text:
Glacier Bay National Park

Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is in the Panhandle of the state of Alaska. The park is best known for its massive glaciers, but is also an ideal destination for those seeking wildlife, kayaking, or a chance to get away.

History
Glacier Bay was first surveyed in detail in 1794 by a team from the H.M.S. Discovery, captained by George Vancouver. At the time the survey produced showed a mere indentation in the shoreline. That massive glacier was more than thick in places, up to  wide, and extended more than  to the St. Elias mountain range. By 1879, however, naturalist John Muir discovered that the ice had retreated more than 30 miles forming an actual bay. By 1916, the Grand Pacific Glacier – the main glacier credited with carving the bay – had melted back to the head of what is now Tarr Inlet.

Efforts for protection of Glacier Bay were made by John Muir and other conservationists, and in 1925 President Calvin Coolidge signed a proclamation creating Glacier Bay National Monument. At the time the monument contained less than half the area of the present park. In 1980, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act elevated the monument to national park status and also extended the park boundary northwest to the Alsek River and Dry Bay. Further protection and recognition of Glacier Bay's significance occurred in 1986, when the Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island Biosphere Reserve was established under the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program. In 1992 Glacier Bay became part of an international World Heritage Site, along with neighboring Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve and Canada's Kluane National Park.

Landscape
The park has snow-capped mountain ranges rising to over, coastal beaches with protected coves, deep fjords, tidewater glaciers, coastal and estuarine waters, and freshwater lakes. Steep, sculpted peaks and scoured, rock-strewn valleys show scars of glacial activity and mark the advances and retreats of glaciers dating back over 115,000 years to before the Wisconsin Ice Age. The sheltered waters of Glacier Bay ebb and flow with the region’s huge tides, which can change as much as 25 feet during a six-hour period. Ocean waves pound the beaches of the wild and remote Gulf of Alaska coast. Between the bay and the coast, snow-clad peaks of the Fairweather Range capture the moisture coming in off the Gulf of Alaska and, in turn, spawn the park’s largest glaciers. At the base of these lofty peaks, deglaciated foothills and outwash plains rapidly turn green as the ice retreats and seeds find their way to the newly revealed land.

Flora and fauna
Each summer humpback whales return to the bay from their wintering grounds near Hawaii to feed on the abundant small schooling fish such as sand lance and juvenile pollack. Minke and killer whales along with harbor and Dall's porpoises also feed in the park's productive near-shore waters. Steller sea lions congregate on rocky islands to mate or to rest. Thousands of harbor seals breed and nurture their pups on the floating ice in Johns Hopkins Inlet and among the rocky reefs of the Beardslee Islands. Sea otters are rapidly colonizing Glacier Bay as well as park waters in Icy Strait and Cross Sound.

Many land animals also use the marine environment for foraging and travel. Moose and bears, for example, are accomplished long-distance swimmers that are frequently seen "dog paddling" their way across the bay. Bears work the beaches when the tide is low turning over rocks looking for tasty barnacles, clams and other intertidal life. Wolves and coyotes find the traveling easier along the edge of tall beach grass rather than fighting through alder thickets. At times, even the most upland of animals like marmots and mountain goats are drawn to the water's edge to nibble seaweed or to lick salt spray off beach rocks.

Mountain goats and brown bears were quick to reinvade after the glaciers' retreat, while coyote, moose and wolves have moved in more recently. Black bears prowl the forested portions of the lower bay, and the glacier bear, a rare color phase of the black bear, is occasionally spotted. River otters are widespread along with marten, mink and weasel, while the wolverine is scarcer and rarely sighted. The Alsek River delta in Glacier Bay National Preserve is home to lynx, snowshoe hare and beaver -- species that have reached the coast from the interior by traveling along the river corridor.

Seabirds spend most of their time searching for food in the marine waters and come ashore only to rest or to breed. Thousands of seabirds nest on cliffs and rocky shores within the bay or on the park's outer coast. Molting and migrating geese and sea ducks find refuge in quiet arms of the bay. Bald eagles nest in tall cottonwood trees or on cliffs along much of the park's shoreline. Newly vegetated hillsides support great numbers of nesting songbirds, including many neotropical migrants. The shallow waters and sloping beaches of the Beardslee Islands are important foraging and breeding areas for shorebirds, seabirds, and waterfowl. Arctic terns and jaegers prefer the barren glacial outwashes near the glaciers for nest sites.

It is believed that nearly 200 species of fish may swim in Park waters. Many, including all five species of Pacific salmon, are well-known, while others have yet to be documented. Many fishes are associated with deep water or "subtidal benthic" communities, and several of these are identified with important fisheries such as Pacific halibut, rockfish, lingcod, Pacific cod, sablefish and pollock.

Glacier Bay is blanketed by a mosaic of plant life, from a few pioneer species in recently exposed areas to intricately balanced climax communities in coastal and alpine regions. Since virtually all the vegetation in the bay has returned to the land in the past 300 years following the retreat of the glaciers, this area is one of the premier sites on the planet to study plant recolonization.

Climate
Glacier Bay has a maritime climate, heavily influenced by ocean currents. The result is mild winter temperatures and cool summer temperatures near sea level. Summer visitors can expect highs between of 50-to-60 °F (10-to-15 °C). Winter temperatures rarely drop into the single digits, with average nighttime lows of 25-to-40 °F (-2 to 5 °C).

Bartlett Cove receives about of precipitation annually. April, May and June are usually the driest months of the year while September and October tend to be the wettest. All this moisture helps to create the lush temperate rainforests of the lower bay.

Unlike the areas at sea level, conditions in the mountains are more severe with colder temperatures and more precipitation that takes the form of snow. It’s all that snow falling year after year that goes into creating the magnificent glaciers we love to see.

Visitor information

 * Park website

By plane
Alaska Airlines provides daily jet service, using Boeing 737s, from Seattle via Juneau to the nearby town of Gustavus during the summer visitor season. The Gustavus airport is 10 miles (26 km) by road from park headquarters at Bartlett Cove. Several air taxi companies provide daily small-plane flights year-round from Juneau to Gustavus as well. Air taxis also fly a network of routes that link Juneau and Gustavus to Haines, Skagway, and other southeast Alaska towns.

For those wishing to visit Glacier Bay National Preserve at Dry Bay, air transportation can be arranged from Yakutat, which has daily jet service from Seattle and Anchorage.

By car
There are no roads to Glacier Bay. Alaska Marine Highway ferry service provides monthly trips in the winter and twice weekly trips in the summer. There are no services or parking for campers in Gustavus or Glacier Bay National Park. The only road in the park runs 10 miles between Bartlett Cove and the neighboring community of Gustavus. There is a rental car business in Gustavus.

Most Gustavus lodging establishments provide transportation to Bartlett Cove for their guests.

By boat
The Alaska Marine Highway System offers service from Juneau to Gustavus approximately twice weekly during the summer season. Some trips also stop at Hoonah.

Several cruise ship lines offer Alaska cruises from major west coast cities that include a Glacier Bay visit. Tour boats, which are generally smaller and carry fewer passengers, offer cruises to Glacier Bay that depart several times a week from Juneau and other southeast Alaska towns. Charter boat services originating in local communities are also available.

Fees and permits
There are no entry fees for non-commercial visitors of the park.

By kayak
Sea kayaking is a popular way to experience the wilderness of Glacier Bay. Kayak trips can originate from Bartlett Cove, or the daily tour boat can transport kayakers via the camper drop-off service. Making reservations for a rental kayak and the daily tour boat is recommended well in advance. Guided day and overnight kayak trips are also available.

By cruise ship
Most visitors to Glacier Bay see the park from large cruise ships with thousands of passengers. These visitors do not go ashore in the park; instead, National Park Service naturalists board the ship to share their knowledge about the park and its wildlife during a day-long cruise in the bay.

By tour vessel
Tour vessels have up to a few hundred passengers. There is one daily tour boat that departs from Bartlett Cove during the summer months, and additional tour boats include Glacier Bay as part of a longer itinerary. Like the cruise ships, tour vessels have National Park Service naturalists on board.

By private boat
For a personalized trip in the bay, charter vessels can generally take up to six passengers and are rented to a single group, usually for custom multi-day trips. In order to protect wildlife and natural areas, permits are required for all private boats.

See

Kayaking
Travel by kayak is an incredible way to see the park. Guided kayak trips are available, or kayaks can be rented. While it is possible to start a trip from Bartlett Cove, most travellers use the camper drop-off service to get them closer to the major inlets.

Cruise ships
Numerous large cruise ship companies offer cruises to the park.

Hiking
There are several trails that begin in the Bartlett Cove area.

Rafting
The Alsek River and its major tributary, the Tatshenshini River, are large volume, swift glacial rivers. Beginning in the interior, it is one of a small number of river systems which breach the coast range, offering boaters uncommon environmental diversity, impressive scenery, and an outstanding wilderness experience.

For Alaska Rafting on The Tatshenshini and Alsek Rivers check out CRATE Alaska Rafting Expeditions.

