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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: Norge or Noreg) is a land of great fjords, great valleys, wide forests and gorgeous lakes. It also hosts lively cities such as Oslo and Bergen. Norway is the westernmost, northernmost and, surprisingly, the easternmost of the Scandinavian countries – among the Nordic countries only Finland stretches slightly further east. See the midnight sun, watch the Northern Lights, live its rich cultural heritage and eye its distinctive architecture, all the while being tucked within some of the most beautiful landscapes on Earth.

Cities

 * – the capital and largest city of Norway, with museums of national importance, a beautiful setting and lively nightlife and cultural scene.
 * – Once the capital of Norway, old Hanseatic trading centre with a rich culture and dramatic scenery, Norway's second largest city. Wonderfully cute wooden buildings, a magnificent mountain setting, varied nightlife and lots of atmosphere. This is your gateway to the western fjords. The city has been dubbed "the rainiest city in Europe" with an average of 250 days of rainfall a year. Bring an umbrella.
 * – The gateway to the magnificent Lofoten islands. And the place of Saltstraumen, the worlds strongest maelstrom.
 * – Once known as industrial and grimy, but refurbishment has made Drammen an enjoyable side trip from Oslo.
 * – A magnificent old town stands out from the rest of the rather nondescript city. Brilliant as a day trip from Oslo.
 * – The jolly capital of the South. Best known for the family attraction Kristiansand zoo and amusement park and as Norway's "cool riviera".
 * – The fourth largest city, and the third largest urban area. Commercially important due to the oil business. The wooden, cobbled central area is one of the most charming places in Norway. Home to one of Norway's medieval cathedrals, you can also visit Iron Age homes and stone age caves. Stavanger is where Erik the Red was born.
 * – The largest city in northern Norway. Offers a perfect spot for the Northern Lights or the Midnight Sun and plenty of other excursions while in between enjoying the tranquil mountainous vistas.
 * – Famous for its stunning cathedral (Nidarosdomen). Wonderful riverside wharfs, wooden buildings and the best student nightlife in Norway give beautiful, leafy Trondheim its charm.

Other destinations

 * – The Atlantic Ocean Road is a spectacular road with bridges along islands and skerries on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean.
 * – Norway's largest national park on a large highland plateau.
 * – The largest glacier on the European mainland.
 * – A majestic landscape and home of Norway's highest mountains.
 * – Experience the midnight sun in this traditional fishing district in the northern province with islands and mountains.
 * – This cliff is the northernmost point of continental Europe, overlooking the Barents ocean.
 * – Glaciers, mountains and picturesque settlements are but a few of the sights on the Sognefjord. Flåm and Nærøyfjorden (also a UNESCO World Heritage site) are parts of the mighty Sognefjorden system.

History
The petty Viking kingdoms of Norway were unified in 872 AD by Harald Fairhair. In the following period, Norwegians settled in many places, such as Iceland, the Faroe Islands and parts of Scotland and Ireland, where they founded Dublin and Waterford. In the beginning of the 14th century, Norway and Sweden were unified as the Norwegian king was also elected king of Sweden. At the end of the century, the two countries and Denmark were unified in the so-called Kalmar Union.

Sweden broke out of the union in 1521. Norway remained in union with Denmark until the Napoleonic Wars of 1814. Because of Denmark being on the losing side of the Napoleonic wars Norway was handed over to Sweden which was part of the winning coalition. Norway declared independence, but Sweden invaded Norway and enforced a personal union, still allowing Norway a great deal of independence.

From the mid 1800s almost a million Norwegians emigrated to the U.S., about 30% of the population at the time, a proportion only surpassed by Ireland; the largest concentration of them settled in the Midwest. In some districts of Norway 40–50% left for the U.S. About 5 million Americans are of Norwegian ancestry. Some emigrants returned to the "old country" and brought money, ideas, and technology from "over there". Particularly in the Farsund–Flekkefjord area, the U.S. influence is notable. Ties to the U.S. remain strong, culturally as well as politically.

The union with Sweden lasted until 1905, which is considered the beginning of modern Norway. Norway rejected membership in the European Union when Finland and Sweden joined. During World War II, from 1940 until 1945, Norway was occupied by German forces. In the 1960s, oil was found in the North Sea. Oil drilling has brought Norway prosperity, but contrary to many other oil-exporting countries, Norway invests its profits in a very egalitarian and collectivist way creating an affluent, harmonious society taking advantage of excellent infrastructure and pioneering environmentally friendly technologies in everyday lives. Repeatedly ranked as a country with one of the world's highest standards of living, Norway has attracted migrants from many places all over the world, which add to today's colourful and inclusive society. All this does not come cheap, and consumer prices are among the highest in the world.

Geography
"I design coastlines. I got an award for Norway."

- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams

Norway occupies the western edge of the large Scandinavian peninsula shared with Sweden in the north of Europe. In the north, it also borders Finland and Russia. Some 5 million inhabitants share an area about the size of Germany and larger than Britain. Norway is primarily a very long country - driving from the most southern to the most northern cities equals the distance from Hamburg to Malaga (and through much more rugged terrain). Norway's coastline is also one of the longest in the world – if islands and fjords are included the coastline has been calculated as 50,000 to 100,000 km. Nordland county alone has a longer coastline than the entire United Kingdom when fjords and islands are included. Because of the fjords cutting deep into the bedrock at some points the mainland is only a few kilometres wide and the Swedish border is within walking distance from the Atlantic.

Norway is well known for its amazing and varied scenery. The famous fjords are long narrow inlets of the ocean, flanked on either side by tall mountains where the sea penetrates far inland. Norway's endless coastline also includes countless islands of all sizes - there are more than 200,000 identified islands along Norway's coast (only surpassed by Greece). The many islands and skerries shelter the coast from the rough Atlantic such that Hurtigruten and other ships can travel long stretches on calm waters. These sheltered (internal) waters (fjords, bays and straits) covers some 100,000km2.

There are more than 450,000 lakes throughout Norway well over 100,000 of these are in Finnmark county; even inside the city of Oslo there are several hundred lakes. Norway is home to the deepest lakes in Europe. Lakes and rivers cover more than 5% of the land. The vast majority of the land (about 95%) is rocky wilderness and forests, and thus Norway has large, completely unpopulated areas, many of which have been protected as national parks. Also outside the national parks, much of the land is largely unspoiled nature – there is in fact no need to visit a national park to experience wilderness and great landscapes. Roads and railways as well as ordinary ferries offer easy access to great panoramas. There are few sandy beaches along Norway's endless shores; shores are typically rocky, steep cliffs or smooth polished slabs of rock.

Norway's highest point is Galdhøpiggen, in the Jotunheimen region midway between Oslo and Trondheim, but away from the coast. In the far north (Finnmark), there are relatively flat open spaces. Several of the world's tallest waterfalls are in Norway, particularly in the western fjords and the mountain region. Most of Norway is one mountain range, the Scandinavian mountains, which includes parts of Sweden. This is the longest mountain range in Europe, longer than the Carpathians and notably longer than the Alps. While there are mountains all over Norway, some major mountain areas define Norway's main regions. The north-south line of mountain areas (notably Hardangervidda and Jotunheimen) are major barriers and separate West Norway from East Norway. Similarly the wide Dovrefjell separates Middle Norway (Trøndelag) from East Norway. Norway also includes the Svalbard archipelago far from the mainland, on the edge of the arctic ice shelf.

The long rugged coast, fjords, countless lakes, tall waterfalls and pretty rivers means that water is the one thing that most characterizes Norway. Norway's mainland has more than 2,000 glaciers, which cover almost 1% of the land. Jostedalsbreen occupies about 500 km2 and is the largest glacier in mainland Europe. Svalbard is covered by 60% glaciers and has the largest glacier in Europe – only matched by Vatnajökull in Iceland. Glaciers are most common in Hardanger, Sogn og Fjordane/Jotunheimen, Nordland and Lyngen.

Administratively, Norway is divided into counties that are grouped into regions East, South, West, middle (Trøndelag) and North. The landscape of Norway can also be described by zones that cuts across these administrative divisions.
 * The "fjordland", the part of Norway dominated by fjords, runs as a wide belt all along the country, 20 to 200 km wide. This particular landscape is typically a tangle of fjords and peninsulas, valleys and lakes.
 * Island belt, Further out the mainland is sheltered by a belt of islands and skerries, this belt is often wide and complex for instance around Bergen or the Lofoten archipelago. Such belt of islands allows ships safe journey along major parts of the coast. Just south of Stavanger there are neither fjords nor islands, leaving the long sandy beaches unprotected.
 * Mountain region: Somewhat inland and partly coinciding with fjords is the high mountain belt running basically South-North through the entire Scandinavian peninsula separating East Norway and West Norway, while further north separating Norway and Sweden. The high mountains vary from wild alpine summits and glaciers towards the Atlantic and more mellow landscapes further east. The mountain landscapes include barren plateaus (vidde) such as Hardangervidda in the south and Finnmarksvidda modest elevation in the north.
 * Big valleys: East and south of the central mountains is the land of big valleys, which stretch from the lowlands around Oslo to the central mountains. Gudbrandsdal, Hallingdal, Setesdal and Valdres are typical big valleys. In eastern and central Finnmark the fjords instead of high mountains change into a wide plateau at moderate altitude.
 * Central eastern lowland: Greater Oslo, both shores of the Oslofjord (Vestfold and Østfold counties), and around big lakes Mjøsa and Tyrifjorden is the most densely populated and most important agricultural area.

Nature and wildlife

Norway's wild animals are rarely seen during a brief visit. In Norway's wide forests there are several hundred thousand moose (elk, Norwegian elg) and some 40,000 are hunted every year. Most of the European moose are in the Norway, Finland and Sweden. Visitors may spot these large animals along roads at dusk and dawn, occasionally they stroll onto the highway causing traffic hazard. In West Norway there is an equally large number of red deer (Norwegian: hjort). The red deer is somewhat more watchful and careful than the moose, but can in some areas be seen in large numbers grazing meadows in spring and autumn.

There is a small group of musk-ox in the Dovre plateau, originating from Greenland, but naturalized in Norway. This animal does not run away when disturbed, but forms a defence and can attack if approached. In the high plateaus like Hardangervidda and Rondane there are large reindeer flocks and smaller groups of young males roaming on their own. Wild reindeer are only occasionally seen from roads, usually several days of hiking is needed to spot this high mountain animal. In Northern Norway, the reindeer are semi-domesticated and privately owned; they are often seen along roads and close to settlements.

There is a moderate number of Eurasian wolf, brown bear, wolverine and lynx. Some 60 to 100 wolves live in forests close to the Norwegian-Swedish border. The lynx and the wolverine roam wide areas and can move tens of kilometres per day. Polar bears are not found on the mainland, but roam the Svalbard islands in large numbers. These predators are very watchful and are rarely observed even by locals. Wild animals are generally protected and should not be disturbed.

The most intense wildlife is found along Norway's endless coast, notably the several million sea birds, sea animals and fish. The harbour porpoise is common and can occasionally be seen in fjords. Killer whales (orcas) are common and hunt herring along the Norwegian coast particularly in Nordland and Troms. Previously dolphins were rarely seen in Norway, but since about year 2000 dolphins visit the Oslofjord, the Agder coast as well as the west coast. Six different types of seals are found along the coast, the seventh (Walrus) only on Svalbard. There may be more than a million puffins (Norwegian: lunde) at some locations in Western and Northern Norway. The bird cliffs at Runde island is home to several hundred thousand puffins. In Nordland county, there are more than thousand sea eagles (white-tailed eagle), the greatest density of this large bird in Europe.

People

Norway is one of Europe's most sparsely populated countries. With a population of only 5 million people and a land area of the population density is only 16 inhabitants per km². Most of the population are Norwegians. The indigenous Sami people traditionally inhabit the northern part of Norway, which along with parts of Sweden, Finland and Russia outlines an area known as Sapmi or Sameland. Other recognized minorities (which were in Norway before the modern age) are the Kven people, Jews, Forest Finns, and Norwegian Romani Travellers. Net migration to Norway peaked at 49,000 people in 2012, and fell to 18,000 in 2018.

Lutheranism used to be the state religion, and the monarch is still constitutionally required to be a Lutheran. About 80% of Norwegians are nominally Lutheran, though freedom of religion is generally respected, and most Norwegians do not attend church regularly.

Norway has become rather liberal in moral issues and thus more similar to southern neighbours like Denmark and the Netherlands. Homosexuality is accepted by most people and in 2008 same-sex marriage was given the same legal status as traditional marriage. For instance, a previous male minister of finance and prominent figure in the conservative party is in partnership with a prominent male business manager. Some regions along the southern and south-western coast, however, are fairly conservative, especially in the more rural areas.

Although the crime rate is low, Norwegians like locking things away – in cities you will even see communal washing lines for drying clothes surrounded by a chain-link fence and a padlock to which all the entitled tenants have access.

Economy and politics

Norway's strong economy builds on the oil and gas industry (primarily in the North Sea, but all along the continental shelf until Nordkapp), which makes up more than 20% of its GDP. A large share of this oil revenue is in turn invested in a sovereign wealth fund to maintain Norway's high standard of living once oil runs out or oil-prices drop. Norway also has several other natural resources such as hydro-electric power, wood, fish and minerals, some manufacturing, and a healthy technology sector. Fish, mostly salmon farmed along the coast, is the second most important export product, after oil and natural gas. Unsalted, dried white fish (stockfish) was historically the main export. Politically, it is dominated by a widespread and continued support for the Scandinavian model, which means high taxes and high government spending to support free schools, free healthcare, an efficient welfare system and many other benefits. The unemployment rate in Norway is mostly less than 4 percent.

Norwegians rejected membership in the EU or its predecessors, in referendums held 1972 and 1994, both times just by a few percentage points. France vetoed Norwegian European Community membership in the 1950s and 1960s. However, being a member state of the European Economic Area and part of the Schengen agreement, Norway is closely harmonised with the EU, and integrated as a full member in most economic matters, as well as in customs and immigration matters. This is of great economic importance to Norway. One of the areas where Norway has made deals with the EU that differ significantly from what Norway would be operating under as an EU member is fisheries. As the question of EU membership is a hot button issue across all political camps in Norway, coalitions usually include a "EU membership will not be discussed during the course of this government" clause.

As one of the richest countries in the world and with a strong currency, most visitors should expect higher prices than at home. "Vice goods" such as tobacco or alcohol are particularly expensive in no small part due to taxation. In addition, Norway has a very compressed wage structure which means that even typically low skilled work is relatively well paid. For the same reason, firms try to keep the number of staff as low as possible, even for low-skilled service staff.

Climate

Because of the gulf stream, the climate in Norway, especially along the coast, is noticeably warmer than what would otherwise be expected at such a high latitude. Although half the length of Norway is north of the Arctic circle, the climate is not Arctic. Summers can be moderately warm (up to 25–30°C, 75–85°F), even in northern areas, but only for limited periods. The length of the winter and amount of snow varies considerably. In the north there is more snow and winters are dark; on the southern and western coast, winters are moderate and rainy. Further inland (North Norway and East Norway) the temperature can easily fall below -25°C (-15°F). In the interior of Finnmark -25°C to -35°C is common in January (record low at -50°C (-58°F)). Along the coast of Hordaland and Rogaland temperatures only occasionally and briefly drop below -5°C (20°F), and the climate is not unlike other coastal areas around the North Sea. Some mountain areas have glaciers and permanent snow, but on the mainland there is permafrost (permanently frozen ground) only in some small areas in the high mountains. On Svalbard there is permafrost everywhere.

