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Solothurn

Solothurn is a town in Switzerland, in the Berne Region at the southern edge of the Jura Mountains, on the River Aare, the capital of the canton of Solothurn. It's also known as St. Ursen City, Wengi City, the City of Ambassadors. Some say it's Switzerland's most beautiful baroque city and the city of culture.

Understand
Pronounced like SOLL-Low-Toorn for English speakers, it is called Soleure in French and Soletta in Italian; the average visitor will not need to know these, but it might help to understand references or announcements.

With a population of 17,000, Solothurn is small even by the standards of Switzerland. The town and canton are traditionally Catholic, but not strictly so and the only concern for the average visitor will be if the shops are closed for a holiday. There are churches of various denominations in Solothurn.

Solothurn's history dates back to Roman times. As early as 350 BC the Romans built their "Castrum Salodurum", a bell-shaped walled fort. The remains can still be seen at Friedhofplatz and in Löwengasse.

Because the French ambassadors to Switzerland had their seat in Solothurn from 1530 to 1792, the city is also called "Ambassadorenstadt" ("city of ambassadors"). Solothurn still bears signs of the presence of the ambassadors and their lavish lifestyle. The name St. Ursen City recalls the legend of the two Roman legionnaires, Urs and Victor, who were beheaded in Solothurn due to their Christian beliefs. In honour of their martyrdom and the associated miracles, both were declared city saints. St. Ursen Cathedral dominates the city skyline and is its emblem. The third popular nickname Wengistadt refers to Niklaus von Wengi, a Catholic mayor of Solothurn in the 16th century who prevented a religious war between the Catholic and Protestant Solothurners, according to legend by standing in front of a cannon that was ready for shooting, declaring that he should be the first burgher to die if his fellow Catholics were willing to attack the Protestants. A large painting showing Wengi in front of the cannon is on display in the Altes Zeughaus military museum. Solothurners are very fond of the number 11. With 11 museums, fountains, chapels and churches, and a clock with a dial that only shows 11 hours, and there are numerous references to 11 in the design and construction of the cathedral. Not to mention the local beer called Öufi Bier ("Eleven Beer"). A possible reason for this is that Solothurn was the 11th canton to join Switzerland.

Solothurn is a German-speaking town but, as in the rest of Switzerland, communication in French and English is easy in the city centre. Solothurn is not a common destination for international tourists, but the presence of several international companies in the city and the area makes it common to hear English on any walk around the town.

Climate
Solothurn has a four-season climate typical to central Europe. Temperature in winter is usually around zero degrees, which means that snow can linger or melt away. Summers are warm with temperature in the 20s and increasingly in the 30s. The nearby Jura mountains are significantly colder than in the valley, with snow remaining well into spring.

During autumn and winter temperature inversions results in fog building up over the Swiss flatland. Whilst not the worst place for fog in Switzerland, it can still be bad and leave the city blanketed in a thick grey fog for days on end. Typically this period lasts from October to February.

By plane
Solothurn has direct hourly railway connections to Zurich Airport (1 hr 20 min) and Geneva Airport (2 hours). Basel EuroAirport is reached with changes at Olten and Basel SBB (1 hr 30 min). Bern Belp airport is also nearby (1 hr 20 min with train and bus), but offers only a limited selection of destinations (as of early 2020, mainly holiday destinations for Swiss tourists). Small Grenchen Airport is by far the closest (about 11 km from Solothurn city centre by road), but does not have any regular scheduled or charter flights. It is used for private transport, recreational flying and training.

By rail
Solothurn is well served by the Swiss Federal Rail (SBB) system. Intercity trains running along the southern foot of the Jura provide fast and direct trains along the east/west axis of Switzerland as far as Zürich, Rorschach, Lausanne, and Geneva. A direct connection to Bern is provided by the slower S-Bahn like RBS. Slower regional trains also run along the south foot of the Jura stopping at more points along the way (to Biel or Olten), into the Jura (to Moutier), and to the Emmental (Burgdorf and various stops on the direct BLS train to Thun). Solothurn station also functions as a hub for regional bus and tram transport in the city and greater region. Check the SBB website for timetable information.

By car
The E25 autobahn provides connections to other major cities in the country.

Underground car parks (Bieltor, Baseltor, Dornacherplatz) provide ample parking right next to the old town.

Get around
The town is small enough to be easily explored on foot. The old town is 500 m north of the train station, across the river. The best view when approaching the old town from the train station is attained by using the Kreuzackerbrücke foot bridge, not one of the larger bridges. For destinations outside of the town centre a number of regional bus/train/tram routes service the area, or a taxi rank can be found at the station.

See

There are a number of spots of interest a short walk or ride from the centre.

Recreation
In Solothurn Along the Aare

Other activities around Solothurn.

Weissenstein
The Hausberg (Home/local mountain) of Solothurn is Weissenstein. From the Kurhaus hotel/restaurant at Weissenstein itself there is a view over the Swiss plateau to the Alps, with the local peaks of Röti and Hasenmatt offering even more extensive views along the Jura and to the Vosges in France and Black Forest in Germany. With easy access and good views the mountain is a popular destination in the region, especially in winter when visitors can escape for the fog in the valley and enjoy sunshine and clear alpine views. At night three lights at the Kurhaus are turned on, creating an iconic symbol of Solothurn that can be seen from far away.

There are a number of restaurants along the ridge eg: at the cable car station the Kurhaus/Hotel Weissenstein offers table and self service food.

Getting to Weissenstein:
 * Postbus to Balmberg. A Postbus runs from Solothurn station to "Oberbalmberg, Kurhaus" on the Balmberg Pass roughly every 2 hours. It is much cheaper than the cable car. You can follow the paths to Weissenstein (1 hr, easy), walk back down to Solothurn via the ruined fortification at Balm (2 hr 30 min, easy), or walk along the ridge to the northeast (Fr. 14.80 adult return).
 * Drive. Visitors can drive up to and over the ridge on the Weissensteinstrasse running from Solothurn to Gänsbrunnen. The road is narrow and parking is limited at the top, the road is closed to traffic on Sundays and during the winter. Another alternative is to drive to the pass at Balmberg which offers more parking and the south side is kept open year round.
 * Hike. There are multiple paths leading up from all around the ridge. Signs lead from the center of Solothurn (4 hours).
 * Hike. There are multiple paths leading up from all around the ridge. Signs lead from the center of Solothurn (4 hours).

Hiking:

The ridgeline is relatively flat allowing for easy hikes, those looking for a challenge can push out further along the ridge or take the steeper routes up or down from the ridge.
 * An easy and popular family friendly walk is taking the relatively flat 40-minute walk along the ridge to the restaurant at Hinterweissenstein.
 * The highest point of the Weissenstein ridge is Röti (1395m) which has full panoramic views of the region, reached by a 40-minute gentle uphill walk from the Kurhaus to the east.
 * The "Planetenweg" (planet walk) starts with the Sun at the Kurhaus and carries on to Pluto close to Grenchenberg to the west. The highest point in all of the canton of Solothurn, Hasenmatt (1444m) is also reached by walking into that direction, with different paths leading to the summit (about 5km from the Kurhaus, depending on the route).

Mountainbiking:
 * A downhill trail runs from Nesselboden (the middle cable car station) down to Oberdorf. Bikes can be carried up on the cable car.
 * Chasseral–Weissenstein Bike - Stage 2, Sonceboz–Solothurn.

Winter sports:
 * The path to Hinterweissenstein is turned into a prepared path, with snow-shoeing and cross-country skiing options along the ridge. The Weissensteinstrasse (on both the north and south sides) is turned into a sledging track. There are ski lifts at Balmberg and Grenchenberg, the pistes are small and limited compared to the Alps but they are very practical for visiting when in Solothurn.

Other activities:

Events and festivals
Solothurn has a number of annual festivals and events. Check the relevant websites or the official city website for the exact dates, which vary by year.

Shows and theaters

There are also a number of small cinemas showing a mixture of mainstream films and special interest. Most mainstream Hollywood films are only shown with German dubbing, anyone wanting to see films in English may have to go to Biel/Basel/Bern instead.

Buy
As with most other cities in Switzerland, store opening and closing hours in Solothurn are strictly regulated. All stores, including supermarkets, close by 18:30 from Monday to Friday (except those located in the main railway station). An exception is on Thursdays when they can remain open until 21:00 in Solothurn, and on Friday when the Ladedorf shopping centre in nearby Langendorf is open until 21:00. However, most shops in Solothurn close now already by 20:00 on Thursdays. On Saturdays shops close by 17:00 (often 16:00; but 18:00 in the Ladedorf shopping centre). On Sundays all stores are closed, except for those in the main railway station which are open 7 days a week until 22:00. In addition many of the smaller and independent shops are closed on Mondays.

A number of mainstream and specialised shops can be found in the old town. The largest and more mainstream shops are on the Hauptgasse and Gurzelngasse, with smaller shops scattered around the lanes and squares.

There are no supermarkets in the old town but a number of medium sized supermarkets are a short walk outside. Coop and Migros supermarkets can be found between the Bieltor and Solothurn West. Aldi at Dornacherstrasse 26-28 by the main station. And Lidl at Werkhofstrasse 29d to the north of the old town.

There is a small Coop and Avec at the main station. These offer a limited range of products, but are open everyday and for longer hours than the other shops.

Larger retailers and retail parks can be found outside on the town edges.

Eat
Solothurn has a surprisingly large number of restaurants for such a small town. Italian and Swiss are the most common, with a few Thai restaurants being the more exotic options. There will always be a table free somewhere, but it is recommended to reserve if you want to eat at a particular restaurant on a Thursday, Friday, or Saturday.

A local speciality is Soledurner Wysüppli (Solothurn wine-soup) which can be found at many restaurants in the town, there is also Solothurner torte, a dessert with cream sandwiched between two biscuits. You're bound to like this if you like the Luxemburgerli of Sprungli in Zurich.

Those spending a long period of time in Solothurn can purchase a voucher booklet Zwei für Eins (two for one) which runs from October to October and offers two one for select meals/drinks at a number of businesses in the area.

Budget
Kebab shops and similar cheap take-aways are doted around the town.