Buy
There is a fuel dock in Barlett Cove operated by the Glacier Bay Lodge. The lodge can be contacted on VHF channel 16, or at +1 907 697-2225, from May to September. For fuel services, contact the Glacier Bay Lodge upon your arrival at the fuel dock, and an attendant will meet you within 15 minutes. White gas is also available from Glacier Bay Lodge. Fuel is not available in the off season.

Souvenirs can be purchased at a small shop located in the lodge. Camping supplies can be purchased in the town of Gustavus, located ten miles from Bartlett Cove.

Eat
The only dining option in the park is at Glacier Bay Lodge; the town of Gustavus, 10 miles from Bartlett Cove, has a handful of additional options including restaurants and groceries.

Sleep
The only lodging that is within the park is the Glacier Bay Lodge in Bartlett Cove and a handful of lodges in Dry Bay. The town of Gustavus, 10 miles from Bartlett Cove, has a handful of additional options.

Backcountry
All campers (including kayakers) are required to attend a camper orientation, held daily upon request at the Bartlett Cove Visitor Information Station near the dock. This session is for your benefit: to answer your questions, provide you with a tide table, inform you of special wildlife and safety closures or to assist in planning your trip. You will be asked to fill out a backcountry registration form at that time and a wilderness survey form when you return from your trip.

Stay safe
While temperatures in Glacier Bay are mild compared to Interior Alaska, the rainy, overcast and cool weather, combined with temperatures that are near freezing every night, make hypothermia a real danger. Dress in warm layers that wick moisture away from the body, and always carry a waterproof outer layer as well as a hat and gloves.

Bears are large and unpredictable animals that are most dangerous when surprised or when lured by food. Make noise while hiking to alert bears to your presence, and always store food, trash, and toiletries in bear-proof containers kept from your camping area.

When kayaking or boating in the park, stay a safe distance from glaciers, icebergs and cruise ships, and carry tide charts. Glaciers can calve at any time, and the resulting massive waves can easily swamp vessels that are too close. Recommended safe distances are one quarter mile from all tidewater glaciers. Be careful when around icebergs as well, as they may flip at any time. Cruise ships create large wakes and are not very maneuverable and should be given a wide berth. In addition, the tides in the park can be as strong as 6-8 knots. Carry tide charts, and know how to read them. A small vessel caught away from shore during a strong tide can easily be swept several miles out to sea.

Lesser dangers in the park include potential for giardia from drinking water from streams. Boil or otherwise purify all water when in the backcountry. More of an annoyance than a danger, the mosquitoes, gnats and black flies can test a person's sanity. When there is no breeze to keep the insects at bay they will swarm and bite mercilessly. Bug repellent is often ineffective, so carry a mosquito net and wear clothing that covers all exposed skin; you have been warned.

Go next

 * Gustavus. A short drive from Bartlett Cove, Gustavus is the only option for restaurants, lodging, and supplies outside of the park. For budget travellers, kayak rental and other services may be slightly cheaper from town than from within the park.

title: Glacier Bay National Park


text:
Glacier National Park (Montana)

 * For the park in British Columbia, see Glacier National Park (British Columbia)

Glacier National Park is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage site that is on the northern border of Montana.

History
Glacier National Park borders Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada — the two parks are known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, and were designated as the world's first International Peace Park in 1932. The parks were designated by the United Nations as Biosphere Reserves in 1976, and in 1995 as World Heritage sites.

Landscape

Glacier National Park is a stunning display of the geological processes that changed North America over the last billion years. The rock formations in the park are almost entirely sedimentary, laid down between 1600 and 800 million years ago when this area was an inland sea. They were uplifted during the formation of the Rockies beginning around 170 million years ago, and today contain some of the best Proterozoic fossils in the world. The mountains were carved into their present form by the advance and retreat of glaciers during the last ice age, and the park, as its name suggests, contains an abundance of glacial features, including lakes, valleys, and remnant glaciers (although these have diminished significantly in the last century).

Flora and fauna
The park offers many opportunities to see wildlife, and its ecosystems are almost unchanged from what they were at the time of Lewis and Clark. Different trails offer visitors close encounters with animals from mountain goats to pine martens. The park is also one of the largest remaining natural grizzly habitats, and during late summer, grizzlies will often come to lower elevations to eat the area's popular berries and catch fish in the lakes. In addition to grizzly bears, the park is also home to two other endangered species: the Canadian lynx and the bull trout. 23 species of fish live in park waters, and fishing is a popular park activity. Birdwatchers will find many species of waterfowl in addition to larger birds of prey, including bald eagles.

Coniferous forest is the predominant ecosystem, although the forest is visibly different on the east and west sides of the Divide. Trails wind through subalpine meadows full of wildflowers and alpine tundras.

Climate

Weather at Glacier National Park is often different depending on your elevation and whether you are east or west of the Continental Divide. The western side of the park tends to receive the most rainfall, whereas the eastern side tends to have higher winds and more sun. The Rockies effectively disrupt the movement of air currents over the North American continent, leading to this disparity in climate. The National Weather Service issues separate weather forecasts for the two halves of the park, which may be accessed online or checked a park information station before setting out.

During the park's summer season, temperatures during the day can reach as high the 90s Fahrenheit (over 30 °C), but nighttime lows in the highest elevations can occasionally be around 20 °F (less than -5 °C). Snow can fall during any part of the year, as demonstrated in August 1992, when a foot of snow fell on the northeastern corner of the park. If you are planning to visit the park during the winter season, expect most of the park to be snow-covered, and make sure you have the right gear. Some trails and roads are closed off-season (and bridges removed). Always prepare for a variety of conditions and always bring rain gear. See also weather.

Wildfires are also a more or less common occurrence in the park.

The park has become an important case study for climate scientists studying climate change. Research performed by the Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center constructed parallel models of glacial melting and ecosystem change in the park based on a linear temperature extrapolation scenario and a carbon dioxide-induced global warming scenario, and estimated that in the latter case, the park's glaciers would be entirely gone by the year 2030.

Visitor information

 * Park website

Read

 * Exploring Glacier National Park, David Rockwell. ISBN 0762723548 An insightful and well-written Falcon Guide to Glacier National Park, with essay-style information on the flora, fauna, and geology of the park.
 * Hiking Glacier & Waterton Lakes National Parks, Erik Molvar. ISBN 1560447184. A comprehensive guide to the trails of both parks, complete with maps, difficulty assessments, elevation charts, and useful and concise information about the natural history relevant to the trail.

By train
If you have the extra time and want to see more of the country, the train is a good option for traveling to Glacier National Park. Since much of the early development of the park was led by the Great Northern Rail company, the railroad is an integrated part of the park's history (and vice versa). Amtrak's Empire Builder train service runs from Seattle and Portland through northern Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin to Chicago. The Empire Builder westbound train arrives in the evening while the eastbound train arrives in the morning daily at the three stations serving the park. Travellers should arrange accommodations or waiting time accordingly.

 * (Amtrak station code: WGL) - This historic railroad depot has a small historical museum but no ticketing office or automated ticketing machines. Hwy 2 and Going-to-the-Sun Rd., West Glacier, Montana
 * (Amtrak station code: GPK) - This station is open from May 1 through October 1.400 Highway 49 North, East Glacier Park. (After October 1 and prior to May 1, Amtrak trains stop at Browning instead of Glacier Park. Browning is not a staffed station.)

Buses can take you inside the park from West and East Glacier Park:

In addition, trains will stop at the Izaak Walton Inn at, by request. The train does not wait longer than 10 minutes, therefore passengers should be ready to board immediately upon the trains arrival.

The train ride from Seattle and Portland is overnight and arrives in Glacier National Park in the morning; the train from Chicago arrives in the evening. The seats' ample legroom and lack of seat belts make them far superior to their airplane counterparts, and in combination with the train's Sightseer Lounge Car and reasonably-priced dining car contribute to a relatively comfortable journey.

A full-service Amtrak terminal (and one of their busiest) is available at Whitefish, west of West Glacier, and north of Kalispell. The station at East Glacier is also staffed May 1-October 1.

By plane
Visitors to the park may fly to near Kalispell, Montana  (25 mi/40 km from West Glacier). It's possible to rent cars at the airport or take a shuttle (inquire first before making reservation to a particular airport if you do not wish to drive). Also, the destination of Missoula, Montana is possible, though an additional 120 miles (190 km) must be driven. If you are flying from Los Angeles, San Francisco or Phoenix, there are non-stop flights to Missoula, so, unlike Kalispell, you won't have to connect.

At Glacier Park Airport, U.S. Airlines and their connection cities include Alaska Airlines via Horizon Airlines (Portland (seasonal) and Seattle); Allegiant Air (Las Vegas, Los Angeles (seasonal), Oakland (seasonal), and Phoenix (seasonal)); American Airlines (All seasonal: Chicago and Dallas); Delta Air Lines (Atlanta (seasonal), Los Angeles (seasonal), Minneapolis, Salt Lake City); and United Airlines (Chicago (seasonal), Denver, Los Angeles (seasonal), and San Francisco (seasonal; weekends only)).

