text:
Electrical Engineering Orientation/Physics Science Laws

{| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
 * style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" |

Important Notes & Instructions on Answering the questions

 * The multiple choice questions are meant to test overall knowledge and literacy on basic elementary Physics. Indepth Physics required for a particular Engineering field will be dealt with during undergraduate studies.

 * Only SI units are used in this questionaire

 * Select the most correct answer of the four possible answers to each question.
 * Attempt all questions before submitting to view your results.
 * Use of calculator allowed.

 * style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"|

 * }

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" Science Aptitude test1: Questionaire
 * colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;" |

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" A body moving at constant velocity on a horizontal plane has a number of unequal forces acting on it. Which one of the following is true? - (A) Atleast two of the forces must be acting in the same direction. + (B) The resultant force is zero. - (C) Friction between the body and the Horizontal plane is the resultant force. - (D) The vector sum of the forces causes the causes the body's velocity to increase.
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{When a lamp is connected to a 220V source, the power dissipated is P. The same lamp is connected to a 110V source. Assuming that the resistance of the lamp remains constant, which one of the following is the new power dissipated? - (A) 0. - (B) $$\frac{1}{2}P$$. + (C) $$\frac{1}{4}P$$. - (D) P.
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" In the circuit shown, switch S is closed and internal resistance of the battery is negligible. How will the Ammeter and the Voltmeter readings respectively be affected if switch S is opened? - (A) Increase ; Decrease - (B) Decrease ; Decrease - (C) Increase ; No change + (D) Decrease ; No change
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" A car travels along a straight road. Due to an oil leak spilling at a constant rate the following pattern of oil drops is formed on the road. During which sections did the car travel faster? - (A) AB & EF + (B)  BC & EF - (C)  CD & GH - (D)  AB & BC
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" You are standing in a train carriage moving west towards your metro station. The train suddenly brakes. You will continue to move westwards due to ... - (A) The inertia of the train. + (B) Your inertia. - (C) The sum of the above inertias. - (D) The braking force on you.
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Betty and Cindy each weigh 100kg and 110kg respectively on earth. They both fly to the moon on board NASA space shuttle. On-board the shuttle, their weights are measured again. Which of the following readings are the most probable results? - (A) Betty: 100kg ; Cindy: 110kg - (B) Betty: 200kg ; Cindy: 220kg + (C) They are weightless. - (D) None of the above
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Betty and Cindy are now taken to the moon. On the moon their weights are measured again. Which of the following readings are the most probable results? - (A) Betty: 100kg ; Cindy: 110kg + (B) Betty: 16.7kg ; Cindy: 18.3kg - (C) Betty: 200kg ; Cindy: 220kg - (D) None of the above
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" A negatively charged rod is brought near two neutral conducting spheres P & Q mounted on insulated stands as shown. P & Q are separated and afterwads the rod is removed. what will be the final charges on P & Q respectively? - (A) P: Negative ; Q: Negative + (B) P: Positive ; Q: Negative - (C) P: Neutral  ; Q: Neutral - (D) P: Positive ; Q: Neutral
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Two current carrying conductors are installed in parallel as shown. Conductor X experiences a force F. The magnitude and direction of the force which will be experienced by  conductor Y is? + (A) Magnitude: F  ; Direction: Repulsive - (B) Magnitude: 3F ; Direction: Repulsive - (C) Magnitude: 3F ; Direction: Attractive - (D) Magnitude: F  ; Direction: Attractive
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" Two trolleys, A(3Kg) and B(6Kg) are attached to each-other by an elastic band as shown. They are pulled apart and held at rest on a horizontal friction-less surface. After they are released, they move towards each other and collide. After the collision the trolleys will ... - (A) Move to the left and stop. + (B) Move to the left at constant speed. - (C) Stop. - (D) Move to the right at constant speed.
 * style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Lavender;" |
 * type="" }

{


text:
User talk:Jessbahr

Welcome
Hello Jessbahr, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:28, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jessbahr


text:
User talk:Barbara Shack~enwikiversity

Hello, perhaps you can make a request in the Colloquium about The universe as a false vacuum and quantum suicide, then more people see this, since it is not yet linked in Wikiversity. Below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:41, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Barbara Shack, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:41, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Template edit
Could you explain about your intentions about this edit - seems not finished ? Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 12:52, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * thx for the info, the edit is now removed. You can also remove on your own the next time, see you, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 14:02, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

evolution and psychology
Have you ever read any of Dan Dennett's work such as Freedom Evolves? --JWSchmidt 17:33, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

You comments about "deathbed conversion" got me thinking about Carl Sagan. Did you ever see any of his writings in which he discussed the idea that he had experiences that a non-skeptic might have been tempted to interpret as contact with his dead parents? Apparently after he died there must have been rumors about some sort of "deathbed conversion" because his widow explicitly denied it. --JWSchmidt 02:51, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Astronomy articles
Could you give some links to your edits of astronomy articles? --Arjen Dijksman 10:05, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Barbara Shack. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Barbara Shack~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Barbara Shack~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Missclaud

Hello, you have a reply here. Below you find more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:58, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Missclaud, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 10:58, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Missclaud


text:
Theory of impeller machines

Impeller machines - machines intended for labour admission and taking off. For that purpose shaped surfaces are used they called blades. Machine in which labour is admissed called compressor. Machine in which labour is taken off called turbine.

First task of theory of impeller machines is to determine geometry of air-gas channel when boundary and entry conditions and requred characteristics are known.

Another task is to get characteristics when geometry and boundary and entry conditions are known.

title: Theory of impeller machines


text:
Talk:Theory of impeller machines

I don't think that "labour" and "taking off" right words for this subject, but I didn't knew right translation of russian terms "подвод работы" and "отбор работы". I'll be glad to get any help. loader 11:10, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theory of impeller machines


text:
Template:Wmdgs-wikipedia-survey2a

 * When editing Wikipedia, do you use a registered account, or to you edit without logging in using your IP address (answer r/ip) =

 * Is Wikipedia your primary project (y/n) =

 * Is Wikipedia the first project you edited (y/n) =

title: Template:Wmdgs-wikipedia-survey2a


text: File:Reduction circuit 4.PNG

title: File:Reduction circuit 4.PNG


text: File:Reduction circuit 5.PNG

title: File:Reduction circuit 5.PNG


text:
Template:User it-0

de:Vorlage:User it-0 el:Πρότυπο:Χρήστης it-0 es:Plantilla:Usuario it-0 fr:Modèle:User it-0 it:Template:Utente it-0

title: Template:User it-0


text: Category:User it-0

title: Category:User it-0


text:
Template:User el-0

de:Vorlage:User el-0 el:Πρότυπο:Χρήστης el-0 es:Plantilla:Usuario el-0 fr:Modèle:Utilisateur el-0

title: Template:User el-0


text: Category:User el-0

title: Category:User el-0


text: File:Reduction circuit 6.PNG

title: File:Reduction circuit 6.PNG


text:
User:The Isiah~enwikiversity

I am a senior electrical engineering major at the University at Buffalo. I am married to the most beautiful women in the world. I also know next to nothing about how to write a page. So feel free to re-edit anything I write.

title: User:The Isiah~enwikiversity


text:
User:FC1234

Brazilian, 17 years old, student of Chemical Engineering

title: User:FC1234


text:
User talk:FC1234

Welcome
Hello FC1234, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 14:16, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:FC1234


text:
User:Xarthat Xio~enwikiversity

Who is it?