Drink
Solothurn has a number of local drinks to try. The main local brewery is Öufi who do a range of beers (and even a whisky) that can be found in bars and shops around the town, the smaller Wyssestei and Buechibärger beers can also be found in local shops. Whilst Solothurn does not have any vineyards itself the town has an agreement with nearby Le Landeron resulting in Domaine de Soleure wine, again this can be bought in shops around the town.

Bars
A number of bars are gathered on the riverside in the old town (Landhausquai). The area is very popular, with a nice atmosphere and live music on Thursdays/Fridays in the summer. Even during the winter you will find lots of people sitting outside with a drink when the sun is shinning.

Sleep
There are a large number of hotels and guest houses in and around the old town. Reserving early is recommended during events such as the film or literature festivals.

Stay safe
Solothurn is a very safe place with very low crime levels in general, and no scams or crimes targeted at tourists.

In the event of medical emergencies, the nearest emergency room (Unfallzentrum) is at the Bürgerspital Solothurn, and the emergency telephone numbers are the same as in the rest of Switzerland (112 as general emergency number; 117 for the police, 118 for firefighters, 144 for an ambulance).

Go next
With a relatively central location on the transport system much of Switzerland can be reached within a few hours from Solothurn, offering a wide range of day trips or destinations to move on to.

Towns and cities:

 * Basel
 * Berne
 * Biel
 * Geneva
 * Lausanne
 * Lucerne
 * Neuchâtel
 * Spiez
 * Thun - A lakeside town with old town and a castle. 1 hr 7 min, change at Bern.
 * Zurich

Travel into the Alps takes 1½-2 hours by car or train with the closest options in the Berner Oberland being:

 * Interlaken and the Jungfrau region.
 * Kandersteg.

The Jura mountains are much closer and offer a number of scenic and recreational options. The Jura can be accessed directly from Solothurn (such as Weissenstein or with the train to Moutier) or via connections at other towns along the Geneva-Zürich trainline.

 * Saint-Ursanne - A small but very beautiful medieval village on the river Doubs.
 * From Biel connections can be made to access areas such as Mont Soleil, or the watchmaking towns of la Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle.
 * Val de Travers. Noteworthy sights are the Gorges de l'Areuse and the Creux du Van. It is also the home of Absinthe with several manufacturers and museum. Connection at Neuchatel.
 * From Yverdon-les-Bains there are connections up to the caves at Vallorbe and the Val de Joux.

Another option is the Emmental region. Rolling forested hills, giant farmhouses, close up alpine views. Getting in and about by car or public transport can be a little slow due to the limited Infrastructure but is worth it.

 * Hiking. The prominent lookout from Napf.
 * Emmentaler Show dairy at Affoltern im Emmental, and the Kambly Experience in Trubschachen.
 * There are some towns with historic old towns: Burgdorf, Willisau.

ソロトゥルン

title: Solothurn


text:
Solovetsky Islands

The Solovetsky Islands are a group of islands in the White Sea in Arkhangelsk Oblast. It is a true pearl of Russian north. Several sites on the islands are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. They are part of the Silver Ring of cultural and historical centers of Northwestern Russia.

Get in
There are two main ways to reach the Solovetsky Islands: by air from Arkhangelsk, or by boat from Kem'/Belomorsk.

By plane

 * (Аэропорт Соловки, ) is in close proximity to the monastery and the islands' main settlement. Nordavia Regional Airlines (a subsidiary of Aeroflot) fly the 50-minute journey from Solovki to Arkhangelsk up to twice a week. Prices start at approximately ₽5000 one way.

By boat

 * from Kem': Kem' is easily accessible as a stop on the Petersburg-Murmansk mainline. From there, it is 12 km to the port settlement of Rabocheostrovsk, a journey that can be done either by bus (regularly from 06:00) or by taxi. In the summer season, boats leave three times a day (June-August 2016: 08:00, 12:30, 17:30), take 2 hours, and cost ₽1200 for an adult. Booking the journey out to Solovki is advised, as it regularly books up fully. If, however, you arrive and have not booked, there are boats owned by the monastery that leave at 07:00 (frequency uncertain), and it has been suggested that they are reluctant to leave people stranded in Rabocheostrovsk. The cost is also ₽1200, and definitely an experience!

 * from Belomorsk: Belomorsk is also accessible by rail, boats leave daily to Solovki, taking 4 hours and costing ₽1200.

 * from Arkhangelsk: In the summer months, boats also ply the route between Arkhangelsk and Solovki (up to three times a month) but it is worth consulting a travel agent about this for prices and availability

Get around
There is no paved road.

See
Mystical home of monasteries and chapels, priests and holy fools, Solovetsky symbolises Russia's spiritual past. Memories of Stalin's infamous GULAG camps speak of darker times.

 * Sekirnaya Hill & Church of the Ascension
 * Botanical Gardens & Makaryevskaya Hermitage
 * Sekirnaya Hill & Church of the Ascension
 * Botanical Gardens & Makaryevskaya Hermitage

Do
Beluga-watching: The belugas arrive in late June. The visitors' centre organizes excursions by bus, followed by a 4-km walk.

Hire a bike, but the roads are extremely poor. Many places offer hire, prices start at ₽100 for an hour.

Beware of midges & mosquitoes in the summer!

Sleep

 * Hotel Priyut: nice and clean, ₽1900 for a single with common bathroom.
 * Peterburgskaya Obshchezhitie (Petersburg Hostel) has beds for as low as RUB 450, but booking in advance by phone is essential in peak season.

Connect
Sloboda Hotel is the only place to access semi-reliable Wi-Fi on the island. ₽100 for 24 hours access.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Solovetsky Islands


text:
Solta

Solta is an island in the Split-Dalmatia county of Croatia, just to the west of the much larger island of Brac. Both are near the city of Split on the mainland.

Understand
Šolta belongs to the middle Dalmatian island, in the central part of the Adriatic Sea, near its eastern coast. Šolta is 360 km away from the coast of Marunska lagoon (the most drawn in part of the Adriatic), and 390 km from the Strait of Otranto (the border between the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Sea) in the southeast. Šolta is 185 km from the Italian coast, 10.7 km from the Croatian mainland (Uranjica) and 15 km (9 nautical miles) from Split.

Šolta is 19 km long (from the promontory Livka in the east of the island opened on Brač to the promontory Obinu‘ki bok in the west). The largest width is from the peninsula Rata in the eastern part of Nečujam to the peninsula in the western part of the cove of Senj and it is 4.9 km. The island’s coastline is 73.1 km long. Beside the main island, Šolta also consists of 7 islets outside the west port of Maslinica.

Get in
A ferry operated by Jadrolinija leaves frequently from Split for just per way (Aug 2018). The departure times vary by month and can be checked on here. Most ferries arrive in Rogač, in the center of the island.

By bus
Upon arrival of the ferry, buses leave for different destinations on the island, including Maslinica.

By bike or scooter
Multiple agencies offer scooter and bike rentals:
 * Rogač: Bikes (/day) and scooters (/day), uphill from the port, at Stari Put 46

See
Maslinica and Stomorska are the two most popular towns on the island. Both have a harbor with boats and yachts, beautiful old buildings in Mediterranean style, and a number of souvenir shops and restaurants. The picturesque view invites you to stroll around and take pictures.

The water off the coast is very clear and of bright blue color during sunshine hours.

Churches

 * Sv. Nikole u Stomorskoj
 * Bogorodice u Nečujmu
 * Gospe od Bori u G. Selu
 * Sv. Ivan u G. Selu
 * Sv. Stjepan u Grohotama

Gradac Village

 * - prehistoric hill-fort

Mirine west of Donje Selo

 * remains of villae rusticae
 * remains of the walls from antiquity near Donje Selo locality "Pod Mihovil"

Grohote Village

 * covers of ancient sarcophagi in front of the parish church
 * a part of an ancient sarcophagus in the parish house
 * old Christian sarcophagus in an old field
 * remains of an old Christian basilica
 * baptismal font of a basilica and other remains
 * chapel in the wall

Rogač Village

 * Banje - capital from the late antiquity period
 * remains of villae rusticae

Nečujam Village

 * ancient grave
 * ruins of sv. Petra
 * memorial house of Marko Marulić

Stipanska Village

 * remains of an old Christian basilica

Gornje Selo Village

 * remains of a building from the late antiquity period
 * cover of an ancient sarcophagus locality "Stomorija"

Sv. Jele

 * old Christian sarcophagus

Maslinica Villare

 * Castle of the Marchi family from 1706.

Do
Ride a bike around the island, go snorkeling or swimming, hike along the coast.

In August, the fig trees that can be found anywhere on the island carry their ripe fruits. Just stop at any tree and fill your stomach with this free gift of nature.

Buy
The largest supermarket on the island seems to be Studenac in Grohote, directly by the main road junction. Here you'll find any groceries you're looking for.

There are small convenience stores in the other towns, but don't expect much choice. They're really just good for buying drinks and a few snacks.

Eat
Various restaurants in Maslinica, Stomorska and Rogac offer meat, seafood and other dishes.

Sleep
The tourist community every summer season organises a contest for the best decorated and arranged apartment, house lot and a village. The main purpose of this is to stimulate and encourage competition between the owners of apartments and houses but also of the villagers so that the whole island of Šolta can greet its guests as graciously as possible. Every year as a prize the best get diplomas so if you see such a diploma in the house you’re staying in be sure that the owner did his best to welcome you!

Connect
The 4G mobile network is reliable and covers all of the island.

title: Solta


text:
Soltau

Soltau is a town on the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany with around 21,000 residents in 2021. It has gained national prominence largely as a result of the attractions such as the Soltau Therme thermal baths and the Heide Park, one of Germany's biggest amusement parks. The large lake of Südsee is also popular with caravanners, campers and day visitors alike.

Understand
The parish of Soltau was founded around 830 by a few farmers, and the first wooden church was built around this time.

Between 1383 and 1388 the village was established, in order to protect against robber barons; this is now the town centre. The castle there was demolished under terms of a treaty. By way of compensation Soltau was given town rights; however, by 1511 the town was completely destroyed by a fire.

The town hall was moved in 1533 and established in an old chapel in Marktstraße. However, by 1567, another fire wiped out the majority of buildings within the town. Much of Soltau was destroyed over the years, especially in the Thirty Years War, after which all that was left was ruined landscape.