Those already residing in the Inland Northwest have very few options besides driving or taking Amtrak. Airline service from Spokane (the largest city in the region) to Calgary and Kalispell has been suspended. To fly, you must go through Seattle on Horizon air, then on to Kalispell, It's quite costly (relative to the direct distance) to backtrack like that.

Calgary International Airport is across the Canadian border, 4½ hours north of Glacier National Park. YYC offers nonstop seasonal and year-round flights from Europe (Amsterdam, Dublin, Frankfurt, London, Paris, Zurich), Asia (Tokyo) with Air Canada, British Airways, Condor, Edelweiss, KLM, and WestJet. There are flights with Air Canada, Alaska, American, Delta, Frontier, United, and WestJet from the US. Car rentals are available or a one way airport "charter" van shuttle service with Airport Shuttle Express of Calgary to Glacier National Park, MT and Calgary, Banff or Lake Louise. If needed, be sure you have a multiple-entry visa for Canada (if flying out from there), and a U.S. visa as well.

Do not fly with bear spray, as it's a prohibited item, even in checked luggage.

By car
From the east: Take I-90 freeway to about 8 miles west of Missoula, then exit at US Hwy 93 north (Exit #96). In Kalispell, turn right at US Hwy 2 East (Idaho St.) From there it's 32 miles to the West Glacier entrance. Or, if you're approaching from North Dakota on US 2, it's a straight shot to Glacier Park. Heading west on I-94 across North Dakota, the shortest route to Glacier is exiting at Glendive to Montana Highway 200s to Circle, then north on Montana 13 to east of Wolf Point, then west on Montana 25 to Wolf Point, then US 2 to Glacier Park.

If coming from the south (Great Falls) or East (Havre) and your destination first is Waterton Lakes National Park, the fastest way is taking US 2 to Cut Bank, and then going north on Montana secondary 213 to Del Bonita, where it becomes Alberta Highway 62. At the "town" of Del Bonita, Alberta (2 miles from the border) turn west on Alberta secondary 501 and go to Cardston, and then directly to Waterton Lakes on Alberta Highway 5. This is significantly faster than US 2/89 via Browning.

For East Glacier there are various routes including the I-15 Fwy (see From the South below). However, from the freeways, East Glacier via West Glacier is about the same time and distance. The best route for those wanting to avoid Montana's freeways and save over 250 miles is to follow I-94 just inside Montana from North Dakota and exit #211. State Hwy 200S becomes 200 (no turns) and later becomes shared with US Hwy 87. On the west side of Great Falls where the highway merges into the freeway, take I-15 North for 12 miles and Exit #290 in Vaughn. On US Hwy 89 go 105 miles to Browning in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. At the museum, turn left and take US Hwy 2 into East Glacier. (If using I-90 you can join this route via Billings. Follow State Hwy 3 at Exit #450, which is later shared with US 12 & 191. Turn left at the end of the highway at "Eddies Corner" and follow as above going to Great Falls.)

Don't underestimate the huge size of the state of Montana (550 mi/880 km wide). Glacier Park is closer to Seattle than it is to far eastern Montana.

From the west: Take I-90 freeway to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (Exit #12, turn left) on to US Hwy 95. Where US Hwy 2 and 95 split north of Bonners Ferry, turn right to get US Hwy 2. From there, it's 167 miles to the West Glacier entrance. Don't forget to set clocks an hour ahead when entering Montana.

A slightly more ambitious (though fully paved) short cut is to stay on the I-90 freeway up to St. Regis, Montana (Exit #33). Then turn left on State Hwy 135 and go 21.6 miles, left on State Hwy 200 for 8.3 miles, right on State Hwy 28 for 46.7 miles, and left on US Hwy 93 in Elmo on Flathead Lake. In Kalispell, turn right at US Hwy 2 East (Idaho St.) This is a very scenic route along the Clark Fork River and Flathead Lake (which both contain all the waters of Glacier Park west of the Continental Divide) with farmlands in between. However, gas (petrol) and other services are limited between the freeway and Elmo.

Using Hwy 200 east from Sandpoint, Idaho is not recommended, as all north-south connections with US Hwy 2 in between Libby and Kalispell are not paved! There's just no quick and easy way to get through the Cabinet Mountains beyond 15–20 miles from the Idaho border. From the north (Canada): If first visiting Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, take Canada Hwy 2 south to the junction of the Crowsnest Hwy 3. Then go west (towards BC) 43 km and turn left at Pincher Station on Canada Hwy 6 for another 50 km. Turn right at the junction of Hwy 5 to enter the park. Upon leaving to get to Glacier, make two right turns just after exiting the park, and follow Canada Hwy 6 for 22 km to the U.S. border. This becomes State Hwy 17; turn right in 23 km onto US Hwy 89. The first park entrance is Many Glacier in 7 km (just after Babb).

The international border is closed overnight between Waterton and Glacier, so via Cardston is only way in (see below). Bring US/Canadian passport, passport card or enhanced driver's license. If bypassing Waterton, take Canada Hwy 2 south to Cardston and cross the U.S. border. This becomes US Hwy 89. The first park entrance is Many Glacier 17 km from the border.

From the south: Take freeway I-15 North to Shelby, Montana (Exit #363) and turn left onto US Hwy 2. From there it's 70 miles to East Glacier. A short cut would be to exit I-15 in Vaughn, Montana (Exit #290) and take US Hwy 89 to Browning in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. At the museum, turn left and take US Hwy 2 to East Glacier.

For West Glacier, transfer to I-90 West from I-15 (Exit #121) just before Butte, Montana and see From the East above.

By foot
The Continental Divide Trail, a 3,100-mile United States National Scenic Trail, has its northern trailhead in Swiftcurrent Campground, accessible by car from Babb on Glacier Route Three. An alternate route starts from the Apikuni Trailhead, also along Glacier Route Three. This trail exits the park at Marias Pass to the south and runs south along the Continental Divide to Mexico.

Fees and permits
Entrance fees are valid for seven days. Fees as of 2024 are:
 * $20 - individual on foot or bike
 * $30 - motorcycle
 * $35 - private vehicle
 * $70 - Glacier National Park Annual Pass

Always have your receipt or permit card handy as there are several entrances to Glacier, and most people leave and re-enter several times. This is true even if they're lodging inside the park, and have no intention of visiting other destinations. Several popular locations such as Many Glacier, and Two Medicine are only accessible by car from the Going to the Sun Highway if you leave and re-enter. US Highways 2, 89, and 93 do not run through Glacier, but provide indirect access. (A small portion of US Hwy 2 and the Chief Mtn. International Hwy are within the park's borders, but there are no services or entry gates there.)

Although U.S. and Canadian currency is accepted, mixed payments are not allowed (except in the rare case when the exchange rate is exactly one-to-one). Have the full amount due in one currency or the other.

Shuttles and tour buses
Getting around the different parts of Glacier National Park is easiest by car, although some shuttles and tour buses do run inside the park, particularly on Going-to-the-Sun Road. Shuttles can be relatively expensive ($10 for each major segment of the routes, which connect the Belton Chalet to St. Mary's Visitor Center and even cross the border to enter Waterton National Park in Canada, where they terminate at the famous Prince of Wales Hotel. Red tour buses called Jammers (so named after the old practice of jamming the gears in place to climb steep hills) are much more expensive but a beloved fixture of the park to many tourists. They have now been modernized to run on natural gas.

The National Park Service also operates free shuttles along the Going-to-the-Sun Road. These shuttles run every fifteen or thirty minutes. However, intervals may differ depending on road construction.

Visitors without cars should acquaint themselves well with the shuttle schedules before setting out as they run infrequently and often fill up fast.

Hitchhiking
Hitchhiking is also a viable way to travel among destinations along Going-to-the-Sun Road, but be sure to thumb vehicles down from a turn out or shuttle stop so that they can safely pull over to pick you up.

By bicycle
Cycling is permitted on Going-to-the-Sun Road, and the ride may be beautiful and rewarding. However, the elevation gain makes the route strenuous and many segments are along steep cliffs without shoulders. Some portions of Going-to-the-Sun Road are closed to cyclists during high-traffic hours of the day for this reason. Bicycles are not allowed on trails.

