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User:Tracivannorman

bio
My name is Traci and I am a first quarter student at the Art Institute of Seattle. I am currently studying photography and hope to someday have a career in underwater photography. Of course I would have to move to a warmer climate, which is fine by me. However, I am 32 years old and time is slowly slipping away and even though everyone is a lot younger than me, I somehow still look the youngest. I hope to graduate and have a bachelors degree before I'm 40! That should be my goal!

midterm
As I walked down the street to the Sculpture Park, I wasn't quite sure what to expect. When I got there, I wasn't even sure that I was in the right place. The sculptures were spread out all over the place and then I noticed some that, I guess, were supposed to be considered some form of art in some way. I don't know what that says about me, except maybe my interpretation and knowledge, if somewhat lacking, of art isn't as broad or wide spread as I had once thought.

After carefully examining and observing the pieces of art, not one had really caught my eye. However, I have to say that there was one piece that did catch my eye, but in a "I can't believe that that would be considered art" sort of way. The artist's name is Roy McMakin and the piece consisted of a concrete bench, a chair and a file box. My first thought when I saw this piece was to sit on the bench and rest my feet, because I had no idea that it was part of the park. I then saw some classmates taking notes and fiqured that this would be a very popular piece of art that many are going to write about, myself included.

Roy McMakin was born in Lander, Wyoming in 1956 and is currently living in Seattle, Washington. He went to college at the University of California in San Diego as well as the Portland Museum of Art School in Portland, Oregon. Most of his work consists of furniture and most of it is untitled such as the piece that I am writing about right now. While researching him, I saw many of his other pieces of art, much better pieces of art. I realized that he had another piece of art at the sculpture park that I did not see up close but from afar was the rotating & sign down by the water. It was called Love & Loss: an Outdoor Sculpture and a much better piece, I thought.

I never made it back to the Sculpture Park to look at it again nor did I have any desire to, but I did take a picture of it on my cell phone. I have looked at it many times and my dislike for it has not changed. I often wonder if Roy McMakin should have been a carpenter or a designer of furniture for Enchanted Forest or Disneyland and maybe then could I understand his work a little bit better. And maybe I am being to harsh and inconsiderate. I mean, who am I to criticize other people's way of thinking and other people's inner self-expression. However, this is just my opinion and a further conquest into critical thinking.

Midterm #2

1.) Axe commercial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--L96OuSW8g

2.) Force Extenze - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwFyuOgJtWM

The first commercial, I think demonstrates the Bandwagon argument. A guy is taking a shower, rubbing himself with axe bodywash, only to fall through the floor and start dancing naked in front of a bunch of women. How likely is that going to happen by using Axe bodywash?

The second commercial was meant to have two different meanings. It sounds like you're buying a lite saver when in actuality, your buying a male enhancement pill and the fact that they use Yoda as the voice, now that's funny. I think they are using the Allness and Oversimplification fallacies on this commercial. Male enhancement has never been proven and they are unable to prove that on national television, but they hope that their are a lot of men that have this problem and will do anything to get it, such as purchase their product.

final
By the end of the quarter: I want to have finished building a dollhouse.

Weeks 1 & 2: I came up with the idea and decided to finish a dollhouse that I started years earlier, however an important piece is missing, so I will need to start all over.

Week 3: I ordered a dollhouse kit online.

Week 4: Awaiting the arrival of the dollhouse kit. If I get it this week, I will check the contents and start building.

Week 5: The instructions say that it should take me approximately 8 hours to complete the dollhouse. If I start this week and work on it for 2 hours a week, I should be done in four weeks.

Week 6: I have received my shipment and am ready to view the contents and start the assemblage process.

Week 7: Progress is slow and I am not as far along as I had hoped to be at this time, but I am pretty confident that I will succeed at my goal in the next couple of weeks.

Week 8: I am taking pictures of my progress from beginning to end. By week 9, I plan to almost have my dollhouse completed.

Weeks 9 &10: Complete finishing touches. Paint the outside, put together the furnishings and glue the shingles on top of the roof.

reflective assessment
This class was pretty informative, however, I have already spent many hours attending different colleges before this one. This class feels more like it was for newer, younger students that had never attended college before. General education is required in every major, so I had to take it. There was no getting out of it. I did finish my dollhouse, though. Something that I probably would have not done if it weren't for this class. Thank you, Mr. Arnston for being an amusing and delightful teacher. You made it a lot easier to stay awake.

title: User:Tracivannorman


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User talk:Tracivannorman

Hi, Traci--could you go back & sign in again at the student union, using four tildes (~) instead of four apostrophes () when you sign? Good to see you on the wiki! Stevenarntson 03:44, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tracivannorman


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Rîb pattern

Link to any subpages this page might have

Initially, this sounds like a hoity toity obscure method of saying that there is a pattern that exists in prophetic work. That God uses patterns and that the listeners of the prophets understood this. So, a key part of identifying a true prophet is investigating the pattern of the words he/she speaks. In other words, if a prophet sounded like a divine lawyer calling down God's wrath then you ought to listen. Furthermore, if it was a court then a record ought to be kept. "I see a rîb pattern in this text." Is a short way of saying a very complex concept.

title: Rîb pattern


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User:Sammimoore

bio
My name is Samantha, but I go by Sammi. I am currently a student at the Art Institute of Seattle pursuing a degree in Media Arts and Animation. I have a great interest in the Japanese culture, and I hope to someday travel to Japan. One of my favorite things to do in my spare time is dance. I've been involved in ballet, tap, kick-line, jazz, east and west coast swing, hip-hop, and lyrical. My favorite is tap though. I wish I could be a professional tap dancer, but there's not that big of a demand for them anymore. Other than that I would love to work for a company like Funimation or Square Enix. :)

midterm
The sculpture I found to be the least attractive was called "Typewriter Eraser", by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. I started out thinking of the artists as not talented, because the piece looked like a huge wheel with wires coming out of it. I don't see how they could have called that a piece of art. I did see a lot of sculptures I did like in the park, so they weren't all ugly. As I searched for other pieces by these artists, I did find some sculptures by them that I did like. My favorite was "Apple", and it's a simple apple core. Many of their sculptures look like some sort of dessert, which I personally think is cool. Oldenburg was born in Sweden into the pop art generation. He attempts to go beneath the surface of everyday objects. He often uses a technique called metamorphosis, which is where he transforms one thing into another, like the "Typewriter Eraser". He uses humor in his art, even though I can't see it myself. Bruggen is not only a sculpture but also an art historian; she was born in Italy and died at sixty-six from breast cancer. I have gained a greater amount of respect for the artists, but not for the "Typewriter Eraser". It's still ugly, and I'd be lying to myself if I tried to convince myself to like it. I thought it was ugly when I saw it the first time, and it didn't get any nicer looking the second time. However, even though I still think of it as ugly, I have gained a greater amount of respect for it after thinking about the metamorphosis idea. I think the artists were bird-lovers. I thought is was very kind of them to make "Typewriter Eraser" an upscale home for pigeons.

final
By the end of this quarter, I want to be able to improve my Japanese. The research component of this goal is to refer to the Japanese textbook I used in high school, along with a dictionary I picked up along the way. week 2: review hiragana and katakana week 3: ten "i" adjectives, five kanji week 4: 10 "na" adjectives, five kanji week 5: counters week 6: particles week 7: nouns and simple sentences in normal situations week 8: review and more about sentences

reflective assessment
The most helpful things I learned in this class were recognizing logical fallacies and setting goals that are reachable. I appreciated the fact that we were shown sources on the internet introducing Seattle to those of us who were not familiar to it. I frequently go back and use the MLA machine, along with other helpful sites that were added for students. I enjoyed listening to the goal presentations of other students at the end, because many inspired me to want to do what they did. I also like the fact that this class turns in assignments online. It's more convenient, and it's making good use of the technology that is available to our generations. When I first began this class I was unsure of how it would benefit me. Looking back, I am actually very glad that I took this class because I have learned so much. Another thing that I learned from was our discussion in class about learning and how school isn't the only place people can learn things. Discussions such as these benefited me a lot now that I look back. I even consciously think about logical fallacies in my everyday life now! =^_^=

title: User:Sammimoore


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User:Riddler

You can see my page in Arabic Wikipedia here My User Page

title: User:Riddler


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User:Inhol24/Intersektionalitet och Etnicitet

Av Ingela Holmström

Några ord om intersektionalitetsbegreppet
Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre skriver i Organisering och intersektionalitet (2007) att en av de första som formulerade begreppet intersektionalitet var juridikprofessorn Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw. Crenshaw betonade dock att intersektionalitet inte är en ny teori utan är en modell som underlättar ett bredare "seende".

Det var i början av 1980-talet som det riktades kritik mot feminister i USA för att de studerade kön enbart utifrån sitt eget perspektiv (den vita medelklassens) och att de inte förstod andra kvinnors situation. Även i Sverige var det så att den vita medelklassens kvinnor hade privilegiet att definiera problem som antogs gälla alla kvinnor, och detta ledde till att utrikesfödda kvinnor blev en osynlig grupp, som man inte mer utforskade eller tog hänsyn till i samhällsdebatten, menar Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre. För att ytterligare förklara begreppet intersektionalitet skriver de att man kan tänka sig ett prisma som en metafor för begreppet. Då en ljusstråle träffar ett prisma kan den brytas upp i en mängd olika frekvenser och visa många olika färger som vi annars inte kan se. De menar att "prismat hjälper oss att se en annan värld än den vi tar för given." (s. 181) För mig var användningen av denna metafor något som gjorde begreppet mycket mer lättförståeligt och gripbart.

Intersektionalitetsperspektivet har sitt ursprung i olika akademiska discipliner och forskningstraditioner men har också formulerats för att kunna hantera föränderliga, skiftande och mångfacetterade sociala relationer skriver Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre vidare och de menar att om man använder sig av intersektionalitet som ett analytiskt begrepp, så får det en mängd konsekvenser. En av konsekvenserna är att forskaren måste kunna hantera och växla mellan flera olika perspektiv och förklaringsmodeller samtidigt och han/hon måste utveckla en viss distans till hur händelser kan förklaras. Paulina de los Reyes skriver i "Intersektionella perspektiv på etniska relationer" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, red. Peterson och Hjerm, 2007) att "En viktig utgångspunkt i intersektionella analyser är att kön (liksom klass, etnicitet och sexualitet) aldrig uppträder som en renodlad relation, utan den samspelar och förvandlas av andra maktrelationer" (s. 46). Enligt de los Reyes ifrågasätter intersektionalitet om könsrelationerna är viktigare och går före alla andra maktrelationer. Begreppet har enligt henne ända från början använts i diskussioner kring maktförhållanden som baseras på kön, klass och etnicitet. Hon skriver dock att det här i Norden först är under de senaste åren som det intersektionella perspektivet blivit föremål för en akademisk debatt.

