the late 1930s, "the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun ... was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species" - early theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona - “extensive 1/4 keV emission in the Galactic halo” - its overall redness has decreased - ionizing radiation that may originate deep within the Sun does not reach the bottom of a sunspot
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The bottom of a sunspot ~400 km deep is cooler than the bottom of the photosphere. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not an astronomical X-ray source? - the planet Mercury + traces of the element gold in the Sun’s photosphere - the solar wind - Cepheus X-1 - nucleosynthesis near the surface of the Sun - lightning on Jupiter
 * type=""}

{A first X-ray source located roughly 9000 light years away in the constellation Scorpius is { Scorpius X-1 | Sco X-1 (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Alpha Apodis is a known (SIMBAD) X-ray source. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: A well-known black hole (or black hole candidate) and galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus is { Cygnus X-1 | Cyg X-1 (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not an astronomical X-ray source? - Io - Comet Lulin - the Moon + Carina X-1 - Centaurus X-2 - EZ Aquarii
 * type=""}

{True or False, Cassiopeia X-1 was first detected during a June 16, 1964, Aerobee sounding rocket flight. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Of the discovery of the first extrasolar X-ray source, the instrumentation had been designed for an attempt to observe X-rays from the { moon (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: A non-SI unit of spectral X-ray flux density is called the { Jansky (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, A high-mass X-ray binary designation indicates that the X-ray source is a high-mass neutron star. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: An X-ray binary star exhibiting periodic and rapid increases in luminosity (typically a factor of 10 or greater) peaked in the X-ray regime is called an { X-ray burster (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The flux density or monochromatic flux, $$S$$, of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, $$B$$, over the source solid angle:

$$S = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\Omega)\mathrm{d}\Omega = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\theta,\phi)\sin\theta\,d\theta\,d\varphi$$. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

Hypotheses

 * 1) The first astronomical X-ray source may have been the Earth.


text:
User:Toto Azéro/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Toto_Azéro/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Toto Azéro/common.js


text:
User:Érico/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Érico Júnior Wouters/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Érico/common.js


text:
User talk:AmieKim

My main talk page is on Vietnamese Wikibooks

title: User talk:AmieKim


text:
User:Cablehorn

 * Also @  →  Wikipedia user Cablehorn

title: User:Cablehorn


text:
User talk:Cablehorn

Welcome!

 * Feel free to leave a comment.

title: User talk:Cablehorn


text:
User:Beat Estermann/To-do

For follow up

 * http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Best_practices_in_training_adults (Gillian White; Gender Gap List)

title: User:Beat Estermann/To-do


text:
Category:Boolean functions

Boolf EC/style.css for Equivalence classes of Boolean functions

title: Category:Boolean functions


text:
Lexicographic and colexicographic order

Lexicographic (Lex) and colexicographic (CoLex) order are probably the most important ways to order tuples in mathematics.

Lex order is that of a dictionary.

CoLex order is obtained by reflecting all tuples, applying Lex order, and reflecting the tuples again.

Lex order is more intuitive for most people.

CoLex order is more practical when the finite sets of tuples to be ordered shall be generalized to infinite sets of sequences.

Both orderings can be reversed, so there are actually four different orderings.

They can also be reflected (see ), but that's not a different ordering of the set of tuples, but just a certain ordering written in a different way.

When the set of tuples contains all reflections, each reflected order is equal to some of the four others (see below).

Combinations
The sequence of the $$\scriptstyle \binom{n}{k}$$ k-subsets of $$\scriptstyle \{1,\ldots,n\}$$ in CoLex order is the beginning of the infinite sequence of k-subsets of $$\scriptstyle \{1,2,3,\ldots\}$$ in CoLex order. This corresponds to the increasing sequence = 7,11,13,14,19,21...

In the file on the left it can be seen that the blue patterns are horizontally reflected.

However, this is not the case in the file on the right, which shows only some of the subsets.

The triangle on the right shows 2-subsets of the integers. This corresponds to the sequence as a square array. The sequence of numbers (3,5,6,9,10,12...) corresponds to the CoLex ordering of 2-subsets: (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)...

Permutations
Finite sets of permutations are often shown in lex order, but rev colex order has the advantage that it can be used to order an infinite number of permutations. This above all means the finitary symmetric group on $$\mathbb{N}$$, which is the union of all finite symmetric groups, and thus contains each finitary permutation of $$\mathbb{N}$$. Its n-th element (counted from 0) is found in row n of.

This makes it possible to assign a number to a permutation that is only given in cycle notation, without seeing it as a permutation of a particular number of elements. The reverse colex rank is its left inversion count interpreted as a (little-endian) factorial number.

The reverse colex order of the permutations corresponds to the colex order of these left inversion counts, as seen in the following illustrations.

Partitions
Infinite orderings of integer partitions and set partitions can be defined using CoLex ordering.

Walsh functions
The rows of binary Walsh matrices in Lex and CoLex order give symmetric matrices. For normal Walsh matrices (with 1 and −1 instead of 0 and 1) RevLex and RevCoLex would give this result.

Subsets
The following Python code shows the 16 subsets of the set {a,b,c,d} in lexicographic order. The second part shows that Lex order is the same as binary CoLex order, when the subsets themselves are reversed.

Hypercube faces

The following lists show the vertices of the s for k in {3, 2, 1}. (The tesseract is the 4-dimensional, and has 8 cubic cells, 24 square faces, 32 edges and 16 vertices.) For the cubes Lex and CoLex are the same. The binary matrix on the right has rotational symmetry. For squares and edges the two orderings are shown separately. Their binary matrices are rotations of each other.