 * A Wikipedian (at polish Wikipedia) since 2005
 * User of Wikiversity since 2008
 * Author of Phaeton: the Resurrection (polish language)
 * Fan of Charmed

title: User:Xarthat Xio~enwikiversity


text:
User:Phoenicia sarah

I AM NUR SARAH FROM MALAYSIA, LOVE TO WRITE AND READ. I WISH TO PURSUE MY DREAM OF BECOMING AN AUTHOR.

title: User:Phoenicia sarah


text:
User talk:Phoenicia sarah

Welcome
Hello Phoenicia sarah, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWS 16:09, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoenicia sarah


text:
User talk:EVula

Welcome
Hello EVula, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --JWS 16:10, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. :) EVula // talk // 15:02, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:EVula


title: File:Post-3-1103769269.jpg


text:
User:Euaggelia

Hello everybody!

title: User:Euaggelia


text:
User talk:Euaggelia

Hello also to you, below more info about Wikiversity, Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:07, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Euaggelia, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 17:07, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Euaggelia


text:
Portal talk:Wiki/Wikiversity

Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia <-- reference. --JWSchmidt 17:57, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Wiki/Wikiversity


text:
Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Learning projects

Visit these learning resources about Wikimedia: History of the Wikimedia projects - Wikipedia arbitration committee - Wikipedia Wikiprojects - Wikimedia - Wikipedia service-learning courses - Wikiversity and Wikipedia services - Across the Wikiverse - Meta-Wiki - Wikibooks - Wikimedia Commons - Wikimedia fund raising - Wikinews - Wikipedia - Wikiquote - Wikisource

title: Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Learning projects


text:
Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Categories

Explore resources about Wikimedia in these categories: Wikimedia - Wikiversity - Wikipedia - Wikinews - Wikispecies

title: Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Categories


text:
Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Content development

Create, organize and develop learning resources about Wikimedia at these content development projects: Topic:Wikimedia - Topic:Wikipedia studies - Topic:Wikiversity


text:
User talk:Lbritton~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Lbritton, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
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 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 19:02, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lbritton. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lbritton~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lbritton~enwikiversity


text:
User:Madler

See here for relevant information: w:User:Madler

title: User:Madler


text:
Construction/Methods

Create an opening in an existing CMU wall
This lesson will attempt to explain in detail how to create an opening in a Concrete Masonry Wall. There are several ways to accomplish this task. Options for each will be explained and each worker will have to use his best judgement on how to proceed.
 * An inspection of the wall where the opening is to be made should be done. Cracks or damaged CMU that decrease the ridgity of the wall should be repaired before any demolition is done. Loose CMU above should be replaced.
 * If the area where the opening is to be made has any obstructions they should be removed to prevent damage and obstructions create hazards for workers.
 * Plastic screen walls are recommended for dust protection.
 * Always use proper circuit breakers and grounded electrical cords if electrical hand tools are being used.
 * Gas powered tools should have proper ventilation while in use.

Safety Guidelines
Demolishing Masonry is, by its nature, a hazardous job. Eye protection, gloves, proper shoes, and hard hats are absolutely mandatory. Scaffolding, and Tools are also very important. Please do not attempt to do this type work without well maintained equipment.

title: Construction/Methods


text:
Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Wikipedia

Wikipedia had its origins at Nupedia. Nupedia was an attempt to make a free content encyclopedia with articles written only by experts. Wikipedia started as an experimental use of wiki technology at a website where "anyone could edit" the encyclopedia articles. Wikipedia soon grew rapidly while the conventional Nupedia approach to article creation remained painfully slow. Within a short period of time, the original Nupedia process for article creation by experts was abandoned. Wikipedia is now one of the most frequently visited websites in the world and it has millions of articles. Since Wikipedia is only for the creation of encyclopedia articles, some members of the community decided to create additional wikis for other types of content such as textbooks (see Wikibooks, below).

title: Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Wikipedia


text:
Template:Wiki/Page2/Featured

As the first and largest Wikimedia project, the Wikipedia community has invented many tools and processes for managing a large collaborative project. In some cases, normal community processes are unable to resolve disputes that arise within the Wikipedia community. A special committee of elected arbitrators was established to resolve such disputes. The Wikiversity learning project about the Wikipedia arbitration committee allows Wikimedians to explore how the arbitration committee functions.

title: Template:Wiki/Page2/Featured


text:
Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Wikibooks

Wikibooks is the Wikimedia project devoted to textbooks. The Wikiversity project started as pages at the Wikibooks website. Wikiversity learning resources can make use of Wikibooks textbooks as learning materials.

title: Portal:Wiki/Wikimedia/Wikibooks


text: User:Neoptolemus

title: User:Neoptolemus


text:
User talk:Madler

Welcome
Hello Madler, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 22:08, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Madler


text:
MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist

#
 * 1) External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.
 * 2) This list affects only this wiki; refer also to the global blacklist.
 * 3) For documentation see http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SpamBlacklist
 * 1) Syntax is as follows:
 * 2)   * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment
 * 3)   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs
 * 1)   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs

\bbjjly\.net\b \bwyvernfm\.co\.uk\b \bnemdil\.com\b
 * 1) Added by Herby as much to see how it works as anything else

\bwsecure\.ist-sehr\.ne\b                  # 2007-07-28 \bparanoiaagent\.com\b                     # 2007-08-02 \badultswim\.com\/shows\/paranoiaagent\b   # 2007-08-02 \bbeanilla\.com\b                          # 2007-08-03 \binsuranceonlinelive\.com\b               # 2007-08-22
 * 1) Added by Webaware

\bads?\b xxx p[o0]rn \d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3} # blocks any links with an ip address in it. eg 127.0.0.1
 * 1) These should hopefully stop some common spam

\brych67\.blogspot\.com\b
 * 1) Cross wiki spam page 25 7 08 including

 * 1) Reviewing an ip unblock req (84.45.219.185) deleted contribs show these! 31 08 07
 * 2) Plus further offerings from the same IP across wikis

\b(rock|trent|ram|reddragon|mercia)fm\.co.uk\b \bwickedweasel\.com\b \bdrive\.com\.au\b \bnorthants96\.co\.uk\b \bradioaire\.co\.uk\b \bmalibustrings\.com\b \bq103\.co\.uk\b \btoniandguy\.co\.uk\b

\btabs-lyrics\.com\b
 * 1) Added by Az1568. Seems to be a problem on Guitar

\bbusinessbookmall\.com\b
 * 1) Added by JWSchmidt. See User talk:Antonwg

\bwikademia\.org\b

\bghostpapers\.com\b \bessaywritingmaster\.co\.uk\b \bessaywritinghelper\.com\b \bautoloanspot\.com\b \byoutube.com\/v\/khM48EQyVdc\b
 * 1) Added by Abd.

\bwn\.com\b
 * 1) Added by Draicone. Hunter Mariner spam.

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User talk:Naussbur/Maflo

should mayb go to another Wikiversity? --Remi 00:48, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

i can't believe you guys actually post this...

title: User talk:Naussbur/Maflo


text:
Talk:Recovery psychology/Self-help

Self-Help Programs are very instrumental in the recovery movement, they make up the larger portion of what is termed as the recovery model--Recovery Psychology 01:39, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Recovery psychology/Self-help


text:
World History/Honors World History Guide

This is a rough guide to global history as taught in a 2008 class by Mr Wood at a school in Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District, United States.

Bellwork

 * Athenian Jurors expressed their verdicts using round disks. If the center was hollow, the defendant was guilty. If the center was filled, the defendant was innocent.
 * Justinian regulated the Byzantine Empire by ordering legal experts to create 100s of years of laws & opinion to create one uniform code for his "New Rome." This legal code was his lasting constitution in western civilization.
 * The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. It occurred in the mid-1500s.
 * The Bill of Rights and the cabinet system came from England.
 * The Enlightenment was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophes.
 * Rousseau argued that laws established for and by the people are the hallmark of a free society.
 * The cartoon shows the 3rd estate heavily burdened at the bottom.
 * George Danton was a lawyer who led the Indulgent group. He was executed as a famous Jacobin because he defended himself very well.
 * La Marseillaise is a song written to inspire French people to fight. It gave people a sense/reason to stick with France. It aroused people in Marseilles to March.
 * The Directory lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French people. A coup d'État is a sudden seizure of state.
 * At Trafalgar Horatio Nelson split the larger French fleet while capturing many ships. It was successful because the French had less cannons in the front and back than on the sides.
 * The Congress of Vienna was a forerunner of the United Nations.
 * The bonds that create a nation-state are culture, language, history, religion, nationality, and territory.
 * The two groups that made up the majority of the population of Spanish America were peninsulares and Creoles.
 * For a state building to occur, culturally distinct groups must form into a new state by accepting a single culture. For separatists groups to form, culturally distinct groups needs to resist being added to a state or break away.
 * Beethoven was deaf.
 * The first industry to industrialize was the textile industry. The flying shuttle speedily carried threads of yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled a handle on the loom.
 * Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, and London grew during the Industrial Revolution.
 * There are 5 communist countries today: China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba.
 * Imperialism is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. Imperialists brought railways for better transportation. Imperialists took away other people's farms and families.
 * Ottomans are followers of the most successful warrior of Islam, Osman. By 1566 Ottomans controlled Hungary, Crimea, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Tripoli, Algeria, Balkans, and Greece.
 * India was considered the "jewel in the crown" of the British Empire because of its potential.
 * Gandhi adopted the spinning wheel as a symbol because he suggested Indians spin their own cloth instead of getting it from the English.
 * Queen Liliuokalani was Hawaii's only queen and last monarch. She tried increasing her power and restoring political power of Hawaiians at the expense of wealthy planters. American businessmen overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy.
 * At least 20 million people died from the Taiping Rebellion.
 * Commodore Perry was an American diplomat who astounded the Japanese with his black wooden steam powered ships. He threatened the Japanese to open free trade between the United States and Japan.
 * Japan's social class (highest to lowest): emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, (merchant, peasant, farmer)
 * American engineers built the Panama Canal to destroy the mosquitoes that carried diseases and rats that carried bubonic plague. It was also built to shorten trade routes through Central America.
 * Tiananmen Square the site of many political activities during the 20th century.