By 1914 Soltau held the largest prisoner-of-war camp in Germany during the First World War. This was the same year that the mining of potassium salts began at Heinrichssegen Shaft, but work was then halted due to the war after having reached a depth of just 6 metres.

Again by April 1945 much of Soltau was destroyed by air raids in which many civilians were killed. Soltau become a British Garrison in 1949 during the Cold War and was home of Headquarters 7th Armoured Brigade. This was handed back in 1993 and is now used for doctors' surgeries and a business centre.

Situated in the heart of the Lüneburg Heath, Soltau is an officially recognized health resort. Here, active hikers and cyclists will find more than 1400 km (875 miles) of well sign-posted trails leading through romantic heath land, peaceful villages, and river valleys.

By car
Take exit 44 Soltau-Ost on the A7, then merge onto the B209/B71 towards Soltau. Continue along the B209/B71 until you reach Soltau town centre. Soltau is also accessible via two nation highways (B3, B71) and a regional throughway (L 71).

By plane

 * Hamburg International Airport, in Hamburg, is north of Soltau and about is about 100 km away (roughly one hour's drive). The airport is approximately 8 km north of Hamburg's city centre and is the fifth busiest airport in Germany. To reach Soltau take the B433, then turn left onto the B432 until you can merge onto the A7. Take exit 44 (Soltau Ost) and carry along the B209/B71 until you hit the centre of Soltau.
 * Hanover Airport, in Hanover, is about 70 km south of Soltau (roughly 45 minutes' drive). The airport is in Langenhagen which is 11 km to the north of Hanover centre and has easy access to the autobahn. To get to Soltau from the airport head towards the A352, this will merge onto the A7. Take exit 45 (Soltau Sud) for the B3 towards Soltau, this will take you towards the centre.

By bus
All major cities offer bus transfers to Soltau such as Berlin, Bremen, Cuxhaven. The buses leave every M, Tu, W, Th and Sa, prices vary between €22 and €66.

By train
Soltau's station, which is still called Soltau (Hannover) (abbreviated to Soltau [Han]) by the Deutsche Bahn belongs to the Hanover Railway Division and lies on the America Line (KBS 116) from Bremen to Uelzen and on the Heath Railway (Heidebahn) (KBS 123) from Buchholz (Nordheide) to Bennemühlen(-Hanover). There are two other stops - Soltau Nord and Wolterdingen - on the Heath Railway.

By bike
The long distance cycle paths RFW 4 (Leine-Heath Cycle Path) and RFW 15 (Heath Cycle Path or Heide-Radweg) on the Lower Saxon long distance cycle network intersect in Soltau. A has been implemented. The majority of hotels in Soltau offer bike hires.

By taxi
There are taxi companies in town, and there are always taxis outside the railway station willing to pick up fares. Alternatively go to the taxi rank at Drögenheide 4,.

Parking
There are a number of car parks within Soltau with the majority of them being free. There is a car park on the way into Soltau next to the shopping complex with C&A. There are two free car parks next to Soltau Therme which is just on the edge of the town.

See

Buy
There are a wide variety of shops from clothes, pets, electronics and homeware. Although the town is only small there is something for everyone. Majority of the shops are half-timbered and it is quite enjoyable to sit and watch the world go by in the town square. The shops are open M-F until 18:00, Sa until roughly 17:00 and they are all closed on Sunday.

Just on the outskirts of Soltau is an industrial estate where you can find electrical shops, there is also a small shopping centre with a few shops that include furniture, clothes, pets and a food shop. In the centre of Soltau is another small shopping complex with a C&A and shoe shop.

Eat
Soltau is in the Luneburg Heide region where the Heideschnucke (moorland sheep) is bred on the moors where they feast on heather and birch tree shoots. It is often found on many of the restaurant menus and has a gamey flavour to it, it is often compared to venison.

Mid-range

Go next

 * Walsrode is a medium-sized town with a large selection of shops. There are many places to visit within Walsrode and on the outskirts, Serengeti Park is worth a visit it is a good day out for all the family.
 * Bad Fallingbostel is a small town with a number of little shops and a large selection of restaurants. There is a large park in the centre of the town where you can relax by the stream running through.
 * Verden an der Aller is a large town about 40 minutes away from Soltau. There is a large cathedral in the centre of the town which was built in the Gothic style and is an interesting sight to visit.

title: Soltau


text:
Solvang

Solvang is in the Santa Ynez Valley of Santa Barbara County in Southern California. The city is Danish-themed as if it were the Danishland section of Disneyland, since it was founded by Danish immigrants and quite a few Danish descendants live here. While the tourism industry does try to import genuine Danish culture and architecture, it can be just skin deep. If you have a last name that is common in Denmark, still expect the desk clerk at the hotel to be unable to spell it.

If you are vaguely interested in shops selling Danish wares, or interested in seeing Americans pretending to be Danish, by all means visit.

History
Nestled in California's Santa Ynez Valley, Solvang boasts a rich Danish heritage. Its history unfolds in two distinct chapters: the land's beginnings and the Danish settlement that transformed it.

The story starts in 1804, when the land witnessed the founding of Mission Santa Inés by Spanish missionaries led by Esteban Tápis. Named after Saint Agnes of Rome, a small community called "Santa Inés" sprouted around the mission during the Mexican era. However, this settlement was largely abandoned after California's American Conquest.

In 1911, a new chapter began. A group of Danish Americans yearning for an escape from harsh Midwestern winters set their sights on California's sunny climes. They purchased nearly 9,000 acres of land, the former Rancho San Carlos de Jonata, and christened their new community Solvang, a name that translates to "sunny fields" in Danish. Their vision was to establish a haven that echoed their Danish roots.

The early years were dedicated to building a self-sufficient community. Construction began with irrigation systems and farms, laying the groundwork for a thriving agricultural base. This was followed by the establishment of Atterdag College in 1914, a testament to the importance of education for the settlers. The Bethania Lutheran Church, built in 1928, marked a turning point. It was the first building to incorporate traditional Danish architecture, featuring a design that echoed the half-timbered facades and red-tiled roofs characteristic of their homeland. Inspired by this, residential architecture began to follow suit in the 1930s, transforming Solvang's landscape with charming Danish-style homes.

The full metamorphosis into a "Danish Village" unfolded after World War II. With renewed focus on promoting Danish culture and heritage, Solvang's architecture underwent a significant shift in 1946. The town's main street was renamed Copenhagen Drive, and a unified aesthetic approach was adopted. Buildings donned facades that mimicked traditional Danish half-timbered structures, and even faux storks, a symbol of good luck in Danish culture, began appearing on rooftops. This dedication to preserving their heritage paid off. Solvang gained national recognition in 1947 with a feature in the Saturday Evening Post, and over time, blossomed into a popular tourist destination known as the "Danish Capital of America."

Today, Solvang stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of its Danish founders. Visitors can immerse themselves in a unique cultural experience, strolling through streets lined with Danish architecture, indulging in delectable pastries at traditional bakeries, browsing shops brimming with imported goods, and perhaps even experiencing the vibrant energy of Danish Days, an annual celebration that brings Danish culture to life.

Culture
Solvang's culture is a delightful tapestry woven from its Danish heritage and infused with the Californian sunshine. Stepping into Solvang is like being transported to a quaint Danish village, a complete departure from the surrounding Californian landscape.
 * Architectural Enchantment: Half-timbered buildings with splashes of vibrant colors line the streets. Thatched roofs, reminiscent of storybook illustrations, add to the whimsical charm. Windmills, a symbolic nod to Denmark's agricultural history, dot the landscape, creating a picture-perfect backdrop for strolls and photos.
 * A Culinary Journey: Danish bakeries are a cornerstone of Solvang's culture. The aroma of freshly baked goods like aebleskiver (spherical pancakes dusted with powdered sugar) and frikadeller (savory meatballs) is enough to make anyone's mouth water. Restaurants invite you to delve deeper with smørrebrød (open-faced sandwiches piled high with meats, cheeses, and pickled vegetables) and flæskesteg (crispy roasted pork belly with crackling skin) – a true taste of Denmark on a plate.
 * Celebrating Traditions: Solvang's calendar overflows with events that bring Danish culture to life. The crown jewel is undoubtedly Solvang Danish Days, a vibrant festival spanning over a week. Immerse yourself in the lively music and traditional dances, savor the flavors of authentic Danish cuisine, and witness demonstrations of age-old folk art like paper cutting and rosemaling (decorative painting). Storytelling sessions keep the cultural traditions alive, transporting you back to Denmark's rich past.
 * Treasures Beyond Food: Museums like the Elverhøj Museum of History & Art offer a fascinating glimpse into Solvang's Danish roots and the broader history of the region. Delve deeper into specific areas of interest at the Solvang Viking Museum, or explore the world of fairytales at the Hans Christian Andersen Museum.
 * Shopping Spree with a Danish Twist: Solvang's shops are a treasure trove for anyone seeking a piece of Denmark.  Browse through racks overflowing with hand-knitted sweaters, a perfect souvenir to keep you warm. Find whimsical trolls waiting to be adopted as lucky charms.  Indulge in your cheese cravings with imported Danish cheeses, and take home beautiful ceramic pieces that will add a touch of Danish flair to your home decor.

Solvang's culture is a vibrant fusion of the old and the new, the traditional and the contemporary. It's a place where you can soak in the charm of Danish heritage while basking in the Californian sunshine, creating memories that will last a lifetime.

Tourist information

 * Solvang Tourism website

By car
California Route 246 is the main artery running through Solvang, where it is locally known as Mission Drive.

The fastest way to town is through California Route 154, which connects Santa Barbara and U.S. Route 101 to Los Olivos through the Cachuma Lake Recreation Area. A roundabout connects Route 154 to Route 246, passing through Santa Ynez.

An alternate route is to take Highway 101 to Buellton, where there is a direct connection to Route 246. This route is less winding compared to taking Route 154, but takes around 20-30 minutes longer.

By plane
Santa Barbara and Santa Maria are the nearest airports. Both are small; the nearest large airports are in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Central Coast Shuttle runs daily from all three airports to nearby Buellton, where you can transfer to Santa Ynez Valley Transit buses that run to Solvang.