Makt och förtryck är två centrala begrepp inom studier av intersektionalitet skriver Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre och de menar att kvinnor som grupp ofta ses som underordnade män som grupp. Om man ser männen som norm så blir de också betraktade som mer normala och hamnar då högre upp i samhällsordningen än kvinnor. Ett exempel på detta är att i början av 1990-talet så var bara 3 % av styrelseledamöterna i olika företag kvinnor. Men Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre berättar också som kontrast till detta tänkande att psykologen Janet Shibley Hyde i en studie från 1974 kunde visa att män och kvinnor egentligen är mycket lika varandra. Shibley Hyde undersökte nämligen 2 000 olika områden och kom fram till att i 1 996 av dessa fanns inga könsskillnader! Så för att förklara varför det t.ex. i vissa företag i USA i högsta ledningen bara finns män och vissa kvinnor medan det inom produktionen bara finns färgade kvinnor, så räcker det inte med att bara titta på kön. Man måste också ta hänsyn till klass, etnicitet och hudfärg. Det är där intersektionalitet kommer in.

Intersektionalitet sätter inte någon kategori framför någon annan utan man antar att de olika kategorierna samverkar och att de skapar konstruktioner som liknar varandra, samtidigt som de är avgränsade från varandra. Man kan därför få mer nyanserade studier av hur människor påverkas av olika kategorier genom att titta på hur de samverkar menar Eriksson-Zetterquist och Styhre.

Etnicitet
Vad begreppet etnicitet står för, kan vi själva genom vår vardagsförståelse bilda oss en ganska klar uppfattning om, skriver Peterson och Ålund i "Etniciteter: Ras, kön, klass, identitet och kultur" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, red. Peterson och Hjerm, 2007). Men begreppet används på många olika sätt och betecknar olika fenomen som tillhörighet, tradition, religion och identitet och det är ett laddat ideologiskt och politiskt begrepp som "bär med sig förtryckande synsätt [...] som leder till marginalisering, exkludering och sociala ojämlikheter." (s. 22) Författarna menar att etnicitet därmed inte är något oskyldigt begrepp.

Var kommer då termen etnicitet ifrån? Peterson och Ålund skriver att det är en term som kan härledas från det gamla grekiska ordet "Ethnicos" som under antiken betecknade människor som stod utanför samhället eller som var kulturella främlingar. Fortfarande idag kopplar vi etnicitet till grupper som har minoritetsstatus, som hör till lägre klass, är migranter eller som upplevs som kulturellt främmande menar de. I det mångetniska samhället har etnicitet kommit att i ökande grad omfatta sociala och kulturella relationer mellan majoritet och minoritet men också i reglering av kulturpluralism.

Paulina de los Reyes menar i "Intersektionella perspektiv på etniska relationer" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, se ovan) att etniska identiteter får mål och innehåll först i mötet med andra grupper och att skiljelinjer mellan etniciteter inte är fixerade eller absoluta, utan att de hålls vid liv genom ständiga markeringar om vilka som tillhör gemenskapen och vilka som ska hållas utanför. Vad som gör en grupp unik är egenskaper som identitet, gemensam kultur och historia och gemensamma traditioner. Dessa egenskaper antas skapa en sammanhållning inom gruppen i relation till andra grupper skriver hon. Även Peterson och Ålund visar på detta i "Ungdomar och identitet" (i samma bok som ovan), då de skriver att de har sett att frågor kring etnicitet ständigt är närvarande i förortsinvånares vardagsliv, men att det här handlar om "nya etniciteter" som kommit till genom en sammansmältning av den svenska etniska kulturen med andra kulturer. Dessa nya etniciteter förnekade inte etniska skillnader utan de "omdefinierade, omvandlade och överskred istället rådande etniska diskurser och praktiker för att artikulera nya kollektiva identiteter som bättre svarade mot deras vardagslivs erfarenheter i en svensk multikulturell miljö". Peterson och Ålund menar att en individs identitet skapas tillsammans med andra i olika gruppgemenskaper där olika kulturella element blandas och skapar blandidentiteter. De menar vidare att det främst är unga, utanförställda svenskar som hör till dessa nya etniciteter, men att det positivt nog snarare är en fråga om en förbindelse än en åtskillnad som dessa etniciteter uttrycker. Unga människor söker en värld där kulturella olikheter inkluderas och mänskliga rättigheter erkänns skriver de.

"Ras" och rasism

Den svarte sociologen W.E.B. Du Bois förespådde redan i början av 1900-talet att ras skulle bli det största problemet under det kommande århundradet skriver Peterson och Ålund i "Etniciteter: Ras, kön, klass, identitet och kultur" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, red. Peterson och Hjerm, 2007). Det var också enligt dem Du Bois som grundade en sociologi om ras och rasrelationer. Du Bois skrev bland annat om ett existentiellt dilemma som svarta amerikaner levde med och om svarta och vitas olika positioner som ledde till olika psykologiska former av medvetande. Samtidigt som Du Bois skrev om svarta amerikaners existentiella dilemma så anlitades Gunnar Myrdal 1938 av en amerikansk stiftelse (Carnegie Corporation), för att studera den svarta befolkningens situation. Myrdal skrev i denna studie om det moraliska dilemma som vita amerikaner levde med, då hans slutsats i studien var att de svartas problem (av honom kallat "Negroproblemet") egentligen var just den vite mannens problem. Fortfarande idag citeras Myrdals verk ofta i undersökningar av rasrelationer i USA skriver Peterson och Ålund.

Under 1800-talet blidades en slags "rasteori" som ofta kallats för "vetenskaplig rasism" (på engelska - eller rasbiologi på svenska). Denna teori menade att man kunde definiera olika raser biologiskt efter t.ex. fenotypiska kännetecken (existerande eller påstådda), eller intellektuell och moralisk över- eller underlägsenhet. I denna "rasteori" utformades en hierarki i vilken den "ariska rasen" definierades som den högsta och mest överlägsna medan t.ex. judarna hamnade längst ned skriver Nora Räthzel i "Teorier om rasism" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, se ovan) och hon berättar vidare att begreppet rasism kom in i det engelska språket genom en översättning av Magnus Hirschbergs tyska bok Rassismus 1938. I boken förkastar Hirschberg den vetenskapliga rasismen, något som forskare under 1950- och 1960-talen också senare gjorde med hjälp av vetenskapliga bevis. Under senare år har även genetiker förkastat den berättar Räthzel. I Sverige fick den s.k. "rashygienismen" snabbt fäste under 1930-talet, skriver de los Reyes, Molina och Mulinari i Maktens (o)lika förklädnader (2006/2003) och i och med inrättandet av det berömda Rashygieniska institutet i Uppsala så blev Sverige ledande då det gällde att akademiskt förankra och utveckla rashygienismen. Detta medförde enligt de los Reyes, Molina och Mulinari att den koloniala mentaliteten finns även i Sverige, trots att vi inte haft kolonier som Storbritannien och Nederländerna.

Enligt Balibar (1988), som Räthzel refererar, så finns det tre former av rasism: antisemitismen, kolonialismen och rasismen mot den svarta befolkningen i USA. Enligt henne konstaterar Balibar att rasismen "erbjuder en konstruktion av en ren ras för konstruktionen av nationen" (s. 68) och att detta leder till en motsägelse mellan rasism och nationalism eftersom rasismen strävar efter en "ren medlem" av nationen - men dessa krav lever inte ens alla medlemmar av majoriteten upp till.

Räthzel skriver också att det idag finns nyare former av rasism, nämligen "Kulturell rasism" och "Differentiell rasism". Ett exempel på detta är att den nya högern menar att människor som tillhör olika kulturer måste stanna på de platser de hör hemma för annars kan inte den kulturella mångfalden bevaras. En kultur, som t.ex. den franska har lika stor rätt att finnas till och bevaras som andra och om andra kulturer etablerar sig i landet så är den franska ursprungliga kulturen hotad.

Genus och etnicitet

I de flesta västeuropeiska länder idag har den traditionella arbetsfördelningen i hemmet försvagats, skriver Diana Mulinari i "Familjer över gränser" (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, red. Peterson och Hjerm, 2007). Man har börjat betrakta familjen som institution på andra sätt från 1960-talet och framåt, då strukturfunktionalismen kritiserades, skriver hon. I sin text vill Mulinari analysera hur familjen görs bland grupper som konstruerats som perifera och hon berättar att familjerelationer har kommit att få andra kulturella betydelser i och med migrationsprocesser. Familjerelationerna påverkas t.ex. av nya teknologier, förändringar i arbetets organisering och av arbetsvillkor. Ett område där könskulturen däremot inte har förändrats i och med migrationsprocessen är det som handlar om omsorg. Fortfarande förväntas kvinnor vara de som tar hand om t.ex. gamla och sjuka skriver Mulinari, och i västerlandet har det ofta skapats bilder av att "andra kulturer" respekterar äldre människor mer, och tar bättre hand om dem, men man glömmer då lätt bort att det inte är alla som i det nya landet får möjlighet att ta del av välfärdssystemet där. Många gånger har man hävdat att "invandrarfamiljer" själva vill ta hand om omsorgen för sina barn och gamla och därigenom har man försökt att legitimera demonteringen av välfärden.

I Sverige finns en föreställning om att invandrade kvinnor är offer för patriarkala värderingar som finns i deras hemländer. Man förlägger patriarkatet i en annan kultur och tänker att könsmaktsordningen hör till platser utanför Sverige, skriver de los Reyes, Molina och Mulinari i Maktens (o)lika förklädnader (2006/2003), men detta leder bara till att brott mot invandrade kvinnor kan upprepas igen och igen eftersom tankesättet blir en slags täckmantel för rasistiska och patriarkala strukturer i Sverige. Invandrade kvinnor är utsatta för ett "dubbelt förtryck" i och med att förtrycket kommer från både den egna gruppen och från majoritetssamhället. De s.k. hedersmorden i Sverige är ett exempel på detta, skriver de. Hursomhelst så finns det mycket som tyder på att den manliga dominansen försvagats som en följd av att man inkluderas i en välfärdsstat, men samtidigt kan migration, institutionell rasism och demontering av välfärdsstaten också göra att patriarkala mönster istället förstärks inom vissa familjer skriver Mulinari (i "Familjer över gränser").

