text:
Airplane Flying Handbook/Ground Operations (Part 2)

COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
After entering the airplane, the pilot should first ensure that all necessary equipment, documents, checklists, and navigation charts appropriate for the flight are on board. If a portable intercom, headsets, or a hand-held global positioning system (GPS) is used, the pilot is responsible for ensuring that the routing of wires and cables does not interfere with the motion or the operation of any control.

Regardless of what materials are to be used, they should be neatly arranged and organized in a manner that makes them readily available. The cockpit and cabin should be checked for articles that might be tossed about if turbulence is encountered. Loose items should be properly secured. All pilots should form the habit of good housekeeping.

The pilot must be able to see inside and outside references. If the range of motion of an adjustable seat is inadequate, cushions should be used to provide the proper seating position.

When the pilot is comfortably seated, the safety belt and shoulder harness (if installed) should be fastened and adjusted to a comfortably snug fit. The shoulder harness must be worn at least for the takeoff and landing, unless the pilot cannot reach or operate the controls with it fastened. The safety belt must be worn at all times when the pilot is seated at the controls. If the seats are adjustable, it is important to ensure that the seat is locked in position. Accidents have occurred as the result of seat movement during acceleration or pitch attitude changes during takeoffs or landings. When the seat suddenly moves too close or too far away from the controls, the pilot may be unable to maintain control of the airplane.

14 CFR part 91 requires the pilot to ensure that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten his/her safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness. This should be accomplished before starting the engine, along with a passenger briefing on the proper use of safety equipment and exit information. Airplane manufacturers have printed briefing cards available, similar to those used by airlines, to supplement the pilot’s briefing.

GROUND OPERATIONS
It is important that a pilot operates an airplane safely on the ground. This includes being familiar with standard hand signals that are used by ramp personnel. [Figure 2-9]

ENGINE STARTING
The specific procedures for engine starting will not be discussed here since there are as many different methods as there are different engines, fuel systems, and starting conditions. The before engine starting and engine starting checklist procedures should be followed. There are, however, certain precautions that apply to all airplanes. Some pilots have started the engine with the tail of the airplane pointed toward an open hangar door, parked automobiles, or a group of bystanders. This is not only discourteous, but may result in personal injury and damage to the property of others. Propeller blast can be surprisingly powerful. When ready to start the engine, the pilot should look in all directions to be sure that nothing is or will be in the vicinity of the propeller. This includes nearby persons and aircraft that could be struck by the propeller blast or the debris it might pick up from the ground. The anticollision light should be turned on prior to engine start, even during daytime operations. At night, the position (navigation) lights should also be on. The pilot should always call "CLEAR" out of the side window and wait for a response from persons who may be nearby before activating the starter. Figure 2-9. Standard hand signals.

When activating the starter, one hand should be kept on the throttle. This allows prompt response if the engine falters during starting, and allows the pilot to rapidly retard the throttle if revolutions per minute (r.p.m.) are excessive after starting. A low r.p.m. setting (800 to 1,000) is recommended immediately following engine start. It is highly undesirable to allow the r.p.m. to race immediately after start, as there will be insufficient lubrication until the oil pressure rises. In freezing temperatures, the engine will also be exposed to potential mechanical distress until it warms and normal internal operating clearances are assumed. As soon as the engine is operating smoothly, the oil pressure should be checked. If it does not rise to the manufacturer’s specified value, the engine may not be receiving proper lubrication and should be shut down immediately to prevent serious damage.

Although quite rare, the starter motor may remain on and engaged after the engine starts. This can be detected by a continuous very high current draw on the ammeter. Some airplanes also have a starter engaged warning light specifically for this purpose. The engine should be shut down immediately should this occur. Starters are small electric motors designed to draw large amounts of current for short periods of cranking. Should the engine fail to start readily, avoid continuous starter operation for periods longer than 30 seconds without a cool down period of at least 30 seconds to a minute (some AFM/POH specify even longer). Their service life is drastically shortened from high heat through overuse.

HAND PROPPING
Even though most airplanes are equipped with electric starters, it is helpful if a pilot is familiar with the procedures and dangers involved in starting an engine by turning the propeller by hand (hand propping). Due to the associated hazards, this method of starting should be used only when absolutely necessary and when proper precautions have been taken.

An engine should not be hand propped unless two people, both familiar with the airplane and hand propping techniques, are available to perform the procedure. The person pulling the propeller blades through directs all activity and is in charge of the procedure. The other person, thoroughly familiar with the controls, must be seated in the airplane with the brakes set. As an additional precaution, chocks may be placed in front of the main wheels. If this is not feasible, the airplane’s tail may be securely tied. Never allow a person unfamiliar with the controls to occupy the pilot’s seat when hand propping. The procedure should never be attempted alone.

When hand propping is necessary, the ground surface near the propeller should be stable and free of debris. Unless a firm footing is available, consider relocating the airplane. Loose gravel, wet grass, mud, oil, ice, or snow might cause the person pulling the propeller through to slip into the rotating blades as the engine starts.

