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California

One of the most diverse states in the Union, California has a culture ranging from the easygoing surf spots on the beaches of Southern California to the glamor of Hollywood, and the counterculture and thriving businesses of the Bay Area. The state, which is on the west coast of the U.S., also varies greatly in natural beauty, from redwood forests on the North Coast to the ski resorts of the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains and the harsh desert of Death Valley. The largest state in the U.S. by population and the third largest by area, California boasts world-famous attractions and sights: Disneyland, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Napa Valley wine country, and the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney.

Regions
California is geographically varied, ranging from warm beaches to snowy mountains to fertile farmland to extreme desert. In the middle of the state is the farmland of the Central Valley, which provides produce to the whole country. The conventional wisdom is that there is a huge difference—and also rivalry—between the Southern California area around Los Angeles (or as Californians often say, “LA”) and Northern California centered around the San Francisco Bay Area.

Cities

Here are a few of California's most notable cities, listed from north to south.

 * – former logging town with charming Victorian city center, waterfront trails, and Redwood Sky Walk featuring the world's tallest tree species.
 * – Sundial Bridge and gateway to a plethora of outdoor adventures ranging from underground caverns to some of the highest volcanic peaks in the United States.
 * – the laid-back state capital with historic Gold Rush-era quarter of the city, Old Sacramento.
 * – Golden Gate Bridge, Alcatraz, America's largest Chinatown, cable cars, and Victorian houses.
 * – south of San Francisco, this city is the center of Silicon Valley, and is home to many technology companies and the (in)famous Winchester Mystery House.
 * – city on a south-facing coast which styles itself, with some justification, as "the American Riviera."
 * – the state's largest city, and 2nd-largest in the nation. L.A. is home to Hollywood, Venice, The Getty Center, and Griffith Park.
 * – desert recreation with golf, spas, resorts, casinos, and the famous aerial tramway.
 * – Balboa Park, Old Town, SeaWorld, San Diego Zoo, and nearby Tijuana, Mexico.

Other destinations

 * can be loosely defined as the stretch of coastline between Carmel and San Simeon, and the steep cliffs, rocky coast, churning waves, abundant wildlife, redwoods, and remoteness make it a stunningly beautiful drive.
 * – a place of legend and a place of trial.
 * – this world-famous amusement park opened its doors in 1955 and today draws around 16 million yearly visitors. The California Adventure theme park was added in 2001 and provides attractions inspired by the state's scenery and movie industry.
 * – former ornate estate of media mogul William Randolph Hearst, perched atop a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
 * – combines two different desert ecosystems anchored by the peculiar-looking namesake tree species.
 * – a deep blue mountain lake, popular for water sports in the summer and skiing in the winter.
 * – the premier wine region of the United States, with spas, wine tasting and wine tours; the historic heart of California Wine Country.
 * – these twin parks hold monuments to nature's size, beauty, and diversity, including the largest tree on Earth, the General Sherman Tree.
 * – one of the first wilderness parks in the United States, the site of natural wonders such as Half Dome, El Capitan, and numerous waterfalls.

California also has many state parks, approximately half of which are near urban centers. This is in addition to the state's eight national parks found across the state.

History
Human settlement in California goes back 50,000 years; California was home to thirty different tribal groups prior to the arrival of European explorers in the 1500s and now over 120 tribes are left. The first Europeans to discover what is now California were the Spanish and Portuguese. Spanish colonialism was established through twenty-one missions built throughout California by the late 1700s. These missions still survive today, stretching from San Diego on the Mexican border to Sonoma in the northern San Francisco Bay Area.

After the Mexican War for Independence in 1821, California became a part of Mexico for 25 years until 1846, when many of its residents declared a sovereign nation (the California Republic, also called the Bear Flag Republic) before it was annexed by the United States in 1846, and has since then had an image as the "land of opportunity" and the final destination of luck-seekers. The 1848 discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada mountains kicked off the California Gold Rush, and California's non-native population surged from 15,000 to over 300,000 within two years. People who moved to California during the Gold rush were often called "49ers", a term that was adopted as the name for the San Francisco football team. California became a state in 1850, and its population has increased steadily since then.

Los Angeles, a city which once boasted one of the longest streetcar networks in the world, boomed through defense contractors and later converted to a "freeway" city after the streetcars were dismantled. The city hosted Olympic Games twice (1932 & 1984) at times when the Olympic movement was in crisis and the games were largely seen as successes for the city as well as the Olympic movement. In the post-war years, California (especially the Bay Area) became a hotspot of counterculture, including popular music, the anti-war movement, and the LGBT community. Since the late 20th century, the state and in particular, the Bay Area, has been at the forefront of the Digital Revolution, with innovations such as personal computers and smartphones having been introduced through Silicon Valley.

Today California is the most populous state in the US with over 38 million residents. Taken by itself, California would rank as one of the world's top ten economies and Californian places like Silicon Valley, Hollywood and San Francisco are known globally and have shaped not only American but world culture. Politically, California is seen as a solidly "blue" state: it has a two-thirds majority of Democrats in both chambers of the legislature and often provides the Democratic party with particularly left-wing ideas, especially on social issues. That said, the state actually contains a lot of political diversity, with conservative views prevalent in much of the state outside the densely populated Bay Area and Los Angeles County, particularly in the fertile but relatively sparsely populated Central Valley.

Landscape
With over 160,000 square miles (411,000 km2), the landscape of California is vast and varied, and the stereotypical beach paradise is only the tip of the iceberg. The state contains extremes in elevation, with Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft (4,421 m) being the tallest mountain in the lower 48 states, while less than 200 miles (320 km) away Death Valley, at 282 ft (82 m) below sea level, is North America's lowest point.

California's border to the west is made up of a rugged coastline along the Pacific Ocean. The coastal mountains rise up from the ocean and are home to redwood trees in their northern half. Moving eastward, the Central Valley bisects California from north-to-south, before giving way to the Sierra Nevada mountains, which are home to Yosemite National Park, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, and other natural wonders. The southeastern part of California is dominated by desert, which covers 25% of California's total area. The Mojave is a high desert, with elevations ranging from 3,000 to 6,000 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m) above sea level. This area receives less than six inches (152 mm) of rain each year.

Climate
The state's climate varies from subtropical at the coast to the brutal winters of the mountains to one of the world's hottest regions in the deserts. Rainfall is more common in the northern part of the state than in the south, and snow is rare except in the mountains. Most precipitation occurs during winter, but California experiences frequent droughts. This has prompted people to install drought-resistant landscaping. In some years, farms lie fallow due to lack of water for irrigation.

The hottest temperature ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, 134°F (56.6°C) was at Death Valley in 1913, and temperatures here regularly exceed 120°F (50°C) during the summer. In contrast, winter temperatures in the mountains can drop below 0°F (-20°C). In between these extremes there are great local variations in climate due to topography and the influence of the Pacific Ocean upon precipitation and temperature, with temperatures becoming increasingly moderated nearer the coastline.

For swimming, the Pacific Ocean can be surprisingly cold even in July due to currents. September and October are the best months for swimming. Another surprise in coastal areas is the presence of cool temperatures and fog in the mornings through most of the year. To experience California as a sunny place, plan to sleep late.

People
California is a very diverse state with many ethnic groups. California has large populations of people of varied backgrounds such as Mexican, Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Armenian, Iranian, Jewish, Chinese, Russian, Filipino, Eastern Indian, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Thai, and Hmong. California also has large populations of African Americans and Native Americans.

Although typically considered to be a liberal state, Californians have a wide variety of political views which tend to vary based on region. The Central Valley, Orange County, San Diego, and Palm Springs area tend to be more conservative, while Los Angeles County and the San Francisco Bay Area are among the most progressive areas in the country.

California is a large and diverse state, with different cultures in each region.

Holidays
California observes all the federal holidays, except Columbus Day, and adds Cesar Chavez Day on March 31st (or nearest weekday). However, some cities such as Coronado that have a large population of federal workers or military personnel do observe Columbus Day.

Tourist information

 * Visit California website

Talk
Although the California Constitution states that English is the official language of the state of California, in reality, California is a multilingual state. American English is the main language and Spanish is the de facto second language, and a knowledge of even rudimentary Spanish is useful in most cities from Sacramento to San Diego. Los Angeles has some of the largest Hispanic populations north of Mexico. The state is highly influenced by Spanish culture due to its history, and it is not uncommon to see store and street signs written in both English and Spanish. "Spanglish" (a mixture of English and Spanish) is often used and heard throughout the state. Even people with no Latino heritage whatsoever sometimes speak fluent Spanish or use common Spanish-derived expressions when speaking English. Most government offices and tourist attractions, as well as many businesses in California have at least a few employees who are bilingual in English and Spanish. Some restaurants in fact may have a workforce that is more fluent in Spanish than English.

Due to a history of Asian immigration and influence, Asian languages such as Cantonese, Mandarin, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, and Hindi are also spoken among Asian Californian populations. The major cities also tend to have communities of essentially any ethnicity imaginable, and there is a good chance you can hear their language and have an opportunity to experience their cultures. San Francisco, for example, is home to a significant French community, while Los Angeles boasts quite a large Ethiopian neighborhood.