Kvinnocenter finns överallt i Sverige, men om man söker efter dem, t.ex. på kommunernas hemsidor, så hittar man inte en enda, skriver Helene Thomsson i "Feministiskt integrationsarbete - eller vem ska definiera vems behov?" (i Maktens (o)lika förklädnader, red. de los Reyes, Molina och Mulinari, 2006/2003). Hon berättar också att om man ringer runt till informationsavdelningar och kommunkontor så vet de heller ingenting om sådana verksamheter. Det är alltså svårt att hitta kvinnocentren, trots att de är så vanliga! Det typiska kvinnocentret är enligt Thomsson mellanstort med ungefär 20-25 besökare om dagen, ligger i södra Sverige och drivs som ett tidsbegränsat projekt. På centren möts kvinnor med invandrarbakgrund för att framför allt sy. Undervisning i svenska och caféverksamhet brukar också finnas. De flesta besökarna kommer dit frivilligt, för att de vill ha något att göra, men några är hänvisade dit för t.ex. praktik eller för arbetsmarknadsunderstött arbete. Det mest positiva med kvinnocentren uppger Thomsson att många på kvinnocentren själva säger är att de där får vara utan män en stund och i och med detta kanske kan bygga upp en styrka som de kan ta med sig därifrån. Ett argument för att det behövs särskilda kvinnoverksamheter är att kvinnor är uteslutna från så många andra sammanhang, skriver Thomsson. Män har ofta helt andra resurser omkring sig än vad kvinnor har, men ändå upplever kvinnocentren att de måste "ligga lågt" - de skulle kunna nå mycket längre än idag om de i sin verksamhet kunde föra diskussioner kring uteslutning, makt, resurser, klassuppdelningar och liknande. De skulle kunna åstadkomma förändring för de kvinnor som kommer dit menar Thomsson, istället för att bara vara en plats kvinnorna går till "för att ha något att göra", eller "för att komma bort".

Med tanke på detta är det mycket som har förändrats, för de los Reyes skriver i "Det problematiska systerskapet. Om svenskhet och invandrarskap inom svensk genushistorisk forskning" (i Maktens (o)lika förklädnader, se ovan)) att majoriteten av alla nyinflyttade under åren 1945-1955 var ogifta kvinnor i arbetsför ålder, som kom till Sverige eftersom efterfrågan här var stor på kvinnors arbetskraft, mycket beroende på att husligt arbete hade blivit mindre intressant för svenska kvinnor. Men de los Reyes skriver vidare att något förändrades under 1970-talet, då man istället började se på kvinnor som osjälvständiga, förtryckta och isolerade. Detta kan dock enligt henne förklaras med att det nu inte längre handlade om arbetskraftsinvandring, utan om en omfattande flyktingström. Att förhållandena för arbetskraftsinvandrare och flyktinginvandrare skiljer sig mycket åt kan vi förstå då vi läser "Etnicitetsforskningens vägar" av Mikael Hjerm (i Etnicitet, Perspektiv på samhället, red. Peterson och Hjerm, 2007). Han skriver där att invandringen startar en process hos människan där han/hon måste skaffa sig nya språkkunskaper, samhällskunskaper, uppdatera sin yrkeskompetens, bygga upp materiell standard, skapa ett nytt socialt nätverk och så vidare. Arbetskraftsinvandrare har däri en stor fördel jämfört med flyktinginvandrare menar han. Hjerm skriver också att studier har visat att barn till arbetskraftsinvandrare på det stora hela klarar sig lika bra som barn till svenskfödda föräldrar, men om man tittar på barn till flyktinginvandrare så är skillnaderna större och oroväckande.

I "Maskulinitet och kamp om nationella arenor - reflektioner kring bilden av "invandrarkillar" i svensk media" av Anna Bredström (i Maktens (o)lika förklädnader, se ovan) ligger fokus på synen på invandrarkillar. Bredström berättar att hon en morgon sett ett TV-program som debatterade våldtäkt och kultur. Hon reagerade på att hela inslaget vilade på föreställningar om "oss" och "dem" eftersom panelen i debatten bestod av en ung invandrarkille och invandrartjej, samt en ung svensk tjej som alla tillfrågades om sina åsikter kring olika saker. Den svenska tjejen fick berätta hur hon upplevde att hon blev behandlad av invandrarkillar och killen fick svara på frågan hur han skulle agera för att folk inte ska tro att han är en våldtäktsman (!). Bredström går vidare i sin beskrivning och berättar om en våldtäkt i Rissne och hur olika den uppfattades utifrån vilka man trodde att var förövarna. Från början visste man inget mer om dem än att de var "pojkar". Utifrån detta talades det i media om att de saknade respekt och förståelse för andra människor, att de kanske hade dålig självkänsla, negativ kvinnosyn, att de fallit offer för grupptryck, saknade empati och så vidare. När man sedan fick veta att det rörde sig om invandrarkillar tog debatten en ny vändning. Nu handlade det istället om struliga pojkar som hade osäker hemmiljö, familjetrassel med kanske skilda föräldrar och man hänvisade till pojkarnas annorlunda etniska tillhörighet och deras "kulturella arv" som medförde en "nedlåtande kvinnosyn och hederstankar". Bredström berättar också att beskrivningen av pojkarna knappt mötte något motstånd alls i den offentliga debatten, inte förrän Sverigedemokraterna utnyttjade tillfället och startade en kampanj "mot invandringen". Då ifrågasattes beteendet, men samtidigt varnar man ändå för att händelsen kunde bidra till ökad rasism.

I en rapport om ungdomsbrottslighet så konstaterar BRÅ att "utlandsfödda ungdomar" är kraftigt överrepresenterade i statistiken, även om de flesta förövarna fortfarande är svenskar. Bredström menar att detta ju inte är konstigt eftersom majoriteten av människorna i Sverige är svenskar. Det handlar mycket om hur man ser på fakta och hur man presenterar dem. Fortfarande idag målas det dock upp en bild av Sverige som "jämställdhetens paradis" och "invandrare" blir symboler för det som man inte anser att svenskar är. "Svenskar" anses vara moderna och normala och "svenska män" betraktas som "Icke förtryckande", skriver Bredström. Vad vi än diskuterar så tycks patriarkatet hursomhelst hamna någon annanstans än just hos "den svenska medelklassen".

I "Identity Work and Transnational Adoption: Discursive Representations of the ´Adoptive-Parent-To-Be´ in the Satellite Text of a Danish TV Documentary Series" (i Identity Trouble, Critical Discourse and Contested Identities, red. Caldas-Coulthard och Iedema, 2007) skriver Pirkko Raudaskokski och Paul McIlvenny också om hur media kan vinkla utsagor, samtal och skeenden så att det passar in i det program det presenteras i. I studien följde de några människor som försökte få adoptera, som dansk TV gjorde en serie om. I studien kan vi se hur en av informanterna berättar att hon är orolig för om hennes tidigare besök hos psykolog ska ligga henne till last i adoptionsprocessen, en psykolog som hon uppsökt pga. depression efter en operation där hennes äggstockar skadats så att hon inte kan få barn. Detta uttalande vändes och vinklades, tog ur sitt sammanhang och visades både i TV och som text på en webbsida som hörde till programmet. Det hela slutade för denna kvinna med beskedet att hon inte fick adoptera. För henne hade uttalandet varit kort och "i förbifarten", medan det förstorats upp mycket i media. Hur skulle adoptionsprocessen ha slutat om media inte lagt så mycket fokus på detta?

Referenser
de los Reyes, Paulina, Molina, Irene & Mulinari, Diana red. (2006/2003): ''Maktens (o)lika förklädnader. Kön, klass & etnicitet i det postkoloniala Sverige''. Stockholm: Atlas. 336 s. ca 150 s.

Eriksson-Zetterquist, Ulla & Styhre, Alexander (2007): Organisering och intersektionalitet. Stockholm: Liber. 206 s. Kapitel 2 & 7. ca 40 s.

Iedema, Rick & Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen Roas red. (2007): Identity Trouble. Palgrave Macmillan. 295 s. Part 1. 200 s. 3

Peterson, Abby & Hjerm, Mikael red. (2007): ''Etnicitet. Perspektiv på samhället''. Gleerups. Kapitel 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13. ca 65 s.

Kommentarer
Här kan du skriva in de kommentarer eller tankar du har kring min text ovan.


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Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Choosing articles

The first group of articles should probably be the major candidates, but any article of interest can be added (even the article on Arugula saw activity after a minor news event: see w:Talk:Eruca_sativa). There's no need to use any sort of process to determine notability in the early stages, though a "final draft" might need to select only the most notable articles.


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations

 * Austria
 * Belgium
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Estonia
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Hungary
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Luxembourg
 * Malta
 * Netherlands
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * United Kingdom


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Austria

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Angehorige Austria
 * Epilepsy Epilepsie Dachverband Österreich (EDÖ)
 * Parkinsons Parkinson Selbsthilfeverein Oberosterreich
 * Mental Health Pro Mente Oesterreich Austrian Federation for Mental Health


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Belgium

 * Alzheimer's Ligue Alzheimer
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Belgische [Parkinson Vereniging]
 * Mental Health Federation des Institutions Hospitalières de Wallonie FIH-W, Verbond der Verzorgingsinstellingen, SMES-Europa aisbl, Vlaamse Vereniging voor Geestelijke Gezondheid (VVGG)


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Bulgaria

 * Alzheimer's Compassion Alzheimer Bulgaria [mailto:compassion.alz@abv.bg compassion.alz@abv.bg]
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients The Bulgarian Association for Patient's Rights Defense and Index Foundation


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Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Manual of style for top pages

The "top pages" (that address a particular article) should have a consistent style and flow, in order to produce the most readable results. Substituted templates can be used to create a basic structure that can then be filled in and expanded upon.