Both participants should discuss the procedure and agree on voice commands and expected action. To begin the procedure, the fuel system and engine controls (tank selector, primer, pump, throttle, and mixture) are set for a normal start. The ignition/ magneto switch should be checked to be sure that it is OFF. Then the descending propeller blade should be rotated so that it assumes a position slightly above the horizontal. The person doing the hand propping should face the descending blade squarely and stand slightly less than one arm’s length from the blade. If a stance too far away were assumed, it would be necessary to lean forward in an unbalanced condition to reach the blade. This may cause the person to fall forward into the rotating blades when the engine starts.

The procedure and commands for hand propping are: Person out front says, "GAS ON, SWITCH OFF, THROTTLE CLOSED, BRAKES SET."

Pilot seat occupant, after making sure the fuel is ON, mixture is RICH, ignition/magneto switch is OFF, throttle is CLOSED, and brakes SET, says, "GAS ON, SWITCH OFF, THROTTLE CLOSED, BRAKES SET."

Person out front, after pulling the propeller through to prime the engine says, "BRAKES AND CONTACT."

Pilot seat occupant checks the brakes SET and turns the ignition switch ON, then says, "BRAKES AND CONTACT."

The propeller is swung by forcing the blade downward rapidly, pushing with the palms of both hands. If the blade is gripped tightly with the fingers, the person’s body may be drawn into the propeller blades should the engine misfire and rotate momentarily in the opposite direction. As the blade is pushed down, the person should step backward, away from the propeller. If the engine does not start, the propeller should not be repositioned for another attempt until it is certain the ignition/magneto switch is turned OFF.

The words CONTACT (mags ON) and SWITCH OFF (mags OFF) are used because they are significantly different from each other. Under noisy conditions or high winds, the words CONTACT and SWITCH OFF are less likely to be misunderstood than SWITCH ON and SWITCH OFF.

When removing the wheel chocks after the engine starts, it is essential that the pilot remember that the propeller is almost invisible. Incredible as it may seem, serious injuries and fatalities occur when people who have just started an engine walk or reach into the propeller arc to remove the chocks. Before the chocks are removed, the throttle should be set to idle and the chocks approached from the rear of the propeller.

Never approach the chocks from the front or the side. The procedures for hand propping should always be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and checklist. Special starting procedures are used when the engine is already warm, very cold, or when flooded or vapor locked. There will also be a different starting procedure when an external power source is used.

TAXIING
The following basic taxi information is applicable to both nosewheel and tailwheel airplanes. Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the ground. Since an airplane is moved under its own power between the parking area and the runway, the pilot must thoroughly understand and be proficient in taxi procedures.

An awareness of other aircraft that are taking off, landing, or taxiing, and consideration for the right-ofway of others is essential to safety. When taxiing, the pilot’s eyes should be looking outside the airplane, to the sides, as well as the front. The pilot must be aware of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane will clear all obstructions and other aircraft. If at any time there is doubt about the clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and have someone check the clearance. It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew.

It is difficult to set any rule for a single, safe taxiing speed. What is reasonable and prudent under some conditions may be imprudent or hazardous under others. The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes. Pilots should proceed at a cautious speed on congested or busy ramps. Normally, the speed should be at the rate where movement of the airplane is dependent on the throttle. That is, slow enough so when the throttle is closed, the airplane can be stopped promptly. When yellow taxiway centerline stripes are provided, they should be observed unless necessary to clear airplanes or obstructions.

When taxiing, it is best to slow down before attempting a turn. Sharp, high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop. This swerve is most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading. In moderate to high-wind conditions, pilots will note the airplane’s tendency to weathervane, or turn into the wind when the airplane is proceeding crosswind. When taxiing at appropriate speeds in no-wind conditions, the aileron and elevator control surfaces have little or no effect on directional control of the airplane. The controls should not be considered steering devices and should be held in a neutral position. Their proper use while taxiing in windy conditions will be discussed later.

[Figure 2-10]

Steering is accomplished with rudder pedals and brakes. To turn the airplane on the ground, the pilot should apply rudder in the desired direction of turn and use whatever power or brake that is necessary to control the taxi speed. The rudder pedal should be held in the direction of the turn until just short of the point where the turn is to be stopped. Rudder pressure is then released or opposite pressure is applied as needed.

More engine power may be required to start the airplane moving forward, or to start a turn, than is required to keep it moving in any given direction. When using additional power, the throttle should immediately be retarded once the airplane begins moving, to prevent excessive acceleration.

Figure 2-10. Flight control positions during taxi.
 * Use Up Aileron on LH Wing and Neutral Elevator
 * Use Up Aileron on RH Wing and Neutral Elevator
 * Use Down Aileron on LH Wing and Down Elevator
 * Use Down Aileron on RH Wing and Down Elevator

When first beginning to taxi, the brakes should be tested for proper operation as soon as the airplane is put in motion. Applying power to start the airplane moving forward slowly, then retarding the throttle and simultaneously applying pressure smoothly to both brakes does this. If braking action is unsatisfactory, the engine should be shut down immediately.

The presence of moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator necessary to maintain control of the pitch attitude while taxiing. This becomes apparent when considering the lifting action that may be created on the horizontal tail surfaces by either of those two factors. The elevator control in nosewheel-type airplanes should be held in the neutral position, while in tailwheel-type airplanes it should be held in the aft position to hold the tail down.