By plane
San Francisco International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport  are the most popular entry points with a wide variety of flights from Europe, East Asia, India, Oceania (Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Tahiti, etc.), Latin America and from various cities in the U.S. on a variety of U.S. and foreign flag carriers. To a lesser extent there are also direct flights from the Middle East (Israel, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE) to Los Angeles. They are however also the most crowded and the SFO-LAX route is one of the busiest air corridors in the world causing frequent delays due to congestion. Delays at San Francisco airport due to fog are also somewhat common. If coming from within the U.S. and from Mexico there are other alternate airports in California that are less crowded and may be closer to your final destination. They are:

 * Los Angeles area – Hollywood-Burbank Airport (Bob Hope Airport) in Burbank (closest to Hollywood and Downtown Los Angeles), John Wayne Airport  in Orange County (closest to Disneyland & Knott's Berry Farm), Ontario Airport  in Ontario (closest to Joshua Tree and the Inland Empire deserts), and Long Beach Airport  in Long Beach (west coast hub for JetBlue Airlines).
 * San Francisco Bay Area – Oakland Airport in Oakland (closer to Downtown San Francisco than SFO), San Jose Airport  in San Jose (closest to Silicon Valley), and Sonoma County Airport  in Santa Rosa (closest to Wine Country); both San Francisco and Oakland airport are now connected to the local metro network, BART while San Jose is connected by Caltrain via a free shuttle to the 'Santa Clara Station'.
 * San Diego International Airport in San Diego
 * Sacramento Airport in Sacramento
 * Reno Airport in Reno, Nevada is closer to the Lake Tahoe area than from Sacramento.
 * Fresno Airport in Fresno, closest to Yosemite NP.
 * Palm Springs
 * Central Coast – Monterey (closest to Big Sur), San Luis Obispo  (closest to Hearst Castle), and Santa Barbara.
 * Las Vegas Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada is closer to Death Valley NP than from Los Angeles or Ontario.
 * Tijuana Airport in Tijuana. If coming from Mexico it may be more advantageous to fly to Tijuana on a (Mexican) domestic flight and then cross into San Diego by ground transportation than on an international flight to San Diego, Los Angeles, or other cities further north. From San Diego, you can continue north to the San Francisco Bay area, Las Vegas, Phoenix or wherever in the U.S. you are continuing to.  See  By plane under the "Get Around" section for more information.

By train
Amtrak serves several routes into and out of California. If you are going to Los Angeles from the Central Valley, you might have to change to a bus for the last part of the trip, as the only railway connection between the Central Valley and Los Angeles is also one of the busiest freight lines in the USA. Plans to build a new high speed rail line to link San Francisco and Los Angeles are underway, but completion is not scheduled before the late 2020s.

The following Amtrak routes serve California and terminate in Los Angeles or Emeryville:

 * The California Zephyr runs daily between Chicago and Emeryville with connections in Omaha, Denver, Provo, Salt Lake City and Reno/Lake Tahoe. This train also stops in the Sierra Nevada (Truckee and Colfax) and the Sacramento Valley (Roseville, Sacramento, Davies and Martinez).  Emeryville is the nearest Amtrak station to downtown San Francisco where passengers transfer to the Amtrak Thruway bus to continue across the bay to San Francisco.
 * The Coast Starlight runs daily between Los Angeles and Seattle via Portland, Klamath Falls, Redding, San Francisco Bay Area, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Oxnard.
 * The Southwest Chief runs daily from Chicago via Kansas City, Albuquerque, Flagstaff, Williams Junction (nearest stop to the Grand Canyon) and Kingman to Los Angeles. It also makes stops in the Mojave Desert (Needles, Barstow and Victorville); the Inland Empire (Riverside and San Bernardino) and Orange County (Fullerton) and on its way into Los Angeles.
 * The Sunset Limited runs three times a week from New Orleans via Houston, San Antonio, El Paso, Tucson and Yuma. Additionally, Amtrak's Texas Eagle service between San Antonio and Chicago incorporates the Sunset Limited to provide a direct connection to Los Angeles with the same stops as the Sunset Limited between San Antonio and Los Angeles. This train also stops in the Inland Empire (Pomona, Ontario and Palm Springs).

Train services are limited to two token lines with hardly any real transport value in Mexico and there are NO passenger rail service to anywhere near the U.S./Mexican border from anywhere in Mexico.

By bus
Many bus companies operate services to California. Service is most frequent along the interstates from large cities in neighboring states. See By bus under Get around in the below for a list of bus companies serving the state.

By car
All major road entrances (including entrances from other U.S. States) to California have agricultural inspection stations to ensure that some fruits and vegetables do not cross into a region where they may come into contact with the farms in the Central Valley. Often, travelers are subject to border inspection (somewhat strict for domestic travel) and asked if they have been on a farm or are carrying organic matter with them.

Get around
California is the third largest state of the U.S. by area (after Alaska and Texas). It compares in size with Sweden. However, getting around California can be simple.

By car
In addition to interstates and US highways, California has one of the most expansive state highway systems in the United States. As with all long-distance trips in the United States, a car is generally the best way to get around and see destinations, especially rural ones. However the trip from the northern end of California to the southern end can take well over ten hours as the state's varied and in places rugged terrain can pose obstacles to the road network. The coast routes (State Route 1 and U.S. 101) are much slower and windier than Interstate 5, and GPS travel estimate times may be inaccurate, especially on Highway 1.

Most California drivers are courteous and careful (although speeding is rampant), and the safety and ease of driving in California is comparable to most wealthy countries. Exceptions may be found in the most congested areas of San Francisco and Los Angeles — where potholes, road rage and reckless driving are commonplace — and some country roads in mountain ranges. Information about vehicle collisions and other non-congestion traffic problems on highways are reported online at chp.ca.gov/traffic. Traffic congestion is tracked by most online map sites.

Gasoline prices are more expensive than in other parts of the U.S.; consider public transit in highly populated areas such as the Bay Area where prices are especially high.

Freeway signage (and cautions)
California uses the MUTCD (Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices) lane marking system standard throughout the United States, in which dashed white lines divide lanes of through traffic and yellow divides opposing traffic (with single dashed indicating passing and double solid indicating no passing). In many urban areas the lane markings are replaced by Botts dots for additional tactile feedback when crossing lanes.

The network of freeways in major population centers is often confusing and intimidating to those unfamiliar with the area, so having a good map is very helpful. The great majority of exits from freeways are on the right. At interchanges between freeways, in most cases, the flow of traffic continues through the left lanes with the transition to the other freeway being in the right lanes.

At certain freeway interchanges, Caltrans (California Dept. of Transportation) is notorious for posting advance direction signs that do not correctly explain which lanes correspond to which ramps. Additionally, Caltrans does not always post signs warning of upcoming lane drops or merges.

For example, where a freeway has three through lanes and the central lane splits into two lanes, thus resulting in two ramps with two lanes each, the advance signage may incorrectly imply that only the right lane will break off for the upcoming right-side ramp, thus causing visitors driving in the middle lane to merge unnecessarily into the right lane. And the two lanes on the right-side ramp may suddenly merge into each other without any warning.

These issues frequently result in visitors making wild last-minute lane merges. The 2009 national MUTCD is intended to remediate this problem (as seen in California and several other states) by mandating the use of detailed arrows on direction signs that clearly show which lanes split into new lanes at upcoming interchanges, but California has not yet implemented the new MUTCD standard. Thus, one should approach major freeway interchanges in California with caution.

Mile-based exit numbering is in progress but is still very erratic in areas; an exit number may not be marked at all, may be marked on the last directional sign before the exit, or may be marked on the final "EXIT" sign where the exit ramp separates.

Ramp meters
In urban areas, the access ramps to a freeway may have traffic lights for each lane (called ramp meters or ramp metering lights; you'll see warning signs that read "METER ON"). During high-traffic times, the traffic light spaces out the vehicles attempting to merge onto the freeway. Be sure to read the sign below the light as ramps can allow 1 to 3 vehicles per green light. Most ramp meters are for ramps from local roads to a freeway, but some freeway junctions have meters on their ramps too.

Toll roads and bridges
Most highways are freely accessible, although there are a handful of tollways as well as tolled lanes on roads that are otherwise freeways. Most Southern California toll roads have no toll plazas; in most cases, you must have a FasTrak account and transponder - see below - to drive and pay the toll. On the other hand, all major bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area have toll plazas, with tolls charged on traffic in only one direction. All Bay Area toll plazas have cash lanes, except the Golden Gate Bridge (which takes photos of the license plates for non-FasTrak vehicles and bills the owner later). Cash toll lanes are staffed by human toll collectors; California toll plazas do not have "exact change" lanes where drivers may toss change in a basket without stopping.

All California toll roads and toll plazas also accept FasTrak electronic toll collection transponders (aka tags) which can be used throughout the state. FasTrak is not compatible with any other state's ETC system. Going through a FasTrak-only toll plaza lane or toll road without a transponder or (only in some cases) an active FasTrak account with which your car's license plate is registered will result in a very expensive ticket.

HOV/carpool lanes
Some freeways have a high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane on the far left. This lane, also called the carpool lane or diamond lane, is marked by: Some freeway access ramps have carpool lanes too; often, the non-carpool lanes will have ramp meter traffic lights while the carpool lane has none.
 * a diamond symbol painted on the road surface
 * signage on the wall separating the two sides of the freeway, with the diamond symbol
 * a double yellow line on the road surface (only in Southern California)

In most cases, the carpool lane is only for vehicles with 2 or more persons inside, motorcycles, and clean-air vehicles with government-issued "Access OK" stickers. Sometimes, 3 or more persons and/or a FasTrak transponder may be required, so check the signage before entering a carpool lane. Carpool lane restrictions may be enforced 24 hours a day every day, or only when the signage says so (in those cases, it's usually only during rush hour on weekdays).

Carpool lanes in Southern California have limited access points marked by a dashed white line. This is the only point at which a vehicle may legally enter or exit a carpool lane, since you are not allowed to cross a double yellow line.

The minimum fine for unlawful use of a carpool lane is $490.

Traffic safety and law enforcement
All persons in a moving vehicle are required to wear a seatbelt and the driver and all passengers can be individually ticketed for failing to do so. Motorcycle riders must wear a helmet. Cellphone users are required to use a hands-free headset if talking on the phone while driving. Texting by the driver is illegal, as is any action on the phone that forces the driver to touch it more than once (and even single-touch actions are only allowed if the phone is mounted securely rather than hand-held). Unless otherwise signed, right-turns are permitted at red lights following a full stop. If it is raining hard enough to require you to use your windshield wipers, California law requires that your headlights be turned on.