By train
Although Amtrak doesn't serve Solvang directly, Amtrak Thruway coaches connect the town to the train station in Santa Barbara three times daily, where the Pacific Surfliner service stops. Buses leave Santa Barbara for Solvang at 6:55AM, 2:25PM and 10:00PM, and depart Solvang for Santa Barbara at 5:15AM, 11:25AM and 2:50PM.

All buses stop in downtown Solvang at Solvang Park on Mission Drive.

By bus
The Clean Air Express connects Solvang to Goleta but is of little practical use to tourists. The bus is primarily used by residents commuting for work, with a single bus leaving Solvang for Goleta at 6:15AM, and that bus returning to Solvang from Goleta at 4:34PM.

Central Coast Shuttle runs seven times a day from Santa Maria Airport to LAX airport, with stops in Santa Barbara, Ventura and Camarillo.

Greyhound and Flixbus stop in Santa Maria and Santa Barbara.

Wine Country Express runs three times a day, weekdays, to Lompoc.

Get around
Downtown Solvang is very compact and walkable; however, it is advisable to have a car to explore the surrounding area, and because the most convenient way to get into town is by car, you are likely to have one during your visit.

Santa Ynez Valley Transit runs service throughout its namesake area. Scheduled service is provided Monday through Saturday, with dial-a-ride service provided on Sunday.

Parking throughout town is free, and even the off-the-beaten-path spaces are not too far from the action. You can also rent a surrey bike and pedal through town.

See
Keep an eye out for windmills all along the main streets. Many are shops and restaurants in thin disguise.

Buy
Downtown is full of bakeries offering pastries of all types. Be sure to splurge on a plastic tub of assorted Danish butter cookies. There are also a number of tempting candy shops offering assorted chocolates, candies, and European specialty sweets.

Toy stores also abound in the town. Many specialize in hand-crafted or Danish-style toys.

Eat
Two notable area specialties include aebleskievers (a sort of spherical pancake, often served with a raspberry jam sauce) and the smorgasbord (a Nordic-themed all-you-can-eat buffet). Both are Danish-inspired and shouldn't be missed! Most local restaurants have a version of one or the other, if not both.

Watch local menus for ostrich burgers, which taste much like hamburgers but are much leaner and lower in cholesterol.

Drink
After the hit movie Sideways, the vineyards and wineries of the Santa Ynez Valley are more famous than ever.

Go next
There are several beaches following Highway 101 South. Other California missions near Solvang include Mission La Purisima Concepcion (101 South at Lompoc), and Mission Santa Barbara (101 South to Santa Barbara).

 * Santa Barbara, approximately one hour south of Solvang, represents the quintessential California beach town.
 * Nojoqui Falls (read NAW-ho-ee) is a pleasant state park with parking and picnic facilities. A lovely 15-minute walk inclines steeply at the end but rewards the effort with a beautiful pond and waterfall.
 * Santa Ynez - Solvang's neighbor four miles to the east, Santa Ynez sits at the heart of the rural Santa Ynez valley, an area that attracts travelers to its many wineries. The valley was the setting for the 2004 film Sideways, and fans of the film are known to make pilgrimages to the inns and restaurants from the movie.
 * Buellton - Located four miles to the west, Buellton is home to several Santa Ynez Valley wineries. Visitors will also find the ostrich & emu farm interesting, with the opportunity to get up close and personal with the giant birds.

title: Solvang


text:
Soma Bay

Soma Bay is a resort on the Red Sea Coast in Egypt developed by the Soma Bay Development Company established in 1991.

Understand
45 km south of Hurghada International Airport, the 10 million m², self-contained community of Soma Bay is surrounded on all sides by the sea. It offers year-round sunshine and mild temperatures. Unique to Soma Bay are its white sandy beaches and panoramic views of desert mountains. A selection of luxury hotels, a championship golf course, a grand thalassotherapy spa, and a diving and kitesurfing center all make Soma Bay an ideal place for relaxation and recreation.

By plane
Soma Bay is a 4-hr flight from Central Europe. It is easily accessible by charter and scheduled flights from many European destinations direct to Hurghada International Airport. EgyptAir also offers several flights per day between Cairo and Hurghada. The airport is 45 min away from Soma Bay. The hotels in Soma Bay can provide airport transfers from/to Hurghada to Soma Bay at a rate of €15 per person each way. Soma Bay is featured by a variety of international tour operators and travel agents. You can also book directly with Soma Bay and purchase flights separately.

By car
Soma Bay is also accessible by private car. Driving from Cairo, the capital, takes you along 500 km of well-paved highway along the coast. There are places along the way for pit-stops. The views are impressive where desert meets the Red Sea.

Get around
Walking is a pleasure in Soma Bay, but there is also a convenient free shuttle bus that departs frequently between all the hotels, golf course, spa, diving and kitesurfing center.

See
Nearby day trips include:
 * Monasteries of St. Paul and St. Anthony
 * The Roman ruins of Mons Porphyrites and Mons Claudianus
 * The Fortress of El-Quseir
 * Wadi Hammamat.

Do

 * Diving & snorkeling – Soma Bay is popular for scuba diving and snorkeling due to its clear, calm waters and vibrant coral reefs. A large turquoise-blue lagoon lies at the front of the reef and provides sheltered waters ideal for training. A fleet of dive boats access the many dive sites in the region from the Soma Bay marina. The dive sites in this area have the advantage of being considerably less crowded that those found elsewhere in the Red Sea and include coral gardens, walls, drop-offs and wrecks suitable for all levels of experience.
 * Kitesurfing & sailing – Soma Bay is arguably one of the best spots in the world for sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing. The bay offers flat water conditions, coupled with side shore winds that range from 4-8Bft all year round. The wind is accelerated by the close proximity of the mountains to the sea. Catamaran and Laser boat sailing are popular with the ability to take lessons for first-timers.
 * Golfing – An 18-hole, par 72 championship course designed by Gary Player has ranked the number 1 golf course in the world outside of Europe for several years in a row by the readers of the German magazine Golf Journal. Adjacent to the championship course, is the 9-hole, par 3 challenge course, also designed by Gary Player, that offers both the beginner and the more advanced golfer the opportunity to practice a variety of shots with emphasis on the short game. The challenge course serves a golf academy where individual and group tuition by PGA golf pros is available. There are also practice facilities, including a 60-bay driving range, and several putting and pitching practice greens.
 * Thalassotherapy Spa – Highlights of the treatments include seawater facilities, a variety of hydrotherapy treatments, including seaweed wraps and underwater massages, plus beauty & wellness treatments that include personalized fitness, weight and nutrition programs as well as post natal recuperation programs.

Eat
Restaurants in all the five hotels featuring international and local cuisine. Most guests tend to dine at the hotel they stay in, but guests can also "dine around" at the other hotels at discounted prices.

Vacationers usually stay on half-board plans, enjoying a hearty buffet breakfast and dinner, while snacking at the various pool and beach bars for lunch.

Go next

 * Luxor – In the Nile Valley, 3 hr away by car from Soma Bay. With Egypt's ancient sites: the Valley of the Kings and Queens, the Karnak and Luxor Temples. Most of the Soma Bay hotels can arrange day or over-night trips.

title: Soma Bay


text:
Somali

Somali is the word for people and things related to Somalia. The word may also refer to:

 * Somali Region in Eastern Ethiopia
 * Somali phrasebook

title: Somali


text:
Somalia

Somalia (Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is a country on the Horn of Africa. Once the centre of many powerful sultanates and an Italian colony, the country has been in a state of chaos and turmoil since the 1980s. The country suffers from a myriad of social problems such as warfare, terrorism, corruption, political instability, and general lawlessness, and it isn't exactly your typical family destination.

However, under less extreme circumstances, this country has a lot to offer to the adventurous, thrill-seeking traveller. There are a number of historical sites, beaches, waterfalls, mountain ranges, and national parks. The Somalis are generally very friendly and down-to-earth, and they are happy with what they have. Tourists might find themselves being treated like celebrities here; in fact, they might be showered with a lot of hospitality and care, even if they unintentionally make a few cultural blunders.

Since 2012, the situation is gradually getting better and the country is seeing some form of political stability. However, the country is still too volatile for travel, especially in the SSC-Khatumo region of northern Somalia, particularly Las Anod, which regularly experiences shelling of population centres by secessionist forces. Some have been brave enough to enter and leave without incident, but anything can happen in this volatile country.

History
The history of the Somali people dates back many centuries. The first time the word Somali was mentioned in a history book was 3,500 years ago, when the queen of Egypt Hatshepsut sent a fleet of 5 large ships and a crew of 250 men to Somalia which the Egyptians called The Land of Punt. Punt means “the land of spices” from the aromatic plants that grow there. The Egyptians wanted to trade and they brought jewels and glass beads that they exchanged for gold, elephant tusks, myrrh, ostrich feathers, spices and different beads. Some of these items, especially the aromatic ones, were used by the Egyptians in their religious festivals and celebrations.

Between the 7th and 9th centuries, immigrant Muslim Arabs and Persians established trading posts along the Somali coast. Over the next two centuries, a string of trading empires arose along the northeast coast.

In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, the great Berber traveller, visited Mogadishu and wrote about the people, their food and clothing and how they ruled themselves. In his book he mentioned that the people in the city were very fat and everybody ate as much as they could. The Mogadishans wore very nice white clothes and turbans and their sultan was very powerful.

Somalia was an unknown country for European explorers until the Portuguese explorers reached the coastal cities of Somalia on their way to India. They called it Terra Incognita, which means an unknown land. These new discoveries encouraged many other European navigators to sail on the Somali coasts.

Darawiish sultanate of Diiriye Guure
British, Italian and French imperialism all played an active role in the region in the 19th century. In 1884 at the European powers' conference in Berlin, Somalia was divided into five parts to dilute the homogeneity imposed by its language, religion, and ethnicity.