By foot

With over 700 miles (1100 km) of trails, Glacier Park is best enjoyed through hiking. A good waterproof topographic trail map of Glacier National Park and Waterton National Park is available from National Geographic, complete with GPS checkpoints. Major trail-heads are located at the Swiftcurrent Motor Lodge, Logan's Pass, and at the Lake McDonald Lodge. Trails range from short, handicap-accessible paths to 8-12 mile day hikes to long extended backpacking trails. If you plan to camp at backcountry sites, reservations will be necessary (see Backcountry section). Popular trails include:
 * Trail of the Cedars (0.7 miles) - handicapped-accessible, partially paved and partially a boardwalk. Beautiful views of old-growth forest and Avalanche Gorge. Trailhead at Avalanche Creek Campground on Going-to-the-Sun Road.
 * Garden Wall portion of the Highline Trail (11.6 miles) - day-hike accessible even to beginners. Trail follows the Garden Wall, a striking ridge along the continental divide. Views of sub-alpine meadows and alpine tundra as you skirt the dramatic face of the Garden Wall. Trailhead at Logan's Pass Visitor's Center. The Granite Park Chalet, a no-frills historic chalet which sells food and water to hikers (and provides potable water to guests with reservations), is located along the trail at mile 7.6. The trail ends at the Loop, from where you can take a shuttle back to Logan's Pass.
 * The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail (3,100 miles) - the least well-maintained of the triumvirate of National Scenic Trails (along with the Pacific Crest Trail and the Appalachian Trail), the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail runs from Waterton in Canada to Marias Pass on the southern edge of Glacier National Park before continuing south all the way to Mexico. The trail includes a variety of terrain within the park and can be accomplished in about ten days, depending on the backpacker's speed.

For visitors intending to hike extensively in Glacier National Park, the Falcon Guide Hiking Glacier and Waterton Lakes National Parks (ISBN 1560447184) is a comprehensive and invaluable guide, offering trail distances and thorough descriptions.

During the winter, some trails and roads will be closed due to snow, and in the summer a one-way system may be in operation at busy times.

See Read for maps and other material to help you plan your trip.

Rental car
Dollar Rent-a-Car has pick-up and drop-off at all the major train stations, and the Kalispell airport. There's no one-way fee, if for example, you arrive by train and leave by plane. All of the Dollar Rent-a-Car locations around Kalispell, Whitefish, and Glacier Park are run by the same franchise. Some aren't fully staffed and have a key drop. If you demand full-service, Avis has several staffed locations, but it's more expensive. Always check before taking rental cars into Canada, but most companies will allow. Also, inquire in advance if you plan on driving on unpaved roads and what the company's towing policy is. Unlimited mileage is almost a must in a big state like Montana, so check online first. In a pinch, there are also car rental facilities in the town of Cut Bank (see Go next section below).

If you wish to travel one way between Montana and Canada most car companies will not rent you a car. Round trip yes, but not one way. Canadians usually can not rent a car from Montana to Alberta Canada, one way or return. Airport Shuttle Express of Calgary Canada does provide a one way charter van service between Banff/Calgary and Great Falls, Shelby, Browning, East Glacier, Essex, West Glacier and Whitefish.

Out of your car

Leaving your car for a day hike or extended backpack gives you access to the park's extensive trail system. Trails for all ability levels and time frames exist (see Getting Around section). Investigate the park at a more leisurely place and see its stunning geologic formations, lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and wildlife for yourself. Sights well worth the effort include:
 * and The first and second largest lakes in the park, on the west and east side of the continental divide, respectively. The lakes provide opportunities for various activities like boating (canoe and rowboats may be rented from concessions in Apgar and other locations), swimming, fishing, and some of the most beautiful sunsets and sunrises in the park. Both can be accessed by Going-to-the-Sun Road and each is home to campgrounds and historic lodges.
 * and The first and second largest lakes in the park, on the west and east side of the continental divide, respectively. The lakes provide opportunities for various activities like boating (canoe and rowboats may be rented from concessions in Apgar and other locations), swimming, fishing, and some of the most beautiful sunsets and sunrises in the park. Both can be accessed by Going-to-the-Sun Road and each is home to campgrounds and historic lodges.

Do

 * Biking - Bicycles are restricted to bike paths, roadways, and parking areas. Check the National Park Service's Glacier website for path, and road closures. Bikes are forbidden on trails. Bicycle rental is not available in Glacier National Park. It is possible to bike the length of Going-to-the-Sun Road, but the park limits bike access during peak traffic hours since many portions of the road do not have shoulders. The best times of day to go are the early morning or late afternoon. Although it is easiest to bike the road from east to west, be prepared for a steep elevation gain as you approach Logan Pass and cross the Continental Divide from either direction.
 * Boating - Boat tours are available at Many Glacier, Two Medicine, Rising Sun, Waterton Lake, and Lake McDonald. Personal motorized boats are permitted on some of the park's lakes, but usually limited to 10 hp motors. Rafting is available on the rivers bordering Glacier National Park through companies in West Glacier.
 * Camping - There are several dozen backcountry campgrounds along the trail system, and frontcountry campgrounds available to motorists and RVers.
 * Winter activities - Park visitors during the winter (approximately December - April) may explore the park using skis or snowshoes. Some trails may be closed due to avalanche or snow-related hazards, and visitors should check conditions with a ranger before departure and check out after return.
 * Fishing - Glacier is famous for its great trout fishing. Fishermen may fish without permits and can keep any fish they catch (except bull trout), but are advised to clean fish carefully: throw entrails into water far from shore, as the smell of fresh fish will attract bears.
 * Hiking - Over half of the visitors to Glacier National Park report taking a hike along some of the park's 700 miles of trails. Hikers can purchase topographical maps, trail guides, and field guides at visitor centers. Guided day hiking and backpacking treks are available through local outfitters. Check the National Park Service's Glacier website for more info. The Trail of the Cedars, Huckleberry Mountain, Hidden Lake, Sun Point, and Swiftcurrent Nature Trails are hiker friendly and have signs that dot the trails to help hikers. The Trail of the Cedars is wheelchair accessible.
 * Horseback riding - Most of the park's trail system is open to horses. Guided trips and horse rentals available at Many Glacier, Waterton Lake, Two Medicine, Rising Sun, and Lake McDonald Lodge.

Eat
Several of the park lodges have restaurants, but better options may be found outside of the park in the towns of Babb, Polebridge, West Glacier and St. Mary. If you want to purchase specialized backpacking food some of the camp stores in St Mary, Rising Sun, West Glacier, and other major points of entry sell a limited selection. By the end of the season (early September), however, most of these stores will be closing and your choices will be grim or nonexistent. Therefore, bring your own food if possible.

Drink
Bars are outside of the park in the town of Babb and West Glacier.

Lodging
Additional hotel options can be found outside of the park in the nearby towns of Essex, East Glacier, West Glacier and Babb.

Camping
There are 13 developed campgrounds in the park. These campgrounds may be accessed by car. Unless noted as "primitive", all contain a disposal station for trash. The sites are generally for a maximum of one vehicle, two tents, and eight people. Payment seems to be mostly on the honor system (the National Parks system doesn't ask much and needs more), though you must register within half an hour of arrival. Plan to keep your food and scented items in your vehicle. Campers without vehicles may find the larger developed campsites more like a suburban cul-de-sac with SUVs in every driveway than a wilderness retreat; if you backpack in you can feel outnumbered by other park visitors who brought their own firewood, fresh ears of corn, wine, cosmetics, and other heavy luxuries. Nightly fees are per campsite.

Backcountry
Glacier National Park is one of the most popular national parks in the US for backcountry camping, and backcountry sites offer great opportunities for extended trips through some of the park's more remote areas. Backcountry camping permits ($4/night/person or $50 for the park for the year) are required and can be obtained from any of the visitor centers before 4:30 PM and within 24 hours of your departure on a first-come first-served basis. To be issued the permit, the member of your party designated as the "trip leader" will have to watch a 15-minute movie about safety precautions in Glacier National Park. All of the backcountry sites require reservations, and some sites fill up months in advance (especially Gunsight Lake, Lake Ellen Wilson, and Sperry campgrounds, along the Gunsight Pass Trail, among others). Advance reservations can be made by calling +1 406 888-7800. These cost extra. Trail status, campsite availability, and general information on Glacier's backcountry is available at a National Park Service website. Campgrounds generally have designated sites with tent pads and separate areas for cooking and eating, bearpoles (a convenient way to hang your food and scented items out of the reach of bears), and pit toilets (in which no toilet paper or other trash may be thrown). Campers are required to pack out all of their garbage; when you receive your permit a ranger will give you plastic bags for this purpose.

To ensure a safe and comfortable stay in the back-country of Glacier National Park, visitors are urged to bring their own backpackers' stove (not all campgrounds allow fires, and firewood may be hard to find in the winter), rope (about 40 feet to hang bags from bear pole), and water purification system (pump filter of 1 micron or less, chlorine or iodine tablets). None of the backcountry campsites have potable water. See section on Safety for more detailed information.

Outfitters in West Glacier can arrange all-inclusive guided backpacking trips.

Connect
Most of the park is outside cell phone range, close to towns on the border of the park you can get a weak signal. If you are staying at one of the lodges or cabins in the park you can get wifi access but it is very low band width. The point of coming here is to get away from the modern always connected life.