California does not have stationary photo radar cameras to deter speeding like in other countries, and mobile manned photo radar units are rare and still experimental. However, most California police officers do carry radar guns and use them often, and on rural freeways, the California Highway Patrol occasionally flies aircraft overhead to spot speeders and help ground units home in on their positions. Red light enforcement cameras are in use at many urban intersections, but are usually marked only by a single "PHOTO ENFORCED" sign before the intersection. The cameras must obtain a clear view of the driver's face and license plate before a ticket may be issued.

California's laws against driving under the influence of alcohol are very strict; the maximum permissible blood alcohol concentration is 0.08%. All drivers are strongly encouraged to call 911 to report drunk drivers.

California requires disabled out-of-state visitors to apply at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) for a travel placard for handicapped parking. It's valid for 90 days.

Travelers with a non-US driver's license are generally permitted to drive in California. However, travelers who are in California for more than 10 days with some kinds of visas, especially the K-1 non-immigrant visa for future spouses, have run into some difficulties over their place of residence. The DMV refuses to issue drivers' licenses to people with non-immigrant visas, but police have filed charges against some of them for becoming a California resident without promptly obtaining a California license – the very license that the State refuses to issue on the grounds that they haven't legally become residents yet. This risk may be reduced by giving your non-California address as your place of legal residence if stopped by police.

Unlike most states, "lane-splitting" by motorcyclists (i.e. riding down the painted lines between traffic lanes) is legal in California and commonly done in heavy traffic. It's only legal when traffic is going slower than 30 mph, and motorcyclists are only allowed to go 15 mph faster than the general flow of traffic, but many motorcyclists seem to treat this as more of a guideline than a hard and fast rule. As a result, if you're driving a car, take extra care to watch for motorcycles when changing lanes on a major highway.

Major highways
Here are some important highways in California:
 * I-5.svg Interstate 5: Runs between San Diego, Los Angeles, and Sacramento, then north into Oregon and Washington.
 * California 99.svg State Route 99: Runs along the California Central Valley between Red Bluff, Sacramento, Stockton, Modesto, Fresno and Bakersfield as the Golden State Freeway.

 * I-8.svg Interstate 8: Runs between San Diego, Calexico, Yumma, and Casa Grande, Arizona.
 * I-10.svg Interstate 10: Runs between Santa Monica, Los Angeles, the Inland Empire and Palm Springs, then over the Colorado River into Arizona and points east.
 * I-15.svg Interstate 15: Runs between San Diego, the Inland Empire, Barstow, Las Vegas, Nevada and points north.
 * I-40.svg Interstate 40: Runs between Barstow, Needles, then into Arizona, towards Oklahoma City and points east. Interstate 40 bypasses or replaces the old Route 66 between Barstow and Oklahoma City (as County Rd 66 in San Bernardino County).
 * US_66_(historic).svg Historic Route 66: Now decommissioned, historically connected Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, Barstow, Needles, then into Arizona and points east. It runs alongside I-40 between Barstow and Oklahoma City and alongside or concurrent with I-15 between Barstow and San Bernardino.

 * I-80.svg Interstate 80: Runs between the Bay Area, Sacramento, Reno, Nevada, and points east
 * I-405.svg Interstate 405: Runs between Northridge and Irvine via Van Nuys, LAX, Culver City, Long Beach, Santa Ana, and point in between as an auxiliary by-pass of I-5 through the Los Angeles Area.
 * I-580.svg Interstate 580: Connects the San Francisco Bay Area with Interstate 5 in the Central Valley
 * US 50.svgU.S. Highway 50: Runs between Sacramento, South Lake Tahoe, Carson City, Nevada, and points east
 * US 101.svg U.S. Highway 101: Runs between Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, then close to the California Coast to the San Francisco Bay, Eureka and points north
 * California 1.svg State Route 1: Runs up the California Coast between Orange County, Los Angeles, Monterey, the Bay Area, and Fort Bragg

 * US 395.svg U.S. Highway 395: Runs along the Eastern Sierras, connecting the Inland Empire and High Desert with Bishop, Reno, and Susanville, then into Oregon and points north

By plane
Flying may be a more reasonable option for crossing large expanses of the state. American/American Eagle; United/United Express, Delta, Southwest, JetBlue, Jet Suite X (JSX), Spirit and Alaska Airlines offer intrastate flights within the state of California. San Francisco is a hub for United and Alaska; while Los Angeles is a hub for United, American/American Eagle, Delta, JetBlue and Alaska Airlines. The LAX-SFO route is one of the busiest in America which means competitive fares and delays are frequent which is only made worse by the fog that tends to hit San Francisco bay on a regular basis. In addition, the airlines offer flights from different airports in southern California in the south; to the SF Bay area and to Sacramento in the north at competitive rates.

The primary airports served by major US carriers, Volaris (from Mexico) and Aeromexico (from Mexico) in California are in:

 * Los Angeles area – Los Angeles International, Burbank-Hollywood Airport (Bob Hope Airport) in Burbank, John Wayne Airport  in Orange County; Ontario Airport , and a small airport in Long Beach
 * San Francisco Bay Area – San Francisco, Oakland , San Jose , and Sonoma County Airport (Charles M. Schulz Airport) in Santa Rosa; both San Francisco and Oakland airport are now connected to the metro, BART, while San Jose is connected by Caltrain via a free shuttle at the 'Santa Clara Station'.  Oakland is closer to Downtown San Francisco than SFO is and offers a fog-free alternative.
 * San Diego
 * Sacramento
 * Reno, Nevada closer to the Lake Tahoe area than Sacramento

The busiest second tier airports are Fresno (nearest to Yosemite NP); Santa Barbara ; and Palm Springs. There are also flights from major hubs to Arcata/McKinleyville (nearest to Eureka), Bakersfield, Crescent City, El Centro, Mammoth Lakes, Merced, Monterey, Redding, San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, and Stockton.

By train
The state's various rail services provide a cheap and reasonably comfortable way to see and get around much of the state without a car. Amtrak operates a few long-distance routes through and out of California, as well as the three Amtrak California routes:

 * San Luis Obispo-Santa Barbara-Los Angeles-Anahiem-San Diego on the Pacific Surfliner
 * Oakland/Sacramento-Stockton-Fresno-Bakersfield on the San Joaquins (which have connecting Thruway bus service to Los Angeles)
 * San Jose-Oakland-Sacramento-Auburn on the Capitol Corridor
 * Los Angeles-Santa Barbara-San Luis Obispo-San Jose-Oakland-Sacramento-Redding-(continues to Seattle) on the Coast Starlight
 * Emeryville (San Francisco connection)-Sacramento-Truckee (near Lake Tahoe)-(continues to Chicago) on the California Zephyr
 * Los Angeles-Palm Springs-(continues to Chicago) on the Sunset Limited
 * Amtrak Thruway Motorcoaches connects additional cities and towns to/from the Amtrak (train) network by bus such as Santa Cruz-San Jose; San Francisco-Emeryville; Bakersfield-Los Angeles; Bakersfield-Las Vegas; Martinez-Arcata; Redding-Sacramento; etc.

Amtrak has seen continuously increasing ridership in most of the US for more than a decade now, and surprisingly enough three of the six most popular Amtrak routes run through California, thus making them a viable alternative to the more often than not congested roads and airports.

In addition, there are several commuter and regional services in the state's metro areas:

 * Caltrain San Francisco-Palo Alto-San Jose-Gilroy through the famous Silicon Valley.
 * Altamont Commuter Express San Jose-Stockton through the Altamont Corridor Express.
 * BART operates in the Bay Area, connecting much of the East Bay (Oakland, Berkeley, Walnut Creek) to San Francisco and SFO.
 * Metrolink runs regional train service throughout the greater Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura County (metropolis) region on multiple routes.
 * COASTER runs along the coast of San Diego County between downtown San Diego, Carlsbad and Oceanside.
 * SPRINTER runs across Northern San Diego County between Escondino and Oceanside with bus and train connections to Los Angeles and San Diego.
 * Sonoma-Marin Rail (SMART) runs between Santa Rosa and San Rafael in Marin/Sonoma County (Northern Bay Area) with ferry connections to San Francisco

There are also light rail systems in San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, and San Jose. Almost all of these systems are being expanded or upgraded to cope with rising ridership, so expect more and better service in years to come.

By bus
The bus is not the most glamorous way to get around the state, but it can be the cheapest. There are fairly frequent service from Los Angeles to San Francisco/San Jose; San Diego/Tijuana; Las Vegas/San Bernardino and Sacramento with on multiple routes with various bus companies. There are other the smaller companies, county bus services, and those connecting rural towns which are not listed, check the article of your destination for all the transportation options. Information on transit can be found here.

By foot

 * The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the length of California on its way from Mexico to Canada
 * The American Discovery Trail connects California with Nevada and the East Coast.

By boat

 * Ferry service is limited, but can be a scenic, relaxing, and fun way to travel. Major services exist in the Bay Area, to the Channel Islands and to Catalina Island near Los Angeles. Several of the smaller coastal towns have water taxi services within their city. Check as the stops and limited and the schedules may seasonal.
 * Many cities are along the coast, or else on navigable waterways, and you can dock your own boat there.

See
As the most geographically and culturally diverse state in the U.S., California offers an endless amount of things to see and do; even when you think you've experienced everything in one area of the state, a short trip to another part has plenty more to offer.

Incredible and unique scenery, some of the most recognizable landmarks in the world, centuries old historical sites, unending cultural and entertainment options – no matter where your interests lie, California will almost certainly offer it.

Natural attractions
From white-sand beaches to snowcapped mountains, with lush forests and arid deserts in between, no other state offers such a wide a variety of natural landscapes as California does.

California hosts the largest number of U.S. national parks with a total of nine. The most famous of these is Yosemite National Park, featuring thundering waterfalls and geological behemoths like El Capitan and Half Dome. The surrounding Sierra Nevada also hosts nearby Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks which are both home to some of the world's largest living organisms, the giant sequoia. Redwood National Park in the far northwestern corner of the state and the surrounding area feature the world's tallest species of trees, the coast redwood.