The colonial powers divided Somalia into British Somaliland in the north, Italian Somalia in the south, the French Somali coast in Djibouti, Ogaden or Huwan in the west and the Northern Frontier District of Kenya (NFD). In the late 19th century a Dhulbahante sultanate called the Dervish State or Darawiish Sultanate of Diiriye Guure in the Khatumo region emerged in 1895 with Diiriye Guure remaining as Somalia's sole extant independent king. Its sultan was Diiriye Guure who established a government called xarunta or haroun and whose elite were called Shiikhyaale, Dooxato, Golaweyne, and Miinanle. Its initial capital was in Xalin, Sool, whilst its latter capital was Taleex. In 1901 the fighting started between British and local Darawiish forces which culminated in 1920 in the air raids against the Dhulbahante garesas (forts).

After independence
In 1969, General Siad Barre seized power in a coup d'état, and the country was under a military government when the previous president was assassinated. The military government established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League in 1974. Somalia's initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa. However, this ended in a complete collapse in the 1980s when the Somali people became disillusioned with the government. The government was weakened further as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished.

As a result, General Barre was ousted, and a civil war started in 1991 following Somaliland's declaration of de facto independence. The civil war saw the breakdown of centralized government and anarchy in regions outside the capital, causing Somalis to leave the country in large numbers to settle in safer parts of the world. The economy, however, improved during the transitional period, as the lack of government led to decreased corruption in some areas.

Following the establishment of a new federal government in 2012, security improved somewhat. Al Shabaab, the Islamist opposition to the regime of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, has been pushed out of some cities in the south of the country and reduced to guerrilla warfare. However, spectacular terrorist attacks still occur in Mogadishu and government troops have been accused of committing widespread rapes with impunity, so with the exception of northern regions such as Puntland and Somaliland, Somalia should still be considered a dangerous place and not appropriate for tourism.

Climate
Somalia is principally desert. Major climatic factors are a year-round hot climate, seasonal monsoon winds, and irregular rainfall with recurring droughts. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 30°C to 40°C (85–105°F), except at higher elevations and along the east coast. Mean daily minimums usually vary from about 15°C to 30°C (60–85°F). The southwest monsoon, a sea breeze, makes the period from about May to October the mildest season at Mogadishu. The December-February period of the northeast monsoon is also relatively mild, although prevailing climatic conditions in Mogadishu are rarely pleasant. The "tangambili" periods that intervene between the two monsoons (October–November and March–May) are hot and humid.

 * Somalia Department of Tourism website

Puntland

 * – dry, windy city, major education hub and the capital of Puntland.

Southern and central Somalia

 * – A major port city, varied and thriving commerce, the national capital, and generally the preeminent metropolitan city in Somalia.
 * – Gedo Region's most important port city and the second largest city in Somalia proper. Too dangerous for travel.
 * - An important city in central Somalia.

Khatumo / Maakhir

 * – an ancient port city in Khatumo / Maakhir
 * – former capital of Diiriye Guure, the only non-emperor African king to militarily maintain his independence throughout the Scramble for Africa period.

Somaliland

 * – the capital of Somaliland and, by Somali standards, a fairly safe place.
 * - The safest place for beach getaways in northern Somalia.

Get in
Foreigners and overseas Somalis will need a visa. This can be arranged in three ways:

 * 1) The Somali embassy in your home country can easily arrange it for US$40-50.
 * 2) Visa on arrival: if you have the right documents, you can easily get a visa on arrival; the whole process takes about 40 minutes.
 * 3) The most secure way is to arrange your whole journey through a local luxury hotel, which will arrange everything from visa processing, picking you up from the airport, providing protection, sightseeing, and everything you need.

By plane

Plane travel may be problematic to and from Somalia. However, air may be the safest means of travel to and from the country.

The most reliable way to get in seems to be with African Express Airways, which has connections in Dubai, Nairobi, and other smaller Middle Eastern and East African ports of call. Tickets can be reserved in advance, but not purchased unless you are at their ticketing office – check back in to ensure you have a seat reserved if you will not be in the city you fly out of before your flight!

 * African Express Airways is a Kenyan airline that flies to Berbera, Bossaso, Galkacyo and Mogadishu primarily from Nairobi and Dubai, but also less frequently from smaller locations such as Sharjah, Entebbe or Jeddah. Major routes use MD-82 jets, shorter hops may be on a DC-9 or 120-ER.
 * Jubba Airways is a Somali airline that operates to Mogadishu from Dubai, Bossaso and Jeddah. Flights also may be available to/from: Galkayo, Hargeisa and Sharjah. They use a Soviet-made Ilyushin-18 aircraft. They are the only airline to Somalia that accepts online booking reservations, but confirm with them 7 days in advance before flying.
 * Daallo Airlines, the national carrier of Djibouti. 2–3 services per week from Djibouti also using an Ilyushin-18 aircraft.

Flights arrive at Aden Abdulle International Airport (, formerly Mogadishu International Airport), a few kilometers southwest of the center of Mogadishu. The airport is on the Indian Ocean beach, and the Turkish government has put up funds to renovate the airport and its security, control tower, and navigational systems. Passenger flights are operating.

There are 100 flights every day to and from MGQ airport in Mogadishu as of 2016.

By car
Don't travel to Somalia through driving by car. Though this may be possible if you wish to cross into Somaliland, borders are generally sealed, and always dangerous.

By bus
Armed robbery and killings are common on buses in Somalia including Somaliland. However, it is possible, and relatively safe for you to take a series of buses and shared cars from Ethiopia into Somaliland.

From Jijiga in Ethiopia, ask for the bus to Wajaale. Once there, cross the border (have your Somaliland visa ready to go) and take a shared 4x4 car to Hargeisa.

To leave via the same route, you will need a multiple-entry Ethiopian visa (no longer true as Ethiopian visas can be obtained at the Ethiopian Trade Mission in Hargeisa). These are not issued at the airport and must be received in advance of your journey. Somaliland requires a visa as well (see the "Getting In" section on its page for more details).

From Djibouti, 4x4s leave from Avenue 26 in Djibouti City every afternoon at around 17:00 and drive across the desert through the night to reach Hargeisa around 08:00 the next day.

As noted above, the borders around the rest of the former Somalia are closed and extremely dangerous.

By boat
There are ports in Mogadishu, Berbera, Kismaayo, and Bosaso. The waters outside of Somalia, especially the Gulf of Aden, are unsafe due to pirates; extreme caution is advised.

Get around
Somalia was without an effective government for 17 years; this has had a negative effect on the roads and transit.

Traffic is dangerous in Somalia. There may be landmines in different parts of the country. Roads are in poor condition and dangerous, especially in the Mogadishu and Jowhar regions. The main roads in the north-west from Hargeisa to Borama, Berbera and Sheikh have been resurfaced and demined.

There are two different modes of public transportation that you can use in Somalia: buses and taxis. The common rule of the road that seems to still be in force is that Somalis generally drive on the right. Little ride hailing app works in Somalia.

See
Liido Beach and Gezira Beach near Mogadishu are very beautiful. Families usually go on weekends. Women must swim fully clothed, but resort investors provide a special place for couples, as Somalia is a Muslim country, and does not permit women to show much of their bodies or to mingle with men. Although improvements have been made, caution is advised.

It is not clear as what the situation is now. In other circumstances, the beach would make for an ideal destination; however, the general threat of banditry and piracy along the coast make this, along with every other option in the country, risky, and caution is usually advised.

Visit some of the Dhulbahante garesas built during the era of Darawiish sultan Diiriye Guure, including:

 * Taleh Dhulbahante garesa
 * Las Anod Dhulbahante garesa

Do
In Mogadishu, security guards must accompany foreigners. Do not go alone if you are a foreign tourist.

 * Old Shanghai City
 * Liido Beach, Mogadishu
 * Mogadishu Governor's House
 * Mogadishu Fish Market
 * Gezira Beach
 * Mogadishu Fruit Market
 * Gezira Livestock Market
 * Bakara Market
 * Black Hawk down crash site
 * Liido Marine Life Academy

Talk
The two official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic. Many Somalis are multilingual.

Somali is the mother tongue of the Somali people, the nation's most populous ethnic group, and Arabic is a secondary language for most people. Like Arabic, Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language (but not Semitic like Arabic) and it has plenty of loanwords from Persian and Arabic, e.g. albab-ka (door) is from Arabic.

Somali uses the same alphabet as English; however, some letters are pronounced differently. For instance, 'x' is pronounced as "ch" as in "loch", and 'g' is usually pronounced as "g" as in "gargle". Some diphthongs (e.g. "sh") found in English are actually a part of the Somali alphabet.

Any attempts to learn or speak Somali will be warmly received by the locals since very few people make the effort to learn it.

Although it has no official status, English is widely taught in Somali schools and many Somali universities conduct classes in English. You should not have problems getting around using only English.

The use of Italian has diminished drastically since independence. Very few people (apart from the elderly and the well-educated) speak Italian.

Money
The currency used in Somalia (except Somaliland) is the Somali shilling (shilin), denoted by the symbol Sh.So., or in Arabic, شلن. The ISO currency code is SOS. Only the SOS1000 note is used, and doesn't go far... a glass of (unpotable) water will cost SOS1000. Exchange rates are extremely volatile and in March 2017, US$1 on the free market rate would get you Sh.So. 25,000. Much more useful are goods with which you could barter.

Shopping
The Bakaara Market (Somali: Suuqa Bakaaraha) is a Mogadishu open market and the largest in Somalia. Bakaara Market is in the heart of Mogadishu. The market was created in late 1972 during the reign of Siad Barre. Proprietors sold and still sell daily essentials (including staples such as maize, sorghum, beans, peanuts, sesame, wheat and rice), petrol and medicine. Despite a new Coalition government taking control, Somali markets continue to operate largely in the absence of regulations. A wide array of weaponry is also sold, with guns sometimes being the only thing for sale at some markets. 80% of Somali males own a weapon. Be very cautious, as customers will often test their new weapons by firing into the air. In the markets, an automatic rifle is usually available for purchase for around Sh.So.1,000,000 or USD30. even if you think it is macho, don't buy one. You are a lot more likely to use a weapon if you have it, and this would be seen as very bad in the eyes of the law, and could lead to your execution.

There are many things to buy here but be wary of cheap pearls as they may not be real. There are many good tailors in Somalia and it is a good place to have clothes made to measure and copied.