Downwind taxiing will usually require less engine power after the initial ground roll is begun, since the wind will be pushing the airplane forward. [Figure 2-11] To avoid overheating the brakes when taxiing downwind, keep engine power to a minimum. Rather than continuously riding the brakes to control speed, it is better to apply brakes only occasionally. Other than sharp turns at low speed, the throttle should always be at idle before the brakes are applied. It is a common student error to taxi with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes. This is the aeronautical equivalent of driving an automobile with both the accelerator and brake pedals depressed.

When taxiing with a quartering headwind, the wing on the upwind side will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction (upwind aileron UP). [Figure 2-12] Moving the aileron into the UP position reduces the effect of the wind striking that wing, thus reducing the lifting action. This control movement will also cause the downwind aileron to be placed in the DOWN position, thus a small amount of lift and drag on the downwind wing, further reducing the tendency of the upwind wing to rise.

When taxiing with a quartering tailwind, the elevator should be held in the DOWN position, and the upwind aileron, DOWN. [Figure 2-13] Since the wind is striking the airplane from behind, these control positions reduce the tendency of the wind to get under the tail and the wing and to nose the airplane over. The application of these crosswind taxi corrections helps to minimize the weathervaning tendency and ultimately results in making the airplane easier to steer.

Figure 2-11. Downwind taxi. Upwind Aileron Up Downwind Aileron Down Elevator Neutral

Figure 2-12. Quartering headwind. Upwind Aileron Down Downwind Aileron Up Elevator Down

Figure 2-13. Quartering tailwind.

Figure 2-14. Surface area most affected by wind.

Normally, all turns should be started using the rudder pedal to steer the nosewheel. To tighten the turn after full pedal deflection is reached, the brake may be applied as needed. When stopping the airplane, it is advisable to always stop with the nosewheel straight ahead to relieve any side load on the nosewheel and to make it easier to start moving ahead. During crosswind taxiing, even the nosewheel-type airplane has some tendency to weathervane. However, WHEN TAXIING DOWNWIND *Keep engine power to a minimum. *Do not ride the brakes. *Reduce power and use brakes intermittently.

the weathervaning tendency is less than in tailwheel-type airplanes because the main wheels are located farther aft, and the nosewheel’s ground friction helps to resist the tendency. [Figure 2-14] The nosewheel linkage from the rudder pedals provides adequate steering control for safe and efficient ground handling, and normally, only rudder pressure is necessary to correct for a crosswind.

BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
The before takeoff check is the systematic procedure for making a check of the engine, controls, systems, instruments, and avionics prior to flight. Normally, it is performed after taxiing to a position near the takeoff end of the runway. Taxiing to that position usually allows sufficient time for the engine to warm up to at least minimum operating temperatures. This ensures adequate lubrication and internal engine clearances before being operated at high power settings. Many engines require that the oil temperature reach a minimum value as stated in the AFM/POH before high power is applied.

Air-cooled engines generally are closely cowled and equipped with pressure baffles that direct the flow of air to the engine in sufficient quantities for cooling in flight. On the ground, however, much less air is forced through the cowling and around the baffling. Prolonged ground operations may cause cylinder overheating long before there is an indication of rising oil temperature. Cowl flaps, if available, should be set according to the AFM/POH.

Before beginning the before takeoff check, the airplane should be positioned clear of other aircraft. There should not be anything behind the airplane that might be damaged by the prop blast. To minimize overheating during engine runup, it is recommended that the airplane be headed as nearly as possible into the wind. After the airplane is properly positioned for the runup, it should be allowed to roll forward slightly so that the nosewheel or tailwheel will be aligned fore and aft.

During the engine runup, the surface under the airplane should be firm (a smooth, paved, or turf surface if possible) and free of debris. Otherwise, the propeller may pick up pebbles, dirt, mud, sand, or other loose objects and hurl them backwards. This damages the propeller and may damage the tail of the airplane. Small chips in the leading edge of the propeller form stress risers, or lines of concentrated high stress. These are highly undesirable and may lead to cracks and possible propeller blade failure.

While performing the engine runup, the pilot must divide attention inside and outside the airplane. If the parking brake slips, or if application of the toe brakes is inadequate for the amount of power applied, the airplane could move forward unnoticed if attention is fixed inside the airplane. Each airplane has different features and equipment, and the before takeoff checklist provided by the airplane manufacturer or operator should be used to perform the runup.

AFTER LANDING
During the after-landing roll, the airplane should be gradually slowed to normal taxi speed before turning off the landing runway. Any significant degree of turn at faster speeds could result in ground looping and subsequent damage to the airplane.

To give full attention to controlling the airplane during the landing roll, the after-landing check should be performed only after the airplane is brought to a complete stop clear of the active runway. There have been many cases of the pilot mistakenly grasping the wrong handle and retracting the landing gear, instead of the flaps, due to improper division of attention while the airplane was moving. However, this procedure may be modified if the manufacturer recommends that specific after-landing items be accomplished during landing rollout. For example, when performing a short-field landing, the manufacturer may recommend retracting the flaps on rollout to improve braking. In this situation, the pilot should make a positive identification of the flap control and retract the flaps.