While the coast of West Norway is among the rainiest in Europe, East Norway is largely in the rain shadow and relatively dry. In fact, northern Oppland is among the driest areas in Europe (comparable to dry areas in Spain and Greece). The interior of North Norway also obtains very little precipitation. Longyearbyen in Svalbard gets less than 200 mm precipitation per year similar to Almeria in Spain.

Norway's hours of daylight, temperature and driving conditions vary greatly throughout the year. Seasonal variations crucially depend on region (distance from ocean) and latitude as well as altitude. The area with midnight sun (north of the arctic circle) also has winter darkness (polar night) when the sun does not rise above the horizon at all.

Norwegian weather is most pleasant during the summer (May to early September). If you like snow, go to Norway in December to April. Along the coasts and in southern part of West Norway there is little snow or frost and few opportunities for skiing, even in winter. In the mountains there is snow until May and some mountain passes are closed until the end of May. If you come in the beginning of May some passes can be still closed, but since the snow is melting very quickly, you will get a possibility to enjoy plenty of waterfalls before they disappear. And in this time the number of tourists is very small. Spring in Norway is quite intense due to the abundance of water (melting snow) in conjunction with plenty of sunlight and quickly rising temperatures (typically in May). Complete forecasts and statistics.

Daylight
Daylight varies greatly during the year. In Oslo, the sun sets at around 15:30 in December. North of the Arctic Circle one can experience the midnight sun and polar night (winter darkness). However, even at Oslo's latitude, summer nights exist only in the form of prolonged twilight during June and July, these gentle "white nights" can also be a nice and unusual experience for visitors. The polar (or northern) light (aurora borealis) occurs in the darker months, frequently at high latitudes (Northern Norway) but occasionally also further South. While winter has little daylight, winter is also a season of lights: The aurora and the moon over white snow is an experience, and Norwegians use plenty electric light around their houses.

Kirkenes is more than 30° East compared to Bergen at 5° East and Oslo at about 10° East. This means that in East Finnmark the sun is more than 1 hour ahead of the sun in Oslo. All of Norway uses Central European Time while Finland uses Eastern European Time and Russia across the border from Kirkenes uses Moscow time. In the easternmost corner of Finnmark three time zones meet.

Because of very long twilight at northern latitudes, there is usable daylight 1-2 hours after sunset. In summer this means that for instance in Trondheim midsummer nights are not dark at all.

Holidays

The major holidays are Easter, Christmas (24 December, 25 December and 26 December are all considered holidays), and the "common vacation" throughout July. In May there are several holidays including constitution day (17 May) – the main national celebration and an attraction in itself.

Public holidays (schools and offices closed):
 * January 1 — New Year's Day
 * Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday, "Skjærtorsdag")
 * Good Friday ("Langfredag")
 * Easter Sunday ("påskedag")
 * Second day of Easter (Monday) ("andre påskedag")
 * May 1 – Labour day
 * May 17 – Constitution Day ("syttende mai"/"syttande mai" – "grunnlovsdag"), considered as the National Day
 * Ascension Thursday ("Kristi himmelfart")
 * Pentecost (Whit Sunday, "pinsedag")
 * Pentecost 2ed (Whit Monday, "andre pinsedag")
 * December 24 — Christmas Eve ("juleaften")
 * December 25 – Christmas Day ("første juledag")
 * December 26 – Boxing Day ("andre juledag")

Many Norwegian holidays are celebrated on the day before (Holy Saturday, Christmas Eve etc.). On Christmas Eve ("julekveld", "julaften"), New Year's Eve ("nyttårsaften"), Holy Saturday ("påskeaften") and Saturday before Pentecost ("pinseaften") shops close early. Christmas is the most quiet holiday as Norwegians traditionally stay at home with family and most services are closed from noon 24th until 27th. Norwegians often travel across the country to their family or "homeplace" for Christmas. Schools are closed from December 23 until January, and many Norwegians are on vacation at this time.

Easter is the outdoor holiday even if Good Friday and Easter Sunday are regarded as among the holiest days on the Christian calendar. Many Norwegians are on vacation from Palm Sunday to second day of Easter and cities are quite at this time. Pentecost is the third among the holy days but are strictly observed by few Norwegians. Norwegians also celebrate midsummer at St. John's day on 24 June by making a bonfire late evening the day before – "St.John's Eve" ("St.Hansaften" or "Jonsokaften"), even if this has catholic origins. Norwegians traditionally do not celebrate Halloween ("Allehelgensaften"), but since about 2010 some have copied the American tradition.

Labour day (May 1) is a day off for most people and in most towns there are some parades and political manifestations. May 17th is a major public celebration, basically the only such in Norway. May 17 is a friendly celebration with school children and high school graduates at the centre, and no army parade as in some other countries. Restaurants and bars are usually packed. Visitors should not plan transport on May 17. Flags will also fly on May 8 (Liberation day) and June 7 (Independence day), but these are not days off and there are no public celebrations (heros are instead honored on May 17). New year's day is a day off and flags fly from public buildings.

Read

 * W. Matthieu Williams: Through Norway With a Knapsack (1859)
 * Mary Wollstonecraft: Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark (1796)
 * Thomas Malthus: Travel journal from Norway (1799)
 * Samuel Beckett: The fjords and folk of Norway (1915)
 * W.C. Slingsby: Norway: the Northern Playground (1904)
 * Dhiravat na Pombejra: A Month in Norway: King Chulalongkorn's travels July–August 1907.
 * Robert Everest: A journey through Norway, Lapland, and part of Sweden: with some remarks on the geology of the country, its climate and scenery. (1829)
 * Lees, James A. and Clutterbuck, Walter J: Three in Norway (by two of them)  (1912)

Talk

There is no standard spoken Norwegian (norsk) – a wide range of dialects is used even in public broadcasting. Differences among dialects are much more than accents and slight differences in pronunciation. Some dialects are almost like different languages and these differences have 1000 year old roots. In the middle ages, Norse (old Norwegian) was spoken in Norway, Iceland and parts of the British isles. In Iceland, the old Norse is largely retained, while Norwegian has changed substantially, heavily influenced by Danish and Low German. Foreign visitors may note the marked difference in melody: In western Norway pitch is high to low, whereas in eastern Norway pitch is low to high. Unlike most European languages, Norwegian is a pitch-accent language and to foreigners may appear as "singing" and the "melody" differs by dialect.

There are even two standard ways of writing Norwegian, Bokmål and Nynorsk. Norwegians learn both at school. Bokmål is by far the more common form in most of the country, though Nynorsk is prevalent in Western Norway. The two varieties are very close and mostly mutually intelligible with the two other Scandinavian languages, Danish and Swedish. Written Norwegian is very similar to Danish, but pronunciation is quite different and speakers may have difficulty understanding each other. Spoken Norwegian and Swedish sound more similar, but the vocabulary differs notably. Norwegians usually understand spoken Swedish and written Danish well.

While Norwegian and English have a lot in common (such as basic, everyday words and syntax), in Norwegian words, nouns in particular, are compounded at will to create new words. In written Norwegian not even the hyphen is used. This system can just like in German produce very long nouns, or long names of places. New such words are created constantly and may never be included in a dictionary because they are too local or quickly disused.

Many of the younger retail and hospitality workers in Norway are Swedish, and make themselves understood in Swedish with a few Norwegian words added. This is similar to the Skandinavisk spoken by many at Nordic meetings, as they try to avoid idiosyncrasies of their own language and to use words that are similar across the languages.

Sami is a group of minority languages that has official status in some northern regions, completely different from Norwegian. Road signs and other public information there is provided in both Norwegian and Sami. Norwegian and Sami place names may differ – maps will typically use the Norwegian name. Sami is quite closely related to the Finnish language (not enough for comprehension, though), thus totally unrelated to Indo-European languages such as Norwegian or English (but there are quite a few loanwords).

Almost all Norwegians speak English and you should have no trouble getting around in English; 91% of the population can speak English, with most younger people having near native fluency, making Norway one of the most English proficient countries where English is not an official language.

Many people learn French, German and/or Spanish as well. As a Germanic language, Norwegian is also related to German and English. Many basic English words are similar to Norwegian, such as "brød" (bread), "dør" (door), "hus" (house) or "hund" (hound). In fact there is a large number of originally Norwegian (or Danish) words in English (as Vikings settled in and ruled big parts of the British Isles; cf the Danelaw). Words like "they", "husband", "knife", "steak", "sky" and "window" are of Norwegian origin. Norwegian and English syntax is also similar.

Foreign films and television programmes are generally shown in their original language with subtitles. Only children's programmes are dubbed into Norwegian.

Entry requirements

 * Still there is an identity check before boarding flights or boats into Norway.

Russians who live within 30km from the border may enter Norway visa-free for up to 15 days, provided they have been resident in the border area for at least 3 years, and do not travel more than 30km from the border. A border certificate, which is valid for multiple entries, must be obtained from the Norwegian consulate in Murmansk in advance.

Citizens of Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro*, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia*, Panama, Paraguay, San Marino, Singapore, South Korea, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, as well as holders of Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR passports are permitted to work in Norway without the need to obtain a visa or any further authorisation for the period of their 90 day visa-free stay. However, this ability to work visa-free does not necessarily extend to other Schengen countries.

Norway is not a member of the European Union. This means, especially if arriving by plane, that all persons entering Norway, regardless of point of origin, may be subject to customs controls at the port of entry. Information on duty-free allowances and regulations can be found on the Norwegian Customs website. Generally, this will also mean that those who are connecting from an international Schengen to a domestic flight will need to collect their baggage, go through customs, and send it to baggage drop even if it has been checked through. The exception will be if you purchased a through ticket (i.e. both flights are on the same ticket and departing on the same day), are connecting through Oslo Airport Gardermoen, and both flights are operated by SAS or Norwegian Air Shuttle.

While Svalbard has no border controls, most regular flights depart from Norway, so foreign visitors need to clear Norwegian immigration control.

Immigration control is done by the regular police. On the border with Russia the police is supported by an army battalion.

Oslo
Oslo Airport, Gardermoen is the biggest airport in Norway and the main international hub, at Gardermoen  north of Oslo. The airport is served by many major international and most domestic airlines. It is a secondary hub for flag carrier SAS Scandinavian Airlines. The airport has scheduled flights from around 100 destinations abroad and 24 domestic destinations in Norway.

From the United Kingdom there are direct services to Oslo Gardermoen from:
 * Aberdeen (Scandinavian Airlines)
 * Edinburgh (Norwegian Air Shuttle)
 * London Heathrow (Scandinavian Airlines and British Airways)
 * London Gatwick (Norwegian Air Shuttle)
 * London Luton (Wizz Air)
 * London Stansted (Ryanair)
 * Manchester Airport (Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle)

From Ireland:
 * Dublin (Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle)

From the United States:
 * Miami, FL (Scandinavian Airlines)
 * Newark Liberty Airport, NJ (Scandinavian Airlines)

From Australia and New Zealand, the quickest connection is via Bangkok, Doha or Dubai. Both Qatar Airways and Emirates fly daily from Doha and Dubai respectively, with connections from several destinations in Asia and Oceania.

Sandefjord
Sandefjord Airport, Torp is located just north of Sandefjord, 115 km to the south of Oslo.

Sandefjord Airport Torp has scheduled flights to various destinations in Europe and in Norway.

From the United Kingdom there are direct services from:
 * London-Stansted (Ryanair) (seasonal)
 * Manchester Airport (Ryanair)

Stavanger
Stavanger Airport, Sola has scheduled flights to/from London, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Berlin, Paris, Kraków, Madrid, Nice and some other European cities.

From the United Kingdom there are direct flights from:
 * London Heathrow (Scandinavian Airlines, British Airways)
 * London Gatwick (Norwegian Air Shuttle)
 * Newcastle (Loganair)
 * Aberbeen (Scandinavian Airlines, Widerøe)

Bergen
Bergen Airport, Flesland has scheduled flights to/from major European cities as London, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Stockholm, Prague, Warsaw and other cities.

Apart from to previously mentioned airports there are domestic flights to Trondheim and Tromsø.

From the United Kingdom there are direct flights from:
 * Aberdeen (Widerøe)
 * London Gatwick (Norwegian)
 * Edinburgh (Loganair) (seasonal)
 * Glasgow (Loganair) (seasonal)
 * Inverness (Loganair) (seasonal)
 * Kirkwall (Loganair) (seasonal)
 * Sumburgh (Bergen Air Transport) (Loganair) (seasonal)

Kristiansand
Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik has direct flights to/from major European cities, notably Amsterdam, London and Copenhagen.

From the United Kingdom there are direct flights from:

 * London Stansted (Widerøe)

Trondheim
Trondheim Airport, Værnes can be reached by direct flights from several European cities, notably Amsterdam, London and Copenhagen.

From the United Kingdom there are direct flights from:
 * London Gatwick (Norwegian Air Shuttle).

Tromsø
Tromsø Airport has direct flights from London, Frankfurt, Munich and Helsinki.

By train
There are trains from Sweden to Oslo, Trondheim and Narvik, with onwards inland connections. There are no railways across the border from Finland and Russia.

For Oslo, daily service from Stockholm and Gothenburg. There are local services from Karlstad as well.

For Trondheim, the Nabotåget service from Östersund corresponds with one day and one night service from Stockholm, as well as the train from Sundsvall.

For Narvik, two trains run daily from Stockholm via Kiruna. Both are overnight.

Train schedules can be found on the website of the Norwegian State Railways and the Swedish Railways.

By bus
Several international bus lines run into Oslo from Sweden, the major operators being Flixbus, Swebus Express and Säfflebussen. Service to Gothenburg and Copenhagen is almost hourly. The service to Stockholm is also far more frequent than the train. Lavprisekspressen has cheap bus tickets between the large cities in Norway, Denmark and Sweden.

The minibus service between Kirkenes and Murmansk run once per day. Contact Pasvikturist in Kirkenes for booking.

Other coach lines exist between Sweden and Bodø and Mo i Rana, as well as between Denmark and Stavanger.

From Finland it is possible to travel by Eskelisen Lapin Linjat from Oulu and Rovaniemi to Tromsø, Skibotn, Tana, Vadsø, Karasjok, Lakselv and Nordkapp.

By car

It is possible to enter by road from Sweden, Finland, or Russia. The border with Sweden is 1,600 km (one of the longest in Europe) and the Finnish border is more than 700 km long. The border mostly runs through the wilderness and unpopulated or sparsely populated areas, particularly in the north. Road E6 runs along the border with Finland for some 200 km in Finnmark. There are about 80 border crossing points, but many of the crossings from Sweden are local roads not relevant to travellers. There are a number of possible routes, but road standards vary, there are few motorways and speed limits are low (generally 80 km/h). Most visitors by road will arrive in the Østfold lowlands, from where motorways continue towards Oslo. There is a single border crossing from Russia.

