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Chaco Culture National Historical Park

Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a major unit of the United States National Park System located within the Navajo Nation in northwest New Mexico. It preserves extensive ancestral pueblos of prehistoric American Indian communities. Chaco Canyon's largest pueblo, Pueblo Bonito, is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. For many years, people referred to the great houses in Chaco Canyon as ruins. Modern Pueblo Tribal members consider it more respectful to refer to the sites as ancestral pueblos. Tribal elders explain that Puebloan cultures moved from area to area to seek their place. Had the Spanish not arrived in the 1500s, it's possible, even likely that these sites may have once again been occupied. It is also preferred by the Pueblo Indians that the residents of Chaco Canyon and other ancestral villages be called "Ancestral Puebloans," rather than "Anasazi."

History
The Chaco dwellings were built and occupied primarily between about 850 and 1250 AD, during which time they were the hub of a remarkable network of transportation routes, many of which survive today as the "roads" of Chaco. They fell into disuse after 1300, probably due to climate change, although descendants of the Chacoans and other tribes remained aware of the ancestral pueblos. The present park was one of the first units of the National Park System to be formed specifically to protect archaeological resources, being first formed as Chaco Canyon National Monument in 1907 (shortly after Mesa Verde National Park, which also started as a national monument rather than a park). The monument achieved national-park status in 1980 and Pueblo Bonito became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.

Landscape
Chaco is in canyon/mesa country, like most of northwestern New Mexico, but the topography in the park isn't as spectacular as in some other areas of the state; the visitor center, in the canyon bottom, is at an elevation of about 6200 feet, and the surrounding mesas rise only about 400 feet above this level. The canyon is wide and open for most of its length, unlike the narrow "slot canyons" to the northwest in Utah. This, of course, is why there's a park here: the openness of the canyon provided enough room to build the pueblos and grow crops. Note that this elevation is high enough to challenge the lungs of the visitor freshly up from sea level. You may find yourself a bit short of breath when hiking, so if you're going to be there overnight, it's recommended that you do the "easy" trails along the main loop first to get acclimatized somewhat, then the longer, more vertical backcountry trails on your second day.

Most of the rock comprising the mesas as well as the canyon floor is sedimentary, and consequently tends toward flat bedding planes that are interrupted by relatively few faults and folds. As a result, one of the hiking challenges is that the transition between individual geological formations along the canyon walls can be steep. This is incentive to stay on the constructed trails in the backcountry; you'll want to do that anyway, as off-trail hiking is generally prohibited and the prohibition is enforced.

One of the signature features of Chaco is Fajada Butte near the south entrance. This narrow, steep-walled butte rises about 400 feet above the canyon and is notable for artifacts including the "Sun Dagger," verified by Anna Sofaer as an astronomical observatory/clock used by the Chacoans to predict and document the solstices, equinoxes, and the approximately 18.5 year lunar cycle. Dr. Sofaer's research is available at www.solsticeproject.org. This website, in particular, is a must for visitors who wish to inform themselves before the magical experience of a Chaco visit. Fajada Butte is no longer open to hikers, but a roadside turnout near the south entrance leads to a viewpoint from which it can be seen and photographed to good advantage. Early morning and late afternoon are the best times to photograph Fajada.

Flora and fauna
Chaco has high-desert flora, with sagebrush, cactus, etc., interspersed with small bits of piñon/juniper scrub forest, the latter primarily on the mesa tops. Chaco receives less precipitation (average 8 inches per year) than some other parts of New Mexico at similar latitude and elevation, and consequently does not have the coniferous forest of some areas to its east. Plant life is generally sparse.

Animal life too is not as abundant as elsewhere in the state, but wildlife encounters are still reasonably frequent. The largest animal you're likely to see is the ubiquitous coyote, although you may also see a deer or two. Elk and antelope are present in the region but rarely encountered in the park. Smaller carnivores such as bobcat, badger, fox and two species of skunk are sometimes seen, and rodents are locally abundant, with a few prairie-dog towns in the park. Small colonies of bats are present during the summer.

The shortage of water reduces the prevalence of bird life as well, but Chaco is still an island of at least relative avian abundance and diversity in this region. With luck you'll see a roadrunner or two, but don't count on it; they're rare here. The usual assortment of medium to large hawks (Cooper's hawk and kestrel are fairly common), owls (more often heard than seen), vultures and raven are present, if less abundant than in the mountains to the east. There are reasonably large populations of smaller birds, with warblers, sparrows, house finches, etc., common. Three species of hummingbirds are at hand, and one of the treats of late summer is watching the tiny but incredibly pugnacious rufous hummingbirds chasing off the larger, mellower black-chinned hummers that compete with the rufous for habitat. It's like watching a World War I aerial dogfight in miniature. Rufous hummers are rare in the park, however, and you'll be lucky to get this visual treat.

Western (prairie) rattlesnakes are occasionally seen in the backcountry, but you're much more likely to see various lizards scurrying along the tops of restored walls of structures, with skinks being fairly abundant.

Climate
Chaco, like most of northwestern New Mexico, has a high desert climate with four distinct seasons. Spring is dry and windy, with high temperatures rising rapidly from an average of or so in March to over  in June. Summer is hot, with highs frequently above, and with much of the average year's precipitation falling in isolated, brief but violent thunderstorms. However, it's the legendary "dry heat" that doesn't feel nearly as hot as in regions with higher humidity. Cooling starts in August and leads to a dry, temperate fall season that is usually a good time to visit Chaco. Winter is also pleasant with highs around and clear skies, although there are usually three or four frontal storms each winter that bring snow, usually in small quantities but with the occasional major snowstorm. The remoteness of the park is such that it's a good idea to check a weather forecast before visiting in the winter; Farmington, about 60 miles (100 km) away, usually experiences similar weather, and its current conditions and forecast are updated regularly. If there's significant snow (say 6 in/15 cm or more) in the forecast, it's wise to defer your trip unless you're particularly well prepared for snowy roads.

Get in
Drive. The nearest city with air service is Farmington, about 60 miles north, which is served by a commuter airline (Mesa) that is a partner with United Airlines. The nearest major airport is in Albuquerque about 150 miles (240 km) southeast. There is no rail or bus service in this remote region.

From US 550: The National Park Service recommends the following route, which is possible - though slow - in a sedan or compact car. There is a turnoff to CR 7900 from US 550 about 3 miles southeast of Nageezi (mile 112.5). There is a gas station (as of 2020) within 0.5 miles of the turnoff. The route is well marked with signage - expect 8 miles of paved road (CR 7900 and a right turn onto CR 7950) and 13 miles of rough dirt road. Unless you're in an offroad-capable vehicle or SUV, avoid the sandy shoulders which can trap the tires of smaller cars. This route crosses a waterway that is normally dry but can be impassible in rainy conditions.

From the south via Hwy 9: These 2 routes should only be considered by those driving high-clearance vehicles in dry conditions. The National Park Service website warns: "Not recommended for RVs." The "not recommended for RVs" comment doesn't do this road justice: if there has been recent precipitation, this is a hairy road to drive that may leave you stuck in a large mud puddle or high-centered on a bypass, in either case about 20 miles from help.
 * 1) Hwy 9 to Pueblo Pintado: At Pueblo Pintado, turn north on Navajo 46 and follow for 10 miles. Turn left on CR 7900 for 7 miles then left on CR 7950 for the remaining 16 miles (13 unpaved and 3 paved).
 * 2) Hwy 9 to Hwy 57 (Hwy 14 on some maps): This turnoff is located 13 miles east of Hwy 371 at the former Seven Lakes Trading Post. The signs directing drivers to turn from Hwy 371 on Hwy 9 are reportedly missing.

From I-40: Take Exit 53 at Thoreau and go north on NM 371 (aka Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway). Get off on road 57 (aka Navajo Service Road 9) at Crownpoint. Then be sure to exit left (i.e. north) at Seven Lakes (after about 13 miles) to stay on NM 57. This next stretch of NM 57 is also known as Navajo Service Road 14. Road 9 continues east from Seven Lakes, so don't miss this exit. After about 20 miles, you'll get to the park loop road and the visitor center.

From Farmington / US 64': Take NM 371 south to Crownpoint, then exit east onto 57 (aka Navajo Service Rd 9), as described above.

Fees and permits
Entrance fees for the park are $15 for individuals, $25 for cars, and are good for seven days.

Campsites (see below under "Sleep") are $10/night, with a $5 discount for holders of a Park Pass. Permits are required for backcountry hiking. They're free and available at the visitor center, or at the trailheads.

Get around
The main sites are reached via a short loop road that is suitable for bicycles as well as cars; in fact, it's quite a comfortable ride that gives a more intimate sense of the canyon than you'll get from a car. If you are biking, make sure your tires resist punctures, as all manner of plants with thorns and spines grow in the park.

The short trails to the sites along the loop road can be visited in street shoes, but hiking boots are a good idea if you're planning on visiting any of the more remote areas described under "Do." Some but not all of the sites are wheelchair-accessible, as is one of the campsites at the park campground.

See
While there is a visitor center with exhibits (open June 29, 2024 except major holidays), the park's trademark attraction is the collection of major ancestral pueblos along the loop road in the canyon bottom. Some can be seen from the car, but more rewarding is to follow the short, easy trails at each that lead to and through the pueblos. Pamphlets explain the important features of the sites. The site trails are open from sunrise to sunset; visiting with the sun near the horizon yields particularly appealing opportunities for photography.

Hike
There are four trails leading to remote pueblos, all available for day use and closed after sundown. Probably the most interesting is the trail to Peñasco Blanco pueblo, which has become famous for a well-preserved pictograph thought by some to represent the great supernova of 1054. This pictograph is under a rock alcove below the main Peñasco Blanco structures. Please treat it respectfully; this is a rare find in the world of anthropology. This trail crosses a wash that can be dangerously full of water if there have been thunderstorms upstream.

All trails require free permits available at the visitor center or the trailheads. Hiking boots are a good idea, and carry plenty of water. Off-trail hiking is generally not allowed.

Bike
Bicycling is a good way to get around the main tourist loop, and in addition, there are two backcountry trails that offer mountain biking. Wijiji trail is shared with hikers and is a short (about 3 miles), easy ride that should take under an hour. A more serious undertaking is the ride to Kin Klizhin, an "outlier" site archaeologically related to the main canyon sites but well removed from the canyon itself. The ride to Kin Klizhin takes one southwest out of the canyon and into some very lonely country, and is about a 25-mile (40 km) round trip. Go well prepared with water, repair kit, etc.

Stargaze

The exceptionally dark night skies of Chaco provide good opportunities for amateur astronomers who bring their own telescopes, but even better, in 1998 the park opened its own observatory with a large (25") telescope and modern equipment that the visitor can share. During the summer there are interpretive programs by park staff, supplemented by members of The Albuquerque Astronomical Society who bring equipment, give lectures, etc.  Information on the program may be available at the Society's web page, but the Chaco information does not appear to have updated since 2004.