Ancient Greece and Rome

 * democracy - rule by the people; everyone has power
 * anarchy - freeform rule; no one has power
 * monarchy - rule by one king/queen; no one else has power
 * aristocracy - rule by the noble or wealthy class
 * dictatorship - complete rule by one person
 * Aristotle - language was important to him because it could explain reason; polis; middle class should rule
 * Augustus - ended Roman republic; 1st emperor of Rome; led a 200 year period of stability called Pax Romana
 * Classical Rome and Greece's legacy to the modern world
 * Roman Republic compared to Athenian Democracy

Enlightenment

 * Hobbes - wrote Leviathan; believed absolute monarchy was the best type of government; because everyone is equal there is a war for power; men are naturally in war; give up rights to the leviathan
 * Montesquieu - wrote Spirit of the Laws; favored division of government; argued for a system of checks and balances; admired Britain
 * Rousseau - believed that obedience would preserve freedom; wrote the Social Contract
 * Voltaire - used satire to avoid being caught writing; criticized French society; believed in freedom of religion and right to a fair trial
 * Locke - freedom is law; wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government; everyone has life liberty and property
 * Glorious Revolution of 1688 - a bloodless revolution that overthrew King James II of England and replaced him with William of Orange
 * William & Mary - first monarchs under a constitutional monarchy in Britain
 * English Bill of Rights - (1689) changed England to a constitutional monarchy
 * philosophes - French word for philosopher (lovers of wisdom)
 * Women's roles
 * salons - women set up salons to spread enlightenment ideas
 * Habeas Corpus - undeniable right to petition against charges in court
 * Magna Carta - (1215) influenced development of the common law
 * Petition of Right - Charles I signed it; originated from Sir Edward Coke's list of complaints; it argued for no unlawful arrests, no quartering of soldiers, due process (respect all legal rights), and no unjust punishment
 * US War of Independence
 * Declaration of Independence - (1776) served as a basis for other declarations of independence
 * Example of U.S. Constitution to the world

French Revolution

 * old regime - the name of the era in France before the French revolution
 * 3 Estates
 * First Estate - had the king
 * Second Estate - consisted of the nobles & clergy
 * Third Estate - consisted of laborers and peasants
 * Louis XVI - king during the French Revolution
 * National Assembly - consisted of the third estate, vowed to the Tennis Court Oath to not disband until a new constitution was drafted
 * Bastille - In 1789, the National Assembly stormed it looking for weapons to avoid threat from Louis XVI's army
 * Bourgeoisie - upper middle class above proletariat; power comes from employment, education, or wealth
 * Versailles - former capital of France
 * cahiers - lists of grievances compiled in a notebook by each estate.
 * La Marseillaise
 * Estates General - Louis XVI summoned it to compiled cahiers
 * Tennis Court Oath - oath taken in a tennis court by the National Assembly; would not disband until there was a constitution for France
 * March on Versailles - march for bread led by women because prices were very high
 * Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen (1789) - based on U.S. Declaration of Independence; focused on universal natural rights
 * Constitution of 1791 - made constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly
 * Marie Antoinette - Austrian who became queen of France; was married to Louis XVI; executed by guillotine in 1793 for treason; said "Let them eat cake!" (did not actualy say but this rumor was created to anger the 3rd Estate all the same)
 * Bastille Day - (July 14th) day celebrated in France to honor the short constitutional monarchy in France
 * Declaration of Pillnitz - (1791) Leopold II and Frederick William II issued it to prevent French revolutionaries from taking away Louis XVI's power
 * Robespierre - led the Reign of Terror; believed the only form of punishment was the guillotine; eventually he was executed in the guillotine
 * Reign of Terror - 12 months in which mass guillotine executions occurred
 * deficit spending - spending more money than gained, leads to debt; led France into financial crisis
 * Napoleon Bonaparte - a Corsican-born man who sought expansion of the French empire
 * 1st Republic - (1792-1804)
 * Napoleonic Code - Napoleon Bonaparte's laws
 * Austerlitz - one of Napoleon's most successful victories; destroyed the Third Coalition against the French empire
 * Waterloo (Battle of) - (1815) Napeoleon's last battle; exiled into St. Helena afterwards; constitutional monarchy set up afterwards
 * Battle of Nations (aka Battle of Leipzig) - (1813) Napoleon's last battle before abdication to ELBA
 * nationalism - feeling that one should be loyal to one's nation instead of leaders
 * guerrillas - hit and run style of attacks
 * Congress of Vienna - group formed to redraw the map of Europe; surrounded France with stronger countries; unified the 39 German states; recognized Switzerland as independent nation; consisted of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, France, and Klemens von Metternich; combined Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic
 * Prince Metternich - attempted to create a balance of power; had idea of aiding other nations if revolutions broke out

The Industrial Revolution

 * Jethro Tull - inventor of the seed drill
 * Putting Out System - old system of industry; predecessor of factory system; central agent contracted subcontractors to do work in their own home; then central agent collected goods
 * Luddites - minority group against industrialization, broke machines and favored traditionally made goods
 * John Wesley - early leader of the Methodist movement; Christian theologian
 * laissez-faire - economy without the interference of the government
 * steam engine - James Watt improved it
 * Malthus - believed population would increase more rapidly than food supply; believed most people were destined to be poor and miserable
 * Enclosure Movement - wealthy land owners set boundaries on their land making it unavailable to others
 * causes and effects of British industrialization
 * Transportation Revolution
 * socialism - economic system in which the people would own the means of production
 * methodism - a group of Protestant Christianity
 * utilitarianism - a type of govern in which moral worths of actions are based on their utility, or how useful it is; John Stuart Mill was a follower of this
 * communism - a type of government in which there is no private property; everything is operated for the people, by the people
 * seed drill - planted seeds in even rows, more effective than planting seeds by hand
 * flying jenny (flying shuttle or spinning jenny?)
 * spinning jenny - (James Hargreaves) a multi-spool spinning wheel
 * flying shuttle - (John Kay, 1773) sped up weaving
 * water table - place where water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
 * spread of Industrial Revolution - spread through study-touring

Latin American Revolutions

 * peninsulares - Spanish born people who held power
 * Creoles - 2nd generation of peninsulares
 * mestizos - people of mixed European descent living in Latin America
 * role of enlightenment
 * Miguel Hidalgo - started El Grito de Dolores
 * José Morelos - led the Mexican independence movement
 * El Grito de Dolores - call for insurrection against authorities of mexico
 * Itúrbide - emperor of Mexico from 1822-1823
 * Toussaint L'Ouverture - led a slave revolt in Haiti
 * yellow fever - hindered Napoleon's army's ability to stop the revolution in Haiti
 * Napoleon's invasion of Spain
 * Bolívar - liberator of southern Latin American nations
 * San Martín - leader of southern South America's independence from Spain; won Chile's independence
 * Gran Colombia - republic of Colombia; located in northern South America
 * Dom Pedro and Brazil - leader of Brazil's independence (from Portugal)

Romanticism and Realism

 * neoclassicism - a type of art that utilized reason
 * romanticism - a type of art that reflected emotions
 * realism - a type of art that tried to express the world how it was
 * impressionism - a type of art that tried to give the artist's impression of a subject or moment in time
 * Jacques Louis David - neoclassic artist; highly influential; painted pictures of the French Revolution
 * Byron
 * Dickens - depicted life in industrial cities in his works
 * Beethoven- deaf musician; composed Eroica (heroic)