[CLEAR OF RUNWAY
Because of different features and equipment in various airplanes, the after-landing checklist provided by the manufacturer should be used. Some of the items may include:

PARKING
Unless parking in a designated, supervised area, the pilot should select a location and heading which will prevent the propeller or jet blast of other airplanes from striking the airplane broadside. Whenever possible, the airplane should be parked headed into the existing or forecast wind. After stopping on the desired heading, the airplane should be allowed to roll straight ahead enough to straighten the nosewheel or tailwheel.

ENGINE SHUTDOWN
Finally, the pilot should always use the procedures in the manufacturer’s checklist for shutting down the engine and securing the airplane. Some of the important items include:
 * Set the parking brakes ON.
 * Set throttle to IDLE or 1,000 r.p.m. If turbocharged, observe the manufacturer’s spool down procedure.
 * Turn ignition switch OFF then ON at idle to check for proper operation of switch in the OFF position.
 * Set propeller control (if equipped) to FULL INCREASE.
 * Turn electrical units and radios OFF. *Set mixture control to IDLE CUTOFF.
 * Turn ignition switch to OFF when engine stops. *Turn master electrical switch to OFF.
 * Install control lock.

]POSTFLIGHT
A flight is never complete until the engine is shut down and the airplane is secured. A pilot should consider this an essential part of any flight.

SECURING AND SERVICING
After engine shutdown and deplaning passengers, the pilot should accomplish a postflight inspection. This includes checking the general condition of the aircraft. For a departure, the oil should be checked and fuel added if required. If the aircraft is going to be inactive, it is a good operating practice to fill the tanks to the top to prevent water condensation from forming. When the flight is completed for the day, the aircraft should be hangared or tied down and the flight controls secured.


text:
Computer-aided design/AutoCAD introduction

Part of:
 * Engineering and Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering; Production and Design Engineering
 * Computer Aided Design Course

You will need
Depending on the capabilities of the product, AutoCAD may be presented as AutoCAD Mechanical, or AutoCAD LT, etc. which means that focus and limitations exist according to the product, for instance, AutoCAD LT has more limitations, but is less costly. There are student and teacher versions of AutoCAD.
 * AutoCAD

Before you start

Start AutoCAD and learn a little about your workplace. The appearance on your screen may vary slightly; the position of toolbars may differ and may be changed; even the icons may look different depending on the version used.

Command line
Arguably, the Command Line is the most important part of AutoCAD. You can draw using by only entering "commands" on this line. The Command line is similar to the terminal in Unix or Windows. AutoCAD behaves similarly to these operating systems. It accepts commands and processes them. You should read Command while here. You will see what you must (or can) do to finish commands. Also errors are displayed here.

In the beginning you will see: Command: at the bottom of your work area indicating that AutoCAD is waiting for a command.

Tips and notes:
 * When you type a command, for example line you can executing it by pressing the Enter key, but also with the Space key. Remember that Enter and Space are the same with few exceptions, like entering dimension text.
 * Commands are usually complex and require more steps. You can press Ctrl+C or Escape to leave or exit the command without executing it.
 * ↑↓ Up (Down) arrow will invoke previous (next) commands. This can save you typing.
 * Pressing Enter when the Command prompt is displayed empty will invoke the last command, useful when you need to do something repetitively (draw several circles)
 * Period is the decimal separator, comma is delimiter. 3.5 is three an half. 3,5 are X:3 Y:5 coordinates.

Pull down menus and toolbars
Through pull-down menus and toolbars you can access almost all commands. You can type the command in command line, or click on menu item (toolbar icon) will do the "typing" for you. Menus are configurable and many AutoCAD installations have different sets of menu items. Usually installation of AutoCAD library will modify menus, or as an experienced user, you can add your own menu items and toolbar icons.

Status Bar
Status bar buttons allows to see and change different modes of drawing such as Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc. On the left side you can see current X,Y coordinates of cross-hair. Note that if you move mouse, displayed coordinates will change. Coordinates are displayed in drawing units. Note that drawing units has not physical dimension. They are not inches or millimeters, just units. You may specify later (during dimensioning and plotting) how drawing units are scaled to physical units.

WCS (World Co-ordinate System) Icon
Icon show you which direction positive X, Y and Z go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (Can be changed to a User Co-ordinate System.) If origin (point 0,0,0) is visible, then icon will be placed in origin. Icon may look differently according to selected view mode.

Model and Layouts
Model tab is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to draw and you usually see only just a section of the entire space. There are 0..n layouts, technical drawings that are representations of 3D model. Changes in 3D model are so propagated to all layouts.

 * Back to CAD Course
 * Next lesson (co-ordinates, lines, circles)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Rekhaa Kale~enwikiversity

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rekhaa Kale. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rekhaa Kale~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:19, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rekhaa Kale~enwikiversity


text:
Film editing/Analyzing film dailies/Wedding Bells

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

"Wedding Bells"

 * This is a fun scene from a very old TV melodrama.

 * The location

 * A restaurant in Dallas, Texas.