Tired of forests? The California desert is the site of some the hottest and most arid places on Earth. Death Valley National Park is the location of the highest ever recorded temperature on the planet. If deserts are not your thing, beaches and California are practically synonymous. Big Sur and Point Reyes are notable examples of a scenic, winding stretch of unspoiled coastline that is typical of Northern California, featuring rocky cliffs and towering redwood trees that meet thundering ocean waves. Further south, the water is much warmer and suitable for all-day beach trips. Here, world-class beach towns such as Santa Barbara, Malibu, and those of Orange County offer opportunities to catch waves, practice beach volleyball, or simply lounge around and tan underneath palm trees.

If high-altitude adventure is what you are seeking, California has that too. At an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 meters) above sea level, Mount Whitney is the highest mountain in the lower 48 states. Snow activities such as skiing and snowboarding are plentiful in Lake Tahoe in the winter, while hiking and water recreation such as boating are popular in summer.

While the national parks may receive most of the attention, California has the largest state park system in the United States. These protected areas are found in places ranging from being adjacent to national parks to green landscapes in the middle of cities that offer a respite from the hectic urban rush.

California's high population and its climate have also led to the creation of numerous reservoirs.

California marine animals (native and migrating) are easily found in the wild along the state's beaches, in lagoons and estuaries, such as sea otters, grey whales, elephant seals, harbor seals, sea lions as well as multitudes of tide pools dwellers including crabs, sea stars, anemone, and sea urchins. Timing is key: go at low tide to see lots of marine life.

Monuments and architecture
California has long been a canvas for architects and engineers to design and build some pioneering structures or to popularize styles that would define a time period. With two of the most prominent cities in the United States, Los Angeles and San Francisco, this is certainly notable with many of the structures and buildings that are found there.

San Francisco is home to engineering marvels such as the Golden Gate Bridge, Lombard Street (the most crooked street in the world), and cable cars that seemingly glide up and down the hills between the waterfront and rest of downtown. The many skyscrapers such as the Transamerica Pyramid have all been specifically designed to withstand powerful earthquakes. The stately Palace of Fine Arts and charming Painted Ladies of Alamo Square have served as backdrops countless of times for the city by the Bay.

As the epicenter of the global entertainment industry, the Hollywood Sign is an icon of Los Angeles recognized worldwide. The nearby Hollywood Walk of Fame, Capitol Records Building, and numerous theaters all solidify the city's hold on entertainment. The Griffith Observatory and Walt Disney Concert Hall are also notable features in the cityscape, as is the imposing Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the site of the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics.

Other notable landmarks outside these two cities include the California State Capitol in Sacramento (modeled after the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.), labyrinthine Winchester Mystery House in San Jose with eerie origins, and the lavish Hearst Castle in the Central Coast town of San Simeon that anchors the landscape of the surrounding area.

Historical sites
From former Native American sites to suburban garages where modern technology was invented, California's centuries-long history is preserved in numerous historical sites and museums that are scattered throughout the state.

One of the most comprehensive collections of state history from prehistory to contemporary times is housed in the Oakland Museum of California in Oakland, with a vast collection of nearly 2 million items related to California history, art, and science.

The legacy of Spanish colonial times remains with the string of twenty-one missions that span the length of much of the state from Mission San Diego de Alcalá  in the San Diego's Old Town (founded in 1769) up to Mission San Francisco Solano in the Bay Area town of Sonoma (founded in 1823). Perhaps the most beautiful of these though, is Mission Santa Barbara, which lent its name to the same city and is rightfully referred to as the "Queen of the Missions".

El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument in downtown Los Angeles is another historical feature from the Spanish era, although the neighborhood underwent a major transformation during the period of Mexican rule (1821 to 1848) that now gives the area a distinct Mexican atmosphere, particularly along Olvera Street.

Spain was not the only European power that colonized California, however. Fort Ross in the northern edge of the Bay Area was the southernmost Russian outpost in North America and was in operation from 1812 to 1841.

Gold Rush legacies live on in Gold Country, located in the northeastern part of the state. Following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma in 1848, hundreds of thousands of fortune seekers from around the world made their way to California, establishing dozens of towns, most of which still retain their Old West charm and atmosphere. Old Sacramento in the state's capital city also sprung up as the commercial and transportation center of this era, with places of interest including the first terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad and related California Railroad Museum.

Cannery Row and much of the rest of Monterey provide a glimpse of the state's once lucrative fishing and canning industry during the first half of the 20th century, with carefully preserved wooden buildings that housed factory workers and engines, along with rustic (and still active) piers.

Motion picture sets
Countless films and television series have been set in California. Much of the production is made within the 30-mile (50-km) studio zone around Los Angeles, but sceneries across the whole state are famous from the movies. Some franchises with their own itineraries are Back to the Future, Easy Rider, Fast and Furious, Forrest Gump, Kill Bill and The Terminator.

Itineraries

 * El Camino Real (The Royal Road) — a historic road linking the 21 Spanish missions of Alta California (modern day state of California) offering a fascinating look into California's history
 * Pacific Coast Highway — tour up and down the iconic California coast, along Big Sur, all the way up to its end where it merges into the US 101, which goes up to Washington state.

Do

 * Ski at one of the great resorts near Lake Tahoe or Big Bear.
 * Try your hand at surfing or work on your tan in Orange County or Santa Monica.
 * The long coastline offers some great California scuba diving.
 * Go winetasting at one of the countless vineyards dotting Wine Country.
 * Climb a mountain and camp in the Sierra Nevada or Shasta Cascades.
 * See California's amazing wildflowers. From March through May, the California Wildflower Hotline at +1 818 768-3533 offers the latest information on the best places to view wildflowers throughout Southern and Central California. The hotline and website are updated every Thursday evening. More than 90 wildflower sites are included. The hotline, founded in 1983, is run by the Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants.
 * Listen to music at the Northern California Blues Festival. The fastest growing festival of its kind comes in June to Sacramento County around Father's day each year and usually features a spectacular line-up of Blues artists. Event benefits Through the Mind, a non-profit providing free alternative mental health to America's Veterans.
 * Visit one of the many theme parks, such as Disneyland or Six Flags Magic Mountain.

Buy
Usually US dollars and common credit or debit cards are the only accepted modes of payment. Many stores can take contactless payment methods such as Apple Pay and Google Pay. You might have some luck with Mexican Pesos near the immediate border area, but the exchange rates are usually pretty bad.

California stores no longer give out free plastic bags, except for fresh grocery produce and meats. Reusable plastic bags cost a minimum of ten cents (by state law). Many stores sell cloth bags for one or two dollars. Sales tax varies from county to county and city to city; it is usually around 9% and is charged on almost everything except regular groceries.

The quintessential California souvenir depends a lot on which part of the state you visited, and what your interests are. The agricultural products change from citrus and avocadoes down south to strawberries in the middle, to almonds and wine as you move north. In LA, you might take home chocolates from See's Candies; in the Central Coast, keep an eye open for locally produced saltwater taffy; in the Bay Area, it's all about Ghirardelli Chocolate. Common themes for souvenir items include surfing, tie-dyed clothing, and redwood trees.

Eat
California doesn't have a single, well-defined cuisine of its own, but rather has a remarkably diverse food scene defined by its large population of immigrants of varied ethnic backgrounds and its access to one of the most productive agricultural regions on this side of the planet. The culinary style referred to as Californian cuisine or California fusion focuses on imaginative fusions of other cuisines, typically with heavy attention to presentation and an emphasis on using freshly prepared local ingredients, and has been somewhat subsumed into the general trend of "New American" cuisine.

Almost any dish you can imagine can be found somewhere in California, with the cuisines of the Americas and Asia heavily represented, and those of nearly every other country available to a lesser extent. More "North American" fare includes everything from burger shacks to vegetarian, organic and even completely vegan restaurants; the Californian love for food has made it one of the most diverse restaurant scenes in North America. The large cities have the most variety, while things get simpler and more meat-heavy as you get more rural.

There are a handful of distinctive California dishes, although most of them have been adopted and adapted throughout the US. As a general rule, plain water is free at any restaurant. However, if you need a disposable cup, the cup will cost you 25 cents (by state law). You are allowed to bring your own reusable water cup or bottle.
 * Cobb salad – a cold salad of bacon or ham, chicken, boiled eggs, avocado, tomato, lettuce, and bleu cheese, with a vinaigrette dressing. Traditionally it's chopped fairly fine, but in modern times it's served in a variety of ways, and sometimes with ranch dressing instead of the traditional vinaigrette. It was invented at the Brown Derby restaurant in LA.
 * French dip sandwich – invented somewhere in LA, the exact location is subject to dispute, but it's a warm sandwich of thinly sliced roast beef on a roll that's dipped into beef broth.
 * Cioppino – a seafood stew developed by Italian immigrants in San Francisco, it resembles various Italian fish stews but includes local ingredients like chopped Dungeness crab.
 * The Mission Burrito – a San Francisco tradition characterized mainly by its great size and caloric content, featuring copious amounts of beans and rice in addition to cheese, meat and/or vegetables.
 * California Burrito – a San Diego specialty, it's a carne asada (spicy grilled steak) burrito, stuffed with french fries.
 * Santa Maria Barbeque – This is a central coast tradition. It's a bottom sirloin beef roast (the cut is locally known as tri-tip), where the fat hasn't been trimmed. It's suspended high above a hot oak fire, fat side up, so it cooks slowly and the fat melts and tenderizes the meat. It's usually served thinly sliced with tortillas or bread, salsa, onions, avocado, and other side dishes.
 * Chop Suey – the original "American Chinese" dish was popularized as cheap food for laborers during the California gold rush. While it's increasingly hard to find, many other American Chinese dishes were first created in San Francisco's Chinatown. Larger cities in California have some restaurants selling American Chinese food and others selling traditional Chinese dishes. In smaller cities, the Americanized version may be the only option on the menu.