Photography
Most of the major Chaco pueblos are photogenic, but a few tips to improve your chances of getting some good shots:
 * These ancestral pueblos are known as great houses, and they are massive. Wide-angle lenses are useful.
 * Many of the "commercial" shots that you see are difficult for the average traveler to duplicate, because you're required to stay on the trails (and the requirement is enforced), limiting your opportunities to get shots from above. Views of the Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl sites are reached by trails that do lead to vantage points above the ancestral pueblos, and are therefore better suited for this kind of shot than some others.
 * As in many such sites, photographs taken during the middle of the day can look somewhat flat, particularly in the height of summer. Plan on using your camera at sunrise and sunset if feasible.  Fajada Butte, one of the park's iconic features, is particularly attractive at such times, with shadows that create interest.
 * You'll have a hard time incorporating much green and growing vegetation into your shots, but the vegetation, such as it is, is most photogenic early in the spring (if there's been some snow) and again early in the fall.

Other
Though NM 57 doesn't access Chaco Culture Park directly, for the intrepid outdoorsperson who wants to explore the area further, the is situated along this route and can be reached with careful planning, if nothing else than via US 550 north of Nageezi. Needless to say it is isolated and furthermore requires some hiking to reach. It features stately and obscure sandstone formations for an overall otherworldly experience. A parking lot for the trailhead, denoted by the pin, is situated along NM 57 about 18.3 mi southwest from its intersection with US 550.

Buy
The visitor center includes a small gift shop and (very good) book store. For more elaborate memorabilia, stop in one of the towns you passed through on the way in, or if you're fortunate enough to be there at the time of a Navajo rug auction in nearby Crownpoint, give it a try (see under "Get out").

Eat
You'll have to bring your own food, as there is no food service at Chaco. Farmington/Bloomfield/Aztec, Gallup, and Grants, at least one of which you'll have to pass through en route to the park, have the usual restaurants and grocery stores. Crownpoint, the town nearest the park, has very basic food service.

Drink
There's no night life at the park; that's why it's there. The nearest town with any night life is Farmington. Note that alcoholic beverages in any form are prohibited within the Navajo Nation, which occupies the area immediately west of the park.

Lodging
The nearest hotels and motels are in Farmington and Bloomfield, about 60 miles north, and in communities along Interstate highway 40 (e.g. Gallup and Grants), a further distance south.

Camping
The park includes a single, rudimentary campground. Fee $10/site/night ($5 with NPS Park Pass). There is no potable water, but bottled water may be purchased at the visitor center, or water containers filled from the park's water system. Vehicles (RVs, trailers) must be no longer than 30 feet. The campsites are first-come, first-served. In the non-winter seasons, the park rangers host a star party on Tu, F and Sa. evenings, complete with telescopes and advice on timely things worth seeing in the night skies.

The Gallo Campground has flush toilets and sinks with wash water (not for drinking). In 2008, the campground was limited to 35 spaces and no group camping while the wastewater treatment system is being repaired and upgraded. Check with the park, and try to arrive around noon to get a campsite. There are both drive-in and walk-in campsites. The walk-in campsites tend to be more interesting and private.

The ranger talks and star parties are worth staying overnight in the park.

Backcountry
No backcountry camping or backpacking is permitted within the park.

Stay safe
There are no significant safety issues with the park itself (usual warnings about wildlife, sunscreen, etc.), but its remoteness means that you may want to pay a little extra attention to road safety while getting there and back. Northern New Mexico is notorious for problems with drunk drivers. Areas near Navajo Nation, as Chaco is, are particularly worrisome, as the prohibition of alcohol on the reservation causes residents to drive into Farmington or Gallup to indulge. Terrible accidents have happened involving Navajo Nation citizens on the way home after an evening of drinking; be extra cautious at such times.

Be alert also for livestock on the roads, particularly sheep. It's wise to fill your gas tank in Farmington or Gallup (or Grants or Thoreau) before heading for the park, as services are sparse indeed once you get off the main roads.

Weather conditions and hydration cannot be adequately emphasized. Every year there are rescues of visitors who are improperly prepared for either. From June to October, the Four Corners region is subject to violent afternoon and evening thunderstorms called "monsoons," or by the Navajo, the "male rains." The storms build quickly and can be preceded by strong winds, even into the 40-60 mile per hour range. Tents should always be tied with guy wires, and care must be taken ensuring the tent is not located in even the smallest of drainage courses.

It is safest to hike to isolated areas in the morning with the activity timed to return before mid-afternoon. When hiking during Monsoon season, carry a poncho or other rain gear. Take shelter and avoid trees or outcroppings because of lightning. If caught in a storm, if a feeling of hair raising or tingling is felt, crouch low to the ground, stay out of puddles, and try to keep your body from direct ground contact. Balance by holding on to your shoes. At your campsite, the tent is the safest shelter.

To avoid dehydration, carry four to five liters of water when on one of the wilderness hikes. Anything less can be deadly. Drink before you feel thirsty. Set a rhythm where regular "swigs" of water are part of the hike. Even when visiting the "accessible" abandoned pueblos, it makes sense to carry at least a liter and to hydrate regularly. A good ratio is one liter of an electrolyte-filled drink to three liters of water. Consuming exclusively water can dilute electrolytes and create a deadly body condition. For best results, use electrolytes that have little or no sugar or other sweeteners.

Go next

 * Navajo Nation lies just west of the park, with numerous related attractions. If you happen to be there on a Friday, a Navajo rug auction at Crownpoint combines well with a visit to Chaco.  Rug auctions are "usually ... but not always" on the third Friday of the month; check the Crownpoint Rug Weavers Association's web site to be sure.  Crownpoint rug auctions are a fascinating cultural study even if you're not in the market for a rug.
 * Aztec Ruins National Monument is another NPS unit full of historical, cultural and archaeological interest; near the town of Aztec just east of Farmington.

title: Chaco Culture National Historical Park


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Chad

Chad (Arabic: تشاد, French: Tchad) is a landlocked country situated in the centre of Africa. Chad is home to more than 200 different ethnic groups (making it one of the most diverse countries in the world) and there are national parks, desert lakes, sand dunes, canyons and camel caravans that will interest the daring and adventurous.

Cities

 * — the national capital and largest city
 * — the country's second-largest city
 * — capital of Ouaddai province and historical capital of the Wadai Empire
 * — largest city in the north of the country

Other destinations

 * — home to a huge and impressive mix of mammals and birds, and a popular place for safari excursions
 * — home to large mammals and a diverse bird population
 * — forms a biosphere corridor along with the Bouba Ndjida National Park of Cameroon
 * — home to greater kudu, lions, and the reintroduced African buffalo
 * — home to half of the world's population of Kordofan giraffe, a critically endangered subspecies, and a birding paradise with nearly 400 species having been recorded

History
For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary peoples. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artefacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire, the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. Up until the late 19th century, two Muslim kingdoms emerged in the region, including the Sultanate of Bagirmi and the Wadai Empire.

French colonial expansion led to the creation of the Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service.

Fifteen thousand Chadian soldiers fought for Free France during World War II and after the war ended, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to both the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with François Tombalbaye, as its first president. Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975, but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country, and a civil war in which the Libyans (unsuccessfully) became involved.

A semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution, and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which sporadically flares up despite several peace agreements between the government and the rebels. In 2005 new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and have made probing attacks into eastern Chad. In 2005, President Idriss Deby won a referendum to remove constitutional term limits. In 2008, an attempted coup rocked the capital. Another coup attempt occurred in 2013. Deby died in April 2021, the nation's National Assembly and government were dissolved and national leadership was replaced with a transitional military council.

Although the country is wealthy in natural resources, widespread corruption and political instability mean that only a small segment of the population receives the wealth. Since the 2000s, oil has become the country's largest industry, even superseding the traditional cotton industry. It is believed that the country has one of the largest oil deposits in the world.

Climate
Each year a tropical weather system known as the inter-tropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel.

Landscape
The country's landscape comprises broad, arid plains in the centre, desert in the north, mountains in the northwest, and lowlands in the south. Lowest point: Djourab Depression (160 m/525 ft). Highest point: Emi Koussi (3,415 m/11,204 ft).

The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north, east and south by mountain ranges such as the Ennedi Plateau in the north-east. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the remains of an immense lake that occupied of the Chadian Basin 7,000 years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only, and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa's second largest wetland.

Talk
The main languages of Chad are Arabic and French. Few Chadians other than the educated and well-travelled speak literary Arabic; however, a dialect of Arabic known as "Chadian Arabic" is much more widely spoken and is the closest thing the country has to a trade language. Chadian Arabic is significantly different from literary Arabic, but similar to the dialects of Sudan and Egypt. Literary Arabic speakers can typically understand Chadian Arabic but the reverse is not true. Over one hundred indigenous languages are also spoken.

Entry requirements
Everyone, except citizens of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal, needs a visa to enter the country.

Chadian visas are expensive; the Chadian embassy in Brussels charges for one-month visas and the Chadian embassy in Washington, DC charges US$150 for one-month visas. As a general rule, the longer you intend to stay, the more expensive the visa will be.

All visitors are required to register themselves with the police within 72 hours after arrival. Bring along your passport and two passport-sized photos with you. Any good travel company may assist with the process, especially if you're not proficient in either French, Arabic, or both.

There is a 'tourist tax' of 5,000 CFA per person per site (Guelta d'Archei for example is one, nearby Terkei mountain as well, as are Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir).

Visa application requirements
Chad does not have an extensive diplomatic network around the world. You may need to travel to another country to apply for any kind of Chadian visa.

Although visa requirements vary from diplomatic mission to diplomatic mission, you're typically asked to submit the following to apply for a Chadian visa:

 * A copy of your passport (must be valid).
 * A passport-sized photograph.
 * A copy of an invitation letter.
 * Round-trip tickets to Chad.
 * A completed visa application.

An incomplete visa application will be rejected, so get everything you need.

By plane

Air France has daily flights from Paris to N'Djaména. Ethiopia Airlines flies to Addis Ababa, Turkish airlines to Istanbul, Royal Air Maroc to Casablanca, Sudan Airways to Khartoum, Egypt Air to Cairo, and Camair-co to Douala.

By train
There are no usable rail links.

By car
Roads are in disrepair and are typically unpaved. There is a paved road which runs from Massakory in the north through N'Djamena on to Guelendeng, Bongor, Kelo, Moundou, Doba, Koumra, Sarh, and Kyabe. The other main paved road is between N'Djamena and Abeche, 700km to the east. These are the best roads in the country, but still there are numerous potholes and as it runs through the centre of a number of small villages, drivers should exercise caution and moderate speeds even while on the main road. The road between N'Djamena and Abeche is a toll road, with toll stations every 80km where a fixed rate of 500 CFA per car has to be paid.