 * The characters

 * The lady plans to marry the man. The man is both the hero and the villian of the TV drama.

 * The story

 * The man is not good.  He will make the lady very unhappy.  Last night, the man was visiting another lady.  Now, he wants to postpone the wedding.  She is too dumb to realize there is a problem.  (This is a melodrama.  It is not realistic.)

 * The challenge

 * This is a very simple conversation. However, editing it is not simple.  Who do you look at?  The reactions of the actor who is listening is often better than the expressions of the actor who is talking.  This is a great conflict.  Do you show this by rolling the picture edits (creating "L-Cut" which will be explained in a future lesson) or by inserting reaction shots?  Not an easy decision.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Edit this scene

 * Order the disk

 * Order the disk from the Star Movie Shop. Remember, if you have earned enough points at the Wikiversity Film School, the disk is free.  If you do not have enough points, the Star Movie Shop will eagerly accept PayPal. To contact the Star Movie Shop, you simply @undefined [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * The Overview Movie

 * Start by looking at the overview movie for "Wedding Bells". (This QuickTime movie file is in a different folder than the film dailies.  Don't get the two folders confused.)  The overview movie shows you the important parts of the film dailies in chronological order.

 * Transfer the dailies

 * Copy all the film dailies (not the overview movie) to your hard drive. If necessary, convert the dailies to whatever format your editing program prefers. Import all these clips into your editing program.

 * Edit the scene

 * Editing the cnoversation is easy. Always start by looking for the best audio (of the people talking.)  Once the audio (along with the picture) is edited, you will lock the audio and roll the picture edits to find the best visual transition for each edit of the conversation thereby creating "L-Cuts".

 * Submit your finished scene
 * This scene is worth 10 points. @undefined  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Analyze the Dailies

 * Learning to relax
 * Professional actors can have fun! Filming is long and boring.  The actors kept the action going.  Allow them to have fun.

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next scene

 * This next scene ("The Big Bad Bell") is unusual.

 * "The Big Bad Bell" on the disk "24 Unedited Scenes" DVD-Data disk [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Film editing/Analyzing film dailies/The Big Bad Bell

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

"The Big Bad Bell"

 * This is a fun scene from a kids TV show filmed in Canada which comes from a TV show in Japan.

 * The location

 * Somewhere in Japan.

 * The characters

 * The lady and the man in the face mask are bad people. The big bad bell also wants to be bad.

 * The story

 * The man and the lady want the big bad bell to help them destroy the heros.

 * The challenge

 * This is a bit hard to start. I am not sure if an animated establishing shot was used for this scene

 * The audio of the man in the face mask is bad. You will need to use voice over to replace his voice.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

Edit this scene

 * Order the disk

 * Order the disk from the Star Movie Shop. Remember, if you have earned enough points at the Wikiversity Film School, the disk is free.  If you do not have enough points, the Star Movie Shop will eagerly accept PayPal. To contact the Star Movie Shop, you simply @undefined [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * The Overview Movie

 * Start by looking at the overview movie for "The Big Bad Bell". (This QuickTime movie file is in a different folder than the film dailies.  Don't get the two folders confused.)  The overview movie shows you the important parts of the film dailies in chronological order.

 * Transfer the dailies

 * Copy all the film dailies (not the overview movie) to your hard drive. If necessary, convert the dailies to whatever format your editing program prefers. Import all these clips into your editing program.

 * Edit the scene

 * The conversation is easy to edit. Making the scene make sense is a bit more difficult.

 * Submit your finished scene
 * This scene is worth 10 points. @undefined  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Analyze the Dailies

 * Professional actors can have fun! Filming is long and boring.  The actors kept the action going.  Allow them to have fun.
 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next scene

 * This next scene ("Open the door") is even more unusual.

 * "Open the Door" on the disk "24 Unedited Scenes" DVD-Data disk [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
Film editing/Analyzing film dailies/Open The Door

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="background-color: #ffffaa; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" |

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" |

"Open the Door"

 * This is a weird scene from a kids TV show filmed in Canada which comes from a TV show in Japan.

 * The location

 * Somewhere in the shopping districts of Japan.

 * The characters

 * The evil princess comes with her band of evil characters to go shopping.

 * The story

 * I have no idea. You have to make it up!

 * The challenge

 * No script, no dialog, missing animation, needs lots of sound effects and music.

 * Hey, this could be fun!

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

Edit this scene

 * Order the disk

 * Order the disk from the Star Movie Shop. Remember, if you have earned enough points at the Wikiversity Film School, the disk is free.  If you do not have enough points, the Star Movie Shop will eagerly accept PayPal. To contact the Star Movie Shop, you simply @undefined [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * The Overview Movie

 * Start by looking at the overview movie for "Open the Door". (This QuickTime movie file is in a different folder than the film dailies.  Don't get the two folders confused.)  The overview movie shows you the important parts of the film dailies in chronological order.

 * Transfer the dailies

 * Copy all the film dailies (not the overview movie) to your hard drive. If necessary, convert the dailies to whatever format your editing program prefers. Import all these clips into your editing program.

 * Have a party

 * At a party, ask all the guests to decide what the story is about. Then have each of the people create one of the voices of the actors.  Record their dialog.  Then edit the scene.