New Imperialism

 * Queen Victoria
 * King Leopold II - sent Henry Stanley to claim territory in the land he called Congo
 * Shaka Zulu - almost defeated the British without guns
 * Menelik II - emperor of Ethiopia who strategically avoided imperialism
 * Livingstone - missionary sent to go to Africa and got lost; when Henry Stanley found his body, Stanley was presumed to have said "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
 * colony - a form of imperial control
 * protectorate - a form of imperial control
 * Kipling - English author/poet born in Bombay, India; wrote The Jungle Book
 * sphere of influence - a form of imperial control; a region where another entity indirectly dominates the region
 * Berlin Conference (1884) - conference set up to decide the division of Africa, no Africans were invited
 * Imperialists' motives - political, economic, and military interests
 * social Darwinism - a type of racism based on the concept that more developed countries have an advantage over less developed countries, making the less developed countries seem inferior to the more developed countries
 * how, why, and where the Imperialists were largely successful - because they had superior weapons
 * Boer War (2nd) - (1899-1902) war between Britain and South Africa
 * Ottoman Empire - a Turkish-ruled empire that was the center for Western and Eastern worlds
 * efforts at reform
 * Armenian genocide - slaughter of many Armenians during World War I.
 * young Turks
 * Egyptian modernization
 * Muhammad Ali - sometimes referred to as the one who modernized Egypt
 * Suez Canal - artificial port that joined the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea
 * British protectorate
 * British East India Company - Mughal emperor Jahangir gave trade rights for this company
 * Mughal Empire - ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent and part of present-day Afghanistan. when it became weak the British Raj (rule) took over
 * British improvements in India - they brought a railway system to India
 * Sepoy Rebellion - a rebellion led by Indians who refused to work because their guns were oiled in beef (which Hindus do not eat) and pork (which Muslims do not eat) fat
 * Growing Indian nationalism - grew after the Sepoy Rebellion
 * Indian National Congress - nationalist group (mostly Hindu) that fought for India's independence
 * Muslim League - a nationalist Muslim group that fought for the Muslim state of Pakistan
 * Gandhi's civil disobedience - Gandhi realized civil disobedience as the only way to combat against British colonization of India
 * Salt March - 241 mile long march to Dandi; Gandhi led it to get salt from sea water instead of getting it from Britain
 * Qing Dynasty - last imperial dynasty of China
 * Opium War - when Britain refused to stop trading opium with China, war started
 * Treaty of Nanjing - marked the end of the first opium war
 * Taiping Rebellion - a rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan with a goal to end poverty
 * Boxer Rebellion - a group that wanted to end poverty and make every place a utopia. they killed foreigners and were against imperialism
 * Sun Yixian - leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party, aka the kuomintang/guomindang
 * Chulalongkorn - successed Mongkut
 * Liliuokalani - last Hawaiian monarch and only queen. see bellwork for more info
 * Aguinaldo - played an important role for the Philippines' independence.
 * Spanish-American War - (1898) United States aided Cuba and the Philippines to liberate them form Spain's control
 * Philippine Insurrection - 11 campaigns from 1899 to 1913
 * Tokugawa Shogunate - predecessor of Meiji Restoration
 * Isolation - Japan stayed in this to avoid imperial powers
 * Commodore Perry - president Millard Fillmore sent him with black wooden steam ships (which the Japanese feared) to negotiate the Treaty of Kanagawa
 * Treaty of Kanagawa - (1854) allowed free trade between Japan and the United States in 2 Japanese ports
 * Meiji Restoration - occurred in later half of 19th century; Japan went under big changes during this era; began industrialization in Japan
 * industrialization - Japan sent people to study Western nations to learn new ways of industrializing
 * nationalization - a feeling that one should stay loyal to one's country and not its leaders
 * constitution - (1854) based on the German constitution
 * diet - a bicameral legislature in Japan; consists of House of Representatives (lower) and House of Councillors (upper)
 * zaibatsu - families that controlled banking
 * Russo-Japanese War - (1904) a war between the Japanese and Russians held at Manchuria. caused by Russia and Japan's want to expand their empires
 * annexation of Korea - (1910-1945) the Japanese tried to eliminate Korean existence during this period. they taught Japanese in schools instead of Korean

How did it start?
When the news of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria's trip to Sarajevo was announced, Serbian revolutionaries were outraged. A young Serbian peasant named Gavrilo Princip joined the terrorist group called the Black Hand. Seven members of the Black Hand were at the trail with instructions to kill Franz Ferdinand. When Gavrilo Princip noticed that Franz Ferdinand's driver's car's gears shut off, he took his chance and shot Franz and his wife Sophie. They both died on June 28th, 1914. On July 23rd, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum, or harsh set of demands, to Serbia. These demands mostly tried to get rid of Anti Austria-Hungary opposition. On July 25th, Serbia refused some of these demands. As a result, Russia gave Serbia support. On July 26th, Russia asked Germany to ask Austria-Hungary to lower its response to Serbia. Germany issued a blank check to Austria-Hungary. Since Serbia failed to comply to the July ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28th, 1914. On July 30th Russia asked France for help, and France issued a blank check to Russia. From there Russia began mobilization of its army. On August 1st, Germany declared war on Russia. On August 3rd, Germany declared war on France. Germany also invaded Belgium. On August 4th, Britain declared war on Germany.

Russian Revolution

 * collective farms - farms compiled from farms of individuals to produce one big farm with modern equipment owned by the government
 * Great Purge - the police and terror part of Stalin's rule
 * NEP (New Economic Policy) - a policy that Lenin issued, it included a little bit of capitalism (peasants could keep or sell surplus crops); Lenin said it was one step back to go to two steps ahead; government would only control large business but not small ones
 * 5 year plans - set impossible quotas for Russia's economy at a harsh human cost; never was achieved
 * Karl Marx - influenced Lenin's ideology
 * Comintern (Communist International) - a communist group founded in Moscow
 * gulags - Russian labor camps
 * War Communism - aimed to keep the Red Army with enough supplies2
 * Cheka - the secret police working for communist Russia
 * Red Guard - armed groups of workers
 * soviets - councils of workers
 * Nicholas II - czar who abdicated after March Revolution
 * whites - loyalists to the czar
 * Rasputin - believed to be a "mad monk," czarina Alexandra believed god sent him to save Russia
 * Duma - parliament of Russia
 * Trotsky - led the Red Army in civil war
 * Lenin - leader of the Bolsheviks, had some Marxist thought
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - a treaty that stopped Russia's involvement in World War I
 * "Peace, Land, and Bread" - a slogan during the Russian Revolution
 * Stalin - totalitarian leader who tried to greatly improve Russia's economy
 * Bloody Sunday (1905) - a march against the czar in St. Petersburg at the winter palace, many were shot, Father Gapon led it
 * bolsheviks - followers of Lenin's plan for a communist revolution
 * "All power to the Soviets" - slogan during Russian revolution
 * redemption payments - annual payments that peasants made to the government
 * totalitarianism - a form of government in which the leader controls every aspect of public and private life
 * autocracy - the form of government in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution
 * reds - followers of Lenin's beliefs
 * Communist Party - formerly Bolsheviks, name was changed after the Bolshevik/October Revolution
 * USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 * atheism - under Stalin's rule, this is what was taught

Rise of Dictators in the 1930s

 * dadaism - a form of "anti-art"; went against everything in classical art
 * surrealism - a type of art that used surprise and unexpected juxtapositions
 * Lost Generation - generation of people after World War I
 * Weimar Republic - Germany's form of government before Hitler's rule
 * Flappers - young women who wore short skirts, put on a lot of makeup, and listened to jazz
 * Popular Front
 * New Deal - Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan for building the United States up after the Great Depression
 * stock market crash - triggered the Great Depression
 * Great Depression - caused people to lose faith in the ability of western democracies to solve problems
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt - president of the during
 * Hitler - Nazi dictator who defied the Treaty of Versailles
 * Mussolini - leader of Fascist Italy; teamed up with Hitler
 * Il Duce - Mussolini's title during his rule
 * Nazism - Hitler formulated it; encouraged racism and Hitler's view
 * Mein Kampf - written by Hitler; a book of Nazism; said Germans were superior
 * lebensraum - "living space", a phrase for the expansion of Germany to take Austria and Czechoslovakia
 * Führer - Hitler's title during his rule
 * anti-Semitism - racism against Jews
 * Guernica - Nazi Germans attacked this Spanish city
 * (Hitler's) Third Reich
 * cubism - a type of art that broke down objects into simpler shapes; Picasso was a famous cubist artist
 * spirit of Locarno - symbolized banishment of war
 * Kellogg-Briand Pact - further banished war after treaties at Locarno, Switzerland
 * swastika - Nazis adopted this as their symbol
 * kristallnacht - a Nazi rampage against German Jews
 * black shirts
 * brown shirts - "stormtroopers"; helped Hitler gain power
 * King Emmanuel
 * Hindenburg
 * Franco - a cautious Spanish dictator who battled in the Spanish Civil War; ruled until his death
 * Second Spanish Republic
 * Lincoln Brigade
 * Nuremburg laws
 * Maginot Line - provided a false sense of security to France
 * fascism - militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader

Upheavals in China and Japan

 * Sun Yixian
 * Jiang Jieshi - leader of Chinese nationalists
 * Chinese Republic
 * May 4th Movement
 * Nationalists - supported republic of China (aka Taiwan)
 * Communists - supported people's republic of China
 * Mao Zedong - leader of Chinese communists
 * Long March
 * Japanese Invasion
 * 21 Demands
 * Rape of Nanjing

Japan

 * 1920's Liberalization
 * Militarists
 * Manchuria/Manzhouguo
 * Hirohito - emperor of Japan from
 * Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

Between the Wars in Europe
See rise of dictators in the 1930s

World War II

 * Spanish Civil War
 * sanctions
 * appeasement
 * pacifism
 * Axis Powers
 * Guernica
 * Austrian Anschluss
 * Munich Pact
 * Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
 * blitzkrieg - German word for lightning war
 * Dunkirk
 * London Blitz/Battle of Britain
 * Operation Barbarossa
 * Atlantic Charter
 * Lend-lease
 * Pearl Harbor
 * El Alamein
 * Stalingrad
 * D-Day
 * Holocaust
 * kamikaze - Japanese suicide crashing technique
 * Battle of the Coral Sea
 * Midway
 * Battle of the Bulge
 * VE Day
 * Hiroshima
 * VJ Day
 * Nuremburg Trials - tried to punish leaders of the holocaust to ensure responsibility of leaders
 * FDR
 * Churchill
 * de Gaulle
 * Stalin
 * Marshall
 * Eisenhower
 * MacArthur
 * Nimitz
 * Rommel

Cold War

 * Yalta Conference
 * Potsdam Conference
 * Iron Curtain - symbolized division between communism and democracy in Europe
 * Containment
 * Truman Doctrine
 * Marshall Plan
 * Berlin Airlift
 * NATO
 * arms race
 * Sputnik
 * Khrushchev
 * Warsaw Pact
 * United Nations
 * nonaligned nations
 * Greek Crisis
 * Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
 * brinkmanship - policy of being on the edge of war
 * Imre Nagy
 * Hungarian Crisis
 * Brezhnev
 * Prague Spring
 * Alexander Dubček
 * Fidel Castro
 * Cuban Revolution
 * Bay of Pigs
 * JFK/Cuban Missile Crisis
 * Korean War
 * domino theory
 * Vietnam War
 * Reagan
 * Strategic Defense Initiative
 * Berlin Wall
 * Lech Walesa/Solidarity

China

 * Mao
 * Great Leap forward - Mao Zedong's "great leap backward", emphasized non-industralized practices
 * Cultural Revolution
 * Four Modernizations
 * Deng Xioping
 * Tiananmen Square
 * Hu Jintao

Africa

 * Negritude movement

Kenya

 * Jomo Kenyatta
 * 1963 Independence
 * Rwandan genocide

South Africa

 * apartheid
 * FW de Klerk
 * Mandela
 * ANC

Mideast

 * Israel
 * Zionists
 * Balfour declaration
 * 1948 Independence
 * 1956 crisis
 * 1967 War
 * 1973 War
 * Anwar Sadat
 * Camp David Accords
 * Palestinians
 * Menachem Begin
 * Yasir Arafat
 * Global Economic Development
 * developed nations
 * emerging nations
 * globalization

Terrorism

 * cyberterrorism
 * narcoterrorism

World Leaders (2008)

 * Felipe Calderon - Mexico
 * Nikolas Sarkozy - France
 * Yasuo Fukuda - Japan
 * Kevin Rudd - Australia
 * Hu Jintao - China
 * Steven Harper - Canada
 * Angela Merkel - Germany
 * Ban Ki Moon - UN Secretary General
 * Gordon Brown - United Kingdom
 * Thabo Mbeki - South Africa
 * Vladimir Putin - (old) Russia
 * Dmitry Medvedev - Russia
 * Kim Jong-Il - North Korea
 * Nouri al-Maliki - Iraq
 * Hamed Karzai - Afghanistan
 * Manmohan Singh - India
 * Mahmoud Ahmedinejad - Iran
 * Altaf Hussain - Pakistan
 * Ehud Olmert - Israel
 * Sylvio Berlusconi - Italy


text:
User talk:Xz64

Welcome
Hello Xz64, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Remi 02:44, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xz64


text:
User talk:Benjamin66

Welcome
Hello Benjamin66, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
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And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --mikeu 02:55, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benjamin66


text: Category:Recovery psychology

title: Category:Recovery psychology


text:
Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Daily Discussion Topics/01142008

Raoult's Law
Established by François-Marie Raoult, Raoult's law states: the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the component present in the solution.

Once the components in the solution have reached chemical equilibrium, the total vapor pressure of the solution is:

 * $$\ P_{solution}= (P_{1})_{pure} x_1 + (P_{2})_{pure} x_2 + \cdots$$

and the individual vapor pressure for each component is

 * $$\ P_{i}=(P_{i})_{pure} x_i $$

where
 * $$(P_i)_{pure}\,$$ is the vapor pressure of the pure component
 * $$ x_i\,$$ is the mole fraction of the component in solution

Consequently, as the number of components in a solution increases, the individual vapor pressures decrease, since the mole fraction of each component decreases with each additional component. If a pure solute which has zero vapor pressure (it will not evaporate) is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure of the final solution will be lower than that of the pure solvent.

This law is strictly valid only under the assumption that the chemical interactions between the two liquids is equal to the bonding within the liquids: the conditions of an ideal solution. Therefore, comparing actual measured vapor pressures to predicted values from Raoult's law allows information about the relative strength of bonding between liquids to be obtained. If the measured value of vapor pressure is less than the predicted value, fewer molecules have left the solution than expected. This is put down to the strength of bonding between the liquids being greater than the bonding within the individual liquids, so fewer molecules have enough energy to leave the solution. Conversely, if the vapor pressure is greater than the predicted value more molecules have left the solution than expected, due to the bonding between the liquids being less strong than the bonding within each.

Derivation of Raoult's Law
We define an ideal solution as a solution for which the chemical potential of component $$i$$ is:
 * $$\mu _i = \mu_i^*  + RT\ln x_i\,$$,

where $$\mu_i^*$$ is the chemical potential of pure $$i$$.

If the system is at equilibrium, then the chemical potential of the component $$i$$ must be the same in the liquid solution and in the vapor above it. That is,

 * $$\mu _{i,L} = \mu _{i,V}\,$$

Assuming the liquid is an ideal solution, and using the formula for the chemical potential of a gas, gives:

 * $$\mu _{i,L}^* + RT\ln X_i  = \mu_{i,V}^\circ  + RT\ln \frac

$$ where $$f_i$$ is the fugacity of the vapor of $$i$$.

The corresponding equation for pure $$i$$ in equilibrium with its (pure) vapor is:
 * $$\mu _{i,L}^* = \mu _{i,V}^\circ  + RT\ln \frac

$$ where * indicates the pure component.

Subtracting both equations gives us
 * $$RT\ln x_i = RT\ln \frac$$

which re-arranges to
 * $$f_i = x_i f_i^*$$

The fugacities can be replaced by simple pressures if the vapor of the solution behaves ideally i.e.
 * $$P_i \approx x_i P_i^*$$

which is Raoult’s Law.

Henry's Law
In chemistry, Henry's law is one of the gas laws, formulated by William Henry. It states that:

 * At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

Formula of Henry's Law
A formula for Henry's Law is:

 * $$ e^{p\,} = e^{kc\,} \,$$

where:
 * $$e\,$$ is approximately 2.7182818, the base of the natural logarithm (also called Euler's number)
 * $$p\,$$ is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution
 * $$c\,$$ is the concentration of the solute in the solution (in one of its many units)
 * $$k\,$$ is the Henry's Law constant, which has units such as L·atm/mol, atm/(mol fraction) or Pa·m3/mol.