There are several border crossings with Cameroon, most notably via Kousseri near N'Djamena and near the towns of Bongor and Lere. Be very careful, drive defensively, and don't stop unless absolutely necessary. Do not drive at night, as coupeurs de route (road bandits) are common. They are a particular concern along the two roads leading out of Guelendeng, towards Ba-Illi (where expats were attacked in two separate incidents in 2005, resulting in the death of one Catholic nun) and towards Bongor.

Get around
In N'Djamena there are vehicle taxis. In some major towns, such as Moundou and Sarh, there are "clandos" - motorcycle taxis - for getting around town.

In October 2018, a domestic Chadian airline was launched, Tchadia Air. It was placed into liquidation in 2022. Charter flights exist to Zakouma NP and Faya-Largeau Airport (for Ennedi), and are used by the more upmarket tours around Chad.

Tours
Due to the inaccessibility of most of the country, any substantial visit will be by an organised tour. Local companies such as SVS, Tchad Evasion and Eyte Voyages offer itineraries for private groups and fixed date group tours. Their tours and/or their capabilities are also resold via the more adventurous US/UK/European tour operators.

See
Chad is the quintessential destination to experience the Sahara desert: its ecosystem, but also its past and present forms of human habitation. The Ennedi Massif is a picturesque sandstone bulwark in the middle of the Sahara, which was formed by erosion from wind and temperature. The area is also known for its rock paintings. The Guelta d'Archei is one of the rare pockets of water in the Ennedi, inhabited by the West African crocodile and frequented by camel caravans. The Lakes of Ounianga are a group of 18 ancient lakes with an unique hydrological system. Both the Ennedi Massif and the Lakes of Ounianga are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Since the takeover by the NGO African Parks in 2010, has developed itself into a prime destination for safari connaisseurs. Poaching has been virtually eliminated and wildlife numbers are thriving. Part of the Sudan-Guinea Savannah vegetation zone, Zakouma’s floodplains, rivers, marshes and pans are a sanctuary for West and Central African wildlife. After reintroduction of the Black Rhino in 2018, it also is a ‘Big Five Park’.

Football is the most popular sport in Chad with Les Sao being the international tournament. The Chadian national team have never qualified in the World Cup or the African Cup of Nations. However, home matches are only played at the Idriss Mahamat Ouya Stadium.

Other sites of interest:
 * - the largest oasis in northern Chad.
 * Tibesti Mountains - a mountain range in the far north, with the volcano of Emi Koussi and the domain of the Toubou people
 * - large border lake, covered by a hundred islands and islets of which many are inhabited.

Do
Gerewol is a week-long festival, held yearly in late September in the southwest of Chad. The men of the nomadic Woodabe tribe, herding their cattle around Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria, congregate to dress up and dance in order to attract a new wife. The festival locations are impossible to find independently, so as a foreigner without links to the community the only way to experience it will be as part of an organized small group tour.

Money
The currency of the country is the Central African CFA franc, denoted FCFA (ISO currency code: XAF). It's also used by five other Central African countries. It is interchangeable at par with the West African CFA franc (XOF), which is used by six countries. Both currencies are fixed at a rate of €1 = 655.957 CFA francs.

There are no restrictions on bringing foreign currencies into Chad. Euros and US dollars are often accepted in payment. Chad is an expensive place compared to much of Africa, especially regarding accommodation and transport. Outside of the places frequented by expats, a soft drink will cost between 300 and 500 CFA.

ATMs
There are Ecobank ATMs in Chad where you can withdraw cash with a Mastercard or Visa card.

Eat
Meat dishes are very popular in Chad, and foreigners speak highly of the meat. Lamb and camel meat are common and tasty. Food is usually eaten without utensils, and hand sanitizer may be a good precaution. Muslims find it offensive to eat with the left hand. If eating with or being served by Muslims in Chad, eat with your right hand only.

Follow common health travel guidelines concerning raw fruit and cooking requirements to avoid disease.

Drink
In general, do not drink unfiltered water in Chad. Typhoid and other disease carriers are often present in unfiltered water. Bottled water should be safe, but make sure the bottle is properly sealed, as some street vendors will take old bottles and refill them with unfiltered water.

Soft drinks are popular in Chad and are generally safe to drink. Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta and Top (a fruit-flavored soft drink) are the most popular.

Hot drinks should usually be safe to drink since the water has been boiled. Tea, coffee, and hot milk are very popular.

Chad is a secular country, but the north and center are predominantly Muslim. It is therefore sometimes difficult (and not well regarded) to find and consume alcohol outside of the cities. It's no problem in the south and in N'Djamena.

Sleep
Years ago few hotels existed in Chad, but now N'Djamena hosts a myriad of affordable options plus more upmarket French and US chain hotels.

Outside of the capital very few hotels or accommodation options exist – in the desert these are non-existent.

Zakouma NP has 2 safari lodges: the expensive Tinga Camp and the uber-expensive Camp Nomade (by invitation only).

Stay safe
There continues to be potential for instability in Chad, particularly in its border regions and in the run-up to and during major political events. The Lake Chad region (threat of Boko Haram jihadists) and the other border areas are considered the most dangerous due to potential for armed conflict and minefields.

N'Djamena is relatively safe, although one should be wary of petty street crime and corrupt police/officials who will strictly enforce the 'no photography'-rule.

Most border crossings are extremely difficult (Sudan and Libya not being viable options) although the border crossings with Niger and Cameroon are relatively painless.

Floodings are another risk factor: during the rainy season (roughly June - September) heavy rain on the dry ground repeatedly leads to flooding and landslides and as a result to damage to infrastructure such as roads and bridges, and even loss of lives.

Crime
If you are the victim of a crime in Chad, do not expect to be taken seriously; the Chadian justice system is horribly inefficient, lacks accountability, corrupt, and is susceptible to political interference. Ordinary Chadians largely avoid the court system.

If you've been accused of a crime in Chad, your fate depends largely on your political connections or your ability to pay bribes.

Government officials, high-profile individuals (VIPs), and those with political connections generally enjoy impunity in Chad. Keep that in mind.

Corruption
Chad is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Bribery, cronyism, and nepotism are not uncommon.

Do not expect any kind of reliable assistance from Chadian law enforcement authorities and do not expect them to solve your problems; it is a known fact that they routinely abuse their powers and get away with it.

Stay healthy
Drink water brands you recognize from stores. Eat at restaurants recommended to you by friends and locals you trust. Eat food that has been freshly prepared and cooked well. If you are eating local dishes, make sure the food was freshly prepared, cooked well, and still warm from the grill or cooking pot. Wash your hands often.

Ensure your vaccinations are up to date before visiting Chad. Proof of Yellow fever and Covid vaccinations are mandatory to enter the country.

The country is in the African Meningitis Belt. Malaria is the country's deadliest disease. The capital N'Djamena and the South in general lie in the high risk zone for mosquitos. The drier northern region (including Ennedi) sees fewer of them, though they may occur in oases such as Ounianga.

Respect
There are 200 distinct ethnic groups. In the north and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang, Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000 French citizens live in Chad.

The Chadian-Libyan conflict is something to be avoided at all times; Chadians known to be living in Libya have been tortured and murdered on previous occasions.

As in other Sahel countries, natives are reluctant to be photographed, so always ask. Also there is a general ban on photography for anything that might be of any military or governmental importance.

Connect
The rate of internet use is low – 10% of the population as of 2020.

Social media sites including Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp have been intermittently blocked since March 2018 and then are only accessible via VPN. The 3G coverage across the populated areas is good, but receiving data outside of N'Djamena is only possible with a Chadian sim and just now and then in the bigger towns (and outside of peak hours).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chad


text:
Chadds Ford

Chadds Ford is a township of 3,700 people (as of 2016) on the western outskirts of Philadelphia in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The Chadds Ford community was named after John Chadds, who began operating a ferry there in 1737. Historically, one of the major events that draws tourists near is the Battle of the Brandywine fought by George Washington and his troops, which was a major defeat for troops in 1777.

Get in
Chadds Ford is on US-1, between Philadelphia and Baltimore, Maryland. It's also near the intersection of US-1 and US-202, which leads south to Wilmington, Delaware.

Do

 * Local Events Chadds Ford Days - September (dates vary each year)and Landsdown Arts Festival - September

Buy
If you would like to look/buy historical items from Chadds Ford it is recommended that you visit:
 * The Brandywine River Museum US Rt. 1, Chadds Ford  - After looking at all of the local and famous art work mostly by the Wyeth family, you can visit the Gift Shop. "The Museum Shop offers art reproductions, posters, gift items, books and other publications related to the Brandywine River Museum's exhibitions and collections, as well as environmental publications published by the Brandywine Conservancy's Environmental Management Center. The Museum Shop at the Brandywine River Museum is open daily, except Christmas, from 9:30AM-4:30PM The website for the Museum Shop is always open. For more information, call the Museum Shop at +1 610-388-8326 or send an email to shop@brandywine.org. "

Nearby shopping centers:

 * The Shopps at Brinton Lake Brinton Lake is located at Brinton Lake Rd. and Rt. 1. The stores include J.Crew, Talbots, Eddie Bauer, Anthropologie, Gymboree, Pottery Barn, Williams Sonoma, Chico's, Victoria's Secret, Lavella Salon; Spa, Galan Gifts.

Eat

 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170
 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170
 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170
 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170
 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170
 * TGI Fridays Located at 200 Painter's Crossing - +1 484 840-9230 (shopping center)as well as another location about 15 minutes from Chadds Ford, 301 Rocky Run Pkwy +1 302-479-7170

Drink
http://www.barnabyswestchester.com/
 *  McKenzie Brew House Route 202
 * Duffer's Pub in Concordville on Rt. 1 - +1 610 558-2122 Approximately 10 minutes from Chadds Ford.
 * Ryan's Pub An Irish American Pub and Restaurant about 20 minutes away from Chadds Ford at the heart of downtown West Chester at 124 West Gay Street.
 * Barnaby's of America Another bar in the heart of downtown West Chester @ 15 South High Street.
 * Barnaby's of America Another bar in the heart of downtown West Chester @ 15 South High Street.

title: Chadds Ford


text:
Chadron

Chadron is a city of 5,400 people (2019) in the Nebraska Panhandle.

Understand
In historic times, Native American tribes such as the Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux Tribe), and Cheyenne lived in the area. The Sioux used this territory as a hunting ground after pushing other tribes to the west.

Chadron is named for Louis Chartran, a French-Indian (Métis) fur trapper who ran a trading post on Chadron Creek in 1841. He was married to a Native American woman.

In 1884 the town was established when the Fremont, Elkhorn, and Missouri Valley Railroad was constructed through the area from Omaha, Nebraska, en route to Wyoming.