Graphics
Most pages should have an infobox (Template:Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections-ibox), including:
 * 1) when the article was first created
 * 2) when the subject of the article first became notable in the context of the election
 * 3) a photo, if available and appropriate
 * 4) timeline graphic marking the period(s) when the subject of the article was notable
 * 5) total number of article and talk page edits from the beginning of the election until the inauguration
 * 6) how many times was the article protected, brought up on a noticeboard, AfDed, etc.

A more detailed timeline would also be good with edits by day, week, or month, sorted by:
 * 1) anon, user, and sysop
 * 2) content edits, minor edits (copyedits and so on), reverted edits, vandal edits, reverted vandal edits
 * 3) mark major campaign events on the timeline to see if there is any correlation between number of edits and news events

Basic questions

 * 1) was the article started as a stub? if so, how long did it take to lose the stub tag?
 * 2) did wikipedia have an article on the subject before the election? if so, compare the article before and after
 * 3) were daughter articles created? if so, when? were all of the daughter articles kept?
 * 4) what was the relationship between talk page edits and article edits?
 * 5) were there edit wars? if so, what were they about, and did they coincide with campaign events?
 * 6) was the article protected or placed under probation? if so, why and for how long?
 * 7) did the campaigns themselves edit the articles?
 * 8) was the article itself ever in the news?


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Croatia

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Disease Societies Croatia
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Cyprus

 * Alzheimer's Pancyprian Association of Alzheimer's Disease [mailto:alzhcyprus@yahoo.com alzhcyprus@yahoo.com]
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Cyprus Parkinson Disease Association (CPDA)
 * General Patients Czech Association of Patients [mailto:mrazek@pacienti.cz mrazek@pacienti.cz]
 * Mental Health [mailto:agftmi@cytanet.com.cy Advocacy Group for the Mentally - Ill KINISI PROASPISIS DIKEOMATON PSYCHIK (KY.PRO.DI.PS.A)]


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Czech Republic

 * Česká alzheimerovská společnost
 * Parkinsons Parkinson's Disease Society
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health Czech Association for Mental Health (CAPZ), FOKUS


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Denmark

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimerforeningen
 * Epilepsy Dansk Epilepsiforening
 * Parkinsons Parkinson's Disease Society
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health SIND - Danish Association for Mental Health


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Estonia

 * Alzheimer's
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Estonian Patients Advocacy Association
 * Mental Health [mailto:lapsemure@hot.ee Estonian Mental Health Association]


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Finland

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Society of Finland
 * Epilepsy Epilepsialiitto
 * Parkinsons Finlands Parkinsonforbund
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health STAKES National Research and Development Centre of Welfare and Health, The Finnish Association for Mental Health


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/France

 * Alzheimer's France Alzheimer et Maladies Apparentées
 * Epilepsy AISPACE
 * Parkinsons Fédération Française des Groupements de Parkinsoniens and Association France Parkinson
 * General Patients Femmes pour toujours, l'Assistance publique des hopitaux de Paris and the CISS (Collectif inter associatif sur la santé).
 * Mental Health France Dépression, CEMEA - Direction Générale


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Germany

 * Alzheimer's Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschaft
 * Epilepsy Deutsche Epilepsie Vereinigung
 * Parkinsons Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung Bundesverband
 * General Patients Deutsche Gesellschaft für Versicherte und Patienten
 * Mental Health Bundeszentrale fuer Gesundheitliche Aufklaerung (BZgA), Dachverband Gemeindepsychiatrie e.V., Deutsche Gruppenpsychotherapeutische Gesellschaft (DGG)


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Greece

 * Alzheimer's Greek Association of AD and Related Disorders
 * Epilepsy Greek National Association against Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Consumers' Association of Kavala
 * Mental Health Association for the Psychosocial Health of Children and Adolescents (APHCA), [mailto:ekpsath@otenet.gr Society of Social Psychiatry and Mental Health]


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Hungary

 * Alzheimer's Hungarian Alzheimer Society
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (HCLU)


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Ireland

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Society of Ireland
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Parkinsons Association of Ireland
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health Mental Health Ireland


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Italy

 * Alzheimer's Federazione Alzheimer Italia
 * Epilepsy Associazione Italiana contro L'Epilessia (AICE)
 * Parkinsons Associazioni Italiana Parkinsoniani
 * General Patients Cittadinanzattiva
 * Mental Health [mailto:pipini@dada.it AISME]


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Latvia

 * Alzheimer's
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Latvian Umbrella Body for Disability Organisations SUSTENTO
 * Mental Health SKALBES


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Lithuania

 * Alzheimer's
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health [mailto:dona@vpsc.lt State Mental Health Centre]


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Luxembourg

 * Alzheimer's Association Luxembourg Alzheimer
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Association Luxembourgeoise de la Maladie de Parkinson
 * General Patients


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Malta

 * Alzheimer's Malta Dementia Society
 * Epilepsy Caritas Malta Epilepsy Association
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Malta Health Network


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Netherlands

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Nederland
 * Epilepsy EVN, Epilepsie Vereniging Nederland
 * Parkinsons Parkinson Patienten Vereniging
 * General Patients Netherlands Patient / Consumer Federation
 * Mental Health GGZ Nederland, RINO Noord-Holland, Stichting Pandora


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Poland

 * Alzheimer's Polish Alzheimer's Association
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Regional Parkinson's Disease Patients Association in Warsaw, Cracow Parkinson's Disease Association
 * General Patients Institute for Patients' Rights & Health Education
 * Mental Health [mailto:familyok@poczta.onet.pl Stowarzynszenie na Rzecz Zdrowia Psychicznego Dziecka i Rodziny (Polish Association for Child and Family Mental Health)], [mailto:ebobiatynska@post.pl Koalicja na Rzecz Zdrowia Psychicznego (Coalition for Mental Health)], Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii


text:
Template:Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections-ibox

Do not edit this template unless you know what you are doing.

usage


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Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Portugal

 * Alzheimer's Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer
 * Epilepsy Epi-Apfape (EPI)
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Romania

 * Alzheimer's Romanian Alzheimer Society
 * Epilepsy Epi Romania
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Sanhoep Romania
 * Mental Health Romanian League for Mental Health, ESTUAR


text:
Ethics/Nonkilling/Regional/Korea

 * This Course is based mainly on Professor Glenn D. Paige's (University of Hawaiʻi) paper Korean Leadership For Nonkilling East Asian Common Security prepared for the 50th Anniversary Conference of The Korean Association of International Studies (KAIS), “Global East Asia and the Future of Two Koreas,” Shilla Hotel, Seoul, May 12-13, 2006 [Revised April 29, 2007]. The Course is part of the Program on Nonkilling Leadership Development at the School of Nonkilling Studies.

Introduction
The concept “nonkilling” is not a customary term in political science but there are grounds for confidence that nonkilling human societies are possible and that political science and related disciplines can play a constructive role in bringing them about. This Course suggests that Korean scholars and leaders have a unique opportunity to explore the implications of nonkilling security theory for the future well-being of the united Korean people and for Korea’s transforming leadership contribution to Nonkilling East Asian Common Security1 and a nonkilling world.

Theoretical base
The theoretical basis for nonkilling security theory is set forth in Nonkilling Global Political Science (2002) 2. Its thesis is that human beings can stop killing each other from homicide to war. There are at least seven grounds for confidence: (1) most humans past and present do not kill, (2) nonkilling religious and humanist teachings evidence transformative nonkilling spiritual power, (3) advances in bio-neurological and other sciences offer means for liberation from lethality, (4) institutions needed for nonkilling societies already have been demonstrated in human experience, (5) public policies such as abolition of the death penalty, and abolition of armies evidence capacity for change, (6) nonkilling elements can be found in the history and cultures of every people, and (7) courageous lives of individuals and groups committed to nonkilling principles demonstrate leadership capabilities for bringing about nonkilling social change.

The thesis that nonkilling societies are possible has two essential features. It is measurable and open-ended, at once finite and infinite. The killed can be counted, and nonkilling social conditions are open to infinite human creativity. Killing is absent and what is present varies in context with values and ingenuity. One way to summarize the concept of nonkilling and its social implications is the following:

Principles of Nonkilling Security Analysis

 * 1. Since lethal ingenuity overcomes every form of defense, the only sure security from homicide to war is to seek absence of the will to kill.

The history of warfare shows the relentless advance of offensive capabilities over all forms of defense. This is illustrated by contemporary efforts to develop capabilities to penetrate missile defense systems and by development of cyber warfare capabilities to overcome defenses of command and control information systems.4

 * 2. Whereas lethality seeks deterrent security by creating fear through credible readiness to kill, nonkilling security rests upon credible common commitment not to kill.

All parties to nonkilling common security work to make it absolutely credible to each other that they possess neither intent nor capabilities to kill. Nuclear weapons states have sought security by seeking to make it absolutely credible that they will employ their genocidal weapons even if it brings retaliatory annihilation akin to suicidal self-destruction. But fear of overwhelming lethal force fails to deter asymmetrical attacks upon them. And fearful mutual insecurity remains to haunt them because of human irrationality and the possibility of technological catastrophe.

 * 3. Since the pathologies of killing threaten physical, psychological, and economic well-being, nonkilling security measures must remove them.

One pathology is the “pathology of defense,”5 in which bodyguards kill their own heads of state, guns in homes kill more family members than intruders, and in which the world’s greatest military power is in fear of being attacked by weapons it has developed. A second source of pathology is the debilitating psychological effect upon society of the presence of traumatized killers,6 surviving victims of lethality, groups, and generations, nurturing feelings of hatred and revenge,7 or on the other hand celebrating self-subverting lethal triumphalism. A third pathology is economic. It has been powerfully explained by former general U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower:

An example of what has been termed a “colossal waste” of resources is the cost of the United States nuclear weapons program alone from 1940 to 1996 of 5.821 trillion dollars.9

The pathologies of reliance upon lethality for security are well summed up in a statement by General George Lee Butler, former commander of all U.S. nuclear war-fighting forces: “Nuclear weapons are inherently dangerous, hugely expensive, militarily inefficient, and morally indefensible.”10

 * 4. Transition to nonkilling security requires recognition of causes of killing in violation of human needs and participation of all concerned in processes of problem-solving to seek their satisfaction.