Raoult's Law and Henry's Law
Both Henry's law and Raoult's law state that the vapor pressure of a component, p, is proportional to its concentration.

 * Henry's law: $$ p = k \,x$$
 * Raoult's law: $$ p = p^\star\,x$$

where:
 * $$\,x$$ is the mole fraction of the component;
 * $$\,k$$ is the Henry constant; (Note that the numerical value and dimensions of this constant change when mole fractions are used rather than molarity, as seen in Table 1.)
 * $$p^\star$$ is the equilibrium vapor pressure of the pure component.

If the solution is ideal, both components follow Raoult's law over the entire composition range, but Henry noticed that at low concentrations of non-ideal solutions, the constant of proportionality is not p*. Therefore Henry's law uses an empirically-derived constant, k, based on an infinitely-dilute solution, i.e. x = 0, that is specific to the components in the mixture and the temperature.

In most systems, the laws can only be applied over very limited concentrations at the extreme ends of the mole-fraction range. Raoult's law, which uses the vapor pressure of the pure component, is best used for the major component (solvent) and in mixtures of similar components. Henry's law applies to the minor component (solute) in dilute solutions.

In ideal-dilute solutions, the minor component follows Henry's law, while the solvent obeys Raoult's law. This is proved by the Gibbs-Duhem equation.

Gibbs Phase Rule
Gibbs' phase rule, stated by Josiah Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, is the fundamental rule on which phase diagrams are based.

 * F = 2 − π + C

where π is the number of phases present in equilibrium (types of solid, liquid, gas phases etc). F is the number of degrees of freedom or independent variables taken from temperature, pressure and composition of the phases present. C is the number of chemical components required to describe the system

Ideal Solution
In chemistry, an ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution in which the enthalpy of solution is zero; the closer to zero the enthalpy of solution, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solution becomes. Equivalently, an ideal mixture is one in which the activity coefficients (which measure deviation from ideality) are equal to one.

The concept of an ideal solution is fundamental to chemical thermodynamics and its applications, such as the use of colligative properties.

Physical Origin of Ideal Solution
Ideality of solutions is analogous to ideality for gases, with the important difference that intermolecular interactions in liquids are strong and can not simply be neglected as they can for ideal gases. Instead we assume that the mean strength of the interactions are the same between all the molecules of the solution.

More formally, for a mix of molecules of $$A$$ and $$B$$, the interactions between unlike neighbors ($$U_{AB}$$) and like neighbors $$U_{AA}$$ and $$U_{BB}$$ must be of the same average strength i.e. $$2U_{AB}=U_{AA}+ U_{BB}$$ and the longer-range interactions must be nil (or at least indistinguishable). If the molecular forces are the same between $$AA$$, $$AB$$ and $$BB$$, i.e. $$U_{AB}=U_{AA}=U_{BB}$$, then the solution is automatically ideal.

If the molecules are almost identical chemically, e.g. 1-butanol and 2-butanol, then the solution will be ideal. Since the interaction energies between $$A$$ and $$B$$ are the same, it follows that there is no overall energy (enthalpy) change when the solutions are mixed. The more dissimilar the nature of $$A$$ and $$B$$, the more strongly the solution is expected to deviate from ideality.

Real Solutions
Many pairs of liquids are present in which there is no uniformity of attractive forces i.e. the adhesive & cohesive forces of attraction are not uniform between the the two liquids, so that they show deviation from the raoult's law which is applied only to ideal solutions.

Negative Deviation
When adhesive Forces between molecules of A & B are greater than the cohesive forces between A& A, B& B, then the vapor pressure of the solution is lesser than the expected vapor pressure from the raoult's law. This is called as Negative deviation from Raoult's law. If the negative deviation is large, then the total vapor pressure curve will show a minimum. These cohesive forces are lesser not only due to dilution effect but also attraction between two molecules through formation of Hydrogen bonds. Thus will further reduce the escaping tendencies of each constituent. eg- chloroform & acetone show such an attraction by formation of H-bond.

Positive Deviation
When the cohesive forces between like molecules are greater than the adhesive forces, the dissimilarties of polarity or internal pressure will give in greater escaping tendency of both the molecules so the solution of both the components will have a vapor pressure greater than the expected from the raoult's law i.e. it will show positive deviation.If the deviation is large, then the vapor pressure curve will show a maximum at a particular composition, e.g. Benzene & ethyl alcohol, carbon disulfide & acetone, chloroform & ethanol

Solid Solution

A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent. Such a mixture is considered a solution rather than a compound when the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by addition of the solutes, and when the mixture remains in a single homogeneous phase. The solute may incorporate into the solvent crystal lattice substitutionally, by replacing a solvent particle in the lattice, or interstitially, by fitting into the space between solvent particles. Both of these types of solid solution affect the properties of the material by distorting the crystal lattice and disrupting the physical and electrical homogeneity of the solvent material.

Some mixtures will readily form solid solutions over a range of concentrations, while other mixtures will not form solid solutions at all. The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have:

 * Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)
 * Same crystal structure
 * Similar electronegativities
 * Similar valency

Eutectic
The melting point of a mixture of two or more solids (such as an alloy) depends on the relative proportions of its ingredients. A eutectic or eutectic mixture is a mixture at such proportions that the melting point is as low as possible, and that furthermore all the constituents crystallize simultaneously at this temperature from molten liquid solution. Such a simultaneous crystallization of a eutectic mixture is known as a eutectic reaction, the temperature at which it takes place is the eutectic temperature, and the composition and temperature at which it takes place is called the eutectic point.

The term comes from the Greek eutektos, meaning 'easily melted.'

The equilibrium phase diagram at the right displays a simple binary system composed of two components, A and B, which has a eutectic point. The phase diagram plots relative concentrations of A and B along the horizontal axis, and temperature along the vertical axis. The eutectic point is the point at which the liquid phase L borders directly on the solid phase α + β (a homogeneous composed of both A and B), representing the minimum melting temperature of any possible alloy of A and B.

Not all binary system alloys have a eutectic point: those that form a solid solution at all concentrations, such as the gold-silver system, have no eutectic. An alloy system that has a eutectic is often referred to as a eutectic system, or eutectic alloy.

Solid products of a eutectic reaction can often be identified by their lamellar structure, as opposed to the dendritic structures commonly seen in non-eutectic solidification. The same conditions that force the material to form lamellae can instead form an amorphous solid if pushed to an extreme.

Metallic Alloys
The term is often used in metallurgy to describe the alloy of two or more component materials having the relative concentrations specified at the eutectic point. When a non-eutectic alloy freezes, one component of the alloy crystallizes at one temperature and the other at a different temperature. With a eutectic alloy, the mixture freezes as one at a single temperature. A eutectic alloy therefore has a sharp melting point, and a non-eutectic alloy exhibits a plastic melting range. The phase transformations that occur while freezing a given alloy can be understood using the phase diagram by drawing a vertical line from the liquid phase to the solid phase on a phase diagram; each point along the line describes the composition at a given temperature.

Some uses include:

 * eutectic alloys for soldering, composed of tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and sometimes silver (Ag) or gold (Au).
 * casting alloys, such as aluminum-silicon and cast iron (at the composition for an austenite-cementite eutectic in the iron-carbon system).
 * brazing, where diffusion can remove alloying elements from the joint, so that eutectic melting is only possible early in the brazing process.
 * temperature response, i.e. Wood's metal and Field's metal for fire sprinklers.
 * non-toxic mercury replacements, such as galinstan.
 * experimental metallic glasses, with extremely high strength and corrosion resistance.
 * eutectic alloys of sodium and potassium (NaK) that are liquid at room temperature and used as coolant in experimental fast neutron nuclear reactors.

Peritectic
Peritectic transformations are also similar to eutectic reactions. Here, a liquid and solid phase of fixed proportions react at a fixed temperature to yield a single solid phase. Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the lamellar structure that you find with eutectic freezing.

Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure austenite at 1495 °C and 0.17 mass percent carbon.

Simple Cubic, FCC, and BCC
The three Bravais lattices which form the cubic crystal system are simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic.

The simple cubic system consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube. Each atom at the lattice points is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes, and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom (1/8 * 8). The body centered cubic system has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight corner points. It has a contribution of 2 lattice points per unit cell ((1/8)*8 + 1). Finally, the face centered cubic has lattice points on the faces of the cube of which each unit cube gets exactly one half contribution, in addition to the corner lattice points, giving a total of 4 atoms per unit cell ((1/8 for each corner) * 8 corners + (1/2 for each face) * 6 faces). Attempting to create a C-centered cubic crystal system would result in a simple tetragonal Bravais lattice.