Major roads from Sweden and Finland to Norway include
 * European route E6 which runs through Malmö, Helsingborg and Göteborg in Sweden before crossing the border at Svinesund in the south-east of Norway.
 * E18 crossing at Ørje (Norway) and Töcksfors (Sweden). E18 connects Helsinki and Oslo via Turku, an 11-hr day or night ferry, Stockholm and Karlstad.
 * Road 61 (Sweden) and road 2 (Norway) crossing between Charlottenberg and Magnor.
 * E16 crossing between Kongsvinger (Norway) and Torsby (Sweden). E16 is the east-west main road Gävle–Kongsvinger–Oslo airport–Hønefoss–Bergen. Trucks are not allowed to cross at this point.
 * Road 25 at Trysil (road 66 in Sälen, Sweden). Roads 25/72 also leading to Trysil is an alternative.
 * Road 31 to Røros via road 84 through uplands in Härjedalen
 * E14 (at Storlien) from Åre to Stjørdalshalsen in Trøndelag (parallel to the railway).
 * E12 from Helsinki via Vaasa and Umeå to Mo i Rana through the uplands and among high mountains (from Vaasa: Blue Highway, 4-hr ferry to Sweden).
 * E10 via Kiruna to Narvik through Bjørnfjell mountain pass (parallel to the iron ore railway).
 * E8 runs from Turku via Vaasa and Oulu in Finland before crossing the border at Kilpisjärvi.

From Denmark and Germany:
 * Ferries from Denmark and Kiel (Germany) also takes cars (see boat section), and is a way to avoid long transport legs.

From Russia (most people need a visa to cross; this a Schengen-area border crossing):
 * European route 105 (E105) enters from Russia at Storskog border crossing 15 km east of Kirkenes. This is the only overland crossing between Norway and Russia. Crossing by vehicle (also bike) only, no pedestrians (as of 2015).
 * The Blue Highway connects Petrozavodsk with Mo i Rana in Nordland, via Jyväskylä and Vaasa in Finland and a 4-hr ferry to Umeå in Sweden. From the Saint Petersburg region you can use A127 and the border crossing at Nuijamaa/Brusnichnoye near Lappeenranta and drive national road 13 to Jyväskylä, to then continue along the Blue Highway.
 * From Saint Petersburg and Vyborg to Oslo, use M10/E18 and the Vaalimaa/Torfyanovka border crossing near Hamina and drive via Helsinki, Turku and Stockholm. This is the most straight-forward route, with most of it motorway or comparable roads. 11 hr ferry crossing to Sweden (day or night – or a 16 hr overnight cruise from Helsinki).

From Belgium
DFDS operates a cargo line from Ghent to Brevik with limited passenger capacity which is normally for truck drivers. There are departures once or twice a week.The ferry may be scheduled to arrive at Brevik in the middle of the night.

From Germany

Color Line runs a daily ferry from Kiel to Oslo. The ferry leaves Kiel at 13:30 and arrives in Oslo at 09:30, the following day. The ferry terminal in Kiel is on Norwegenkai, which is a short walk across the bridge from Kiel's main railway station (the bridge may at times be closed for pedestrians due to ship traffic). At the Oslo end of the journey, the terminal is located at Hjortneskai, which is just west of the city. There is a bus from the terminal to the city centre, which departs shortly after passengers disembark.

From Denmark
Several companies run from various harbours in Denmark (Frederikshavn, Hirtshals, Copenhagen) to various Norwegian harbours (Oslo, Larvik, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Bergen).

 * Color Line traffic from Hirtshals to Kristiansand and Larvik.
 * Fjord Line  traffic from Hirtshals to Langesund, Stavanger and Bergen (Seasonal to Kristiansand).
 * DFDS Seaways traffic from Copenhagen to Oslo.

From the United Kingdom
There are no ferry routes from the UK from Norway any more, although DFDS Seaways have been to known to allow passengers on their freight service from Immingham to Brevik.

Thomson Cruise ships operate from Harwich and visit Flåm, Bergen, Molde, Hammerfest, Nordkapp, Tromsø, Lofoten Islands, Geiranger and Ålesund in Norway. The duration of the cruise varies from 5 days up to 2 weeks. Sailing time from Harwich to south Norway is 1.5 days.

The cruise ship has restaurants, bars, casinos, cinemas and also a stage show to keep you entertained during the journey. Various classes of cabins are available, ranging from shared rooms to singles, doubles and luxury suites.

From Faroe Islands and Iceland
Smyril Line used to operate a once-weekly service to Bergen. This service now only operates Denmark-Faroe Islands-Iceland.

Get around

Norway is a large country with some very difficult terrain so getting around, particularly up north, is expensive and time-consuming. Because of difficult terrain in large parts of the country, navigation is largely related to landscape features such as valleys, lakes, fjords and islands rather than to towns. Norway is sparsely populated compared to continental Europe; visitors should not expect that every name on the map is served by frequent public transport or offers commercial services such as taxi, cafés and hotels – it may not be a town or settlement at all. The best way to see the Norwegian wilderness and countryside is by having access to your own vehicle. This way you can stop wherever you want, admire the view and venture onto smaller roads. Hiking and cycling allow you to experience more of the landscape as you pass through it and as parking spaces in popular nature spots are deliberately kept sparse, in many places it may be better not to be tied to a car.

Long distance train travel is done with Vy, SJ Nord or GoAhead Nordic. A number of long-distance bus companies also operate. Each region in Norway has its own local public transportation company. For public transportation (trains, buses and ferries), use the online travel planner Entur. Vy app helps to find bus, train and taxi rides and to book tickets for them.

By plane
As Norway's craggy coastline and mountainous terrain slow down overland traffic, domestic flights are a convenient option. Norway has a network of small, short-runway airports designed for small aircraft and modest traffic, notably in Northern Norway but also in parts of Western Norway. Particularly in northern Norway where cities are few and farther between, these small airports are important alternatives to road or boat transport. Unfortunately, it is also in these areas where tickets can be the most expensive. Planes between the small airports are small, and they generally have several intermediate stops along the route to embark and disembark passengers. The high income and slow overland connections combine to make some domestic Norwegian flights among the busiest in Europe. For instance, in 2018 more than two million passengers flew between Oslo and Trondheim and between Oslo and Bergen – more than flew between Berlin and Munich or Madrid and Mallorca.

Flights in southern Norway are cheaper than in northern Norway, and even though this area has better roads and rail, planes are generally faster than taking the train or bus. There are however no air routes between the cities within 200 km from Oslo, use the train or bus for this kind of travel.

The largest operators are SAS, Norwegian and Widerøe. Wizz Air has challenged the incumbents in 2020 and can sometimes offer a cheap option.

If you plan to fly to the many smaller towns in Northern or Western Norway you should consider Widerøe's Explore Norway ticket (unlimited air travel for 14 days in summer for less than a full price return ticket).

Main airports accepting all aircraft:
 * Oslo airport (Gardermoen)
 * Sandefjord (Torp)
 * Kristiansand
 * Stavanger
 * Bergen
 * Haugesund
 * Ålesund
 * Trondheim
 * Bodø
 * Evenes (Narvik/Harstad)
 * Tromsø
 * Alta

By train
(Note: this is very outdated…)

The Norwegian Railways (NSB) has been split up into several companies. Which company to choose, depends on where you are going.. These main lines run several times a day:

VY:

SJ Nord: Go Ahead Nordic: Trains are generally well-maintained and comfortable.
 * Oslo–Skien (serving coastal towns southwest of Oslo)
 * Oslo–Bergen (Bergensbanen - Bergen line, across the mountains via Finse, connections to Flåm)
 * Oslo–Sarpsborg–Halden
 * Oslo–Trondheim (Dovrebanen, through Lillehammer, connections to Åndalsnes at Dombås)
 * Hamar–Røros–Trondheim (Røros line)
 * Trondheim–Bodø (Nordlandsbanen - Nordland line, through Trondheim airport, connections to Sweden), Norway’s longest, crosses the arctic circle
 * Oslo–Kristiansand–Stavanger (Sørlandsbanen, runs inland from Drammen to Kristiansand, connections to Arendal; runs at some distance from the coast Kristiansand-Egersund)

You can buy a Norwegian Rail Pass or the equivalent InterRail One Country Pass to travel relatively cheaply by train through Norway. If your itinerary is fixed and you don't have too many destinations, it might be cheaper to buy 'Minipris' tickets online. If you book well in advance, you can get one-way tickets for as little as 199 kr. When buying online, you can choose ticket delivery at the station or at the train, the latter means you only need to know your seat number, the train steward has your ticket. Their website sometimes does not work for people outside of Norway. In that case you can call their call centre, but be sure to mention that you tried on the website first. Phone reservations normally incur a 50-kr fee per train ticket bought. Vy has a phone app for buying tickets, but as of 2016, a Norwegian cell phone number is needed for it.

For long-distance trains and night trains, seat reservation is mandatory, but usually can be done on short notice, e.g., at a train station, since the trains are rarely fully booked. Generally, the trains are most crowded at the beginning and end of the weekend, i.e. Friday and Sunday evening. Shortly before and at the end of major holidays like Christmas/New Year and Easter, trains are usually very busy. If you try booking for these days at a late time, you may find all the cheap tickets sold out. Furthermore, the seat you reserve may be among the least desirable, that is, facing backwards, without recline, and facing towards and sharing the legroom with other passengers.

Night trains operate from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand, Bergen, Trondheim and Bodø. With a regular ticket, you will get an ordinary seat, blanket and earplugs. Sleeping compartments are available for an extra of 1000 kr. If you choose to order sleeping compartment, you pay for the compartment, not the bed: 2 people, same price. This also means that you will never have a stranger in your compartment.

For 200-500 kr you can upgrade any regular train ticket to Komfort/Premium/Plus, while not first class, it means a little more room for your legs, free coffee, papers and a power socket. Usually the coach is either the first or the last coach in the train, resulting in much less through traffic and a quieter environment.

The regular night train seats have a power plug, too. In some trains there is even free Internet access via Wi-Fi; one just needs to register (giving any 8-digit number as 'phone number').

Unlike much of Continental Europe, Norway does not have a high speed rail system, except for the route between Oslo and its airport. Attempts at implementing high speed trains are underway, but have failed so far. Therefore, a journey between the two largest cities, Bergen and Oslo, takes as much as six and a half to seven and a half hours.

In eastern Norway, where cities are closer together, there are several people who make a daily commute, and hence many of these cities have more frequent train service with hourly departures much of the day. This includes the cities in the counties of Østfold, Vestfold, Gjøvik, Hamar and Lillehammer. In general, these trains do not have seating reservations available, but it is still possible to upgrade to NSB Komfort.

If you get even closer to Oslo, there are local trains which may have departures as often as every 30 minutes. Local trains never have seating reservations, nor do they have a first class section. Local trains also operate between Bergen and Voss (sometimes to Myrdal), Stavanger and Egersund and around Trondheim.

By boat

Car ferries are an integral part of the road network in coastal and fjord regions. The road in principle continues onto the ferry such that for instance Fodnes-Mannheller ferry is part of national route 5. Prices and time vary with the length of the crossing and amount of traffic, call 177 for more information or check nearby camping sites for information booklets and timetables. Prices on public roads ferries are set by the Department of roads. Small cars (as of 2018) are up 6.0 meters, longer vehicles must pay a considerably higher price and this often affects campervans.

Ferries often have information about other ferries in the region and other ferries along the same road. On the main roads ferries are frequent during daytime, typically every half hour. Reservations are usually not needed, drive to the ferry quay and wait in line until the ferry docks. Car ferries also take foot passengers. On main roads tourists typically do not have to worry about timetables as there are frequent departures. Most ferries do not run after midnight or they run only every second hour on main crossings. Norwegians refer to car ferries as "ferje" or "ferge". Vessels that only take foot passengers are referred to as "båt" (boat). To avoid confusion, visitors should use the term ferry only for car ferries.

Stretches with lots of ferries are desirable when bicycling, as the ferries are cheap for bicyclists and offer an often well-deserved break with a great view. Except for some of the shortest crossings (10 min), ferries typically have cafeterias serving coffee, cold beverages, sandwiches and some hot food. Due to numerous deep fjords and islands, driving in West Norway and Northern Norway as a rule (with few exceptions) involves ferries. Although car ferries are very reliable and operate with spare capacity, tourists should allow plenty of time on stretches including ferries. Ferries on unusually long crossings (several hours) or ferries crossing open stretches of sea are more frequently delayed or cancelled.

In regions with lots of fjords and islands, particularly along all the coast from Stavanger to Tromsø, an extensive network of catamaran express passenger boats ("hurtigbåt") shuttle between towns and cities, and connect islands otherwise accessible only with difficulty. There is no general network of boats connecting every village along fjords and coast, transfer by bus or car to nearest port may be needed. These vessels are also not called ferries. Service and prices are comparable with trains. Check in advance if you want to bring a bicycle. There are also some passengers in the inner part of Oslofjord.

One option particularly popular with tourists is the Hurtigruten coastal steamers that hop along the coastline from Bergen all the way to Kirkenes, taking five and a half days for the whole journey. Cabins are expensive and mandatory for multi-day journeys, but deck fares are more reasonable and there's even a 50% off discount with Inter Rail. Prices are summed up for all chargeable elements like persons, fuel charge (approx. 1/30 of a person), bike (approx. 1/20 of a person), car, cabin (approx. 125% of a person). Reservations are recommended for cabins and cars; on deck is usually enough space for persons and bikes.

Lakes do in general not have public transport by boat, here are however a handful of important exceptions. There is one car ferry crossing the very long Randsfjorden lake. Skibladner, a 150-year-old steam boat, allows tourists to cross lake Mjøsa (at Gjøvik and Hamar) the old way. Some other lakes maintain boat service for foot passengers for sightseeing or to access wilderness. Telemark canal, Norway's only major canal, takes visitors from the coast and deep inland along charming lakes and impressive locks through the rugged terrain. Halden canal is Norway's other proper canal and shorter than Telemark's. Except for the two canals Norway's rivers are in general not used for transport.

By bus
An extensive range of express buses connect cities all over Norway and even most national parks. NOR-WAY Bussekspress and Boreal Transport are the biggest operators. Nettbuss also runs some express routes.

Lavprisekspressen offer cheap tickets for Oslo—Trondheim (via Røros and via the Dovre mountain range), Oslo—Kristiansand—Stavanger and back. If you're lucky, you can get a ticket for as little as 49kr, but usually the tickets go from 199kr to 299kr. The double decker buses are clean and modern with free Wi-Fi internet, coffee and tea.

FlixBus operates route Oslo—Kristiansand—Stavanger.

Bus schedules and frequencies vary greatly, and seating may be limited, so plan ahead. For more information check each operator's website or try the extensive connection search en-tur.no – available in English and Norwegian. Some mountain passes are closed all winter, and buses covering these typically run May—September only.

In the north of Norway north of Trondheim, there are no private express buses. Instead the provinces organise also long-distance buses, which also stop at local stops, having sparse schedules. There is no bus Trondheim–Bodø, instead the stretch is served by train (Nordlandsbanen line). There are for example comfortable buses Bodø–Narvik, Narvik–Tromsø, Tromsø–Alta and Alta-Kirkenes (they are daytime buses and accommodation is needed at Narvik, Tromsø and Alta if going all that way).

By taxi
Travelling with cab in Norway can be very expensive, and in most cities it is not necessary as bus, tram and train (or even walking) are easier. Taxis are generally safe as long as you choose a licensed taxi (with a white taxi sign on the roof). In villages there may be no or only one taxi car, so visitors should be prepared to book in advance.
 * In some cities, like Oslo, Trondheim and Kristiansand are several local taxi companies.
 * In some cities, like Oslo, Trondheim and Kristiansand are several local taxi companies.
 * In some cities, like Oslo, Trondheim and Kristiansand are several local taxi companies.
 * In some cities, like Oslo, Trondheim and Kristiansand are several local taxi companies.
 * In some cities, like Oslo, Trondheim and Kristiansand are several local taxi companies.