Eat

Somali meals are meat driven; vegetarianism is relatively rare. Goat, beef, lamb or sometimes chicken is fried in ghee, grilled or broiled. It is spiced with turmeric, coriander, cumin and curry and eaten with basmati rice for lunch, dinner and sometimes breakfast.

Vegetables appear to largely be side dishes, and often are woven into a meat dish, such as combining potatoes, carrots and peas with meat and making a stew. Green peppers, spinach and garlic are among the most commonly eaten vegetables. Bananas, dates, apples, oranges, pears and grapes are among some of the more popular fruits (a raw, sliced banana is often eaten with rice). Somalia has a much larger selection of fruits - like mango and guava - from which they would make fresh juice. Somali stores, therefore, carry among the widest selection of fruit juices in the various cities where Somali emigrants live, both Kern's juices as well as imports from India and Canada. And there is also a selection of instant juice: frozen or available as a powder.

The overriding characteristic of the Somali diet is that it consists of halal foods (Arabic for "allowable" as opposed to haram: "prohibited"). Somalis are Muslims and under Islamic Law (or Shar'1ah), pork and alcohol are not allowed.

Other common foods include a type of homemade bread called canjeero/laxoox (like a large, spongy pancake) and sambusas (like the Indian samosas), which are deep-fried triangular-shaped pastries filled with meat or vegetables.

The cuisine of Somalia varies from region to region and consists of a mixture of native Somali, Yemeni, Persian, Turkish, Indian and Italian influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal.

Drink
Somalis adore spiced tea. A minority of Somalis drink a tea similar to Turkish tea which they brought from Middle Eastern countries to their homeland. However, the majority drink a traditional and cultural tea known as shah hawaash because it is made of cardamom (in Somali, xawaash or hayle) and cinnamon bark (in Somali, qoronfil).

Islam forbids alcohol and Somalia follows this rather strictly. If you do find some, don't show it or drink it in public, as there's a strong chance that you could offend and be fined. Abdalla Nuradin Bar offers alcohol for foreign tourists.

As for the coffee (kahwa), try miraa, made in the Somali style. Sometimes spiced with cardamom, it's strong and tastes great, particularly drunk with fresh dates. Tea (chai) usually comes with dollops of sugar and perhaps a few mint leaves (na'ana).

Sleep
Bosaso and Hargeisa have some Western-level hotels. Hotels are also available in Mogadishu, typically with security as a top priority.

Work
There are not many opportunities to work for foreigners, beyond working for NGOs or similar organizations.

Notably the telecommunications industry has been booming, and it has managed to get foreign investments to come into the country. The telecommunications industry has benefited from its ability to provide services, such as money transfers, that had greatly suffered from the war.

Stay safe
Las Anod and Hargeisa are among the safest cities in what is nominally Somalia. They are quite well-guarded and welcome foreigners more than any other places in Somalia. If you're planning to go to Somalia, it's better to go to Somaliland or perhaps Puntland instead of southern cities. At the risk of sounding like a broken record, the easiest method for staying safe in Somalia is not to go in the first place. Kidnappings, armed clashes, piracy, and warlording are not as common in Somalia as before, but do not let that give you peace of mind. In June 2016, at least 15 tourists were killed in a hotel attack in Mogadishu.

A federal government was established in 2012. This government is fighting a military campaign against radical al-Qaeda backed insurgents based in rural areas, with the support of an African Union peacekeeping force. Other entities rule other parts of Somalia, though: Somaliland and Puntland are essentially separate countries, as well as Ximan in the middle and a Kenyan-installed state in the south called "Azania". Pirates may control various coastal towns. Be wary of areas where you see armed men, or from where you hear gunfire or explosions. They might be soldiers, but not always. Somali insurgents also launch mortar attacks onto civilian population centres and government compounds. Somali government forces have also launched artillery attacks against insurgents positioned in urban areas, which have resulted in civilian casualties. Shells could start raining down at any moment, especially if there are any signs of fighting nearby; you will have but seconds to start running or take cover if you hear the tell-tale sound of an incoming shell. See War zone safety.

Also, be wary of violent crime. Although the Somali government has established a police force, it is still developing, and crime rates are still high. Be aware that there are warlords and criminals in Somalia who will try to kidnap a foreigner and hold him or her for ransom. While arranging your trip, it is advisable to request that you be accompanied by hired Somali armed escorts, or bring along bodyguards.

Driving is on the right. While Somali drivers have something of a reputation for bad driving, the reality is slightly more nuanced. Risks are taken, particularly in Mogadishu, which would not normally be taken in other places, but the locals expect this to happen and compensate accordingly.

As of 2014, nine nations had embassies in Mogadishu: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Iran, Italy, Libya, Sudan, Turkey, Uganda, the United Kingdom and Yemen with six more nations planning to re-open their embassies soon. However, there are no embassies in Hargeisa; therefore, in most cases, no representative of your home government will be able to assist you if you get in trouble in Somaliland. The closest consular services for most countries are in neighboring Djibouti, Ethiopia, or Kenya, and further afield in Sudan and Egypt.

Stay healthy
Water is mostly contaminated in certain parts of Somalia. Stick to sealed, preferably non-Somali, bottled fluids. Do not drink out of wells. Most are filled with harmful bacteria that most foreigners are unaccustomed to. If you have a guide, they will probably provide you with food and water.

Hargeisa and Mogadishu have hospitals providing basic services, while health services in the rest of the country are mostly very poor.

Respect
Somalis, in general, are humble, hospitable, and welcoming. They consider it shameful to not give a guest a warm welcome, which is why you, as a tourist, will be showered with hospitality, even if you end up making a few blunders here and there.

If you're dining with a Somali, don't expose the bottoms of your feet to them. Don't eat with your left hand either, since the left hand is seen as the 'unclean hand'. Similarly, don't attempt to shake hands or hand a package with your left hand.

If your Somali friend insists on buying you something — a meal or a gift — let them! Somalis are extremely hospitable, and typically there are no strings attached. It is generally a custom to argue for the bill.

Staring is quite common in Somalia; children, men and women are likely to stare at you simply for being a foreigner, especially if you travel off-season and in out-of-the-way places. This is not meant as an insult; it rather shows an interest, and a friendly smile will leave the kids giggling and showing off, and the adults happily trying out their few English phrases.

Homosexuality is absolutely unacceptable. It is common for Somali men to walk hand in hand as a sign of friendship, but it would be unwise for Western men to attempt the same. Sharing a hotel room as a way of cutting costs is normal, but don't even think about asking for one bed for two.

Social etiquette
As is the case throughout Africa, Somalia is a hierarchial society. It is obligatory to show respect to elders as they are traditionally viewed as wiser and more experienced.

It is common for Somalis to ask you personal questions. There's a degree of informality; Somalis often treat everyone they meet as a friend and it is completely normal to ask about someone's lifestyle, their family, and so on.

The terms "brother" and "sister" are often used to address people. They are not considered offensive.

Do not presume that Somalis are "fundamentalists"; it is extremely rude. Levels of conservatism vary across the country.

Home etiquette
The following tips will come in handy when visiting a Somali home:

 * If you've been invited to a Somali home, you may be given snacks, refreshments, or both. Refusing any of these would offend your hosts.
 * It is completely normal to turn up to someone's house unannounced.
 * Utensils are not used when eating. People tend to eat with their right hands. The left hand is considered unclean.

Religion
The dominant religion in Somalia is Islam.

 * Religion is a huge deal to many Somali people. Criticising religion or discussing religion from an agnostic point of view is likely to anger Somalis or be met with total incomprehension.
 * Dogs are considered dirty and unclean in Somalia. Be mindful of this if you have a pet dog.
 * If you're a man, don't shake hands with or touch local women. Put your hand on your heart and bow slightly to greet them.
 * During Ramadan, you should refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing in public in the day. Not refraining would be seen as very disrespectful.
 * The Al-Shabab Islamist militia can be found in many inhabited areas. They absolutely do not take kindly to any kind of violation of Sharia law, and as they are not affiliated with any kind of government, they do not have to abide by any kind of laws except their own. They will feel free to punish any aberrant behavior any way they please, often by floggings, amputations, or even executions.
 * The Islamic "call to prayer" happens five times daily and can be heard loudly almost everywhere you go. If you aren't Muslim, it is not expected for you to participate, but you should always sit quietly and respectfully until the prayers end.

Photography
Be mindful of where you point your camera. While there are many great photo opportunities in Somalia, do not take photographs of Somali people without their consent. As is the case in all Muslim-majority countries, Somalis place a huge emphasis on personal privacy. Don't take pictures of women or girls without their consent, even if you're a woman yourself. This is can result in more than a few harsh words.

Don't try to take pictures of anything that looks as if it could be of any strategic importance (i.e., anything with a soldier, policeman or, more likely, armed militiaman guarding it).

Dress
It is absolutely acceptable for any person, regardless of their nationality, to wear traditional Somali clothes. Men wear trousers or a flowing skirt locally called, among other words, 'macawi' and shawls. On their heads they may wrap a colourful turban or wear a koofiyad (embroidered cap). Due to its Islamic heritage, many Somalis wear long dresses known in the Arab and Islamic worlds as khameez/thobe. Many men in Somalia choose to wear suits and ties to look more modern. This western dress code is dominant amongst members of the Somali upper class and the government. Women usually wear one of the following dress: Direh, a long, billowing dress worn over petticoats; coantino, a four-yard cloth tied over shoulder and draped around the waist. They also wear an abaya, a long and loose black robe.

Connect
The public telecommunications system was almost completely destroyed during the civil war. Local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centres. International connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite. International outgoing connections also work from the cellular infrastructure. Somalia has the cheapest cellular calling rates on the continent, with some companies charging less than the equivalent of one US cent per minute. Competing phone companies have agreed on interconnection standards, which were brokered by the United Nations funded Somali Telecom Association.

Wireless service and Internet cafés are available, but do remember that the .so domain is not operating in Somalia right now.

 * GSM Cellular Operators in Somalia
 * 1) Somafone (GPRS 2G network)
 * 2) Nationallink
 * 3) Hormuud Telecom
 * 4) Telsom Mobile
 * 5) Golis Telecom Somalia

title: Somalia


text:
Somaliland

Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland, Arabic: صوماللاند Ṣūmāliland) is a self-declared republic on the Horn of Africa recognised internationally to be part of Somalia.