In a classic study, Deviance, Terrorism & War (1979)11 John Burton has argued that all violence from criminality to revolution, terrorism and war comes from the violation of universal human needs. He argues that these needs are the same for all parties in conflict, the rulers and the ruled, oppressors and the oppressed. He argues that neither coercion/punishment nor moral exhortation will suppress violence as long as participants whose needs are violated are not engaged in problem-solving processes to seek their satisfaction. Definitions of human needs vary. Burton cites nine.12 Among them are psychological, material, and physical needs for “recognition,” “distributive justice,” and “security.” In conversation he has stressed the importance of denial of need for recognition of “identity” as a factor in political violence.

Support for Burton’s thesis comes from political psychiatrist Jerrold Post’s conclusion that killing political terrorists will not stop terrorism: “One does not counter the vicious species of [terrorist] psychological warfare with smart bombs and missiles. One counters psychological warfare with psychological warfare.”13 Further support is found in advocacy by Heifetz and Linsky of broadly “adaptive” responses versus narrowly “technical” ones to threats. They point out that the initial response of the U.S. Government to the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 was “to reduce terrorism to a technical problem of security systems, military and police operations and criminal justice,” rather than as an adaptive challenge to solve problems related to the Crusade one thousand years ago.14

Similar non-technical creativity to abolish war has been advocated by General Douglas MacArthur, “We are in a new era. The old methods and solutions no longer suffice. We must have new thoughts, new ideas, new concepts….We must break out of the strait-jacket of the past.”15 From this perspective, the six-party talks on denuclearization of the Korean peninsula should be approached not only as a technical problem but as an opportunity for broadly adaptive, creative, participatory problem-solving processes to meet the needs of all.

 * 5. Transition to nonkilling common security requires research to identify and convert into socially useful forms those factors most conducive to transforming decisions by all parties concerned.

Research is needed to discover nonkilling spiritual forces in all faiths and philosophies (S1), nonkilling contributions from all sciences (S2), nonkilling skills in every vocation (S3), and nonkilling cultural contributions from songs and all the arts (S4). Research is needed on institutions (I) and resources (R) that can be adapted for nonkilling change. The results of findings must be combined (S4) and communicated through the media, education, and training to empower leaders (L) and citizens (C) with knowledge to assist them in achieving nonkilling security conditions (NKSC). These factors can be summed up as: S4 X IR(LC) = NKSC.

 * 6. Nonkilling security requires research to produce useful knowledge on the facts and causes of killing, the facts and causes of nonkilling, causes of transition from killing to nonkilling, and creative thought on conditions for completely killing-free societal and intersocietal relations.

Every case of killing from homicide to war requires causal understanding, just as is needed for cure of any disease. The reasons why people do not kill also must be understood. Furthermore knowledge is needed for every case in which individuals, groups, organizations, and governments renounce killing from individual actions to public policies. Why have 88 governments completely abolished the death penalty for all crimes?16

Finally beyond fact-based knowledge of the causes of killing, nonkilling, and transitions between them, creativity needs to be challenged to envision and evaluate conditions for completely killing-free societies.

Application to Nonkilling Northeast Asian Common Security
In order to achieve Northeast Asian Common security, the principles of nonkilling security analysis need to be applied to clarify the nonkilling capabilities of Korea (divided and unified), China, Japan, Russia, and the United States. For each of the now six societies in interaction we need to know their nonkilling characteristics, capabilities, and future prospects in the same way as we seek to understand their interacting capabilities for killing.

A suggestive guide for what Korea-centered nonkilling common security analysis could be like is provided in the annual series The Strategic Balance in Northeast Asia produced by the Korean Research Center for Strategy. In these reports, the global geopolitical security context and recent trends in six-party military doctrines, weaponry, points of conflict, and possibilities for security cooperation are reviewed. Analogously we need to know the nonkilling capabilities of all six parties and the possibilities for combining them in problem-solving processes that will produce sustainable nonkilling common security for all.

References to the concept of “cooperative security” in the 2005 Report suggest that there is a basis in present Northeast Asian security thinking for evolution toward nonkilling common security institutions and practices. Although impacted by the divisive legacy of the Cold War, and obstructed by national interest competition for military, economic, and political advantages, the idea is expressed that present experience with six-party governmental talks on North Korea’s nuclear weapons capability might be transformed into the region’s cooperative security consultative body.17 If a strategic paradigm shift occurs in thought and action from killing to nonkilling security, this could ultimately be expressed in the services of a Northeast Asian Nonkilling Common Security Council centered on Korea.

The Rationale for Korean Leadership
The rationale for Korean leadership for Northeast Asian nonkilling security transformation—and for its global significance—is based upon Korea’s unique knowledge over the past century of four of the world’s most dynamic and violent societies: Japan, the United States, Russia, and China. No other country has been so heavily impacted by all four.

In the 21st century Koreans, North and South, victims of external and internal killing, are faced with the choice of continuing the lethal legacy of the past in readiness to kill each other or of liberating themselves from it so as to become leaders of nonkilling social transformation in Northeast Asia and the world.

Colonized by imperialist Japan, divided by the United States and Russia, and devastated by War that brought American and Chinese intervention, Koreans understand well the languages and lethality of the four cultures that have impacted upon them. This knowledge is asymmetrical. Generally Koreans know more about Japan, the United States, Russia, and China than the interveners know about them.

If this knowledge is supplemented by discovery of Korea’s own nonkilling capabilities and by those of the four intervening powers—and if knowledge is power—then Korean determination to live in killing-free conditions for generations to come can be translated into leadership for Nonkilling Northeast Asian Common Security.

The Challenge of Nonkilling Discovery
Korean leadership for nonkilling security requires discovery of nonkilling capabilities in both Koreas, the three adjacent neighbors of China Japan and Russia, plus the distant but strategically intervening United States. To them may be added discovery of the transformational contributions of Mongolia. The tasks will require interdisciplinary research. In general East Asian cultural terms, starting points can be found in re-discovery of nonkilling aspects of Buddhism (peace within individuals), Confucianism (peace with others), and Taoism (peace with nature). To this can be added nonkilling Christianity and reverence for life to be found in Islam18 and other faiths and philosophies in the interacting societies.

Skepticism may be expected that significant elements of nonkilling capabilities can be found in all seven societies. Although personal experience is no substitute for systematic research, perhaps brief mention of some scholarly experiences will help to understand why I think that achievement of Korea-centered nonkilling security conditions in Northeast Asia is possible.

 * One Korea. Meeting with revered teacher Ham Suk Hon in Seoul and respected historian Pak Si Hyong in Pyongyang, I asked each if there were any roots of nonviolence in Korea’s cultural tradition. Both responded in exactly the same way. They referred to the peaceful nature of the Tan’gun 2333 B.C. Korean foundation story and emphasized that Koreans have never been aggressors against their neighbors. Every time I read the nonkilling principles of the March 1, 1919 Declaration of Independence I am filled with awe and admiration.

 * South Korea. The extraordinary tolerance of KAIS scholars to accept papers related to “Nonkilling Korea” at the KAIS 50th Korean War Anniversary Conference in 200019 and at this 2006 KAIS 50th Anniversary Conference is remarkable. The founding of the Korea Nonviolence Network is significant (www: nonviolence.or.kr).

A perennial question of interest to political scientists is how to define “politics.” When I asked the KASS president this question, he replied, “Politics means harmonizing the interests of all members of society on the basis of love and equality.” :
 * North Korea. In 1987 when I presented the pre-publication thesis of Nonkilling Global Political Science at the invitation of the Korean Association of Social Scientists (KASS), a professor of philosophy commented, “I am sure that if your vision is philosophically based and argued well in relation to human life and aspirations, then there will be the finest vision and the finest book in the world.”

 * Russia. In the Introduction to the Russian translation of Nonkilling Global Political Science, Professor William Smirnov, Vice-President of the Russian and International Political Science Associations, writes, “The basic ideas in this unique book can and should be accepted as the basis of common values for humanity in the 21st century as well as a program for their realization.”20 Earlier in 1982, invited by the Korean Section, Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences, a scholarly group said in discussion of the nonkilling thesis, “The goal of a scholar is to seek the truth. You are seeking the truth. We will follow you.” In Russia, the nonkilling legacy of Tolstoy endures to be rediscovered, re-evaluated, and adapted.

 * China. In 1982 it was remarkable to be invited to visit the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing by a scholarly revolutionary veteran of Yenan who was open to discuss nonviolent alternatives to violent revolution. In 1981 a Chinese scholar had written, “The view that one-sidedly advocates violent revolution without regard for time, place, and situation, and deprecates nonviolent revolution is wrong in theory and harmful in practice.”21 The ancient heritage of Mo Ti, critic of war and philosopher of universal love, invites attention. The implications of the Maoist definition that “politics is war without bloodshed” need to be explored. A senior political scientist has recommended that Nonkilling Global Political Science should be translated into Chinese.

 * Japan. The first invitation to write a paper on “Nonviolent Political Science” came from the Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University, directed by Professor Hiroharu Seki, in 1978. In subsequent inquiries into nonviolent aspects of Japanese tradition some surprising discoveries were made. “During the Heian period (794-1192), capital punishment was not practiced abolished for about three hundred and fifty years.”22 Principles of the nonviolent martial art Aikido (Way of Love/Harmony) founded by Morihei Ueshiba, former trainer of military killers, invite nonkilling security development.

 * United States. In research for Nonkilling Global Political Science it was surprising to discover an alternative nonkilling tradition in American history, including resistance to every war and for abolition of the death penalty.25 For example, provisions for the right of conscientious objection to killing in military service were included in the constitutions of twelve of the thirteen original colonies. During the Korean War some 22,500 Americans claimed conscientious objection to killing in Korea. The classic contributions of American political sociologist Gene Sharp to the theory and practice of nonviolent political power for democracy and defense can contribute to nonkilling innovation.26

 * Mongolia. In 1989, when other countries were not receptive to grant visas to all six parties, Mongolia welcomed in Ulaanbaatar an International Seminar on Buddhism and Leadership for Peace with participants from the two Koreas, China, Japan, Russia, and the United States.27 In 2005 Nonkilling Global Political Science was published in Mongolian. The translator in his Introduction approvingly quoted University of Hawai’i biography scholar Professor George Simson’s observation: “The greatest warriors of all time may now become the greatest nonkillers of all time.” As Dr. Su-Hoon Lee has noted, Mongolia should be included along with Russia in the “new spatial imagery” of “Northeast Asia.”28

Nonkilling East Asian Common Security Study Group
To create knowledge and to explore possibilities for Korean leadership to bring about a Nonkilling East Asian Common Security Community, a study group could be organized by Korean scholars with expert research capabilities to discover nonkilling potentials in all seven societies. A minimum startup study group could be seven scholars. The group could be doubled to include men and women scholars for each society to seek comprehensive understanding of nonkilling needs and capabilities. Expansion could follow according to interests and competences of contributors as well as problems to be solved. Naturally the core Korean study group would seek cooperative relations with similarly concerned scholars in China, Japan, Russia, the United States, and Mongolia. Parallel cooperation would be sought with scholars seeking Northeast Asian Economic Cooperation.29

An appropriate source of sponsorship and support would facilitate the study group’s service.