By car or motorcycle

Norway has right-hand traffic, like the rest of mainland Europe. Norwegian roads have varying quality, but all public roads have asphalt. Most roads are two-lane undivided, there is a limited motorway network around Oslo. General speed limit is 80 km/h and speed is often slower due to road conditions. Driving in winter requires special equipment, snow and ice experience is highly recommended prior to a winter trip. Some of the scenic mountain passes, notably at Geiranger, Trollstigen and Nordkapp (North Cape), are closed during winter.

Due to the rugged terrain, there are a lot of tunnels. Generally the tunnel will charge a toll until its construction costs are deemed to have been "paid off" after which the tunnel will be free. Due to Norway's high income and their experience in tunnel building, tunnels are even built where they would be deemed too marginal or difficult in other countries - the longest and deepest road tunnel is under construction in Norway.

Driving is generally easy as traffic is calm, and most drivers are disciplined and law abiding, although moderate speeding is common on highways. However, some city centres (such as Bergen and Oslo) may be confusing to navigate for the first time visitor due to many one-way streets. Traffic is generally light except for city centres and a handful of stretches on main roads (notably E18 near Oslo). Near or inside Oslo the E18, E6 and ring roads can get congested during morning and afternoon rush, as well as during weekend rush (Friday afternoon) out of Oslo. Gas is expensive, starting at around 16.50 kr per litre (July 2018). Manual transmission has long been regarded as standard in Norway and is still found in most private cars, but (as of 2020) almost all new cars are electric/hybrid or have automatic transmission. Renting a car is very expensive, but can be essential for easy access to some of the more rural areas, although most areas have a good reliable bus service.

Some rules:
 * Headlights are mandatory even during daylight.
 * Off-roading is generally forbidden. Motor vehicles must stay on public roads.
 * Don't drink and drive. Your blood alcohol concentration must not exceed 0.2 ‰ (or 0.02 %).
 * Rules are strictly enforced, particularly regarding alcohol, speed and overtaking.

By bicycle
While the bicycle seat may be one of the best ways to experience the landscapes of Norway, it can be a gruelling experience for those who are unfit. There are few bicycle paths, and most of the time cyclists have to share narrow roads with heavy transport. Attitudes to cyclists vary. While some drivers show respect, slowing down and giving cyclists a wide berth, others show hostility, driving far too close and at far too high a speed, when passing. Cycling, as a sport, is becoming increasingly popular in Norway, especially since the success of Norwegian cyclists like Thor Hushovd. Attitudes to bicycle tourists vary, but in general are positive. Hostels and camping sites are generally a good place to meet people with similar interests. Norwegians themselves prefer to ride on well equipped, often expensive, bicycles. Good bicycle shops can be found in most cities.

You will find quite a number of travel diaries online. Only few designated cycle paths exist, mostly in the big cities, and they are not fully interconnected. Except for densely populated areas, they can mostly be ignored. While speed limits are relatively low and the vast majority of drivers are responsible and patient, Norway also has its share of speeders and road hogs. At places where a highway is built, the old road is often re-designated as a cycle route.

It is important for cyclists to be seen. The use of highly reflective safety vests, along with flashing lights on the bicycle, is encouraged to help prevent accidents.

In most of Norway, cycling can be physically challenging, due to steep climbs and strong winds. Your equipment should be lightweight and aerodynamic. You will need a wide range of gears: a ratio of 39-27 for a strong cyclist without luggage or even 22-32 for a normal cyclist with luggage is necessary on many slopes. Your brakes should be of high quality and you'll need spare brake pads when doing a trip of more than a few days. Lights are necessary because of the many tunnels. Because of the winds, it is advisable to avoid wide panniers and loose fitting clothes. A lightweight recumbent should be considered as a serious option for those experienced with this type of bicycle, especially when cycling south to north.

The roads are generally paved well, although gravel roads are sometimes unavoidable. As long as you do not go off-road, you will not need suspension or grooved tyres.

Because of the long distances and numerous hills, bicycle tourists are advised to plan well and be prepared to use public transport for the less interesting or difficult stretches. Particularly in western and northern Norway, passenger boats (including longer tourist ferries) can sometimes be used to avoid tunnels, mountain passes or less interesting stretches.

Ferries take bikes for free or a minimal charge. On trains you have to pay a fare. Some buses do not allow bikes, but in all other cases will only be transported if there is enough space (no fare or children's fare). The Norwegian Cyclist Association offers information.

It is legal in Norway (and Finland and Sweden) to put up a tent anywhere for one night. This must not be too near someone's home, or on other unsuitable places. This is particularly suitable for bicyclists, who can roll the bike into the forest at a suitable place. It is more troublesome for car drivers to do this, as it is hard to find a good parking place near a suitable tent place (car parking is not permitted on private roads, e.g. in the forest).

Tunnels
Special attention should be given to tunnels, as many of them are forbidden for cyclists, as are a few roads. Some long and narrow tunnels are not recommended for bikes, even if allowed. An online map of tunnels can be found. The tourist information also has a map of those forbidden routes. When renting a bike, you can consult the person who rents you the bike concerning the track you want to take. In many cases, signposts indicate the route for cyclists and pedestrians around forbidden roads or tunnels. Some of the high speed tunnels have bus stops a short distance from the entrance where you can board special buses equipped with bike racks to transport you through the tunnel. On main roads, buses usually run frequently. Some sub-sea tunnels are in addition really steep. If you do enter a tunnel on bike, use lights and safety reflectors (such as reflector jackets or vests). Norwegian drivers do not slow down in tunnels.

Warning: Do not underestimate the number and length of tunnels, particularly in western Norway. Norway's roads have well over 1,000 tunnels. On the E16 between Bergen and Lærdal for instance, 30–50% of the road is in tunnel. Frequently, tunnels replace an older road that remains open for bicycles and pedestrians in summer or for local traffic all year. Ask locals or read the map carefully to find your way.

By thumb
Hitchhiking in Norway is best on the routes from Oslo-Trondheim (E6), Oslo-Kristiansand (E18) and Kristiansand-Stavanger (E39). However, near the cities these are now motorways and it is not possible to stand at the road itself. Hitchhiking is not that common in Norway. If hitchhiking is ever safe, it is pretty safe in Norway, however it is difficult to get a lift and it may be very slow.

When waiting, make sure to stand in a place where the vehicles can see you and have a safe opportunity to stop. Ferry docks and main fuel stations are good places to try. Stretches with low speed limits (50–60km/h) are generally better than high speed roads, as drivers find it less cumbersome to make a halt there. Drivers of heavy trucks in particular prefer to keep a steady speed. Roadside cafeterias where truckers have a break can be good place to ask for a lift.

Good hitchhiking spots from major cities are:-

Oslo to:
 * Bergen and the mountains- if you're daring, try Oksenøyveien (see Kristiansand), but be aware that most cars continue southwards to Drammen. Rather catch the Timekspressen bus, direction Hønefoss, to Sollihøgda.
 * Trondheim and the north- is getting more difficult as motorway development continues. The best bet inside Oslo is bus stop Ulvenkrysset. Get the metro to Helsfyr, then bus 76, 401 or 411 for one stop. Further outside, to avoid the local traffic, you are best off at the Shell gas station at Skedsmovollen, bus 845 and 848 from Lillestrøm train station.
 * Kristiansand and the south: Few spots beat the bus stop Oksenøyveien, connected by bus 151, 251 and 252. You may be dropped in Sandvika by cars heading towards Hønefoss and the mountains/Bergen. Carry a sign.
 * Sweden along E6: Highway all the way, except close to the centre. Try the bus stop Nedre Bekkelaget, bus 81 and 83.
 * Sweden along E18: You may try Nedre Bekkelaget, but as most traffic continue towards Strömstad and Gothenburg, you should rather catch the Timekspressen bus 9 to Østensjø stop, just after the Holstad roundabout.

Bergen to:
 * Oslo - Get local train to Arna and try near the entrance to Arnanipa tunnel.
 * Northwards - Go by bus to Vågsbotn in Arna, and try hithing a ride close to the Hjelle bakery.
 * Southwards - Get the light rail to Nesttun, then nearly any bus for three stops to Skjoldskiftet. Hitch southwards along E39.

Trondheim to Oslo - Get bus 46 to the shopping centre City Syd, then go under the E6 and try your luck at City Syd E6 stop. Soon, the city tax on buses will be extended past the Klett roundabout, if this is in effect you should go to the bus stop just after the roundabout at any Melhus-bound bus and try your luck there.

Molde/Ålesund - Get any Orkanger bus to the stop just after Klett roundabout. Soon, Trondheim city tax will extend to Børsa, after which you should stay on the bus for as long as you can, and hitch a ride from there.
 * Northwards - Get city bus 7 or 66 to Travbanen stop.
 * Sweden - To be sure to hitch only on cars going towards Sweden, get a train or bus to Stjørdal and hitch on the E14.

Looking polite and friendly is a good trick. Asking cars in line at a ferry quay (if travelling along the coast) is a very good idea, and may bring you very far. Hitching rides from Molde all the way to Bergen are not unheard of, but don't bet on it. In general though, you can really get to anywhere from anywhere by thumb, just in some places it might take a while.

See
Norway has plenty of rural attractions - mountains, fjords, islands, glaciers, waterfalls, forests and small villages. Norway's natural and cultural sights often coincide, such as an impressive mountain road within great scenery or the ancient stave churches located in the most serene landscape.

Natural
Norway has an abundance of water in all forms: glaciers, snow, fjords, rivers, waterfalls and lakes. Other attractions worth a visit are the northernmost point of Europe at Nordkapp, the islands of Lofoten, the glacier of Jostedalsbreen and the mountains of Jotunheimen. Nordkapp is on an island but connected by road to the actual mainland. Kinnarodden at 71° 8′ 2.04″ near Mehamn is the northernmost point on the European continent (islands not included).

Lakes
Norway has countless lakes and even inside Oslo there are several hundred. Hornindalsvatnet lake near Stryn and Hellesylt is the deepest lake in Europe at 514 meters, if the lake was completely drained rivers would need 20 years to fill it. Hornindalsvatnet is also unusually clear largely because it unlike many other lakes does not receive glacial meltwater with a characteristic milky turquoise color. Lake Mjøsa, Norway's largest, is the second deepest in Europe. The largest lakes are found in the lowlands of East Norway. Sogn og Fjordane and Telemark have a large number of pretty fjord-like lakes. There are also many lakes around Jotunheimen and other uplands.

Waterfalls
Norway has an abundance of waterfalls, in all sizes and shapes. Norway is home to a notable number of the world's tallest waterfalls, particularly in the central mountains and Western Norway. The tallest waterfalls are in the inner parts of Western Norway where the great fjords intersect with the central mountains. Sunndal, Romsdal, Geirangerfjord, Stryn, Lysefjorden (Ryfylke district), Byrkjelo, Sognefjord area (Flåm, Gudvangen, Lærdal, Skjolden) and Hardanger are areas with a large number of tall and easily accessible waterfalls. The more powerfall waterfalls are usually lower and found along major rivers in the big valleys for instance in Gudbrandsdalen, Valdres, inner Troms or Telemark. Many waterfalls are surprisingly accessible as they are often found close to main roads or railways, some plunge directly into the great fjords close to ferries and cruise ships.

Fjords
Norway's famous fjords are found throughout the country and are not limited to a particular region or location. All major cities sit on the shores of a fjord. While the most picturesque fjords are less populated, most are easily accessible by road. The fjords increases Norway's coastline from a modest 3000km to 30,000km, islands add another 70,000km - in total creating the most complex coastline in the world. Norwegian fjords have twice been rated the best destination in the world by National Geographic Traveler.

There are well over 1,000 distinct (named) fjords in Norway. The vast Sognefjord is some 200km to the far end and includes a number of arms each about the size of the famous Milford Sound in New Zealand. Some fjords are very narrow, such as Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord, others are wide like bays or enclosed oceans, such as Boknafjord or Trondheimsfjord. In most parts of Norway fjords are the dominant landscape features, traditional districts are often identified by proximity to a major fjord and the district or region often have the same name as the dominant fjord. For instance Sogn is the area surrounding Sognefjord. Fjords are often so deep and/or wide (particularly in western Norway) that they can only be crossed by ferry (a few daring bridges or tunnels have been built). Today fjords remain as obstacles for roads and railways, only cruise passengers experience travel along these vast corridors.

In large parts of Norway there is in fact very little continuous land, instead a wide tangle of islands and peninsulas. These peninsulas are often connected to the actual mainland by (narrow) isthmuses. Such isthmuses are shortcuts between fjords and have always been important transport corridors. Still today main roads often run across these such isthmuses. In many cases such isthmuses sits between a saltwater fjord and a freshwater lake (in effect an extension of the lake), for instance at Nordfjordeid ("Nordfjord isthmus") sits between Nordfjord and Hornindal lake.

 * Fjord regions
 * Western Fjords: The most dramatic and famous fjords are largely in West Norway, approximately from Stavanger to Molde. Although the western fjords vary slightly in appearance they are generally relatively narrow, surrounded by steep rock faces, tall mountains and extremely deep (particularly the middle and innermost parts). These typical features of western fjords are most pronounced at the easternmost part where fjords intersect with the highest mountains (such as Jotunheimen). Melt water from glaciers flow into major fjords such as Sognefjorden. The fjords of western Norway (represented by fjords of Geiranger and Nærøy) is a UNESCO world heritage site
 * Nordland and Troms: These counties are also home to wild landscapes with alpine summits, islands and impressive fjords. The narrow strait into Skjerstadfjorden at Bodø creates the world's strongest tidal current, the Saltstraumen.
 * Middle Norway: The fjords of Trøndelag, notably the large Trondheimsfjord, are less dramatic but still dominates the landscape. The Trondheimsfjord runs from the large Hitra island to the interior town of Steinkjer. The central part of this fjord is like a small enclosed ocean.
 * East Norway: The fjords in the wider Oslo region, primarily Oslofjord, are also key to the geography of these lowlands and flatlands, similar to the Trondheimsfjord. The Drammensfjord is an important arm of the great Oslofjord. There are no saltwater fjords in the interior of East Norway, but there are countless lakes many of which resemble western fjords and are in fact called "fjord", for instance the long narrow Randsfjorden is a lake.
 * South Norway has some scattered fjords, but smallish compared to the wild fjords of the west and the wide Trondheimsfjord.
 * The fjords of eastern Finnmark are far less dramatic but these long and wide fjords dominate the landscape.

Many freshwater lakes in the interior are called fjords, for instance Randsfjorden and Tyrifjorden, even lake Mjøsa is called "the fjord" by locals. These lakes are very similar to saltwater fjords with a typical elongated shape and also mostly deep. Mjøsa for instance is 450 meters deep such that most of the lake is in fact below sea level even if water surface is 120 meters. Several lakes in Western Norway are in fact extensions of the main fjord and some were in the geological prehistory part of the saltwater fjord itself. For instance the surface of the very deep Hornindal lake is only 50m above sea-level and separated from Nordfjord by a low isthmus. These western lakes are often so similar to the fjord that only the lack of salt reveals that it is indeed a lake.
 * Fjord-lakes

Uplands and mountains
Norway is one of the most mountainous countries of Europe, while not as high as the central European Alps many mountain areas are very alpine despite modest altitude. Mountains and high plateaus dominate most of the land. Some of Norway's wildest and most alpine mountains are on islands or along the coast. The wildest summits are in areas like Lofoten, Vesterålen, Lyngen, Jotunheimen and Sunnmøre-Romsdal-alps.