Wildlife

Glacier National Park is the rare area of the United States where all of its pre-Columbian predators are still alive and well. The most dangerous of these are bears - both grizzly bears and the smaller black bears. The park is a great habitat for bears, and signs at every major trailhead warn that you are "entering grizzly country". Most hikers in the park prefer to buy bear spray (~$50, available at camping stores in West Glacier and St. Mary), which has a range of 30–40 feet and is known to deter a bear in the rare case that it becomes aggressive. The best precaution against bears, however, is to make noise while you are hiking to avoid surprising one and to allow it to identify you as human. When entering thickets or rounding corners, simply start talking to let any animals know you are coming. Some people carry whistles or bells to make noise on the trail, but others consider this measure useless or even counter-productive. Should you encounter a grizzly bear, avoid eye contact, turn sideways to appear smaller and less threatening, and slowly back away. It is rare that a bear would become aggressive, but if a grizzly bear charges, clacks its teeth, makes woofing or huffing noises, or waves its head from side to side, drop to the ground on your stomach or in the fetal position, protecting your face and neck (big backpacks are helpful for this). Most grizzly charges are "mock" charges, and while terrifying the bear normally turns away. During black bear encounters, gather your group together to appear as large as possible, and make noise to help the bear identify you. In the very rare case that the bear becomes aggressive, fight back. When you get your permit, you will be given up-to-date information about recent bear activity on your planned route. Pets are prohibited on trails because they may provoke bears.

Most bear encounters occur as a result of incorrect food storage. Bears are attracted to odors, so do not leave your pack unattended and be sure to hang any food, cooking equipment, scented toiletries, and clothes used for cooking from bear poles at night. Do not wash dishes or eat near your sleeping area as bears may come into camp looking for scraps. When leaving a car in the park overnight, remove all scented items (including toiletries) and store them in bear-proof lockers.

Other predators include mountain lions. While more reclusive than bears, mountain lions have still been known to maul hikers. If you encounter a mountain lion, make your self appear as large as possible and speak to it in a loud, firm voice.

Water
It is essential to drink lots of water while you are hiking to avoid dehydration. Unless you are going on a very short hike, you should consider carrying at least 2 liters of water with you. If you will be going a long distance, make sure you know where you can get more water. Lakes, streams, and waterfalls are good sources but all water obtained in the backcountry should be purified with a hand pump (filter of at least 1 micron) or iodine or chlorine tablets to remove contamination by Giardia lamblia, a common parasite caused in Glacier Park mainly by beaver feces. Infection causes giardiasis, a type of gastroenteritis that manifests itself with severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Other symptoms can include bloating, flatulence, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and weight loss.

Weather
Weather can be unpredictable, and snow or rain are possible throughout the summer. Make sure to have a waterproof layer. In cold weather, bring a warm layer, and make sure if you're camping that your sleeping bag stays dry.

Rainfall can be frequent in the spring, late summer, and fall. The driest time of year is around the July 4th holiday. However, the highest elevations frequented by visitors normally have snow on the ground every month of the year except August (i.e. trail to Hidden Lake from Logan Pass). If you do come in August (the most popular month), have alternate plans in case it rains (see Go next section below). The east side has less rainfall than the west side does, so sometimes it can be wet on one side and sunny on the other. Go all the way east to the US 89 Hwy; just traveling a mile or two down the mountain pass is not sufficient.

Calling +1-800-226-7629 will provide you with information about weather and road conditions.

Wildfires
Wildfires are a natural part of the ecosystems in Glacier National Park. They are allowed but controlled by the National Park Service and fire response teams. Before you set out, check for fire warnings with a ranger. Trails in dry areas are sometimes closed due to high sensitivity to wildfires.

Go next
Day trips: (in the early summer, the sun doesn't set until after 9:30PM)
 * Blackfeet Nation Indian Reservation - The reservation is home to the Blackfeet Nation and borders Glacier National Park to the west. Its northern border is shared by Canadian province Alberta. The seat of government is Browning.
 * Waterton Lakes National Park - Bring US/Canadian passport, passport card or enhanced driver's license.
 * Whitefish - Whitefish is a small city of 5,000 west of Glacier National Park about 27 miles southwest of West Glacier. To get there from the park, take US Hwy 2 south from West Glacier to MT-40. This will take you to US-93, which leads into Whitefish. The city draws tourists during the winter for its ski resorts, including Big Mountain Ski Area. During the summer, you can golf on five courses or catch a performance by the Alpine Theater Project (a professional Equity summer theater group).
 * Kalispell - In case of rain (which happens frequently), Kalispell is a nice small city of about 20,000 (Metro 80,000) 32 miles west of West Glacier on US Hwy 2. It has an indoor mall in the center of the city three blocks south of the US Hwy 2 (Idaho St.)/US Hwy 93 (Main St.) junction with a J.C. Penny, Montana's Herberger Department Store, plus many smaller stores. Also, there's a new shopping complex on both sides of US Hwy 93 North just before W. Reserve Dr. (2.5 to 3 miles north of the center). A Costco store (members only) with a gas station is located here, as well as a Target store on the other side. For getting back to Glacier Park on Hwy 2 East, turn right just after the Home Depot onto W. Reserve Dr. and go 2.5 miles to connect with US Hwy 2 called "La Salle Dr." (turn left toward Wendy's). Likewise, coming from Glacier turn right on to Reserve Dr. just after Wendy's Restaurant (about 5 miles south of the airport), go 2.5 miles, then left on US Hwy 93 at the Home Depot. Separately, Wal-Mart is on US Hwy 2 (Idaho St.) about 1.5 miles east of the center, while K-Mart is a just little further in the NW corner of the block where US Hwy 2 turns left to the north and becomes La Salle Dr. All shopping in Montana is tax-free.
 * Hungry Horse Dam - Montana's highest dam, 4 miles south from the small town of Hungry Horse on U.S. Hwy 2 between Kalispell and West Glacier. If arriving in Kalispell too late in the day to visit Glacier Park, the dam is a much closer and easier location. Turn from US Hwy 2 on the east side of the town where a large sign points to the exit for the dam (West Side Road).
 * Cut Bank - (Not to be confused with the campground inside the park) - One problem with Glacier National Park is that many of its prime attractions are east of the Continental Divide (Glacier Park Lodge, Many Glacier Lodge, Two Medicine, St. Mary, road access to Waterton) but the closest "major" cities (by Montana standards) are on the west side (Kalispell and Whitefish). While not a tourist destination unto itself, Cut Bank, a 45-minute drive from East Glacier Park has many services tourists may find useful. Cut Bank has two major grocery stores (Albertson's, IGA), both on the west end of town; Albertson's has a pharmacy and IGA is in a shopping center with a pharmacy; Both grocery stores have a deli. The shopping center ("Northern Village") also has a Ben Franklin, a dollar store, a western wear outlet, Candy Bouquet, a restaurant, and other food outlets. Fast food franchises in town include Pizza Hut, McDonald's, Subway, and Taco John's. One of only nine remaining JC Penney stores in the state of Montana is in downtown Cut Bank. Cut Bank also has car dealerships for the three major U.S. car companies: GM (Bell Motor), Ford (Northern Ford), and Chrysler (Northern Chrysler). The GM and Ford dealerships, as well as Rent-A-Wreck will rent cars. Amtrak stops in Cut Bank (though the station is not staffed) and car rental agencies will arrange to meet the train with prior notice. Car rentals in Cut Bank are more expensive than in Great Falls, but east of the divide, the next closest city with car rental facilities is Great Falls. The next closest city with car dealerships for service is Conrad, about midway between Cut Bank and Great Falls. Cut Bank also has two auto parts stores and other auto repair facilities, as well as other restaurants, bars, a campground, motels (the Super 8 and Glacier Gateway Inn are recommended). Far from being a shopping mecca, Cut Bank at least offers many goods and services tourist might need less than an hour from Glacier National Park, and considerably closer than the only other alternative east of the divide: Great Falls.
 * The Flathead National Forest - is named after the Flathead Indians who lived in the area. The forest is just south of Glacier National Park in the Rocky Mountains with elevations ranging from less than 4,500 feet to over 8,500 feet (1400 to 2600 m). The forest provides habitat for approximately 250 species of wildlife and 22 species of fish. As with most of the national forest system, parts of the forest's 2.3 million acres are designated wilderness and parts are not (these latter may be privately owned and commercial activities including logging can take place there), and visitor activities are much less regulated than in the National Park system. Camping is possible in most of the forest without a permit, although there are also designated campgrounds and cabins available for rent. Hike 2,800 miles of hiking trails or pick up to 10 gallons of berries (over 10 requires a permit). Two commercial downhill ski resorts are also available. +1 406 758-5200.

グレイシャー国立公園

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glacier National Park (Montana)


text:
Glacier National Park (British Columbia)

 * For the park of the same name in Montana, see Glacier National Park (Montana).

Glacier National Park is a Canadian national park in the Columbia-Rockies region of Canada. It encompasses a portion of the Columbia Mountains, and the Rogers Pass National Historic Site.

Understand
Glacier National Park, near Revelstoke, British Columbia, covers an area of 1,349 km² (521 sq mi).

The park is open year-round; valley trails open in May, while upper-elevation trails are snowed-in into early July. Day-use areas open in June, and campgrounds open in late June. The ski season is November to April.

The park contains high peaks, large, active glaciers, and one of Canada's largest cave systems. Its dense forests support populations of large mammals, birds, and alpine species. The region is noted for its heavy snowfall. The park has an extensive network of trails, three campgrounds, and four backcountry huts and cabins. Due to the major transportation routes that bisect it, Glacier National Park sees a lot of visitors.