 * Edit the scene

 * You must edit the picture, add the recorded dialog, and create the sound effects and music.

 * Submit your finished scene
 * This scene is worth 10 points. @undefined  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffff77; border: 1px solid Red; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" |

Analyze the Dailies

 * MOS - without sound
 * On this disk, some of the scenes needed dialog replacement. But in this scene, there is absolutely no recorded dialog.  It was filmed totally without sound.

 * When you do dialog replacement (re-recording the dialog back in the studio), you have lots of problems matching the sound recorded on the movie set vs. recorded in the studio.

 * So why not replace all the dialog. Then you have perfect sound and a perfect match.  This is the way many motion pictures are made.  Look at "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly."

 * }

{| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" |

The next disk

 * There are other scenes on this disk. Most are simple.  Take a look!

 * When you are finished, send me the disk

 * How to submit your edited movies [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]]

Contact your instructor

 * Your instructor for this class is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply  Click Here. [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|24px]]

 * }


text:
User:Rekhaa Kale~enwikiversity/Personality development

=Personality Development=

Personality Development is the process of developing one's personality into a powerful one.

Personality
Personality is the image of a person as seen by others. This means, personality of a person is his image in the world. This is indicated by our behaviour. So, technically, our personality is the totality of our attitudes, interests, behavioural patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that last over long periods of time. Technically, Personality is defined as an individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that persists across time and situations.

The word personality originated from the word persona, which stands for, what makes us recognizably the same from time to time and from place to place, our Patterns of behaviour, our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. The social & situational setting influences our personality, but still our strong or rigid personality traits remain consistent.

Need for Personality Development
We all are social animals & we live in society.So, we have to see ourselves in the context of society. The society, in which we live, has a defined set of social norms. These norms are the guidelines in learning how to develop a good personality. This set of norms differs from society to society. Naturally, the norms of a good personality also differ from society to society. But, a few norms are uniform. These are the norms of basic personality of any individual.

Generally, the personality norms contain social & moral values, ability to handle the adverse situations & stress, enterprise skills in a person, awareness of human duties & rights, desire & ability to handle social evils like corruption & terrorism as well as the ability to handle & manage personal, social & natural disasters. So, we must learn how to develop a powerful personality that can help us develop into a powerful & successful individual. This can be done by way of studying the simple things like, ways & patterns of behaviour to become acceptable & likable by others and by knowing the ways that are not liked & accepted by others & avoiding to follow those patterns of life.

Values
Values are the things that matter in our life. These are human, social, cultural, moral, ethical & general. Values Refer to all important beliefs. Not all values are ethical, some are neutral or non-ethical. Values are of two types, Stated & operational. Stated values indicate what we say, and Operational values indicate what we do.

As we grow up, we learn various things. The ways to behave are some of these things. These are the values. In early childhood, we learn them from our parents & senior family members. They teach us which things to do and how to do them. Then, as we start going to school, our teachers teach us some more values. Generally, the ways in which these values are taught determines how we learn them and accept them. When they are taught in dominating way and by using compulsion, we do follow them as we have no other choice, but, as soon as we get a chance to violate these rules, we simply forget about them. This clearly shows that the teaching of values as forced compulsory rules cannot be permanently effective. On the other hand, if values are taught by explaining the practical need to follow them while showing the benefit one can get by following them as well as losses one can have by violating them, we will never think of violating them. After all, everyone wants his benefits & we are well aware of losses on violation of the values!

In Indian society, values are known by the name Sanskaar. These differ from culture to culture, but the basic norms are still the same. Now as time is changing & there is greater awareness about various cultures, the Sanskaar too are getting merged and combined as per need.

In a child, the basic values that are expected are, neatness, punctuality, politeness, sensitivity, obedience, discipline & gender equality. There are many other values that a child needs to develop, but these are basic.

Types of Values
Value system is a system of values that is accepted by a person or community. One or more people can hold a value system. So, a value system applies to either one person or many. A personal value system is held by and applied to one individual only. A communal value system is held by and applied to a community/group/society. Some communal value systems can take the form of legal codes or law.

Values that we follow come to us as at of our upbringing. One is not born with values, but one is born into cultures and societies that promote, teach, and impart values. This is the reason why values followed by different people are different.

Values are of two types. These are, stated and operational. Stated values determine what we say we value and the importance we say we give to it. Operational values determine what we value as per our actions as revealed to others as well as how we make decisions and resolve conflicts when values clash.

Values are also classified in other way. We have values about our goals in life and values that create a path to them. Values about our goals are life values and values about their path are operational values. Integrity of a person is determined by the consistency seen in his stated and operational values.

Though values are integrated we have to choose between values in life. At such times, values get classified into three categories. These are core, situational and less preferred. The core values are within us and we tend to follow them anyhow. The situational values are followed only if the situation demands. Where as the less preferred values are followed only when we have no other choice but to follow them.

The table below will show what we value and what not. Knowing what isn't valued is as important as knowing what is valued. This helps us to make effective and satisfying decisions.