There are 8 lattice points on a simple cubic for each corner of the shape. There are 9 lattice points for a body centered because of the extra point in the center of the unit. There are 14 lattice points on a face centered cubic.

Intermetallic Compounds
Intermetallics or intermetallic compounds is a term that is used in a number of different ways. Most commonly it refers to solid state phases involving metals. There is a "research definition" adhered to generally in scientific publications, and a wider "common use" term. There is also a completely different use in coordination chemistry, where it has been used to refer to complexes containing two or more different metals.

Although the term intermetallic compounds, as it applies to solid phases, has been in use for many years, its introduction was regretted, for example by Hume-Rothery in 1955.

Note that many intermetallic compounds are often simply called alloys, even though strictly speaking they are not. For example Complex metallic alloys are intermetallic compounds with large unit cells.

Solubility
The solubility of one substance dissolving in another is determined by the balance of intermolecular forces between the solvent and solute and the entropy change that accompanies the solvation. Factors such as temperature and pressure will alter this balance, thus changing the solubility.

Temperature and Solubility
The solubility of a given solute in a given solvent typically depends on temperature. For around 95% of solid solutes, the solubility increases with temperature, in the temperature range from about ambient to 100 °C. In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g., that approaching the critical temperature), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water (lower dielectric constant, less of a polar solvent).

Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Molecular beam epitaxy takes place in high vacuum or ultra high vacuum (10−8 Pa). The most important aspect of MBE is the slow deposition rate (typically less than 1000 nm per minute), which allows the films to grow epitaxially. However, the slow deposition rates require proportionally better vacuum in order to achieve the same impurity levels as other deposition techniques.

In solid-source MBE, ultra-pure elements such as gallium and arsenic are heated in separate quasi-knudsen effusion cells until they begin to slowly sublimate. The gaseous elements then condense on the wafer, where they may react with each other. In the example of gallium and arsenic, single-crystal gallium arsenide is formed. The term "beam" simply means that evaporated atoms do not interact with each other or any other vacuum chamber gases until they reach the wafer, due to the long mean free paths of the atoms.

During operation, RHEED (Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction) is often used for monitoring the growth of the crystal layers. A computer controls shutters in front of each furnace, allowing precise control of the thickness of each layer, down to a single layer of atoms. Intricate structures of layers of different materials may be fabricated this way. Such control has allowed the development of structures where the electrons can be confined in space, giving quantum wells or even quantum dots. Such layers are now a critical part of many modern semiconductor devices, including semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes.

In systems where the substrate needs to be cooled, the ultra-high vacuum environment within the growth chamber is maintained by a system of cryopumps, and cryopanels, chilled using liquid nitrogen or cold nitrogen gas to a temperature close to 77 kelvins (−196 degrees Celsius). However, cryogenic temperatures act as a sink for impurities in the vacuum, and so vacuum levels need to be several orders of magnitude better to deposit films under these conditions. In other systems, the wafers on which the crystals are grown may be mounted on a rotating platter which can be heated to several hundred degrees Celsius during operation.

Molecular beam epitaxy is also used for the deposition of some types of organic semiconductors. In this case, molecules, rather than atoms, are evaporated and deposited onto the wafer. Other variations include gas-source MBE, which resembles chemical vapor deposition.

Metalorganic chemical vapour deposition

Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) is a chemical vapour deposition method of epitaxial growth of materials, especially compound semiconductors from the surface reaction of organic compounds or metalorganics and metal hydrides containing the required chemical elements. For example, indium phosphide could be grown in a reactor on a substrate by introducing Trimethylindium ((CH3)3In) and phosphine (PH3). Alternative names for this process include organometallic vapour phase epitaxy (OMVPE), metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) and organometallic chemical vapour deposition (OMCVD). Formation of the epitaxial layer occurs by final pyrolisis of the constituent chemicals at the substrate surface. In contrast to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) the growth of crystals is by chemical reaction and not physical deposition. This takes place not in a vacuum, but from the gas phase at moderate pressures (2 to 100 kPa). As such this technique is preferred for the formation of devices incorporating thermodynamically metastable alloys. It has become the dominant process for the manufacture of laser diodes, solar cells, and LEDs.

Reactor Components
A reactor is a chamber made of a material that does not react with the chemicals being used. It must also withstand high temperatures. This chamber is composed by reactor walls, liner, a susceptor, gas injection units, and temperature control units. Usually, the reactor walls are made from stainless steel or quartz. To prevent over heating, cooling water must be flowing through the channels within the reactor walls. Special glasses, such as quartz or ceramic, are often used as the liner in the reactor chamber between the reactor wall and the susceptor. A substrate sits on a susceptor which is at a controlled temperature. The susceptor is made from a material resistant to the metalorganic compounds used; graphite is sometimes used. For growing nitrides and related materials, a special coating on the graphite susceptor is necessary to prevent corrosion by ammonia (NH3) gas.


text:
User talk:Billrandle

Welcome
Hello Billrandle, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! Erkan Yilmaz ( Wikiversity:Chat, wiki blog ) 06:38, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billrandle


text:
User:Calaf

Hello, I'm JPB. I'm a sometimes-editor over at Wikipedia under the same username, Calaf. I think Wikiversity is a really exciting project. I think that the Wikimedia projects in general are changing the face of learning and knowledge, and I think in ten years those of us who are on-board from the beginning will be saying "told ya so!"

Areas of Expertise The area I know the most about is music. I'm a life-long student of world music and classical music. I'm currently working on a degree in music performance. My special area of passion and investigation is Indian classical music, and I hope I can work with Wikiversity to educate people about India's wonderful music performance traditions.

My other major area of "expertise" is foreign languages and linguistics. I studied French for 6 years, and pursued Russian to a 3rd-year level. I'm currently studying Thai, and I've done some minor learning in Pali and Esperanto in the past.

Another area where I have a good working knowledge and could be helpful (though I am far from a scholar) is Constitutional Law and the Supreme Court. I competed last year in "We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution" a competition sponsored by the Center for Civic Education. My team were the Western Region champions and places 11th in the nation.

Other interests (just for fun) Activities- I spend most of my time in performance related endeavors. I sing with four groups: Anchorage Opera, UAA Music, the Russian-American Colony Singers, and St. Mary's Choir. I am also a regular performer with Scared Scriptless Improv Comedy. In high school, I did a lot of acting, as well as competitive speechmaking and debate. I still act occasionally, as in January of 2008 when I performed in the 13th incarnation of the "Alaska Overnighters." In summer of 07, I went with a troupe from the American High School Theater Festival and performed at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Interests- I love music (as you may be able to tell), especially Indian Music (about which I hope to make lots of teaching tools here on Wikiversity!), and classical music. I love to study Buddhism and the Dharma (I am a Buddhist). I also love to cook when I get the chance, I specialize in Indian food and French food, though I've also had fun cooking Thai, Cajun and lots of other fun cuisines. I'm into performing and seeing theater. I also love studyign and learning about foreign languages. One of my new passions has been watching and studying films.

Favorite Music- My favorite classical composers are definitely Beethoven, Stravinsky and Bach. Beyond that, I enjoy way to many other composers to list here. Outside of classical music, my favorite is most definitely Frank Zappa, whom I consider to be one of the greatest artistic geniuses of the last century (along with Salvador Dali). I also adore Indian music--in which Ravi Shankar is obviously the towering figure, though I do enjoy other artists. A short list of my other favorite groups and artists: Warren Zevon, George Harrison, John Lennon, The Grateful Dead, V.M. Bhatt, Oysterhead, Gov't Mule, Yo-Yo Ma and Yes.

Favorite TV Shows- I think Seinfeld is indeed the greatest show of all time. Other faves include Curb Your Enthusiasm, The Munsters, Star Trek: The Next Generation and South Park.

Favorite Movies- I ADORE the Coen Brothers. I think they are the best film-makers of the current generation, and I also believe that their best work is still yet to come. I love every single one of their movies, though Fargo and No Country for Old Men top the list. I believe The Big Lebowski is also the funniest movie of all time--it's not exactly a lightweight. I also love Kurosawa Akira, Ran being my all-time favorite of his, though I also like Rashomon, Throne of Blood and Dreams. Dr. Strangelove is also a favorite of mine.