By car
Chadron sits at the intersection of US Highway 20 and US Highway 385. It is 55 miles (89 km) north of Alliance and 24 miles (39 km) east of Crawford. The city is also 20 miles (32 km) from the South Dakota border.

By plane
A regional airport is located nearby.

Do

 * Every July, Chadron hosts an annual community celebration called Fur Trade Days, in honor of its origins as a fur and hide trading post for French and other settlers in the Great Plains during the 19th century.
 * Every July, Chadron hosts an annual community celebration called Fur Trade Days, in honor of its origins as a fur and hide trading post for French and other settlers in the Great Plains during the 19th century.

title: Chadron


text:
Chaffee

Chaffee is a small town in the Red River Valley of North Dakota. The town and its surrounds have a population of about 532 people. It is located about 40 miles west of Fargo.

By car
About 6 miles south of exit 324 off I-94.

Eat
Nearest accommodations are in Wheatland, Casselton or Buffalo.

title: Chaffee


text:
Chagrin Falls

Chagrin Falls is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

By car
Chagrin Falls is east of I480, I271, and north of US422.

Buy
Downtown Chagrin Falls boasts plenty of one of a kind boutiques and shops without the bustle of a city. Jewelry, clothing and shoes define the theme to many of the shops. For winter gear, head to Geiger's.

Go next

 * Cleveland
 * Kent

title: Chagrin Falls


text:
Chahuay

Chahuay is in the region of Apurimac, Peru. Its latitude is 13.86417, and its longitude is 72.42167. Its elevation is 3331 meters above sea level.

Understand
Chahuay is a fairly young community. The inhabitants are descendants of Marcaconga, which is known as a district with outstanding history, architecture, and culture.

By plane
The closest airports are Anta Airport, Velazco Astete Airport , and Andahuaylas Airport.

By car
Trucks and cars from Cusco are available from 07:00-19:00 every 30 minutes to Chuquicahuana.

Sleep
Albergue de Union Chahuay, S/20 per night. They are open all year. Double and triple rooms available. Transportation to the hotel: From Chuquicahuan to the hotel, small cars are available every 15 minutes.

Go next
Cities and towns near Chahuay are Cielo Orco, Accpitan, Yahua-yahua and Coyllurqui.

The closest major cities are Cusco, Arequipa, Juliaca and Ica.

title: Chahuay


text:
Chail

Chail is a village and hill station in Southern Himachal Pradesh, India at a height of 2,250 m above sea level. It was built as a Summer Capital by Maharaja of Patiala Bhupinder Singh when he was exiled from Shimla by British Lord Kitchener. Besides being a tourist hotspot—for which reason whatsoever, Chail features one of the more important military schools in India, the Rashtriya Military School up the hill towards one of the world's highest cricket grounds.

Understand
At the foothills of the Indian Himalayas, Chail is just 45 km away from Shimla, surrounded by thick deodars and at a higher altitude. Chail is a resort. It has several historically tourist attractions. It was built by the Maharaja of Patiala Bhupinder Singh as his Summer Capital, and the residents here are basically from the Pahadi Community. Chail is higher than Shimla, in the Shiwalik region and surrounded by tall tree forests of chir and deodar pine.

Many hotels and resorts spot the hills around the village, and it sometimes feels a little bit overly touristy. Many locals seek out this place for the weekend to flee from the bustling cities and during the festival season. Therefore prices in Chail can feel a little bit overdrawn for what's actually on offer.

Talk
Languages spoken in Chail include Hindi, Pahadi, Punjabi and English.

By bus

There are about 5-6 daily buses running the 38 km (2½ hr) from and to Shimla's IGMC Bus Station in each direction 8AM–4PM, for ₹92 (as of Aug 2023). During the weekend the amount of buses drops, but there are at least the 8AM and 2:30PM buses going in each direction.

Also, there are hourly buses 8AM–5PM connecting Kandaghat, which lies at the main Shimla-Chandigarh highway.

By car
Kufri is the nearest roadway connecting Chail and Shimla, which is 29 km away.

By plane
The nearest airport is Shimla Airport in Jubbarhati, which is 45 km away from Chail. The airport in Chandigarh is 120 km away via Kandaghat.

By train
Kandaghat is the nearest train station on the narrow-gauge Kalka-Shimla railway.

Kalka, 86 km away, is on the broad gauge railway line connecting to Delhi. The next nearest stations are in Chandigarh.

On foot
Chail can be explored easily on foot. Also, further away sights are great for a half-day hike or stroll.

By bus
Nearby villages connect with local bus services 7AM-7PM.

By taxi
Taxis are affordable like anywhere in India.

Do

 * Hiking to any of the Hindu temples in the surrounding area and/or the Cricket Field is a nice day activity.

 * Rope Walking over the tree trunk high above the ground level
 * Rock Rappelling to feel the adventure of life and climb the mountain
 * Burma Bridge – Cable-made bridge crossing activities
 * Tyre Bridge and Commando Net.

Buy

 * Woollen garments like sweaters, gloves, and pashmina shawls.
 * Jams/jellies made from hand-picked fresh fruits.
 * Hand-made shoes
 * Kinnauri mufflers
 * Himachali caos
 * Hand-made rugs and carpets.
 * Apple and plum wines, kiwi squashes and fresh handmade pickles are a few of the specialities of the Himachal government-approved outlet in Chail.

Eat
Himachali Kadi is a special dish that everyone must try, otherwise, Indian, Chinese, and Continental dishes are also available.

Most accommodations in town will offer food, so it is easy to find something. A few dhabas offer typical Himachali Cuisines at reasonable rates—try the one at the "locals-only" entrance to the Chail Palace.

Drink
For drinking, apple and plum wines, kiwi squashes and fresh handmade pickles are a few of the specialities of the Himachal Government-approved outlet in Chail.

Sleep
There are sufficient options to choose from, including many mountain resorts, even though budget options like hostels in Manali, Rishikesh and Dharamsala will be hard to find here, especially out of low season (September 14th to May). Rooms in Chail range from ₹200–25,000. The rooms in the center near the bus station start at ₹700–1,000 in low season. Many places are a few kilometres away and require transportation, best to book online and request transport.

Stay safe
Many stray dogs (compared to the amount of villagers) roam the few street of Chail. Stay distant and do not engage.

Connect
The area dialling code for Chail is 0179. From overseas, dial +91 179 XXX-XXXX.

Go next

 * Kufri – On the way to Shimla
 * Shimla – The summer capital of Himachal and once the summer capital of the British Raj, with an interesting and vehicle-free downtown area on top of a ridge and amazing views
 * Solan – A city with many tourist attractions, mostly commercial ones
 * Kasauli – Another hill station at 1,927 m, more buzzing than Chail, but less touristy

title: Chail


text:
Chai Nat

The town, Chai Nat (ชัยนาท) is the provincial capital of Chai Nat Province, in the central region of Thailand.

Understand
Chai Nat means a roaring victory. Originally this ancient town was on the right bank of the Chao Phraya River at the mouth of Khlong Phraek Si Racha south of the old waterway. Established after the town of Phanthumwadi (Suphanburi Province), Chai Nat was Sukhothai's most important southern outpost built during the reign of King Phaya Loethai of Sukhothai during 1317–1336. This ancient community was called Mueang Phraek or Mueang San. When the Sukhothai Kingdom declined, Phraek became Ayutthaya's northern outpost. Later, a new community was established not far from Phraek. Its ruler was Chao Sam Phraya, who later ruled Ayutthaya and became King Borom Rachathirat II. This new community was a large town called Chai Nat. In the reign of King Rama V, the main settlement of the province in Laem Yang was moved to the left bank of the Chao Phraya River. Mueang San slowly declined because most of the people migrated to Chai Nat. The old town later became a district of Chai Nat. Chai Nat was an important military base to confront with the Burmese armies. As all these confrontations were successful, the city gained the name Chai Nat. Apart from its long history, Chai Nat is known for handicrafts of basketry, sculpture, weaving and Benjarong porcelain.

Chai Nat occupies an area of 2,470 square km.

By car
Chai Nat is 194 km from Bangkok. To get there, take Hwy 1 and at km50, change to Hwy 32 passing through Ang Thong and Singburi. Then, at km183, take a left turn onto Hwy 1. Proceed another 10 km.

By bus
Take the hourly air conditioned bus (05:30-17:30) from the Bangkok Northern Bus Terminal (Mo Chit 2) on Kamphaengphet Rd to Chai Nat. It takes about 2.5 hr to get there. For further information, contact the Chai Nat Tour Company Limited (Bangkok office Tel.+66 2 9363608, and Chai Nat’s office Tel.+66 56 412264), or the Transport Company Limited, Tel.+66 2 5765599, +66 2 9362852-66, or visit.

Go next

 * Uthai Thani, Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri or Suphanburi

title: Chai Nat


text:
Chain O' Lakes State Park

Chain O' Lakes is a state park in Northern Indiana.

History
Before being settled by pioneers, the Miami Indians lived in the area. The north shore of Bowen Lake was the home to about 30 wigwam homes. In the 1830s pioneers started settling in the area, and one of them, William Bowen, built a cabin in this area. The park was invited into the State Park system in 1960.

Prior to human habitation, the lakes in the chain are kettle lakes, formed 10,000 years ago from blocks of ice that melted, carving the channels that connect the 11 lakes.

Climate
Winters are chilly and snowy, Summers are hot and muggy near the lakes. Spring and Fall are moderate and pleasant!

Landscape
Steep rolling hills and bogs surround the area consisting of 11 connected lakes of all shapes and sizes. Areas can get a little muddy near the lakes. Bowen Lake is the deepest lake at 65 feet deep, and the shallowest is Dock Lake at 22 feet deep.

Flora and fauna
Locust and pine are just two of the many flora found in the park.

Wildlife

 * Birds - Birding is very popular in the area with sightings of woodpeckers, wrens, warblers, veros, barred owls, woodcock, sparrows, pheasants, chats and more.
 * Deer - Deer are heavily populated in the area. Once in the while, the park hosts controlled hunts to monitor the population.
 * Raccoons - You are likely to encounter raccoons if you stay in one of the rental cabins. Do not feed them as they may become aggressive.
 * Other mammals - While hiking or canoeing, you might encounter raccoons, squirrels, chipmunks, white-tailed deer, groundhogs, opossum, eastern cottontail rabbits, river otters, bats, and an occasional red fox or beaver at Chain-O-Lakes.

Get in
From the North: From I-80/90 head south on IN-9 then turn east on CR-75S into the park.

From the South: Take I-69N from Fort Wayne onto US-33N then go north on IN-9 then east onto CR-75S into the park.