Northern lights and midnight sun
If you want to see the northern lights, CNN has Tromsø on top of its list of best places to see it. Tromsø should also be visited during summer to see the midnight sun. Of course both can be enjoyed anywhere in the northern parts of the country. Northern lights is most frequent roughly north of arctic circle (from Bodø and further north). Because the midnight sun occurs in the same area, these phenomena can not be experienced at the same time. As northern lights otherwise is not restricted to a specific location, a dark night and clear sky are the only prerequisites. Clear sky correlates with cold weather, so visitors should be well-dressed, particularly November to March. Midnight sun and, more importantly, 24-hour daylight occur around midsummer north of the arctic circle - the further north, the longer the midnight sun season. At midwinter there is a corresponding period when sun is below the horizon and there is no real daylight (so called polar night).

Wildlife
Norway has an abundance of birds particularly along the coast. Some bird cliffs with millions nesting birds are protected as natural reserves. The sea fisheries are very rich although a limited number of species and dominated by cod. Sea mammals such as killer whales, harbour porpoise and seals are seen along the coast or in fjords occasionally or during particular seasons. There are tree major kind of big game: The elk («elg», «king of the forest»; Am: moose), red deer and reindeer. The elk is often seen along roads at dusk and dawn in the forest regions of East Norway and Trøndelag. The red deer exist in large numbers in Western Norway and can also be seen in meadows along roads, particularly in spring and autumn. The wild reindeer mostly roam the barren high plateaus and mountains (from Agder through Jotunheimen and Dovre to Røros), and are rarely seen by coincidence. Reindeer live in big herds (at Hardangervidda about 10,000 animals) and should not be disturbed. Particularly in Northern Norway there are large numbers of domesticated reindeer.

Cultural
While most people don't pick Norway because they'd like to walk around in cities with museums, monuments, parks streetside cafés or luxurious restaurants, in Oslo and some other cities that's also an option. Just getting around in Norway by car, boat, train, bike or foot usually rewards you with great views. Norway is one of the Nordic monarchies. UNESCO world heritage sites of the country are:
 * The rock paintings of Alta, dated to 4200 BC
 * The Vega archipelago
 * Urnes stave church in Luster
 * The mining town of Røros
 * Bergen's waterfront, Bryggen
 * Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site

While Norway's cultural heritage is most pronounced in rural areas, Norway's cities also offer interesting cultural sights, old or new. Cities like Bergen, Ålesund, Kongsberg, Røros, Trondheim and others are interesting because of architecture and history. Norway's cities also offer fascinating, bold modern architecture, most notable in the capital Oslo with landmark buildings such as the new Opera house and the University library, as well as the controversial skyline downtown. There are only three preserved Norwegian medieval cathedrals: Nidaros (Trondheim) and Stavanger, the third is St. Magnus cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney Islands. Norway is the only country in Europe with a notable number of preserved wooden buildings from the middle ages. There are more than 100 log built houses from before the black plague, mostly in Telemark. The 30 surviving stave churches are also a unique cultural heritage. The hardanger fiddle (hardingfele) is a characteristic instrument from Norway. This idiosyncratic violin has four or five sympatheic or resonance strings beneath the standard four strings, and made from thin, delicate and decorated wood. The haunting, powerful sound is used to create traditional folk music: dance music as well as "listening music". The oldest hardanger fiddles are from the 17th centuries and one from 1650 is held at Bergen museum. Edvard Grieg and other modern composers incorporated folk music for the hardanger fiddle in their own music.

The Sami people maintain their own musical tradition, notably the joik (or yoik) a characteristic form of singing. The Sami also used a ceremonial drum. Contemporary artists such as Mari Boine and Jan Garbarek have developed or incorporated Sami music in their own compositions.

Churches
Outside main cities there are few if any monumental buildings except the local church. Norway hardly had any aristocracy that built palaces or imposing manors. Rural areas is dominated by wooden buildings, including most churches. From the middle ages about 30 idiosyncratic stave churches survived (from perhaps 1000), and some 100 stone churches. Most churches built after the Protestant Reformation are basic wooden "long" churches (rectangular shape), but there is also a number of other shapes such as the characterisic cruciform (cross shape) design with a central tower. The rare Y-shape exists in a small number of churches.

The octagonal shape was used for a larger number of churches and several landmark churches with this largely endemic style can be seen around Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, and Nordland as well as other areas. Many church interiors are in a barren protestant style, but there is a large number of churches with elaborate interios such as tolepainted walls, impressive wood cut altar pieces and pulpit designs. A large number of church are log buildings and logs are usually visible on the inside. In stave churches the elaborate construction is largely visible.

Several medieval winged altarpieces has been preserved in rural churches in Norway, including altarpieces installed before the Reformation. Many of these were imported from north German towns like Lübeck and the low countries, while for instance in the Netherlands altarpieces from that period are lost, several can be seen in Norway. In the 1700s elaborate wood carving and rosemaling (a kind of tole painting) were used in altarpieces and other decorations within churches, notably in the interior valleys.

Cityscapes
Oslo burned down in 1624 and was rebuilt in stone and brick only (in a grid pattern), and the rapid expansion in the 1800s makes Oslo different from most other towns. Trondheim and Kristiansand were both laid in a strict "military" grid pattern, while Bergen and many other wooden towns further south grew organically into a charming labyrinths. Ålesund burned down in 1904 and was rebuilt in a unique variant of art noveau (Jugendstil).

Towns destroyed during the second world war (Molde, Kristiansund, Åndalsnes, Steinkjer, Namsos, Bodø, Narvik, Hammerfest, Kirkenes) were largely rebuilt in a less charming post-war style, although Kristiansund is an interesting example of bold urban planning. These World War II "burned towns" are also home to the first daring, untraditional church architecture.

Wooden towns
Typical for Norway is the widespread use of wood as building materials, even in centres of main cities like Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim. A friendly atmosphere is created by the many modest and well preserved, wooden buildings. Some wooden cities have been lost to fire, for instance Ålesund (fire in 1904, rebuilt in local Jugend-style) and Steinkjer (bombing second world war). Molde, Kristiansund, Bodø, Narvik and all of Finnmark were destroyed during the war. Levanger and Trondheim were not harmed by the bombings and their wooden charm is largely retained. The wooden town of Røros is on the UNESCO world heritage list.

A number of other towns has notable wooden architecture, for instance Lillehammer, Skudeneshavn, Lillesand, Risør, Arendal, Tvedestrand, Kristiansand, Farsund, Flekkefjord, Lærdal, Brevik, Drøbak and Son village. The wooden towns of the south/south-west coast is Norway's version of "pueblos blancos". The capital Oslo is in fact not very typical as the inner city is dominated by concrete and masonry structures since the 17th century, only small pockets of wooden houses exist in central parts of Oslo. Fire is a constant threat to these traditional towns and neighborhoods, and every year some parts if this heritage is lost.

Do
A great introduction to Norway is the one-day Norway in a Nutshell package on a single ticket from Oslo or Bergen into the mountains, with a boat trip through the fjords. You can break the trip at several interesting cabins for walking or just admiring the view, and even hire a mountain bike for part of the journey. One of the highlights of the 'Norway in a Nutshell' package is Flåmsbana, a 20 km railway that's one of the steepest in the world. Along the way you'll see beautiful mountains, rivers, valleys, waterfalls, and other beautiful sights on your way to the town of Flåm.

 * Go on top of the nearest top/mountain. Just for the walk. And for the view.

Hiking

Hiking, gå på tur, is a national pastime in Norway, from easy walks in Oslo's city forest to alpine climbing in Jotunheimen or the "alps" of Troms. About 30% of Norway is covered in forest, more than 50% of Norway's total area is barren mountain (little or no vegetation), a mere 5% include farms and all sorts of built-up areas (houses, roads, towns, etc). A number of areas are protected as national parks, but most the country is equally attractive and available to the public. Skiing season is generally from mid-November to late April, while bare ground hiking season is generally from mid summer to September. Hiking season varies greatly depending on region (and from year to year): In the high mountains there may still be deep snow until July, while in the lower areas and along the coast hiking season start early spring. Visitors should be aware that the tree line is much lower in Norway than in continental Europe and US Rockies, high alpine conditions (no vegetation, glaciers, extremely rugged surface may start even at 1000 to 1500 metres above sea level).

Proper mountain clothing is needed for hikes even in summer in the uplands. The right foot wear is the essential for a successful hike. Hiking boots with ankle support and a sturdy sole on rougher trails and in the terrain, particularly at high altitudes (above 1000 to 1500 metres) where trails often cross wide screes or blockfields.

In Norway, travellers enjoy a right to access, which means it is possible to camp freely in most places for a couple of days, as long as you're not on cultivated land and provided you are at least 150m away from houses and farm buildings. Don't leave any traces and take your rubbish away for recycling.

Den Norske Turistforening (DNT) (The Norwegian Mountain Touring Association) operates many staffed and self-service mountain cabins, marks mountain routes, offers maps and route information, guided tours, and several other services for mountain hikers in Norway.

Mountainous areas are popular among both Norwegians and tourists. Tourists can visit Galdhøpiggen (2469m), the highest mountain in Norway, or join a musk-ox safari in Dovrefjell.

Google Maps can only be used for initial planning, not for navigation in the field. Try the national mapping agency's norgeskart.no site, which concords with their excellent printed hiking maps. Hikers in the wilderness should bring a detailed topographical map 1:50,000 (1:75,000 can also be used) and a compass. GPS (satellite navigation) is only supplement to, not a substitute for, traditional map and compass navigation.

Skiing
Both cross country and alpine skiing are popular sports in winter, and the largest areas, such as Trysil, Hafjell and Hemsedal, compete well with the Alps at lower altitudes. Telemark is also a nice area to ski in. (The birthplace of cross country ski.) Voss, Geilo and Oppdal are other major ski resorts. Even inside Oslo there is a notable ski resort. There is more than 200 alpine ski resorts and 500 ski lifts in Norway, and countless cross-country groomed trails, some with lighting to allow exercise after in winter evenings.

Winter sport resorts typically open in early December, whereas cross-country skiing may begin in November in some uplands. Around Oslo, within reach of the metro and city buses, there is a large park ideal for cross-country skiing, as well as hills for alpine skiing. In Stryn, at Galdhøpiggen and at Folgefonna there alpine ski centres that are open in summer only (May–September), offering unique opportunities for alpine skiing in T-shirt and short pants. Back-country skiing is popular in late winter and spring, and the season lasts until late May in the high plateaus/central mountains. Dagens Næringsliv, the leading business daily, ranked the best alpine resorts (2013, 2016, 2018): Best cross-country resorts according to Dagens Næringsliv (2019 update):
 * 1) Hemsedal - Norway's most complete alpine resort, can be compared to leading resorts in Austria and Canada.
 * 2) Trysil - Norway's largest winter resort, best for children, but it also has many steep pistes
 * 3) Hafjell - best snow park, stable cold climate, 1994 Olympics (rank #3 in 2016)
 * 4) Kvitfjell - Norway's toughest downhill slopes, 1994 Olympics
 * 5) Myrkdalen - in Voss district, heavy snowfall, open November-May
 * 6) Stranda - Norway's best offpiste skiing, best scenery and wilderness, heavy snowfalls (ranked #8 in 2016))
 * 7) Oppdal - some for all
 * 8) Geilo - well suited for families with diverse preferences
 * 9) Voss - ideal for day trips from Bergen# Lyngen - best summit skiing
 * 10) Hovden - best in South Norway, 200km from Kristiansand (ranked #6 in 2016)
 * 11) Røldal - in Ullensvang, heavy snowfall, second best off-piste, open until early May
 * 12) Narvik - second best off-piste and second best scenery, open until early MaySoerkedalen09.jpg
 * 1) Hafjell/Kvitfjell in Gudbrandsdalen/Lillehammer
 * 2) Beitostølen in Valdres
 * 3) Hovden in Setesdal
 * 4) Geilo
 * 5) Hemsedal
 * 6) Oppdal
 * 7) Trysil
 * 8) Gausta at Rjukan
 * 9) Voss including Myrkdalen
 * 10) Narvik
 * 11) Oslo - 2600 km trails (350 km with lights) inside the big city

Dagens Næringsliv in 2014 and 2019 ranked the winter sport resorts that have the most complete offer (alpine skiing, cross-country skiing in groomed tracks and "summit skiing"):
 * 1) Hemsedal - all options in a high valley, stable winter (number 1 in 2019 update)
 * 2) Beitostølen - good place for children, excellent for cross country
 * 3) Voss including Myrkdalen - offers everything, somewhat limited range for cross country
 * 4) Hovden - cross country and alpine slopes (not ranked in 2014)
 * 5) Geilo - perfect for cross-country skiing and for families, limited off-piste options
 * 6) Oppdal - all options in a high valley, somewhat dated facilities
 * 7) Hafjell/Kvitfjell in Lillehammer/Gudbrandsdalen - cross country and alpine although limited off-piste options, no mountains
 * 8) Narvik - wild mountains directly on fjord, limited offers for families and cross-country skiers
 * 9) Stranda - excellent off-piste and panorama, limited cross-country (not ranked in 2014)
 * 10) Trysil - great variety of alpine slopes, well suited for families, limited off-piste
 * 11) Tromsø - mediocre alpine facilities, but superb mountainous hinterland
 * 12) Sogndal - excellent summit skiing options, lots of powder snow, limited facilities
 * 13) Røldal - steep hills and heavy snowfalls, few options for beginners and families

Cycling
You can rent a bicycle virtually everywhere in Norway. Cycling routes exist usually near bigger cities; you can find some tours at Cycle tourism in Norway. Some roads and tunnels are forbidden for cyclists as they are life-threatening; read the section By bicycle above. Some city dumps may have a special section where you can pick up discarded bicycles (and other stuff) for free. The charity thrift-stores (FRETEX/ELEVATOR/NMS Gjenbruk) sometimes stock used bicycles.

Swimming
There are few sandy beaches and water is mostly cold, in salt water as well as fresh water. The coast of Skagerrak, parts of the Oslofjord for instance, can however get pleasantly warm in late summer. The coast is mostly rocky, but some areas have stretches of gently rounded, polished slabs of rock, "svaberg", these get quickly dry and warm in sunny weather, and is a popular hangout in summer. Except for the long sandy beaches south of Stavanger, there are few and only short stretches of sandy beaches.

Norway's towns have many indoor swimming pools and a few heated outdoor pools too. Visitors to pools are supposed to shower well and completely naked before going into the pool. Use proper swimwear, swimming in underwear is not accepted. Small children may change and shower with parents. Most indoor pools have saunas ("badstue" in Norwegian).

Fishing
Norway's long coastline has ample opportunity for fishing. Salt water fishing for own consumption is free for all. For pollock/saith and mackerel there is no minimum size. Cod must be at least 40 cm, while sea trout must be at least 30 cm.

Rivers are mostly private and permit for fresh water fishing (mostly salmon and trout) must be obtained from the owner. Permissions are often sold in the local tourist information. Some of the largest lakes have the specific rules similar to salt water fishing.