Favorite Books- My two favorites are probably The Prophet and Moby Dick (there you have it--one of the shortest and one of the longest books!) Currently working on Don Quixote. (Most recent fave: I'm a Lebowski, You're a Lebowski (Life, the Big Lebowski, and what have you)

Favorite Quotes-

"I told that Kraut a fucking thousand times that I don't roll on Shabbos." -Walter Sobchak (The Big Lebowski)

"So I guess you think you're, y'know, like, an authority figure?" -Carl Showalter (Fargo)

""Dhamma is the best thing for people, both in this life and in the next." -The Buddha

"If you want to know where God, the Buddhas and all the great beings live, I can tell you. Here is their address: in the here and now. It has everything you need, including the ZIP code." -Thich Nhat Hanh

"Joy at last, to know there is no happiness in this world!" -Ajaan Chah

Other- Let's see, what else? Politically, I'm a pretty staunch liberal/Democrat. I think the US Constitution in general and the Supreme Court in particular are two of the most brilliant institutions ever created by men. Religiously, I am a Buddhist--Theravadin, to be precise. My favorite color is green.

Well, that about does 'er. Wraps 'er all up, as the fella says. Catch ya later on down the trail.

title: User:Calaf


text:
User talk:Mattflaschen

See my talk page on English Wikipedia.

title: User talk:Mattflaschen


text:
Wikiversity talk:Copyright issues

Dealing with non-free images
What's the policy for dealing with potentially non-free images? Superm401 10:12, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Some info you can find at: Fair use + at Special:Upload you see "Images without proper information about their source and their license will be deleted.", Erkan Yilmaz uses the Chat (try) 08:55, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikiversity talk:Copyright issues


text:
User talk:Neoptolemus

Welcome
Hello Neoptolemus, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 10:31, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neoptolemus


text:
User talk:Calaf

Welcome
Hello Calaf, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Countrymike 10:32, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

French Mentoring
Salut, JPB. You are listed at the French stream as being a proficient French speaker interested in teaching French. The French Mentoring project has recently been launched, and if you would be willing to add your name to that list, I will make sure you are put in contact with appropriate students who would like to learn from you. The Jade Knight (d'viser) 10:08, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calaf


text:
User:Julian~enwikiversity

Welcome on my personal page. I'm Julian from Holland, student communications & management. I'm also a full-time employee for a company that develops professional contact center software. I'm interested in Communications, management, modern/new media, social platforms and (web based) software applications. I'm curious what Wikiversity has to offer, and hope to learn and share thoughts with other users.

title: User:Julian~enwikiversity


text:
User talk:Julian~enwikiversity

Welcome
Hello Julian, and welcome to Wikiversity! If you need help, feel free to visit my talk page, or contact us and ask questions. After you leave a comment on a talk page, remember to sign and date; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon in the edit window makes it simple. To get started, you may
 * Take a guided tour and learn to edit;
 * Explore our learning projects;
 * Browse our portals, schools, and research activities;
 * Read and help develop our community policies；or
 * Chat with other Wikiversitans on #wikiversity-en.

And don't forget to explore Wikiversity with the links to your left. Be bold, and see you around Wikiversity! --Gbaor 10:41, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Julian. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Julian~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julian~enwikiversity


text:
Talk:Introduction to Probability

maybe this could go on Wikiversity Spanish... --Remi 12:10, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to Probability


text:
Template:Wmdgs-nationality, residence, and travel (North America)

Usage:

This template creates an entry field for countries (or alternately states, territories, provinces, etc.) used in the geography surveys

To add a country to this template:

1. Add the name of the country and an image filename for the flag (browse commons:Category:Flags by country for images), using the following (substituted)template: Flag image (do not include the "Image:" prefix) = 2.Add the text created to the template text (just above the line reading   ). 3. Add the Country name to the bottom of the copy-pasting area (on a new line just above the }} at the bottom), using the same format as the fields above it.


text:
Template:Wmdgs-geography-addcountry

This template creates an entry field for countries (or alternately states, territories, provinces, etc.) used in the geography surveys

Usage:

 * 1) Add the name of the country and an image filename for the flag (browse commons:Category:Flags by country for images).
 * 2) Add the text created to the template, both to the coding part and to the copy-paste part.

Flag image (do not include the "Image:" prefix) =

title: Template:Wmdgs-geography-addcountry


text: Category:WMGDS template making templates


text:
Template:Wmdgs-nationality, residence, and travel (Europe)

Usage:

This template creates an entry field for countries (or alternately states, territories, provinces, etc.) used in the geography surveys

To add a country to this template:

1. Add the name of the country and an image filename for the flag (browse commons:Category:Flags by country for images), using the following (substituted)template: Flag image (do not include the "Image:" prefix) = 2.Add the text created to the template text (just above the line reading   ). 3. Add the Country name to the bottom of the copy-pasting area (on a new line just above the }} at the bottom), using the same format as the fields above it.


text: Category:WMDGS/Citizen of the United States


text: Category:WMDGS/Resident of the United States


text: Category:WMDGS/Has visited Canada

title: Category:WMDGS/Has visited Canada


text: File:Positive-deviation-from-raoults-law.jpg


text: File:Negative-deviation-from-raoults-law.jpeg


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text:
Brezhoneg Pemp/Lesson 3

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You will learn ... / Te a zesk ...

 * Fardañ ha debriñ krampouezh / Making and eating pancakes
 * Fardañ krampouezh / Preparing the pancakes
 * Debriñ ar c'hampouezh / Eating the pancakes
 * Distaliañ an daol - Skaotañ al listri / Clearing the table - Cleaning the dishes

Rimadell
Diboulout, diboulout

Meskañ an toaz, meskañ an toaz, meskañ an toaz,

Dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ.

Aozañ yod, aozañ yod, aozañ yod

Dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ.

No lump, no lump !

Mixing the dough, ...

No lump, ...

Making gruel, ...

No lump, ...

Risotto an nevezamzer gant keuz dañvadez
Danvez evit 6 den: 150 g riz ront – 125 g a favennoù fresk – 8 asperjezenn – 1 penn-chalotez – 1 gourjetezenn – 75 g keuz dañvadez rasklet – 40 g parmesan rasklet – 2 galonenn artichaod dre eoul – 35 cl bouilhoñs legumaj – 15 g amann - pebr hag holen Dibluskit ha rasklit ar penn-chalotez. Dibluskit ha troc’hit an asperjezennoù a-droc'had. Gwalc’hit ha troc’hit ar gourjetezenn a-vizhierigoù. Dizourit ha troc’hit an 2 galonenn artichaod e pevar. Lakait ar gourjetezenn hag an asperjennoù da boazhañ er vurezh 20 mn. Ouzhpennit ar favennoù goude 10 mn. Tommit ar bouilhoñs. Lakait an amann da deuziñ e-barzh ur frinkell, lakait ar penn-chalotez da rouzañ 1 mn. Lakait goude-se ar riz ha meskit betek ma vo treuzluc'hus. Diskargit ar bouilhoñs banne a banne, ha meskit betek ma vo lonket al liñvaj. Ouzhpennit goude-se an holl legumaj, pebrit hag holennit. Meskit.

Rannit ar risotto en asiedoù. Dasstrewiñ gant keuz dañvadez ha parmesan.

Mari Lubrano

Bremaik, Lun 12 a viz Mae, niv.191 Sizhun 20 - 2008

Evit gouzout hiroc'h: [| Newspaper Bremañ] ha [| Newspaper Bremaik]

Ex 1 : Quiz
Go to the Quiz.

Ex 2 : Memory training
Write out the Breton words, section by section.

Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper. Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult.

Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words.

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title: Brezhoneg Pemp/Lesson 3


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User:Yun-Yammka/Nav-Header

 user page  //  talk page  //  Wikimedia Information

title: User:Yun-Yammka/Nav-Header


text: User:Yun-Yammka

title: User:Yun-Yammka


text:
User talk:Yun-Yammka

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Yun-Yammka. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Yun-Yammka~enwikiversity that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yun-Yammka


text: User:Yun-Yammka/Awards

title: User:Yun-Yammka/Awards


text: User:Yun-Yammka/UserBoxes

title: User:Yun-Yammka/UserBoxes


text: User:Yun-Yammka/Sandbox

title: User:Yun-Yammka/Sandbox


text: User:Yun-Yammka/Guestbook

title: User:Yun-Yammka/Guestbook