Basic gate fees

 * Weekdays - $4 (Indiana plates)
 * Weekends (F-Su, Holidays) - $5 (Indiana plates)
 * Non-Indiana residents - $7
 * Pedestrians, bikes, by horse - $2

Boating fees

 * Canoe rental - Fridays, weekends and holidays only: $2 hour / $20 daily
 * Paddleboat rental - Fridays, weekends and holidays only: $5 hour / No daily rental
 * Rowboat rental - Daily: $5 hour / $20 daily
 * Personal watercraft - Free: Trolling motors only.  Use public boat ramps and obey park regulations.

Get around
Driving into the park is your best option! Once you arrive, you can easily hike and boat around the park.

See

 * Indian Burial Mound Hike on Trail 2 on the North shore of Bowen Lake.
 * Kettle Lakes and Bogs Natural forces during the Pleistocene Epoch created these now-rare lakes and bogs which have been preserved in parks such as Chain-O-Lakes.  Grab a trail guide and see what Native Americans and settlers were able to see on a hike back in time!  Pokagon State Park (Angola, IN) and Spicer Lake Nature Preserve in St. Joseph County (10 miles Northwest of South Bend, IN) are the only other locations where such lakes and bogs still exist.
 * Nature Center An old schoolhouse (complete with old desks that house inkwells) houses the Nature and naturalist interpretive centers.  There is a generous collection of local amphibians (snakes) and stuffed mammals in the center, as well as an outdoor/indoor glass beehive.  Park guides and short interpretive courses are also available. (The Nature Center closes daily at 5PM.)

Do

 * Take a hike on one of 8 easy to moderate trails. Explore the lakes, swamps, Native-American burial mounds, and learn about the formation of the rare kettle lakes.  Over 10 miles of groomed trails.
 * Go boating or canoeing by the hour. You can also rent paddleboats; a great way to see the park!
 * Go fishing You can buy a license at the park office and fish for bass, bluegill and other fish.
 * Have a picnic at one of the many areas featuring tables, shelters, toilets, playgrounds and greenspace.
 * Swim! Enjoy the most popular activity at the park; it's free!
 * Visit the Nature Center Listen to talks and take hiking tours. You can also learn about the history and wildlife of the area.
 * Relax at your very own [rented] log cabin. Available for rent year-round.

Buy

 * The park has a small grocery and camping store on grounds. You can get goods cheaper outside the state park though!

Eat

 * Albion - There are a few restaurants and a Dairy Queen in nearby Albion.
 * Refreshment Stand - At the park beach. Serves drinks, ice cream and snacks on a seasonal basis.
 * Camp store - The general store is open year-round and provides perishable and non-perishable food, drinks (non-alcoholic), bait, ice (seasonal), and other general, non-food items.

Drink
Alcohol is allowed, though not in the campgrounds, youth camps, or in public buildings (i.e. Nature Center, Reservation Center, etc.) The park does provide non-alcoholic refreshments at the beach and in the camp store.

From the official website.  "Alcohol: is strictly forbidden at Indiana Dunes State Park and in all youth camps. At other properties, daily visitors and campers are asked to be responsible when drinking alcohol. Possession of alcohol by persons under the age of 21 is against the law in Indiana; and this will be enforced."

Camping

 * Camping is available at the park with over 400 sites - primitive, electric and non-electric. Canoe camps and youth tenting areas are available. There is a camp store on-site.  Ice is available at the camp store.

Lodging

 * Wooden cabins (18) are available by online or telephone reservation and are fairly inexpensive. Along with beds and couches to lounge on and a dinner table to eat at, expect central heating, a wood-burning stove, modern kitchen appliances, a ceiling fan, modern bathroom with shower, large screened-in porch with eating area and swing, deck with light facing the lake (lake is far away and view is generally obstructed by trees), provided firewood, nearby path to lake with dock, path to adjacent playground and  "cabin neighborhood" central game fields, private parking space, and a fair amount (approx. 50 feet) of real estate between the individual cabins with trees and dense forests in three (and sometimes four) directions.
 * Plan ahead by reserving a cabin online and you will be able to choose your cabin on a detailed map.  Though almost every cabin is identical and evenly spaced from others, there are some differences worth considering.  There is a handicapped-accessible cabin (no steps up to bedroom area or steps down to entry path; accessible bathroom), a more secluded cabin on the end, two cabins adjacent to the lake trail, and a cabin that is closer to the game fields and further from the woods.

Stay safe
There is a minimum security state prison on the eastern part of the State Park which houses around 150 minimum security prisoners that are deemed not to be a threat; there are no fences around the prison. Prisoners generally want to be there and don't want to do anything to jeopardize their remaining time.

Go next

 * Black Pine Animal Park 1426 W. 300 N. Albion Rd, Albion. +1 260 636-7383. Black Pine is an animal sanctuary that takes in rescued and retired animals. It's a simple, authentic sanctuary that is raw and real. Their tours offer a chance for you to pet, experience, and observe these animals up close. Big cats, primates, bears, camels, birds, snakes and more. It's quite a nice experience, local and friendly, and the animals are well kept and maintained!  (The park moved to an 18-acre, beautiful site in late 2006, but it's still close by, 1.5 miles west of the stoplight in Albion.)
 * Pokagon State Park Angola, IN.  A short drive from Chain-O-Lakes State Park is Pokagon, where you can find the Toboggan Run, Potawatomi Lodge, and many more miles of hiking through what once was natural Indiana.

title: Chain O' Lakes State Park


text:
Chaiya

Chaiya (ไชยา) is a town of 5,500 people on the Malay Peninsula, below the Kra Isthmus, on the Central Gulf Coast of Southern Thailand. It offers an interesting history, temples and handicrafts, and is worth visiting if you're touring Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces.

Understand
Chaiya was one of the principal trading cities of the Srivijaya Empire between the 8th and 13th centuries, a stop on the Maritime Silk Road. Archaeologists believe that Indian traders from Madras visited the town as far back as the 5th century. Parts of the town's history remain obscure, but historians believe it to have been the capital of the empire. A number of archaeological sites in Chaiya have uncovered artifacts supporting this belief.

The town's role in maritime trade has long ago ceased and though archaeologists continue to unearth more and more artifacts testifying to its earlier culture, the town has mostly been forgotten. The Wat Phra Mahathat temple, found in Chaiya, is said to be the last well-preserved example of the Srivijaya Empire. It is one of the most venerated temples in Thailand. Other temples depicting the Srivijaya Empire architecture are the Wat Kaeo and Wat Suan Mok temples, also found in Chaiya.

By bus

 * From Surat Thani, either by minivan 80 bhats south of Talad Kaset 2 (Soi Talat Mai 31 and Soi Thattong 5; hourly from 8.30am until 5.30pm), either by songthaew 50 bhats north of Talad Kaset 1 (Soi Talat mai 10 and Thamma Bucha Rd.). (Jan 2024)

By train
Chaiya is accessible by rail via the Bangkok-South Thailand line.

By car
Drive from Chumphon on Hwy 41.

By plane
The nearest airport is about 45 minutes away, in Phunphin district, Surat Thani.

Go next
The quiet fishing village of Ban Pu Ma Riang lies east of Chaiya and is popular for its hand-woven silk.

title: Chaiya


text:
Chaiyaphum

Chaiyaphum (ชัยภูมิ) is a town in Isaan, Thailand.

Understand
Chaiyaphum is a place where many periods of civilization have overlapped one another from the Dvaravati and Khmer periods to the Laotian or Lan Chang eras. Many archaeological remains and objects were found in many areas in the province. Later, the province appeared as a border town during the reign of King Narai the Great of the Ayutthaya period. After that, the town was abandoned and reappeared once more in the Rattanakosin era as a destination where the Vientiane people, led by their leader Lae, emigrated to. He was designated as the first governor of Chaiyaphum.

The main problem most tourists will have is that this is not a tourist destination. As a result, little English is spoken, or written on hotel/restaurant menus, etc. It is a charming little city though, and everyone is friendly. You should be able to bluff your way through easily enough.

By car
Take Hwy 1 (Phahonyothin Rd) from Bangkok to Saraburi. Turn right onto Hwy 2 (Mittraphap Rd) and turn left onto Hwy 201 at Sikhio District, passing Dan Khun Thot and Chatturat Districts into Chaiyaphum, a total distance of 330 km.

Another route is to take Phahonyothin Rd from Bangkok, passing Saraburi. At the Phu Khae Intersection, take Hwy 21 to Chai Badan. Then, take Hwy 205, passing Thep Sathit and Chatturat Districts into Chaiyaphum Province.

By bus
Buses from Bangkok to Chaiyaphum run daily. It takes approximately 5 ½ hours. For more information, contact the Bangkok Bus Terminal (Mo Chit 2) at Tel. +66 2 9362852-66, Chaiyaphum Bus Terminal at Tel. +66 44 811493, Air Chaiyaphum Co., Ltd. at Tel. +66 44 811556, Nakhonchai Air Co., Ltd. at Tel. +66 44 811739, Chaiyaphum Chong Charoen Co., Ltd. at Tel. +66 44 811780 or Fax. +66 44 811760, Chaiyaphum Tour Co.,Ltd. at Tel. +66 44 816012 or BKS.

One can get a bus from Khon Kaen, about 150 km distant, either air-con or fan/windows open. Price of the latter is very cheap, but it stops everywhere along the way.

By train
From the Bangkok Railway Station (Hualamphong Station), there are both rapid and express trains from Bangkok to Nong Khai provided everyday getting off at Bua Yai Station. After that, passengers can connect with a bus for a further 51 km to Chaiyaphum. For more information, contact the State Railway of Thailand Travel Service Centre, at Tel. 1690, +66 2 2204444, +66 2 2204334, +66 2 6218701.

Get around
There are tuk-tuks at the bus terminal and in town. Prices are reasonable (ask before you climb on board!)

See

 * Pha Hum Huet: A frequently photographed viewpoint in the park, providing cliff-edge views over the surrounding landscape. The Bua Sawan flower field covers the western ridge of Khao Phang Hoei peak and, from June to August each year, is home to Siam tulips in full bloom. A similar Siam tulip field is also found at nearby Pa Hin Ngam National Park.
 * Namtok Sai Thong (น้ำตกไทรทอง): The Sai Thong waterfall is 80 m wide and 5 m high, and is at peak flow during the rainy season. A large pool upstream feeds the falls and provides a swimming area. At the front of the waterfall is a large basin for swimmers called Wang Sai. Also, above the waterfall is a deep body of water called Wang Ngueak whose water runs along the crooked and steep stone plateau towards Namtok Sai Thong for a distance of 150 metres.
 * Namtok Chuan Chom (น้ำตกชวนชม): Chuan Chom waterfall, 2 km upstream of Sai Thong waterfall, is larger at 80 m wide and 20 m high. This waterfall is along a nature study route of two kilometres above Namtok Sai Thong.
 * Thung Bua Sawan or Thung Dok Krachiao (ทุ่งบัวสวรรค์ หรือทุ่งดอกกระเจียว): From the end of June to mid-August, curcuma or Krachiao blossoms will bloom in this field in both pink and white colours.
 * Pha Pho Mueang (ผาพ่อเมือง) A cliff along the west side of the Phang Hoei mountain ridge along the route leading upward to the Bua Sawan Field, a distance of approximately three kilometres and 700–908 metres elevation.
 * Pha Ham Hot View Spot (จุดชมทิวทัศน์ผาหำหด) The summit of the Phang Hoei mountain range, 864 metres elevation. It is cold throughout the year.
 * Tham Kaeo (ถ้ำแก้ว): The cave is similar to a hall, located deep inside the mountain and chilly and humid throughout the year. From the entrance, there is a path leading to a lower level where a Buddha image is enshrined.
 * Khao Phang Hoei Viewpoint (จุดชมทิวทัศน์เขาพังเหย): A rest area for motorists. Along the road lie various shops offering local products. The panoramic view of the sunset from this point is admirable.