Regional chains
California's classic burger chain In-N-Out has expanded to states as far east as Texas—see Fast food in the United States and Canada for more. Outside of fast food, California chains that you'll be hard-pressed to find elsewhere include:

Drink
California is known for its fine wines and gourmet beers. Napa, Sonoma and Mendocino are premier wine districts north of San Francisco, but there are others in the Central Coast region and even the San Diego region where suitable microclimates have been found. The inland Central Valley region has hotter summers and traditionally produced inexpensive bulk wines, but quality has been improving with winemaking innovations.

For beer, California also has a lot of microbreweries. Sierra Nevada, in Chico, is one of the biggest microbreweries in North America. In the Central Coast the mid-sized brewery Firestone Walker in Paso Robles is a good addition to the local wineries in the area. In San Diego, Stone Brewing Company offers a great variety of beers that can be purchased throughout the state. There are over 200 microbreweries in California.

Legal issues
Californians tend to view wine as a natural accompaniment of food or socializing, overlooking its alcoholic content more easily than with distilled spirits. However police crackdowns on drinking and driving are noticeable, with roadblocks and random checks. Conviction for driving with a blood alcohol level over .08 percent is likely to bring serious legal and financial consequences. Drivers with a lower blood alcohol can still be convicted for DUI (driving under the influence) if they fail field sobriety tests, such as walking a straight line.

You must be 21 years of age to buy or drink any alcoholic beverage. Underage drinking is taken very seriously, so if you want a drink and appear to be under 30, you should be ready to present identification showing your age. The only acceptable proof-of-age documents are passports from any country, and identity documents issued by US government agencies (e.g., drivers' licenses issued by any US state). Foreign drivers' licenses and foreign identity cards are not legally acceptable as proof-of-age documentation, and people who are unable to produce a passport or valid United States ID will be refused service. Only original identity documents will be accepted; photographs or photocopies will not be accepted.

Air pollution
While air pollution levels have dropped dramatically since the 1970s, more than ninety percent of Californians live in counties with unhealthy air. Visitors to the mountains or the rural regions of Northern California will have nothing to worry about, but the overreliance on cars, low rainfall, and surrounding mountains in Los Angeles, the Central Valley, and the Bay Area create some of America's worst air quality. It gets particularly bad when a layer of cold air gets "trapped" by a layer of warmer air above it ("inversion") which is particularly likely in basins. While air quality is rarely at levels that would be considered immediately dangerous, visitors should heed alerts and be especially cautious when any local wildfires are burning.

Occasionally, there will be an advisory issued for air stagnation, which is a phenomenon involving an air mass that cannot move and therefore stagnates over an area for an extensive period of time. Air pollutants can cause breathing difficulties for those with existing respiratory conditions.

If you have a respiratory condition, refer to the National Weather Service website on air quality to see if any such advisories have been issued for the areas you might visit.

Disease

Deer mice can transmit a virus that causes hantaviral pulmonary syndrome. You are most likely to get infected if you breathe in dust containing their excrement (feces, urine, and saliva). Realistically, however, hantavirus is of very little concern to the traveler, as only a few people get infected each year, and most of them are exposed on the job, but sensible precautions should be applied. Do not venture in any wild animal's den or touch deer mice or their excrement. If you need to clean up after rodents, wear waterproof gloves, eye protection, and a high-quality respirator mask, and use disinfectants and wet-mopping techniques, rather than brooms and vacuums (both of which spread virus-laden dust). If you do get infected, treatment usually involves a week or two in the hospital. The main defense against the virus is prevention.

California–Mexico border
Due to California's proximity to the international boundary with Mexico, visitors should be cautious while in areas near the border.

 * Beware Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) checkpoints and patrols. CBP is legally allowed to stop you or your vehicle solely in order to inquire about your citizenship and residency status within 100 miles (160 km) of any international border (in this instance, the US–Mexico border). Non-whites, and especially Latinos, should expect to be profiled, targeted, and harassed by these government agents.
 * Know where you are at all times. Follow good safety procedures and use common sense when making decisions.
 * Do not pick up hitchhikers. If the person is undocumented or carrying drugs, you could be mistaken for a trafficker.
 * Keep valuables, including spare change, out of sight and lock your vehicle.
 * Avoid traveling in well-marked but unofficial "trails."
 * Avoid hiking or camping in areas of major border activity. If you are visiting a national or state park, consult park staff to help plan backcountry travel in safer areas.

Crossing the border
Thousands of U.S citizens visit the state of Baja California, Mexico from California every year, with the majority of travelers returning from an enjoyable experience. However, a minority of travelers do experience difficulties and serious inconveniences while traveling to Mexico. Before traveling to Mexico, ensure that you have the proper documentation and are familiar with the recommendations for foreign travel from the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs

There are six border crossings between California and Mexico: two between San Diego and Tijuana, one between Tecate and Tecate, two between Calexico and Mexicali, and one between Andrade and Los Algodones. The United States operates a consulate-general in Tijuana and a consulate in Mexicali. Mexico operates Consulates in Calexico, Fresno, Los Angeles, Oxnard, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose and Santa Ana.

Crime
The usual inner city crime can be found in the worst parts of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Oakland. Central Valley cities, such as Sacramento, Stockton, and Fresno also have gang problems. Northern coastal cities such as Eureka have an ongoing problem with significant drug activity and property crimes. However, most California cities are safe. As long as you take basic precautions against petty crime, such as keeping your phone and other valuables out of sight in tourist areas, and stay out of obviously run-down neighborhoods, you will probably have a safe and pleasant visit.

If you are traveling along the Pacific Coast Highway or Highway 101, you may notice there are a substantial number of hitch-hikers along the way. Most are harmless youthful travelers or people who just need to get somewhere for lack of other means, while others may be a bit less safe to pick up. Use your best judgement, and, unless you feel confident in the people to whom you're giving a ride, it's probably better not to offer one while you're travelling alone.

Drugs are illegal in California, with the noted exception of marijuana. Adults 21 and over are allowed to possess, use, and cultivate small amounts of marijuana, so long as it is not consumed in public or possessed on the grounds of a school or day care center. The maximum amount a person may possess is one ounce of marijuana or 8 grams of concentrates. Some dispensaries sell marijuana products to the general public, although others remain restricted to those who have a medical marijuana recommendation from a doctor. Delivery services are also available. Marijuana is still illegal under federal law, so do not carry marijuana across state lines—even to another state where it is legal—as this will be considered drug trafficking and subject to harsh punishment. Also, do not take marijuana onto federal land, including any of the dozens of national parks and national forests in California.

If you find yourself in an emergency situation (of any kind), dial 9-1-1 on your phone or from any (available) phone. It is a free call from a payphone.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes that are large enough to cause extensive damage are rare, but remain a matter of reality for the state. Most earthquakes are mild and last for a couple of seconds. You're not likely to encounter one during your trip, but if you do, you'll probably go home with nothing more exciting than a story about it being over before you figured out that it was an earthquake. When you feel the shaking, act quickly to drop, cover, and hold on.

The biggest dangers in an earthquake are falling objects (such as books or bottles flying off shelves – or the whole shelf with all of its contents, if it's not properly mounted) and windows, which may shatter explosively. In the event of an earthquake, face away from windows and hide under any sturdy table or desk – and then hold on to that table, because the shaking could cause the table to slide across the floor. Contrary to popular belief, do not stand in a door frame; these are structurally weaker spots in modern buildings, and they provide no protection against falling objects.

If you are indoors, do not run outside! Falling building facades are more likely to cause severe injuries than anything inside. If outdoors, stay away from buildings (especially brick chimneys, which may spray bricks around a large area), and stay out from under power lines.

If you are driving, your first thought will probably be that something is wrong with your car. Immediately slow down and then stop at the nearest safe place. When the shaking is over (the ground and your nerves), it's okay to start driving again, but drive cautiously, as traffic signals will likely be out, the road surface may be cracked, other drivers may be panicking, and there may be trees or damaged vehicles blocking the road ahead.

Deserts
Along the southern most border of California-Nevada, as well as the border of California-Arizona, California has elaborate desert landscapes which extend into the south central regions of the state, the most famous (or infamous) being the region known as Death Valley, where several tourists and hikers have indeed met their fate while exploring the region.

If you are planning on traveling or hiking into these locations, follow desert survival guidelines. Be sure to take plenty of water (at least one gallon/four litres per person, per day), sunscreen and wear light clothing. Let someone know where you are going and when you expect to return.

Be sure to have a full tank of gasoline prior to traveling by car into these regions, as many desert locations are extremely remote and without any services for several miles (in some cases nearly 100 miles / 160 km). To break down in these regions could be extremely unpleasant in the best case scenario, tragic in the worst.

Also, it is best to hike during the earlier part of the day, as thunderstorms tend to develop suddenly during the afternoon. In the event you encounter inclement weather conditions, seek high ground immediately! Thunderstorms can cause flash flooding in canyons and other low-lying areas.

Tsunamis
The incidence of earthquakes in California raises the concern for potential threats of tsunamis. Though tsunamis occur very rarely, a great deal of California's coastline is in a tsunami zone. For more information on the state's hazard assessment, visit the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research website.

Wildfires
Wildfires are common between May and October, but can also occur at other times.

Precautions include the following: clear the area around campfires in campgrounds, never leave flames unattended (even artificial ones), do not throw cigarette ends out of a car, and avoid unnecessary weapon use in dry areas.

The strongest impact from fires is smoke. Smoke affects areas dramatically exceeding the size of the root fire. Travelers with respiratory issues should consult visitor information sites before visiting areas where fires are occurring, or anywhere in the path of the smoke, which can spread across large portions of the state during the worst wildfires.

Mudslides
Fire season is followed by the rainy season, and hilly areas where the vegetation has burned are particularly vulnerable to destructive and sometimes deadly mudslides. Heed any evacuation warnings that are issued.