Contact the park office or email RevGlacier.Reception@pc.gc.ca@undefined

History
The park was established in 1886.

The park's history is closely tied to two primary Canadian transportation routes, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), completed in 1885, and the Trans-Canada Highway, completed in 1963. The pass in the centre of the park eluded explorers until 1881. The railway brought with it tourism, the establishment of Glacier National Park and the construction of a popular alpine hotel. The heavy winter snows and steep, avalanche-prone valleys of the park have been a major obstacle to transportation, necessitating much railway engineering and avalanche control measures.

Getting across the avalanche-prone Rogers Pass has proved an obstacle for road and rail. It was vulnerable link in the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1885 to 1916, when traffic was diverted via a rail tunnel. The pass was incorporated into the Trans-Canada Highway, where a marker commemorates the Trans-Canada's 1962 official opening.

Landscape
The park covers the northern part of the Selkirk Mountains, a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. It contains numerous glaciers and large, swift waterways.

The Columbia Mountains rise from the plateaus of the Central Interior and extend eastward to the Rocky Mountain Trench. Geologically distinct from the nearby Rockies, the range is divided into four sub-ranges: the Cariboos, Monashees, Selkirks, and the Purcells. Glacier encompasses a portion of the northern Selkirks and a narrow strip of the northern Purcells. The topography of the park varies between rounded mountains and ridges in the east, north, and west, and sharp, steep-sided peaks in the central and southern regions.

The park has 131 glaciers larger than 50,000 m² (0.019 sq mi), covering 133 km² (51 sq mi) of the park. Throughout its history, North America has seen cycles of glaciation, where ice sheets advanced and retreated across the terrain. The last glacial period ended about 12,000 years ago, before which all but the highest peaks of the park were covered in ice. The movements of these rivers of ice formed the steep-sided, U-shaped valleys of the park. They also rounded the lesser peaks; ranges in the west of the park show this effect. The glaciers in the park are on whole shrinking and retreating; they are also some of the most studied glaciers in North America.

The glaciers of the park have been dramatically reduced in size in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. An inventory noted a reduction of 19.4 km² (7.5 sq mi) of glacial surface area from 2000 to 2011.

All watercourses in the park are part of the Columbia River drainage basin. Park rivers are swift-running and glacially-fed, and have helped carve out the steep valleys and canyons. They carry much silt and rocky debris with them, and often have a milky white appearance. In the summer months, these rivers have noticeable diurnal cycles; they run high in the afternoons as the snow and ice melt is at its peak, then drop considerably with lower nighttime temperatures.

The major rivers are the Illecillewaet, the Beaver, and the headwaters of the Incomappleux and Duncan Rivers. Large creeks and brooks include Mountain, Cougar (which runs underground through the Nakimu Caves), and Battle.

Glacier National Park covers a range of habitats, from lush temperate rainforest in the western valleys, to inhospitable ice- and rock-covered alpine areas, to drier fir and pine forests on the eastern boundary. Four of British Columbia's biogeoclimatic zones are found within the park: Interior cedar/hemlock, Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir, Interior Douglas-fir in the eastern extremities, and alpine tundra at high elevations. Parks Canada characterizes these zones as "rainforest, snow forest, and no forest". Animal life in the park ranges from large mammals like caribou and grizzly bear to bird species such as Steller's jay and the golden eagle.

Flora
The valleys on the western side of the park support dense wet forests, with a thick understory. The widest valleys, such as the Illecillewaet, contain a rare wetlands environment, featuring skunk cabbage and water hemlock. Outside of the wetlands, the lower valleys are covered by Western Red cedar, western white pine, western hemlock, Interior douglas fir, and white birch. Ground species include devil's club, blueberries, liverwort, and fern species.

At middle elevations, the subalpine zone appears. This forest has Engelmann spruce, mountain hemlock, and subalpine fir. The understory is thick here with rhododendron and berry species, as well as deep beds of moss and lichens. At higher elevations, this forest opens up to meadows and slide chutes, which are covered in a lush growth of grasses, herbaceous shrubs, and alpine wildflowers. Parks botanists and others have identified 546 species of flowering plants in the park. Late July to mid-September see an impressive display of alpine blooms.

The alpine meadows continue into the harsh alpine tundra zone, where poor soil, heavy snowfall, cold temperatures, and a very short growing season discourage all but the hardiest sedge grasses, heathers, and lichens.

Fauna
Glacier's rich forests support a large wildlife population, which Parks staff monitor regularly. There are 53 mammal species found within the park. Bears dominate the snow zone; the berry-rich avalanche slides provide an important food source for both black and grizzly species. They spend the winters in deep dens hibernating. Other predators include the timber wolf, coyote, red fox, wolverine, cougar, and lynx.

Mountain goats are the most common ungulates in Glacier National Park. Caribou migrate through certain park valleys, while elk, mule and white-tailed deer can be found throughout. The deep snows of winter drive most ungulates out of the park into the lower elevations of the nearby Rocky Mountain Trench and Columbia valleys. Moose are seen in the park on rare occasions. Several species of squirrels are found in the lower forests, and alpine mammals include pika, hoary marmots, and martens.

Glacier has 235 observed bird species, but the majority are migratory and only seen in the summer months. The 30 species who are year-round residents include woodpeckers, golden eagles, owls, ravens, Steller's jays, and golden-crowned kinglets. Unpredictable explosions of pine siskins, sometimes reaching hundreds of thousands in number, will appear and stay year round, but be gone the next year. American dippers feed in the many waterfalls and cascades of the park.

Climate
The park lies in the Interior Wetbelt region of British Columbia which makes for large amounts of precipitation. Mean annual precipitation is 1278 mm (50 in) at lower elevations and 1995 mm (79 in) in the subalpine zone. Rogers Pass can see up to an incredible 17 m of snow each year.

Visitor information

 * Park website

Get in
About the only way into the park is on the Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway), which bisects the park. Calgary is about four hours east, and Kamloops is about three hours west.

Glacier National Park is accessible by car or bus.

Fees and permits
Daily (2024): Seasonal passes are available for less than the cost of 5 day passes.
 * Adult $11.00
 * Senior $9.50
 * Youth and children free
 * Family/group $22.00

Fishing per permit (2024):
 * Daily	$13.50

Do

 * There are 140 km (87 mi) of established hiking trails in the park.

Lodging
A variety of accommodation is available in Golden, 80 km east of Rogers Pass in the heart of the park, and Revelstoke, 72 km west.

Camping
There are three campgrounds in the park. Illecillewaet is the largest.

Fees per night (2024):
 * Per person $24.00
 * Fire permit per day $11.00

Backcountry
There are four designated backcountry camping areas. The Alpine Club of Canada operates four alpine huts and cabins for backcountry users, all which require an advance reservation:

Backcountry use and camping permit (2024):
 * Overnight, per person	$13.50

Stay safe
Because of the huge amounts of snow, there is a near constant avalanche danger during winter months, including along the Trans-Canada Highway. There is online avalanche safety information available. Parks Canada often closes areas of Glacier National Park in winter so that soldiers may trigger controlled avalanches using 105mm howitzers or explosives.

Go next

 * Head east to visit Yoho National Park, Banff National Park, and further on to Calgary.
 * Head west to visit Revelstoke, the Shuswap, and Kamloops.


text:
Gladewater

Gladewater is a city in the Central Piney Woods region of Texas. It's probably best known for being Elvis Presley's base early in his career, and Johnny Cash wrote "I Walk the Line" here.

Get in
U.S. Routes 80 and 271 go through Gladewater.

Buy
There are many antique stores downtown.

title: Gladewater


text:
Gladstone

There is more than one place called Gladstone:

Australia

 * Gladstone (New South Wales) - a town in New South Wales
 * Gladstone (Queensland) - a town in Queensland
 * Gladstone (South Australia) - a town in South Australia
 * Gladstone (Tasmania) - a town in Tasmania

Canada

 * Gladstone (Manitoba) - a town in Manitoba
 * Gladstone (Ontario) - a town in Ontario

United States of America

 * Gladstone (Michigan) - a town in the state of Michigan.
 * Gladstone (Missouri) - a town in the state of Missouri.
 * Gladstone (New Jersey) - a town in the state of New Jersey.
 * Gladstone (North Dakota) - a town in the state of North Dakota.
 * Gladstone (Oregon) - a town in the state of Oregon.
 * Gladstone (Virginia) - a town in the state of Virginia.

title: Gladstone


text:
Gladstone (Michigan)

Gladstone is a city of about 4700 people (2018) in Michigan.

Understand
Gladstone (nicknamed "Happy Rock") is a small community on Lake Michigan's Little Bay de Noc. The settlement was founded in 1877 as Minnewasca, but its name was changed to honor British politician William Ewart Gladstone.

The area is well known for its walleye fishing, and tournaments have been organized by major sports fishing authorities in the community.