After a period of preliminary research, shared results, and consultation, one service of the study group would be to produce periodic reports on Korea-centered East Asian nonkilling common security conditions along the lines of the KRIS series The Strategic Balance in Northeast Asia. In this way nonkilling capabilities and prospects with appropriate translations could be brought to the awareness of leaders and citizens of all seven societies. A way would be shown for other regions to join in steady progress toward a killing-free world.

The common goal should be clear: No more killing in Korea, Northeast Asia, and the world.

title: Ethics/Nonkilling/Regional/Korea


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Slovakia

 * Alzheimer's Slovak Alzheimer's Society [mailto:nilunova@savba.sk nilunova@savba.sk]
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons
 * General Patients Association for Patients´ Rights
 * Mental Health Slovak League for Mental Health, INTEGRA


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Slovenia

 * Alzheimer's
 * Epilepsy Slovenian League against Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Parkinson's Disease Association of Slovenia
 * General Patients
 * Mental Health SENT, Slovenian Association for Mental Health OZARA Slovenija Nacianonaino Zdrruzenje Za Kakovost Zivljenja


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Spain

 * Alzheimer's Confederación Española de Familiares de Enfermos de Alzheimer
 * Epilepsy
 * Parkinsons Parkinson Espana
 * General Patients Foro Español de Pacientes
 * Mental Health Confederacion Espanola de Agrupaciones de Familiares Y Enfermos Mentales - FEAFES, Associacion Espanola de Neuropsiquiatria (AEN), Fundacion Mundo Bipolar, Fundacion intras


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/Sweden

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimerföreningen i Sverige
 * Epilepsy The Swedish Epilepsy Association
 * Parkinsons Svenska Parkinsonförbundet
 * General Patients Swedish Disability Federation
 * Mental Health Swedish National Association for Mental Health


text:
Neurosociety Media Centre/Patients Associations/United Kingdom

 * Alzheimer's Alzheimer Scotland - Action on Dementia, Alzheimer's Society
 * Epilepsy Epilepsy Action
 * Parkinsons Parkinson's Disease Scottish Resource, Parkinsons Disease Society of the United Kingdom
 * General Patients Patients Forum, Long Term Conditions Alliance, Neurological Alliance
 * Mental health Mind, InterMinds, PENUMBRA, The Northern Ireland Association for Mental Health, Glasgow Association for Mental Health


text:
Template:Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections-beta note

This page is a "beta version" with only a basic outline of what this page should look like. If you have ideas about what else we would want to know about an article and the process of creating articles, please add suggestions to Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Manual of style for top pages.


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Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Barack Obama

Article history
The Barack Obama article began on 18 March, 2004, created by an unregistered editor. The article was edited a total of 335 times during 2004.

In 2005, the article was edited 461 times.

In 2006, the article was edited   times.

In 2007, there were   edits.

In 2008, there were   edits.

In January, 2009, there were   edits.

Basic questions

 * 1) was the article started as a stub? if so, how long did it take to lose the stub tag?
 * 2) did wikipedia have an article on the subject before the election? if so, compare the article before and after
 * 3) were daughter articles created? if so, when? were all of the daughter articles kept?
 * 4) what was the relationship between talk page edits and article edits?
 * 5) were there edit wars? if so, what were they about, and did they coincide with campaign events?
 * 6) was the article protected or placed under probation? if so, why and for how long?
 * 7) did the campaigns themselves edit the articles?
 * 8) was the article itself ever in the news?

Timeline
Development needed for a timeline with edits by day, week, or month, sorted by:
 * 1) anon, user, and sysop
 * 2) content edits, minor edits (copyedits and so on), reverted edits, vandal edits, reverted vandal edits
 * 3) mark major campaign events on the timeline to see if there is any correlation between number of edits and news events


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Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Joe Biden

Basic questions

 * 1) was the article started as a stub? if so, how long did it take to lose the stub tag?
 * 2) did wikipedia have an article on the subject before the election? if so, compare the article before and after
 * 3) were daughter articles created? if so, when? were all of the daughter articles kept?
 * 4) what was the relationship between talk page edits and article edits?
 * 5) were there edit wars? if so, what were they about, and did they coincide with campaign events?
 * 6) was the article protected or placed under probation? if so, why and for how long?
 * 7) did the campaigns themselves edit the articles?
 * 8) was the article itself ever in the news?

Timeline
Development needed for a timeline with edits by day, week, or month, sorted by:
 * 1) anon, user, and sysop
 * 2) content edits, minor edits (copyedits and so on), reverted edits, vandal edits, reverted vandal edits
 * 3) mark major campaign events on the timeline to see if there is any correlation between number of edits and news events


text:
Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/John McCain

Basic questions

 * 1) was the article started as a stub? if so, how long did it take to lose the stub tag?
 * 2) did wikipedia have an article on the subject before the election? if so, compare the article before and after
 * 3) were daughter articles created? if so, when? were all of the daughter articles kept?
 * 4) what was the relationship between talk page edits and article edits?
 * 5) were there edit wars? if so, what were they about, and did they coincide with campaign events?
 * 6) was the article protected or placed under probation? if so, why and for how long?
 * 7) did the campaigns themselves edit the articles?
 * 8) was the article itself ever in the news?

Timeline
Development needed for a timeline with edits by day, week, or month, sorted by:
 * 1) anon, user, and sysop
 * 2) content edits, minor edits (copyedits and so on), reverted edits, vandal edits, reverted vandal edits
 * 3) mark major campaign events on the timeline to see if there is any correlation between number of edits and news events


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Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Sarah Palin

Article history
The Sarah Palin article began as a stub on 18 October, 2005, created by an unregistered editor. In November, 2005, it was greatly expanded and improved, primarily by one contributor, and lost the stub tag (Note: The image that appears on that diff is not the same file that was used in the original article). The article was edited a total of 86 times during 2005.

In 2006, the article was edited 157 times. Contributions included the addition of both text and a number of infoboxes.

In 2007, there were 197 edits, including a major expansion of references.

In 2008, there were 10,727 edits.

In January, 2009, there were 158 edits.

Talk page history
The talk page was created February 27, 2006, with a Wikiproject template. There were a total of 9 talk page edits in 2006, and 10 in 2007.

In 2008, there were a total of 86 edits before August 29 (the day John McCain announced her to be his choice for running mate). In total, there were 20,525 edits during 2008.

In January, 2009, there were 1,057 edits to the talk page.

Snapshots

 * First edit
 * 25th edit
 * 50th edit
 * 100th edit
 * 250th edit
 * 500th edit
 * 1,000th edit
 * 2,000th edit
 * 3,000th edit
 * 4,000th edit
 * 5,000th edit
 * 6,000th edit
 * 7,000th edit
 * 8,000th edit
 * 9,000th edit
 * 10,000th edit
 * 11,000th edit
 * 12,000th edit

 * November 4th, 2008

Editors

 * As of 5 February, 2009, there were nearly 2,000 contributors to the article (including bots and unregistered). More than half of these only made one edit. 101 editors (again, including bots and unregistered) made more than 20 edits, 18 made more than 100, 5 made more than 200, and one made over 900.

 * /Editor survey/ in progress.

Daughter articles
See Category:Sarah Palin

Basic questions

 * 1) was the article started as a stub? if so, how long did it take to lose the stub tag?
 * 2) did wikipedia have an article on the subject before the election? if so, compare the article before and after
 * 3) were daughter articles created? if so, when? were all of the daughter articles kept?
 * 4) what was the relationship between talk page edits and article edits?
 * 5) were there edit wars? if so, what were they about, and did they coincide with campaign events?
 * 6) was the article protected or placed under probation? if so, why and for how long?
 * 7) did the campaigns themselves edit the articles?
 * 8) was the article itself ever in the news?

Timeline
Development needed for a timeline with edits by day, week, or month, sorted by:
 * 1) anon, user, and sysop
 * 2) content edits, minor edits (copyedits and so on), reverted edits, vandal edits, reverted vandal edits
 * 3) mark major campaign events on the timeline to see if there is any correlation between number of edits and news events

External studies

 * http://infodisiac.com/blog/2008/09/sarah-palin/


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Java Platform, Enterprise Edition/Java EE Tutorial/An Introduction to Servlet

A Servlet is a Java class that runs in the Server machine on an HTTP request from client and creates an html as response to the client. Servlets are stored in a Servlet Container in the Web Server and are mapped to URLs, for which the servlet constructs response.

HTTP Requests
GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS and TRACE are the request methods defined by HTTP 1.1. Among these methods GET and POST are the most common. When a client tries to access a URL, he/she is actually sending a GET request to the server while a POST request is used to submit an HTML form.

Requirements for a Servlet

 * A Servlet responds to HTTP requests (like GET,POST,etc.). In order to respond to any of these requests a servlet class has to extend HttpServlet class and contain their corresponding metod which overrides the original method in the HttpServlet class. For example to respond to a GET request from the client, the source code of the servlet should have the following structure.

In the Servlet, instructions can be written to construct or write the html file to be send. It is explained in next chapter.

 * Compile the Servlet source file and place the class file(servlet) in the Servlet Container. Location of the Servlet container is corresponding the Server. For example in Apache Tomcat, the Servlet should be placed in "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\ApplicationName\WEB-INF\classes\" (Assuming that "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5" is the installed directory).

 * Set the classpath to the Servlet container.

 * Create(or update) the Deployment Descriptor. Deployment descriptor is an xml file with name "web.xml" which should be placed along with the classes folder in the folder, "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\ApplicationName\WEB-INF\". How to set servlet properties in the web.xml is detailed in the next chapter.