Wild animals
Bears are found in the Sierra Nevada and all neighboring parts of the state. They're rarely dangerous, but should never be approached. If you are camping, you need to ensure that food, food waste, and other scented items such as soap and toothpaste are secure from them. Mountain lions are rarely seen, but live in all mountainous parts of the state and once in a while attack humans. If you see one, yell and wave your arms to make yourself appear as large as possible. Coyotes are quite common, even in relatively populated areas like the Hollywood Hills. They pose little danger to humans, but will attack dogs, cats and other domestic animals. Many animals, most notoriously bats, can carry rabies. When hiking, watch for ticks, which can carry Lyme disease, and rattlesnakes. California is home to 2 potentially deadly species of spiders - the black widow and the brown recluse - if you don't go poking around abandoned structures and woodpiles, you're very unlikely to encounter them. If you're bitten by any animal, seek immediate medical attention. Shark attacks have happened once in a great while at California beaches, and deadly sharks such as great whites do roam the California coast, but unless a shark has been repeatedly sighted by a specific beach (the local media will broadcast warnings) this is an extremely remote possibility.

Poisonous plants and mushrooms
Poison oak can be found almost anywhere in the state, but is particularly common in Southern California, the Central Coast, the Bay Area, and any Coast Redwood woodlands. It's toxic throughout the year, even during the winter when it's lost its leaves. Sensitivity varies by individual, but many people can end up with a very nasty, blistering rash by contacting it. See the linked article for treatment options. California is also home to several lethal varieties of mushrooms, which can be particularly dangerous to would-be gatherers because some of them resemble edible varieties found elsewhere in the world. Even if you're an expert on mushroom varieties where you live, don't assume you're safe gathering them in California.

Respect
California is filled with a very diverse group of people. Northern and Southern California have notably different cultures, while the rural areas in the Central Valley and Eastern portions of the state differ even more significantly. Sensitive topics include immigration, water rights, and land-use. Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area are especially well known for being some of the most politically liberal areas in the US, and continue to serve as some of the world's major centers of counterculture. Conversely, parts of California, particularly the Central Valley, are conservative. However, don't assume any individual's political leaning based on where they live.

Go next

 * Arizona – Home to the Grand Canyon, Arizona borders California to the southeast across the Colorado River.
 * Nevada – California's eastern neighbor is best known as the home of Las Vegas, although towns such as Reno and Carson City are also good day-trip opportunities for visitors wanting to explore the Silver State.
 * Oregon – Sharing a border to the north, Oregon is home to impressive mountains and extensive forests.
 * Hawaii – Many visitors to America's fiftieth state depart through California on their journey across the Pacific, but it is not a neighboring state and requires a 5-hour flight to get there.
 * Baja California – Those traveling across the border to Mexico can visit some of that country's most impressive sea and landscapes.

title: California


text:
California desert camping

Some of the most geographically interesting and visually beautiful areas of California are the deserts, and the best way to experience the desert is to camp there. Many areas of Bureau of Land Management land do not require camping permits for self-contained "dry" camping. Contained fires are allowed in many areas. Off-road vehicles are allowed on established trails and in some open areas, for more details see Off-road vehicles in California.

No matter what others have left behind, practice Leave No Trace - pack it in, pack it out. In fact, you're encouraged to clean up other people's messes if at all possible.

Regions

 * Death Valley
 * Mojave Desert
 * Joshua Tree National Park
 * Anza-Borrego
 * Glamis

Eat
All supplies should be brought because obtaining supplies in the region can often be pricey. The desert can be a desolate and unforgiving land, always bring more than you think you will need. Campfire barbecues and fresh fruit are certainly treats for which you will develop a new found appreciation. And typically, as car camping is the desired approach, you can bring in almost all that you need.

A couple of suggestions for meals:

Breakfast

 * Cereal and milk
 * Oatmeal (for cold mornings)
 * Fruit
 * Bagels
 * Coffee or tea and 'greens'
 * Hard boiled eggs

Lunch

 * Sandwich with plenty of nice cold veggies like cucumbers and tomatoes.

Dinner

 * BBQ chicken, pork chops or steaks
 * Bell peppers, onions, zucchini, tomatoes (best prepared in a covered tin)
 * Corn on the Cob, and regular or sweet potatoes (wrapped in foil and placed on the edge of your fire)
 * Ramen
 * A hearty soup

A nice touch to wind out a long day of exploring is to cook with your campfire.

 * Try to stick to an existing fire ring and modify it into a 'key hole' shape(kinda like a circle with a square attached). The whole idea is to have one part where you burn your logs and another attached section that you can push the hot coals that you will cook with into.
 * If you're in a rocky region, make a circle with the larger rocks and with some shorter flatter stones make the cooking section.  If need be, use some smaller stones to prop up the larger ones or fill gaps to make the structure stable.
 * If you're in a relatively moist soil environment (some seasons this is the case!), create the same shape by digging it into the ground.  A shovel is obviously best, but an ax can be handy for this and for breaking down firewood also.
 * Place a grill over the square section and as the logs begin to burn down into coals, push them under the grill. If you don't have a grill handy, a simple foil pan can work fine as long as you don't get it too close to the coals.
 * An all-steel kettle can be placed over this portion of the fire ring to boil your water.

Beef jerky and the road also go well together as long hours on the journey need a bit of flavor. Notable is a small shack on US Highway 395 simply named 'Fresh Beef Jerky' in Olancha. Its $20 for 3 packs, but it's freshly made and quite frankly the best jerky around. There are plenty of pickled vegetables and free samples also.

Drink
Bring plenty of water. A standard rule of thumb is 2 gallons per person per day. Of course this can be partially substituted with fruit juices or gatorade, but make sure that you have more than you think you'll need, particularly if it's your first time venturing in. Sodas do not hydrate you!

You may also need water for an overheating radiator.

Stay safe
The desert can be a brutal and unforgiving place. You should be prepared to be fully self-reliant.

 * Hydration:
 * Since proper hydration is a major concern, it is recommended to follow the general rule of bringing 2 gallons of water per day per person.
 * Drink even when you do not feel thirsty.
 * When hiking, carry a gallon of water for each day plus extra in case of an emergency.
 * Store extra water in your car.
 * Carry water even if you are only planning to explore a short distance from your car.
 * Consider adding powder or tablet electrolytes to the water you consume.
 * Dress for success:
 * Wear a hat with a brim and light-colored, lightweight clothes.
 * Pack warm, wind-proof clothes in case the wind picks up or the weather cools.
 * Wear sunglasses and sunscreen, lots of sunscreen.
 * Unless your clothes are rated for blocking UV radiation, it's a good idea to put sunscreen under your clothes, too. A T-shirt or other thin shirt doesn't provide enough protection to prevent sunburn.
 * Carry "a flare & a spare":
 * Ensure that your car is in good working order – service stations are few and far between.
 * Carry a spare tire, a jack, and some flares.
 * Carry boards to place under tires in case you hit a sandy trap (see below).
 * 'Fix-a-Flat' can be a lifesaver along with jumper cables.
 * If you hit a sandy trap...
 * Shift down and keep moving.
 * If you get stuck, do not spin your wheels; it will only dig you in deeper.
 * Try going in reverse.
 * If going in reverse does not work, place boards or carpet scraps under your tires.
 * If you cannot get out, stay with your car.
 * Do not leave your car unless you are certain that help is close by.
 * Know where you're going:
 * When hiking, always carry a topographic map and compass.
 * Take a compass reading before beginning your walk, and look for landmarks to guide you back.
 * Let someone know where you will be and when you will return.
 * Pay attention when traveling back roads; they often branch and divide.
 * Other tips:
 * Avoid flash floods by keeping out of narrow canyons and washes when there is a chance of rain.
 * Abandoned mines may have hidden shafts, and old buildings in ghost towns may collapse; be careful. Most mines, even those appearing to be abandoned, are private property, no trespassing allowed.
 * Gas: when the sign says "Next gas 50 miles," you'd better know you've got enough to make it before you pass the pumps! Never go lower than a quarter tank.
 * When camping in the southernmost regions of California, be aware that the areas are used as transit paths for migrants and are also patrolled by the US Border Patrol.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: California desert camping


text:
California Zephyr

The California Zephyr is said to be one of the most beautiful train lines in North America. This daily long-distance Amtrak train connects downtown Chicago to the San Francisco Bay area (Emeryville, near Oakland). The journey takes about 51 hours, making it the second longest passenger train route in America and one of the longer ones in the world. Equipment used is common to most Amtrak long-distance routes, with two-level Superliner passenger cars, sleeper cars, dining cars, an observation/snack bar car, and possibly several baggage/expedited cargo cars.

Route overview
The California Zephyr begins its westbound journey at Chicago's Union Station. Passengers see the Chicago River and central Chicago as the train eases out of the station. The train soon leaves the urban zone behind, and crosses the open prairie of central Illinois, southern Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado. The following morning, the train pulls into Denver's Union Station.

After Denver, the California Zephyr climbs the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, passing through resort towns like Winter Park and Glenwood Springs as it follows the path of the Colorado River. Soon, the East- and West-bound trains pass each other, high in the mountains. The train continues following the increasingly-larger Colorado River, leaving the Rockies behind. The train crosses into Utah after sunset, and stops in Salt Lake City (typically before Midnight).

The bulk of the night passes as the train clears the salt flats west of Salt Lake City before entering the Great Basin of northern Nevada. In the late morning, after passing through dry desert landscapes, the train arrives in Reno, gateway to the Sierra Nevadas. Early afternoon of day three, the train goes through the extraordinary scenery of the Sierra Nevada mountains, gradually descending to Sacramento. A couple of hours later (approximately 6PM) the California Zephyr arrives in Emeryville.

Passengers continuing on to San Francisco or other parts of the Bay Area can use Amtrak-provided buses or public transit. Amtrak shuttles to San Francisco leave from the Emeryville station, and BART commuter rail connects with the Zephyr in Richmond.

The California Zephyr is timed so passengers will see the most-scenic points of the Sierras and Rockies, regardless of direction traveled (provided there are no delays).

Total route length is just over.