See
The annual Independence Day celebration is one of the largest events in the city. There are seasonal events at Van Cleeve Park. For up-to-date information, please check with the city's website.

Do
Depending on the time of year, Gladstone has different events going on. The Gladstone Ski Park is where many people go to in winter for skiing, snow tubing, and snowboarding activities, From May 15 to March 31, walleye season goes on and draws many fisherman to the area.

Eat

 * Saloon Bar. Well-known for its pizza.
 * Saloon Bar. Well-known for its pizza.

Drink
There are a fair number of bars in Gladstone. The Saloon, the Sandbar, and Walley's are the more popular bars in town.

title: Gladstone (Michigan)


text:
Gladstone (Oregon)

Gladstone is a town in the Portland Metropolitan Area guarded by the Clackamas and Willamette River, where this is plenty of fishing. It is a wonderful small community that is surrounded by many other cities so you are never far from anything. Such things as Historic Oregon City, Shopping in Clackamas, or the numerous things to do in Portland. A popular spot for young people in Gladstone during the summer is High Rocks where you can jump off rocks into the Clackamas River or just relax in the sun. There also now have people from the Red Cross down at High Rocks to ensure safety. Gladstone is also home of the Harley-Davidson store and Lotus Motor company.

Get around

 * There are a few ways to get around Gladstone and the surrounding areas. The easiest way would be to have a car and drive to the shopping and food.
 * Gladstone is part of the Portland Metro area so there is access to the great Tri-met bus system that takes you from Gladstone to Clackamas, Milwaukie, Oregon City and to Downtown Portland. The buses are usually very prompt according to the bus schedule you can pick one up at our Local Library.
 * Another way is to walk a lot of the places are spread out though so it might be harder to walk but Gladstone is a great place to get your morning walk in.

Do
Gladstone is a small town so there are not that many things to but at various times throughout the year there are a few fun things. Two of them are mentioned above but here are some other ideas as well as information on them.

 * If you are looking for a show or something like that twice a year the Gladstone High School puts on some sort of a play so look for those.
 * Gladstone High School has a parade that starts at Max Patterson Memorial Park and goes to the High School for Homecoming it is always on the last Friday of Homecoming week. There are floats made by each of the classes and each year there is a theme according to the opponent being played the Homecoming football game. It's a lot of fun for the kids.
 * If you are looking for a show or something like that twice a year the Gladstone High School puts on some sort of a play so look for those.
 * Gladstone High School has a parade that starts at Max Patterson Memorial Park and goes to the High School for Homecoming it is always on the last Friday of Homecoming week. There are floats made by each of the classes and each year there is a theme according to the opponent being played the Homecoming football game. It's a lot of fun for the kids.
 * Gladstone High School has a parade that starts at Max Patterson Memorial Park and goes to the High School for Homecoming it is always on the last Friday of Homecoming week. There are floats made by each of the classes and each year there is a theme according to the opponent being played the Homecoming football game. It's a lot of fun for the kids.

title: Gladstone (Oregon)


text:
Gladstone (Queensland)

Gladstone is a town in Queensland on the coast between Bundaberg and Rockhampton.

By plane

 * Qantaslink has services connecting to Brisbane. There is also the daily all stops flight north to Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville and Cairns. There is little competition on the routes into Gladstone, and prices can reflect this.
 * Jetstar flies to Rockhampton, a bit more than an hour away to the north. It is possible to pick up unlimited kilometre car hire in Rockhampton.
 * Jetstar flies to Rockhampton, a bit more than an hour away to the north. It is possible to pick up unlimited kilometre car hire in Rockhampton.

Car hire is available at the airport, Hertz, Avis, Europcar, Thrifty and Budget all offer services. Taxis are available outside the terminal.

By car
Gladstone is a diversion off the Bruce Highway A1 between Bundaberg and Rockhampton.

By train
The railway from Brisbane to Rockhampton stops in central Gladstone. Tilt train and other services are available.

By car
Gladstone is easily navigable by car, and car hire is available at the airport and downtown.

By bike
Gladstone has a variety of cycleways, and most roads are generally cycle friendly if you avoid the major highways. The topology of the city, with a hill running parallel to the city centre and the harbour, is worth considering if planning to cycle. If you follow the harbourside, it is going to be flatter.

See
Gladstone is an industrial centre. Is has attractions for people who like to see views over heavy industrial landscapes. It has gardens and a pretty marina district. It also is surrounded by areas of natural beauty. Gladstone harbour is the largest natural harbour in Queensland.

Buy
Gladstone City Centre suffers from having had shopping traffic drawn away to larger suburban malls that are scattered around. The city centre is transforming itself into a restaurant and commercial precinct, while the shopping moves out into the suburbs with easier access and parking. Unfortunately, this also means the bland shopping mall with K-Mart, Target etc is prevalent, rather than a central shopping strip exposed to the elements.

Eat
Restaurants tend to be expensive in Gladstone, with even pubs and clubs commonly selling their main meals well over $20.

title: Gladstone (Queensland)


text:
Glamoč

Glamoč (Гламоч) is a small town in the center of Glamočko polje (Glamoč highplain) on 800m, in the West of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 135km from the Croatian harbour Split.

Understand
Before the last war, the town was multietnic.

Get in
From the south from Livno or from the North from the direction of Drvar, Mrkonjic Grad

The main bus station is in a really bad state.

Get around
Glamoc is small, and is easy to explore by foot.

See

 * Visit the museum for Ivo Lola Ribar], a Yugoslavic Second World War hero

Do
Hike over Šator mountain

Eat

 * Cafe Glamour
 * Restaurant Park
 * Hotel/Restaurant Split

Drink

 * Rakija

title: Glamoč


text:
Glamorgan

Glamorgan (Welsh: Morgannwg, historically known as Glamorganshire / Sir Forgannwg) is a traditional county in Wales. It is home to Cardiff, the Wales' capital city, along with the city of Swansea. The Bristol Channel marks the southern edge of Glamorganshire, which features the 14-mile-long Glamorgan Heritage Coast and the Gower Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. To the north, the Valleys and The Rhondda were Wales' industrial heartlands which extend to the edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Powys.

Coastal resort towns include Barry, the focal point for British sitcom Gavin and Stacey, Penarth with its pier and Porthcawl. In the hills lie Caerphilly, which is famous for its cheese and castle, Merthyr Tydfil, the university town of Pontypridd and the village of Pontardawe.

Climb the South Wales foothills for breathtaking views across the nation's southernmost point, or find wooded walks near Llantrisant and Aberdare. Relax on sandy beaches or surf in Barry, Llantwit Major, Southerndown, Ogmore-by-Sea, Porthcawl, Aberavon (Port Talbot), The Mumbles (Swansea) or Rhossili. Eat and drink in the rural town of Cowbridge, or find a night out in the Cardiff - a thriving waterside city which includes several iconic destinations such as the Principality Stadium, Cardiff Castle and the National Museum of Wales.

Cities

 * (Welsh: Caerdydd) – The capital and largest city in Wales
 * (Abertawe) - Wales' second city - famed for beaches and coastal walks

Towns

 * (Aberdâr)
 * (Y Barri) – Home of award-winning TV comedy Gavin & Stacey, as well as popular resort, Barry Island
 * (Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) – Just along the A48, Bridgend is home to many shops & two castles
 * (Caerffili) – Home to a magnificent castle
 * (Y Bont-faen) – A quiet market town
 * – Home of the Royal Mint.
 * (Llanilltud Fawr)
 * (Merthyr Tudful)
 * (Castell-nedd)
 * – A pier and marina, along with a busy town centre
 * – On the Glamorgan Heritage Coast is Porthcawl.
 * – A pier and marina, along with a busy town centre
 * – On the Glamorgan Heritage Coast is Porthcawl.
 * – On the Glamorgan Heritage Coast is Porthcawl.

Villages

 * (Y Rhws)
 * and Ogmore-by-Sea
 * (Sili)
 * (Y Rhws)
 * and Ogmore-by-Sea
 * (Sili)

Other destinations

 * (Ynys Echni) is an island nature reserve, the most southerly part of Wales. Boat trips visit from the Cardiff area.
 * (Penrhyn Gŵyr) is the headland west of Swansea, an AONB - Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
 * (Afan Argoed) is a steep-sided valley with hiking and mountain-biking trails.
 * Heritage Coast - The coastline in the Western Vale is considered a "Heritage Coast", protected for its natural beauty and historical importance to the area. The Heritage Coast Centre can be found at Southerndown.

Understand
Glamorganshire is divided up into several administrative areas, which are:

 * Bridgend - including Bridgend, Maesteg, Pencoed, Porthcawl, Pyle and Ogmore Vale
 * Caerphilly - including Blackwood, Caerphilly and Rhymney
 * City of Cardiff
 * Merthyr Tydfil
 * Neath Port Talbot - including Neath, Pontardawe and Port Talbot
 * Rhondda Cynon Taf - including Aberdare, Llantrisant, Pontypridd, Rhondda
 * Swansea - including Gorseinon, Pontarddulais and Swansea
 * Vale of Glamorgan - including Barry, Cowbridge, Llantwit Major and Penarth

Get in
Glamorganshire has good rail and road links from destinations throughout Wales and England. Cardiff Airport lies in Glamorganshire with connections from international destinations.