In the next chapter, we will create and deploy a simple "Helloworld" servlet.


text: Category:Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections


text:
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition/Java EE Tutorial/First Servlet

Here we are going to create and deploy a simple servlet for an Apache Tomcat Server. The servlet will produce and send an html (with String "Hello World") to the client browser.

Creating the Servlet

 * Create the source file HelloWorld.java. The content of the source file HelloWorld.java is given below.

Note that  is an instance of   with which we are writing the HTML.

 * Create the folder with the application name (for example, SampleApplication) inside the folder "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps".

 * Create another folder namely "WEB-INF" inside the folder "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\SampleApplication"

 * Create another folder namely "classes" inside the folder "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\SampleApplication\WEB-INF"

 * Compile the servlet source file HelloWorld.java which produces HelloWorld.class

 * Store the servlet(HelloWorld.class) in the folder "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\SampleApplication\WEB-INF\classes". For simplicity, before compiling the source file you may move the source file to the above folder and compile it from there. The important thing is that the servlet should be in the "classes" folder.

You have created your first Servlet!

Setting CLASSPATH

 * For the servlet to be located by the JVM we have to set the CLASSPATH to "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\SampleApplication\WEB-INF\classes" or any of the folder above it. For setting the CLASSPATH, right click on 'My Computer'>Properties>Advanced>Environment Variables>System Variables>CLASSPATH>Edit. Add the above mentioned folder address (alongwith a semicolon) to the Variable value.

Note that the CLASSPATH should be set as system variable as the Tomcat Apache Server will be running as the "system" user.

Deployment Descriptor
There must be a deployment descriptor, which is actually an xml file namely web.xml, corresponding to each application inside the "WEB-INF" folder. So now we will create the web.xml file for our "SampleApplication" in the folder "C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 5.5\webapps\SampleApplication\WEB-INF". The content of the file is shown below:

As you can assume "servlet" tag maps the name of the servlet to the servlet class and "servlet-mapping" tag maps the URL to the servlet.

Go to the URL
Make sure that the apache server is running. In the address bar of your browser type "http://localhost:8080/SampleApplication/servlet/HelloWorld" and press "Enter".

You will see a page with "Hello World" written on it.


text:
The Perimeter Wall

QuickLink to Main Home Page: Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project

 * QuickLink to Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara: Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara

(Note: all dimensions to be verified.) The Perimeter Bastion Wall surrounded the Djoser Pyramid complex and covers an area of 15 hectares, stands about 10.5 Meters high (±34.448 feet) and was approximately 1,645 meters long (approximate dimensions: East side: ±548.000M with 4 false entry bastions and one true entry near the SE corner; North side: ±278.000M with 3 false entry bastions; West side: ±548.000M with 4 false entry bastions; South side:±271.000M with 3 false entry bastions) (Alternative dimensions: 277 by 544 meters (908 by 1,784 feet)). Because of the height of this perimeter wall in relationship to lower interior structures, there would of been the necessity for access of some kind. It is hard to know if the upper platform of the perimeter wall was occupied, perhaps by soldiers. The perimeter wall and it's detailing has been compared to earlier palaces. (provide examples) (post reconstruction image of perimeter wall-how?)

 * Entrance Bastion: There is one main entrance bastion (±10.380M wide x ±5.040M deep) located near the South East corner which leads into a colonnade with a small opening (±0.980 meters wide x ±3.600M high) that leads into the colonnade. This is the only bastion which project further out from the main perimeter wall which allows it to increase its number of niches from 2 to 4.  The top of the wall, as is indicated in a partial reconstruction (by Lerner???-date?) shows a small parapet   (±0.457 meters high or 1'-6") and a path which would presumably circumnavigate the entire structure.

 * False Entry Bastions: There were other 14 false entry bastions which project out from the main perimeter wall (7 front niches x 2 side niches each side = 11 total niches per false bastion) that are approximately 10.380 meters long by ± 2.800 meters deep.

 * Corner Bastions: These appear to be 2 niches on all sides (8 niches total) but look to have a wider 'solid' piece of wall at the very corner. They are also approximately 2.800 meters deep.

 * Single Bastions: The perimeter wall consists mostly of smaller 'single' bastions with 2 niches on the front and 2 on each side (6 total). They are approximately 2.800 meters deep by 3.500 meters wide and spaced approximately 7.262 meters center to center. They provide a small amount of space on the top of the wall, in the path area, of about 2.100 meters wide.  To count the number of single bastions... starting from the SE corner and moving North in a counter-clockwise motion, the layout is as follows: East Side (SE corner to NE corner): corner bastion-2-entry-21-false-22-false-6-false-6-false-6-corner = 63 single bastions. North side (NE corner to NW corner): corner-8-false-8-false-7-false-8-corner = 31 single bastions.  West side (NW corner to SW corner): corner-14-false-13-false-13-false-13-false-13-corner = 66 single bastions. South side (SW corner to SE corner): corner-8-false-8-false-3-false-12-corner = 31 single bastions.  Counting up all single bastions there are 191 total.  Because of the extra space taken up by the entrance bastion, there are fewer single bastions on the East side.

 * Space between bastions: It appears that the space between all bastions is approximately the same at ±3.762 meters apart. There appears to be a variation at the SE corner between the entry and the corner bastion, and on the South side.

 * Niches are small rectangular recesses (±0.091 deep) in the face of the wall. The niche and projecting wall between the niches are approximately the same width and this pattern (A, A, A) appears consistent everywhere including in the inner Great Court except possibly at the corner bastions.  There appears to be a footing below the niche which is aligned with the outside of the wall.  The niche height is ±9.000 meters.

 * Alignment of False Entry Bastions: (provide diagram to show alignments from East to West, South to North, and relationship to each other and to interior components). {Also provide elevations, cross-sections, plans, etc. with dimensions.}

Above Description: --NBuccalo 03:34, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

title: The Perimeter Wall


text:
The Hypostyle Hall and Entrance Colonnade

The Hypostyle Hall and Entrance Colonnade consisting of three main colonnade areas, is situated in the southeast corner of the Djoser complex and is composed of a series of rooms from the exterior perimeter wall through to the great court. These areas in sequential order from the exterior, in the west, to the great court, in the east, are the entry corridor, antechamber, east Hypostyle, west Hypostyle Hall, and enclosed portico. There are four other smaller passages, most very short in length, which are approximately one meter wide x four meters high that act as connectors.{{citation needed}

The only entrance into the Djoser complex was through the main entry bastion in the southeast corner of the perimeter wall. One enters through a narrow and low entry corridor into a small antechamber which has 2 stone block walls set at an angle to resemble the shape of large open doors. This leads to the first east Hypostyle Hall. Here one can go straight along the path of the colonnade, or left to a stair which leads up to, presumably, the top of the perimeter wall, but at least to a level above the clerestories of the hall. At the entrance area to this east hall, there appears to be another false door on the north jamb which, presumably, was balanced with a working door to secure the complex, as this area was created with an extra amount of space and an offset jamb alignment. Moving past the first set of engaged columns, one can turn right which leads to a long narrow passageway exiting at the Sed Festival Court. There are two other exit passages, one to the south into the existing structure and one to the north. Moving forward through the East Hypostyle Hall and past its 12 sets of engaged columns, one passes through a smaller passage and into the West Hypostyle Hall which consists of 8 sets of engaged columns and no side exits. Continuing one goes through another smaller passage and into the enclosed portico. Here there are 4 sets of engaged columns which are oriented longitudinally and disconnected from the side walls. Continuing one can exit into the Great Court.

Columns
The columns themselves are engaged columns, but unlike later examples where the column is next to a wall known as pilasters, where the side wall projects out creating bays between each set of columns (often referred to as niches) and are on both the south and north sides of the center aisle in both the East and West Hypostyle Halls. Above these bays in the east and west halls, near the roof are horizontally oriented clerestory openings. The columns are 'proud' of these projecting side walls allowing their circular shape to return and engage the geometry of the wall. The columns are tapered approximately from bottom to top and rise approximately 6.9 meters high to the top of a rectangular capital. The circular columns are carved to resemble papyrus bundles and were painted green to resemble the plant. The side walls themselves also taper to ensure that they do not overlap the decorative papyrus relief, but are placed in a common staggered stacking pattern as is the back wall of the bay. The sidewall joints are very small and precise and the surface is relatively smooth. The columns of the enclosed portico are of similar detail but shorter by about one meter, implying that the proportions are similar by not necessarily the dimension.

Flooring
While current photographs show a base to the columns, there are also signs in the entry corridor which show a limestone floor at a slightly higher elevation than the floor of the colonnade, which is sand, implying that this too may have been finished, covering at least part of the column bases.

Axis
The central axis of the colonnade structure, in east-west orientation, is slightly angled towards the south. There is an existing structure to the south of the East Hypostyle Hall at the same angle so there is speculation that the colonnade adopted this angle to save material and time, as they share a wall. But further examination should show that only 3 bays of the colonnade use an exposed portion of this earlier structure and the rest of the Hypostyle Hall is made up of finished stonework.

Material
The entire colonnade structure looks to be made of limestone. There appears to be no rubble fill within the confines of this enclosure.

Ceiling
Above the columns and column capitals sits a large longitudinal beam running parallel to the center aisle and one above the clerestory openings, although this one sits at the level of the capital. Counting from north to south there would be 4. Considering one half of the hypostyle hall, between those two parallel beams is an infill of additional limestone blocks. Above this infill are stone beams carved to imitate wood beams like those ones would have experienced in earlier temples. There is no reconstruction or reproduction above the center aisle or over the enclosed portico.

Geometry
Most voids of the hall are of similar size including the distance between bays and between aisle columns, and those of the enclosed portico and the walls that surround them. It appears to be geometrically laid out.

Center aisle and enclosed portico clerestory
Looking at the detailing of the ceiling and roof of the side bays, one can conclude that the center aisle also had clerestory openings although there is no conclusive evidence that they existed. If they did, it would be a similar detail as was executed for the bay openings, except that the wood replicate beams made of stone would be oriented north-south. Additionally, there may have been large beams spanning from column to column, creating a condition similar to the side bays where the replicate beams are at a higher elevation. Over the enclosed portico, due to the orientation of columns and location of the higher West Hypostyle Hall, the clerestory story openings would have faced from the center outward and run north-south.