Norway has some of the best salmon rivers in Europe. English gentlemen anglers discovered Norway's rivers in the early 1800s and initiated Norway's first tourist boom. Norwegian salmon is typically 3 to 4 kg in rivers, but the best rivers may see catch at 20 and 25 kg. Tana river in Finnmark has the world record for atlantic salmon at 36 kg. There are about 600 notable rivers with salmong and trout in Norway. The northern rivers (for instance Alta, Tana, Lakselv, Reisa, Børselva and Målselv) and Trøndelag (Orkla, Gaula, Stjørdalselva and Namsen) are at the top of angler's list. There are also fine, but shorter, rivers in Western Norway notably Rauma, Driva, Suldal and Lærdal.

Other outdoor
White water rafting services
 * Sjoa (Gudbrandsdalen area)
 * Skjåk/Lom
 * Valldal
 * Voss
 * Oppdal
 * Jølster

Music
Norway has a bustling scene for both folk, classical and popular music, and is especially known for heavy metal music.

Money
Norwegian currency is the Norwegian krone (crown, plural: kroner) (ISO code: NOK), sometimes abbreviated kr or kr., but often just the amount is shown on price tags. A 1/100th krone is called øre. Be careful when crossing borders to differentiate the Norwegian krone (NOK) from the Swedish (SEK) or Danish (DKK) krone.

Euros are generally not accepted in shops, except in some airports, international transport (flights, ferries), and a small number of business targeting tourists.

Coins come in 1, 5, 10, and 20 kr. Paper notes come in 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 kr. While price tags still include øre, for instance 9.99 kr, there are no coins smaller than 1 kroner so prices are rounded.

Banking
Virtually all stores accept major credit cards such as MasterCard and Visa. Norway might well be the most card-centred country in the world, and you may encounter businesses where cash isn't accepted. Card payments in ordinary shops are usually done by debit cards where the transaction is completed at once through a unified, national system. Small transactions can usually be done without the use of a PIN code, and tap-to-pay support is widespread.

Only a small percentage of purchases in Norway are done with cash, after the COVID-19 pandemic the use of cash has dropped to almost zero. Withdrawing Norwegian kroner from ATMs is not recommended as a tourist, unless you plan to pay a Norwegian individual (e.g. tips for tour guides; Norwegians typically use the app Vipps for personal transactions, which is not accessible to tourists).

ATMs in Norway are called Minibank. Due to the widespread use of debit/credit cards for payment, ATMs are not as abundant as they are in other countries. Note that the ATMs at DNB bank branches are now operated by a different company (Nokas) which charges additional fees for cash withdrawal. At main airports and Oslo Central Station you can withdraw euros, US dollars, British pounds, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian kroner.

Costs
Norway is an expensive country for visitors. While the krone has fallen compared to major hard currencies since the record levels of the early 2010s, and it is possible to travel in Norway on a limited budget, some care must be taken to avoid getting ripped off. Because labour is costly, anything that can be seen as a "service" will in general be more expensive than you expect. Travel costs can also be a killer, because the country is large and distances long, so a rail or air pass can save you a lot of money. Booking air and rail travel in advance and on off-peak times will also help save money.

If you are a bit careful about your expenses a daily budget of around 1,500 kr (€190) per day is not unrealistic. As rules of thumb, subsisting on under 500 kr/day will be difficult even if you stay in hostels and self-cater, with 1000 kr/day allowing a more comfortable mid-range lifestyle and over 2000 kr/day needed for good hotels and restaurants.

Take care when buying alcohol and tobacco. It will most certainly be more expensive than you expect. A 400 or 500 mL beer in a pub or restaurant will cost around 60 kr whilst a 500 mL can of 4.7% beer in a supermarket costs about 25 kr. Cigarettes cost about 100 kr for a pack of 20, and a bottle of 500 mL Coke will usually cost 20 kr in shops. On the positive side: Norway has good quality tap water. Buying bottled drinking water is unnecessary and hugely expensive.

Fast food restaurants like McDonald's and Burger King are also more expensive than in most countries due to the labour costs. A large Big Mac menu will set you back around 90 kr, the same goes for a Double Whopper Cheese menu. Also, keep in mind that most bakeries, fast food chains, and other types of restaurants that offer takeout, charge more if you eat it at the restaurant than if you take it with you, due to differences in the VAT rate.

You can save some money by bringing supplies. Norwegian border regulations are strict: they allow a maximum of 200 cigarettes or 250 grams of tobacco, 1 litre of hard alcohol and 1½ litre of wine and 2 litres of beer or 3 litres of wine and 2 litres of beer or 5 litres of beer. As a general rule, tobacco, alcohol and meat will be comparatively expensive. Vegetables, flour, baby articles, car supplies (oil, window wiper fluid and so on), and clothes will have (almost) the same price as in neighbouring countries, or even be cheaper.

Many Norwegians living near the borders with Sweden, Finland or Russia head into those countries to purchase groceries, as the costs are significantly cheaper. While the option of crossing into Russia is not available for most travellers due to Russia's onerous visa requirements, those visiting areas near the Swedish or Finnish borders should consider this option before travelling to other areas, as there are no border controls between Norway and Sweden or Finland. Except for the border areas near Oslo, Sweden and Finland are very sparsely populated near the Norwegian border. Still there are shops near the border, which wouldn't exist without Norway.

Many attractions in Norway are free of charge, most notably the landscape and nature itself. Furthermore, you don't have to spend much money on accommodation if you're prepared to sleep in a tent or under the open sky. According to the Norwegian right to access, you may stay for up to two nights in one spot in uncultivated land if you keep away from houses and other buildings and out of the way of other people, provided that you leave no trace. If you move far away from people, you can stay for as long as you want.

Tipping
Traditionally, the tip has not been common, but is being introduced by outside influence. Tipping should be given only as a token of real appreciation for the service.

In Norway, like most of Europe, waiters are not dependent on tips from customers as they are in the US, as they are well paid. However, tipping is not unusual in mid- to high-end cafés and restaurants, but only if you feel you have been treated well. In restaurants, even though there is a service fee, rounding up is the norm, and 10% is considered generous. It is not normal to tip outside restaurants and bars, but in situations where change is common it is polite to leave the change (for example, taxis). Tipping cab drivers is usual if you travel for more than 200 kr, but you will get no reaction from the driver should you choose not to tip, so this may be a new experience to American and English tourists. Tipping is never considered offensive, but not tipping is also rarely frowned upon.

Money exchange
It is possible to exchange money in most banks near tourist information offices, in the post-office or withdraw the money in local currency from the ATM. In some places, however, they don't handle cash in the banks so they only way to exchange money is in the post offices where the exchange fee might be up to 75 kr!

You will get the best rate when you withdraw money from the ATM or pay with a credit card. The country is upgrading to a new system using computer chips embedded in the card and a pin number. Credit cards with magnetic strips are still accepted throughout the country; however, you will have to let the merchant know that the you do not have a pin code you need to sign instead. Sometimes a merchant system will not allow signatures, so it is a good precaution to have cash on hand to pay if needed.

Shopping
Opening hours in Norway are better than they used to be, though many smaller stores still close early on Saturday (13:00 or 15:00 is typical) and nearly everything is closed on Sundays.

Grocery stores (particularly in the cities) have long opening hours frequently until 22:00 or 23:00 on weekdays. You'll often see opening hours written as "9-21 (9-18)" on doors or in huge fonts on outside walls, meaning 9AM to 9PM weekdays, 9AM to 6PM Saturdays. The grocery market is dominated by a handful of chains covering most of Norway: Rema 1000, Kiwi, Prix and Bunnpris are low price shops with a narrow selection of items; Coop and Spar have wider selection and better quality at a slightly higher price; Meny, Mega and Ultra have fewer shops and higher prices. Norway has the highest density of grocery stores in Europe, this notable in cities where moderately priced stores are never far between. In villages and small towns most shops are usually in the very centre around one or two streets.

Convenience stores, notably the major chains Narvesen and Mix (all over the country), Deli de Luca (bigger cities only) and 7-Eleven (bigger cities only), are open from early morning until late at night every day, with 24-hour service in the biggest cities. All over the country you will find gas-stations, Circle K, Shell, fresh/selected, YX (HydroTexaco) (these days turning into 7-eleven with gas) and Esso, On the Run. Virtually all gas-stations serve fast-food, especially sausages and cheese. Also hamburgers, pizza, and so on. The gas-stations have long opening periods, and the bigger stations in cities and near bigger crossroads are open 24 hours. Items sold in convenience stores and gas stations are relatively expensive.

Most big cities have over the years been almost exclusively dominated by shopping malls. Although you do have shopping streets like Karl Johans Gate in Oslo, Strandgaten in Bergen and Nordre gate/Olav Tryggvasons gate in Trondheim, you are bound to find malls around the country by Thon Gruppen and other major companies. Norway is also home to Scandinavias biggest mall - Sandvika Storsenter - 15 minutes outside Oslo by train. In Oslo you have Byporten Shopping Senter, Oslo City and Gunerius located right next to Oslo S train station and Paléet and Arkaden Shopping in Karl Johans Gate, as well as several malls and shopping centres a bit further out.

Getting "good deals" and bargaining is frowned upon, and the service workers are generally not authorized to give you a better price - only larger items such as cars are subject to haggling. The price you see is the price you pay. If you plan on buying tax-free, a good practice is to bring with you the necessary forms. Most stores will have these forms at hand themselves but it is a good precaution. Also, if you pay with a credit card, you might have to sign the receipt which will require some form of ID, driving licence and passport are both OK. This is due to the strict nature of money transactions.

Eat
Norway is one of the worlds most expensive countries for eating, especially in restaurants, and also for retail food. Many visitors choose to bring camping food from another country.

Cuisine
While Norwegian eating habits have become more cosmopolitan in the last decades, traditional Norwegian "farm" food is still widely eaten, made by whatever can grow in the northern climate, be stored for a year until new crops come out, and contain enough energy for you to do hard work. Regional variants in traditional food are huge and hence, and what is thought to be "typical traditional" for one Norwegian might be totally unknown to another. Typical examples are variations of yeasted and unyeasted bread and other forms of bakery, porridges, soups, inventive uses of potato, salted and smoked meat, and fresh, salted or smoked fish. Dried cod (tørrfisk) and salted cod (klippfisk) are staples of coastal communities in the west and north and can be seen drying on outside racks in spring and summer. The national dish of Norway is fårikål, a stewed casserole of lamb's meat and cabbage. Other specialities include lutefisk (lyefish) made from dry/salted fish processed in lye, and potato dumplings served with salt meat (raspeball) or mixed with fish (blandeball). Sheep's head (smalahove) and dried mutton ribs (pinnekjøtt) are traditionally served before or during Christmas in Western Norway.

Finer traditional food is usually based on game or fresh fish. Steak, medallions and meat balls from game, deer, reindeer and elk are highly appreciated foods with international reputation, so are fresh, smoked and fermented salmon varieties as well as a host of other fish products. Traditional pastries like lukket valnøtt (marzipan-covered whipped cream cake) are other original contributions to international cuisine. Cheese of various types is common, but one particularly Norwegian favourite is brun geitost (brown goat-cheese), a mild sweet cheese which bears a remarkable similarity to smooth peanut butter in colour, texture and taste.

Today, Norwegians use plenty of sliced bread for almost any meal except dinner, whereas recipes for hot meals will be taken from almost anywhere in the world, including of course the traditional kitchen, but seldom the most extreme examples. Lunch usually consists of some bread and snacks instead of a warm dish but this is then compensated by eating well at dinner time. Most Norwegians don't go out for lunch, instead have a quick meal in the workplace.

Norway maintains high import tariffs for food; especially meat, dairy products, and alcoholic beverages. Norwegians who live near Sweden or Finland usually cross the border to buy these products.

Norwegians are also known for buying a lot of frozen pizzas at modest prices in any grocery store.

Places to eat
Fast food meals start from 50 kr and sit-down meals in a decent restaurant nearly always topping 200 kr or more for a main course. Even a take-away sandwich and a coffee at a gas station may cost you up to 70 kr. One way to cut costs is self-catering, as youth hostels and guesthouses often have kitchens for their guests. Supermarkets and grocery stores are not hard to find, even in the smallest village there is usually more than one grocery store. The largest chains are Coop, REMA 1000, Kiwi and Joker. Breakfast is often hearty and buffet-style, so pigging out at breakfast and skipping lunch is also an option. Buy/bring a lunchbox before attending breakfast, as most of the bigger hotels will allow you to fill it up for free from the breakfast buffet for eating later in the day.

For a cheap quick snack Norwegian-style, look no further than the nearest grill or convenience store, which will dish up a sausage (pølse) or hot dog (grillpølse) in either a hot dog bun (brød) or wrapped in a flat potato bread (lompe) for around 20-30 kr. However prices can soar as high as 50 kr if you buy at the right (read wrong) places. In addition to ketchup and mustard, optional toppings include pickled cucumber (sylteagurk), fried onion bits (stekt løk) and shrimp salad (rekesalat). To get the most for your money, order a (kebab i pita) which is lamb meat roasted on a spit then fried when you order, served together with vegetables in a pita bread. This tastes great, is extremely filling and can be found for as little as 40 kr in central Oslo. Outside, you will have to stick with your grillpølse.

Vegetarians
Some Norwegian cuisine restaurants have vegetarian meals on the menu, but others will make something if asked, with varying success. Some of the few chains of stores/restaurants where you will always have a vegetarian option is Peppes Pizza, Domino's, Pizzabakeren, Subway and Esso/On the run (spinach panini).

Allergies and diets
If you have allergies like lactose intolerance and gluten allergy, going to Peppes Pizza, Dominos, Pizzabakeren, McDonald's, Subway and Burger King are good suggestions. But if you want to eat somewhere a little fancier, asking the maître d'hôtel at the restaurant is always good practice. In some cases, if it is not on the menu, they might be able to accommodate you anyway.

As the regulations for food are extremely strict in Norway, the ingredients for anything you buy are always printed on the packages, and if you ask, you will always be told what is contained in the food you order.

Food safety
Food safety is very good in Norway. Salmonella is very rare compared to other countries, and health officials inspect restaurants at a regular basis. Also tap-water is usually very nice; Voss water from Vatnestrøm in Aust-Agder is actually exported abroad, including the US.

Drink

Norway is often described as a "dry" country, because alcohol is highly priced and a glass of wine or beer in a restaurant costs at least 60 kr. When in cities and towns with many students such as Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Tromsø, you can very often find lower prices. Ask young people in the streets or at your place of accommodation for hints and tips of where to go. Beer can be bought at the supermarkets, however wine and stronger alcoholic beverages have to be purchased in state owned liquor stores (Vinmonopolet). The Vinmonopolet is a monopoly but maintains high quality and a wide selection of products; the finest products are moderately priced. The price of alcohol, however does not stop the locals from having a good time. They are often found drinking and carrying on in local street parties and on their porches.

The high prices is one reason why the tradition to hold vorspiel and nachspiel before going out is very popular in Norway. The words derives from German and can be translated into pre- and after party. If going out in the weekend, it is not unknown for Norwegians to gather at a friend's house and not leave for the nightclub until after midnight. So if you've seen Norwegian drinking culture abroad, and are shocked by the empty bar/club at 23:00, call your Norwegian friend and ask where the vorspiel is. (If that person is one of the many Swedes in Norway, vorspiel would mean foreplay – they would say foreparty.) It's likely to be a whole lot of fun. Clubs tend to fill up around the period immediately after midnight. However this is mostly true at weekends – during normal weekdays, you will often find Norwegians sitting in bars enjoying a couple of beers or a bottle of wine.

You must be at least 18 years old to purchase beer or wine and 20 years old to purchase spirits with an alcohol content of 22% and more in Norway.