Life Values
Life values are the values that are about our goals in life. What we are going to achieve and how much we are going to succeed in life depends on our life values. These values generally depend on our upbringing and upon the society we are born in. for example, a child of a government servant will never dream of building a telecom company worth a few million corers, while a child of a successful actor will never think of becoming a clerk in a government office.

Core life values
Core life values are the values that are seen to exist in our inner core. Nobody has to teach us these values. We are born with them. But we are not aware of this fact. Out of life values, self-worth, adventure, wisdom, achievement, family, love and aesthetics are the basic things that we value. So, they are called core life values. Self-worth is high regard for oneself and others. It is also taken as value to our image. We give greatest value to our image. We do not like to do anything that is reducing our worth in our eyes as well as in the eyes of others. This is a personal value.

Adventure is pursuing excitement and taking risks or doing something that seems difficult. We enjoy adventure. Have you noticed that, jumping from some heights as adventure is enjoyed by kids? This attitude is inborn. This is a personal value

Wisdom is insight, knowledge, understanding and the ability to make correct judgments and decisions. When we face any situation, we know what to do and how to react. This is wisdom. It is inborn too. It differs from person to person.

Achievement is attainment of goals and aspirations. It involves the process of reaching your desired goal with courage, strength and power. We know the benefits we can get from a goal. But their achievement gives us inner happiness that enjoy. It differs from person to person on the basis of his experiences.

Family is a closed group with which we live. It involves close relations and support of loved ones. We need this for our security. This is made up of our blood relations. It gives us a standing in society. This is a social value that helps to keep stability of society.

Love is, liking someone or something beyond everything else. It is also having intimacy, devotion and warmth for those whom we like. Ideally, we must accept the loved ones as they are. But in life, we expect such love but don’t give. This is inborn desire. Yet it is a social value as it needs to be present for smooth functioning of society.

Aesthetics is the association and enjoyment of arts. It indicates one’s sense of beauty. We give great value to beauty in things and persons. We like beautiful persons & things around and love to create beauty. This desire too is inborn that differs from person to person.

Situational life values
Situational life values are the values that we have as per the situations we face. If the situations do not demand, we may not give importance to these things. This means the value of these values is lesser than the core values. We are not born with these values. The situations we get in teach us these values. Out of our life values, Health, Happiness, Fellowship, Wealth and Freedom are the situational life values.

Health 	is soundness of body and mind. a value that is developed out of the need to be healthy. If we are not healthy, we cannot do our work well and become a burden on others. So we must keep good health. This is a personal value.

Happiness is satisfaction, joy and contentment. It is the inner feeling of feeling good. When we have this feeling, we can not only interact well in society, but also spread our happiness among others. This is needed for us. This too is personal.

Fellowship is having important relationships with friends and the feeling of equality. The fellows are those who are equal to each other. To lead a normal life in society, we need to treat all around us as equals. So fellowship is needed. This is a social value.

Wealth	 is affluence, ease, prosperity and accumulated money. When we have enough money, we live happily. Knowing this, we collect and possess wealth as a need. In fact this can also be called operational value. It is personal and its definition differs from person to person.

Freedom is independence in thought, action and lifestyle. It stands for the ability to do things as per our own free will. This is the basic need of all. But it is prominent when we don’t get it & we are not happy in the way in which we have to live. This is a social value.

Community is the group of people in which we live. So, the value community indicates the activity in social or citizen groups. This protects us from many adversities and gives us a sense of security. So we need to be in a community. This is a social value. Equality is treating all on the same plane. It stands for justice and fair treatment for all. This value teaches us to give equal importance to all. When we learn it, we stop treating people differently on the basis of sex, cast, religion etc.

Less Preferred life values
Less Preferred life values are ones that we choose when they are absolutely needed. Even in normal situations, we generally try to do without them. Yet these are important values and they need to be given importance in life as they are instrumental in enriching our life. Values included in this group are: Power, Fame, Pleasure, Nature, Peace, Social Service and Spirituality.

Power is the capacity to be strong. It stands for authority, control and influence. This value is used when we have to show that we are stronger than others. To be assertive in our ways, at times, we need to use this value. This is a social value

Fame is being recognized and known for your contributions. It stands for ones powerful and good image in the society. When everything else is achieved, generally we try to get fame by way of some good deeds. Yet, this value is absolutely personal and seen only in few. Pleasure is entertainment, relaxation, fun and getting material comforts. This is value comes when all basic needs are fulfilled. When we have to choose between health & pleasure, we are sure to choose health. Still this value is personal and differs from person to person.

Nature stands for respect for animals and the environment as well as the surroundings that are developed without our direct interference. It consists of trees and animals. We enjoy their company when we have free time. This is a social value that enables us to be in harmony with nature and our surroundings.

Peace is enduring harmony and freedom from violence as well as inner rest. All need it. But it comes only when all inner confusions and conflicts are handled and removed. This is personal as well as social value. Since we are not prepared to handle both inner and outer conflicts, this value is less preferred.

Social Service is contributing to the welfare of others and serving the society. We can afford to do it only after serving ourselves and our family well. This is a social value. But since we have no material gain in social service, it isn’t preferred by all. Spirituality is going near god or being one with God. It indicates our religious beliefs. This is a difficult path. It needs to know our own reality from which many of us are running away all the life. So it is a purely personal value and real spirituality is not preferred by all.