The American Industry Tour, an itinerary which features the industrialization of the United States, ending in mid-20th century Chicago, is a good prelude to the California Zephyr. Similarly, those who wish to retrace the entire route of the original transcontinental journey might want to consider transferring to or from Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited, which plies the journey between either New York City and Chicago overnight, with beautiful views of the Hudson River on its way into or out of New York City. See Across the United States by train for more details.

Stations
From east to west:

 * Chicago, Illinois – one of America's great cities and a major train hub; connections are available to many other Amtrak lines.
 * Naperville, Illinois
 * Princeton, Illinois
 * Galesburg, Illinois
 * Burlington, Iowa
 * Mt. Pleasant, Iowa
 * Ottumwa, Iowa
 * Osceola, Iowa
 * Creston, Iowa
 * Omaha, Nebraska
 * Lincoln, Nebraska
 * Hastings, Nebraska
 * Holdrege, Nebraska
 * McCook, Nebraska
 * Fort Morgan, Colorado
 * Denver, Colorado
 * Fraser, Colorado
 * Granby, Colorado
 * Glenwood Springs, Colorado
 * Grand Junction, Colorado
 * Green River, Utah
 * Helper, Utah
 * Provo, Utah
 * Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Elko, Nevada
 * Winnemucca, Nevada – an Old West railroad town turned mining hub in the middle of northern Nevada.
 * Reno, Nevada – gateway to the Sierra Nevada and a popular destination for Californians. The train is likely to be more crowded west of Reno than east of it, with passengers traveling back and forth between here and Sacramento or the Bay Area.
 * For much of the way between Reno and Truckee, the train follows the attractive Truckee River; there are good views on both sides of the train.
 * Truckee, California – a popular resort town near Lake Tahoe (the lake itself can't be seen from the train).
 * Between Truckee and Colfax you'll have beautiful views of the Sierra Nevada: mountains, valleys, pine forests, and a dramatic view of Donner Lake. The scenery is better on the north side of the train at this part of the route.
 * Colfax, California – cute historic town with old storefronts visible from the train.
 * Roseville, California
 * Sacramento, California – the state capital, home to the California State Railroad Museum among others
 * Davis, California – a major college town in the middle of farm country. The scenery around here is California's agricultural Central Valley.
 * Martinez, California
 * Between Martinez and Richmond the train passes lovely views of the bay.
 * Richmond, California – connections to BART, with rapid transit access to other parts of the Bay Area.
 * Emeryville, California

From the last three stations, Amtrak provides bus or train connections to other parts of the Bay Area (San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Petaluma, Santa Rosa) and elsewhere in California (Fresno, Bakersfield). Book these connections as part of your ticket and it'll tell you which station to get off the train at.

Prices
There are various options available depending on the distance traveled, with group discounts also available. Alternatively it might make sense to buy a "USA Rail Pass" which covers up to 10 segments(trips) in 30 days, and in 2021 the price for an adult was $499. The prices for the child (2-12) version is half of the respective full fare. Unlike some other rail passes (e.g. Interrail), prices are not calculated by distance or "zones" but by "segments". During the time of validity of your pass you are entitled to a maximum number of segments as determined by your type of pass. In most cases one segment begins every time you enter a train and ends every time you exit one. Thus the same route can be two segments if a change of train is involved and one if you take a direct train. Some more details that are too special to be covered here in detail can be found out at Amtrak's website or in person with the sales agent you get the pass from. Also keep in mind that all passes are second (coach) class only and do not entitle you to use the sleeper accommodation. However, if there is room, you can buy an "upgrade" to sleeper class on the train. As the California Zephyr is a rather popular train - especially in the summer - you should not rely on this being possible, however.

Eat
All sleeper car passengers have meals in the dining car included in the price of their tickets. Passengers in coach class may be able to eat at the dining car, but sleeper car passengers get priority and the meal price for coach passengers is steep: $25 for lunch and $45 for dinner (2023). Dining car meals usually include a few vegetarian options and may include a couple of vegan options, but you might want to call in advance to be sure. For kosher meals, you can call Amtrak to make arrangements no later than 72 hours before your train's scheduled departure. If you're not eating in a party of four, you may be seated with other passengers as tables are limited.

The café car is open to all passengers and is much cheaper than individual meals in the dining car. The offerings on the California Zephyr's café are not nearly as ample as those found in Northeast Corridor trains. Passengers in coach might consider bringing their own packaged food. The cafe car has a few vegetarian and vegan options (though food can sell out, especially towards the end of the line). Hot water is available in the cafe car for free.

Beyond the dining car and the cafe car, your only other option is to bring food with you – the train's scheduled stops are generally not long enough to get food at the stations.

Accommodations
There's no shower available for coach tickets. Passengers should bring a wash cloth, towel and soap or upgrade for a portion of the trip to get a room with a private shower.

During the Colorado portion of the trip the train reaches altitudes close to above sea level. Even in summer, this can be quite cold. Passengers who are sensitive to cold should bring sufficient outerwear. Passengers in coach will probably need to bring some kind of blanket to keep them warm during the nights when the train is at high altitudes.

In new trains, there are electrical outlets at each seat (though they might be hard to access from an aisle seat) and in the lounge car. On the older cars electrical outlets are only to be found in the observation car.

Unlike some of Amtrak's routes, the California Zephyr does not have wifi.

Delays
This route is long and shares a lot of tracks with slow freight trains, so expect delays. Running an hour or two late is common, and delays of more than 8 hours are unusual but not unheard of. Think of it as part of the adventure.

title: California Zephyr


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Calilegua National Park

Calilegua National Park is in the Jujuy region of Argentina.

Understand
Calilegua National Park was created in 1979 to preserve a representative area of the “Oranense Forest”, also known as the “Yungas”. This forest is the most biologically diverse environment of Argentina along with the Misiones rainforest.

The park offers many excursions attracting nature lovers who comes to the area for trekking, hiking, birdwatching and horse riding.

History
Calilegua got its name from the surrounding mountains, which also took the name from a well-known Aboriginal chief who inhabited the area in the old times.

Landscape
Calilegua is the largest national park in Northern Argentina and it represents the sub tropical jungles of the Yungas ecozone. The park features numerous endemic birds and plants as well as tapirs, jaguars, giselles and foxes.

Flora and fauna
It is possible to see certain species of birds and mammals in particular, which makes this site an ideal place to observe wildlife, especially birds, about 270 species were identified and its estimated that 230 more could inhabit the area, which makes Calilegua the home of 50% of all bird species in the country and a paradise for birdwatching.

The largest predator of America, the jaguar, also known as tiger, lives here along with other cats like the jaguarundi, ocelot, puma and cat of grasslands inhabit these forests. The tapir or “anta” is the largest of all mammals in the Yungas and you could see their footprints in the mud of the riverbanks and lakes.

Climate
The jungles of Calilegua has a subtropical climate with the dry season between April to November.

The rainy season falls in summer (December-March).

Get in
From San Martin Libertador either by taxi or with a bus once a day. There is a bus going to San Martin Libertador from Jujuy Capital.

Do
Native Guarani Indians run guided tours through the land with explanations about their culture.

title: Calilegua National Park


text:
Calipatria

Calipatria in California is the lowest city in the western hemisphere.

Understand
It is home to the Calipatria State Prison.

See
The famous Salton Sea is only 10 minutes from Calipatria, and the Sonny Bono Wildlife Refuge offers plenty of chances for seeing migrating birds of all species during their winged migrations. Glamis Sand Dunes and Wister Hunting Area are also minutes away.

Do

 * Del Rio Country Club, which hosts the Elmer Sears Classic, is a top-notch golf course amazingly landscaped for a challenging day on the links.

Sleep

 * Situated just minutes away from the Sonny Bono Wildlife Refuge and Salton Sea, our Imperial Valley hotel offers unique, comfortable Southern California lodgings that are also pet friendly.

Go next

 * You'll also find some lovely, well-maintained public tennis courts in the neighboring town of Brawley.

title: Calipatria


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Calistoga

Calistoga is at the north end of the Napa Valley in the Bay Area region of California. Calistoga was founded as a hot springs resort in the 1860s by Sam Brannan, California's first millionaire, and has long been a destination for its natural hot springs and mineral water and their supposed health benefits. Its position at the north end of the Napa Valley also makes it a gateway to Sonoma County wine country. Calistoga is a visitor's destination that celebrates being different - franchise fast food is against the law (really!) and healthy hedonists are celebrated. Go wine tasting, have a fabulous dinner, then take a bike ride and have a mud bath before you leave.

Understand
At least since the 1700s, Calistoga's distinguishing characteristic has been its hot springs, which were used by the native Wappo people for medicinal purposes. After the time of Spanish missions and Mexican ranchos, Samuel Brannan bought 2000 acres, founding Calistoga and starting the Indian Springs resort. The resort eventually went into the hands of Doctor John Wilkinson, the founder of the spa industry.

Due to the spa industry, the California wine boom of the 1970s, the ensuing tourism, and the proximity to San Francisco (which in turn has fueled more tourism), Calistoga, like the rest of the Napa Valley, has maintained very high property value. This has increased the cost of living and essentially the price of everything from coffee to gasoline. The surprise win by Chateau Montelena Winery of Calistoga at a 1976 Chardonnay blind tasting in France instigated the California wine boom of the 1970s.

By plane

 * San Francisco International Airport 90-120 min away by car.
 * Sacramento International Airport. 90–120 minutes away by car.
 * Oakland International Airport. 80–110 minutes away by car.
 * Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport,, in Santa Rosa, is served by Alaska Airlines operated by Horizon Air to and from Los Angeles, Portland, San Diego and Seattle/Tacoma. The airport is 11 km (20-40 min) west of Calistoga by car.

By car
From San Francisco:
 * Highway 101 North over the Golden Gate Bridge, to Highway 37;
 * Highway 37 East towards Vallejo/Napa, to Highway 121;
 * Highway 121 North towards Napa to Highway 29 North to Calistoga.

Alternatively,
 * Highway 101 North over the Golden Gate Bridge, to Mark West Springs Road exit, just north of Santa Rosa;
 * Mark West Springs Road East becomes Porter Creek Road;
 * Continue on Porter Creek Road to stop sign;
 * Left on Petrified Forest Road to Calistoga.