 * The Chaopho Phraya Lae Festival (งานฉลองอนุสาวรีย์เจ้าพ่อพระยาแล) is held from the 12–20 January each year in front of Chaiyaphum City Hall and the Chaopho Phraya Lae Monument Intersection.

 * The Chaopho Phraya Lae Worship Ceremony (งานประเพณีบวงสรวงเจ้าพ่อพญาแล) is held at the Nong Pla Thao Shrine on the first Monday of May every year (It lasts for 3 days and 3 nights). The locals will pay respect to Chaopho Phraya Lae's spirit and perform traditional dances in front of the old shrine. There is a contest of local food, folk sports competition and a "Bai Si" procession contest.

 * The Candle Festival (งานแห่เทียนพรรษา) is a festival organised by the Chaiyaphum Municipal Office on the full moon day of the 8th lunar month (around July). There is a candle contest. This event is widely popular and similar to the candle procession of Ubon Ratchathani.

 * The Ram Phi Fa Tradition (ประเพณีรำผีฟ้า) is a ceremony worshipping certain sacred objects and the "Phrachao Ong Tue", a Buddha image engraved out of sandstone with a height of 2 metres. The locals consider this Buddha image as very holy. Many people will participate in this ceremonial dance. The ceremony is organised twice a year on the 13th to 15th day during the waxing moon of the 5th lunar month (in April) and the first day during the waning moon of the 3rd lunar month within the area of Khao Phu Phra, Ban Na Kai Sao and Na Siao Sub-district in Mueang District.

Buy
Chaiyaphum's local products are Mudmee silk, cotton cloth, Khit cloth, triangular pillows and other woven cloth products. Also delicate basketry and various local dishes such as Mam, Som Wua, fish cake, and Isaan sausage can be found in this province.

Go next

 * Within the province of Chaiyaphum there are four national parks
 * Chaiyaphum borders Phetchabun, Loei, Khon Kaen and Nakhon Ratchasima

title: Chaiyaphum


text:
Chajari

Chajari is a city of 45,000 people in Entre Ríos, Argentina.

See

 * Hot springs.
 * The artificial Salto Grande lake.

Do

 * See their famous feline pit fighting!
 * See their famous feline pit fighting!

title: Chajari


text:
Chakrata

Chakrata is a city in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.

Understand
Chakrata is a small and beautiful hill town located 2,118 metres above sea level. One can reach Chakrata by road only.

Once a cantonment town in British India, Chakarata is blessed with natural beauty. Virgin forests of conifers, rhododendrons and oaks are well suited for long walks. Alongside these forests, picturesque villages of Jaunsari tribes complement the views. With the overpowering Kharamba peak (3,084 m.), Chakrata has its share of Alps too. On its northern slopes is situated Mundali (2776 m.) where skiing is possible from November to April.

Climate
Chakrata in summers: During summers the weather of Chakrata remains pleasant and salubrious. Carry light woolens while travelling to Chakrata during summers. The majestic Himalayan peaks are distinctly visible during summers and the mountain breeze steals the show.

Chakrata in monsoons: The snow-clad Himalayas plays hide and seek during winters with clouds obstructing the views. A wide variety of verdant colors can be seen from Chakrata during monsoon months. The monsoon months of Chakrata are from July to September. Experience the wilderness of nature during these months. Enjoy the sip of tea, gazing at the verdant mountains and listening to the raindrops falling on the tree leaves. There are chances that roads could be blocked for a couple of hours due to landslides, but the scenic beauty of Chakrata during monsoons is worth it. Do carry raincoats.

Chakrata in winters: Chakrata receives snowfall during winters and heavy woolens are required. Tranquility and seclusion are at its best during winter months in Chakrata. Snow capped Himalayas are best seen from Chakrata during winters. Enjoy bonfires and barbeques in Chakrata during winter months.

Get in
Chakata is restricted for foreign tourists (except nationals of Bhutan and Nepal). Prior permission from a competent authority (Inspector General, Special Frontier Force) is essential.

By car
Chakrata is well-connected by a motorable road with Dehradun 92 km;, Mussoorie 73 km; and Saharanpur 122 km. The most suitable road to Dehradun is via Vikas Nagar. The roads are in pretty bad shape.

By train
The nearest railhead is at Dehradun, 92 km. away.

See

 * Devban : 16 km, away from Chakrata this place is surrounded by dense forests and lies at an altitude of 3025 rnts. It provides a panoramic view of the Himalayan ranges.
 * Kanasar : 26 km, from Chakrata and 105 km from Dehradun. Kanasar is perched on the Chakrata- Tuni motorable road. Backdrop of towering peaks and dense rain forests makes Kanasar the idyllic retreat. The night stops are facilitated by the equally picturesque Forest Rest Houses.
 * Moigad Fall : 69 km from Dehradun towards Yarnunotri is the serene and tranquil Moigad Fall. Located on the main Delhi-Yarnunotri road via Dehradun - Vibas Nagar. On the way to Yarnunotri. one can bathe at the foot of the fall. which is a refreshing experience for all.
 * Mundoli : 35 bms from Kathyan, onwards Tuni, unfolds Mundoli. After trekking up the last 5 kmrns. ski slopes of Mundoli are everything a trekker or an enthusiast can wish for. Skiing in Mundoli is an experience only to be felt. Mundoli is easily accessible from Devban (23 brns) by a jeepable road.
 * Tiger Fall : After a breathtaking easy trek of 5 km from Chakrata, Tiger Fall is a water ballad with no equal. Falling gracefully from a height of 50 rnts. Tiger Fall creates a small pond which renders an enchanting effect to the picturesque surroundings.

Sleep
Forest Rest House and private hotels are available for those who have received official permission to visit the town.

title: Chakrata


text:
Chakwal

Chakwal is a city in Punjab, Pakistan.

History
Chakwal (Urdu: چکوال), (Punjabi: چکوال) is the capital of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad, and is named after Chaudhry Chaku Khan, chief of the Mair Minhas tribe from Jammu, who founded it in 1525 CE during the era of the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudun Babur. It remained a small but central town of the Dhan Chaurasi Taluka for many centuries. In 1881, during the British era, it was declared the Tehsil Headquarters. It was upgraded to district status in 1985. The area of Chakwal city is about 10 km².

Chakwal city has been bestowed by rich culture, history, art and extravagant environment. Once been known as a picnic spot for the Mughal dynasty and the British Lords also holds the record for producing fine men like Colonel Muhammad Khan, Tabish Kamal, India's prime minister Manmohan Sing and many other well reputed people.

The common language of the people of Chakwal is Saraiki's dialect Dhani. Saraiki (Dhani) of Chakwal is a mixture of Pothohari(30%), Saraiki(90%) and Hindki(50%). Since people with different culture fused together, the languages also embraced each other.

Chakwal is mainly an agriculture area. Chakwal is famous for production of international standard oranges, wheat, barley, sugarcane, and many other fruits and vegetables. Many international cement companies have planted their factories around the city whose success versace environmental issues are debatable.

Get in
There are four ways to enter main city:

 * 1) By motorway through Kallarkahar exit, crossing Bhaun and entering Chakwal in about 25 minutes.
 * 2) By Motorway through Chakwal exit, Balkasar interchange crossing Thoa Bahadur and entering city in about 30 minutes.
 * 3) By N5 GT road taking Mandra exit before Rawat and following Chakwal road in about 1 hour.
 * 4) By N5 GT road taking sohawa exit and following Chakwal road in about 1 hour.

Get around
Chakwal is a small city so transport is mostly the Qinqi Rickshaws. They work as local and special transport.

See
There are many historic places in Chakwal district, some important places are as follows:

Chakwal is also known as Lake District The lakes around the city have become picnic spots for their beauty. Some of the famous lakes are:
 * Kallar Kahar Resting in the mountains of the salt range the valley of Kallar Kahar withholds beautiful environment, Dazzling sceneries, Wonderful historic and prehistoric spots and Museums. Kallar Kahar also has Pakistan's first fossil museum but the mainstay of tourist attraction is the Kallar Kahar lake that lies in the heart of the valley. Other attraction spots are Bagh e sufa, Takht e Babri, the famous shrines and other gardens and mountain ranges.
 * Katas Raj The castle of Katas Raj and the pond of tears is a very sacred place for Hindu and Sikh community. On top of the castle is World's tallest temple of Shiva and there are 8 Hindu temples and many Sikh temples surrounding the castle.
 * Malot Fort Remainings of ancient fort. Also a view point of river Jehlam, river Chanab and Sargodha
 * Lakes
 * Dhok Taalian lake
 * Kot Raja lake
 * Khokhar zer lake
 * Dharabi lake
 * Ghazial lake
 * Walana lake
 * Mial lake
 * Nakka lake
 * Dhurnal lake
 * Grebh lake
 * Khai lake
 * Minwal lake

Do

 * Karah(Bull race) is the most popular source of entertainment in the district
 * Kabadi
 * Volleyball

Buy
Main Market of Chakwal is Chappar Bazar in the center of the city. You can buy all sorts of food, clothing, accessories and electronics at reasonable price. But without tasting Pehlwan Rewrri your Chakwal trip is incomplete! Present it to your friends as a specialty of Chakwal (Pakistan).