Drinking in public is prohibited. This law is very strict, and even encompasses your own balcony, if other people can see you! Luckily, the law is very seldom enforced (cases of anyone being fined on their own balcony are very rare, for instance), and Norwegians do indeed drink in parks. There are calls for modifying the antiquated law, with debate in media: most people seem to agree that drinking in parks is alright as long as people have a good time and remain peaceful. However, if you bother others and get too intoxicated or a policeman happens to be in a bad mood, you may be asked to throw away your alcohol, and in a worst-case scenario, fined. Drinking openly in the street is probably still considered somewhat rude, and it would be more likely to attract police attention than a picnic in a park, and is advised against. Having a glass of wine in an establishment that legally serves alcohol at the pavement, of course, is not a problem.

Be careful about urinating in major cities like Oslo if you're drunk, fines for public urination can be as high as 10,000 kr! However, this normally isn't a problem if you urinate in a place where nobody sees, like a couple of yards into the woods. Public intoxication is also something you should be a bit careful with, especially in the capital, Oslo. In smaller towns the police will have no problem giving you a night in the local jail if they think you are disrupting peace and order.

In Norway, all alcohol with a volume percentage of under 4.75% can be sold at regular shops. This means you can get decent beer all over the place. The price varies, but imported beer is usually expensive (except Danish and Dutch beers brewed in Norway on licence like Heineken and Carlsberg). Shopping hours for beer are very strict: The sale stops at 20:00 every weekday, and at 18:00 every day before holidays (incl Sundays). Since the sale times are decided by the local council, it may vary, but these are the latest times decided by law. This means the beer will have to be paid for before this time. If it's not paid, the person behind the counter will take your beer, and tell you "Sorry pal, too late!". On Sunday, you can't buy takeaway alcohol anywhere.

For strong beer, wine and hard alcohol, you will have to find a Vinmonopolet branch. The state shop has a marvellous choice of drinks, but at mostly sky-high prices. The general rule is that table wines are more expensive than in nearly any other country. Expect 80–90 kr for a decent, "cheap" wine. However, as the taxation is based on the volume of alcohol per bottle rather than the wholesale cost, you can often find more exclusive wines at lower prices than in private establishments in other countries. Vinmonpolet is open until 17:00 Monday to Wednesday, 18:00 Thursday to Friday, and 15:00 on Saturday.

Many car borne visitors (and Norwegians on shopping trips to Sweden and Finland) bring alcohol into Norway, but mind the import restrictions; anything above the quota gives heavy duties.

Beers
The brands you are most likely to see in pubs are industrial lagers from Ringnes, Hansa, Borg, CB, Mack, Aass and Frydenlund (accompanied by a vast array of imported drinks). However, in the last ten years a range of microbreweries and craft breweries have made locally produced beer of all varieties and often high quality available. For instance Nøgne Ø, Ægir, Haandbryggeriet, Kinn, 7 Fjell and many more. Beer from small or specialty breweries are also available in pubs or cafes such as Mikrobryggeriet (Bogstadveien Oslo), Lorry's (Parkveien, Oslo), Grünerløkka Brygghus (Oslo) or Beer Palace (Aker Brygge, Oslo), Ægir (Flåm), UNA Bryggeri og Kjøkken (Bergen), Trondhjem Mikrobryggeri (Trondheim) and Christianssand Brygghus (Kristiansand). Norwegians are proud of their local breweries. At bars or pubs it is considered good manners to order a local beer first.

Cider
Because of the abundance of light in summer but relatively cool weather, Norwegian fruit and berries have a different flavor than in southern countries. Norway is too cool for grapes, but apple growing has long tradition particularly in Hardanger. Other traditional apple farms are found in inner Sognefjord, Valldal, Gvarv (Telemark), Lier and Ringerike. There are many cider producers in the area some of these ciders are of high quality and match fine white wine from central Europe and the best cider internationally. Norwegian cider is typically fresh, aromatic and dry. Ciders rich in tannins and with a more bitter taste are less common. Non-alcoholic apple juice may also be referred to as cider.

Non-alcoholic beverages
There are many manufacturers of local non-alcoholic beverages, such as fruit juices all over Norway. Norwegians drink cow's milk for meals consisting of bread. Milk is available in several varieties, high or low in fat. Norwegians drink coffee in large quantities. In the larger cities there are many coffee shops and patisseries which are also meeting places.

Water
Norwegian tap water is generally of high quality, clean and absolutely drinkable. Tap water is mostly surface water; only a small proportion is obtained from sources underground. There is also bottled drinking water to buy, some with added carbonation and/or different flavorings. Norwegian bottled water is of very high quality. Many Norwegians choose to drink water with meals and bring drinking water when they go hiking.

Sleep
A single hotel room (always book ahead for weekdays) should cost you from around 800 kr and up (special offers are common, look for them), but you can find reasonable cheap lodgings in camping huts (300–600 kr, space for entire family), DNT mountain cabins (150–300 kr per person), youth hostels (150–250 kr per person), etc. Most of these will require you to make your own food, bring your own bedsheets, and wash before leaving.

A countryside cabin, hytte, is a prized family treasure. The high demand and the limits for exploitation pushed property prices through the roof during the first decade of the 2000s, and few foreigners can afford a cabin in Norway. As currency and prices are dependent on the oil price, the return on investment is very uncertain.

For longer stays (one week or more) consider renting an apartment, a house or a high quality cabin. Several agencies offer reservations on houses or cabins owned by farmers or other locals. This type of accommodation is frequently more interesting than a standard hotel.

Campsites for caravans, campers and tents are found in a large number in Norway. Many campsites also have small cabins for rent. The standard varies. Most campsites are only open during the summer months. In addition, there are a number of parking spaces separate for campers in cities.

Hotels in Norway are generally not cheap, as Norway is a high-cost country, but there are several price ranges, and it is possible to get reasonably-priced rooms even in top-rated hotels depending on the time of the year, day of the week, and city – e.g. hotels in Oslo may be expensive on weekdays but cheaper when there is less business travel. Most hotels are found in densely populated areas, but those called høyfjellshotell are often far into the mountains. If you plan to finish your stay in Norway on a Sunday, try finding a hotel that offers a late check-out.

Wild camping is allowed in utmark, i.e. undeveloped areas such as the fells, according to the right to access (allemannsretten). If travelling by car, finding a spot to park near your intended camp site can be difficult. Wild camping is intended for hikers in the wilderness, it is not intended as a cheap option.

Learn
All public universities in Norway are funded through taxpayer money, and hence do not charge tuition fees for either Norwegian citizens or international students. However, keep the high cost of living in mind when planning your finances to study in Norway. You will not be issued a student visa if you cannot present evidence of funds to support your living expenses.

The most important universities in Norway are the University of Oslo and the University of Bergen.

Undergraduate courses are generally taught in Norwegian, though there are many postgraduate courses that are taught in English. Some undergraduate courses for exchange students are also taught in English. Many universities also conduct courses for foreigners who wish to learn Norwegian.

Work
Citizens of countries belonging to the European Union, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, do not require a permit and are free to live and work in Norway for up to 3 months (some restrictions apply for recent members of the European Union). In addition, citizens of a number of non-EU countries are permitted to work in Norway without the need to obtain a visa or any further authorisation for the period of their 90-day visa-free stay (for more information, see the 'Get in' section above).

You may start from the local office of the public agency NAV, to get legal advice and a list of available jobs. They also provide an online guide: Work in Norway. Even though the unemployment rate in Norway is very low (3.2% ), short-term employment may be hard to find – certainly when not fluent in a Scandinavian language. If you decide to move there you have to fill in a "Residence Permit" which lasts for 3 years before it needs to be renewed.

Stay safe

Norway has a very low rate of violent crime. The most likely crimes for tourists to experience are car break-ins and bicycle theft. Pickpockets do also tend to be an increasing problem in urban areas in the summer season, but it's still nothing like in larger cities in Europe. It is always a good idea to look after your belongings, this includes never leaving valuable objects visible in your car and locking your bike safely. It is generally illegal to carry knives and firearms in public places such as on the street.

Single women should have no problems, although ordinary street sense is advised after dark. During summer there is full daylight until late evening, even in South Norway.

Norway is one of the countries in the world with the lowest levels of corruption. Police and other authorities cannot be bribed, travellers are strongly advised against attempting in any form of bribery.

Norway has a unified police force ("politi"). The police force is the government authority in areas like crime, national security, major accidents, missing persons, traffic control, passports and immigration control. Police officers usually do not carry guns and during a year the police (the entire police force) use guns only a handful of times. Most cities have municipal parking attendants, too, but the attendants do not have any authority beyond fining and removing vehicles.

Norway has a lot of electric vehicles, particularly in cities, as of 2022 the majority of new cars were hybrid or fully electric and in total every fifth were fully electric. These cars are very quiet and pedestrians should use their eyes, not ears, when crossing roads and streets.

Outdoor safety
The most unusual dangers to visitors are found in nature. Every year, quite a few tourists get hurt, even killed, in the mountains or on the seas, usually after given, unheeded warnings. Dangers include glacier fronts, big waves on the coast and big waterfalls. Do not walk on glaciers without proper training and equipment or a local guide.

When hiking or skiing, be prepared for a sudden shift in the weather, as these can happen very quickly in Norway. Carry the gear you might need to cope. If unsure about conditions, ask locals or go on a guided tour. For any written advice, make sure you understand how your experience might differ from that of the intended audience, and e.g. what is included in estimated hike durations. You are expected to manage on your own in the Norwegian wilderness, so you won't find fences or warning signs even at the most dangerous places.

Keep in mind that avalanches are common. Unless you know exactly what you're doing, stay in marked slopes when skiing. If you think you know what you're doing, think twice. 12 people were killed in avalanches just in the first three months of 2011 in Norway. For safety measures, see below.

Wild animals
Norway has few dangerous wild animals. Animal collisions with the mighty moose or the smaller red deer account for the bulk of wild animal-related deaths and injuries. In some rural districts, sheep, goats, cows or reindeer can be seen walking or sleeping on the road. Unlike other wild animals, the muskox in Dovrefjell area does not necessarily run from humans, instead they form a defensive perimeter around the group and may attack if approached.

Specific rules and precautions apply to Svalbard, where you should never travel outside Longyearbyen without someone in your party carrying a weapon. The polar bears on Svalbard are a real and extremely dangerous threat for the unprepared, and there are cases involving death and/or injury almost every year. There are more polar bears here than humans. Svalbard is a fragile, dry arctic tundra with large parts almost untouched by humans. The current recommendation is that non-local visitors participate on organized tour arrangements only. Breaking the law, disturbing wildlife or being reckless can land you a fine and/or deportation from the archipelago. That said, if you come well prepared with common sense, the visit will be one of the most memorable you've ever had. The nature, scenery and history of Svalbard is simply breathtaking.

As for other wild animals on mainland Norway, there are not much more than a few extremely rare encounters with brown bear and wolf in the wilderness. Contrary to popular belief abroad, there are no polar bears in mainland Norway, let alone polar bears walking city streets. The Scandinavian brown bear is peaceful and will generally run away from humans. In any case it is extremely unlikely that tourists will even see a glimpse of one of the around 50 brown bears remaining in Norway. Norwegian wolves are not dangerous to humans. In general, there is no reason to worry about dangerous encounters with wild beasts in Norway.

Sea and coast

Norway's immense coastline is an adventure for visitors, but also a treacherous area. Huge waves that build up power across the North Sea and the Atlantic crush on slippery rocks and slabs along the outer coast. Every year tourists are in serious danger and occasionally even killed when they challenge the big waves along the shores. Many tourists also leave the sheltered waters and venture onto the open sea in small boats, every year tourists are rescued at sea, some even perish. Note that life jackets are required in small boats. The long inner fjords are mostly sheltered from ocean waves, but sea breezes can be powerful and unpredictable on warm summer days. Complex topography makes wind unpredictable. Winds are on average strongest and most frequent during winter, but the open sea is treacherous in summer too.

Tides vary considerably between regions and are in general greater further north. In Oslofjord and around Kristiansund the difference between high and low tides is only some 50 cm. In Bergen almost 2 meters, Kristiansund some 2.5 meters, in Narvik (Nordland) and Vadsø (East Finnmark) some 4 meters. Tides can increase during strong winds and low pressure. The tide can create strong currents at narrow straits and fjord mouths (Saltstraumen at Bodø is the world's most powerful).

Nevertheless, various types of water sports are very popular, such as sailing of various kinds, surfing, rowing, canoeing, kayaking, motor boating, water skiing and so on. If the weather and temperature are favourable, outdoor swimming is also popular.

Norway has many ferry crossings and other vessels must yield to ferries. Dont go out in kayak or dive near the docks and routes of car ferries. Sail boats and small boats must also yield to larger vessels and cargo ships.

Skiing in the mountains
To go hiking and skiing in the mountains during winter requires precautions. Snow storms and avalanches are dangerous, occur often and require safety measures. Therefore The Norwegian Trekking Association compiled The Norwegian Mountain Code (Fjellvettreglene), safety rules that significantly reduce the danger.

Glaciers

Glaciers are some of the most dangerous places for visitors to the Norwegian outdoors. Never underestimate the power of glaciers. Observe warning signs. Never approach the front of the glacier. Observe warning signs and do not cross fences. Most glaciers do not have any kind of signs or fences, and visitors should keep a generous distance. A glacier is not a stable piece of ice, it is constantly moving like a very slow river and huge chunks regularly fall off. There are countless glaciers in Norway and even smaller and apparently insignificant glaciers are powerful compared to tiny humans.

Do not enter a glacier without proper equipment and a skilled local guide. Sunrays get reflected from the white snow, so it is necessary to use sunscreen to protect your skin. Bring warm clothes for tours on the glacier.

On the road
If you plan to cross the mountains by car (for instance by driving from Oslo to Bergen) in the winter season, it is imperative that you are prepared for the journey. Very low temperatures in the interior can also be challenging for cars. The conditions are harsh. Always keep a full tank of fuel, and keep warm clothes, food and drink in the car. Make sure your tires are good enough and suited for winter conditions (studded or non-studded winter tires, "all-year" tires are not enough), and that you have sufficient skills for driving in snowy and cold conditions. Roads are often closed on short notice due to weather conditions. For advice on conditions and closed roads, call 175 in Norway or check the online road reports (in Norwegian only) from the Norwegian State road authorities. Remember that not all portions of the roads have cellular phone coverage.

Emergency numbers

 * If you are unsure which number to call, is the central for all search and rescue services and will put you in contact with the correct department.
 * For non-emergencies, the police is to be called on.
 * For treatment of casualties or serious illness (non-emergencies).
 * The hearing impaired using a text telephone can reach the emergency services by.
 * Roadside assistance. In case of traffic accident you are supposed to call the police only if individuals are injured or if the crash causes a traffic jam. The police will not get involved if there are damages on the vehicles only.
 * For treatment of casualties or serious illness (non-emergencies).
 * The hearing impaired using a text telephone can reach the emergency services by.
 * Roadside assistance. In case of traffic accident you are supposed to call the police only if individuals are injured or if the crash causes a traffic jam. The police will not get involved if there are damages on the vehicles only.