Local authorities declared the region's independence from Somalia in May 1991, but neither the Somali federal government nor any other country or international organisation has recognised its sovereignty, instead claiming it as an autonomous region of Somalia.

Although the government is trying to establish a modicum of safety here, visiting is still not advised by the governments of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US — although the area is viewed as safer than most of its neighbouring East African countries. The local government is very anxious to show its stability and, as a result, foreigners are generally treated with respect and interest. However, high unemployment and increasing discontent at being an unrecognised island of stability in a grim region does cause some resentment towards outsiders, particularly NGO workers.

For visitors exercising caution and respect, Somaliland is a fascinating place to visit.

Cities

 * — the capital city of Somaliland, and perhaps the safest city in the entire region. It's rather cosmopolitan and with a rich history and culture.
 * — nicknamed beach city, is a major port and, apart from expatriate remittances, the economic lifeline of the Somaliland economy.
 * - High altitude, with mild temperatures in evening
 * — a historic city near Djibouti and the stunningly beautiful Zeila Coast.
 * - High altitude, with mild temperatures in evening
 * — a historic city near Djibouti and the stunningly beautiful Zeila Coast.
 * — a historic city near Djibouti and the stunningly beautiful Zeila Coast.

Understand
After being a British protectorate, Somaliland gained its independence in 1960 and, just 5 days later, voluntarily entered into a union with the also newly independent former Italian colony of Somalia. Before long, struggles erupted, but Somalia remained lashed together under the dictator Mohammad Siad Barre until a vicious civil war broke out in 1988. By its conclusion in 1991, Somaliland was bombed heavily. It is still recovering today: you will see shells of tanks along major roads, blast marks from artillery along hillsides; however, only a few bombed-out buildings or ruins remaining in cities.

After 1991, Somaliland began the painstaking process of establishing an independent state. In 2010 it held free and fair parliamentary and presidential elections. The incumbent president was unseated in a very close race. A remarkably peaceful transition of power followed.

Somaliland is a fairly peaceful region. Violence is rare, and there is an active police force to ensure that laws are respected.

As with the remainder of the former Somalia, law comes from three sources: the government, Islam (Sharia law), and clan (Xeer law). Extended family is of paramount importance in Somaliland, and indeed, the country now largely survives on remittances from relatives working abroad. It is customary in Somali culture, to ask another Somali upon meeting him/her, who his/her ancestors were several generations back, to establish which (sub-)clan he/she belongs to. Because no other country recognises Somaliland as independent, there are few employment opportunities and joblessness is estimated to be at a staggering 80%.

December-March is probably the best time to visit, as then you will avoid both the two rainy seasons and the sweltering, heat of the July-September dry season (over 44 °C).

 * Somaliland Government website

Get in
You must have a Somaliland visa to enter. Visas from Somalia are not accepted. Most travellers get a visa in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia or the Somaliland Mission in London. You can get details from the Somaliland government website or contact the Somaliland liaison office in Addis Ababa. To get to the office, which moves often (this information is current as of January 2016), walk about 100 metres north of the Edna Mall along Namibia Avenue until you see Sheger Building on your left. Turn right here at a small road that should have a sign for the embassy. Walk along the dirt road for 300-400 metres until you see another sign on your right. Turn right there and you will see the embassy. The embassy officially opens at 08:30 but the best time to turn up is between 09:30 and 10:00 as the ambassador often turns up around 09:30. The embassy is open on Fridays but not Saturday, Sunday or Ethiopian holidays. Visas cost US$70 and are issued on the spot. You will also need a passport photo, a copy of your passport (available for 1 birr at the mall before the turn or at the Sheger Building). You are issued a visa and a letter indicating that you should not pay anything at the border when entering the country. A Somaliland visa is also allegedly available from the Somaliland representation in Djibouti. The Somaliland mission in London will also issue a visa. The whole process is refreshingly unbureaucratic and can be handled by post, which makes London the most convenient place to get a visa for those living in Europe and/or want to obtain a visa before travelling to the region.

Visas on arrival are available for some nationalities.

By plane
There is an international airport in Hargeisa with flights to and from Dubai, Djibouti City, and many other cities and towns across the Horn of Africa and the Somaliland region. There is also an international airport at Berbera with many international flights, most notably to Dubai. Some 'flights' from Hargeisa start with a bus ride to Berbera. If you are not Somali you may have difficulty getting through the police checkpoints unless you have written permission from the commander of police or take an armed guard (the Jubba flight from Hargeisa to Dubai is like this).

Daallo Airlines is wildly inconsistent, so Jubba Airways or African Express from either Dubai or Djibouti is your best bet. They have several flights a week and connect Hargeisa to Djibouti, Dubai, Nairobi and Entebbe. Djibouti to Hargeisa is about an hour-long flight. Dubai to Berbera takes three hours.

All flights to and from Somaliland are expensive by most standards, and there are no budget airlines. The cheapest flights will be to and from Djibouti, usually around US$125 one-way when taxes and fees are figured in (but not including the entry/exit visa and exchange fees, which will tack on about another US$100 to any trip).

The most reliable way to get in seems to be with African Express, which has connections in Dubai, Nairobi, and other smaller Middle Eastern and East African ports of call. Tickets can be reserved in advance, but not purchased unless you are at their ticketing office - check back in to ensure you have a seat reserved if you will not be in the city you fly out of before your flight!

 * African Express is a Kenyan airline that flies to/from Berbera, primarily from Mogadishu, Nairobi and Dubai, but also less frequently from smaller locations such as Sharjah, Entebbe or Jeddah. Major routes use MD-82 jets, shorter hops may be on a DC-9 or 120-ER.
 * Jubba Airways is a Somali airline. Their flights go from Hargeisa and Berbera. They use a Soviet-made Ilyushin-18 aircraft. They are one of the two airline to/from Somaliland that accepts online booking reservations, but confirm with them seven days in advance before flying. Jubba Airways usually waits until enough people have purchased tickets before departing. You may be waiting a week or more for a flight, regardless of whether you have a ticket or not.
 * Daallo Airlines used to be the only international carrier to fly to Somaliland or the former Somalia. They are famed for inconsistent service. They operate 2-3 services per week from Djibouti also using an Ilyushin-18 aircraft.
 * FlyDubai flies two to three flights per week from Somaliland. As of June 2016, they were operating in Hargeisa and are the second airlines operating in Somaliland to accept online reservations.
 * Ethiopian Air has regular flights to the border city of Jijiga. From Jijiga, Hargeisa is a few hours away by taxi.

Again, remember to re-confirm all flights 7 days in advance. All of the airlines above will not hesitate to sell your ticket to someone else if you don't take the warning seriously, Jubba in particular.

Ticket offices are closed on Friday (the beginning of the weekend in the Islamic world). Plan accordingly.

By car
It is possible to enter Somaliland from Ethiopia by road. You can avoid paying many of the fees charged at the airport. However, if you plan to leave Somaliland by road it is advisable to make Ethiopian visa arrangements (multiple entry) before travelling to Somaliland as the process of getting an Ethiopian visa in Hargeisa can be quite cumbersome and time-consuming. As of January 2012, the Ethiopian visa in Hargeisa was easy to get, required no paperwork and was available in one morning - cost US$20.

It is not possible to enter from Somalia, so don't even try.

Another option is the open border to the north to Djibouti. In 2009, public transport 4x4s left Djibouti every day in the late afternoon and travelled across the desert throughout the night to arrive in Hargeisa the next morning. They left from Avenue 26 in Djibouti City, at a price of DJF 5500.

Despite efforts, there are still mines on some roads. Look out for coloured rocks next to the road; if you see painted rocks, do not leave the tarmac.

By bus
There is a bus service in Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera and Borama. There are also services between the major towns and adjacent villages operated by different types of vehicles such as 4-wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV).

By thumb
Hitchhiking is possible near and within cities. Locals are friendly and will go out of their way to ensure that you make it to your destination. You will be offered telephone numbers to call for help, free food, and asked lots of questions about your home country. Hitchhiking between cities is less advisable. To travel outside of major cities, the central government requires foreigners to take an armed guard with them (see "Stay Safe" below).

See
The capital, Hargeisa, has a provincial museum. There is also a menagerie that includes lions, leopards, antelopes, birds, and reptiles.

Laas Geel, which is about 60 km from Hargeisa, is one of best examples, if not the best example, of prehistoric cave art on the African continent. It's some of the earliest known art in Africa, dating back to 9,000 BCE. Government limits access to caves so it's best to get tickets in advance.

Naasa Hablood' are twin hills outside of Hargeisa that Somalis consider as a natural landmark.}

Eat
For breakfast, Somalis eat a flat bread called laxoox and cereal or porridge made of millet or cornmeal. They also eat rice or noodles with sauce or meat for lunch. Pasta became very popular under Italian rule. Bananas are common in the south of the region. A traditional soup called maraq (also part of Yemen cuisine) is made of vegetables, meat and beans and is usually eaten with flat bread or pita bread. Oat or corn patties and salad can be eaten too.

Somalis occasionally eat xalwo, a jelly-like sweet made with water, sugar, corn syrup and honey, though peanuts are sometimes added. Somalis who have spent some time in the Middle East eat baklava. Dates are also popular in Somaliland.

In coastal areas, roasted camel meat, camel milk, fried sheep liver and all kinds of fresh seafood are popular.

It is considered polite for guests to leave a little bit of food on their plate after finishing a meal provided by their host. This shows that the guests were given enough food and thus treated hospitably.

Drink
Many Somalis adore spiced tea. Milk is also common in rural areas of Somaliland. Alcohol is prohibited and you will not find it publicly served anywhere in Somaliland.

Money
The Somaliland shilling (شلن صوماليلاندي in Arabic, Soomaaliland shilin in Somali), denoted by the symbol Sl.Sh., is issued in banknote denominations of 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 shillings. You may see old notes in denominations of 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- shillings, and old coins in denominations of 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-shillings.

Somaliland has suffered from hyperinflation, so prices change quickly, and exchange rates are unstable. US dollars are the easiest foreign currency to use.

Because of the inconvenience of carrying bundles of shilling notes, over half of Somaliland's commerce is handled through mobile phone payment apps, Zaad and e-Dahab. In marketplaces, keep an eye out for money changers sitting behind walls made of bundles of currency.