As usual, the CoLex order is the one where the sequence for a lower dimension is the beginning of the sequence for a higher one. The binary matrices shown above can be interpreted as integer sequences:

vertices: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768... edges: 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, 34, 48, 68, 80, 136, 160, 192, 257, 514, 768, 1028, 1280, 2056, 2560, 3072, 4112, 4352, 8224, 8704, 12288, 16448, 17408, 20480, 32896, 34816, 40960, 49152... squares: 15, 51, 85, 170, 204, 240, 771, 1285, 2570, 3084, 3840, 4369, 8738, 12336, 13056, 17476, 20560, 21760, 34952, 41120, 43520, 49344, 52224, 61440... cubes: 255, 3855, 13107, 21845, 43690, 52428, 61680, 65280... tesseracts: 65535...

Petrie polygon
A hypercube of dimension n has a of size 2n, which is also the number of its. It passes the first half of them in ascending order, and the second half in descending order.

title: Lexicographic and colexicographic order


text:
User:Gz260/vector.css

@import url("/w/index.php?title=User:Gz260/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"); @import url("//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gz260/vector_global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css");

title: User:Gz260/vector.css


text:
Engineering Projects/StrandBeest/Howard Community College/spring2012/p3550cf/crankandframetutorial

Building the StrandBeest: The Tutorial
This is the third tutorial in a series of 3 that will allow you to build a strandBeest. Please take a look at the previous tutorials to familiarize yourself with the process. The first is a lesson in cutting the parts on a CNC router. CNC Tutorial The second tutorial covers building the leg assemblies. Leg Assembly Tutorial Now that you have learned the first steps you can continue with this tutorial to complete the build.

Gathering the Parts and Tools
The first step is to assemble the tools and all the parts in one place. You will need:

Tools

 * 1) A drill
 * 2) a 1/2 inch drill bit
 * 3) a 3/4 inch drill bit
 * 4) Wood Glue
 * 5) some clamps to hold parts while glue dries

Parts

 * 1) 3 3-foot 1/2 inch wooden dowels
 * 2) 1 3/4 inch wooden dowel
 * 3) the 6 complete leg sets from your previous build
 * 4) 2 3 foot by 4 foot pieces of .25 inch masonite

Preparing the Parts

 * Use the masonite to cut out 16 (4 extra) circles on the CNC machine as in the first tutorial. The drawing this time will be simply a 9.36 in diameter circle, with a center hole and 3 holes at 4.31 inch radius 120 degrees apart.
 * In the center of each of the 12 circles, drill a 3/4 inch hole.
 * with a file, cut a notch in one side of the hole.
 * Drill a 1/2 inch hole in one of the 3 outer holes on each of the circles.
 * Cut the 3/4 inch dowel into 12 1.5 inch sections.
 * With the file carve a notch in each end of the dowels that matches the ones in the holes on the circles.
 * Cut 6 - 1.5 inch sections of the 1/2 inch dowel.
 * take each of the 6 leg sets assembled in the previous tutorial and detach each leg from the frame at the inner corners of the upper triangles, also disconnect the center arms from the temporary crank.
 * drill a 1/2 inch hole in each of the loose ends of the legs and frame, except the center hole on the frame. The center hole will be drilled to 3/4 inch.  See the holes drilled in the picture below(image is upside down).
 * Now you will use the wood glue to set a 3/4 inch dowel segment in each of 6 of the circle's' center holes.
 * I did not do this and it resulted in failure of the crank shaft, so... you should pack the notches on the dowels, lined up with the notches on the holes with wood filler.
 * in the other 6 circles glue into the small hole of the circle a segment of the 1/2 inch dowel.

Now all the parts are prepared and you can begin the final construction.

Building the Beest
Take one of the mounting brackets and the 2 1/2 inch dowels, and insert a dowel in each of the end holes (but not the 3/4 inch middle hole) and glue in place with wood glue. ''NOTE: the glue must set for at least 30 minutes before you can handle it, and 24 hours before it is fully set and can handle a full workload. If you must continue working with the frame before the 30 minutes is up, be sure that you have any unset parts clamped securely.''

Here is an image of 2 complete leg sets together.
 * Next, place the special circle with both crank and center shaft on the frame. Place it center shaft down, into the 3/4 inch hole in the middle of the mount.
 * Attach one leg by the 2 loose drilled 1/2 inch holes on the knee arm and upper triangle by sliding onto the 1/2 inch dowel on each side of the mount. One leg per side.  Do not glue.
 * Slide the 4 loose connector arms from the 2 legs onto the crank post in the middle in the following order; left leg-lower arm, right leg upper arm, left leg upper arm, right leg lower arm. See image above with one arm in position. Again, do not glue.
 * Now you will take a circle with a center post but no crank post and glue it in place on the crank post of the existing circle, where you just put the arms. be careful to get no glue on the arms, as they need to move freely.  Clamp in place.
 * Now take the next mounting bracket and slide it onto the 2 1/2 inch frame dowels and slide the protruding crank from the previous circle into the middle hole. Glue the side dowels, but not the middle.
 * Attach the next 2 legs as before.
 * Take a circle with no center post, but with a crank post and glue in place on the protruding center post. Make sure to position it with the post facing up.
 * Place the 4 loose connector arms on the post.
 * You will repeat the last 5 steps until all 6 leg sets are on the strandBeest.


title: File:Sampling.4.B.Down.20120507.pdf


title: File:Sampling.5.B.Up.20120507.pdf


text:
User talk:Thuvack/Archive

 * /2011-2009
 * /2008

title: User talk:Thuvack/Archive