Stay healthy

 * The water quality in Norway is adequate and mostly good or very good. Unlike continental Europa, most of the tap water in Norway is from surface water like rivers and lakes typically in hills above towns. Unlike groundwater, surface water is mostly low in calcium and rarely hard. Tap water is always drinkable (except on boats, trains etc.) and there is general no need to buy bottled water (in fact, bottled water often comes from the same source as tap water). In the mountains, water from streams and rivers is usually drinkable and often high quality, but some common sense is needed to judge the source.
 * The hygiene in public kitchens is very good, and food poisoning rarely happens to tourists.
 * Norway can get relatively warm in the summer, but be prepared to bring warm clothes (sweater, windbreaking/waterproof jacket), as they might come in handy. It's hard to predict the weather, and in summer, you may experience severe weather changes during your stay.
 * Tourists hiking in the high mountains (above the forest) should bring sports wear for temperatures down to freezing (0 °C) also in summer. Rain and strong wind can occur at any time adding to cooling effect.
 * Norway has a high density of pharmacies. Nose sprays and standard pain killers (paracetamol, aspirin) can also be purchased in grocery stores and gas stations.
 * Do not underestimate the power of the Nordic sun! The sun is generally not as strong as in southern Europe, but the air is often very clear and clean in the North and UV-levels can be quite high despite the low sun, especially in the high mountains. This sometimes applies also in cloudy weather. Snow fields and water surfaces multiplies the radiation. And in cool conditions (low temperatures or wind) you don't feel that the sun burns your skin. Bring sunglasses when you go to the high mountains, when you go skiing in spring and when you go to the beach.

 * Animals and insects
 * In southern Norway there are ticks (flått) in summertime. They can transmit Lyme's disease (borreliosis) or TBE (tick-borne encephalitis) through a bite. Both can be very serious. The risk areas for TBE are mainly along the coast from Oslo to Trondheim. Although incidents are relatively rare and not all ticks carry diseases, it's advisable to wear long trousers rather than shorts if you plan to walk through dense or tall grass areas (the usual habitat for ticks). You can buy special tick tweezers from the pharmacy that can be used to remove a tick safely if you happen to get bitten. You should remove the tick from your skin as soon as possible and preferably with the tick tweezers to reduce the risks of getting an infection. If the tick bite starts to form red rings on the skin around it or if you experience other symptoms relating to the bite, you should go visit a doctor as soon as possible. Since ticks are black, they are more easily found if you wear bright clothes. It is adviseable to inspect the skin after a day out, particularly on children. Dogs that run around in grass and bushes often attract lots of ticks.
 * There is only one type of venomous snake in Norway: the European adder (hoggorm), which has a distinct zig-zag pattern on its back. The snake is not very common, but lives all over Norway up to the Arctic circle (except for the highest mountains and areas with little sunshine). Although its bite hardly ever is life-threatening (except to small children and allergic people), be careful in the summertime especially when walking in the forests or on open fields. The adder can also bite hands you bend to pick wild berries or mushrooms. If you are bitten by a snake, seek medical assistance. The probability of being bitten is however very small, as the adder is very shy of humans.

For minor injuries and illness, go to the local "Legevakt" (emergency room/physician seeing patients without appointment). In cities this is typically a municipal service centrally located, be prepared to wait for several hours. In rural districts you typically have to contact the "district physician" on duty. For inquiries about toxins (from mushrooms, plants, medicin or other chemicals) call the national Toxin Information Office at
 * Contact

Respect
Norwegians are generally open-minded and tolerant and there are few, if any, dos and don'ts that foreign visitors need to keep in mind. If anything, it is important to keep in mind that Norway is perhaps the most egalitarian country in the world. Behaving in a way that suggest either party is inferior or superior is considered exceptionally rude, and the flaunting of wealth or rank (if any) is frowned upon. Most Norwegians will handle misunderstandings or possibly offensive comments in a friendly manner and almost all will respond well to compliments paid to the country in general.

Many Norwegian people can however be mistaken as somewhat rude and unwelcoming, because they can be very direct and that small talk generally doesn't come easy. This is just a matter of culture; making contact with strangers, such as talking with fellow passengers on the bus, is uncommon. This does not apply to train journeys, or outside the bigger cities where small talk will be made on the basis of curiosity. During hikes in remote wilderness, talking to strangers on the same trail is customary.

Swearing is relatively common and accepted in many parts of the country. Profanities appear regularly in public broadcasting and are not censored. Foreign visitors may recognize some bad words from English or other languages. Some bad Norwegian words sound very similar to English words. Visitors should however avoid such words as there is a wide variety in what words locals find acceptable.

Greetings
Norwegian as a language is very straightforward and close to English. The once common use of the polite pronoun is nowadays extremely rare, and so are polite phrases and words in everyday situations, so don't be offended if a Norwegian speaking a foreign language uses very familiar language. The use of informal language also applies when shopping, checking in at hotels and similar, but do not expect small talk in those situations either. Norwegian does not have something corresponding directly to please (German bitte), some may say unnskyld (excuse me) to call your attention.

On the other hand, expressing thanks is important in Norway, this occurs in many situations. For instance after being served food in a private home it is customary to say thanks for the meal (takk for maten), at more formal occasions the "thanks" is often accompanied by a handshake. For instance after eating or travelling together some Norwegians says thanks for good company. Many Norwegians also express a thanks for last time we met for instance a few days after meeting a party. Norwegian culture in general is very informal and Norwegians usually address each other by first name only, except perhaps in official meetings. Standard nicknames such as "Bob" for "Robert" are rarely used and can not be assumed. Norwegians don't address each other with formal titles such as "Dr.", "Mr." or "Ms.". The informal culture is not equivalent of that in southern parts of Europe; showing up late for meetings is considered rude, so is talking loud, being too personal with strangers, touching somebody without good reason, and losing your temper. Outbursts in public are regarded as embarrassing. A firm but brief handshake is the standard style of greeting; cheek kissing or hugging are traditionally not used among strangers. The elderly and infirm can shake hands sitting or lying down, others are expected to stand up during greetings. It is customary to take off your shoes when entering a Norwegian home, in winter this is often a necessity, walking into somebody's living room with shoes on is regarded as disrespectful. Condolences are expressed with a firm handshake, in a funeral words are often not needed.

Norwegians' reputation for being cold and unwelcoming may be a result of a surprisingly complex unwritten code of conduct with many apparent contradictions. For example; while it is very uncommon to make contact with strangers at public transportation like buses, the opposite is true when you meet Norwegians in outdoor activities like hiking or skiing: greeting a fellow hiker or skier is expected, not doing so is often considered quite rude. Another phenomena that often confuses foreigners is the role of alcohol in social interactions. It is best explained as the grease that enables Norwegians to meet and make contact without too much friction, again with exceptions. Fortunately, tourists are exempted from most or all social norms, and Norwegians are in general quite aware, and humorous, about the contradictions in their social norms.

In nature
It is increasingly popular among visitors to build stone cairns in wilderness, along rocky beaches and on mountain passes. Stone cairns are used to mark trails and can in fact be misleading to hikers. Visitors building cairns often pick stones from stone fences; some are actually cultural heritage, some are in use for reindeer, sheep or cows. It is in fact illegal to alter nature like this, even if only with a simple rock. Visitors enjoy right of access to wilderness and are expected to take care of nature while they are there as privileged guests. Large part of Norway's wilderness is in fact privately owned so visitors are generally not allowed to take or alter anything.

Sensitive issues
The 22 July 2011 terrorist attack is a national trauma, only surpassed by the Second World War. The 2011 event is a sensitive issue in public and visitors should approach the topic carefully. Utøya island is not open to general visitors. The site of the bomb is in the middle of Oslo and can be visited by anyone. The Second World War (usually called "the war"), religion and race are also sensitive issues. While Norway was primarily a victim of the war and remembered in a patriotic context, there are also complicated issues such as collaboration with the Nazi occupiers and the Holocaust. "Race" is not an accepted term and using the term can be perceived as racist. It is not accepted to talk about persons in racial categories.

Patriotism
Norwegians can be perceived as somewhat nationalistic. It is common to use the flag of Norway in private celebrations (such as anniversaries and weddings), and many will also fly the flag on public holidays.

Norwegians in general speak warmly and positively about their country and they are more than happy to delight you with conversations about the country's economic success, Norway's scenic nature, and so on. Comments about Norway's superiority are much appreciated. You can, if you like, talk about the accomplishments of your home country, but try not to make the discussion competitive.

17 May, the constitution day, can perhaps be a bit overwhelming for foreigners, as the country is covered in flags, citizens dress up in their finest clothes and celebrate all day long. Norwegian nationalism is however generally an expression of appreciation of living in a successful community and stable democracy, not aggressive in any way. On constitution day, dress up and try to say gratulerer med dagen (literally "congratulations on the day") to anyone you meet, and you will probably get the same in response and see a lot of smiles, even if you're not Norwegian at all. Norwegians take pride in the fact that the parades on constitution day are made up of school children and families instead of military troops. 17 May is a celebration of the 1814 constitution that established Norway as a liberal democracy; the constitution is still in effect, as one of the oldest written democratic constitutions (surpassed by that of the USA). Norway shared a monarch with Sweden until 1905 while Norway was ruled according to the 1814 constitution.

Norway has a friendly rivalry with its neighbours, especially Sweden, whose inhabitants are the butt of many jokes. Despite the complicated political history, Norway, Sweden and Denmark have close and friendly relations at the political and personal level. Borders have been open since 1950.

Cope
First time visitors not familiar with the country tend to plan a trip in Norway from city to city. Although Norway has many nice cities the country's main attraction is the land itself, the nature, the landscapes, the wilderness, as well as a number of man-made sights in rural districts, notably road constructions and cultural treasures such as the stave churches. Unlike many other countries in Europe, a trip to Norway should ideally be planned according to types of landscapes to visit as well as a selection of cities. Norway is a long country with long distances and complex topography, and travellers should not underestimate distances.

Numbers, time and dates
Norwegians use a comma as the decimal separator sign or radix. For instance, "12,000" means 12 (specified with three decimal places) not 12 thousand, whereas "12 000" officially means 12 thousand ("12.000" is also used for readability).

Like many countries, Norwegians typically use the 12-hour clock system in speech and the 24-hour clock system in writing, print, signs and timetables. Norwegians don't use PM/AM to indicate morning or afternoon and may not be familiar with this convention. In Norwegian "half ten" ("halv ti") means half past nine; when speaking to a person not fluent in English it would be better to avoid this form to avoid misunderstanding. Norwegians refer to beginning of daytime as "morning" ("morgen", typically from around 06:00 to 09:00), while the hours until high noon is "before noon" ("formiddag"). Shops, banks and offices don't close for lunch.

Dates can be seen abbreviated in a number of ways, but the order is always DAY-MONTH-YEAR, for instance 12.7.17 or 12.07.17 is always 12 July 2017 (120717 and 12/7-17 are also common, but regarded as incorrect forms). Monday is considered the first day of the week, while Sunday is the last. In timetables, weekdays are thus often indicated by numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday). Norwegian calendars will also indicate the number of the week 1 through 53. Timetables for public transport often use abbreviations such as "Dx67", meaning "daily except Saturday and Sunday".

Norway uses the metric system only. A Norwegian mile, 'mil', is equal to 10 km. There is virtually no knowledge of Imperial or US measures. Few Norwegians will be able to convert from Celsius (Centigrade) to Fahrenheit, and weather forecasts use metric units only. However, many modern cell-phones have conversion programmes which can be used to understand the metric system.

In Norwegian there is usually no concept of ground floor as in the UK (or "Erdgeschoss" in German), instead the entrance level of a building is called the first floor ("første etasje" or labelled zero, 0) like in the US. Levels are then counted 1, 2, 3 etc. Buildings with multiple underground levels may use -1 (first basement level) and -2 (lower basement).

House purchase
If purchasing a house and business in Norway do check all legal documents (kjøpekontrakt/takst) and maps (grensekart) are correct. Ask for information in the native language you are used to. Make sure the Estate Agent is registered with NEF.

Connect
The international dialling prefix is 00 like in the EU. On mobile phones, you can use "+" instead. Norway's country code is 47 (so Norwegian numbers can be dialled as +47 xx-xx-xx-xx). Since 2020, there are no area codes; the leading "0" in some numbers should not be dropped when dialling from abroad.

Mobile phone coverage is universal in urban areas and generally also good in rural Norway, though on occasion some rural valley areas might be badly covered.

Even in the most remote mountain cabins, as long as they are staffed, you will usually be able to send a postcard.

Internet
Most Norwegian households are connected to the Internet in some way (often broadband), making cybercafés hard to find outside major cities, due to relatively low demand. Most public libraries have free public access to the internet, but a limited number of computers and limited opening hours.

If you bring a laptop with a wireless connection you will find wireless internet zones just about everywhere (gas stations, grocery stores, city centres, cafés, shopping centres, hotels, etc.) Be prepared to pay for it though. It is not unusual for hotels to have a terminal for guest use. Around 60% of camp grounds have Wi-Fi Internet, but if it's crucial for you, best to ask before paying for your camping space.

If you are coming from another EU or EEA country, you will likely be able to continue using your SIM in Norway without surcharges, subject to any fair-use limits imposed by your provider. If you are coming from a third country, note the pricing below and consider making plans to purchase a SIM from another EU/EEA provider with generous EU usage policies before arriving in Norway.

Telenor (national telecoms provider) sells pre-paid SIM cards for 49 kr, providing fast 4G internet access capped at 20 kr per day. Speed is reduced after 1 GB in a month, with no option to extend it, so it's not recommended for travelers with heavy usage. Telenor stores (including the one at the airport) ask 199 kr for this SIM card (and some store staff will even warn you away for these reasons), however you can purchase it in convenience stores for 49 kr. Activation on-line requires a Norwegian ID, however Telenor stores can do this instantly for free for foreigners on presentation of your passport.

Telia is the other main provider in Norway selling prepaid SIMs to visitors. They offer starter packs for 99 kr, including nationwide calls and texts as well as 250MB data valid for 14 days. Further reloads are in the form of combo bundles costing 3 GB for 249 kr, 6 GB for 329 kr, 10 GB for 399 kr, 15 GB for 449 kr, and 30 GB for 529 kr with unlimited voice and text. It is also possible to purchase 1 GB for 99 kr, 5 GB for 199 kr, and 10 GB for 299 kr without voice or SMS. All refill packages are valid for 31 days. These allowances are also valid in any EU/EEA country, Switzerland, and the UK, so if you are starting in Norway and your journey includes multiple countries it can be worth it to buy more data upfront for a lower per-GB cost. There is also a Music Freedom add-on that allows unlimited data use for Spotify, Apple Music, and Deezer among others for 29 kr a month.

There are also other providers that use either the Telia or Telenor network, like MyCall and Chilimobil, but these require a more complex registration process as they do not have their own stores. Instead, the store where you purchase the SIM will have you fill out a paper registration form, take a copy of your passport, and fax the documentation to the provider, which will process your activation request. This can take quite some time as opposed to instant activation with Telenor or Telia.

Radio
For foreigners used to listening to FM radio, Norway is becoming a challenge. During 2017 the major FM network were closing down and the larger radio stations are only transmitted via internet, cable network or DAB + (Digital audio broadcasting). Most Norwegian rental cars do have a DAB + car radio, though. There are around 30 national DAB + stations, broadcasting music to suit all tastes. Around half of them are provided by the public broadcaster NRK, the rest are commercially funded. Local radio stations still broadcast on FM, but they have limited range and will quickly disappear when driving outside urban areas. FM and DAB + broadcasts are in Norwegian only. The only exceptions are NRK's news station Alltid Nyheter which rebroadcasts BBC World Service in English at night as well as some programmes and reports from Swedish Radio, and NRK Sápmi which broadcasts in Sami.

title: Norway