Sleep
There are hotels being constructed in all of Somaliland's major cities. Hargeisa has had most development, with regards to its infrastructural capacity, the airport has been expanded to cater for an increase in foreign and domestic tourists.

Stay healthy
Locals in Hargeisa drink tap water from a system provided by the Chinese government. Its cleanliness, while not perfect, is adequate for locals. To play it safe, you can boil the tap water (especially if you are a short-term visitor) to ensure its safety.

In places other than Hargeisa, you should stick to bottled water.

As with many developing countries, animals roam the streets and sanitation is poor. Be very aware of the risk of rabies. Bats may inhabit the countryside, and their bites can be nearly invisible, leaving a person unaware until it's too late.

There is a low risk of malaria in Somaliland, but the threat is still present. Many foreigners choose not to take anti-malarials.

Yellow fever is considered endemic in Somaliland. If you plan to travel to other countries that require proof of yellow fever vaccination, ensure you are vaccinated and have a certificate.

Vaccination against other endemic diseases common in developing countries (typhoid, polio, hepatitis A & B, etc.) is strongly recommended.

If you have health problems or have concerns about getting treatment in an emergency, you will be putting yourself at great risk as the medical services in most areas are rudimentary by modern standards.

The most modernised and prominent hospital is the Edna Adan University Hospital in Hargeisa. However, it's mostly a maternity hospital and medical treatment there is limited. Serious conditions will require medical evacuation to Ethiopia or possibly the Middle East. Come prepared or do not come at all.

Stay safe
Somaliland is the safest area or region of the current 5 member states that make together the federal republic of Somalia in which Somaliland is part. Knowing a little of the local language or having an interpreter can go a long way in gaining information from the local population, which is a valuable tool if you wish to learn about the surrounding area.

Imprisonment and/or execution is the punishment for homosexuality. So if you are gay and decide to visit, keep your sexual orientation secret.

The Somaliland government requires that all foreigners take armed guards when travelling outside of the major cities. These guards are known as SPUs (Special Protection Units) and are available from the local police department or the office of tourism in Hargeisa. The UN typically pays US$5 a day per SPU, but as a tourist it will be difficult to negotiate this price. SPUs will try to charge you anywhere from US$30 to US$40 a day, but US$15 a day is reasonable for both parties.

Under some circumstances it is possible to travel around Somaliland without an SPU. To do this you will need a letter from the commander of police. This can be obtained from the police HQ in Hargeysa (not the police station). Take the minibus to 'pepsi' (pronounced with a strong ‘b’ as the Somali language doesn’t use the letter p) from the centre of town and get off just after you cross the dry river bed; the police station is on the right hand side of the road. The commander leaves at 11:00 each day so you will need to turn up in the morning and you may have to argue with the guard at the gate to be allowed in; they may try to send you to the SPU building round the corner. Stand firm and insist on seeing the Commander's secretary. The commander's secretary is very helpful and used to sorting this out. Give him the names of everywhere you wish to go and he will type up the letter and get the commander to sign it. It's easy to get permission to travel to Berbera and Djibouti, other destinations may be harder and the situation may change.

If you run into legal problems you may be on your own, as many countries have no consulates for their citizens to turn to for help. However, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Turkey have consulates in Somaliland and Taiwan has a representative office which offers consular services. Learning local customs and laws is very important if you wish to minimise the chances of conflict with local authorities.

Go next
African Express, Jubba and Daallo airlines fly to Djibouti, Kenya, Mogadishu and Uganda. Be prepared to pay a USD32 exit fee in the airport. Berbera has an international airport that has flights to Dubai.

title: Somaliland


text:
Somali phrasebook

Somali (Af Soomaali) is the official language of the Eastern African country Somalia.

Vowels

 * a : as in pat if short (a) but as in father if long (aa)
 * e : as in pet if short (e) but as in paid if long (ee)
 * i : as in sit if short (i) but as in seat if long (ii)
 * o : as in cot if short (o) but as in coat if long (oo)
 * u : as in put if short (u) but as in shoot if long (uu)

Note that the general difference in length of vowels is important because otherwise words could get mixed up and it could end up in great confusion.

Consonants

 * b : as in box
 * d : as in dog
 * g : as in get
 * h : as in hat
 * j : as in jet
 * k : as in kick
 * l : as in let
 * m : as in mat
 * n : as in net
 * r : trilled as in Spanish
 * s : as in sit
 * sh : as in shut
 * t : as in ten
 * w : as in well
 * y : as in yet

Note that the 'doubling' of consonants is also very important not to get confused. A doubled consonant is pronounced in both syllables whereas a single consonant is pronounced in one syllable.

Also note the following complicated pronunciations.

 * dh : Can be viewed as flapped d or r depending on the speaker - either way you'll get it right. Set your mouth to pronounce as normal d or r, but then curl your tongue right up so that the bottom touches the top part of your mouth. As you try you'll feel your tongue flapping forward.
 * x : It's more of an emphantic version of h. Take the exhaling sound you make when you've just burnt your mouth after taking a sip of boiling hot soup, push it right back into the very back of your mouth, making sure your tongue also goes back and that should be a good approximation.
 * c : If you follow the same pronunciation rules for x, with the tongue and back of the mouth all pressed up against the back of the throat then simply change the hiss of the h to a sound using your vocal cords. If you're then sounding if you being choked then that's it. Hint: Think of c as a vowel modifier and if listening to a native speaker, note how it changes ("pharyngealizes") the vowel in its vicinity, sending half the sound up the nose.
 * q : It's pronounced like a k but right back in the mouth at the throat end, in the same area as c and x. Imagine you've got a marble in the back of the throat and that you're bouncing it using only the glottis and make a k sound at the same time.
 * kh : It's the rasping ch in Scottish loch and German ach. It's also pronounced like the Spanish jota.
 * ' : It's what's called the glottal stop. You simply close the glottis at the very back of the mouth/top of throat, and then release the built-up air. The result is a light uh sound with a very slight grunt just before it. Although it's not written, it occurs in the conversational speech of nearly all English speakers, being most noticeable in the pronunciation of words like bottle as 'bo'el' by many Londoners.

Basics

 * Hello. : salaam alaykum
 * How are you? : sidee tahay?
 * Fine, thanks, and you? : waan wanaagsanahay, mahadsanid, adiguna?
 * What is your name? : magacaa (mah-gah-'ah)
 * My name is ______ . :  magacay waa ___ (MAH-gah-IGH wah   _____ .)
 * Nice to meet you. : kulanti wanaagsan
 * Please. : fadlan (FAHD-lahn)
 * Thank you. : mahadsanid (ma-HAD SAN-eed)
 * You're welcome. : adaa mudan ( )
 * Yes. : haa (hah)
 * No. : maya (MY-ah)
 * Excuse me. (getting attention) : iga raali ahow ( )
 * Excuse me. (begging pardon) : . ( )
 * I'm sorry. : Raali ahow/noqo.
 * Goodbye : nabad galyo (nab-ad GEL-yaw)
 * Goodbye (informal) : macasalaamo. (MAH-'ah-sal-LAM-aw)
 * I can't speak Somali [well]. : [ ]. ( [])
 * Do you speak English? : Ingiriis ma ku hadasha?
 * Is there someone here who speaks English? : Qof ingiriiska kuhadla majooga halkan?
 * Help me! : I caawi! (!)
 * Look out! : iska jir
 * Good morning. : subax wanaagsan (sob-A-h wan-ax-san)
 * Good afternoon : Galab wanaagsan
 * Good evening. : Fiidnimo wanaagsan
 * Good night. : habeen wanaagsan (hab-EEN wan-ax-san)
 * Good night (to sleep) : Habeen wanaagsan.
 * I don't understand you!. : Kuma fahmin adiga!
 * Where is the toilet? : Musqusha/Suuliga aawey?

Numbers
0 - eber

1 - hal/kow

2 - labo

3 - saddex

4 - afar

5 - shan

6 - lix

7 - toddobo

8 - sideed

9 - sagaal

10 - toban

11- kow iyo toban

12- labo iyo toban

20 - labaatan

21 - kow iyo labaatan

30 - soddon

40 - afarton

50 - konton

60 - lixdan

70 - toddobaatan

80 - siddeetan

90 - sagaashan

100 - boqol

200 - labo boqol

1000 - kun

5000 - shan kun

10000 - toban kun

100000 - boqol kun

500000 - shan boqolo kun

1000000 - milyen

1000000000 - bilyan

Time
Morning- Subax 10-11AM- Barqo Afternoon- Duhur Evening- Casar Sunset- Maqrib Evening: fiid Night- Habeen 8-10PM- Cisha Midnight- Saqdadhaxe Early Morning (5-6 AM)- Anoor

Days
Monday- Isnin Tuesday- Talado Wednesday- Arbaco Thursday- Qamis Friday- Jamco Saturday- Sabti Sunday- Axad

Months
January =Bilkowaad/Toddob/janaayo

February =Xigto/Fuushane/febraayo

March =saddexa/Gu'soor/maarso

Abril =Abraar/Samuulad/Abriil

May = Riyaale/Dirir/meey

Jun =Idaale/Diracgood/juun

July =carfoon/luuliyo/laxadhaqe/julaayo

August = kutuba/samalaho/Agoosto

Septembar =dhaafa/kalahaan/sebteenbar

OCtobar = nasteexo/Dambarsame/oktoober

November =Asli/Balqaad/nofeenbar

December =Cifadda/lixkor/Diseenbar.

Colors
White- Cadaan (A-daan) Black- Madow Green- Cagar (Agar) Red- Gadud Yellow- Jale Blue- Baluug Pink- Basali

Transportation
Gaadiid

Bus and train
Gaadiid Dadweyne iyo Tareenka

Directions
North = Waqooyi South = Koonfur West = Galbeed East = Bari

Money
Money = Lacag / beeso Dollar = Doolar Euro = Yuuro/Yuurow Frank = Farank

Eating
Eat /Cun --Wash/Dhaq your hands/gacmahaaga-- Breakfast = Quraac/Qureec === Lunch = Qado === Dinner = Casho ===

title: Somali phrasebook