By car
The runs east-west through Glamorganshire, past Cardiff, Caerphilly, Llantrisant, Bridgend, Port Talbot, Neath and Swansea.

 * From the east, the connects the area with London, Heathrow Airport (), the  motorway (from destinations such as Gatwick Airport and Stansted Airport), Reading, Swindon, Bath, Bristol, the  motorway (from destinations such as Birmingham, Cornwall, Exeter, Gloucester and north-west England) and Newport.
 * Also use and  from destinations in West Wales including Carmarthen, Haverfordwest, Tenby and Fishguard .

Other major routes include:

 * from Newport, Carmarthen and  (from destinations such as Haverfordwest and Fishguard) into Cardiff, Cowbridge, Bridgend, Port Talbot, Neath and Swansea
 * from Hereford and Abergavenny past Merthyr Tydfil and Neath
 * from Newport into Caerphilly
 * from North Wales and Brecon past Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd, Caerphilly and Cardiff
 * from Pontypool and Cwmbran into Blackwood and Abercynon
 * from Llandeilo and  (from destinations such as Llandovery and Brecon)

By train
There are several long-distance trains between Glamorganshire and destinations across Wales and England.

To Cardiff Central

 * CrossCountry from destinations in The Midlands and Gloucestershire including Nottingham, Derby, Burton upon Trent, Birmingham New Street, Cheltenham Spa, Gloucester, Chepstow and Newport
 * Great Western Railway from London Paddington, Reading, Didcot Parkway, Swindon, Bristol Parkway, Newport, Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway, Neath and Swansea
 * Great Western Railway from destinations in southern England including Portsmouth Harbour, Portsmouth and Southsea, Southampton Central, Salisbury, Bath Spa and Bristol Temple Meads
 * Great Western Railway (limited service) from destinations in West Wales including Carmarthen and Llanelli
 * Transport for Wales from Holyhead, Bangor, Conwy, Flint, Chester, Wrexham General, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Leominster, Hereford, Abergavenny, Cwmbran and Newport
 * Transport for Wales from Manchester Piccadilly and Crewe
 * Transport for Wales from Milford Haven, Haverfordwest, Carmarthen, Llanelli, Swansea, Neath, Port Talbot Parkway and Bridgend

To Swansea

 * Great Western Railway from London Paddington, Reading, Didcot Parkway, Swindon, Bristol Parkway, Newport, Cardiff Central, Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath
 * Great Western Railway (limited service) from destinations in West Wales including Carmarthen and Llanelli
 * Transport for Wales from Manchester Piccadilly, Crewe, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Leominster, Hereford, Abergavenny, Cwmbran, Newport, Cardiff Central, Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath
 * Transport for Wales from Milford Haven, Haverfordwest, Carmarthen and Llanelli
 * Transport for Wales from Shrewsbury, Llandovery, Llandeilo and Ammanford

To Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath

 * Great Western Railway from London Paddington, Reading, Didcot Parkway, Swindon, Bristol Parkway, Newport, Cardiff Central and Swansea
 * Great Western Railway (limited service) from destinations in West Wales including Carmarthen and Llanelli
 * Transport for Wales from Manchester Piccadilly, Crewe, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Leominster, Hereford, Abergavenny, Cwmbran, Newport, Cardiff Central and Swansea
 * Transport for Wales from Milford Haven, Haverfordwest, Carmarthen, Llanelli, Swansea and Cardiff Central

By bus and coach

 * Megabus - into Cardiff from destinations including London, Heathrow Airport, Bristol, Newport, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Glasgow, Exeter, Plymouth and Swansea
 * Megabus - into Swansea from destinations including London, Heathrow Airport, Bristol, Newport and Cardiff
 * National Express 201 - into Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea from Gatwick Airport, Heathrow Airport, Bristol and Newport
 * National Express 202 - into Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea from Heathrow Airport, Bristol and Newport
 * National Express 216 - into Cardiff from Bristol, Bristol Airport and Newport
 * National Express 507/508/509 - into Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea from London, Reading, Chepstow, Newport and destinations in West Wales
 * National Express 110/111/112 - into Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea from Bridgend, Newport and destinations in West Wales
 * TrawsCymru T1C (limited service) - into Cardiff, Bridgend and Port Talbot from Aberystwyth and Carmarthen
 * TrawsCymru T4 - into Cardiff, Pontypridd and Merthyr Tydfil from Newtown, Llandrindod, Builth Wells and Brecon
 * TrawsCymru T6 - into Swansea and Neath from Brecon and Sennybridge

By plane
Cardiff Airport lies between Barry and Llantwit Major, to the west of Cardiff. There are direct flights into Cardiff from destinations from Europe and North Africa. Check the website: https://cardiff-airport.com/destinations/

Public transport connections from Cardiff Airport include:

 * Transport for Wales operates trains from Rhoose Cardiff International Airport station to Glamorganshire destinations including Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Bridgend, Llantwit Major, Aberdare, Pontypridd, Radyr and Barry. Bus route 905 Rail Linc connects the airport with the station.
 * New Adventure Travel 304 buses direct to Llantwit Major, Cardiff Bay and Barry.

Airports further afield include:

 * Bristol Airport with international flights from destinations in Europe and North Africa. Direct coach connections to Cardiff using National Express 216. Alternatively use Bristol Airport Flyer to Bristol Temple Meads and connect with direct trains to Cardiff Central.
 * London Heathrow Airport with international flights to destinations worldwide, including in North America and Asia. Direct coach connections to Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea using National Express 201/202. Alternatively use rail connections to London Paddington with direct trains to Cardiff Central, Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway, Neath and Swansea.
 * London Gatwick Airport with international flights to destinations worldwide. Direct coach connections to Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea using National Express 201. Alternatively use rail connections to Reading with direct trains to Cardiff Central, Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway, Neath and Swansea.

By boat
Irish Ferries operates a Rosslare (Ireland) to Pembroke ferry route. There are direct trains from Pembroke Dock to Swansea.

StenaLine operates a Rosslare to Fishguard ferry route. There are direct trains from Fishguard Harbour to Carmarthen, where there are onward connections to Swansea, Neath, Port Talbot, Bridgend and Cardiff Central.

Get around
The best means of transport for exploring the region is by private car.

Buses
Buses depart from Swansea Bus Station to most of the suburbs and rural areas of Swansea, and to other towns in the region. Towns with central bus stations to their suburbs include Neath, Port Talbot, Llanelli and Carmarthen. Most services are operated by First Cymru.

Train
Arriva trains operate suburban and rural train services from Swansea station to Llansamlet, Skewen, Baglan, Briton Ferry, Gowerton, Bynea, Llangennech, Pontarddulais, Pantyfynnon and Ammanford.

See

 * St Fagans National History Museum near Cardiff
 * Caerphilly castle
 * Heritage Coast near Southerndown

Do

 * Mountain biking in Afan Forest Park.
 * Hiking part of the Wales Coast Path.
 * Cricket: Glamorgan CCC play at Sophia Park in Cardiff.

Walking
There are some good walks in the Vale, many from the Valeways Scheme. As a county on the coast, the Wales Coast Path runs the full length of the Glamorgan Coast, from Cardiff to Bridgend. The route then continues around Wales as a long-distance path. There is another long-distance trail in the Vale of Glamorgan, the 69 mile long Valeways Millennium Heritage Trail. This path goes to many destinations in the Vale, including Southerndown, Cowbridge, Rhoose, Barry, Cardiff, Llanharry and Colwinston. The trail runs in a circle, and is made up of mainly Bridleways. Most of its destinations are covered in this Wikivoyage article! It takes you from the sea, to near-sky heights, with some fabulous views across the Vale

Surfing
Although not the most popular surfing resort in Wales, the Vale of Glamorgan hosts some great waves.

Southerndown
Situated on the Bristol Channel, Southerndown becomes very popular in the height of summer when the sun is out. Even when it's raining, it's still pretty busy. A sandy, RNLI Lifeguarded beach with loads of space, makes Southerndown a great place to spend time on the beach and surf on the waves on the flooding tides. Southerndown is situated on the Glamorgan Heritage Coast. Other facilities on or near the beach also include public toilets and a shop.

Ogmore-By-Sea
Further West than Southerndown, is Ogmore-By-Sea, also known simply as Ogmore. Although not as popular as Southerndown, and with fewer facilities, Ogmore does sometimes have surfers, especially East of the Beach. The mouth of the river Ogmore is on this beach, although entering the water is not advised at this point

Llantwit Major
The town of Llantwit Major has an RNLI Lifeguarded beach. Sometimes popular with surfers

Go next

 * Bristol - Just over an hour away is Bristol, the bustling port on the River Avon
 * Newport
 * Swansea - Another city renowned for its spectacular Waterfront
 * Monmouthshire
 * Carmarthenshire
 * Powys

title: Glamorgan