Chakwal's Zarri khussa(footwear) is very famous

Eat

 * Haji's "daal anda" near Shah Multani, Bhaun road Chakwal
 * Sheraz Tikka House, Talagang Road Chakwal
 * Emporium's Shawarma, Talagang Road Chakwal
 * Al Qaim Hotel, Tesil chowk(24/7)
 * Pizza Time, Bhaun Road
 * Al Mukhtar Royal Palace, Balkassar interchange
 * Super Balochi Sajji Rice, Talagang road Chakwal
 * Unique Broast House, bypass road Chakwal
 * Pizza Hot, Talagang Road
 * Tasty haleem center, Chaparr Bazar
 * Italian Pizza, Talagang road
 * Rahat Bakery, Bhaun Chok
 * Hafiz Burger, Rawalpindi Road Chakwal
 * Al Mecca, Talagang Road
 * Rahat restaurant, Jehlam Road
 * Pehlwan Hotel; Chicken Pulao, Chaparr Bazar
 * Madina Hotel; Haleem, a street of Chaparr Bazar
 * Zalmi Restaurant, Pinwal road Chakwal

Drink

 * Pehlwan Juice House's milk shakes and fresh fruit juices, Chaparr Bazar
 * Punjab Juice house's Rubbery Milk, Baab e Chakwal
 * Nisar Hotel's lassi, Talagang Road

Sleep

 * Mecca Hotel, Talagang Road
 * Azeem International Hotel, Bhaun Chok
 * Al Murtaza Hotel, Talagang Road
 * Al Murtaza Restaurant, Talagang Road

Go next

 * Kalar Kahar

title: Chakwal


text:
Chalkidiki

Chalkidiki (Greek: Χαλκιδική, also Halkidiki or Chalcidice) is one of the main tourist areas of Greece. It is a wide peninsula of Northern Greece that extends as three narrower peninsulas, as a whole forming the shape of a trident, or a three-fingered hand. The northern and north-western section of the peninsula is part of the Thessaloniki region, which includes the city of Thessaloniki. The capital of Chalkidiki prefecture is the town of Polygyros, in the centre of the main peninsula. The coast hosts numerous excellent beaches.

Regions
Of tourist interest are the three so-called fingers of the peninsula, which extend south into the sea.

Other Destinations

 * The island Ammouliani lies close to Mount Athos and is a tourist centre

By bus
KTEL Chalkidikis operates buses from Thessaloniki to destinations all across Chalkidiki. The buses are modern and clean. In general destinations in Kassandra are better served than those in the rest of the peninsula. Some routes to destinations in Sithonia are significantly slower than doing the same trip by car. For example a trip from Thessaloniki to Toroni by bus takes 3 hours, while the same trip can be done in 1.5-2 hours by car. Information about bus routes and schedules is available on the KTEL Chalkidikis website.

Buses towards Chalkidiki depart from the KTEL Chalkidikis bus station instead of the main KTEL Makedonia station in Thessaloniki. For more information see the article on Thessaloniki

By car
The A24 motorway links Thessaloniki with the beaches on the east side of Chalkidki, Nea Moudania and Kassandria in the western leg, and is the preferred way to go from Thessaloniki to Kassandra and Sithonia. The motorway gets congested on summer weekends, as lots of people flock from Thessaloniki to the beaches of Chalkidiki.

By bus
KTEL Chalkidikis also operates routes between destinations in Chalkidiki. However, the number of departures might be limited and buses can often be late, making the bus inconvenient for day trips further away from where you are staying. In addition, there are no direct bus routes connecting Kassandra and Sithonia, so getting around by bus is not ideal if you want to explore multiple peninsulas.

By car
A car provides the easiest way of getting around Chalkidiki. The road network mostly comprises of rural roads in acceptable condition. Don't get carried away by people speeding or performing illegal overtakes.

Most accommodations will offer parking space. Inside villages people will park wherever there is empty space, ignoring any signage, as is the situation in most of Greece. Parking near beaches is often found in unpaved open spaces. Many beach bars, especially in Kassandra, offer designated parking areas for customers.

Kassandra
The Canal of Potidea, separating the Kassandra peninsula from the mainland, has old origins. The history of the channel is not fully understood, but a report mentions the channel in the 1st century AD. In 1407, the Byzantine Emperor repaired the channel and build fortifications on its south side.

Sithonia
The oldest mosaics found in Greece, from the 5th century BC, are from the excavations of ancient Olynthos.

A spectacular view of Mt. Athos can be had from the Kartalia cliff cape.

Mount Athos
A highlights in the capital of Mount Athos is the old church of Protaton, which has exceptional murals and a famous icon of the Virgin Mary.

The twenty monasteries in Mount Athos possess holy relics, icons, frescoes and mosaics of great value. The monasteries make the peninsula a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ammouliani
In Ammouliani you find beautiful beaches with beach bars, sun beds and umbrellas.

The hinterland
Ancient Stageira was the birthplace of Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of antiquity and the teacher of Alexander the Great. Recent excavations show the early-classicistic fortifications preserved in very good condition, and several public buildings in the Agora, an archaic sanctuary, the Thesmophorion, private houses from the Classical and Hellenistic period and the city's waterworks.

The castle of Rentina in Asprovalta, dating from the 4th century AD was a strategically important castle. It is reasonably well preserved, as are the impressive remains of a settlement next to it. It has a varied history with Byzantine, Frankish, Serbian and Turkish lords.

Acanthus was the main city and the port of north-eastern Halkidiki, founded in the middle of the 7th century BC by colonists from Andros, on the site of a prehistoric settlement. It can be visited from Ierissos.

The castle of Neposi is close to Megali Panagia. It was the largest fortress in Halkidiki from the 5th century AD. It was rebuilt twice and abandoned for long times, but was used as a fortified settlement until the 14th century. The castle ruin has an area of 1.5 hectares and the length of the remaining walls is about 1000 meters with a maximum height of 4 to 5 meters.

Do

 * Beaches
 * Hiking

Buy

 * Local flower and pine honey from Nikiti and Arnea, the two biggest centres of Greek honey.
 * Wooven woolen articles from Arnea.
 * Tsipouro, the strong-kind-of-ouzo schnapps from the local villagers.
 * Wine. The winters here are mild and the summers are long and dry. The good climate, among with the mineral-rich soil, are crucial factors for the famous wine-making of the area. The most famous wine is that produced in Sithonia, in the Neos Marmaras area, the Porto Carras
 * Olives and olive oil. Production areas: Mount Meliton, Pallini Peninsula, Holomon foothills, Polygyros, Ormylia, Olynhtos and Nea Moudania
 * Cheese products

Sleep
The region has as a main tourist destination in Greece a corresponding variety of accommodation in all categories, listed and rated in the well-known Internet portals

Go next

 * Thessaloniki (region)
 * Kavala

title: Chalkidiki


text:
Challapata

Challapata is a town in Oruro Department.

Understand
The main reason for anyone to stop by in Challapata is either as a break on the way to Uyuni or to visit the local market which is the center of the quinoa trade in Bolivia. While most travelers' only experience of Challapata will be that of a dark stop between Potosí and Oruro, where they had some fried chicken and potatoes, those staying the night will experience a side of Bolivia rarely seen.

Get in
Buses and minivans go to Oruro, 2½ hr by bus or 90 min by minivan and leave from the main square on weekdays and from the market place in the weekends. Bus Bs. 8, minivan Bs. 12. Shared taxis to Sebastian de Huari leave from south of the main plaza and cost Bs. 4. For transportation further towards Salinas Garcia Mendoza and Llica you will have to resort to hitchhiking.

Infrequent buses to Potosi and Uyuni also make stops in Challapata but the easiest way is probably to return to Oruro for onward connections. Note that buses to/from Potosí stops some 10 blocks from the main plaza, especially if arriving after dark.

The Wara Wara train from Oruro stops twice a week in Challapata, tickets can only be bought on the same day as departure and only a few hours in advance.

Get around
As the town is very small all places can be reached on foot even though taxis ply the streets.

See
The Saturday and Sunday market—guaranteed free from llama fetuses and pachamama stones.

Do
Buy or sell quinoa.

Eat
The Restaurant 16 de julio, near where the buses stop, serves a good almuerzo for Bs. 9 and a set dinner as well.

Sleep
Residencial Virgen del Carmen, located near the main plaza and bus stop, has simple rooms with cable and shared bath for Bs. 25-35. They are however only open after 17-18:00, ring the bell on the wall or ask in the shop next door.

Stay safe
When walking at night time beware of the ubiquitous stray dogs - a stone or two in each hand won't hurt!

title: Challapata


text:
Chalmette

Chalmette is a suburb of New Orleans in Louisiana, USA. Chalmette is the "Parish seat" (equivalent to a county in other states) of Saint Bernard Parish, known to locals simply as "The Parish".

Understand
Like New Orleans, Chalmette was damaged severely by the flooding which came with levee failures from Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. While 20% of New Orleans was above the flooding, Chalmette experienced the disaster of 100% flooding.

The largest concentration of businesses and restaurants of the rebuilt Chalmette are along the major streets of Paris Road, St. Bernard Highway, and Judge Perez Drive.

Get in
From central New Orleans, drive down Claiborne Avenue, which becomes Judge Perez in the Parish, or Rampart Street/St. Claude Avenue in New Orleans, which becomes St. Bernard Highway in the Parish. From I-10 in Eastern New Orleans, take 510 South which becomes Paris Road.

Get around
Drive. If you get off the main thoroghfares, drive with extra attention, as some side streets are still in need of repaving after buckling in the flood.

See

 * Battle of New Orleans site 8606 West St. Bernard Highway, Chalmette. This is where Andrew Jackson stopped the British invasion during the War of 1812. Informative displays explain the battle. Chalmette National Cemetery is adjacent.
 * De la Ronde Plantation ruins The remains of the old plantation house that served as British headquarters during their unsuccessful campaign to conquer Louisiana is now on the median of St. Bernard Highway a block up from Paris Road. Not much is left other than sections of ruined brick walls, but worth a quick look for history buffs if you're in the area.

Eat
Some of the restaurants in Chalmette, and in the town of Meraux which is just to the east of Chalmette.

 * Crave 3201 E. Judge Perez, Meraux. Hearty Cajun-style food. Tel: +1 504-676-3697
 * Rocky & Carlo's Restaurant & Bar, 613 W. St. Bernard Hwy. A favorite local institution for generations, serving ample portions of po-boys, New Orleans style and Louisiana Italian cooking. Lunch and dinner, Tel: +1 504-279-8323
 * Rocky & Carlo's Restaurant & Bar, 613 W. St. Bernard Hwy. A favorite local institution for generations, serving ample portions of po-boys, New Orleans style and Louisiana Italian cooking. Lunch and dinner, Tel: +1 504-279-8323

Drink
More bars on and around Paris Road at St. Bernard Highway. Par 3 Diner - Wednesday's & Saturdays - 16oz T-bone steak special
 * Rocky & Carlo's, listed above
 * Community Grill on Judge Perez Drive in Arabi

Connect
Telephone area code is 504, same as New Orleans.

Go next

 * The picturesque Terre-aux-Boeufs region along Bayou Road is to the south-east
 * Fishing trips from eastern St. Bernard Parish
 * New Orleans is a short drive to the west.

title: Chalmette


text:
Chalok Lam

Chalok Lam (AKA Chaloklum) is a very natural picturesque location at the northernmost tip of Ko Pha Ngan. The shoreline stretches for 3 km and the mountains frame the bay in its entirety. This was once a fishing village where industry dominated the sea front and activity until just a few years ago when the rows of drying squid were removed from the beaches to allow tourism to flourish. There are many Thai-style restaurants and some new funkier bars and restaurants in the village sea front with bungalows across the bay also offering food and drink.