 * This route avoids the traffic in Napa Valley.

Yet another route from San Francisco goes via the East Bay.
 * Interstate 80 East across the Bay Bridge;
 * Follow directions from Oakland, below.

From Oakland:
 * Interstate 80 East to Highway 37 at Vallejo;
 * Highway 37 West to Highway 29;
 * Highway 29 North to Calistoga.

From Sacramento:
 * Interstate 80 West to Highway 113 at Davis;
 * Highway 113 North to Covell Road exit in Davis;
 * Covell Road West to Winters. Covell Road becomes Highway 128;
 * Highway 128 West to Highway 29 at Rutherford;
 * Highway 29 North to Calistoga.

By bus
Vine offers bus service from places including Napa, Vallejo, and El Cerrito.

Get around
Calistoga is a very small town, with most of the shops and restaurants on two crossing streets, Lincoln Avenue and Washington Street. Walking is the best way to explore the town.

Bicycles are another good option, especially for those wishing to visit the wineries and other attractions a little farther from the center of town. Bicycles can be rented at the Calistoga Bike Shop, which also dispenses tips and route advice. The Bike Shop can also arrange "Calistoga Cool Wine" tours, with arrangements for the shop to pick up and deliver any purchased wine, so the bicyclist is not weighted down.

A bike path connects the eastern end of Washington Street to Dunaweal Lane, providing easy, car-free access from the center of town to several wineries, including Sterling, Twomey, Clos Pegase, Paoletti and Cuvaison.

Spas
In addition to the businesses below, many of the local resorts also offer spas.

Bars
Calistoga has more bars per capita than any other Napa Valley city, and may even have more than the City of Napa itself.

These restaurants have separate bar service areas for still more nightlife options.

Go next
There's more wine to the west in Sonoma County, with Healdsburg close by.

Lake County, with recreation opportunities at Clearlake as well as Harbin Hot Springs, is just over Mount St. Helena to the North.

title: Calistoga


text:
Calitri

Calitri is a city in Campania. Its population is roughly 6,500.

By car
Bari, 2½ hours Lacedonia, follow the blue and white street signs for Bisaccia. When you hit Bisaccia follow the blue and white street signs for Calitri. Naples (Napoli), 1 hr 20 min. Take the A16 (toll road) and head east Rome, 3½ hours. Take the A1/E45 to A30 to A16

See
Visitors can wander round the medieval village to soak in the atmosphere and enjoy the local artisan's shops and the exceptional regional cuisine among other activities. Calitri is known for its ceramics, needlepoint, and arts. Many sports including paragliding, horse riding, mountain biking, fishing, and hunting can also be practised. For those seeking more relaxing occupations, soaking in the nearby thermal baths or embarking on exciting culinary or wine itineraries are an attractive option.

The area is steeped in history and tradition and sprinkled with castles and aristocratic palazzos.

The Antico Borgo Calitri is in the oldest section of town and is dominated by the castle which predates the 12th century. The town is known to locals as the "Positano d'Irpinia" because its pastel colours and architecture reflect those of the villages on the Amalfi coast.

Calitri is surrounded by idyllic countryside interspersed with rivers, lakes, fields, woods and archaeological ruins. Here, old folk traditions are very much woven into everyday life, with the whole community working towards keeping their ancestor's heritage alive and at the same time maintaining the high standards of service that an excellent location, a variety of traditions, and a rich agriculture-based economy permits. Those spending time in the area can enjoy the many village fairs, local food festivals, markets, and commemorative processions that take place in the piazzas and the alleys of little villages in Irpinia and Vulture.

The locals have witnessed many wars and invasions in centuries gone by. There are many visible signs of the presence of the Romans, the Longobards, the Aragoneses, and the Bourbons. Medieval historical centres and old castles are a must for the discerning visitor, who can also look to the visit for tranquility, hospitality and a high quality of life. The origins of Calitri are lost in the mists of time, and the town and its surroundings are dotted with archeological remains Calitri countryside dating back to ancient Rome. With the passing of the centuries the area became an important route of communication and transport connecting the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic coast. It fell under the reign of Fedric II of Svevia during the 12th century and was subjected to Spanish dominion, and later became difficult to visit when many locals became makeshift highwaymen in a bid to combat Napoleonic dominion. This turned the region into an isolated, insecure, and poor area, which in turn encouraged workers and families in the early 1900s to emigrate to the richer north of Italy as well as North and South America in search of a better future, abandoning many villages and towns. The local economy also suffered from an earthquake in the 1980s.

Eat
Calitrian food is known for being tasty and spicy. Typical handmade pasta dishes include cingul', the local dish par excellence. This is short, twirly pasta boiled and then served with a thick, tasty tomato sauce. Other varieties of pasta with the same sauce include lahan' and aurecchi' r' preut'- (priest's ears in the local dialect). Another must is cannazze', served with delicious hot tomato sauce and pecorino cheese; and sciliend' (a special vermicelli-like pasta) with a condiment of garlic-fried oil and hot chili pepper.

Meat-based delicacies include m'gliatiegghij' a local favourite made up of tasty roulades of kid or lamb casings garnished with cheese, offal, garlic, parsley, salt, pepper, and sliced sausage; sfritta, or chopped pork meat sautéed with hot peppers; sammuchij', a local pudding made of pork blood seasoned with minced lard, little segments of orange peel, rice, raisins, cinnamon, pork casings, walnuts, salt, and chili pepper powder.

A traditional fish-based delicacy is stock fish a la ualanegna, the favourite of plowmen in the past (ualan' means "plowman"), in which stock fish is boiled and flavoured with garlic, herbs and chili peppers.

Go next

 * Irpinia (the "wolf land") is the green mountainous district around Avellino, with a number of medieval towns and picturesque sights. Ariano Irpino upon Tricolle (the "three hills") is the largest town, known for its ancient majolica and typical cuisine; here King Roger II the Norman held in 1140 the Assizes of Ariano, and nowadays there are several historical monuments, museums and parks.
 * Monticchio is a stunning location in the heart of the Mount Vulture region. It is on the crater of an extinct volcano, and is made up of two emerald-green lakes surrounded by a dense forest of chestnut and beech trees. This wood was a favourite haunt of highwaymen in the years following the unification of Italy in 1860. The remains of the ancient Abbey of Sant'Ippolito (Abbazia di Sant'Ippolito) are near the Great Lake (Lago Grande), while the Abbey of San Michele (Abbazia di San Michele) overlooks the Little Lake (Lago Piccolo), dominating the surroundings and reflecting off its waters. It is partially carved out of an enormous rock that used to be the living space of a Brazilian hermit. The lakes and the nearby woods have numerous trails to offer both the serious hiker and the casual stroller. There are various restaurants nearby specializing in local delicacies and wine. 20 km from Calitri, about a 40-minute drive.

title: Calitri


text:
Callahan

There's more than one place called Callahan:

United States of America

 * Callahan (California)
 * Callahan (Florida)

title: Callahan


text:
Callahan (California)

Callahan is a city in the Shasta Cascades region of California.

Get in
Callahan doesn't have any train or bus stops, so the best way to go is by car. There are 3 ways to get there, in order of recommended routes.

Directions:
 * 1) From Redding, go north on I-5 to Weed. Just north of Weed, take Gazelle exit. Turn left under freeway. Travel west-north until you reach Gazelle (~10 mi). Turn left on Callahan-Gazelle Rd. Travel west until you reach Callahan (~40 mi). If you reach Etna, you've gone too far.
 * 2) From Redding, go west on CA-299 until you reach Weaverville (it goes right through town).  Head north on CA-3 until you reach Callahan (~1.5 hrs from Weaverville).  This route has a 20-mile stretch of very windy road over Scott Mountain. If you reach Etna, you've gone too far.
 * 3) From Medford, OR, go south on I-5 to Yreka, CA. Take South Yreka/Hwy 3 exit. Turn right, get into left turn lane. Head south on CA-3 until you reach Callahan (~45 minutes from Yreka). You'll pass through Fort Jones and Etna.

Get around
Walking is best here, for such a small town. Don't blink or you'll miss downtown with only a post office, historic Hayden Hotel, the Callahan Emporium Store and Bar, the Mt. Bolivar Grange Hall, and the law office of Michael Thamer.

See

This is an outdoor enthusiasts paradise. Activities include hiking the numerous trails around Mt. Bolivar and great swimming in pools in the Scott River and tributaries. Many through hikers on the Pacific Crest Trail will stop over at the local historic tavern, the Callahan Emporium (530-467-3395), for supplies and refreshments, and to pick up supplies at the post office.

The area is fortunate to have a vibrant musical spirit with periodic music festivals sponsored by local artists, or the Callahan Emporium.

The Mt. Bolivar Grange hosts holiday dinners and celebrations periodically.

Do
The town of Callahan is in the Scott Valley. If you are interested in the local history of Siskiyou County, this is a good place to go. For example, along the road north of Callahan, you can see some remains of a former gold dredge. Also nearby are former Native American grounds, chased away by fur trappers.

This area is also very scenic. One thing not to miss is the Gazelle-Callahan Road.

Buy
The Callahan Emporium sells general merchandise. Inventory includes general food supplies, Prison Blues clothing, Burt's Bees products, organic foods (soups, chocolates, drinks), local produce in season, special toiletry products (linen sprays, hand creams, lotions), jewelry, hardware, and gift cards.

Eat
The Callahan Emporium serves beer, wine, sandwiches, salads, and soups from their menu from 10AM-7PM on weekends. Weekdays they serve 10AM-6PM.

Drink
The Callahan Emporium sells beer and wine in the bar, and other refreshments in the store.

Sleep
There aren't any accommodations in Callahan. If you want to stay the night, buy a couple of rounds at the Emporium. Maybe you'll make a friend. Otherwise, bring a tent and stay camp out under the stars at one of the nearby mountain lakes.

title: Callahan (California)