Operational Values
Operational values are the values that are means to achieve our goals. So, behind each operational value, there is a life value. We are not always aware of this, but we are still using and following values for the same purposes. Still, out of the values that are used as means, there are some with which we are born. These are core values. Others depend on situation or some special circumstances. They are situational and less preferred values.

Core operational values
Core operational values are the core values we are born with and are used use them as means to achieve our goals. Generally, the core operational values seen in people are Creativity, Knowledge, Affection, Accountability, Drive, Autonomy and Honesty. People are seen to use them in reaching goals without any training to do so.

Let us see them in details:

Creativity is being inventive, original and innovative. It is the ability to use new ideas in doing something or achieving some goal. Everyone is creative in his own way. When we find that we cannot get the thing we desire by using the conventional methods, we try some new ways. This is creativity. It is in our core. Knowledge is being wise and scholarly. It is developed by having necessary information about something. Without knowledge it is not possible to work to achieve anything. So, before we are set to achieve any goal, we get necessary knowledge about it. This too is inborn attitude.

Affection is being passionate, loving and caring. This is the ability to express love towards others. In building good relations, this is necessary. We do not have to be trained to be affectionate. It comes from within for people who help us or support us in any way whatsoever.

Accountability is being responsible, credible and trustworthy. It is also being answerable to someone or to our action. When we do any action, we do try to explain or find out why we did it. This is accountability. Accountability has several meanings. It is often used synonymously with such concepts as answerability, responsibility, blameworthiness, liability and other terms associated with the expectation of account-giving.

Drive is the force from within that makes us act for being industrious and goal directed. Without this, doing any action is impossible. Whenever we want to do any action or achieve anything strongly, we are having a strong drive for it. Drive is an alternate name for motivation.

Autonomy means freedom from external authority. It is being self directing, self-reliant and free. Whenever we are doing any activity, we are comfortable if no one exerts his authority during the process of our working. This is the desire to get autonomy. We can perform better when we have autonomy while working. This is a core value of each person.

Honesty is being moral, ethical and truthful. This moral value teaches us the human quality of communicating in a truthful, direct, and complete manner to the best of one's knowledge and ability. Honesty may also refer to abstinence from unfair behaviour such as stealing or cheating.

Situational operational values
Situational operational values are the operational values that are seen within us out of need. There are a number of means that we use for achieving our goals. But these means are chosen as per the need most of the times. This means, if these means are not needed, we do not have to follow them.

Competency is being productive, efficient and skillful. It is the capacity to do any work with excellence. Whenever we do any work, we try to do it in the best possible way in order to get best results. This is the reason why we prefer to be competent in our work. We are born with this value, yet the capacity to be competent in any work differs from person to person.

Flexibility is being adaptable and able to change. It is the ability to adjust to the thoughts of others and the needs of the situations. If a person does not follow this value, he is not ready to change as per the need of time or situation. Then he is called rigid. Reason is the value of using rational, analytical and logical thinking. Whenever we are doing anything, the use of reason makes us know what is needed in a particular time. Then we can plan our actions well. Usually this is a core value.

Service is being supportive, aiding and assisting. This is the value that enables us to do things for others. Generally this value is followed in order to get inner satisfaction. Bu at times, when one is working for someone for earning his livelihood, this value is more important in order to get rewards in one’s work. It is a moral value.

Loyalty	 is being dedicated, devoted and steadfast. By following this value, we take care of the interests of the persons for whom we work. We do the things that help the person in whose interest we are working. This value is morally very important when we are working for someone.

Courage is being brave, intrepid and fearless. It stands for the capacity to have inner strength to do things that appear to be difficult. Courage is the value with the help of which we get inner strength to work. Without courage, we cannot do things that are difficult and need inner strength to do them.

Fairness is being unbiased, impartial and just. It is shown by giving equal importance to all and considering the views of all with equal care. This value teaches to consider all by giving appropriate space to everyone. It is an important moral value.

Less Preferred Operational Values
Less preferred operational values are the operational values that are followed only in absolute necessary situations. At other times, we do not rate these values as top priority.

Courtesy is being respectful, considerate and polite. This value let us have good relations with others. People always like those who have courtesy. So it is a moral value.

Humour is being lighthearted, witty and funny. It makes our heart light and enables us to enjoy every situation of life. If we do not have this, our life becomes boring. It is a core value. Order is being systematic, organized and well kept. This value helps us do things in organized way and get the best out of everything. It is a moral value.

Tolerance is being open, accepting and patient. This value helps us to take others as they are and deal with them well. This is a moral value in the interest of social harmony and peace. Discipline is being controlled, composed and focused. This helps us to have proper order in our life and its priorities. It is a core value.

Forgiveness is being able to excuse and let go. This helps us to tolerate the persons whom we do not like or whose acts hurt us. Many times, we do not like what others do, but we have to keep interacting with them. At such times, this moral value proves to be helpful.

Obedience is being compliant, deferential and yielding. This value teaches us to take instructions from seniors and follow them. It is a moral value.