False doors
False doors were typically set at an angle to the grid of the complex, had no decoration, and were engaged with stone to the wall behind them. There are a total of four false doors, two at the east end in the antechamber, one at the east end of the East Hypostyle Hall, and one situated in the great court at the hall's exit. Of the two single false doors, they are both on the northside of the colonnade structure.

Real doors
At the exit from the enclosed portico to the great court on the south side opposite the false door, is what appears to be one half of a hinge, built of limestone blocks, in that they alternate, one recessed while one projects. Further, the projecting stone jamb appears to be concave in shape alluding to the swing of a real door. Another location where it seems likely a real door existed is in the east side of the East Hypostyle Hall. Here there is one false door on the northside and a missing jamb on the southside. Further excavation might reveal the footings for this jamb. Considering the importance of this precinct and complex it seems likely that there would be a barrier. Also, this area is slightly larger than all other areas within the Hypostyle complex which would make sense considering how many individuals it would take to close a heavy door.

Purpose of Bays
There seems to be no data regarding the use of these bays, of which there are 44. Might they have been used for statues, like the Avenue of Sphinxes which is just outside this complex, or for soldiers, banners, lighting, or incense.

Restoration
Lerner rebuilt the colonnade hall and a modern concrete roof was added for protection over the entire hall except for the colonnade portico. This protection roof is just high enough to cover the ceiling structure of the side bays but does not account for the space required for structure over the main center aisle.


text:
User talk:Elmirzaev

Linkspam (extensive adding of irrelevant external links) will be reverted at this project as well as others. Regards, Finnrind 12:24, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elmirzaev


text:
Refinance

Refinancing

Refinance loans allow you to take an old loan or several old loans, and redo your deal. In today's economy, some banks are refinancing mortgages so that distressed homeowners can better handle payments and actually make the payments instead of heading toward default on the loan. Most commonly refinance loans are mortgages, but it can be done with other debts such as vehicle loans. There are fees, and the interest usually is different than the original loan. Payment time can be stretched out, so these loans may cost more over the duration.

Many people do this when they are unable to continue to pay current payments, or when they are so far behind they are in jeopardy of default or losing their home. If they are able to refinance, payments are lower, interest can be higher, but payment time is longer, and making lower payments over a longer period of time results in a net gain for the lender. This type of loan can also be done with vehicles. Another reason to refinance a mortgage is when the homeowner wants or needs to draw out equity in cash.

Refinancing a mortgage will involve fees, appraisals, title search, and charges similar to an original loan. Even with these extra amounts worked into the loan, you may be able to save with lower interest rates over the long term of the loan. Loans can be used to obtain extra cash for improvements, or bill paying. The refinance loan can be used to change a mortgage from a variable or balloon rate to a fixed rate. It is the easiest way out of a foreclosure, but with bad credit, interest rates will be high.

The current economic problems in the USA have prompted the government to back new loans for consumers who are in difficulty. The goal of a refinance is to enable the holder to pay the debt. Some homeowners without paying problems want to refinance to a shorter term mortgage so that they build equity quicker.

Reducing monthly payments is a reason for refinancing your home. Lower payments can be easier to manage, and if you are going to stay in your home for a long period of time, this can be beneficial. It will just take you longer to reach the end of the loan and own your home. Again, facilitating payment of the loan is a major goal.

When you look at your new refinancing loan, be sure to take into account the length of the loan. While your APR percentage may be reduced, if you have to pay for many more years, it is actually costing you a lot more money in total. Check with your current loan terms to determine how much penalty there is for pre-payment as you switch to your new loan. Tax savings from your mortgage payments may also be reduced if your payments are also reduced.

It is important to work with a trusted loan counselor or banking facility before you sign anything. You want to get the best deal for you, without excessive fees or added charges.

title: Refinance


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Talk:Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections

Possible alliance
It may be helpful to include participation from an "outside" watchdog organization that is not as inherently "pro-Wikipedia" as most Wikiversity contributors. One example may be the non-profit I and others recently formed, the Internet Review Corporation. As far as skill sets go, I am experienced in similar political research on Wikipedia, and as a 17-year practitioner in the field of marketing research, I have my fair share of experience in creating graphic representations of data. I don't visit Wikiversity often, so it may be best to contact me off-line, at ResearchBiz (at) gmail.com. -- Thekohser 14:55, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be great, eventually. I think the data collection phase would probably be easier done by the wikimedian community, since they're more likely to have experience organizing data about edits and other wiki-based activity. --SB_Johnny talk 15:22, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I think that's a highly insular and/or condescending viewpoint to assume, but I can see how you forwarded it with all good faith. It is not THAT difficult to grok Wikipedia data about edits and "other wiki-based activity".  And especially if one is outside the system, one might not pooh-pooh grave problems the way some Wikipedians do.  LOL -- I've just assumed bad faith, now, haven't I?  Well, that's how things work in the real world of politics; assuming only good faith would get you run over awfully quickly.
 * Offline, I've discussed some other potential partners than the Internet Review Corporation. These would include the Berkman Center (although with Jimbo being an honorary Berkman Fellow, I cringe at the COI), the Center for Media and Democracy, or the Oxford Internet Institute. -- Thekohser 18:51, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * We got a strong tradition of assuming bad faith here on Wikiversity, so the real life world of politics has a real life simulation on Wikiversity.;-)--Daanschr 12:02, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It would appear this is sort of dying on the vine. Too bad, it was a very important and useful project. -- Thekohser 04:59, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * In the 1930s, when a number of oppressive regimes were rising to power all over Europe, a journalist asked Albert Einstein if the rise of such regimes had slowed down the pace of research in Germany. Einstein replied, "No, the pace of research has not slowed down.  It's come to a complete halt."  —Gastrin Bombesin 07:58, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Starting questions
I've been thinking about general questions to ask about the articles addressed by the project, as well as some general questions about the scope as well, listed below --SB_Johnny talk 10:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC):

Time frame of the elections
There's 2 questions here: when did the election begin (some will say it was 2004!), and when did it end (or when will it end... afaik, the Minnesota senate race is still undecided). Since the primaries were very early, I'd imagine that the elections really started sometime in 2007 at the earliest. This probably doesn't matter as much for the individual articles (since they can be traced to their "beginnings"), but for the broader timelines it would be helpful to have a defined time period. Any suggestions? Worry about it later? --SB_Johnny talk 10:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Unlike other nations (well, officially) the US has no official start date for campaigns. In fact, while there is a lowering of expeditures for all of two months after an election, the spending ramps up a bit immediately thereafter. Thus we had in WP a large number of articles which were guarded/attacked by those with political agendas without any real break. In one case which is not on your list AFAIK, the Dino Rossi article was kept in a strange state almost entirely by a person who has since been identified as heavily involved in the campaign of his opponent.  From his point of view, the prior campaign never did end. "Defined time period"? Not easily done at all.  And from viewing articles on WP, I would guesstimate that the "active participation" starts about 2 months before any announcement by a candidate (if I were suspicious I would say that the earliest contributors are more likely to favor than oppose the candidate).  By about one month before the final election, most articles, for good or ill, had reached a stasis, followed by a final burst of partisan activity which has only now begun to abate. Sorry for rambling  70.145.99.50 12:14, 3 February 2009 (UTC) Collect 12:25, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I was afraid of that. The timelines might just have to focus on major events (debates, conventions, large primaries, etc.), and see how articles looked a couple weeks before, the day of, and a couple weeks after the event.
 * Was the stasis more or less maintained after the election?
 * I've never even heard of Dino Rossi before, but that sort of thing is certainly worth some study (I'm personally more interested in the articles that developed into good articles, but contrast for comparison is a very good thing). --SB_Johnny talk 12:39, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Stasis? For a couple of weeks only. Note the continuing struggles on several articles (including the people asking that Palin be described as having pre-marital sex because her first baby was not quite nine months after her marriage) and the like.  I think you will also end up discussing the "article as camel" syndrome common on WP, where one side trades off with another to get two equally ill-suited additions in an article.  My own opinion is that all articles over 80K in length likely could use a good pruning.  And many under. Collect 13:14, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Policies that have played a role
The vast majority of the articles related to the elections come under the scope of a number of policies, including in many cases the "BLP" policy, as well as a number of policies and parts of policies that play a special role in articles related to current events such as "w:WP:SYNTH", "w:WP:RS", etc. Many of these articles are also about topics that editors tend to have strong feelings about, so "w:WP:NPOV", and specifically "w:WP:UNDUE" are frequently brought in. When there are disputes about what should be in the article or how something is worded, how were these policies used to improve the "final" result? Are the policies consistently applied to, say, Republicans vs. Democrats? --SB_Johnny talk 10:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * No place can ever hope to be consistent. Within each article, and certainly within co-ordinated groups of editors (while I co-ordinated with absolutely no-one, I saw substantial evidence of such happening, to be sure) some set of rules evolve for each article. With WP's tradition of anarchy  this means that some articles had very different standards from others. Some ended up with hundreds of lines about totally tangential issues, others ended up being suitable for campagin literature. I trust that those who will examine the articles in retrospect will note where such groups of editors appear in multiple articles, and especially on user talk pages. I would, moreover, suggest that the Sarah Palin article is an example where a great deal of pretty much irrelevant, and occasionally very wrong, stuff was inserted, and the Barack Obama article as one kept very clean of such.   Were I king, of course, I would ask that every article maintain the precise same standards. 70.145.99.50 12:22, 3 February 2009 (UTC) Collect 12:25, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

When articles are in the news
During the elections, a number of articles were actually discussed by the media (at least they were on NPR, which I listen to at work). Were the editors aware of this? Did the patterns of editing change in any way when articles were in the news? --SB_Johnny talk 10:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Not really. If anything, WP is about two days ahead of NPR in finding issues. And those who wanted to add more negative info, or delete negative info, were oblivious to the outside world AFAICT. Others opinions may differ. Collect 12:25, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh, that's not what I meant: I was referring to when the Wikipedia article itself was in the news. See links on Wikipedia and the 2008 US elections/Sarah Palin for some examples. As to WP "scooping" the major media, yes, that's a good topic to follow as well :-). --SB_Johnny talk 12:46, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Has this project died?
It seems that it has. Correct me if I'm wrong! -- Thekohser 03:00, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Dunno about Johnny -- I got sidetracked by molepuppets in WP ... I think everyine wishes they would disappear withoit having to do anything :(    Collect 11:02, 23 April 2009 (UTC)