Get in
See Ko Pha Ngan for information on getting to the island. From the main port of Thong Sala, songthaews are available to Chalok Lam every day at around 12:00 when the ferries arrive from Samui and Surat Thani. At other times taxis can be hired, but are expensive and the price must be negotiated with the driver. Motorbikes can be rented all over the island for both short- and long-term rentals. Prices from 100 baht a day.

Get around
Walking, renting motorbikes or share taxis (from bungalows in Chalok Lam at 10:00) to Thong Sala, the main port.

See
There is another Thai temple in the village and ceremonies are held each day at 07:30 with all welcome. At Wat Pra Sanctum the head monk Pra Adjan speaks very good English and is very willing to include tourists within the meditation that he leads for the Monks.

Do
There is an elephant trekking camp just south of the village near the Thai (Wat Pra Sanctum) and Chinese temples. Several diving schools in the village offers pursuits for the aqua challenged, wake boarding and water skiing. Wakeboarding and there are plenty of longtail boats for hire to tour the island or simply go fishing. A cooking school is located just outside the village.

The bay in general is much more laid back than other parts of the island and traditionally people party in the south at the full moon party and then chill out in Chalok Lam. The villagers are very friendly and there is a fantastic atmosphere.

Diving
There are several diving school scattered throughout the village including Sail Rock Divers, The Dive Inn and Chaloklum Diving.

Buy
Local fruit and vegetables are available from roadside stands. There is one mini-market, several Thai markets, a 7-Eleven, and several ATMs in Chalok Lam.

title: Chalok Lam


text:
Chalong Bay

Chalong Bay (อ่าวฉลอง Ao Chalong) is on the east coast of Phuket.

Understand
This is Phuket's principal boat anchorage and the island's largest bay, 11 km south of the town. It is picturesque, but not suitable for swimming. Boats can be chartered to go to some small islands south of Phuket. A number of restaurants and bars dot the road leading to the bay.

The centre of Chalong is the Chalong Circle, a roundabout two-thirds of the way from Phuket town to Rawai. Five roads converge here. From here:

 * head south to Rawai on Rte 4024
 * head west to Kata/Karon on Rte 4028
 * NNW to Patong on Chao Fah Tawan Tok Rd
 * NNE to Phuket town on Chao Fah Tawan Ok Rd
 * east to the Chalong Pier on Sunrise Rd, less than 1 km in length, locus of Chalong's night life.

Get in
Numerous boats sail out from Chalong to nearby islands, including Ko Hae (Coral Island), Ko Racha, (Ko Raya) and more.

Get around
Do yourself a favour and rent and learn to ride a motorbike if you're staying in the area for more than a day or so. Otherwise various types of taxis are your best bet, but they're not easy to find.

Do
As the main boat harbour for Phuket Island, many diving companies have now relocated here from other areas. Most of Phuket's speed boat, fishing boats, snorkelling companies, and yacht charters are also located here. Destinations include Coral Island, Phi Phi Island, and Ko Racha for day trips, snorkelling, diving, and deep sea fishing.

Chalong has a shooting range, elephant rides, go kart track, paint ball, and horse riding. One "must-do" is to drive up to the famous Big Buddha which overlooks Phuket town, Chalong Bay, numerous islands. On a clear day even Phi Phi Island, 60 km distant, can be seen.

Learn
Chalong and Rawai especially is home to almost a dozen muay Thai gyms. If you're interested in a one day lesson or a six month training stint, it's a good place to look. Two gyms below, but there are at least half a dozen more within a 4 km radius.

Buy
In Chalong it's possible to buy scuba equipment at wholesale prices if you're a registered Thai company. Diving professionals will get good deals on equipment from the local distributors. Scuba and freediving day trips to the islands, and fishing trips and boat charters are available.

Eat
Chalong has just about every type of restaurant. Delicious and cheap local Thai food is available as well as Italian, Mexican, burgers, Indian, fish and chips, MK hot pot and Kentucky Fried Chicken and fresh bakeries. The area features some of the very best Thai seafood waterfront restaurants.

Most of the better places to get food are local spots. They tend to be cheaper and better than anything geared towards Westerners. However, there are several cheap guest house/restaurants along Ta Lat Rd just off Rte 4021.

Drink
Chalong now has numerous beach front bars and street bars, mostly centred on Sunrise Rd between Chalong Circle and the pier. Many beer bars with ladies, but the scene is sedate and you would not be remiss taking your family there.

Sleep
Mostly a stepping-stone for heading elsewhere, accommodation in Chalong ranges from 200 baht to luxury resorts. Chalong is a very good spot to stay before going diving or out on the water as it is only a short walk to the boats instead of travelling from the better known tourist areas up to one hour away.

title: Chalong Bay


text:
Cham

Cham  is a city in Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, Germany. Its name is pronounced quite similar to the English word "calm" and not with a German "ch" sound.

By car
Chaim lies along the Bundestraße 20, 22 and 85

If you are coming from farther away, you will most likely take the Autobahn A3 (Nuremberg-Regensburg-Passau) or A93 (from the West)

See
The old city center around the Marketplace ('Marktplatz')

Go next

 * Regensburg
 * Deggendorf
 * Bavarian Forest National Park

title: Cham


text:
Chama

There is more than one place in the world called Chama. You may be looking for:

 * Chama (New Mexico), a town in northern New Mexico, United States.
 * Chama (Zambia), a town that is the government seat of the Chama district in Luangwa Valley, Zambia.

title: Chama


text:
Chama (New Mexico)

Chama is a small town in north central New Mexico, located in a mountain valley near the Colorado border. The town is noted for its mountain scenery, outdoor recreation, and for being the terminus of a scenic narrow-gauge railroad.

Get in
Driving is the primary way to access Chama, and given the town's remoteness, it can be a very long drive. The nearest major airport is in Albuquerque, about a three-hour drive south. Santa Fe is closer (a two hour drive) but has very limited commercial air service. Amtrak's Los Angeles-Chicago Southwest Chief route stops in Albuquerque and the town of Lamy, about 15 miles south of Santa Fe on US Highway 285, with a shuttle that transports passengers between Lamy and Santa Fe.

Chama is located along US Hwy 64 and US Hwy 84, which overlap through the town proper. US 64 continues east over mountainous terrain to Taos (about an hour and a half's drive) and west into Northwest New Mexico. US 84 heads south to Española and Santa Fe, and north into Southwestern Colorado to Pagosa Springs (an hour's drive). No matter which direction you come from, it's a beautiful drive. US 84 from the south is generally open year-round; approaching from Colorado can be problematic in the winter, although it's open more often than not. Limited commuter bus service to Española (with connections to Santa Fe and Taos) is offered by the regional NCRTD service.

Get around
If you've gotten there, you've gotten around; Chama is a small town in which all of the in-town points of interest are within walking distance of each other and the in-town lodging. For reaching the recreational sites near Cumbres Pass, a vehicle with 4-wheel drive and snow tires is desirable during the winter, although the road is plowed frequently. There is a 2500' elevation gain between town and pass that may challenge some automobiles.

Do
There is plenty of outdoor recreation available in the area year-round, including a couple of trail riding stables, fishing, game hunting and fishing, hiking and just overall sight-seeing. Rio Chama and Rio Brazos offer challenging white-water for rafters and kayakers. Snowmobiling, xc-skiing and snowshoeing are popular in the winter.

 * During the spring/summer/fall there are numerous hiking trails throughout the area. Check out the Sargent Wildlife Area at the north end of Pine Ave., two streets west of Chama's main street which is Terrace Ave.  The main trail ends in Chromo, Colorado.
 * Chama Days weekend is traditionally the most popular weekend in town. Held on the first weekend in August, Chama Days consists of a weekend of nightlife (several dances a night), sports (2 day rodeo, basketball tournament, softball tournament), and family events (carnival, kids games and pet parade).
 * Chama Days weekend is traditionally the most popular weekend in town. Held on the first weekend in August, Chama Days consists of a weekend of nightlife (several dances a night), sports (2 day rodeo, basketball tournament, softball tournament), and family events (carnival, kids games and pet parade).
 * Chama Days weekend is traditionally the most popular weekend in town. Held on the first weekend in August, Chama Days consists of a weekend of nightlife (several dances a night), sports (2 day rodeo, basketball tournament, softball tournament), and family events (carnival, kids games and pet parade).

Buy
Several souvenir shops are located near the railroad station. There are several shops across from the train station that offer high end and low end articles for sale, original oil paintings with a western theme, eclectic stained glass and southwest jewelry.

Lodging
There are a number of motels and lodges along the southern approaches to town. Most cater primarily to hunters and fishermen.

Camping
Several of the lodges have associated RV parks, and there are other developed campgrounds in the area, including lakeside camping at El Vado and Heron.

Backcountry
The trails around Chama are a haven for the outdoor enthusiast. Many day hikes are accessible at Sargent's Wildlife Park and at the El Vado and Heron Lakes area. The Chama Trail extends between the two lakes for 6-miles. There are unlimited miles of trail for overnight packing trips in the mountains north of Chama, toward Colorado. The historic Continental Divide Trail is undergoing improvements and is open to packers.

Serious adventure in winter camping is available near Cumbres Pass, in the form of a small network of yurts, cabins that can be reached on Nordic (cross-country) skis or snowshoes. The Southwest Nordic Center, based in Taos, maintains the yurts and the reservations for using them; PO Box 3212, Taos NM 87571, +1 575 758-4761. Most of the yurts are 2 to 3 miles (on skis) from the parking lots along the road over the pass; intermediate-level Nordic technique is a good idea for the ski in. Another yurt, the Spruce Hole Yurt, is also available for rental. It is maintained by a local Chama outfit called Cumbres Nordic Adventures.

Go next

 * El Chorro Falls, south of Chama, is one of the world's highest waterfalls (ranked around 170th on the list), when it's active. However, it's not active very often, or for very long -- it's produced by spring runoff over the towering Brazos Cliffs, lasts only a few weeks in the spring, and is usually completely gone by June.  If you happen to be in the area in April or May, try driving south from Chama on US 64 toward the village of Tierra Amarilla, then east toward the cliffs, and see if you can glimpse it in the distance (no road approaches the falls).
 * The Brazos Cliffs themselves are spectacularly scenic and beckon the rock climber, but unfortunately, they're 100% on private property and access is severely restricted. There are some hunting lodges at the base of the cliffs, notably Brazos Lodge and Corkin's Lodge, that include many outdoor recreational opportunities among their (generally pricey) amenities and give good views of the scenery (including El Chorro when it's running); in general, however, they forbid or strongly discourage climbing on the cliffs.

title: Chama (New Mexico)